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XLIII— THE DATES OF HOOKER'S " Ctfg 3, 
THE BOTANICAL MAGAZINE." T. A. S^^j^; ^ 

The work consists of two volumes bearing the d^e Fj 
respectively on their title pages. Actually it «inroeo 
monthly parts from Aug. 1835 to July 1837, t?^f, 
corresponding numbers of Curtis's Botanical b«ng a 
information and the dates of publication given white . 
obtained from the advertisements on an incomplel ratio 01 
Magazine wrappers in the Library of the Kew He => -*• 
last page of the wrapper for July i, i«35. there is ai mainly 

36* 



I 



^«««Ax%^vA ^y cwvr pxaica, p<ii luuiy coiouTeQ, wui appear every tn 1 

price IS. 6d. ; or if taken stitched with the Magazine, only \ 

By a curious mistake each volume was estimated to consist of ne i 

450 pages instead of nearly 400 (384), and this miscalculation ' 

repeated in each advertisement of the work. \ 

Actually, only nineteen plates were issued with the first twel 
numbers, instead of the twenty-four promised, but four of thai 
(III, VIII, XI, XVI), were double plates, the total being equivalen 
to twenty-three single plates. In the second volume there were only 
thirteen plates, six (XXII, XXIII, XXIV, XXVI, XXVIII, XXX), 
being double ones. Adding three portraits, the total is equivalent 
to twenty-two single plates. Owing to these discrepancies it has not 
been possible to ascertain with certainty the actual numbers in which 
the several plates appeared. Assuming, however, that a double 
plate was regarded as the equivalent of two single ones, that no' 
more than two single plates or one double one was included in any 
nimiber, that as far as possible, subject to the preceding conditions, 
the plates accompanied the letterpress to which they referred, and 
that the title page and index issued with number 12 were regarded as 
the equivalent of one plate, the plates may have appeared as indicated 
below. 

Companion to the Botanical Magazine, vol. i. 

No. 1, pp. 1-32 [tt. I, II]— Aug. 1. 1835. 

No. 2. pp. 33-64 [t. Ill]— Sept. 1, 1835. 

No. 3, pp. 65-96 [tt. IV, V]— Oct. 1, 1835. 

No. 4, pp. 97-128 [tt. VI, VII]— Nov. 1, 1835. 

No. 5, pp. 129-160 [t. VIII]— Dec. 1, 1835. . 

No. 6, pp. 161-192 [tt. IX, X]— Jan. 1, 1836. 

No. 7, pp. 193-224 [t. XI]— Febr. 1, 1836. 

No. 8, pp. 225-256 [tt. XII, XIII]— March 1, 1836. i 

No. 9, pp. 257-288 [tt. XIV. XV]— April 1, 1836. 

No. 10, pp. 289-320 [t. XVI]— May 1, 1836. 

No. 11, pp. 321-352 [tt. XVII, XVIII]— June 1, 1836. ; 

No. 12, pp. 35a-384 [t. XIX]— July 1, 1836. U-/^ 

Companion to the Botanical Magazine, vol. ii. 

No. 13, pp. 1-32 [tt. XX, XXI]— Aug. 1, 1836. 

No. 14, pp. 33-64 [t. XXII]— Sept. 1, 1836. / •. 

No. 15, pp. 65-96 [t. XXIII]— Oct. 1, 1836. ^ ^V 

No. 16, pp. 97-128 [portrait of David Douglas]— Nov. 1, 1836. ^ 

* By 9,n oversight this advertisejQient wa& repeated verbatim on May 1, 
1836, with the word " eighth " instead of " tdnth." 



363 



Ke'-7 - Royal Bo tunic Garden, Bulletin of 
miscellaneous information, 1933, pp. 362-?)64. 



COMPANION 



TO THE 



BOTANICAL MAGAZINE; 



BEING 



A JOURNAL, 



CONTAINING SUCH INTEBB8TING BOTANICAL INFOBMATION, AS DOBS NOT COME 

WITHIN THE PBE8CRIBED LIMITS OF THB MAGAZINE; WITH 

OCCASIONAL FIGUEBS. 



By W. J. HOOKER, LL. D. F. R. A. & L. S., 

And Begku Prvfeaaor «/ JXotony m the UmoerriHf of Okugow, 



VOL. I. 



LONDON: 

Printed by Edward Coachman, 10^ Thiogmorton Street ; 

FOR THE PROPRIETOR, SAMUEL CURTIS, 

AT THE 

BOTAMICAL MAGAZINE WAREHOUSE, GLAZEIfWOOD, NEAR COOGESHALL, ESSEX : 

Alio by Shwwood, GUbert and Piper, Sa. Patenoster Row ; J.. & A. Arch, Comhill ; Blackwood, Edinbuigh ; 

and in Holland, of Mr. Gt. Eldering, Florist, at Haarlem ; 

AMD TO BE BAD OF ALL BOOKSBLLBRS IN TOWN AND COUNTRY. 

1885. 



16' 






TO THE 

Rev. J. S. HENSLOW, M.A. F.L.S. 

&C. &C. &C. 

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE, 

THE PRESENT WORK 

IS DEDICATED, 

IN TESTIMONY OF THE SINCERE AND 

AFFECTIONATE REGARD OF 

THE EDITOR. 



Glasgow, July 1, 1836. 



J&rcUiim.— Page 299, for Volcano and Valley of Antuco in the 
** Pertmian Andet»" read ** CtaHan Andes." 



INDEX 

To Volume L of the Companion to the Botanical Magazine. 



Page 

Abuhlon ffraveoUnt^ Tab. II 20 

Adam's Peak, in Ceylon, Ascent o^ by Mrs. 

Col. Walker, Tab. 1 3 

Alam Danmottierues, by Mn. M. Wyatt, no- 
ticed 326 

AntianM toancaria^ or Upas Tree, Tab. XVII. . 310 
Antisana, the Volcano of, visited by the late 

CoL Hall of Quito 26 

Antoco^ a Volcano of the Chilian* Andes, Ac- 
count o( by PoBppig 299 

Araueana imhriaUa, its seeds eaten by the 

natiye Chilians, account of, by Pceppig 351 

ArgffreiahraeUaia^Tslb. Ill 38 

^Aikansas, Collections towards a Flora o^ by 

Mr. Nnttall, noticed 14 

Amott, 6. A. W., Esq. on new species of 

Indian BaUtunmea 320 

SahoBime^B, new Indian species of, by Amott. 320 
Bancroft, Dr. E. N., on the CidchunchulU, a 

medidnal plant 277 

Barratt, Dr. N., his American WiUows, noticed 16 

Behnger's Travels, noticed 286 

Bentltfim, 6., Esq., Synopsis of the GerardieeBf 

a Tribe of Scmkuiariaceie, Tab. XI 198 

Memoir on Buchnere4B, Tab. XIX. . 366 

Beikdey's, the Rev. M. J., Briiuk Fungi, no- 

ticed 1 67 and 282 

Blame's, Dr., Rumpkia announced 84 

Bohlers's Briiith JUchent announced 19 

Bongard, Mr. H. 6., on Russian Botany 177 

Botuiical Excursion in the North of Englimd, 

by Joseph Woods, Esq., F. L. S 288 

Botanical Information, pp. 14,^82, 119, 157, 186, 
' .< 1 225,282,304,325 

Botanical Society of Edinbufgh, noticed S04 

Bofomsts' Gvide, New, by H. C. Watson, Esq. 

announced 82 and 196 

Botany of Britain, Remarks on, by H. C. Wat. 

son« Esq 228 

Botany in Russia, by M. Bongard 177 

BritUk Fungi^ by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, 

noticed at 157 and 282 

BrUish LiehenM, Bohler's, announced 19 

Monet, by Gardener, noticed 20 

Plantt, Observations on. Tab. IX. 188&225 

Budmerea, Synopsis of; by 6. Bentham, Esq. 356 
Cctmpbcr Trie (Drydbalanopt Camphora) of 

Sumatn 264 

Omary Isles, Natural Histoiy o^ by M. M. 

Webb and Bertholot, noticed 283 

• Veeetation of 332 

Carex BuxUamu, discovered by D. Moore, Esq. 307 

Carina Canmdas, Tab. XII 226 

Ca$eariUat, or Feyer Barks, of Hnanuco and 

Cudbero, by Poppig 244 

dufflboras). Volcano of, ascended by Col. Hall 26 
Coca, (ErytkrcxyUm Coca) on its Uses and 

PropertieB, by PoBppig 161 

/CoQeciioiis in United States, made by Drum- 

SI, 46, 95, and 170 



Page 
Columbia, on its Climate and Productions, &c., 

by Prof. W. Jameson of Quito Ill 

Contributions towards a Flora of Van Diemen*s 

Land, by Hooker 272 

Cotopaxi, the Volcano of, visited by the late 

Col. Hall of Quito 52 

Courtallam and its Mountains, Botanical Ex- 
cursion thither, by Dr. Wight 327 

Cuichunchulli (Tbntdtum parvittonim), a medi- 
cinal plant, account of, by Dr. Bancroft . . . .^ 277 
Cyjmpedium Calceohu, extirpated; see Mr.' 

Woods' Botanical Excursion 291 

Distribution of Trees and Shrubs in Britain, 

Essay on, by H. C. Watson, Esq 86 

Douglas, Mr. D., his decease 17 

Portrait of, to fiice Vol. II. 

Drummond, the late Mr. T., Botanical Travels, 

mentioned 16 ^ 

Collections in United States, pp. 21, t- 

46, 95, and 170 - 

Journeys, and Decease of . . .39 and 45 - 

Dryobalanops Camphora (Sumatra Camphor 

Tree) 264 

Durien, or Du Rieux, Excursion in Spain and 

Mountains of Asturias 187 and 212 

Edinburgh Botanical Society, noticed at .\ . . . 304 
English Flora, Smith's, concluded by Hooker, 

announced 225 

Erica MackaH, a supposed new Heath, found 

in Ireland 158 and 225 

Erjfthroxylon Coca, on its Properties and Uses 

in Peru, by PoBppig 161 

Etna, Vegetation of 49 and 90 

Excursions among the Quitenian Andes and on 
Chimbonoo, ftc. by the late Col. Hall of 

Quito 26, 62, and 65 

Excursion, Botanical, by M. Durien, to the 

Asturian Mountains 212 

Flora, the English, by the late Sir J. E. Smith, 

concluded by Hooker 225 

of South America and Pacific Islands, 

Contribution towards, by Hooker and Amott, 

pp.29, 102, and 234 
■ of Van Diemen's Land, ffom the collec- 

tions of Gunn and Lawrance, by Hooker. . . 272 
Forster, Edward, Esq., on some British plants . 326 
Gardener, Mr. G. , his British Mosses announced 20 

— ■ his South American Journey mentioned 226 

Gay, M., of Paris, upon Viola hUea 159 

Geography of British Plants, by H. C. Wat- 
son, Esq. noticed ^ . 195 

Gerardiea, a Tribe of Scrophtdariacem, a Sy- 
nopsis of, by G. Bentham, Esq., Tab. XI. . . 198 

Gerardia delplanifoHa, Tab. XI 211 

Graham, Professor, Excursions, noticed at. . . . 117 
Gray, Dr. Asa, Specimens of American Grasses 

and Cyperacecs, noticed 14 

Grewia villosa, Tab. X 218 

Hall, the late Col., Excursions in the Quitenian 
Andef , to Chimborazo, &c 26, 62, and 65 



* By error the Perwian Andes. 



INDEX. 



Page 

Hall, the late Col., his decease 76 

Hieracium^ a Genus requiring investigation . . . 307 
Hooker, Sir W. J., Contributions towards a 

Flora of Van Diemen's Land S72 

and Amott, Contributions towards a 

Flora of South America and Pacific Isles, 

pp. ^, 103, 234 
Illustrations of Indian Botany, by Wight and 
Amott, Tabs. II— VIII, X, XII, XIII. and 
XVI, pp. 20. 38, 81, 117. 161, 219, 227, and 304 
ImpaHens, Indian species of, described by 

Amott 320 

Impatieru TTattm.Tab, XVIII 321 

Indian Baltamine<B, twenty new species, de- 
scribed by Amott 320 

Indian Botany. Illustrations of, by Wight and 
Amott, Tabs. 11— VIII, X, XII, XIII. and 
XVI. pp. 20, 38, 81, 117, 1«1, 219, 227, and 304 

Indigofera Triia, Tab. XVI 304 

Information, Botanical, pp. 14, 82, 119. 167. 186, 
226, 282. 304. 326 

Ipo or Upas, Poison Tree of Java 311 

Jack, the late Mr. W.. Memoir of. and his 
descriptions of Malayan Plants, pp. 121. 219. 263 

.— - his decease 146 

Jameson. Professor W., of Quito, Observations 

on Columbia Ill 

Lawranoe, the kte R. W., Esq.. his decease 

mentioned 272 

Lichenst Britithf by Bohler, announced 19 

Lindiey. Prof.. Key to Botany. Stc.. announced 187 
Living PUnts. an improved method of trans- 
porting them, by N. B. Ward, Esq 317 

Loranthu cunecOus, Tab. XIII 227 

Lunuktria eruciata, discovered wild in Britain 

by Mr. E. Forster 326 

Malayan Plants, by the late Mr. Jack, pp. 121, 

219, 263 
Manual of the British Alga, by Hooker, an- 
nounced 326 

Mathews, Excursions in Pern, noticed, 17 and 305 

Memoir of the late Mr. W. Jack 121 

Mosses, British, by Mr. G. Gardener. . .20 and 226 
Natund History of Canary Islands, by M. M. 

Webb and Bertholot, noticed at 283 

Nepenthes, or Pitcher Plant, four species, de- 
scribed by Mr. W. Jack 269 

Numerical Distribution of British Plants, by 

H. C. Watson, Esq 196 

Nuttall. Travels and Flora of the Arkansas, 

noticed 14 

Observations on British Plants. "Mb. IX. 188 & 285 

' ' Physical, and Geographical, in 

Columbia, by Prof. W. Jameson of Quito . . Ill 

Ononis recUnata, discovered in Britain 117 

Paris, State of Botany thero 306 

Payta. Journey to. by the late Col. Hall, of Quito 66 
Pern. Excursion to the Coast of. by the late Col. 

Hall, of Quito 66 

Pitcher Plant, ("JVi^pm^Aef; four species described 269 
Plants of Timor and the adjoining Islands, enu- 
merated by M. Spanoghe 344 

Pdycarpaa spadieea. Tab. VI 117 

PolygakL Javana, Tab. VII 118 

Poeppig. Endlidier. S. American Plants, noticed 119 
Poeppig. Dr. E.. on Antuoo, a Volcano of the Chi- 
lian (not Per u via n , as printed by mistake,) 

Andes 299 

»— on jiremcaria imhrieata, of whidi the 

nuts are eaten by the Qiilenos 361 



Posppig, Dr. on the GuMrUZos, or Fever-Barks 
ofC " 



Pdge 



uchero and Huanuco 244 

on the properties and uses in Pera of 



the Coca, (Ery^oxf Ion Coea) 161 

Quito, Excursions in, by the late Col. Hall, pp. 26, 

52. and 65 
Rafflaia Amoldi, described in a letter from Sir 

T. Stamford Raffles, Tab. XIV 261 

Patma, described. Tab. XV 264 



Bieeiaflmtans, Tab. IX 193 

Bumphia, a work on Malayan Plants, by Dr. 

Blume, annouBoed 64 

Russia, State of Botany in, by M. Bongard. . . 177 

Saeo of Sumatra (Saous kevit) 266 

Schomburgk*B Tmv^. noticed 119, 226 

Schweinitz's, Dr. decease, announoed 16 

Siebold's Voyage to Japan, noticed 83 

Spain. Excursion in. by M. Durien. . .187. and 212 
Spanoghe on the Botany of Timor, the Upas 

Tree, &c 308 

Enumeration of the Plants of Timor, 

and adjoining Islands 844 

SkLgmaria vermcifiua (the Varaish-Tree of Su- 
matra), mode of using it. 8bc 867 

Striga orobanchoides. Tab. XIX 861 

Slrychnos Tieute, the Javanese Poison-Vine. . . 313 

Temple on Adam's Peak, Ceylon, Tab. 1 11 

Teneriffe, Vegetation of S96 

Timor. Catalogue of iu Plants, by M. Spanoghe 344 

Travels of M. Belanger. noticed 285 

Trickolepis CmdolHana, Tab. IV 81 

Unio Itmeraria, information concerning 85, 194 

United States. Plants of, collected by the late 

Mr. T. Dmmmond 21. 46. 95. and 170 

Upas Tree, (Aniiarii toxicaria) mentioned by M. 

Spanoghe. Tab. XVII 810 

Tieute (Strychnos Tieute) the Poison- 
Vine 313 

Van Diemen's Land, Contributions towards a 
Flora of, from the Collections of Lawranoe 

and Gunn, by Hooker 273 

Vamish-Tree of Sumatra, (Stagmaria verfdci- 

flua) mode of using it 267 

Vegetation of Canary Islands 332 

of Etna 49, 90 



Viola lutea, observations on, by M. Gay, of Paris 1 60 

FttiicanuMa, Tab. VIII 161 

Voyage to Japan, by Dr. Siebold, noticed 83 

Walker, Mrs. Col.. Ascent of Adam's Peak, 

S Ion, Tab. 1 3 
N. B., Epq.. on an improved method of 

transporting living Pkmts. 317 

Watson. H. C.. Esq.. on British Botany 228 

Distribution of Trees and Shrubs in 



Britain 66 

Geogrmhy of British PlanU, noticed . . . 196 

New Botanisfs Guide, announced. . .82, 195 

. on the Numerical Distribution of British 



Plants 196 

Webb and Bertholot, Nat. Hist, of the Canary 
Islands, noticed and extiaeted from . . . .283, 332 

WedeUa aUendulacea, Tab. V 81 

Wight, Dr., Excursion to Couitallam and ad- 
joining Mountains 327 

Wight and Amott, Indian Botany, Tabs. II-— 
VIII, X, XII, XIII, and XVI. pp. 20, 38, 81, 
117, 161, 219, 227, and 304 and 316 
Woods, Jos., Esq. F. L. S., has Botanieal Bv 

cursien in the North t>f BngUuid 268 

Wyatt, Mrs. M., Alg<B Dtamonimue$, noticed . 3S5 



E. CouchoMm, Printer, 10, Throgmorton Street, London. 



COMPANION 



TO THE 



BOTANICAL MAGAZINE. 



JOURNAL OF AN ASCENT TO THE 
SUMMIT OF ADAM'S PEAK, 
CEYLON. 

(Af cmp a med hf a SktUh of the TempU at ike summit, 
Tab. I.; 

I HAVE already CBot Misc. Second Se- 
ries, vol. I, p. 180J given a brief notice of 
the exertions of Col. and Mrs. Walker in 
the cause of Botany, in the fertile and in- 
teresting island of Ceylon. In their vari- 
ous tours the vegetable productions of the 
country have occupied a large share of 
their attention ; so that Dr. Graham's Her- 
barium and my own have been greatly 
enriched by many rarities which have been 
communicated to us at various times, and 
of which a more particular notice will be 
given in this journal. These specimens 
too, have been, in many instances, accom- 
panied by drawings made on the spot, and 
which have of course added greatly to 
their value and usefulness. One of the 
most interesting of their excursions was 
to the summit of Adam's Peak, in the be- 
ginning of 1833 ; and an accurate journal 
of it having been kept by Mrs. "Walker, I 
have the permission of that highly accom- 
plished lady to insert it in the present 
voik, though not without the expression 
of many fears, on her part, " that it is too 
^perficial to be of any value in such a 
publication, since it was written merely as 
ft memorandum of places and events, with 
a view to refresh her own memory." I 
^ be much mistaken if it do not 
prove as attractive to the readers of these 



pages as it has been productive of gratifi- 
cation to myself; and I could wish that many 
other spots in our distant colonies, cele- 
brated in history, and for their natural pro- 
ductions, might meet with an equally faith- 
ful and scientific journalist 

W. J. H. 

Jan. 2Uh, 1833.— Left Colombo about 
two p. m. and drove to Cadawelle, about 
ten miles ; road rather bad in some places, 
but we were not under the necessity of 
getting out of the gig as we had expected; 
the country flat and uninteresting ; in the 
jungle on each side of the road we re- 
marked most of the plants common in 
the neighbourhood of Colombo, Cleroden- 
dron ivfortunatum, Croton bacciferum, 
Melastoma MalabcUhrica, MusstBndafron- 
dosa, Tabemamontana dichotoma, Cer- 
beta Manghas, S^c. 8fc. Nothing new, 
but a species of Guava {Psidium) with a 
very small leaf, which I had not remarked 
before. At Cadawelle we mounted our 
horses; our road continuing through the 
same description of country, most of the 
way close to the banks of the Kalaniganga, 
until we reached HangwellO; (about eight 
miles) where we were to pass the night ; 
the rest-house here is situated within the 
ditch and walls of an old fort, built by the 
Portuguese, or Dutch, and formerly of con- 
siderable consequence, but now garrisoned 
by an old invalid serjeant : it overlooks the 
river, on a high bank, covered with trees, 
and low jungle or underwood. The accom- 



EXCURSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



modation at the rest-house was clean and 
comfortable. "We were visited by the Mode- 
lear^ or native headman of the district, a 
remarkably civil, respectable person, who 
understands and speaks English well ; he 
brought us a present of fruit from his gar- 
den, consisting of oranges, pine-apples, &c. 
25th. — Up before day-break, and on 
horseback almost before we could see our 
way over the frail-looking wooden bridge 
across the wide ditch of the ancient for- 
tress. A very delightful ride of eleven 
miles, brought us to Sittanaka, formerly the 
seat of government of Raaja Singha, king 
of Kandy, between the years 1681 and 
1592. The place now consists of a few mud 
huts in the neighbourhood of the rest- 
house. The road, with the exception of a 
few bad places, and a number of very 
fragile decayed-looking wooden bridges, 
which appear hardly equal to support the 
weight of a horse, is, upon the whole, a 
tolerable bridle path, and I found the 
variety of a little up and down-hill work, 
a pleasant change after the dead level of 
our yesterday's journey ; and I think less 
fatiguing. We had some fine views of 
Adam's Peak and the intervening moun- 
tains, but were disappointed by find- 
ing few plants in flower. In the forest, 
through which the last mile of our road lay, 
we saw many magnificent Ferns, some from 
twelve to twenty feet in height; and we 
carried to the rest-house with us speci- 
mens of a large shrub, or rather a small 
tree, new to Col. W., but which he thinks 
belongs to the DillentacetB, flowers yel- 
low. Elephants, we are told, abound in 
this neighourhood, but we saw none. Ailer 
breakfast our servants brought us a few 
plants, among which we found two Sidas, 
new to us. I never suffered so much from 
heat, in Ceylon, as during the forenoon of 
this day ; the rest-house was exposed to the 
direct rays of the sun, without shade of any 
kind, and the wind blew like the hot winds 
of India. At four o'clock set off for the first 
time in my little Madeira palankeen, in 
shape something between a cradle and a 
coffin, and foimd it a very comfortable con- 
veyance. About half way we were met by 



Capt. L., who returned with us, and es- 
corted us to his hospitable mansion, at 
Ruanwelle, where we arrived about six 
o'clock. 

2&h, — The fort, or military station, of 
Ruanwelle, is situated very prettily, at the 
junction of two rivers the Kalanygunga, 
and the Goosoogoddeoyah, the word 
gunga in Cingalese meaning river, and 
oyah a smaller stream ; in the evening we 
went down the Kalanygunga for about 
two miles in Capt L's boat ; landed under 
a steep bank, and proceeded to visit a 
Boodhist Temple under a great mass of 
rock in the side of a steep hill, the whole 
of which is covered with singularly de- 
tached masses of rock, under many of 
which are caves, or hollows, so large that, 
our friend had converted one of them into 
a dwelling-house, where he lived with his 
wife and family for upwards of two months 
during the hot season, finding it consider- 
ably cooler than the fort of Ruanwelle. A 
rill of limpid and very cold water, trick- 
ling from the top of a neighbouring cave, 
was converted into a delicious bath. There 
is a tradition among the natives that from 
the top of the largest and highest of these 
boulders of rock, a queen of Candy, in 
former days, precipitated herself, or was 
thrown by her husband, but the legend 
does not seem to be very distinct in par- 
ticulars. Porcupines are numerous on this 
hill. The old priest, who (I believe, con- 
sidered me a proselyte to Boodhism, when 
he heard I had been to the top of Adam's 
Peak, and was so far on my way on a 
second pilgrimagej presented me with a 
number of their quills, which are much 
smaller than those I have seen in the upper 
provinces of Bengal. In the botanical way 
we found nothing in flower ; but I am con- 
vinced there must be many and various 
plants on this remarkable mountain, which 
is watered by several springs seeming to 
rise among the rocks, and trickle in nu- 
merous rills down its side. The soil too 
varies; some parts are wooded, others 
open, affording localities for plants of dif- 
ferent habits and descriptions. It is also 
remarkable, as having formed the left 



SXCUBSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



flank of one of the strongest positions 
taken up by the Kandyans during the war, 
the river protecting their right : as far as I 
can judge on such a subject, the post 
seems to have been well chosen. 

27^. — Our ride this evening was to 
view the spot where Major Haddock, of 
the 97th Regiment was killed by an ele- 
phant, little more than half a mile from 
his own house at Ruanwelle. The jungle is 
thick and, in attempting to escape. Major 
H. took a wrong turn and met the animal 
in a narrow path where escape was im- 
possible. 

2dth. — Started at six a.m. on horse- 
back, accompanied by Capt. L., to con- 
tinue our journey ; road good ; through a 
fine valley bounded on each side by low 
hills. Crossed the same river, called at 
Ruanwelle, the Kalanygunga; but here it 
goes by another name, which I forget. The 
natives give the same river a dozen dif- 
ferent appellations; calling it after every 
village it passes ; taking the name of one 
until it reaches the next, which is then be- 
stowed upon it The scenery continued 
much the same for about eight miles, 
when we halted and had a dejeune a la 
fourchette, under a group of magnificent 
iron-tDOod trees, Mesuaferrea, 

After breakfast we resumed our journey 
in our moonsheels, sending our horses 
back to Colombo, the road from hence 
being considered unfit for cavalry: our 
friend, Capt L., who had kindly escorted 
us thus far on our way, returned to Ruan- 
weDe. Our route continued through the 
same valley, but became more rugged, 
with occasional ascents and descents, less 
cultivation, and the jungle more dense. 
Among the most remarkable of the trees 
we saw in flower, was the Cinchona thyrsi- 
fiora, of great size and beauty. The same 
style of country continued for five or six 
miles with little variety, until we reached 
a long and steep ascent where a ridge 
^vides the districts of the three Corles, on 
which Ruanwelle is situated, from Sufira- 
gun; and from the top of it we had a 
splendid view of that rich and fertile dis- 
^ct The descent was abrupt and rugged. 



and at the foot of it lay the village of 
Patberea, our place of rest for the night 
The villages of Ceylon all consist of strag- 
gling mud houses, at a considerable dis- 
tance from each other, generally con- 
cealed from the traveller by trees, but 
always to be discovered by the appear- 
ance of the Cocoa Nut, and Areca Nut 
trees ; which, in the interior, where they 
are not so common as on the sea-coast, 
always indicate the vicinity of the habita- 
tion of man. Having travelled a cross road, 
on which there are no rest-houses, the 
headman of the village had been directed 
to prepare a place for our reception. Such 
temporary buildings are soon erected with 
a few posts and cajans, (the leaf of the 
cocoa nut plaited,) of which the roof, walls, 
and partitions are formed, and lined within 
with white cloths, furnished by the wash- 
ermen of the village for the occasion, and 
fixed up, in a primitive and simple man- 
ner, with large thorns from the neighbour- 
ing jungle, which are used as pins. Our 
sitting apartment, that we might have the 
benefit of light and air, was only enclosed 
to the height of four feet, consequently we 
were completely exposed to the whole 
assembled population of the place ; Euro- 
pean travellers, particularly ladies, being a 
novel sight, we could, by no means, con- 
trive to get rid of our disagreeable levee, 
until, fortunately for us, a heavy shower 
feU, which dispersed the crowd ; though 
some braved a ducking for the gratifica- 
tion of their curiosity, and continued to 
watch all our proceedings. Our rural 
dwelling was situated in a thick grove of 
palms, consisting principally of the Areca 
Nut, Areca catechu, Cocas nucifera and 
Gigantic TaUepot, Coryphaumbraculifera. 
29^. — It was seven o'clock before we 
could collect our coolies, who were changed 
here for people of the district, through 
whioh we were about to travel, those who 
had brought us through the three Corles, re- 
turning from hence ; we, therefore, waited to 
see our baggage off before we sta]:ted. Our 
route at first lay, for about a mile, through 
the finest paddy fields I have ever seen ; a 
tract of dense jujigle succeeded, and on 



6 



EXCURSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



emerging from it, we again travelled through 
extensive paddy fields, bearing the finest 
crops I ever saw in the coimtry. The sides 
of the paths were fringed by several very 
pretty species of Utricularia, generally 
blue, purple, and white. In one field I 
mistook a range of scarecrows for a field 
of reapers. This valley appears to me the 
richest and most populous part of the in- 
terior of Ceylon through which I have 
travelled. The morning was foggy, and a 
haze continued to hang about the sur- 
rounding hills till the sun was pretty high, 
adding to the beauty and interest of the 
scene, by leaving something to the imagi- 
nation of the traveller. For about five miles 
our road continued through paddy fields, 
we then crossed a river, the name of 
which I am ignorant of; but its banks 
were ornamented by the most magnificent 
bamboos I ever saw. Just before we ap- 
proached it, we had a superb view of 
Adam's Peak and the surrounding moun- 
tains. Afler crossing the river, our road 
carried us for about a mile over fine turf, 
surrounded by high trees and bamboos, 
with occasional views of the Peak be- 
tween. It was half-past nine when we 
reached Cooroowette, our halting place 
until the cool of the evening. Having here 
joined the main road, we found a wretched 
rest-house made to look a little decent by 
the mud walls having been covered with 
white cloths for our reception. Bad as the 
accommodation here is, I should have 
liked to have remained a day on account 
of the beauty of the surrounding scenery. 
I intended afler breakfast to have taken 
a sketch of the Peak, &c. ; but, alas ! ailer 
breakfast no rock was visible ; the moun- 
tains were completely enveloped in clouds, 
and a person arriving then, might, with 
apparent truth assert that, Adam's Peak 
was not to be seen from Cooroowette. This 
was the more provoking, as we did not in- 
tend to return by the same route, and are 
not likely to have another opportunity of 
seeing it again. At three, we proceeded on 
our journey, and found that we needed not 
to have delayed so long, on account of the 
sun, as we travelled through a forest of 



high trees, impervious to bis rays: many of 
the trees in this forest were clothed to the 
top with the Pandanus scandens, which is 
very ornamental to those trees which do 
not throw out their branches till near the 
top, as is often the case in woods here. 
The road was good all the way through 
this forest, on emerging from which we 
travelled through low jungle ; the country 
afterwards becoming more open and the 
scenery fine, generally on a descent all 
the way. As we approached Ratnapoora 
the ground became frequently marshy, and 
the road sometimes under water for three 
or four hundred yards on a stretch ; and yet 
the defect in the landscape here is want of 
water. The mountains and woods are per- 
fect ; but no fine lake or river embellishes 
the scene. We found here almost all 
the plants common in the moist parts of 
the Cinnamon garden near Columbo ; the 
Nepenthes, (formerly disHllatoria,J very 
luxuriant; Melastoma Malahathrica, Os- 
heckia, Burmannia disticha, Utncularia 
carulea, and other species, Calyptranthes 
cumini, 8fc, ^c. The jungle, in some 
places, consisted entirely of dwarf ^a7n6oo / 
and at others nothing was to be seen but 
the Hedyotis suffruHcosa : then again the 
vegetation became more varied; and, we 
remarked, among many others, different 
species of Croton, JDodoTusa, Melastoma, 
Chironia; and on the day we lefl Ruan- 
welle we found a very beautiful Torenia, 
perhaps, Mr. Moon's T, stricta, and the 
servants brought us a quantity of Stemodia 
hUea, which smells very strong of Cam- 
phor : I had remarked it in some of the 
paddy fields through which we passed. 
About five o'clock we reached the fort of 
Ratnapoora; where we were kindly re- 
ceived by Mr. J. of the Ceylon Rifles, 
commandant there. 

30th, — ^Remained at Ratnapoora, pre- 
paring for our grand imdertaking; this 
being the last European station on our 
route. An arm chair denuded of its legs, 
with Bamboos attached as shafts to carry 
it by, was prepared for Col. W. as an oc- 
casional help ; though he proposed walking 
most of the way. Since we sent back our 



EXCURSION TO ADAM S P£AK. 



hxmaes, (which, by the way, we found we 
could hare brought here at this dry season 
<^ the year, without difficulty,) he has 
treyelled in a Kandyan moonshull, some- 
thing resembling a hammock, swung on a 
pole, in which way, the native great men 
used always to travel. They are now, 
however, adopting English customs, and 
to be seen on horseback ; and, where the 
roads admit, in gigs and palankeen car- 
riages. The moonshull, however, has the 
advantage in very bad roads, as the coolies 
ean carry it over any thing. The position 
being recumbent, Col. W. found he could 
not so well look about him, and, therefore, 
preferred the chair, which, being elevated 
on the shoulders of the bearers, gave him 
a commanding view ; though, I thought, 
neither a very secure nor comfortable 
position. My little palankeen, which I be- 
fore described, was very snug ; but it had 
its defects, and inconveniences also: it 
was, however, very light and easily car- 
ried ; being merely a strong frame of wood 
rattaned, as they do their bottoms. 

31st. — ^In consequence of some delay in 
collecting our coolies, it was near one p.m. 
before we set off; the day excessively hot. 
Indeed, I think both Ruanwelle and Ratna- 
poora hotter than Columbo in the middle 
of the day; the heat there being tempered 
to our feelings by a cool breeze from the 
sea, although the range of the thermome- 
ter may be as high. As we were desirous 
of getting to Palabatula before dark, we 
had no time to lose. The atmosphere was 
particularly clear; and the outline of the 
mountains, which appeared quite close to 
OS, almost harsh against the sky. Soon 
after leaving Ratnapoora we crossed the 
Gala-gunga, then so low that our people 
were hardly ankle deep in fording it The 
road passes through a fertile and open 
country for about a mile and a half, when 
it becomes interspersed with jungle, so 
thick, on the banks of the river, as to con- 
ceal it from the traveller's view, though 
the sound of the rushing water is loudly 
heard. At every opening in the jungle the 
Peak presented itself directly before us, 
so majestic and so apparently inaccessible 



that he seemed to be setting us at defiance. 
I found afterwards that this formidable 
looking mountain is the Bsma Peak, 
which from Ratnapoora appears as high 
as Sree pada, (the Cingalese name for 
Adam's Peak,) and on this part of the 
road interrupts the view of it In shape 
the two mountains are much alike, from 
this position. Leaving the river to our left 
we again passed through open country 
with some cultivation. Three miles from 
Ratnapoora came to the village of Mata- 
welle, at the junction of a smsdl stream, or 
oyahf with the Cala-gunga. The former we 
crossed, and halted for a few minutes to 
rest our coolies; and, while these are taking 
their rest, I may as well explain that, they 
are human beings, employed as porters 
and chairmen are at home, in carrying 
baggage or their fellow creatures. When 
employed in the last-mentioned manner, 
they are, on the continent of India, termed 
bearers, and consider themselves much 
superior to common coolies : here that dis- 
tinction does not exist; so few people keep 
palankeens that there is no occupation for 
bearers as distinct from coolies. I have 
been induced ^o give this explanation in 
consequence of reading a note by the 
learned editor of one of the penny maga- 
zines, on an extract from some publica- 
tion on India, I believe Capt Mundy's 
Sketches, in which be tells his readers, 
''that coolies are small horses." He would 
have been nearer the mark if he had 
called them " hUick cattle:'' — ^but mine 
have rested long enough, and I must pro- 
ceed on my journey. Our route continued 
partly through jungle, with here and there 
patches of cidtivation; sometimes ap- 
proaching the river; at others leaving it 
a good deal to the lefl; the Beema Peak 
almost constantly in view. At half-past 
three p.m. we reached Gelle-malle, and 
after resting our people for a quarter of 
an hour resumed our journey. The road, 
about a mile on each side of this place 
passed through fertile plains, and the 
neighbourhood appears populous. The 
rest-house is a mud edifice, consisting of 
two small rooms surrounded by a narrow 



8 



fiXCUBSION TO ADAM'S PBAK. 



verandah, pleasantly situated on a little 
height, and distant from other houses. 
Fowls are so abundant here, that the full 
grown are sold for one janam, value three 
half-pence, and chickens six pice, or three 
farthings each. At a short distance from the 
rest-house we re-crossed the Cala-gunga, 
and after proceeding about a mile, we 
foimd the ascent begin in earnest Hitherto 
we have had a few upe and downs ; but 
upon the whole the country has been 
much upon a level, and the road might 
easily be made practicable for horses. 
Again crossing the river, which we have so 
long accompanied, we immediately com- 
menced a rugged ascent ; the low jungle 
gave place to very fine forest trees ; and 
the nature of the vegetation altogether 
changed. We saw here a great variety of 
superb Ferns, and many plants which we 
had not seen before, but few in flower. 
Between Kahia Poora and Gelle-malle, 
almost the only flower I saw, in any quan- 
tity, was a pretty white Convolvulus, which 
covers many of the bushes, and even trees, 
hanging in beautiful festoons, loaded with 
blossom, from branch to branch. Likewise 
another species of the same genus, with 
purple flowers and less aspiring habits, 
being content to run along the ground. 
We also found a pretty white-flowered 
Tkunbergia, The remaining part of our 
day's journey was frequently rugged and 
steep, with occasional levels^-^the forest 
trees sometimes gave place to the Bamboo, 
which, in one part of our route, had been 
recently burnt down, I suppose with a 
view to cultivation. At every opening the 
Bema Peak still presented itself, and 
continued clear until we were very near 
Palabatula, when thick clouds came rolling 
over the top and down the sides of the 
mountain. At a quarter past six we reached 
our resting place for the night, having 
been exactly five hours and a half from 
Ratnapoora to Palabatula. The rest-house 
here is of the same description and dimen- 
sions as that at Gelle-malle, but not nearly 
so pleasantly situated, nor so clean, being 
surrounded by native houses; forming, 
indeed, the narrow end of an oblong 



quadrangle, of which a Boodhist temple 
constitutes one of the sides. In this tem- 
ple are kept the sacred implements be- 
longing to the temple on the top of Sree 
Pada, where they are sent during the 
time of pilgrimage ; which commences at 
the beginning of the Cingalese year, about 
the end of February, and continues tor 
three months; when one or two priests re- 
side there, in a hut about fifty yards below 
the summit of the Peak. 

Feb. IH. — ^Breakfasted at eight ; took a 
sketch, and set off at ten ; our route the 
whole way was a precipitous ascent up the 
bed of a torrent at present quite dry. In 
many places, my position in my little 
palankeen became exceedingly awkward 
and uncomfortable, my feet being higher 
than my head, I tried to persuade the 
bearers to turn the vehicle, and carry me 
backward; but this they considered un- 
lucky, and could not be prevailed on to 
do. My conveyance being very light and 
comparatively easily carried, I got far the 
start of Col. W., and my people had a 
long rest, waiting till he came up. Not- 
withstanding the difficulties of the road, 
they seem to enjoy themselves much 
on this journey; talking, laughing, and 
singing, even during the most laborious 
ascents, where, I should have thought all 
their breath necessary for the exertion 
they had to go through in climbing the 
mountain, and carrying me. Every time 
they visit the holy shrine on the top of the 
Peak, I believe, they consider a step to- 
wards heaven ; and to be well paid at the 
same time gives them considerable satis- 
faction. At an ambulam, (or shed with 
rude benches round it, where the pilgrims 
may have a comfortable rest,) about half 
way, we stopped for some time, and firom 
thence walked for half a mile, botanizing 
as we went, and finding at every step 
something quite new to us. We here be- 
gan to recognize plants of the same genus 
with many which are common in the 
neighbourhood of Nervera Ellia, but of 
different species: several species of Im- 
patiens, two of them very curious, &«- 
tellaria, the Rumbodde NUloo (Acan- 



EXCURSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



9 



tAaeem,J with the back of the leaf deep 
pinple, but not in flower^ (the natives say 
it flowers but once in fifteen yeaisj with 
many other genera and species of the same 
family. Near the ambulam there is a re- 
markable echo, which returns the sound 
almost immediately, very loud and dis- 
tinct. I observed that the mountains here 
fonn a kind of amphitheatre ; ai^d that 
almost opposite to the precipice, on the 
brink of which we stood, there is a mass 
of rock, which I think must occasion the 
echo; the voice seeming to be reflected 
back from it, if I may use the expression. 
After walking till I was quite tired, I got 
into my palankeen again, and proceeded 
as before, with my heels higher than my 
head. In this day's journey we had but 
one short descent which brought us near 
the source of the Cala-gunga, the river we 
have crossed so often since we left Ratna- 
poora. I saw but one httle patch of culti- 
vation after we left Palabatula; which, I 
believe, is the highest inhabitable place 
in this part of the island. We soon began 
to mount again, and after passing over two 
or three places, where I really expected 
to be tilted out of the palankeen, I was 
safely deposited at Diabetma, twenty-five 
minutes after two, p.m. The rest-house 
here is a large substantial building but 
wretchedly uncomfortable, being damp 
and dark, and black with dirt and smoke ; 
it having been erected by government for 
the accommodation of the pilgrims who 
assemble here in great numbers; there 
being no huts or habitations of any kind 
after leaving Palabatula, excepting this 
rest-house. Our coolies seemed to con- 
sider themselves fully entitled to take up 
their abode under the same roof with us, 
and to prepare their food in the verandah, 
actually smoking us out of the house, 
although there are good out-houses and 
cook-rooms for the purpose. I never, any 
where else, saw them attempt such a thing 
before. Our servants were obliged to put 
out the fires they had kindled half a dozen 
timesy before we could get rid of them. 
When Col. W. arrived, we looked over our 
I^ants and put specimens in paper; theo 



set about making observations with map, 
compass, and telescope. We saw the sea 
plainly with the naked eye; also several 
large pieces of water between West and 
South ; the most extensive, we think, must 
be the lake of Bolgodde ; the evening sun 
shining bright on the water, made it very 
distinct. With the glass we could distinctly 
observe the fringing of the cocoa nut trees 
round the sea coast I took a sketch of 
the scenery to the westward of the rest- 
house ; the principal object, the fine rocky 
mountain called Oonadiya parawette, said 
to mean hot-water mountain, from a tra- 
dition that, formerly, a boiling spring ex- 
isted on its smnmit, of which, however, 
there is no vestige now, the natives say, 
(for I do not know that the spot has ever 
been visited by Europeans,) and it does 
not seem very accessible. The scenery, 
though very fine to look at, is not pic- 
turesque; it exceeds the powers of the 
pencil : such Pisgah views cannot be re- 
presented on paper — the mountain rises 
abruptiy before you, fronting the Peak, 
which, on turning to the eastward, pre- 
sents itself in all its majesty, over-top- 
ping the surrounding mountains, which, 
at a distance, seemed to rival it in height 
2nd, — ^The coolies declaring at Palaba- 
tula that they could not carry our camp 
bedsteads any further, from the increas- 
ing difficulties of the road, we were 
obliged to content ourselves with our 
mattresses laid on the benches we found 
in the room ; rather a hard bed I thought 
We were here glad to have recourse to our 
blankets, at night, the thermometer being 
64° when we went to bed, and 58° at six 
o'clock in the morning. Got up at seven, 
breakfasted, and by half-past nine were 
again fairly under way. From Diabetma 
there is an immediate and steep descent ; 
but we soon began to mount again, the 
road getting from very bad to a great deal 
worse, until it must have become quite 
impassible, had not the smooth surface 
of the rock been cut horizontally and 
fashioned into steps, to the number of one 
hundred and twenty-seven. About half 
way up this stair there is a rude figure 



10 



EXCUBSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



traced on the rock, said, by the natives, 
to be the picture of the pious Raje, who 
had the steps cut for the benefit of the 
pilgrims : the rock is called Daima Raje 
Gal. Another descent brought us to the 
bed of the river Setagangula : here the 
pilgrims bathe, an act of purification be- 
fore they approach the sacred mountain, 
the scenery and wood very fine. Got, on 
the banks of the river, a very curious 
species of Impatiens, growing to the size 
of a large shrub, a new Pavetta and a 
handsome yellow-flowered Polygaia, con- 
stituting a small tree. A new species of 
OxaUs was likewise common on the rocks 
as we ascended from the river. I here 
widked, or, rather, to speak more correctly, 
scrambled with the help of a stick, and 
occasionally a man's hand, for a consider- 
able distance. We had an intelligent na- 
tive vidan, or headman, with us, who 
acted as my hearer, CoL W. finding it 
difficult enough to secure his own footing. 
This man pointed out every thing he con- 
sidered worthy of notice ; among others 
an immense perpendicular mass of rock, 
which he told us was called the Devil's 
Rock, in consequence of that terrific per- 
sonage having frequently i^peared on the 
top of it: it probably, in the rainy season, 
forms a magnificent cascade, as even now 
streams of water trickle over it in several 
places. The difficulties of the way con- 
tinued to increase at every step, so that 
we were obliged to scramble over large 
stones ; or rather detached masses of rock 
jumbled together, and heaped over each 
other in most chaste confusion. Sometimes 
our only footing was formed by the roots 
of trees from which the soil had been 
washed away*; at others we found rude 
ladders of sticks, or branches tied to- 
gether, by the help of which we managed 
to get over the larger masses of rock. We 
had one or two fine views of the real Peak, 
on our descent to the Setagangula; but 
about mid-day a thick fog came on, which 
continues to envelope us now that we are 
safely arrived on the top of the Peak; 
which we reached at half-past two, having 
been five hours and a quarter firom Dia- 



betma, a distance of three and a half miles. 
I dare say we spent, at least, an hour and 
a half in botanixing and amufling our- 
selves. Indeed, we should have occupied 
ourselves longer in this way, had we not 
feared the fog might draw to rain, which 
would have added considerably to our 
difficulties — ^but I made a sudden jump to 
the top of the Peak, firom which I must 
again descend, and proceed upwards in 
the leisurely way we travelled. Afler about 
a mile of such road as I have described, 
we reached a flat open space, named Ara- 
mette-pane. Another mile brought us to 
Undeamalaterme, where there was for- 
merly a small rest-house, now gone to 
ruin; which, I regret, as a day or two 
spent here, would, I am sure, afford the 
botanical traveller a rich treat. Here the 
base of the cone may be said to com- 
mence, and, we are told, the view of the 
Peak from hence is very fine ; but, alas ! 
we saw it not, Sree Pada was shrouded 
in his mantle of clouds, and invisible to 
us. We left our conveyances here, and 
proceeded on foot, through low stunted 
wood, covered with shaggy moss. For about 
half a mile the ascent is gradual; but from 
a place marked by a large white-washed 
stone, called Alahette, the cone rises 
almost perpendicularly; the face of the 
rock, in some places, being bare and 
smooth, would make the ascent almost im- 
possible, from the insecurity of the foot- 
ing, but for the long iron chains firmly 
fixed at the top, and hanging loose over 
the rock, by which the person ascending 
may secure himself. There is a series of 
four or five of these chains, the two last 
of which are very long and numerous, so 
as to afford assistance to many people 
ascending about the same time. Some of 
the more active of the natives, however, 
cling to the rock, with their bare feet, and 
ascend without touching the chains; but 
as this holy pilgrimage is undertaken by 
both sexes, and all ages, many could never 
accomplish it, without this aid. I confess I 
found the whole imdertaking more arduous 
than I expected, from my recollection of 
my former journey to this place thirteen 



BXCUBSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



11 



years aga; but as the whole route, until 
you reach the perpendicular rise of the 
cone, is through the beds of mountain- 
torrents, it stands to reason that thirteen 
years wear and tear must have washed 
away much of the soil, leaving the rocks 
more prominent, and increasing the dif- 
ficulty of the journey. Parts of the cone 
are covered with vegetation, long grass, 
an uncommon species of low Bamboo, with 
broad leaves, Sium lobatum, Valeriana 
villosa, Cynoglossum decurrens, and the 
beautiful crimson-flowered Rhododendron 
arboreum,^ we foiud on the very summit. 
In the low wood, between Dia Un- 
diamalalerme, and the rise of the cone, 
the variety of plants is endless, and their 
beauty most striking : those we particularly 
remarked were four different species of 
Sonarilay Melastoma buxifolia, Chironia, 
HedyoUs, S^c, S^c, Lower down, between 
Diabetma and Undiamalalerme, we found 
several most beautiful species oflmpatiens, 
and other plants two numerous to mention. 
Finding ourselves completely in the clouds, 
and unable to distinguish any thing in the 
world below, I employed myself in ful- 
filling a promise I had made to write to 
the governor from hence, and continuing 
my journal. The circumference of the top 
of the Peak is about one hundred and 
eighty feet, surrounded by a wall of 
masonry, about four feet high, in which 
there are, I believe, three openings. We 
entered that towards the South; on this 
platform, as it may be called, rises a mass 
of rock, about eighteen or twenty feet in 
height; on the summit of which the tem- 
ple over the impression of Boodhoo's foot 

I is erected. The temple is of wood, and is 
firmly fixed to the rock by numbers of 
strong iron chains. The holy foot-mark im- 

I pressed in the rock, is about five feet in 
length and three in breadth, or there- 
abouts ; Boodh, when one foot rested on 
the Sree Pada, and left its impression 
there, stepped across to Makoona, situated, 
the priest gravely and seriously assured 
me, in Siam, There is a smaller temple, 
or shrine, placed lower down on the rock, 



where offerings are also mude by the pil- 
grims, dedicated, I believe, to Samen; and 
also a kind of open belfry, in which two 
bells are suspended, and which our coolies, 
in turn, rang. Each stroke of the bell, we 
were told, commemorated a former visit; 
if so, some of them must have been from 
twenty to thirty times on the top of the 
Peak. I remarked, during our journey, 
that Sree Pada was alwa3rs saluted by sa- 
laams, and sometimes prostrations, when- 
ever it came in sight. We were accommo- 
dated for the night, in a hut, seven feet by 
five inside, in which we found two wooden 
benches; on them we placed our mat- 
tresses. One narrow leaf of our camp-table 
was placed against the wall, and between it 
and the bench we contrived to insert two 
chairs: these things our coohes brought 
up without any difficulty, and we had a 
most comfortable dinner of cold meat and 
hot curry and rice prepared in the priest's 
hut before mentioned: never was such 
luxury known on the top of the Peak be- 
fore. About nine o'clock we again visited 
the summit of the rock, and found the 
mist clearing off in some directions, which, 
we hoped was the promise of favourable 
weather next day. 

2rd. — At one a.m. we again ascended to 
the highest point — ^the mist was gone — 
the full moon shone bright — ^the scene was 
stupendous — ^the deep shadows making 
the hollows appear unfathomable, while 
the higher and more prominent features 
of the scene were illuminated by the mild 
and silvery lustre of a tropical moon, the 
most beautiful of all lights-~of which none 
who have not seen it can form a concep- 
tion : it was not nearly so cold as I had 
expected. After enjoying this magnificent 
moon-light view for a considerable time, 
we again betook ourselves to repose until 
the approach of day-break, when we re- 
sumed our elevate<(po8ition to watch the ris- 
ing sun. The morning was a little gloomy, 
and it was twenty minutes past six 'ere 
Phcebus surmounted the clouds on the 
eastern horison, when he appeared in all 
his glory, imparting, as it were, life and 
animation to the soene which I shall not 



12 



EXCURSION TO ADAM'S P&AK. 



attempt to describe — ^no words would do 
it justice. But I must not omit mentioning 
what I considered the most remarkable 
and curious feature of the scene — the 
shadow of the Peak itself thrown an im- 
mense distance, reaching beyond the hori- 
zon, and plainly visible even on the sky, 
in form a perfect cone. The tract oif country 
over which it fell, appeared, from the great 
height from which we viewed it, level to 
the sea ; so that this enormous shadowy 
cone appeared as correct and perfect as if 
drawn by rule and compass : I never saw 
any thing more extraordinary or curious. 
We watched it gradually diminishing in 
length as the sun rose, for a long time, 
and then proceeded to take bearings, &c., 
and to ascertain the relative position of 
the most striking objects in view. On this 
elevated and isolated spot, the only noise we 
heard was the loud sound of rushing water, 
and the only living things we saw two but- 
terflies. At the foot of the cone the rushing 
water is not heard. After breakfast I took 
a sketch of the temple, &c.^ on the rock ; 
and as the day began to overcast, and the 
clouds to threaten rain, we prepared, with 
regret, to leave a spot so remarkable, and 
which we shall, probably, never see again. 
Although this threatened change of weather 
was certainly far from desirable on some 
accounts, still it gave us the advantage of 
viewing the scene under almost every dif- 
ferent aspect it could assume — ^by the 
serene and placid light of the moon — ^in 
the glorious and refulgent rays of an 
eastern sun — and in the threatened ap- 
proach of storm and tempest which seemed 
to be gathering around us, the appear- 
ance of dense masses of cloud greatly be- 
low us, through which the rugged tops of 
some of the highest mountains appeared 
like islands in a tempestuous ocean, was 
wonderfully grand, and the descent of the 
Peak, (looking as we ^id to a fathomless 
abyss into which one false step might pre- 
cipitate us,) not a litUe terrific. However, 
we got safely to the place where we had 
left our palajikeens in an hour ; C!ol. W. 
I believe, accomplished it in three quar- 
1 See Tab. I. 



ters. Our party on the top of the Peak 
consisted, in all, of forty persons ; thirty 
coolies, four servants, an orderly soldier 
of the Ceylon Rifles, a native head-man, 
and a Boodhist priest, with a boy, his at- 
tendant. We were obliged to leave some 
of our people in charge of things lefl at 
Diabetma, greatly to their disappointment, 
for all were anxious to visit this celebrated 
spot. I confess, I felt very glad to seat 
myself in my little vehicle again, for my 
knees were tottering under me. By the 
bribe of a bottle of arrack, at the end 
of a day's journey, the bearers undertook 
to carry me the whole way, which they, 
fortunately for me, accomplished. Soon 
after we started from Andeamalatenne, the 
threatened rain began to fall, and soon 
increased to a deluge ; the rocks became 
so slippery that I expected every moment 
to be precipitated out of the palankeen by 
the coolies felling, which many of them 
did, but fortunately without injury to 
themselves or me, and we arrived safe 
and sound, though thoroughly drenched, 
at Diabetma, a quarter before three p.m. 

As we had necessarily deferred collect- 
ing plants till our return, the rain was a 
great annoyance, preventing our getting 
half of what we wanted, and rendering it 
difficult to preserve those we did gather. 
Much did I grieve at leaving so many 
beauties ** to waste their sweetness on the 
desert air" which I had litUe chance of 
ever seeing again, as every difi*erent part 
of the island seems to be clothed with its 
own appropriate vegetation. In different 
regions, of equal height, we have ob- 
served plants of the same family, and even 
genus, to abound ; but rarely of the same 
species. The various, curious and beauti- 
ful Impaiiens, which we found principally 
between Diabetma and the foot of the 
cone of the Peak, differ, most decidedly, 
from the equally beautiful and curious 
species of the same genus, so numerous 
between Rambodde and Nervera EUia, and 
in the neighbourhood of Maturatta. The 
Acanthacm are also very numerous, and 
very various, from those we have found 
elsewhere ; and the splendid Sonarilas we 



EXCURSION TO ADAM'S PEAK. 



13 



have seen no where else; though there 
are several species in the neighbourhood 
of Nervera Ellia. The rain continued for 
the rest of the day, and we were obliged 
to content ourselves within the walls of 
our dismal abode — the only event of in- 
terest was killing a snake as it was making 
its way into the rest-house. 

4^A. — Left Diabetma at seven, the ground 
exceedingly wet and very slippery ; reached 
Palabatula at a quarter past ten. While 
there, we were shown the frame which, 
during the season of pilgrimage to Sree 
Pada, is placed roimd the impression of 
the foot ; it is said to be of silver gilt, em- 
bossed and set with precious stones; but 
looks to me very like brass, embellished 
with coloured glass. 

Left Palabatula at two, and reached 
Galle-malle, at a quarter before four. This 
stage, although it appeared very bad in 
going, I considered a good road in return- 
ing : such is the effect of comparison. The 
rest-house too, I thought a wretched place 
in going ; it now appears most comforta- 
ble — ^the situation is very good. On our 
journey to-day, the people have been 
much annoyed by leeches, which are 
always most active when the ground is 
wet We did not see one on our way up. 
We were fortunate enough to escape rain ; 
it had just ceased when we left Palaba- 
tula ; recommenced immediately after our 
arrival here ; and continued till dark. To 
show how little the natives think of this 
journey, which appears to us so arduous, 
I ought to mention a circumstance which 
occurred at Diabetma, where, after re- 
turning from the Peak, we missed our 
thermometer: upon consideration, I re- 
collected Col. W. having given it to me 
while in the temple, on the top of the 
Peak, where it had hung during the night, 
and where we found the mercury at 54^ at 
I day-break. I also remembered having laid 
it down on the wooden frame which sur- 
rounds the temple, and supports the props 
of the roof. Our cook confirmed the hope 
we entertained of finding it, by saying, he 
had seen it there when he went to pay his 
last devoirs to the holy foot ; but he did 



not touch it, as he thought we had left it 
there designedly (as an offering to Boodh, 
I suppose). Col. W. desired our appoo, 
(head servant) to offer a reward of two rix 
dollars (three shillings) to any one who 
would volunteer to bring it to us. Appoo, 
considering his master extravagant, only 
offered half the sum, and, for eighteen 
pence, a man readily offered to go next 
morning, and to rejoin us at Palabatula : 
he left Diabetma at six a.m. and delivered 
the thermometer to us at Palabatula by 
eleven, having gone from Diabetma to 
the very top of the Peak, and from thence 
down into Palabatula, in five hours, nearly 
a three days' journey to us, 

5^A. — Afler breakfast Col. W. went about 
a mile back on the road we travelled yes- 
terday, to the place where the jungle ceases 
and the forest begins, for the purpose 
of collecting Ferns, of which there is an 
endless variety. During his absence I took 
a sketch of the surrounding scenery, which 
is very fine : he returned laden with speci- 
mens, and bitten by leeches. Among the 
loftiest trees we remarked in that forest 
were the Horogaha, Dipterocarptis tur^ 
binatus, which abounds, and over-tops the 
other trees. At ten o'clock set off on our 
return to Ratnapoora. When we got about 
half-way the day over-cast, and the rain 
fell in torrents, accompanied by loud thun- 
der, and very vivid lightnings, which con- 
tinued during the reat of our journey.. The 
river, which our coolies had forded ankle 
deep, on our way to the Peak, was now a 
swollen torrent, impassible but in a boat : 
the ferryman not making his appearance, 
we were obliged to sit in the rain for, at 
least, a quarter of an hour. We reached 
Ratnapoora thoroughly drenched, between 
three and four, I believe ; and found there, 

Capt. M'K and Mr. M , so far 

on their way to the Peak, which they in- 
tended to cross, ascending from Sufira- 
gam, and descending on the Kandian side, 
which, we are told, is much less abrupt 
and rugged. But as there are no rest- 
houses, or huts of any kind on that route, 
travellers, in general, prefer encountering 
the difficulties of the road on the Suffira- 



14 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



gam side, rather than running the risk of 
sleeping in the jungle, and, perhaps, being 
suddenly awoke by the approach of a 
checta, or wild elephant : the latter, we are 
told, are numerous in the jungle, on every 
side of the Peak, and traces of them are 
frequently seen a good way up the cone. 
We saw none, and it is rather remarkable 
that I have never met with one, although 
I have travelled a good deal in Ceylon, 
and through parts of the island where they 
are said to aboimd the most. 

Qth. — ^Remained at Ratnapdora. 

7th. — ^At six in the morning embarked 
on the Cala-gunga for Caliura. About four 
miles below lUttnapoora, we landed to 
visit the great Suffiragam temple, con- 
sidered a place of much sanctity, and 
where the great Boodhist festivals are cele- 
brated with almost as much parade as at 
Kandy: the Peri-peri was attended last 
year by upwards of 7,000 people. At half 
past four we reached Nambepane, where 
we landed, and slept 

%th. — Set off again about six a.m. ; the 
morning foggy; the scenery uninteresting; 
the banks of the river covered with jungle 
to the water's edge, sometimes opening a 
little, and affording glimpses of low hills in 
the distance. There are three rapids which, 
when the current is strong, are sometimes 
difficult to pass; but they occasioned Uttle 
delay or impediment to us. We remarked 
a considerable variety of birds, and a great 
many monkeys among the trees. It was 
quite dark before we reached Caltura, 
where we slept, and next day arrived at 
Colombo early in the evening, after an 
agreeable and interesting little tour, which 
we both enjoyed very much. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

If ever there was a period, when, more 
than at any other, a Journal was required 
which might give an account of the pro- 
gress of Botanical Science, it is surely the 
present; when, thanks to the blessings of a 
long-continued and almost universal peace, 
there is scarcely a part of the worlds of any 



extent, which has not lately been the field 
of some botanical discoveries. And this is 
eminently the case with the vast continent 
of the New World, which, in many of its 
finest provinces, had so long been the the- 
atre of war and strife. North America, 
especially the United States, bids fair to 
have its botanical riches as well known and 
as faithfully described as many parts of 
Europe : and we are very happy to be able 
to announce that, our valued friend. Dr. 
Torrey, is preparing a " Synopsis of North 
American Plants," arranged according to 
the Natural method. It is a work that has 
been long called for, and it is fortunate for 
Science that the execution has fallen into 
such able hands. In this laborious employ- 
ment Dr. Asa Gray lends his valuable as- 
sistance, a gentleman who has already de- 
served well of Science by the publication of 
his ''Specimens Ulitstrative of the Grasses 
and CyperacecB of North America, " of which 
the first volume has recently appeared, in 
folio, containing one hundred species; and it 
may fairly be classed among the most beau- 
tiful and useful works of the kind that we 
are acquainted with. The specimens are re- 
markably well selected, skilfully prepared, 
critically studied, and carefully compared 
with those in the extensive and very au- 
thentic Herbariiun of Dr. Torrey, which is 
especially rich in these two families. A 
second volume is, we believe, ere this, 
published ^ by the author, who has, more- 
over, collected materials for a work of a 
similar nature on the Mosses of North 
America, under the title of " Muscologia 
Americana" 

Mr. Nuttall, who, though he appears to 
have resigned the Botanical Chair in the 
University of Harvard College, seems to 
be as ardently devoted to Natural History, 
and especially Botany, as ever. In the 
Transactions of the American Philosophical 
Society he has commenced his " Collections 
towards a Flora of the Territory cf Ar* 
kansas," arranged according to the Natural 
Orders. This memoir will prove extremely 

1 This rolame has, ivhile this sheet is in the press, 
reached this ooantr j ; and the two Tolnraes are now 
on sale here, as well as in America. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



15 



interesting to the subscribers to Mr. Drum- 
mond's Collections; since many of them, 
especially from the interior of Texas, prove 
identical with Mr. Nuttall's discoveries in 
Arkansa : two countries not very remote 
from each other. Many new species are 
here described, and among the Grasses is 
a new genus, " Gbeenia/' dedicated, and 
most desenringly so, to B. D. Greene, Esq. 
of Boston, TT. S.; but the " Gbbenea" of 
Wight and Amott, of the Order Rvbiacem, 
published in the Prodromus Florm Penin-- 
iulm India OrientaHs, has the right of 
priority. It is observed by Mr. Nuttall, 
that neither Symplocarpiis, nor Oroniium 
appear to the westward of the Alleghany 
mountains; and of the superb Cyamus lu- 
ieus, (Nelumbium luieum, Willd,,J he re- 
marks that, " the Osages and other western 
natires, employ the roots of this plant, 
which is of conmion occurrence, for food, 
preparing them by boiling. In form the 
tubers resemble those of the Batata, or 
sweet potato, and are traversed internally 
hy from five to eight longitudinal cavities. 
They are found to the depth of twelve to 
eighteen inches beneath the surface of the 
earth, and are connected by means of run- 
ning roots. The tubers arrive at maturity 
about the time that the seeds begin to 
zipen : before that period they abound with 
' a milky juice, in common with the whole 
plant. When folly ripe, after considerable 
boiling, they beonne as farinaceous, agree- 
able, and wholesome a diet as the potato." 
Two other valuable papers on American 
Botany are given by Mr. Nuttall, in the 
Seventh Volume of the Journal of the 
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 
phia : the first entitled " A Catalogue of a 
Collection (^Plants; made chiefiy in the 
Valleys cfihe Rocky Mountains or North- 
ern Andes, towards the sources of the Co- 
bmbia River, by Mr, N. B. Wyeihr The 
collection, Mr. Nuttall informs us, was made 
wholly on the returning route of this gen- 
tleman from the falls of the Columbia to 
the first navigable waters of the Missouri, 
when, pursuing the remainder of his route 
down the rapid currentof that river, scarcely 
uiy forther opportunity of adding to the 



Herbarium occurred. The number of the 
species, and their interest to the Botanist, 
wiD, therefore, 'be duly appreciated, and, 
particularly, when it is known that this was 
the first essay of the kind ever made by 
Mr. Wyeth; and yet I can safely say, that 
besides their number, (there being many 
duplicates,) they are the finest specimens, 
probably, that ever were brought fix)m the 
distant and perilous regions of the West, 
by any American traveller." This collec- 
tion is, indeed, an extremely important 
one, amounting to one hundred and thir- 
teen species, the majority of which are 
described as new: many of them, how- 
ever, will necessarily be found identical 
with the discoveries of Mr. Drummond, 
and, more particularly, of Mr. Douglas, in 
the same district of country. Perfect 
flowering specimens of Leunsia rediviva 
were obtained, and a figure is given of it ; 
but, it is deeply to be regretted, without 
any analysis of the parts of fructification: 
for it is made to constitute a new order of 
plants under the Fiat-head-Indian name 
of SPiETHALUMEiB, the root being the 
SpcsUum of the Sailish, or Flat-head 
Indians. 

It is, probably, the highly interesting 
character of this collection from the Rocky 
Moimtains that has induced Mr. Nuttall 
himself to join an exploring party, and 
cross the continent of North America, to 
the shores of the Pacific, on the south side 
of the C!olumbia, than which a more in- 
teresting journey can scarcely be ima- 
gined. Of the particulars of the route, and 
the nature and success of the expedition 
he accompanied, I have been unable to 
learn any particulars, further than that a 
vessel sent round to meet them with stores, 
&c. had not arrived, on which account the 
party had suffered much inconvenience. 

The second paper of Mr. Nuttall, in the 
Journal of the Academy of Natural Science 
of Philadelphia, just alluded to, is a *' de- 
scription of same of the' rarer or little 
knovm plants indigenous to the United 
StcUes, from the dried specimens in the 
Herbarium of that Academy" These 
are chiefly from the Southern states, and 



16 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



consist of eighty-three species, nearly the 
whole of which were previously unde- 
scribed : several of these are, however, 
likewise in Mr. Drummond's collections, 
and more may be expected from that in- 
defatigable naturalist during his journey- 
ings in Eastern Florida. 

In our last mention of Mr. Drummond, 
(see Bot Misc. Second Series, p. 184,) 
we spoke of his having left New Orleans, 
for TeoMS, a country recently claimed by 
the United States from the dominion of 
Mexico, but hitherto almost untrodden by 
the foot of a Botanist No wonder, there- 
fore, that it had attractions for Mr. Drum- 
mond, which were, perhaps, increased by 
the circumstance of a small collection of 
plants falling into his hands, which were 
gathered in that country by M. Berlandier^ 
and which, at once showed how different, 
in general, was the vegetation from that 
of the United States. The particulars of 
his stay in Texas, will be given in the in- 
troductory notice to the remarks we shall 
have to offer on the plants themselves: 
suffice it to say, at present, that he has 
sent at three separate periods several 
chests of dried plants, of which the last, 
and by far the most interesting arrival, 
still remains to be distributed; and that he 
has, besides, enriched our gardens with 
seeds and roots of several new, or little 
known plants : among them are five species 
of Cactus, some handsome species of 
Phlox, a most remarkable new Cruci- 
ferous plant allied to the beautiful Strep- 
tanthus, (Bot Mag. t 3317,) and two 
kinds of Pentstemon, which, I think, may 
be reckoned, by very far, the handsomest 
of this very handsome genus : of these, one 
had been previously discovered by Mr. 
Nuttall, on the Red River, and called by 
that gentleman, on account of the great 
size and general appearance of the flower, 
P. Cobaa; the other and more beautiful' 
one appears to be quite new. On his re- 
turn to New Orleans in the latter end of 
the last year (1834), Mr. Drummond, im- 
mediately prepared for an expedition to 
Florida, and sailed for Apalachicola,i 

> This place, notwithsUndbg the nopromisiog ap-' 



which he reached in January last : there he 
collected two boxes of specimens, which 
have reached Europe, when, finding from 
the, peculiar nature of the country, sur- 
rounded by a widely extended waste of 
sand in almost every direction, that it was 
scarcely practicable to reach the southern 
extremity of Florida, except by the very 
circuitous route of the Havanna; he em- 
barked for the island of Cuba on the 1st of 
February, and intended from thence, to 
reach Key-west, so as, on proceeding 
northward, lo pass through the whole 
length of the southern peninsula of Nordi 
America. 

American Botany has sustained a great 
loss, and his adopted country a most in- 
valuable member of society, in the death 
of Dr. Schtoeinitz, of Bethlehem, Penn- 
sylvania, so well known for his accurate 
investigations of the Fungi : he lately be- 
came the possessor of Dr. Baldwin's ex- 
tensive Herbarium of plants, chiefly col- 
lected in the southern states, and in South 
America, and had intended publishing 
some remarks upon them. For some 
years past his health had been declining, 
and early in last year he was carried off 
by a disease of the heart, an ossifica- 
tion, as it appeared, of the valves. His 
death was very sudden, and his collections 
have been bequeathed to the Academy 
of Sciences of Philadelphia, and is, to- 
gether with the other valuable Herbaria 
belonging to that Institution under the 
able charge of Dr. Pickering. 

Dr. Barratt, of Middleton, United States, 
America, has imdertaken the difficult task 
of describing the North American WiUows, 
a task to which, probably, no person is 
more competent This gentieman has fa- 
voured us with a copy of his " Conspectus 
of North American WiUows,** in MSS., in 
which he has enumerated one hundred 

pearance of the surroiindiiig coantr j afforded to Oiiar 
traToUer some interestiog plants, tach aa the CMage 
Palm, Ceratiola eriooidM, My hc a rimm Bguitnmtm, tmo 
cnrioas Pirngtucuhu, the rare Epidendnm cmo pu um , 
growing on MoffnoUa grmnd^Ufra, the onlj epi- 
phyte of the United Statea ; a fine new Amdnmeda, a^ 
new Caetua, a Sarracema, perhaps a Tarietj of 8. 
varwkna, with leares a foot and a half long, S.pntiu^ 
chta, &o. &c. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



17 



kinds, (including a few varieties, and some 
European ones, that are cultivated as 
ozieis, or otherwise,) arranged in nine 
natural groupes; and it gives us much 

pleasure to find that the collection made 
during Capt. Sir John Franklin's expedi- 
tion, the whole of which, so far, at least, as 
the specimens would allow ofit, he has been 
good enough to determine for us, has af- 
forded several new species to the Ameri- 
can Flora. Many of the North American 
species are eminently deserving of cultiva- 
tion, on account of the beauty of their cat- 
kins and their foliage, particularly some of 
those from the North-west coast of America ; 
and we confidently hope that Dr. Gairdner, 
who now resides at Fort Vancouver, and 
Mr. Tohnie, who is stationed in a most 
interesting spot, namely, at Fort M'Lough- 
lin, in Millbank Sound, lat. 52" 6' N., will 
enrich our collections with many novelties 
from that rich botanical field. 

But it is impossible to revert to the 
Natural History of the Pacific side of 
North America, without recollections of 
a most painful kind. It is become the 
duty of one, who has, for a period of six- 
teen years, taken the most lively interest 
in the welfare of Mr, David Douglas, now 
to i^scord the circumstance of his death — 
cut off in the prime of life, at Oahn, one of 
the Sandwich islands, by an accident, which 
has already been mentioned in the public 
prints; and this, at a period, when his 
friends were expecting to welcome his 
return to his native country, after an ab- 
sence of many years which have been de- 
voted, and with the most unexampled per- 
severance and success, to furthering the 
cause of Science in distant, and, pre- 
viously, little explored countries. It was, 
indeed, intended by the writer of this 
teef notice, that these very pages should 

, l»ve contained some account of Mr. Doug- 
las's ad ventures and discoveries during his 
two first voyages and travels; for the more 
•tisfactory execution of which, the Horti- 
, cultural Society of London, with a readi- 
Jiess and kindness, (for which he here begs 
*o express his grateful acknowledgments,) 
kad entrusted him with the whole of his 

^OL. I. 



journals in their possession. Any fur- 
ther notice of this lamented traveller and 
naturalist will now be necessarily deferred 
until the arrival of his Collections and MSS. 
which are daily expected by H.M.S. Chal- 
lenger. Suffice it to say at this time, that Mr. 
Douglas's friends are under the greatest 
obligations to R, T, Charlton, Esq, K.BM. 
Consul, at the Sandwich Islands, and Chas, 
Ryde Rooke, Esq, acting Consul in Mr. 
Charlton's absence, for the lively interest 
they have taken in the affairs of our unfor- 
tunate and deeply regretted countryman. 

In the Second Series of the BoL Misc, 
vol. 1. p, 176, we gave a brief notice of 
Mr. Mathews's indefatigable exertions in 
the cause of Peruvian Botany; and, we 
stated that, in the month of August, 1833, 
he was on the point of setting out for the 
interior of Huanuco, in the tenth degree 
of South latitude, where Ruiz and Pavon 
gathered so many of their interesting 
plants ;i but this journey was, for a while, 

* Nothing, however, could be more nDfortnnate 
than the first Tiiit of these celebrated botanists. 
*' Remaining at Hnanaoo," sajrs the historian of 
Roix, " till the lOth of Jane, 1783, be departed again 
for the moontains of Chiochao, accompanied bj two 
new disciples, one a botanist, named Don Juan Ta- 
fiidla,the other a draughtsman, Don Francisco Pulgar. 
Daring his staj at Uaannco, be collected new ma- 
terials in its vicinitj with his oconstomed zeal and 
perseverance. He proceeded to Chinchao, botanis- 
ing through Chulqui, and the Pampa de A jnbamba, 
Tambo de Patj, and in the Hacienda of Macora. 
Here he made a rich collection of vegetables and 
small birds, barks, gums, and resins, often losing 
himself in these dense woods, and as often sufiering 
from the Mai del Majco, a terrible disorder, which 
had already attacked him at Poynzo, and which abso- 
lutely incapacitates the patient from any kind of 
labor. He had made enquiries to trace the origin of 
this severe malady, and ascertained that it was occa- 
sioned by the sbade of two species of Sekmus. On 
the 6th of August, he dispatched to Huanuco ten 
specimens of rare trees, that they might be forwarded 
to Lima, and from thence to Spain, and a packet of 
the coflee which he discovered in these mountains. 
Returning, however, to Macora,' he found the place 
reduced to ashes. In this unfortunate conflagration 
were consnmed all his manuscripts, books, provi- 
sions, clothes, moveables, herbarium, all the natural 
productions collected during the course of two months 
amidst these mountains, the diary of his Chilian 
travels for three years and a half, the botanical de- 
scriptions of four years, among which were those of 
six hundred plants observed in the preceding season, 
corrected subsequently by a comparison with living 
B 



18 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



interrupted by the revolutionary disturb- 
ances at Huananga and Canamarca, as 
well as by the country between it and 
Lima being for some time afler infested 
by a band of miscreants, one hundred and 
twenty in number, who had recently broken 
loose from the island of San Lorenzo, and, 
for a time, almost kept the capital in a 
state of siege. At length, in November 
of that year, Mr. Mathews reached Gasapi, 
on the banks of the river Huallaga, which 
empties itself into the Amazon, and situat- 
ed in the Quebrada of Chinchao, in the 
Montana of Huanuco, where he gathered 
(between the time of his arrival and the 
16th of March, 1835) three hundred and 
fifty species of plants, exclusive of Mosses, 
and where other kinds were then daily 
coming into flower. Cuchero, about six 
or eight miles distant, was for some time 
the head quarters of the celebrated botan- 
ist and traveller. Dr. Poeppig (the first 
volume of whose travels has just ap- 
peared); so that this collection may be 
expected to include many of the discove- 
ries of that gentleman. So damp, how- 
ever, was the climate, at that season, that 
Mr. Mathews was obliged to send his col- 
lections, which were very considerable, 
as quickly as possible to Lima, which 
place they reached in a very excellent 
state. The Orchidea, he describes as nu- 
merous and beautiful ; and of these, being 
furnished with an excellent microscope of 
Banks, he has made numerous drawings; 
very wisely reflecting, that in the recent 
state alone they may be satisfactonly 
figured. 

On the 17th of April, 1834, our tra- 

plants in Pojuca, and the raTine of Chinchao, the 
work* of Linnens, Morray, Plamier, Jaoqain, and 
other botanists, the presses, field-tents, dryinf^-pa- 
I^er, prOTisions for two months, with many pieces of 
plate. He wonld, probably, himself have perished, 
in his eagerness to save the fruits of his labors, had 
he not been dragged ont of the flames by two of 
his serrauts.*' See the Historical Euloghim on Don 
H^apo&tos Ruiz Lopez, translated from the Spanish by 
A. B, Leanbert, Esq. On an after-occasion, however, 
Rnix and his companions exerted themselres, as 
maoh as possible, in the neighboarhood of Haanaoo, 
to repair the heavy loss in objects of Natural His- 
tory occasioned by the conflagration of Macora. 



veller lef^ Casapi, and afler four days' 
travelling, reached Juana del Rio, opposite 
the river Monson, passing on foot through 
dense forests, scrambling among rocks by 
the side of the river, with scarcely a 
vestige of a road (and, even this route is 
rendered impassible when the river is 
swollen) ; continuing down the river, in a 
canoe, he arrived at Juan Guerra, the port 
of Tarapota, near the junction of the Rio 
Myobamba with the Huallaga, on the 
11th of May, after devoting a day to each 
of the Pueblas (where the Indians of the 
canoe were changed,) for the purpose of 
collecting plants. The scenery on the 
banks he states to be peculiarly magnifi- 
cent; but the stream is not so easy of 
navigation as it has been described; so that 
it seems doubtful, if, as has been sug- 
gested, it could be navigated by steam- 
boats, even of a small class. The Indians, 
who are extremely dexterous in the ma- 
nagement of their canoes, are exposed to 
much risk, particularly in the descent, for 
the course is continually interrupted by 
rapids and malpasos. On both sides of 
the river is a continued succession of im- 
mense hills, (so that no where does the 
CSordillera come into view,) and in many 
places approaching so close to the water 
as to present almost perpendicular preci- 
pices many hundred feet in height, clothed 
with timber. Where these hills recede 
small plains are formed, when the river 
takes a serpentine course, forming numer- 
ous shallow branches with large islands, 
covered with the trunks of immense .trees 
and mud, which are continually altering 
the channel The principal trees on these 
flats are a species of Cecropia, and a strong 
cane, called, " Carina brava/' while, in 
places, when the surface becomes more 
elevated, these give place to Palms, and 
other lofly trees; but still it is some dis- 
tance from the river, where they attain 
their greatest elevation. 

In his letter, dated '* Myobamba, (lat 
7^ S.) Province of Minas, 30th June, 
1834," he says, " The rivers here abound 
with fish, and the woods with birds, and 
other animals. In my way from Tara- 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



m 



pota to this place, distant 35 leagues, with 
roads the most wretched and fatiguing 
inu^nable, (in many places rendered 
almost impassible by the continual rains, 
umI the falling of trees,) I had reckoned 
upon a vegetation considerably different 
from that near the river, and I was not 
disappointed. The trees of the vallies are, 
indeed, similar; but the plants on the 
hills, and near this city, are entirely dis- 
tinct from anything I have before seen in 
Pern. The surface being generally rocky 
and sandy, the trees are small, and admit 
the growth of much under- wood; small 
shrubs, particularly of Melastoma, are nu- 
merous; and there are besides large open 
tracts of pasture (or pq^'onaf). Orchidece 
are few in number ; and Mosses and Ferns 
are of still less frequent occurrence. My 
collection, since I lefl Casapi, in plants, 
animals, insects, and shells, is consider- 
able. I shall leave this in about a fortnight, 
for Chacapoyas, (situated upon another of 
the tributaries of the Amazon,) where I 
intend to stay five or six weeks, if the 
season prove favorable; and, that place 
being within the limits of the Cordillera, 
(bat with constant rains,) I have no doubt 
that I shall find many plants which are 
not met with to the southward: and im- 
mediately on my arrival at the coast, I 
shall forward every thing I have collected 
to Ei^land/' 

All this has been happily accomplished, 
and in the middle of April this year (1885) 
I had the pleasiure of receiving letters 
from Mr. Mathews, dated Lima, Nov. 30th, 
1834, in which he briefly mentions hid 
jonmey to Chacapoyas, thence to Truxillo 
upon the coast, and so to Lima, where he 
arrived on the 10th of Nov., after an ardu- 
ous and most successful journey. Chaca- 
poyas proved an eminently favorable sta- 
tion, particularly for alpine plants; so that 
he was detained two months there : — and 
the result of this expedition, in Botany 
slone, has been a coUectioa of upwards of 
^ thousand specimens^ including nine 
^dred species. Of these, nearly one 
Whas idready arrived in England. They 
ve in beautiful condition, all numbered and 



accompanied by a list^ of stations, and 
cannot fail to give the greatest satisfac- 
tion to the friends of Mr. Mathews, and 
to reflect the highest credit upon Mr. 
Mathews himself This part of the col- 
lection is peculiarly rich in Composites, 
(many of great beauty) MelastomaceiB, (of 
which he has gathered nearly fifly kinds.) 
There are several Andromedas, Fuchsias, 
jRubiacea, two Proteacem, several Lau- 
ruses, Weinmannias, Befarias, Sfc. 8fc, 

Since the arrival of these, another let- 
ter has arrived, dated Lima, 20th of Jan. 
1835, announcing the departure, (at the 
same time with the letter,) of the rest of 
these valuable collections; so that their ap- 
pearance is daily looked for ; and I feel 
confident that they will prove equally in- 
teresting with those just noticed. 

No sooner were these dispatched, than 
with all the ardour and perseverance which 
so eminently characterize this naturalist, 
Mr. Mathews set out on another and more 
extended journey to the eastern side of the 
Cordillera. From Chacapoyas, his first 
station, he has the intention of proceeding, 
by San Jaen de Bracamoros, to Loxa, for 
the purpose of gathering the Cinchonas ; 
after which he will determine upon the 
exact route he vjrill take ; but under no cir- 
cumstances does he expect to return to 
Lima in less than a twelvemonth, or a year 
and a halC 



BOHLER'S BRITISH LICHENS. 

It is with much pleasure we announce 
the appearance of the first Number of 
Bohlefs Lichenes Britannici, published 
by G. Ridge, Sheffield, consisting of sped- 
mens, accompanied by generic and specific 
characters, synonyms, localities, and occa- 
sional remarks. Coloured figures are sub- 
stituted where the specimens are of that 
nature as not readily to admit of their in- 
troduction ; or, in tliose cases where, from 

I At least this is the case with my set. Shoald it 
not be so with the other sabscribers, which the lahoar 
of preparbg so manjr lists renders rerj probable, I 
shall gladlj pablisb my list of nambers and stations, 
for the benefit of others. 



20 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



the extreme rarity of the species, it is not 
possible to procure a sufficient supply of 
specimens : so that the whole will form a 
work admirably illustrative of the British 
individuals of this extensive and beautiful 
family of plants. The species given in the 
first Fasciculus, or Number, are, Endo- 
carpon miniatum, Squamaria crassa, 
Sqtiamaria murorum (plate), Solorina 
saccata, SpJuBrophoron coralloides, Cla- 
donia rangiferina, Scyphophorus gra- 
cilis, Scyphophorus filiformis. The plate 
is extremely well executed, both as to 
drawing and colouring, and the specimens 
are prepared with much care and neat- 
ness : so that we trust this useful publica- 
tion will meet with the encouragement it 
deserves. 

gardener's BRITISH MOSSES. 

Mr. Gardener, of Glasgow, has, for a 
long time, been engaged in collecting 
specimens of British Mosses, with the 
view to the preparation of a work to be 
entitled " Musci Briiannici" on a similar 
plan to that of the beautiful " Deutsch- 
lands Moose,'* &c. (or Pocket Herbarium 
of German Mosses,) of H. C. Funck ; and 
the author considers his collections now 
to be sufficiently numerous to warrant him 
to commence the undertaking, and to so- 
licit the names of subscribers. By the 
plan he has adopted, a neat pocket volume 
is capable of containing a full set of British 
species. Each page is marked out in com- 
partments suited to the size of the respec- 
tive species, in their proper order, and the 
generic and specific names are written in 
lithography, precisely according with the 
arrangement of this tribe of plants in 
Dr. Hooker's ^ri^wAi^ra. As, however, 
every set must, of necessity, be deficient 
in specimens of several species, from the 
difficulty of procuring some, and the im- 
possibility of obtaining others, the price 
of the copy will vary according to the 
number of species it may contain ; each 
species being reckoned at the moderate^ 
sum of 3(/. It is calculated, upon the 
average, that each copy may contain from 



one hundred and fifty to one hundred and 
eighty species; and, as the author wiU 
spare no exertions to increase his store of 
species, he trusts to be able, from time to 
time, to offer specimens to his subscribers, 
which may enable them to fill up many of 
their blank compartments. With a view to 
further this object, he will thankfully offer 
rare Mosses which are peculiar to Scot- 
land, for those which are confined to the 
more southern parts of Great Britain: a 
system of exchange which may be of mu- 
tual advantage. Dr. Hooker will be happy 
to be the medium of communication be- 
tween Mr. Gardener and any Muscologi- 
cal friend. 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

Bjr Dr. Wight & G. A.W. Arnott, Eaq Tab. If. 

ABUTILON GRAYE0LEN8. 

Ramis pubescentibus pilisque mollibus 
sparsis horizontalibus tectis, foliis rotundo- 
cordatis breviter ac repente acuminatis 
dentatis utrinque velutinis, pedicellis peti- 
olum subiequantibus sub flore articulatis, 
laciniis calycinis ovatis acuminatis, corolla 
demum reflexa, capsula hirsuta truncata 
calycem pauUo superante, carpellis 25 — 90 
acutis exaristatis. 

Abutilon graveolens. Wight et Am, 
Prod, n, Penins, Ind. Or. c. 1. p, 56. 
Wight, Cat n. 191. 

Sida graveolens. Roxh, Hort Bengh. 
p. 50 ; Fl. Ind. v. 3. p. 179 ; in Cat Merc. 
Angl. Ind, Or. Mus, tab, 1492. De Cand, 
Prod, V, I. p. 473. Spr. Syst Veg, v, 3.;?. 
118. WaU. List n. 1856. 

Sida tomentosa. WaU. List n. 1852. 
B. (quoad spec, e Gonga-chora) — ^Abutilon 
hirsutum, &c. Rumph. Herb, Amb. i.p. 29. 
(descr, bona), 1 10 (baud bona). 

Herbaceous, erect, branched, every- 
where clothed with clammy pubescence, 
Stems clothed with much soft pubescence, 
mixed with longer, but also soft hairs. 
Leaves alternate, roundish-cordate, occa- 
sionally slightly lobed, 5 — ^7-nerved, re- 
pandly-toothed, very various in size, being 
from one and a half, or two inches, to a 



TahU, 




MB. drummond's collections. 



21 



foot in diameter. Petioles about as long 
as the leaves. Stipules linear, recurved, 
acute. Peduncles axillary, solitary, one- 
flowered, scarcely so long as the petioles, 
jointed a little below the calyx. Calyx, 
five-clefl, persistent, without any involucel : 
segments ovate, with a rather long acumi- 
nation, with a nerve along the middle. 
Corolla yellow, dark purple at the bottom, 
rotate; limb at length recurved or even re- 
flexed ; petals broadly obovate, or slightly 
obcordate, twisted in cestivation. Stamens 
numerous, united below into a tube, free 
in their upper half. -4n/Aerj reniform, one- 
celled. Ovary 25— 30-celled, with three 
oYules in each cell. Styles 25 — 30, united 
in their lower half, free, and spreading 
above, filiform. Stigma capitate. Cap- 
sule hairy, composed of 25 — 30. Carpels 
or cocci, truncated, each carpel a little 
acute but not awned, two-valved, splitting 
elastically, containing three seeds. 

It ia probable that this, A. hirtum, G. 
Don, (Sida hirta. Lam.) A. Asiaticum, 
G. Don, (^Sida Asiaiica, Linn.,) and A. 
Indica, G. Don, (Sida Indica, Linn.,) may 
prove, on further examination, to be mere 
varieties of one and the same species: they 
seem, indeed, to pass, by insensible grada- 
tions, into each other. W. and A. 



NOTICE CONCERNING MR. DRUM- 
MOND'S COLLECTIONS MADE 
CHIEFLY IN THE SOUTHERN 
AND WESTERN PARTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

(Cimiimiedfroin BoianicalJoumal, voi.l.p. 202.; 
LEGUMINOSiE. JuSS. 

186. Baptisia uniflora; subpubescens, 
foliis subsessilibus, foliolis obovato- 
lanceolatis retusis subcoriaceis reticula- 
rs, stipulis minutissimis subulatis, flori- 
bu8 axillaribus solitariis breviter pe- 
dunculatis summis subracemosis, calyce 
germmeque fulvo-villosis, legumine ova- 
to-globoso acuminato crasso. Nutt, Gen, 
Am, — Podalyria uniflora, Mich, Am, 
». l.p. 263.— jBop^ma lanceolata, Ell 
^ C.-i-Covington, Louisiana. — This is a 
^ery interesting, and, probably, a rare 



^ant; which, I think, is certainly the 
Podalyria uniflora, Mich, and also, 
the Sophora lanceolata, Walt. : but 
if so, the name is very inappropriate. 
The Covington specimens are only in 
fruit, and their fruit is almost globose, 
of a very thick and very coriaceous tex- 
ture, with about two small seeds. I 
have flowering specimens of the same 
species from Mr. Nuttall, gathered in 
the Arkansas, and marked Podalyria 
villosa; but that plant has decidedly 
racemose flowers, and appears to be 
what I possess from the late Mr. 
Schweinitz, as " B,pubescens, n. sp, : aff, 
B. tincL ofL" from Georgia, This is 
very downy all over. 

186. Baptisia australis, Br. — Sophora 
aiLstrans, Sims, Bot, Mag, p, 509. — 
Podalyria australis. Vent. — P.ccerulea, 
Pursh, — Alleghanies. — This beautiful 
species is plentiful by the banks of rivers 
and water-courses in Kentucky, where 
it is known by the name of *' Wild In- 
digo," and whence I have beautiful spe- 
cimens from Dr. Short and Mr. Gris- 
wold. 

187. Baptisia alba. Br. De Cand.— J%- 
dalyria alba, Sims Bot. Mag, p. 1177. 
— N. Orl. (n. 74 bis.) 

Obs. The Baptisia leucophcea, Nutt. 
does not appear to have been found by 
Mr. Drummond, in Louisiana ; but he has 
^thered it abundantly in Texas, and Mr. 
Greene finds it in Carolina. 

Obs. 2. The beautiful Virgilia lutea, of 
this division of Leguminosce, I have re- 
ceived, both in flower and fruit, from my 
valued correspondents. Dr. Short and Mr. 
Griswold, who find it only on calcareous 
clifis of the Kentucky river, bearing flowers 
early in May, and fruit the middle of 
August. 

188. Crotalaria ovalis, Pursh. Hook, in 
Bot. Mag. t. 3006.— N. Orl. (». 77.) 

189. Crotalaria sagitlalis, Liim. (var. a.) 
— N. Orl. (n. 76.) 

190. Crotalaria joart?j/fcra, Roth. — C.sagit- 
talis, var. linearis. Mich. — N. Orl. (n. 
75.) — This seems to me only to diner 
from C. sagittalis in the longer and nar- 
rower leaves. Both have perennial, or, 
at least, biennial roots, as is evident 
from my specimens. 

(Crotalaria retusa. — This is in the col- 
lection from Covington; but, as express- 
ed by Mr. Drummond, derived from a 
garden.) 

191. Medicago luptdina, L. — ^N. Orl. (n. 
78.) 

192. Medicago maculata, Willd.— N. Orl. 
(n. 80). 



22 



MR. DBUMMOND'a COLLBCTIONS. 



193. Medicago denticulata, Willd.-— N. 
Orl. (n. 79.) 

194. Melilotus parviflora, Desf. — N. OrL 
(«. 81.) 

195. Trifolium umbellatum, Sw. in De 
Cand. Prodr. v. 2. p. 199.— N. Orl. 
(n, 91.) 

Ob 8. I possess the jT. repens, from 
Louisiana, gathered by Mr. Tainturier, 
and, from Lexin^on, by Dr. Short ; the 71 
arvense also, from the former country. 
Dr. Short sends two very handsome Tre- 
foils from Kentucky, both known under 
the name of " Buffalo Clover /" the one 
T, reflexum, Linn, and De Cflund. Prodr, 
V. 2. p, 201.* «. 90. (not T. reflexum. 
Waldst. et Kit. De Gand. Prodr. v, 2. 
p. 197. n. 61.) and the other T. stoloni^ 
ferum, of Muhl., whose heads of flowers 
are quite equal in size with those of the 
reflexum ; but which is altogether a very 
different species ; it may be thus charac- 
terised : T, stoloniferum ; caulibus le- 
Sentibus diffusis, foliolis latissime obcor- 
atis denticulatis, stipulis magnis ovato- 
lanceolatis membranaceis, capitulis axilla- 
ribus longissime pedunculatis, floribus pe- 
dicellatis post anthesin deflexis, calycis 
obscure striati laciniis subulatis SBqualibus 
vexillo dimidio brevioribus, leguminibus 
oblongis acutis marginatis compressis dis- 
permis. — Its nearest affinity is jvith T*. 
repens ; but it is three or four times as 
large in all its parts. Colour of the flowers 
apparently white. 

196. Psoralea eglandulosa, Ell. — MelHo- 
tus psoralioides. NvM. — N. Orl. (n. 83.) 

197. Indigofera tinctoria. Walt. — Jack- 
sonville : perhaps cultivated. — It is very 
different from /. Caroliniana, which I 
possess from N. Carolina. 

198. Clitoria Mariana, L. — Covington. 

199. Clitoria Virginiana, L. Covmgton. 
— As it appears to me, Mr. Nuttall mis- 
takes the C. Mariana for the Virgin- 
iana, and vice versa : for he says of the 
former that, " the calyx is tubular-cam- 
panulate, five-cleft, much longer than 
the bracteas," which is the character of 
C. Virginiana, L.; and of the latter he 
says, '' it has the largest papilionaceous 
flowers in the United States;" but our 
C, Mariana has the larger flowers of 
the two. 

200. Galactia pilosa, Nutt Gen, Am, 
V. 2. 2>. I16.--Covington. 

201. Glycine stricta; caule erecto gra- 
cili tereti foliisque trifoliolatis glabris, 
foliolis oblongis obtusissimis subtus 
glaucis longitudine petioli, umbellis 
sessilibus axillaribus brevissimis, caly- 
cibus pedicellisque hirsutis. — Coving- 



ton. — ^I can find no description to accoid 
with this jplant, which has a perennial^ 
somewhat fusiform and woody root. Stem 
a foot to a foot and a half high, slender, 
zigzag, rounded, glabrous. Leaves re- 
mote. Petiole one and a half to two 
inches long, slender, glabrous, bearing 
three oblong, obtuse, glabrous leaflets, 
about equal to them in length. Flowers 
four to six, or eight together, axillary, 
forming a kind of short, sessile umbel. 
Pedicels three to four lines long, hairy, 
bracteated at the base. Calyx hairy, bi- 
bracteate, cut half way down into five 
nearly equal, subulate, hairy segments, 
rather more than half the length of the 
corolla. Vexillum broad. Carina ob- 
tuse. Stamens diadelphous. Germen 
linear-oblong, thickly clothed with white 
hairs. The fruit I have not seen. 

202. Petalostemon candidum, Mich. — St. 
Louis. 

203. Petalostemon violaceum, Mich. — St. 
Louis. 

204. Dalea alopecuroides, Nutt. — St 
Louis. 

205. Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers. — Ga- 
lega, L. — St. Louis. Covington. 

206. Tephrosia hispidula, Nutt.— N. Orl. 
(n. 84.) 

207. Tephrosia paucifoHa, NatU—EU, 
Carol. V. 2. p, 246. — Galega villosa, 
Mich. (non. Z.)— -N. Orl. (n. 85.)--Our 
specimens agree with the description of 
Mr. Nuttall, and with C^olina speci- 
mens from Mr. Elliott, and others from 
Alabama, sent by Dr. Torry; but not 
with the plant I have received from Mr. 
Nuttall, from the Arkansas, marked 
" Tephrosia cinerea, Jacq., T pauci- 

folia, Nutt. Gen." which has more nu- 
merous leaflets, a much longer raceme, 
with numerous and almost spicate flow- 
ers, probably the Galega spicata of 
Walter. This plant I have from Texas : 
it is quite different from the Galega 
cinerea of Jacq. Ic. 
203. Amorpha fruticosa, L. — N. Orl. 
(72. 86.) 

209. Glottidium Floridanum, D C—Ro- 
binia velaria, Jacq. Ic. Rar, v.\. t, 
148. — (Eschynomeneplatycarpa. Mich, 
Sesbania disperma. Mich, — N. Orl. 
1833. — Specimens in fruit only occur in 
the Herbarium ; but it is readily distin- 
gmshed by the curious structure of the 
legumes. 

210. Zomia tetraphyUa, Mich. — Cov- 
ington. 

211. Stylosanthes ekttior, Sw.— N. Orl. 
{n, 87.) 

212. Desmodium Canadense, De Oand. 



MR. drummond's collections. 



23 



var, hirstUa. — St. Louis. — ^This, if it be 
not a distinct species, as Dr. Boott sus- 
pects, is a vexy remarkable variety of 
x>. Canadense, having the stem and 
branches clothed with copious, patent 
hairs. 

213. Desmodium scaberrimum, £11. 
Carol. V. 2. p. 217. ex descr. — Hedy- 
sarum viridifiorum, Pur sh, fide specim. 
in Herb, Linn, — VoUz, Herb. — Mich.? 
ex descr. DarL Fl. Cestr. fide specim. 
CBooti.J— It is not the H. vindifi. of 
Linn. Dr. Boott prefers retaining El- 
liott's name. — St. Louis. 

214. Desmodium Marylandicum, De 
Cand. — Hedys.obiusum. Pursh, Willd.? 
Torrey in Hook. Herb. — Jacksonville. 
St. Louis. 

215. Desmodium ciliosum, Willd. NvM. 
Uiib Hedys.^ — Jacksonville. 

216. Desmodium viridiflorum, Gron. et 
Linn, (sub Hedys.) — ^Jacksonville. 

217. Desmodium cuspidaium, Willd. 
(sub Hedys.) D. bracteosum /S. De 
Ca?id. — ^Jacksonville. St. Louis. — Dr. 
Boott suspects that the H. bracteosum, 
Mich, is H kemgatum of Nutt. 

218. Desmodium ^/a5e//ttm, Mich, (sub 
Hedys.) — Jacksonville. 

219. Desmodium panictdatum, Linn. 
(sub Hedys.) — St. Louis. Jacksonville. 

220. Desmodium stricium, Pursh, (sub 
Hedys.^ — Jacksonville. — ^This is Hed. 

paniculatum, Herb. Hort. Reg. Paris. 
(Boott.) 

221. Desmodium acuminatum. Mich. 
(nib Hedys.) N. Orl. — St. Louis. 

222. Desmodium nudiflorum. Linn, (sub 
Hedys.) — Covington. — This species is 
found in the Himala Mountains by Mr. 
Royle. 

223. Desmodium paudfijorum. Nutt. 
(sub Hedys.)— N. Orl. (n. 88.)— This 
species seems to have been long over- 
looked. Dr. Boott has lately received 
it from West Chester, as I have also from 
Pittsburg, gathered by Volti, and from 
Canada, by Mr. Goldie. 

224. Desmodium lineatum, Mich, (sub 
Hedys.) — Jacksonville. — Dr. Boott, who 
kindly imdertook to examine and name 
all my North American Desmodia, 
remarked on this " rarissimum, De 
Lessert gave me three leaves from a 
specimen of Michaux, in Bosc's Her- 
barium." 

225. Lespideza reticulata, Willd. (sub 
Hedys. ^ L, sessiJiflora, var. **foliis sub^ 
linearious. Mich. — L. angustifolia. 
DarL Fl. Cestr. — L. divergens. Bigel. 
Fl. ^o*^."— JacksonvUle. 

226. Lespideza Stuvei, Nutt. (fide spe- 



dm. in Herb. Hook, ex Boott.) — Jack- 
sonville, under two forms, in the one 
state, more procumbent than the other ; 
and that state is marked by Dr. Boott 
as " L. virgata, Nutt. MSS." 
227. Lespideza capitata, Mich. Hedys. 
/ructescens L. — Jacksonville. — 13. seri- 
cea; foliolis angustioribus sericeo-niten- 
tibus. — Jacksonville.---y. angv^tifolia, 
Pursh, D C; foliolis linearibus. — L. an- 

ustifolia, Ell. 

. Lespideza hirta, Willd. (sub He- 
dys.) — L. polystachya. Mich. — Jack- 
sonville. 

229. Lespideza violacea, L. (svb Hedys. 
fide Herb. Linn.) — Hedys. divergens. 

Willd. — Hedys. L. fide specim. Ulayt. 
m Herb. Gronov. (nee aliorum.) — Jack- 
sonville (in fruit only). 

230. Lespideza prostrata, Willd. (sub 
^edy^.)— Jacksonville. N. Orl. (n.89.) 
Covington. — Dr. Boott distinguished this 
species from L. procumbens^j its being 
more delicate, glabrous; by having 
smaller, obovate, elliptical leaves, and 
very short petioles. 

231 . Vicia Caroliniana, Walt. — V. pan- 
cifiora, Mich. — Alleghanies. 

232. Vicia Cracca ? — L. var.paucifiora, 
minor. — ^N. Orl. (n. 90.) var. pauci- 

fiora, major. — N. Orl. (n. 90. bis). — In 
the first var. the flowers are often re- 
duced to two upon a peduncle, and 
these flowers are small. 

233. AmphicarpBBa monoica, Ell. — Jack- 
sonville. St. Louis. — &. caule foliisque 
fulvescenti-sericeis, floribus numero- 
sis. — St. Louis. — Dr. Short finds that 
these plants which bear the subterranean 
fruit, do not run over other plants, but 
lie flat on the ground. In our ft the 
flowers are more numerous than in a, 
larger, and much more purple. The 
leaves are almost tomentoso-sehceous. 

234. Rhynchosia reniformis, DC. — Ar- 
cyphyllum simplicifolium. Ell. — Glycine 
tomentosa, monophyUa. Mich. — N. Orl. 
(n. 91.) 

236. Rhynchosia erecta. D C. — Arcy- 
phyllum erectum. Ell. — Glycine erecta., 
Nutt.f—G. tomentosa, erecta. Mich. 
— Covington. — An Glycine tomentosa? 
Nutt. — Our plant difiers from the erecta 
of Nutt, in having the racemes always 
shorter than the leaves. 

236. Rhynchosia tomentosa, Hook, et 
Am. — Glycine tojnentosa. Linn. Mich. 
(excL a. ft y.) Ell.— Dill. Hort. EUh, t. 
26. /. 29.— ISf. Orl. (n. 920 Covington. 
— An Glycine erecta ? Nutt. — This is a 
far less erect-erowing plant than the pre- 
ceding, with broader obovato-rotunaate. 



2i 



MR. DRUMMOND 8 COLLECTIONS. 



obtuse leaves. Our plant is the true 
Glycine tomentosa of Linn, according 
to Hort. EUh, above quoted. 

237. Apios tuberosa, Moench. — St. Louis. 
Covington. 

238. Wisteria/rttte5C(?7w, D C— N.Orl. 
(n. 93.) 

239. Phaseolus perennis, Walt. — Jack- 
sonville. 

240. Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers. D C. 
— P. trilobus. Mich. — Strophostyles an- 
gulosa, EU. — Dolichos trilobus. Nutt 
\not Linn, which is an East Indian 
species, N. Orl. ^1833.) 

241. Phaseolus Helvolus, L. — St. Louis. 
— &. angiLstifolio. St. Louis. Covington. 
— The leaves of this plant are certainly 
exceedingly variable, and sometimes a 
little sinuated, when it seems to pass 
into the P. diversifolius; and the figure 
of Dillenius referred to by Linnaeus, 
Hort Elth. t. 233. / 300, better repre- 
sents the preceding species than the pre- 
sent. May not these, and P. vexillatus 
of the United States, be mere varieties 
of the same species? In regard to the 
Dillenian plant referred to as the P. 
vexillatus of Linn, and that of Jacq. 
they are a tropical species, and I have 
never seen anything resembling them 
from the United States. 

242. Vigna glabra, Savi. — Dolichos lu- 
teolus. Jacq, — Covineton. 

243. Lupinus/jercnnw, L. — Pennsylvania. 
— (Lupinus viUosus, the most beautiful, 
perhaps, of all the species, although not 
sent by Mr. Drummond, I have received 
from the Mississippi, gathered by M. 
Tainturier.^ 

244. Er3rthnna herbacea, L. — Covington, 
N. Orl. (n. 94.) 

245. Schrankia uncinata, Willd. — N. Orl. 
(n. 95) and 1833. 

(^Darlingtonia glandulosa, DC. — 
This plant I possess from the Mississippi, 
gathered by Tainturier ; but it scarcely 
appears to me to difier from the north- 
em species, D. brachyloba, which I re- 
ceived from Dr. Darlington himself^ 

246. Acacia Famesiana, Willd. JVu^. 
Gen. Am.—N. OrL (n. 95 bis.) 

247. Acacia lutea, Sill. Am. Joum. v. 7. 
p. 61.— N. OrL 1833.— Leaves only: 
but I possess flowerine specimens from 
M. Tainturier gathered on the Missis- 
sippi. 

248. Arachis hypogtea, L. Covington. 



249. Cassia 2bra, L.— St Louis. Cov- 
ington. 

250. Cassia occidentalis, L. — N. Orl. 
1833. 



251. Cassia nicUtans, L. — ^Covington. 

252. Cassia C%awkBcmto,L. — Covington. 

253. CercisCanarfenw,L,— N.Orl. 1833. 

ROSACEiE. JuSS. 

254. Persica vulgaris. Mill. — 'S. Orl. 
(n. 102 bis.) 

255. Cerasus borealis, Mich. — AUegha- 
nies. 

256. Cerasus Americana, Prunus Ameri- 
cana, Darl Fl, Cestr. p. 61.— N. OrL 
(n. 98. Leaves only.) — The leaves of 
this are singularly veiny and downy be- 
neath. They a^ee with specimens of 
Prunus Americana I have received 
from Dr. Torrey. 

257. Cerasus nigra, Sois. (Prunus nt- 
gra. Ait.) — St. Louis. Leaves only. 

253. Cerasus Chicasa, Mich. — N. OrL 
1833. In leaf only.— This Mr. Drum- 
mond sends us as the " Chicasa Plum," 
cultivated about New Orleans. I have 
reason to think, from the peculiarity of 
the bark, that those flowering speci- 
mens marked " N. Orl. n. 102 bis,*' with 
spinous branches and glossy red-brown 
bark, belong also to the same species. 
Those flowering specimens marked " N. 
Orl. n. 102 bis, y." with larger flowers, 
stouter branches, and greyer bark, agree 
better with my specimens of C. Chicasa 
from S. Carolina. Those marked " n. 
102 biSf a." (in flower likewise), seem 
almost intermediate. 

259. — Cerasus serotina, Lois. — ^N. Orl. (n. 
96.) — Alleghanies. 

260. Spirea opulifolia, L. — St. Louis. 

261. Spiraea Aruncus, L. — ^St. Louis. — 
Dr. Short observes, " This is distinctly 
and constantly dicedous. I have never 
seen the var. Americana, of Pursh, which, 
he says, has hermaphrodite flowers." 

262. Gillenia trifoliata, Mcench.— Alle- 
ghanies. 

263. Agrimonia stuzveolens, Pursh. — 
Covington. 

264. Agrimonia parviflora. Ait — St 
Louis. 

265. Geum album, Gmel.— Ohio. N. Ori. 
?n.990 

Obs. The Stylopus vernus of Raf. is a 
very curious plant ; but it scarcely differs 
from Geum, except in having a very 
distinct support to the head of carpels. 
I possess beautiful specimens from Dr. 
Short 

266. Comaropsis Jragarioides, D C— 
Alleghanies. 

267. Rubus>fay«flam, Willd.— N. Ori. 
n. 101.) — 0, subtus pubescentibus. — ^N. 
"^rl. (n. 1(]|2.) — ^AU tne specimens have 



& 



MR. DRX7MMONt>'8 COLLECTIONS. 



25 



temate leaves. Specimens of a Rttbus, 
sent in 1833, from N. Orl., with remark- 
ably long unbranched sarmenta ; some 
with flowers, and scarcely any or only 
very young leaves ; others, with temate 
leaves, appear to be another variety. 
2®. Rubus trtvialis, Mich, vix alior. — 
«. aculeis validis, setis numerosis. — N. 
Orl. (n. 100.) — ft setis nullis, aculeis 
validis. — Another state, probably, of this 
plant, in leaf only, with strong, re- 
curved aculei, without setm, ana con- 
stantly quinate leaves, is sent from N. 
Orl. in 1833. — y. setis aculeisque pauci- 
oribus. — AUeghanies. — These may be 
three distinct species: the latter is 
what I receive from the northern states 
as R. trivialis. 

269. Rubus odoraiusy L. — AUeghanies. 

270. Fragaria Virginica, L. — N. Orl. 
In leaf only. 

271. Potentilla Canadensis, L. — Penn- 
sylvania. 

272. Potentilla sujnna, L. — St. Louis. 

273. Rosa rubifolia, Ait. — ^The same fine, 
and rare, and most distinct species I 
possess also from Dr. Short, gathered in 
kentucky. 

274. Rosa Carolina, L. — Ohio. 

276. Rosa parviflora, Ehrh. — N. Orl. 
1833. 

276. Crataegus Crus Galli, L.— AUe- 
ghanies. (Flower and young fruit.) — St. 
Louis. (Foliage only.) 

277. Gratsegus opaca (Hook, et Am.) ; 
foliis oblongis obtusis basi attenuatis 
subsinuatis obscure serratis supra gla- 
biis opacis subtus paUidioribus nervis 
femieineo-pubescentibus, fructu 5-lo- 
culan.— N. Orl. (n. 104.)— This is unfor- 
tunately destitute of flower ; but the fruit 
is present, and this is as laree as that 
of our C, oxyacantha, marked in the 
dry state with five furrows, (alternating 
with the ceUs,) and crowned with the 
triangular segments of the calyx. It 
q)pears quite distinct from any species 
we are acquainted with. 

27dL OrtitBsguBparvifolia, Ait. — St Louis. 

279. Cn.Ui^;as punctata, Ait — St Louis, 
(in fr.)--N. Orl. (n. 103, in fl, foUis 
angustioribus, andiOS? bis fr.)— Cov- 
ington. (Foliage.) AUeghanies. 

280. CratflMTus coccinea, L. — ^Pennsyl- 
vania. AUeghaniea 

231. Crategus^fa7u/i^^a,WiUd.— AUe- 
ghanies. 

2K{. Crataegus spaihulaia, Mich.— N. 
Orl. (n. 105.) and 1833.— In both cases 
with ibliage only, which is most variable. 
Upon the specimens of 1833, Mr.Drum- 
mond remarks, that the ** fruit is said to 



be as large as a musket baU, and of a 
blue colour." 
283. Cratcegus apiifolia, Mich. — N. Orl. 



(n. 105, bis,) 



Pyrus coronaria, L. — AUeghanies. 
N. Orl. («. 104, bis.) 
286. P3rrus angustijfolia. Ait. — N. Orl. 
1833. 

286. Pyrus arbtUifolia, L.-Pennsylvania. 
var macrophylia.—N. Orl. 1833. Cov- 
ington. 

287. Pyrus melanocarpa, Willd. — Penn- 
sylvania. 

CALYCANTHE^. Lindl 

288. Calycanthus Uemgatus, WiUd.-— 
Pennsylvania. 

289. Calycanthus glaucus, Willd. — Penn- 
sylvania (perhaps cultivated), 

ONAGBARIiS. JuSS. 

290. EpUobium cohratum, Muhl. — St 
Louis. 

Obs. There are, in the northern states, 
two varieties of Epilobium angustifolium : 
one with very large flowers hke those of 
our European plant, and one with longer 
spikes and flowers, more numerous, and 
not half so lare^. Of this I have fine 
specimens from West Chester, and it has 
been long cultivated in the Glasgow Bo- 
tanic Garden, where it retains its charac- 
ter afler many years. 

291. (Enothera biennis, L. — Covington. 
JacksonviUe. 

292. (Enothera sinuata, Mich. — Hook, in 
Bot Mac. t 3392.— N. Orl. (n. 107, «. 
— var, foliis subintegris n. 107 bis.) St 
Louis. 

Obs. Dr. Short and Mr. Griswold find 
the beautiful CE. Fraseri, Pursh and Sims, 
Bot Mag. 1674, allied to CE.fruHcosa, in 
Kentucky. 

293. Gaura biennis, L.---St Louis. 

294. Gaura angustifolia, Mich. — Jack- 
sonviUe. Covineton. 

295. Graura lintfblia, Nutt — Jackson- 
viUe. — ^This is quite different from both 
the preceding species, and agrees with 
an original specimen of G. hn^olia in 
my Herbarium, entirely in the foliage, but 
the flowers are much less densely spiked. 

296. Jussieua leptocarpa, Nutt. — ^N. Orl. 
1833.— The flowers are very smaU : the 
firuit ver^ long, slender and cylindricaL 

297. Jussieua grandiflora, Mich. — ok fo- 
liis acutis. — J, grancU/L Sims, BoU 
Mag. t 2122.— N. CJrl. (n. 108.>HJ. 
foliis brevioribus obtusis. — N. OrL (n. 
109.) 183a— Our var. 0. approaches 



26 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NBIGHBOURUOOD OF QUITO. 



very near to the J. repensj Linn^ and 
may possibly not be specifically dis- 
tinct 

298. Jussieua erecta, L.— N. Orl. 1833. 
Covington. — ^An Ludtngia decurrens, 
Walt. TEll. ? 

299. Isnardia aitemifolia, D C. — Cov- 
ington. St Louis. 

300. Isnardia linearis, D C. (Ludwigia 
Walt — Ludwigia angustifolia. — Mich.) 
Covington. 

301. Isnardia virgata, (Ludwigia,) Mich. 
— Covington. 

302. Isnardia hirsiUa, R. et S. — Coving- 
ton. — This species is probably a hairy 
variety of / virgata, 

303. Isnardia mollis, Poir, — Covington. 

304. Isnardia palustris, L. — ^N. Orl. (n. 
110.) and 18^. 

305. Isnardia microcarpa, Poir. — Cov- 
ington. 

306. Isnardia cylindrica, D C— N. Orl. 
183a 

HALORAGBiE. Br. 

307. Proserpinacaj9a/i^m, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 111.) Covington. 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGH- 
BOURHOOD OF QUITO, AND 
TOWARDS THE SUMMIT OF 
CHIMBORAZO, IN 1830. 

Bj Col. Hall, of Quito. 
(Conimtied/romp, 327, of the BoUmical Journal,) 

VISIT TO ANTI8ANA. 

. On the 3rd of August, M. Boussingault 
and myself, accompanied by Don Jose Yal- 
divieso, set off to visit the farm and moun- 
tain of Antisana. Antisana is one of the 
peaks of the Eastern Cordillera, situated 
S. 75^ E. from Quito, at the distance, in 
a straight line, of thirty miles. The road 
across the upper or southern part of the 
Valley of ChiUo. We crossed the ridge of 
£1 Chasque to the village of Conocoto, dis- 
tant about two leagues, a little beyond 
which the rivers of San Pedro and Pite, 
having collected the streams from the head 
of the valley, unite to form the Guialla- 
pamba. The road continues near the south- 
em extremity of the hill of Yylalo, from the 
foot of which rise the hot-springs of San 



Pedro, or Alangusin. Though destitute of 
acconmiodations, they are frequented for 
their medicinal virtues ; although from the 
analysis of M. Boussingault, it does not 
seem they possess any other than those of 
hot water. That of San Pedro, at the 
'southern point of the hill, is surrounded 
by an Indian village, the inhabitants of 
which, by some happy casualty, have re- 
mained masters of the soil, and form, by 
their activity, industry, and comparatively 
easy circumstances, a pleasing contrast to 
the abject mass of the Indigenes. They 
have tiled houses, and live stock, and 
manufacture coarse linens, and other tri- 
fling articles with which they trade as far 
as Pasto and Barbacoas. The climate 
here is mild and agreeable ; the elevation 
of San Pedro is 8,470 feet. The tempe- 
rature of the spring is 101®. We continued 
our route across the valley, which is level, 
and cultivated. The ridge of Pasuchoa, 
with its rocky peaks, divides the head of it 
into two compartments, of which the west- 
&m rises gradually towards the heights of 
Tiopullo, while the eastern ascends to- 
wards the roots of Sinchulagua, and Ru- 
minavi. The latter was on a subsequent 
occasion the object of an excursion by Pro- 
fessor Jameson and myself, during a visit 
to the estate of Don Vicente Aguino. The 
most interesting object in it is the cascade 
of the Piti, which, descending from Sin- 
chulagua, precipitates itself perpendicu- 
larly about 150 feet, into a wooded glen. 
All this tract is covered with thickets, 
rising sometimes to the dignity of forests. 
We found several shrubs and trees we 
had not before seen, especially the tree 
named by the inhabitants El Olivo, from 
its supposed resemblance to the olive. Ve- 
getation here is favoured by the abundance 
of humidity. The clouds, collected on all 
the surrounding peaks, dissolve in abun- 
dant showers, or rather storms, accompa- 
nied by electric explosions, so numerous, 
that it seems to rain as much fire as water. 
A friend of mine once counted forty-thjree 
in five minutes. These storms often de- 
scend along the valley, and extend to 
Quito, because Pichincha forms part of 



BZCUB8XON8 IN THE NBIOHBOURHOOD OP QUITO. 



27 



the area of the mountain basin, while a 
little further to the North> the village of 
Pomasqui ia so dry aa to have obtained 
the appellation of " Little Pieiro." Paas- 
iDg near the village of Pintac, we crossed 
a deep ravine, on the opposite brink of 
which stands the farm of Pinantura, which 
is the principal mansion of the estate 
of Antisana. Of the house it is suffi- 
cient to say it has all the characteristic 
defects already noted Its elevation, by M. 
Boussingault's baromethoal measurement, 
is 10,377 feet Its medium temperature 
may be reckoned at about 52^. The next 
morning, accompanied by the owner of 
the estate, Don Jose Valdivieso, we set off 
for Antisana. Like Sicsipamba, Pinan- 
tara is situated at the foot of the Para- 
mos; the Peak of Antisana is included 
within its boundaries, which descend to the 
woods of the Napo, so that it is a good 
day's journey across the property, the 
limits of which may, in fact, be considered 
indefinite, as, on the eastern slope of the 
Cordillera, they fall on a boundless unin- 
habited territory. The weather was fa- 
vourable, by which must be understood 
still less the absence of rain than of wind, 
which, on these elevations is the most for- 
midable obstacle to the traveller. On a 
former occasion. Professor Jameson and 
myself encountered such a blast, that our 
horses refused to proceed, and we had to 
dismount, not without some difficulty, to 
prevent being rolled down the turf into 
the ravines below. It is remarkable, that 
on the Cordillera, it is not at the greatest 
elevations the wind is most prevalent, but 
nther on the intermediate slopes. Con- 
tinuing to ascend along the edge of a 
deep glen, we reached the farm-house, call- 
ed Licso, the elevation of which is 11,440 
feet; barley and potatoes are cultivated 
round it, a warm spring issues from the 
bsnb of the adjacent stream, the tempera- 
ture of which ia 81^. On the rocks, 
near the house, there is a stalactitic for- 
mation of carbonate of lime, but scarcely 
abundant enough to supply a kiln, though 
lime, and especially the carbonate, is 
>caroe in the district of Quito. Ascend- 



ing from Licso, we entered on the Para- 
mos, and towards the evening arrived at 
the farm-house of Antisana, a desolate* 
looking building, in a region still more 
desolate. Its elevation is 13,430 feet. M. 
Humboldt speaks of this house as one of 
the highest inhabited spots on the globe; 
yet if Mr. Pentland's measurements in 
Upper Peru and Bolivia be correct, not 
merely solitary houses, but towns and vil- 
lages are there found at equal or greater 
elevations : as Tucora, an Indian village, 
14,252 feet; hamlet and post-house of Chul- 
lunguani, 13,869; post-house of Anco- 
marca, 15,772 ; principal square of the city 
of Potosi, 13,314 feet. The inhabitants of 
Antisana consist merely of an Indian herds- 
man, who resides in a hut of straw and mud, 
apart from the principal edifice, which is 
reserved for the occasional visits of the pro- 
prietor or bailiffs ; at the time of the rodeo, 
or gathering of the cattle, which usually 
takes place once a month. On these occa- 
sions, the whole cavalry of the estate is 
mounted, and with the po^se comitatus of 
the Indians, form a circle, embracing the 
extent of the pasture grounds, driving the 
cattle before them to a central point, where 
pens are prepared, (in case the court or 
patio of the farm is not employed for this 
purpose,) in which they are counted and 
branded with the peculiar mark of the pro- 
prietor. This service is not devoid of dan- 
ger; the bulls, in particular, frequently be- 
come irritated, and charge through the line, 
bearing all before them; the dexterity, 
however, of the herdsmen in entangling 
them with a long rope of hide, called a lazo, 
aided by the intelligence of their horses, 
accustomed to this exercise, is generally 
more than a match for the animal's ferocity. 
The horses, when the Idzo is thrown, plant 
themselves firmly, bending as direction may 
require, and thus affording their riders a 
point (fappui sufficient to check the bull's 
career, who seldom fails to be thrown to 
the ground. The bulls of Antisana are 
noted for their fierceness^ which seems to 
depend on the greater or less extent of the 
pastures over which they range, being thus 
more or less accustomed to the sight aiMl 



28 



EXCURSIONS IN THB NEIOHBOUBHOOD OF QUITO. 



dominion of man. In spite of the rodeos 
on all these estates, a considerable number 
of cattle escape to the deserts of the Para- 
mos, or conceal themselves in the forests 
below. They are then called alzados, or 
miscreants; a term frequently in the Revo- 
lution applied by the Spaniards to the Pa- 
triots. The stock of Antisana is reckoned 
at about 4,000. It is curious that the two 
great reservoirs of cattle in South America 
are placed, one on the burning plains at the 
level of the sea, and the other near the 
limits of perpetual congelation. Mules and 
horses are equally bred in both ; but the 
latter, though hardy, are inferior on the 
highlands, both in size and figure, to the 
breed of the lowlands. The best horses of 
Quito are those which are brought colts 
from the pastures of Guayaquil, and afler- 
wards reared in the mountains. 

We dined, on our arrival, in the open 
balcony of the mansion of Antisana, for the 
benefit of fresh air, with the thermometer 
at 36<>, though, to say the truth, there was 
no room in the house big enough to hold a 
table, nor a door through which it could be 
introduced. We accommodated ourselves 
tolerably well at night with blankets and 
sheep-skins, and suffered little from cold, 
except M. Boussingault, who imposed on 
himself the task of getting up several times, 
to observe the horary variations of the ba- 
rometer. The next morning we rode seve- 
ral leagues, through bog and mire, to exa- 
mine what it was hoped might prove a 
silver mine, situated in a glen on the east 
side of the mountain. The specimens, 
however, produced nothing but iron p3Tites. 
On the 6th we set out to visit the Nevada, 
or snowy summit of the mountain. We 
arrived early at the foot of the peak, which 
rises abruptly from the surrounding table 
land. The northern extremity swells into 
a dome, while the southern is terminated 
by sharp broken pinnacles. The interme- 
diate space has somewhat the figure of a 
saddle seat, and as the slope seemed here 
least precipitous, we determined on attempt- 
ing the ascent to the summit at this point. 
The surface of the snow was frozen hard, 
and the first part of the glacis was so steep 



and slippery, that it required the aid of 
M. Boussingault's mineralogical hammer 
to break a footing ; but afler mounting in 
this manner a few hundred feet, the slope 
becamq more gradual, and finally termi- 
nated in a plain, forming the connexion 
already mentioned betwixt the two extre- 
mities. This was the limit of my ascent ; 
for having made an attempt at a point 
which seemed more accessible, I was sub- 
sequently obliged to return, and retrace the 
path of M. Bou^ingault. In the mean while 
he had continued to climb, and reached, by 
his computation, a part of the northern 
dome, not more than 200 feet below its 
summit : here a perpendicular ice-rock im- 
peded his further progress : the barometer 
giving 17,653 feet. According to the mea- 
surement of the Academicians, Antisana 
is 19,305 feet high ; but M. Boussingault 
could hardly be far mistaken as to the 
height of the rock betwixt him and the 
summit, which he compared to that of a 
middling 'Sized house ; granting the inter- 
vening space to be 300 feet, or say, 18,000 
feet, there is still a difference of 1,300 feet 
— an error I am the more inclined to con- 
sider on the part of the Academicians, be- 
cause^ judging by the sight, Cayambe, to 
which they give an elevation of 19,386 
feet, is much higher than Antisana. The 
thermometer, at the point ascended, stood 
at 29°; but when the sun occasionally 
broke on the broad snow-field, it produced 
a glare too intense to be endured by the 
eyes, and a heat like that of an oven. The 
weather was partially clouded; but we 
were in part above the region of clouds, 
which rolled beneath our feet, and as the 
landscape glimmered far below, dim and 
blue through their misty veil, it reminded 
me of the shadowy worlds of Hades, de- 
scribed in Lord Byron's " Cain." Our 
descent, as may be supposed, was readily 
accomplished, and at 1 p. m. we were at the 
foot of the snow. I found the sun's re- 
flected heat to be here 81°. The vegeta- 
tion of Antisana has little to distinguish it 
from that of the other mountains. It is 
abundant in GentiaruB, one species of 
which, with a rich scarlet corolla, ornaments 



CONTRIBUTIONB TOWARDS A FLOBA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



29 



tiie turf beside the riyulets. The same 
species is found also on Chimborazo ; but 
I have seen it only on those two mountains. 
The Sida Pidiinchensis, incorrectly named, 
because its habitat is by no means limited 
to Pichincha, grows in the sands near the 
summit, and close to the snow I found the 
same dwarf Andromeda we had met with 



heaped into a figure of a ridge, which 
seems more naturally the consequence of 
having been thrown up than poured down 
from the head of the valley. An eruption 
of Antisana in 1690 is mentioned by the 
Academicians; and M. Boussingault consi- 
dered traces of fire to exist in a cave near 
the farm-house. The sharp broken pinna- 



two mountains is, m every respect, 
similar. The following table will give an 
idea of the mean temperature of the house 
of Antisana, from observations made by 
Professor Jameson and myself in July, 
1829:— 
July 1st.. 6 a.m.. 330 
7 # ..36« 
8i ..880 

2i p. M. 45* 

4 B .43** 
5i . .37- 



C Water 44*» 
iHygr. 33^3' 

'50' 



on Pichincha ; and in general, the Flora of cles of the southern extremity of the Ne- 

vado are a further confirmation. This ap- 
pearance is recognized in Pichincha, Car- 
guirazo, and Gapac Ucu, undoubted vol- 
canoes. Truncated cones, such as Cotopaxi 
and Tunguragua, afibrd equal or stronger 
indications ; while the dome of Chimborazo 
proves merely that its eruptions have been 
lateral. As we arrived rather late at the 
volcano of Licso, our intention was to sleep 
at the farm-house, and repeat our visit in 
the morning ; but it was decreed we should 
carry into effect only the first half of our 
plan. We had been but an hour or two in 

— — — - Ijed when we were both awakened by a sharp 

Mean. .38® 6' darting pain in the eyes, and very soon 

M. Boussingault, from the temperature of found that the glare of the snow had almost 
the ground, reckoned the mean at 40° 1'. wholly deprived us of sight M. Boussin- 
An hygrometer, on Leslie's principle, gave gault's negro servant and an Indian, who 
33° 21 ^Q&* T of Saussure. The dryness bad accompanied us, were foimd to be in 
of the atmosphere at these elevations of nearly the same state, and the next mom- 
Antisana is diminished by the clouds al- ing we returned to Pinantura, M. Boussin- 
most constantly gathering round the cul- g&ult, with his mule led by an Indian, 
iniittting points of the Andes. being unable to distinguish a step of the 

We varied our direction, on our return, road, and the rest of us nearly in as bad a 
for the purpose of visiting a volcanic erup- plight. Our lips and faces were also so 
tion, near Licso. It is one of ihe freshest chapped and peeled, that it took us nearly 
in the country, having taken place in 1801. a week in Quito to recover our sight and 
The head of it exhibits the appearance of human aspect, 
a circular area, full of black scon© of cal- ^"^^ ^ continued.) 

cmed pumice-stone, without, however, any 
*wce of a crater or profundity. From 
hence we observed, as it were, an immense /CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 



torroit of the same materials poured down 
the ravine below, for a distance of about 
three miles, exactly to the point where the 
nttin road to Pinantura crosses the dell. 
U. Boussingault doubted, however, whe- 
tlifir this should be considered as a torrent, 
or a simultaneous eruption from a longitu- 
dinal fissure. The want of a proper crater 
sapports this opinion, and it may be added, 
that the scoriae all down the ravine are 



FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA 
AND THE ISLANDS OF THE 
PACIFIC. 

9j W. J. Hooker, LL.D. ind 6. A. W. Arnott. Eaq. 
A.M. F.R. S.B. 

I. Extka-Tropical South America. 

(Cimtimedfrom p. 322 of the BotMtieal Journal.) ■ 
COMPOSITiE. 

At pa^ 276 of the above Journal, we 
to reserve our 



intimated our intention 



30 



COKTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



account of the South American CampostUt, 
until the appearance of the Fiflh Volume 
of De Candolle's Prodromus, which we 
were also the more desirous of doing, be- 
cause many of our species were then with 
Mr. Don for his examination and opinion. 
The vast mass of materials, however, which 
have accumulated in the hands of Profes- 
sor De Candolle, exceeding in number of 
species, he conjectures, all that were known 
by Linnaeus of the whole vegetable king- 
dom, have greatly retarded the publication 
of his work ; while, in the mean time, our 
collections have beeh returned by MnDon, 
in most cases, without any of his observa- 
tions or remarks. Under this two-fold dis- 
advantage we have thought it right, never- 
theless, to undertake the task of describing 
our extensive collections, and thus to re- 
cord the numerous and important discove- 
ries that have been made by Messrs. Gillies, 
Cuming, Bridges, Mathews, Bertero (in 
a few instances), Tweedie, &c. The whole 
of the species here enumerated, one or 
two only excepted, are in our Herbaria. 

The tribes and sub-tribes, and almost all 
the genera, are those of Lessing, in his 
Synopsis Generum Campositarum. We 
have, in several instances, added specific 
characters of species already described, 
but only in those cases where the increase 
of species seemed to require it 

TbIB. I — CiCHORACBiB. — VaiU. JU8S. 

Less. Syn. p. 126. 

SUB-TRIB. I. — ScOLYMBiE. — LeSS, L C, 

730. (1.) Myscolus microcephahis, Cass. 
Less. Syn. 126. — Scolymus Hispanicus, 
Desf, — ^Buenos Ayres. (Cult.) Tweedie, 

Stjfi-TRIB. II. — HYOSBRIDBiE. — LesS. 

Lc,p.l27. 

MiCBosERis. — Don, (1832.) Lepidonema. 
R and M. (1835.) 

Rachis ebracteolata. Achenium obfusi- 
forme^ (runcatum, sulcatum, glabnun, con- 
fonna Pappus untserialis, conformis, per- 
sistens, setaceus, setis autem basi valde 
dilatatis, supeme scabris. — " InVOlucrum 
8-'paf'iiiufn,basibr€u;teolaiuin, Herbajw- 
siila, radice annua. Folia plurima ra- 
dicMa, pr(^und& pinnaiyida, subtus 
papulosa, sesquipoUicaria ; segmentis li- 
nearibus obtusiusculis, integerrimis, ter- 
minali longissimo, Scapi filiformes, mo- 
nooephdkf fohfbs bremores, Involucrum 
glcU>rum mrens. Corollas aurem, — Genus 



ajfine, et prmcipue differt achentis 
longioriSus et pappo uniseriali un^onni" 
Don in LiU, 

731. (1.) M. pyqmma, Don, in Ph. 
Mag. (April, 1832.) />. 388.— Lepidone- 
ma Chilense. fisch. et Mey. Ind. 
Sem. Hort. Petrop, p. 31. — ^Valparaiso, 
Cuming (n. 605). Bridges (n. 502.) 
From this Genus Ilymenomena, Hook. 
Ft, Bor. Am. v.l.p. 300, (not Cassini) 
only differs by the unbricated, not sim- 
ple, involucre. 

SuB-TRiB. III. — HYPOCHJSRiDEiC. Less, 
lc.p,\20. 

Sbriola^ — L. Less. I. c. 

^Caulibus foliosis, 

732. (1.) S.toraxacoi(fe^(Hook.etAm.) 
caule simplici monocephalo, foliis ra- 
dicalibus runcinatis, involucri ad basin 
intertextim setoso-pilosi foliolis interi- 
oribus aouminatis. — Oreophila teraxa- 
coides. Don, in Ph. Mag. {April 
1832.) — Valparaiso. Macrae, Bridges, 
Cuming, (n. 486,) Mathews, (n. 369.) 
— ^The stem is one to two feet high, 
glabrous, and furnished with several 
leaves : these last are usually lanceolate, 
acuminated and entire, but the lower 
ones are slightly runcinate; the upper 
become eraduedly smaller and more 
remote. The flowers are about half an 
inch across. 

738. (2.) S.BrasiKensis, (Less,) caule an- 
gulato ad inflorescentiam ramoso pleio- 
V. polycephalo, involucri glabri folio- 
lis lineari-lanceolatis obtusiusculis. — a. 
grandiflora ; capitulis 8 — 12 lin. long;is. 
Forcellites Brasiliensis. Less, in Linn, 
V. 6, p. 103. — Subwir. a, glabra, foliis 
runctnatis. Less, I. c. — Mendoza, Dr, 
Gillies: — subvar. b, glabra, foliis inte- 
eerrimis. Less. I. c. — Oreophila chon- 
drilloides, Don/ MSS, ^ex parte J. — 
Mendosa and Andes of Mendo2a, Dr. 
Gillies. K coast of Patagonia, Dr. 

1 V^e agre« with Lessing, iSjyii. p. 130, in referring tlie 
fUiWih Anierican species of PorceBiUs to this Genus. 
The Boropean species hare a simple involvcre, with 
few or no scales at tlie base : the Soutk Americaa 
ones have it distinctlj imbricated. PorctWies^ Cass. 
the tjpe of which is ttypoclutris radkaUit L. is identi- 
cal with Ackgrophantt, Gicftn. Our SkrioUt here 
giv^, we are inAik'med bj Mr. I>on, belong to his 
genns OriopkUa, the original species of which be de- 
scribes as having a sessile p^qiput : a character at 
Variance with all the Sonth American ones we have 
•een (eren those fh>m Pern). 



CONTBIBUTIOMS TOWAKDS A FLOBA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



31 



Eight^, — Subvar, c, hirstUtda, Less. I. c. 
— ^Buenos Ayres, Ttoeedie.'^. parm- 
flora; capitulis 4 — 6 lineas longis. — 
Buenos Ayres and Banda Orientale, 
jTtrcce&e.— -We have been unable to find 
any other difference between « and 0, ex- 
cept what we have pointed out, although 
the general appearance be very distinct 
In §y the stem is either quite glabrous 
or slightly hispid, and the leaves are 
either quite entire, or the lower ones are 
pinnatind. 

734. (a) S. Tweedvi (Hook, et Am.); 
caule angulato ad inflorescentiam ramo- 
se, foliis caulinis amplexicaulibus basi 
aimculatis integris vel pinnatifidis, invo- 
lucro breviter setoso-villoso. — Buenos 
Ayres, where it is frequently employed 
as Endive. Tweedie, 

tt Caulibus ad ramificationum haseos 
folio unico instrucHs, ctBterum apkyllis, 

735. (4) S. apargioides (Less.); folio- 
rum radicalium petiolis limbo multo bre- 
vioribus, caule plus minusve ramoso, in- 
volucri hirsutiusculi foliolis ligulatis vel 
lineari-lanceolatis obtusis. — ». caule gla- 
bro. Porcellites apargioides. Less, in 
Linn, v. 6. p. 102. — Oreophila apargio- 
idea Don. Phil. Mcuf. (Apr. 18§2), 
p. 388. — Subvar. a. foliis glabriusculis. 
— ^Valparaiso, Mr, Cruckshanks; Cum- 
ing (n. 4B6,J; Bridges (n. 503.^— 
Sttbvar. b. foliis hirsutis. — ^Valparaiso. 
Afr. Cruckshanks; Cuming (n. 413.) 
— 0. caule hispido. — ^Oreophila picroides. 
Don. I. c. — Hypochfieris apargioides. 
Hook, et Am. in JBotBeech. Voylj). 28. 
— Conception, Messrs. Lay and Volley. 
— ^We find the leaflets of the involucre 
to be constantly obtuse, not acute as de« 
scribed by Lessing : and the pappus is 
really stipitate, though erroneously de- 
scribed by us in Beechey's Voyage as 
sessile. We were deceived by the fruit 
beine immature. 

736. (5.) S. petiolaris (Hook, et Am.) ; 
foliis raidicalibus sinuato-dentatisglabns, 
petiolis gracilibus limbo longioribus, 
caule submonocephalo ^labro v. piloso 
foliis 2— 4-plo longiori, mvolucri glabri 
foliolis lineari-lanceolatis intimis acumi- 
natis. — ^Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. 

737. (6.) S. tenuifolia (HooL et Am.); 

1 Some Tery interesting plants firom the extreme 
Mwthern eoaotries of Soath America and parts of the 
Paeilie, gathered by this gentleman while on a voyage 
of diseoirery in an American vessel, have been very 
gneroBsly oommvnioated to us by Dr. Beck, from 
the Coratora of the Albany Institnte, New York. 



" acaulis, foliis lineahbus spathulato- 
oblongisve integerrimis runcinatisque 
scapo monocephalo brevioribus, involu- 
cri squamis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis, 
bracteolis longe cuspidatis." — Oreophila 
tenuifolia. Von, mSS. — Quebrada de 
Rios, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — 
" Herba parce lanu^nosa, demum rfa- 
brata. Scapus sesqui-tripoUicaris. Ca- 
pitulum turbinatum lanuginosum. Pap- 
pus sordide cinereus." l)on in lilt. 

SUB-TRIB. IV. LACTUCEiE.'— Z/e«*. /. C. 

p. 185. 

738. a.) Taraxacum Gilliesii (Hook, et 
Am.) ; ** foliis runcinatis ^labris, scapis 
folio brevioribus, involucn foliolis exte- 
rioribus ovato-lanceolatis acutis adpres- 
sis, achenio breviter rostrato."— Leonto- 
don Chilensis, Don, MSS. — Las Guin- 
das, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — 
" Herba perennis, radice fusiformi. Sea- 
pi purpurei, fistulosi, glabri. Machis 
epaleata, Achenia compressa, minute 
tuberculata, apice attenuata. Pappus 
uniformis, moUissimus, albus, capillaris.'' 
Don, in litt-^'We do not possess the 
mature achenium ; nor have we seen any 
specimens among Dr. Gillies' sufficiently 
advanced to enable us to pronounce on 
the ultimate length of the oeak. Except 
in the shorter scape and smaller capitu- 
lum, it appears scarcely to differ from 
T.palustre, of which we fear it will prove 
to oe a variety. Mr. Don's specific name 
is inadmissible, as the plant is found on 
the eastern, not on the Chilian, side of 
the Andes. 

739. (10 Macrorhynchus Chilensis. — 
Less. Syn. p. 139. — ^Valparaiso, Cum- 
ing (n. 746) ; Mathews (n. 306) ; Brid- 
ges (n. 501 and n. 500). 

740. (1.) Sonchus oleraceus, L. — Bahia 
Blanca^^ Tioeedie. — Near Limarche in 
Quebrados, Chili, Bridges (n. 407). 

' Mr. Tweedie's last botanical excnrsion on the 
eastern sbore of Soatb America, was to '* Bokia bttmca,*' 
between lat. SSi^— 40i>, a little to tbe north of the month 
of the Rio Colorado. He speaks of it as a part of 
Patagonia ; bnt it is not inoladed in that oonntrj ac- 
cording to oor best English maps. It is now a consi- 
derable military station, called Fnerte Argentine. 
Although so mnoh to the southward of Buenos Ayres, 
its regetatlon is not very dissimilar. '* Round the 
coast of the Bay, from two to six miles inland," Mr. 
Tweedie remarks, '* is one continued salt marsh, partly 
covered with salt and partly with low bushes ; beyond 
which is a soft, dry soil, where little is found but 
coarse grasses. A ridge of land, bounding this, called 
Los Loamos, is occupied with ever-green shrubs ; but 
nothing in the shape of a tree is vbible so far as the 



32 

741 (2.) S.peciinatus, DC. — Patagonia, 
East coast, Dr. Bight; probably intro- 
duced. 

SUB-TBIB. V. — HiERACIEiE, LesS. I C. p. 

140. 

Dendroseris, Don, in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 
1832.) p. 388.— Rea. Bert in Guill 
Arch. (June, 1833). 

This Genus, having a rigid fragile pap- 
pus, belongs to the Btieraciea of Less. ; but 
forms a distinct section from any in his sy- 
nopsis, and which may be thus character- 
ized : — 

f Acheniis bast et apice emarginatis, tri- 
gonis v. compressis. 

14SL (1.) D. macraphj/lla, Don, /. c. — 
Rea macrantha. Bert — Decaisne, in 
Guill. Arch, v.l.p. 514. — At Juan Fer- 
nandez, Bertero. Massafuera, Cuming 
(n. 1350). 

743. (2.) D. Berteriana, Hook, et Am. 
— ^Rea Berteriana. Decaisne, I. c. p. 
515. — Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

744. (3.) D. pinnata, Hook, et Am, — 
Rea pinnata, Bert — Decaisne, I. c. p, 
516.— Juan Femandez, Bertero ; Doug- 
las. 

745. (4.) D. nerijfolia. Hook, et Am. — 
Rea neriifolia, decaisne, I. c. p. 517. — 
R. leucantha, Bert, in Hook. Herb. — 
Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

746. (5.) D. micrantha. Hook, et Am. — 
Rea micrantha. Bert — Decaisne, I. c. 
p, 518. — Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

747. (6.) D. marginata, Hook, et Am. — 
Rea marginata, Bert. — Decaisne, I. c. p. 
519. — Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

748. (7.) D. mollis. Hook, et Am. — Rea 
mollis, Bert — Decaisne, I. c. p. 519. — 
Juan Fernandez, Bertero. 

749. (1.) Hieracium Chilense, Less, in 
Linntsa, v. 6. p. 100. — ft inflorescentia 
pilisbrevibusngidiusculis nigrisobsessa. 

■i^ht OAB reach : thoagh manj of the shiubt are of 
the same speoiei as are arhorescent atBneDOs Ajres." 
About tbirtj miles from the coast, and io a direction 
north-west from the fort, a considerable hill, called 
Ctrra dk la Vtniota, part of a branch of the Cordille- 
ras, which extends itself in this direction towards the 
Sooth Atlantic Ocean, would nnqaestionablj have af- 
forded many yalnable plants, coold Mr. Tweedie have 
bad access to it : but though he obtained passports 
ftom the commandant of the fort, thej conld not haTe 
secured him against the attacks of the Indians, who 
are both nomeroos and hostile throoghont the whole 
district ; and are onl j kept in awe in the immediate 
Bcighboaihood of the Baj, by means of a wtrj strong 
garrison. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



— &. plains near " los Andes/' province 
of Valdivia, Bridges (n. 780). 
760. (2. ) H. cumosum, Vill.?— H. sordi- 
dum, GiU. ifiSA— Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 
lies. Maldonado (introduced ?), Ttoee- 
die. 

751. (1.) Picrosia hngifolia, Don, in 
Linn. Soc. Trans, v. 16. p. 184. Less. 
Syn.p. 143.— P.runcinata. GiU. MSS. 
— ^Tragopogon fritillarioides. Less, in 
Linmea, v. 6. p. 101. — ^Frequent in all 
wet places near Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. 
Mendoza. Dr. Gillies. — Lessing inserts 
this among the Hieraciea, one of the 
characters of which CToupe is " pappus 
fragillimus ;" while Don says of this Ge- 
nus " pappus mollis." To us the pappus 
appears to be certainly neither rigid nor 
fragile^ although it is more so than in the 
Lactuce<B, from which, moreover, it dif- 
fers in the brown, not white, colour. In 
Dr. Gillies' specimens, the radical and 
lower stem-leaves are runcinate. 

Trib. II. NA8SAUViACEiE.> — Less, I, c. 
p. 396. 

SUB-TRIB. I. TRIXIDEiE.2 — LeSS. I C. p. 

400. 

752. (1.) Moscharia />inna/^</a, R. and 
P. Syst Veg. Ft Per. v. \.p. 186. Less. 

1 This tribe is easily distingoisbed from the other 
LaHoHJlortB, bj the branobes of the stjie being tmn- 
oated and penicellatp at the apex, like those ofStme- 
cio. 

* Althoogh we have admitted Lessing's two sv6- 
tribe* of the Niu$auvuuea, we cannot bat think them 
much invalidated bj a new Peruvian Genus we pos- 
sess, which has all the characters of Nas^auviMP, with 
the habit of /iiRj^, which belongs to the TrisidHe; 
and OS M. Lessing's Pentantluu has now merged into 
Pana/gyrvm, we shall here adopt that name for it. 
Pmttadhus, Hook, et Arn. (lum Leu.). Invoiucrum 
cjlindricnm, uniseriale ; foliola 5 floscalis opposita, 
lineari-oblonga, obtosinscola, striata, basi callosa, 
rigida, duo margine ntrinqne^ uoico, bine solommodo 
margine scarioso, reliquis margins scarioso desli- 
tutis. Capihtlum 6-floram, fiosonlis nniserialibas. 
Rackii glabra, ebracteolata. C&roUa bilabiatse -, labio 
snperiore profnnde 3-fido, interiore profnnde bl6do. 
Anihera basi ecandatae. Acheiiium erostre, glabnun, 
oallo basilari. Pappus ploriserialis, setosus, soaber. 
— Suflrnticosa, roiiiosa, Canles ramiqMeglabenim, smb- 
glaud. Folia longe pefiobfo, altema, esstiptilata^ cor- 
dato-ttibroiuada, 5 — T-anguIatO'lobaia, hme imde apieu" 
lato-dentaia, mpira glabra, retiaUato-vemoaat mAtm9 
UviUr ptiUseemtia. Rami Jloriferi anUant, JoGo mml- 
tmm UmgwrtSt apin corgmbon, JoUo louoo ad haam co- 
rgrnki, PMe«\\\faitigwH,capUykm9¥bm^mBadaM,Jk^ 
mimda, imperfieta, litiearia gereuiaa. Pappas aarJUk 
jMbma, CoroUaeoAis. St j\i rami apk* irmetU, ibiqm 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



33 



tn LinruBa, v. 6. p, 39. Syn.p, 417. — 
Mosigia pinncUifida, Spr. Syst. Veg. 
c. 3.^.661. Gastrocarpha rundnata, 
Don. in Linn. Trans, v. 16. p. 232. — 
Valparaiso, Mathews (n. 261.); Cum- 
ing (n. 499 and 775,); Bridges (n. 488. 
The under side of the young leaves is 
frequently covered with woofiy tomen- 
tum, which eventually disappears. Cum- 
ing's n. 775, is a very luxuriant form, 
several feet high : its leaves at the base 
of the branches of the inflorescence are 
very large, broadly triangular, some about 
three inches lone^ and two broad at the 
bwe. 

753. (1.) Jungia floribunda, Less, in 
Linnma, v, 5. p. 38. — J. pyramidalis, 
Don, in Lin7i. Trans, v. 16. L 299. — 
PorUilegre, and Rio Grande, Tweedie. 

7W. (1.) Trixis (Cleanthes) othonnoi- 
des, Less, in Linnma, v. 5. p. 27. Cle- 
anihes othonnoides, Don, in litt, — 
CacaUa scabra, Vahl, Syrnb. v. 3. p. 92. 
—Leuceria echioides. Gill. Don, in 
Phil. Mag. Apr. 1832. p. 389, (teste 
Don, in lilt.). — Pampas of Buenos Ay- 
res. Dr. Gillies. — With this we are 
unacquainted. 

755. (2.) Trixis (Cleanthes) ockroleuca. 
Hook, et Am. — Holocheincs ochroleu- 
cus, Cass. — Platycheilus ochroleucus, 
Cass. — Perezia ockroleuca. Less, in 
Linmsa, v. 5. p. 22. Syn. p. 413. — 
Leuceriaconyzoides, Don, in Phil. Mag. 
Asr. 1832. p. d89.—Cleanthes conyz. 
Don, in litt. — Buenos Ayres, San Luis 
and Andees of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 
Ttoeedie. Uraguay, Tweedie. — We can- 
not distinguish this, by Lessing's descrip- 
tion, from the elabrous forms of his T. 
othonnoides. Don, on the other hand, 
informs us that his Leuceria echioides is 
Lessinz's plant. Lessing, again, consi- 
ders this species to be the same as 
Cleanthes jBrasiliensis, and that CI. 
hieracioides, Don, is not really dif- 
ferent. Trixis {Cleanthes) Brasiliensis, 
Don (not De Cand.) seems to have the 
flowers considerably larger, and of a yel- 
low colour, and in this respect is more 
allied to T. pinnatifida. Less.; but with 
^ exception, we feel much disposed 
to view all the others as forms of one 
&nd the same plant, which is readily re- 
cognized by its nulk-white florets and 

HWW.-P. JM^MMfo. H. and A— Hab. Por- 
f^fcwt. Pern ; Maiknu (n, 10l«.) — Very clogoly 
"'^ to Jmgia apeetabiUs, Don : mnd indeed the Ge- 
*** Mj be oootidered as Jungia^ with the florets re- 
""^ to 1 single series, and in which case the brao> 
^ of the florets become the leaves of the involucre. 
^ ^ /. tptdMUs, the pappus is not plumose. 
VOL. I. 



pappus, and by the inner lip of the co- 
rolla being oblong and usually undivided, 
except at the apex . If we are correct, 
the specific name of ochroleuca ought to 
be retained, the older one of scabra, not 
beine applicable to all the variations. 
Be that as it may, the plant before us is 
nearly glabrous, and has constantly the 
leaflets of the involucre broadest and 
rounded at the apex, where also they are 
villous and ciliated. 

756. (3.) Trixis (Oligophyllon) Brasili- 
ensis, De Cand. Cexcl. syn.) — Less, in 
Linn. v. 5. p. 26. Syn. p. 413. — ^Marsh 
near Portalegre, Tweedie. — ^As this is 
now ascertained to be difierent from the 
Linncean plant, it is to be regretted that 
the name has not been changed. We 
would suge^est that of Candolhi. 

757. (4.) Trixis (Polyphyllon) Megapo- 
tamica THook. et Am.^; caule herbacco 
usque aa inflorescentiam folioso hirsuto- 
pubescenti, foliis (superioribus) oblongo- 
lanceolatis mucronatis integerrimis vel 
minute denticulatis basi attenuatis de- 
currentibus vel subdecurrentibus utrin- 
que hirsute pubescentibus, capitulis 8 — 
12-floris, involucri foliolis 9 — 13 biseri- 
alibus conformibus lineari-oblongis sub- 
acuminatis extus sericeis, pappo rufes- 
cente. — Moimtains of Rio Grande, Twee- 
die. — ^The inflorescence is a compound 
raceme, the pedicels are shorter than the 
involucre, and furnished about the mid- 
dle with a solitary bractea, similar to, 
but rather larger than, the leaflets of the 
involucre. 

758 (5.) Trixis (Eutrixis) discolor. Gill. 
MSS. Don, in Phil. Mag. Apr. 1832, 
p. 388. — La Porta de las Achiras, Prov. 
of San Luis. Dr. Gillies. 

759. (6.) Trixis (Eutrixis) papiUosa, 
Gill. Don, I. c. — ^Provinces of San Luis 
and Mendoza. Dr. Gillies. — ^The leaves 
(and we have only seen the upper ones) 
are so much attenuated at the base as 
almost to form a kind of winged petiole. 
The flowers are disposed in a few-headed 
terminal corymb : leaflets of the involu- 
cre in a single series, narrow-lanceolate 
and acuminated; there are also a few 
bracteas between the middle of the pe- 
dicel and base of the involucre. The 
flowers appear to be white. 

760. (1.) Perezia (Homoeanthus) spa- 
thulata, Hook, et Am. — P. viscosa, 
Less. Syn. p. 408 (1832).— C^nc^/i/a 
spathulaia, Lag. — Don, in Linn. Trans. 
V. 16. p, 205. (1830).— Near Los Andes, 
Prov. of Valdivia, Bridges, (n. 778). 

761. (2.) Perezia (Homoeanthus) acan- 
thoiaes (Hook, et Am.); " glanduloso- 



34 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



pubescens, foliis caulinis amplexicaulibus 
cordato-lanceolatis mucronatis dentato- 
spinosis, capitulis corymbosia, rachide 
pubescente,acheiuishirsutis. — Clarionia 
acanthoides, Don^MSS, — Mendoza,2>r. 
Gillies. — " Caulis sesquipedalis, teres, 
albicans, ramosus. Involucrifoliola du- 
plice ordine, subequalia, ovato-lanceola- 
ta, spinuloso-mucronata, margine sea- 
riosa. Corolke cserulesB. Pappus sor- 
dide fulvus." Dan, in liit, — This we 
have not seen. 

762. (3.) Perezia (Drozia) virens, HooL 
et Am. — P.Pceppigii,Less. Syn.p. 411. 
(1832^ — Clarionia mrens,D<m, in Linn. 
Soc. Trans, 16. p. 208, 1830— fide Don. 
— Cordilleras of Chili, Cuming (n, 238.^ 
— Los Ojos de Agua, Bridges (n. 493.) 
As Mr. Don has ascertained our plant, 
which is doubtless identical with Les- 
sing's, to be his C virens, we presume 
the Peruvian locality given by him from 
Ruiz and Pavon's MSS. to be incorrect. 
The rachis is villous, and the achenia 
hirsutely villous. 

763. (4.) Perezia (Stenophyllum) Beckii 
(Hook, et Am.); foliis coriaceis lineari- 
bus conformibus integerrimis spinoso- 
ciliatis supra IsBvibus (baud transversim 
rugulosis) utrinque pilis minutissimis 
cartilagineis adspersis, achenio compres- 
so (immature) sparsim ac minutim i^lan- 
duloso-pubescenti. — East coast of Pa- 
tagonia, Dr, Eights. — This differs from 
P. Doniana, Less., and P. recurvata, 
Less., both belonging to the same sec- 
tion, and very closely allied, by the 
leaves not being transversely rugulose. 
The cilis are usually in a single, but 
sometimes in a double series ; they are 
white and disposed on the upper surface 
near the margin, not on the margin, as 
at first sight they appear, from its being 
much recurved. The achenium is pro- 
bably glabrous, when mature, as in P. 
Doniana. 

764 (5.) Perezia (Euperezia) MageUa- 
nica, Less, in Linmea, r. 5. p. 23. Syn. 
p. 413. — PerdiciumMageUanicum,Lxnn, 
Vahl in Skrivt, Nat. Sekk, 1. p. 10. t 
4. — Clarionia Magellanica,De Cand. — 
Cape Horn. Dr. Bights, 

765. (6.) Perezia (Euperezia) cartha- 
moiaes (Hook, et Am.); caule oligo- 
phyllo, foliis membranaceis radicalibus 
caulem eequantibus vel superantibus 
lon^ petiolatis sinuato-pinnatifidis la- 
ciniis undulatis sinuato-incisis spinoso- 
ciliatis, caulinis late linearibus sessilibus 
irregulariter spinoso-dentatis, involucri 
foliolis exterioribus foliaceis, foliis cau- 
linis supremis similibus, interioribus la- 



tissime albide scahoso-maieinatis spino- 
so-mucronatis, ovariis papiuosis, rachide 
glabro. — Clarionia carthamoides, Crili, 
Don in Phil. Mag. {Apr. 1832.) p. 328. 
in GuiU. Arch. 2. p. ^.— El Cenro de 
la Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 
lies. Cordilleras of Chili, Cuming (n. 
196.). Near La Laguua, Cordilleras^ 
Bridges (n. 494.) 

766. (7.) Perezia (Euperezia) ciUaris ; 
" foliis lanceolatis acuminatis membra- 
naceis mareine copiose setaceo-spinulo- 
sis, caulinis amplexicaulibus, capitulo 
solitario, involucri foliolis exterioribus 
spinuloso- ciliatis. — Clarionia ciliaris, 
Don, MSS. — Caulis erectus, filiformis, 
simplicissimus, sesquipedalis. FoUa ra- 
dicalia, lon^ petiolata, 3— 4-pollicaria, 
gramineo-viridia. Involucrifoliola li- 
neari-lanceolata, acuminata, membrana- 
cea." Don in lUt. — ^With this we are 
unacquainted ; we believe it to be one 
of Cuming's plants, and therefore suspect 
it is a mere state of P. carthamoides. 

767. (8.) Perezia (Euperezia) pilifera. 
Hook, et Ara. — Clarionia piiifera, GilL 
Don in PhU. Mag. (Apr. 1832.) p. 388. 
Guillem. Arch 2. ©. 463. — Cerro de la 
Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. GiUies. 
— ^The petioles of the radical leaves are 
broad, and at least as long as the limb : 
the segments are closely approximated, 
and tipped with a white rigid hair or 
bristle. It is a small species, scarcely 
more than an inch and a half or two 
inches high. 

768. (1.) Dolichlasium glanduliferum, 
Lag. — D. LagasccB, Gill. — Don tnPhiL 
Mag. (Apr. 1832.^ p. 389. in Guillem. 
Arch. 2./>» 465. — Mines of Uspillata and 
of Mendoza, Dr. GiUies. — " Herba pe- 
rennis, virens, copiosissime glandulosa. 
Caules erecti, teretes, subflexuoai, mo- 
nocephali, 3—4 pollicares. Folia petio- 
lata, pinnatisecta ; segmentis ovato-ob- 
lon^is, mucronatis, subintegerrimis, ri- 
gidis, terminali plerumque tnlobo miyori. 
Capitulum solitarium, magnum. Cord" 
Lb albse. Achenia rostrata. Pappus 
longus, albus." Don in litt,; to which 
we may add, Capitulum discoideum 
(nee, ut in fH^i^Nassauviaceis, radiatifor- 
me) multifiorum, involucri foliola omnia 
integerrima, acuminata, exterioralanceo- 
lata, interiora lineari-lanceolata, elongata. 
Flosculi omnes tubuloso-bilabiati ! labiis 
tubo fere triple brevioribus ! nee ut in 
affini Perezia aliisque hujus tribus gene- 
ribus labio exteriori tubum subsequanti 
vel superanti. Styli rami exserti, apice 
truncati, penicillati. Achenium adpresse 
hirsutum, rostro tenuioiri achenio orevi- 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF 90UTH AMERICA. 



35 



ori glabro glandulis pedicellatis patent!- 
bus obeito ; disco epie;yiio magno. Pap- 
jMt^breviter tantum plumosus, denticulis 
tamen longioribus quam in Perezia. — 
The habit of this plant is that of a 
Perezia, and if united to that Genus, 
it should be placed between Lessing's 
first and second Sections. From that, 
however, independently of the pappus, 
which is not much at variance, we are 
inclined to distinguish the present one 
by its tabular florets, wh^h induced 
CaBsini to refer it to the MutisiacecB, al- 
though differing from them by the style, 
which is entirely that of the rfassauma" 

769. (1.) Leuchieria (Euleuohsria) «6n&- 
ciantdes, Hook, et Am. in BoL of Beech, 
Voy, p, 28. L. tenuis. Less. Syn. p, 
40i — L. rosea, Less. L c. — Trixis sene- 
cionides, Hook, ExoL Fl. t. 101. (ad 
plantam cultam.) — Valparaiso, Cruck- 
shanks : Macrae; Mathews (n, 255.) y 
Bridges (». 495); Cuming (n. 505.)— 
Conception, Messrs, Lay and Collie, — 
The flowers are either white or purplish; 
in both varieties the pappus of the outer 
row of florets is always shorter than in 
the inner ones, but the exact proportion 
they bear to each other is far from con- 
stant. The leaflets of the involucre are 
in a double series. The bracteoles of 
the rachis (which we overlooked in the 
"Botany of Beechey's Voyage") in this, 
as well as in all the other species we have 
seen, are either a6ute or serrulate at the 
apex, never with a long acumination. 
The tomentum on the stem and pedun- 
cles is so copious as almost to conceal 
the short glandular hairs found in all the 
branched species of the genus. This is 
recognized by its slender root and stem, 
and the very lax inflorescence, all or 
most of the capitula being on long pedi- 
cels; it varies from three or four inches 
to a foot and half, or nearly two feet 
high. 

770. (2) Leuchfleria (Euleuchieria) aoan- 
thoides, Don in Linn, Soc, Trans, 16. 
p. 213. — Andes of Chili, Cuming (n. 
180 and n. 295). Near CJollina, Bridges 
(n, 4B7.) — This seems to be a biennial 
plant, differing apparently from L, hie- 
racioides, Cass, (judging from Lessing's 
description), by the segments of the 
cauline leaves being lanceolate, acumi- 
nate, and mucronate, with revolute mar- 
gins ; they are also frequently again si- 
auato-pinnatifid. 

771. (3.) Leucheria (Euleuchaeria) di- 
wricata (Don) ; caule elato valido su- 
pcme in paniculam maximam patentem 



diviso, pube conspicuo diflbrmi, foliis 
inferioribus subbipmnatifidis, laciniis el- 
lipticis acuminatis, capitulis subsessili- 
bus versus apices pedunculorum subter- 
nis, involucri foholis arete imbricatis 
ngidiu8culis,rachidis bracteolis elliptico- 
ovatis apice acutis vel eroso-denticulatis. 
— Don in Linn. Soc. Trans. 16. p. 214. 
— Valparaiso, Cuming (n, 584.)— This 
coincides in many points with L. pani- 
culata, Less, Syn. p, 408, but the brac- 
teoles of the rachis are there described 
as being furnished with a long acumina- 
tion, wmch we have not met with in any 
species. 

772. (4.) LeuchiBria (Euleuchseria) con- 
gesta, GilL — Don in Phil. Mag, (Apr. 
1882.) />. 389 ; in GuiU. Arch. 2. p. 464. 
— Cuesta del Inga, Andes of Chili, Dr. 
Gillies. — Readily recognized by the de- 
currentleaves and compact inflorescence ; 
but perhaps this last character is not 
constant. 

773. (5.) Leuchsria (Cassiopea, Don,) 
runcinata (Gill.); caule elato obsolete 
lanuginoso pilis ^landuliferis brevibus 
rufidulis copiosissime omato, foliis pin- 
natifidis subtus lanatis demum glabratis 
rigidiusculis radicalium segmentis late 
cuneiformi-o valibus sinuato-dentatis cau - 
linorum angustioribus acuminatis mucro- 
nato-subpungentibus, involucri campa- 
nulati foholis interioribus scariosis line- 
ari-lanceolatis acuminatis, lijrula ovali 
tubo multo latiori. Don in Phil, Mag, 
(Apr, 1832.) p. 389; in GuilL Arch, 
"!./?. 464. — Lasiorrhiza rosea, Less, Syn, 

405. ?— Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 
lies. Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 
186.); Bridges (n, 484.)— The upper 
side of the radical leaves is almost gla- 
brous, of the lower cauline ones slightly 
woolly, and of the upper or bracteal ones 
copiously covered with glandular hairs. 
These glands, however, as well as the 
woolly tomentum on both sides, almost 
entirely disappear when the plant be- 
comes old. Mr. Don places it among 
the true species oiLeucnmria ; but there 
are no bracteoles within the outer row 
of florets. 

774. (6.) Leuchfleria (Cassiopea) Gillie- 
sii (Hook et Am.); caule lanato tomen- 
toso supeme pilis brevibus nigro-glan- 
dulosis onusto, foliis superioribus am- 
plexicaulibus subauriculatis lanceolatis 
inciso-dentatis vel integris subtus lana- 
tis supra eglandulosis demum subgla- 
bratis rigidis margine revolutis, denti- 
bus acuminatis muoronato-pungentibus, 
involucri campanulati foliolis mteriori- 
bus lineari-oblongis acuminatis exterior- 



lie 



36 



CONTBIBUTIONB TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



ibus copiose glandulosis, lieula ovali- 
oblonga. — L. hieracicndes, Gul. — Don in 
Phil. Mag. (April 1832) p. 389 : in 
Guill Arch. 2. p. 464. (not of Cass.)— 
Cerro de la Polciira, Andes of Mendoza, 
Dr. Gillies. — This differs from L, Brid- 
gesii by the more copious glandular 
hairs, denser tomentum on the under 
side of the leaves, and by having the 
leaves scarcely auricled at the base. 

775. (7.) Leucheeria (Cassiopea) Brid- 
gesii (Hook et Am.) ; caule arachnoi- 
deo-tomentoso versus apicem obscure- 
glanduloso- piloso, foliis superioribussub- 
rigidis pinnatifidis subtus parce lanatis 
supra demum glabratis eglandulosis ba- 
si late auriculatis, se^mentis lanceolatis 
subintcgerrimis acutis vel acuminatis 
pungenti-mucronatis marine subrevo- 
tuto, involucri campanulati foliolis scari- 
osis acuminatis subpungenti-mucronatis, 
ligula elliptica oblonga (alba). — Cordil- 
lera. Bridges (n. 486). — ^This seems to 
differ in several particulars from Lasior- 
rhiza rosea, Less. In our plant, the stem 
is only about nine inches high, the gland- 
ular hairs very few, and only towards the 
summit, and the upper surface of the 
leaves is entirely free from them. 

776. (8.) LeuchiBria (Cassiopea) Cu- 
ming ii (Hook et Am.) ; caule lanato 
superae pilis glanduliferis parce omato, 
foliis pinnatifidis subtus lanatis supra 
demum glabratis, segmentis oblongis 
acutis sinuatim 1 — ^2-dentatis, bracteali- 
bus lanceolatis dentatis, involucri cam- 
panulati foliolis interioribus scariosis li- 
neari-oblongis acutis, ligula anguste li- 
neari-lanceolata ! basi tubo vix duplo 
latiori. — Coquimbo, Cuming (n. 906). — 
T*his can scarcely be either L.pulchella 
or L.glandulosa of Don, although both 
are likewise found at Coquimbo, for he 
could not have omitted to observe the 
remarkable narrow ligule of the floret, 
by which the present is at once distin- 
guishable from all the other species of 
the section with which we are acquainted. 

777. (9.) Leuchseria (Lasiorrhiza, Don,) 
candidissima. Gill. — Don in Phil, Mag. 
(Apr. 1832.) p. 389. in Guill. Arch. 2. 
p. 464. — El valle de los Ciegos, Andes 
of Mendoza. Dr. Gillies. — V ery nearly 
allied to Lasiorrhiza (or Chabr<Ea)pur' 
purea. 

778. (10.) Leuch»ria (Lasiorrhiza) ^cro- 
biculata. Gill. — Don mPhil. Mag. (Apr. 
1832.) o. 389; in Guill. Arch, 2. ». 464, 
— La Cuesta del Inga, Andes of Chili, 
Dr. Gillies. — These two last belong, un- 
questionably, to Lasiorrhiza of Lagasca, 
or Chabrcea of DecandoUe, and have 



one-flowered stems, their habit thus dif- 
fering widely from that of Mr. Don's 
section Cassiopea, or La^orrhiza of 
Lessing, all the species of which have a 
very branched inflorescence ; but on the 
other hand, there is no difference in the 
structure of the flowers. Martrasia of 
Sprengel (Gen. p. 626.) includes the 
true species of LeuchiBna, but the ge- 
nus of Lagasca and Cassini, of the same 
name, is Jungiaferruginea, Linn. 

779. (11.) Leuchseria (Lasiorrhiza) lad" 
niata (Hook, et Am.); acaulis, foliis 
radicalibus dense canescenti-pubescenti- 
bus pinnatifidis, segmentis oblongo- 
linearibus paucidentatis terminali lon- 
giore, scapo monocephalo dense villoso, 
involucro villoso campanulato foliolis in- 
terioribus linearibus acuminatis, pappo 
piloso (baud flexuoso). — Chili, Bridges: 
— in Dr. Hooker's herbarium only as far 
as we know. 

SUBTRIB. IL — ^NASSAUVIEiE. — Left. 

Syn.p. 396. 

780. (1 .) Polyachms Poeppigii, Kunze. — 
Less, m Linmsa, 5. p. 5. Syn. p. 400. 
exL Syn. — P, auritus, Don, in Phil. Mag, 
{Apr. 1832.)/?. 390; in Guill. Arch. 2. 
p. 466. — ^Vcdparaiso, on cliffs along the 
coast. Bridges (n. 489.) ; Cuming (n. 
448.) ; Macrae; Matthews (n. 316.)— 
P. sphtBTOcephalus of Don is distinct : 
it is a Peruvian plant, and the same with 
Bridgesia echinopsoides, Hook.; it is in 
Matthews' Collection from San Mateo, 
n.64L 

781. (2.) Polyachms muUifdus, Don, in 
Phil Mag. (Apr. 1832). p. 390; in 
Guill. Arch. 2. p. 466. — Coquimbo, 
Cuming (n. 876.) 

782. (1.) Caloptilium Za^(wc«, Hook.et 
Am. — Sphttrocephalus Lagasca, GilL 
MSS.-^-Don in PhiL Mag. M;>r.l832.) 
p. 389. in Guill. Arch. 2.p. 465.— Ascent 
of Los Peuquenes, Andes of Chili. Dr. 
Gillies. — Mr. Don (I. c.) describes the 
leaves as costate; following Lessing's 
phraseology, they would be character- 
ized thus, — folia nervis plurimis impres- 
sis parallelis. The pappus is in a simple 
series, paleaceous, plumose and cadu- 
cous. We do not know the original spe- 
cies of this genus; but, from the short 
description given by Lag^ca, it appears 
to be very similar to, if not the same 
with, that from Dr. Gillies. 

783. (1.) Panargyrum glomeratum, Gill. 
—Don in Phil. Mag. (Apr. 1832.) p. 
390: in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 466. — El 
Cerro de la Polcura, Andes of Mendoza, 



CONTBIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



37 



and Valle de los Ciegos. Andes of Chili, 
Dr, Gillies. — We believe that it is on 
Lagasca's authority that Mr. Don consi- 
ders this and the next to belong to Pa- 
nargyrum ; but neither of them can be 
the original species described, for Lagasca 
states the leaves to be entire. The pap- 
pus is paleaceo- setaceous, its rays sprink- 
led with short hairs or longish teeth, so 
that they may either be termed slightly 
plumose with Lagasca, or dentato-cili- 
ated with Don. We prefer the latter from 
their affinity with P. ^pino^um, where the 
rays are oiJy serrulate. 

783. (2.) Panargyrum uniflorum, Gill. 
—Don in PhU. Mag. {Apr. 1832.) p. 
390, in Guill.Arch. 2. o. 466.— Para- 
millo de las Cuevas, Anaes of Medoza, 
Dr. Gillies. — In both this and the last, 
(as well as in the following species), the 
leaves are spinously incise-toothed, not 
pinnatifid, as Mr. Don says. P. glome- 
ratum has a glaucous hue, and the teeth 
of the leaves about half the breadth of 
the limb. P. uniflorum, (more properly 
P. monocephalum), is of a dark shining 
green, with the teeth of the leaves as 
long as the whole breadth of the limb. 
The capitula are not really solitary; but 
usually, two, three, or four are approxi- 
mated at the extremity of the branches. 

784. (3.) Panargyrum (Piptostemma, 
Don,) spinosum. Gill. — Don, in Phil, 
Mag, (Apr. 1832.) p. 390 : in Guill, 
Arch. 2. p. 466.— Peron in Chili, Dr. 
Gillies. Los ojos de Aeua, Bridges, 
(n. 497.) — Penlanthus of Lessing, (Syn. 
p. 397, j is the same as Don's section 
Piptostemma of this ^enus, and his P. 
aculeatus is closely allied to, if not per- 
fectly the same with, the present species. 
Lessing says that the leaves are quite 
glabrous : in our plant, the old ones are 
so, but the younger ones are covered 
with a silky pubescence; there is no 
other difference. The upper part of the 
stem is tomentose, especially when 
young. 

785. Q.) Nassau via Cumingii, (Hook, et 
Am.); glauco-virens glabra, foliis rec- 
tis planiusculis lanceolatis acuminatis in- 
ciso-serratis acumine longo-sen-aturisque 
spinescentibus, nervis haud impressis, 
spica subrotunda. — N. suaveolens, Don, 
in Phil. Mag, {Apr. 1832.) p. 389; in 
Guill, Arch. 2. p, 465. {non Ltam, III, t. 



721.)— Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (n, 
2S7.) Los ojos de Agua, Bridges (n. 
498.) San Pedro Nolasco, and ascent 



to the Cumbre on both sides of the An- 
des of Chili and Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 
— We have not seen Dr. Gillies' plant : 



his specimens were named by Mr Don, 
iV; suaveolens, and are therefore proba- 
bly the same with our own. 

786. (2.) Nassauvia pinnigera, (Gill.); 
villoso-pubescens, foliis ovato - lanceo- 
latis recurvis spinuloso-serratis, nervis 
plurimis impressis parallelis, spica ob- 
longa. — Don, in Phil. Mag. {Apr.lSSQ.) 
p 390; in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 465.— As- 
cent to £1 Planchon ; Andes of Mendoza ; 
Dr. Gillies, 

787. (3.) Nassauvia revoluta, (Gill.); 
pubescens, foliis ovatis revolutis spi- 
nuloso-serratis supra demum glabratis, 
nervis plurimis impressis parallelis, spica 
subrotunda. — Don in Phil. Mag. {Apr. 
1832.) p. 390 ; in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 465. 
— Ascent to El Planchon, Andes of 
Mendoza, Dr. Gillies, 

ACANTHOPHYLLUM. Ilook. et Am, 

Capiiulum 5-florum. Achenium erostre, 
obpyramidatum, dense villosum. Pappus 
uniserialis, paleaceus, sequalis, caducus, 
paleis 3 — 5-nis, angustis, subconduplicatis 
inferne attenuatis, apice ciliatis. Rachis 
ebracteolata, villoso-fimbrillifera. Involu- 
crum polyphyllum imbricatum. — Plant® 
fruticoscB. Folia differ mia^ primaria basi 
dilatata, persistentia, acumine spinosa, 
secundaria rigida, in ramulis abortivis 
axillaribus brevissimis congesta, integer- 
rima. 

788. (1.) A. axillare, (Hook, et Am.); 
foliis primariis subulatis trigonis basi 
cucullato-vaginatis, secundariis fascicu- 
latis linearibus mucronatis recurvatis, ca- 
pitulis subternis. — Nassauvia axiWiris, 
Don, in Phil. Mag. {Apr. 1832J o. 
390 ; in Guill, Arch. 2. p. i65.—Trip- 
tilion axillare. Lag. Spr. Syst. 3. ». 
506. — San Isidro and Mendoza, Dr, 
Gillies. — We prefer erecting Don's se- 
cond Section of Nassauvia, J, c, or third 
Section oiTriptilion, {Linn. Soc. Trans. 
16, p. 223.) into a separate genus, to 
comoining all the three into one. They 
have each a habit distinct from that of 
the others, and indeed peculiar to them- 
selves, with the exception of Nassauvia, 
{N. Cumingii bearing some resemblance 
to Panargyrum glomeratum), while all 
the others agree with Caloptilion. Trip- 
tilion may be easily recognized by its 
glabrous achenium and pilose rachis; 
Acanthophyllum by its villous achenia 
and rachis ; Nassauvia by having both 
rachis and achenia glabrous. 

789. (1.) Triptilion spinosum, Ruiz et 
Pav. — Don in Linn, Soc. Trans. 16. ^. 
220. T. laciniatum, WiUd. — Nassauvia 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



spinosa, Don in PhiL Mag, (Apr, 1892.) 
p. 390 ; in Guill. Arch. 2. ». 465.— Val- 
paraiso, Cruckskanks ; Messrs. Lay Sf 
Collie.— Bridges, (n. 438.) ; Mathews, 
(n. 172.); Cuming, (n. 572.) Near Los 
Llanos, between YaldiYia and Osomo, 
Bridges, (n. 732). 
790. (2L) Triptilion cordifolium. Lag. in 
Bot Reg. t. 873. Don in Linn. Soc. 
Trans, 17. j). 222. — Nassauvia cordtfo- 
lia, Don in Phil. Mag, (Apr. 1832.) 
p. 390; in Guill, Arch, 2, p. *86.— Val- 
paraiso, Cuming, (n. 363.) — Reneca and 
Quinten, Bridges, (n. 437). — The pa- 
lese of the pappus in this species are 
much narrower than in T, spinosum, and 
are only ciliated and not bearded on the 
inside at the apex; so that Lessing's cha- 
racter of the eenus (Syn. p. 397!) must 
be considerably moaified. The pappus 
therefore, may be more correctly thus 
described: — Pappus uniserialis, palea- 
ceus, longus, squalis; paleis ternis, lati- 
usculis, subconduplicatis, acutis, infeme 
longe an^ustatis apice recurvo fimbria- 
tis vel ciliatis intus barbatis vel glabri- 
usculis. — Nassauvia has the palee very 
narrow, and ciliato-serrated along the 
margin; Acanthophyllum has them some- 
what intermediate, but more resembling 
Nassauvia. We are unacquainted with 
T. diffusum, Don in Linn, Soc. Trans. 
(Nassauvia diffusa, Don in Phil. Mag. 
I. c.) or with T. capillatum (Nass. capil- 
lata, Don, /. c.) although according to 
Mr. Don (in litt.) this last was collected 
in Chili, by both Mr. Macrae and Mr. 
Cuming. All the species, as we have 
limited the genus, are annuals. 

(To be oootinued.) 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 
(Cotdmutdframp. 21.; 

ABGYBEIA BRACTEATA. 

Tab. hi. 

Pentandbia Monogynia. — Nat Ord. 

CONVOLVULACEiE. 

Gen. Char. Sepala 5. Corolla campa- 
nulata. Stylus 1. Stigma capitatum, 
bilobum. Ovarium 2-loculare, 4-sper- 
mum. Capsula baccata. — ^Plantee ve- 
getationis aspectu pler<Bque spectabHes, 
nempe argente<B, sericece, tomentosee. 
Omnes Indicts aut Chinenses. 



Argyreia braotecUa ; caule scandente seri- 
ceo-strigoso, foliis cordato-rotundis basi 
truncatis supra glabris infeme seiiceo- 
hirsutis strigosis, pedunculis petiolos 
superantibus cymoso-multifloris, bracteis 
lanceolatis cymam ambientibus, sepalis 
ovatis acutiusculis. — Chois, Conv. Jnd. 
p. 30. Wall Cat n. 1419. A, Con- 
volvulus pomaceusf Hoxb.-^IponuBa 
bracteata, Herb, Heyn,, 
Descr. a large twining, branched, 
milky shruh, the young shoots strigose. 
Leaves alternate, on long petioles, which 
are round, and furnished at the base with 
two thick oblong glands: limb broadly 
cordato-ovate, rather acute, entire, glabrous, 
dark shining green above, beneath stri- 
gosely hirsute, and somewhat silky. -Rs- 
duncles axillary, rather longer than the 
petioles, dividing at the extremity into two 
or three branches, with a sessile ebraeteafed 
jUnoer in the fork; each branch divides 
again in the same manner: the solitary 
flower in the second and all succeeding 
divisions, furnished with a long, lanceolate, 
waved, pale-green, hairy bractea. In this 
manner, what was at first an umbel, pro- 
gressively becomes a panicle, bearing 
flowers and fruit in all stages, each of the 
pedicelled flowers having three bractecu 
closely appressed to the base of the calyx. 
Calyx of five ovate and mucronate hairy 
sepals. Corolla campanulate, externally 
hairy, of a purplish- white colour ; within, 
near the bottom, deep-purple, becoming 
paler near the throat: limh spreading, 
cream-coloured. Stamens five : filamerds 
unequal, enlarged at the base : the enlaiged 
portion thickly covered with viscid, glan- 
dular hairs. Anthers linear-oblong, deeply 
cordate at the base. Ovary superior, 
seated in a yellow glandular cup-shaped 
nectary. Style as long as the stamens. 
Stigma two-lobed. Pericarp a three to 
four-seeded berry, deep orange-coloured 
when ripe. Seeds imbedded in pulp. 

This fine species is frequent in the 
neighbourhood of Madras, and is usually 
seen growing in sandy soil, twining most 
extensively over large trees and hedges, 
and concealing them with its large umbra- 



MR. dbummond's collections. 



30 



geoufl leares and rich blossoniBy which con- 
tinue open until past mid-day. 

Decoctions of the leaves are used by the 
natives as fomentations in cases of sciophu- 
loos enlargements of the joints ; the boiled 
* leaves being applied as a poultice at the 
same time. Its admission into the Hindoo 
Pharmacopeia is, perhaps, partly owing to 
the milky juice with which it aboimds, 
most milky plants being esteemed medici* 
nal by them. Wight, 



Fig. 1. Caljx laid op«o, and Pistil. 
S. SeetioBofFrait: 



2. SUo&ent. 



(To be ooBtinned.) 



NOTICE CONCERNING THE LATE 
MR. DRUMMOND'S JOURNEYS 
AND HIS COLLECTIONS, MADE 
CHIEFLY IN THE SOUTHERN 
AND WESTERN PARTS OF THE 
UNITED STATES. 

Little did I foresee that, in this early 
stage of the publication of the Catalogue 
of the valuable CoUections made by Mr. 
Drummond in the less frequented parts of 
North America, the painful duty would 
devolve upon me of recording his death, 
which took place at Havanna, in Cuba, in 
the month of March of the present year. — 
Thus have perished, while engaged in the 
cause of science with a degree of zeal of 
which history presents few examples, and 
neaily at the same time, two men in the 
prime of Hfe, of about the same age, and 
while on the eve of concluding their re- 
searches in coimtries equally interesting 
fer thdr oatural productions : — I allude to 
Mr. Douglas and the subject of the present 
notice. 

It will be but common justice to the 
loemoxy of Mr. Dnnmnond, to offer in this 
phK% a brief and general statement, as 
given by himself, of his researches in 
Teias, where he has been eminently suc- 
GesBfuI : the account of the plants them- 
selves, as observed on a former occasion, 
win fimn the subject of a future paper. 

At p. 16 of this volume, I mentioned the 
circumstance of Mr. Drummond's arrival in 
Texas; and the following extracts from his 



letter, dated " Town of Velasco, mouth of 
the Rio Brazos, Texas," as well as those 
which follow, cannot fail to be found inte- 
resting by our readers : — 

" We had a favourable passage from 
New Orleans to this place, and on our ar- 
rival found the river so high that it occa- 
sioned a delay of a week before we could 
reach the town of Brazosia, which is only 
about twenty miles up the river. The 
country, in general, is low and swampy, 
and ever since we came here, it has been 
flooded by the river : it consists almost en- 
tirely of prairies, except that the water- 
courses are bordered by woods, consisting 
chiefly of Live Oak and Poplar, with an un- 
der-growth of Carolina Cherry. I remained 
a few days at Brazosia, and having an op- 
portunity of sending by a vessel to New 
Orleans, I despatched the specimens 
which I collected without delay. Never 
having seen any part of the- sea-coast in 
this neighbourhood, I determined on re- 
turning to the mouth of the Rio Brazos, 
and commencing my operations there. I 
accordingly came back to this place, which 
nearly proved fatal to me, for when I had 
been here about ten days, and completed 
a collection of the few plants then in flow- 
er, and made arrangements for going to 
Galveston Bay in tiie same vessel that 
brought me hither, I was suddenly seized 
with cholera. Though ignorant of the na- 
ture of the disease and the proper reme- 
dies, I fortunately took what was proper for 
me, and in a few hours the violent cramps 
in my legs gave way to the opiimi with 
which I dosed myself. In the course of 
the same day the Captain and his sister 
were taken ill and died, and seven other 
persons died in two or three dajrs — a large 
number for this small place, where there 
are only four houses, one of which was 
unvisited by the disease. All the cases 
terminated fatally, except mine, and always 
in ten or twelve hours, save one person, 
who lingered a few days. The weather 
was particularly cold and disagreeable for 
more than a week before the cholera ap- 
peared ; indeed the air here is constantly 
saturated with moisture, so as to render the 



Tv 






40 



MR. DRUMMOND'8 COLLECTIONS. 



proper preservation of specimens a work 
of absolute impossibility. I am almost 
afraid that the accompanying collection, 
which I have taken the utmost pains to dry 
sufficiently, may not reach you in good 
order. My recovery from cholera was very 
slow. When my appetite returned, I was 
nearly starved for want of food, the few 
individuals who remained alive being too 
much exhausted with anxiety and fatigue 
to offer to procure me any thing. I am 
now, thank God, nearly well again, though 
my face and legs continue much swollen, a 
symptom which was very violent when I 
first began to recover, and is gradually 
wearing off. As far as possible, I am en- 
deavouring to replace the specimens which 
were spoiled during my illness, and have 
just packed up the whole, consisting of 
about an hundred species of plants, and as 
many specimens of birds, consisting of 
about sixty species, some snakes, and se- 
veral land-shells. Two of the latter inha- 
bit the salt-marshes, but are not aquatic ; 
for when the ground becomes flooded, they 
take refuge on the tops of grasses and 
shrubs. Among the plants are several 
which I would particularly recommend as 
deserving of notice for their beauty : two 
are species of Coreopsis,^ one with flowers 
twice as large as those of C tinctoria, and 
extremely handsome. There is also a 
syngenious plant, allied to RudbecJda (pro^ 
bably the beautiful var. of Galardia bi- 
color, fig. at t. 3368, Bot. Mag.)— the 
blossoms are copper-coloured, and the 
whole rises to about a foot high, and covers 
a diameter of three or four feet : I may 
safely say, that I have seen more than a 
hundred flowers open on it at the same 
time. Also a fine procumbent QSnothera, 
much like (E. macrocarpa, (CS. Drum- 
mondii, Hooker in Bot. Mag. t. 3361,) and a 
charming Ixia, of which I send roots. The 
seeds of the other plants will, I hope, ar- 
rive in good order. I trust that my col- 

» Two Sne species of the Genus, and probablj the 
same as here al laded to, have flowered in (he Botanic 
Garden of Glasgow, from seeds sent by Mr. Dmm- 
mond, and will soon be given in the Botenical Maga- 
2ine. — Ed. 



lection of bird-skins from Louisiana has 
reached you safely. Some, which were in- 
jured by the too large size of the shot 
which I procured there, I only send, to 
prove what species inhabit the countiy. 
The want of my tent and the diief part of 
my ammunition, which I was obliged to 
leave at St. Louis, proves a serious incon- 
yenience to me. To-morrow I intend mak- 
ing an attempt to reach Brazosia again, but 
the greater part of the journey is waist- 
deep in mud and water ; thence I shall go 
to San Felipe, whither my baggage is al- 
ready sent, sixty miles beyond Brazosia. 
Above the latter place, the river is not na- 
vigable for boats, so that my luggage must 
go in waggons. I feel anxious about my 
collections, which I leave here, to await a 
vessel going to New Orleans ; but there is 
no help for it, and from the interior of the 
country it is still more difficult to obtain 
conveyances, the charge for freight being 
so enormous as to exceed the value oi the 
collections. The cost from Brazosia to 
New Orleans is forty centa per foot, and the 
amount of my passage and luggage hither 
was fifty dollars. Boarding averages six d(^- 
larsa-week, and thatofthe roughest kind. It 
is, however, so long since my hope of be- 
ing able to realize any thing more than will 
cover my expenses has been dispelled, 
that I am not disappointed, and my only 
desire is to remunerate those who have 
contributed to my outfit, and by the collec- 
tions of Natural History specimens which I 
shall send home, to give a good general 
idea of the productions of this part of the 
world. Of the genera Pentstemon and 
Sabbatia (?), which are beautiful and nu* 
merous, I send many specimens and seeds ; 
also of a lovely Rudbeckia, which is a 
great ornament to the prairies here. I 
could ask a thousand questions about my 
plants, for I am shut out from all informa- 
tion; thou^ Pursh's American Flora is 
among my luggage, I can hardly get a sight 
of it You may form an idea of the diffi- 
culties I have to encounter in this misera- 
ble country (more miserable, however, as 
to its inhabitants than in any other respect) 
when I tell you, that all the bird-skins I sent 



IffR. DRUmfOKD'S COLLECTIONS. 



41 



you were remoyed with a common old pen- 
knife/ not worth two cents., and that even 
this shabby article I could not have kept 
had the natives seen any thing to covet in 
it ; and that I am obliged to leave behind 
[ my blanket and the few clothes that I have 
I brought, because of the difficulty of carry- 
ing them, though I feel pretty surp I shall 
never see them again. These trifles I only 
mention to give you some idea of my pre- 
sent situation ; they do not afiect me much, 
except as preventi];ig me from pursuing the 
objects of my journey with the success that 
I could wish. I, have not yet positively 
fixed my future plans, but I wish to go 
westward from San Felipe, and crossing 
; the Rio Cdorado, to trace it to its sources, 
if it be practicable." 

San Felipe de Austin, Ang. 3, 18S3. 

"Early in May last, I put up a box of 
specimens for you, while I was staying at 
Yelasco, at the mouth of the Rio Brazos ; 
and I then stated my intention of going to 
Biazosia, and proceeding higher up the 
country. This plan I accomplished, though 
in an unexpected manner, for the river had 
risen to a height so unprecedented, that a 
boat brought me across the prairies, which 

^ were flooded to a depth of from nine to 
fifteen feet! On arriving at Brazosia, I 
found the whole town overflowed, and the 
boaiding-houae floor was covered with water 
a foot deep. I determined, therefore, that 
my stay should be as short tis possible, 
and took the first opportunity of a boat to 
Belle, where I was so happy as to see 
some dry land ; a commencement of the 
prairie country, which extends uninter- 
ruptedly to the West I had been very 

I uneasy about my luggage, which preceded 
me, and I feared it had been deposited in 

' the stowage, where the water stood six or 
eight feet deep, and much property had 
l)een consequently destroyed: but all was 
safe, and after remaining a few days at 
Bello, to recruit my strength for the jour- 

I ney, I commenced my walk to this place, 
collecting what plants I could find by the 
vay. As it would be impossible to give 
you a detailed account of my adventures 
in this letter, I will endeavour rather to 



convey to you some idea of the produce of 
the country. The collection which I left 
at the mouth of the river, amounted to 
one hundred species, and my list now 
contains three hundred and twenty, which 
are packed in excellent order: also, seeds, 
roots, and bulbs, with some bottles of 
reptiles. I hope these may reach Eu- 
rope safely; but I ai^ not without fears 
on that score, as the cholera is raging in 
this neighbourhood, and has nearly depo- 
pulated Brazosia. My health continues 
good, since I recovered from that disease, 
although I am necessarily much exposed 
from the nature of my pursuits ; the wea- 
ther, too, is extremely hot, probably nearly 
100** of Farenheit From this place, I in- 
tend to proceed immediately to a distance 
of about forty miles, near the source of the 
Brazos, when I shall be nearly halfway to 
the Colorado river; but I h^ve no prospect 
except of carrying the requisite stocdc of 
paper myself, together with a change or 
two of linen, which this warm climate ren- 
ders absolutely necessary. Now that you 
are somewhat apprized of the nature of 
this country, I trust you will give me your 
advice as to my movements. If you think 
that the risk will be adequately repaid, I 
am most willing to proceed, nay, I am 
anxious to do so, that I may be able to 
communicate a good general idea of the 
Botany of Mexico. 

''About one-third of the plants collected 
on my route, were destroyed by the over- 
flowing of the river. Vegetation is now 
reconunencing, but I never witnessed such 
devastation; it has extended even two 
hundred nules higher up the river than 
this place. You will perceive tnat it is 
impossible for me to coUect any thing like 
a given number of species in a certain 
time, though vegetation scarcely receives 
any check, even during this winter, in this 
climate." 

San Felipe de AostiD, Oot. 88, 1888. 

"I have this day forwarded a box of 
specimens, together with some growing 
plants, and several bottles, containing the 
fruit of a shrub, and some curious lizards 
and snakes. Amongst the roots is one, ap- 



42 



MR. DEUMMOND'8 COLLKCTIOKB. 



paxently of Atnaryl&i, from which I anti- 
cipate a cnriotiB inflorescence ; and in the 
packets of seeds, are several very choioe 
plants, not excelled in beauty by any species 
now in cnltiyation. The intention of porsu- 
ing my way westwardly, which I mentioned 
in my last, was carried into effect, and I 
returned here about ten days ago. The jour* 
ney has produced about one hundred and 
fifty species of plants, bringing up my Texas 
list to nearly five hundred; and I have sent 
numerous samples of almost every kind. 
This collection may give you some idea of, 
wbBi might be expected, if I could reach the 
mountains ; my prospect of effiDcting this 
would be, however, very precarious, even 
if ample means were within my reach, as 
the Indians have been very troublesome 
on the frontiers, and have killed several 
Americans on the Colorado river this au- 
toran. During the approaching winter, I 
tkink of visiting the sea-coast : probably 
Harrisburg, near Gralveston Bay, whence 
I may forward such things as I can collect, 
to New Orleans. I do not expect to make 
a very great addition to my number of 
plants, but rather anticipate that they will 
be of a different class; for instance, the 
CacH, of which I have got but three, are 
said to be numerous. After spending next 
summer in .Texas, I should wi^, before 
returning to Scotland, to visit the extreme 
western parts of Florida. There are no 
shells in the Brazos — it is always muddy, 
like the Rio Colorado. Since commencii^ 
this letter, two or three, nights of frost have 
destroyed every vestige of vegetation.^ 
There are a great many Grarninem in this 
collection, and you may, perhaps, €nd it 
difficult to assign good specific characters 
for them ; still, I can assure you, once for 
all, that I have not marked any as distinct 
except I am perfectly convinced that they 
are so." 

8u Felipe de Autin, Apr. 84, 1884. 

^' In my last letter, written in October, 
I mentioned my plan of wintering on the 
' sea-coast, which I accordingly did, in Gal- 
veston Bay; but, I am sony to state that 
my principal object has, to a great degree. 



been defeated I was in hopes of being 
able to ooDeet a goodly number of birds 
there; but, from some unknown cause,' 
there were scarcely any birds in the bay 
during the past winter. I spent the month 
of January in Galveston Island, said to be 
the greatest resort of sea^fowl on the whole 
coast, and with difficulty could procure 
enough to eat — the island being uninha- 
bited, and the weather so bad that it rained 
incessantly for three months, accompanied 
by a dense fog. After remaining in the bay 
till the 10th instant, expecting the arrival of 
the migratory birdsy I returned hither with 
one hundred and eighty ^ i^)ecimens ; fifty 
kinds of them had not been sent before-^ 
they are in better order than any I had previ- 
ously procured. It is my desire this summer, 
to advance as far into the interior as pos- 
sible; but several difficulties lie in the way. 
The Indians are becoming very dangerous, 
and news has just arrived of the murder of a 
surveying party, consisting of Capt. John- 
ston and nine men, at one hundred and fifty 
miles above this place. This is another in- 
stance of the mercyof Providence in sparing 
my life, as I had designed to join this very 
party, if I could have arrived from the coast 
in time. The necessity of having all the Jug- 
gage carried, is another great hindrance to 
my mov^nento ; I may state that I bad to 
navigate an old canoe from Gralveston Bay 
to Harrisburg, a distance of from eighty to ' 
one hundred miles, all by myself, and with 
hardly any provision; for, owing to the fail- 
ure of last year's crops, famine is threaten- 
ing the inhabitante of that district: and when 
arrived there, I was obliged to hire a cart 
and oxen to come to this place, for which I 
paid sixteen dollars. But amidst all these 
difficulties, there is one blessing, for which 
I cannot be too thankful — ^I enjoy excel- 
lent health ; and, I can assure you, that it 
has been tried with such fatigue as would 
have broken down thousands. 

** I have added a few plants, lately, to 
my stores, some of them very handsome ; 
especially four or five species of Phacelia, 
and two of Coreopsis, with a bulbous- 

1 Tbis Collection U now in the poMesaion of the 
Birl of Derbj. 



KB. DBOMMOXD'S OOLLBCTIOWa. 



49 



rooted plant, like an Jkia, bu^ hexandrou^ 
I am glad to find that you haye figured the 
species of NuUalfa^^ ^ which I sent before; 
it is a yeiy fine flower.^ I have also seen 
another^ apparently quite new, and equally 
beautifiil ; it is perfectly smooth, inclining 
to glaucous. This is the worst country for 
iosects I ever saw; the custom of burning 
the prairies probably accounts for it. I 
ha?e procured many specimens of a curi- 
ous Lizard, foimd about Galveston^ but I 
detain them to go with the pth^ firoo^i 
New Orleans." 

San Felipe de Aostb, Sept. 86, 1834. 
"You are, doubtless, anxious to hear 
from me, no opportunity of forwarding any 
letters to you having offered since April last, 
when I stated my intention of proceeding 
to the Upper Colony, as soon as possible. 
This I did, and had reached the Garrison, 
one hundred noiles above this place ; and 
made arrangements for joining a band of 
friendly Indians, who were going to hunt 
near the sources of Little River, one of the 
tributaries of the Rio Brazos, when the 
news that a packet of letters was here, 
which might contain instructionB for my 
movements, reached me, and I returned 
hither to take them up, and, consequently, 
lost the chance of accompanying the In- 
dians. I am sorry to say that it is perfectly 
impracticable to accomplish your plan for 
my reaching either the mountains or Santa 
Fe. This settlement does not extend to 
within one hundred miles of the former, and 
the intervening cpuntry is full of hostile In- 
dians, who often enter the colony, killing the 
inhabitants, and stealing their horses and 
cattle ; so that a band of a dozen men are 
i^uisite to protect any traveller who should 
venture among them. As to Santa Fe, it 
is at an immense distance from this place, 
U)d there is no intercourse. From the 
towns of the Interior, there is communica- 
tion sometimes with it ; but the best way 
of going thither is from St Louis, or from 
Tampico, or Matamozos, which are fre- 
quenUy visited from New Orleans. The 
»me of iiniim PMzii, {Hook. MSS.) had 

NntttlUa Ptpamr: Me B^t. Mag. t. 3387. 



bettei^i perhaps, be changed to Berlan- 
dierij, who was the person w.ho discovered 
it Psoraled arenosa is> in this, collection, 
in fruit i with the two Coreopfiides. I am 
sorry to say that I have found no insectai, 
as they are very scarce in these and all the 
prairie countries, owing to the frequent 
burning of those lands. The whole country^ 
from the Rio Colorado to the Guadaloup^ 
a distance of eighty or ninety miles, is as 
destitute of verdure as the streets of Glas- 
gow, except some small patches along the 
creeks. After returning to San !{^elipe, for 
my letters, as I before stated, { joined a 
waggon which was bound for Gonzales, in 
Gaudaloup, one hundred miles distant; but 
having exposed myself to the burning sun, 
in the middle of several days, I was seized 
with bilious fever, which was nigh proving 
fatal, and has been followed by violent boils 
and a disease, here called Felon, in my 
thumb. The latter rendered my hand use- 
less for two months, and I caused the place 
to be opened^ and several bits of bone to be 
removed; and, some other pieces have «ince 
worked out, so that I have been threatened 
with the loss of my thumb ; but I hope to 
escape this disaster. Were it practicably 
for me to reach the mountains, I could 
easily double the seven hundred species, 
which is the number of wbat I hfive col- 
lected in Texas." 

This is the last letter that was receiv^ 
from Texas, and the Collections made there, 
mentioned in the two following letters, were 
all dispatched from New Orleans and 
proved exceedingly rich and valuable, both 
in what concerns the number and the rarity 
of the species, no less than the exceUency 
of their preservation. 

Mew Orleans, Deo. SD, 18S4. 

''1 arrived here yesterday, from Texas, 
bringing all the specimens I had collected 
last season, and a box which had been 
omitted to be forwarded, containing some 
which had been gathered during the pre- 
ceding year. I am unable to ascertain 
at present, whether the latter are in good 
preservation, as they are but this moment 



44 



MR. BRTTMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 



received from the Custom House, and the 
vessel that takes my letter sails to-day. 
My last opportunity of writing to you was 
from San Felipe, in October, and it is 
needless to recapitulate. what I then said; 
my Texas collection of plants now amounts 
to seven hundred species. If practicable, I 
shall proceed immediately to Florida, going 
northward, as the season advances. Perhaps 
I may reach Baltimore, whence I can take 
shipping for Europe; but I hope to receive 
letters from you in a few days, which will 
decide my movements. I am sorry to say 
that I have had a violent attack of diar- 
rhflea, accompanied with such a breaking 
out of ulcers, that I am almost like Job, 
smitten with boils from head to foot, and 
have been unable to lie down for seven 
nights : but, as I am a little better, I hope 
to be well in a short time." 

Now Orleaoi, Cbriitnui Day, 1SS4. 

" I wrote to you a few days since, men- 
tioning my arrival, and the difficulty I was 
in fof want of instructions how to act ; but 
the very next day I received your kind let- 
ter, which enables me to arrange my plans 
for next siunmer. These, following your 
desire, would be that I should spend next 
season in Mexico, and endeavour to reach 
Santa Fe, are, to get to some of those Spanish 
towns in the interior which trade occasionally 
with Santa Fe, either by the way of Red 
River or otherwise. The joiuney would 
be very long, and among hostile Indians 
all the way ; however, it might perhaps be 
. accomplished by joining the fur traders at 
-*'ft.€^^ St Louis, who go annually within eighty 
or a hundred miles of it, namely, to Tores. 
This plan would occupy at least two years, 
as the traders never start till May, before 
which time their horses would find no grass. 
I am becoming very anxious to see my fa- 
mily, and must, in consequence, endeavour 
to be in Scotland by this time next year, 
taking Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas 
in the way ; where, if I cannot find many new 
plants, I hope to be able to procure better 
specimens of such as are already sent. 
The question naturally arises as to what I 
shall do at home, and as I do not think it 



would be advisable for me to remain there, 
I have determined, if su^cient funds can be 
obtained, to return with my family to Texas, 
where I can buy a league of land for one 
hundred and fifly dollars, and if I can add 
the purchase of a dozen cows and calyes, 
which cost ten dollars each (that is, the 
cow and call), a few years would soon 
make me more independent than I can ever 
hope to be in Britain. I should then have an 
opportunity of exploring the country from 
Texas to the city of Mexico, and west to 
the Pacific, which would occupy me seven 
years at least. I am perfectly satisfied of 
the novelty which such a plan would afford. 
I have been given to understand that the 
Mexican Government wishes particularly 
to have the Natural History of its territo- 
ries examined, and would liberally reward 
the person who did it. Now I am not vain 
enough to expect much remuneration for 
what I could do, still, with your assistance, 
I think I might, in the course of two or 
three years, publish a tolerably complete 
catalogue of the plants of that country, 
and, were proper application made, 
a grant of land would certainly be given 
me. These plans I mention, that you may 
kindly consider them at your leisure. In 
the collection now sent is a box, containing 
several species of Cacti, some very inte- 
resting. Three are allied to Mammillaria, 
one to Meh'Cactiis, and several to Opun- 
tia. They are all from Gonzales. I do 
not recollect the tetradynamous plant you 
describe (a new Streptanthus.) The Mac- 
lura, though I have never seen it, grows 
so abundantly about Myadoches, as to ren- 
der several of the ponds and stagnant wa- 
ters unfit for use, on account of its bitter 
fruit and foliage falling into them. By the 
1st of January I expect to leave this place, 
but am not decided on the exact route ; if 
a vessel be going to Key West, or St. Au- 
gustine, on the St. John's, I shall probably 
take a passage by it. I find it would be 
absolutely necessary for me to return to 
Britain, in order to purchase a stock of 
necessaries, clothing, instruments for col— 
looting insects, &c. Upon such artides as 
knives and forceps, a person who could af- 



MR. orummonb's collections. 



45 



fotd to lay out two or three hundred dollars, 
would make cent, per cent, here, and a 
thousand per cent, on many things, so that 
the journey would cost nothing. Pray 
write to me at Charleston ; you shall hear 
firom me thence, if not sooner." 

"Dec. 28^. — Since writing the foregoing 
I hare engaged a passage in a vessel about 
to sail for Apalachicola, in Florida, in two 
days from this time. My health is better, 
though one of my thumbs is still unhealed, 
so that I have only the use of one hand." 

The next and last letter I ever received 
from this praiseworthy naturalist, was from 
the place just mentioned. 

Apalachicola (Florida), Feb. 9, 1835. 

" From this place, where I have been 
rather more than a month, I send to you, 
vi& Liverpool, two boxes of specimens, 
some of which, I hope, will prove interest- 
ing, l^is is the most barren spot I ever 
saw — ^nothing but sand for a hundred miles 
back into the country ; still I have procured 
Mylocarium Itgtisirinum, Ceratiolaericoi- 
des, and a new species of Pinguicula, which 
I should have supposed to be P. nana of 
Pureh, but that it is quite villous. Also . 
P. elaiior, and a species of Gentian not in 
Puish, with white flowers and leaves like 
those of Pneumonanthe, but smaller. Of 
Sarracenia variolaris, I send more than a 
hundred living plants — it does not agr;ee with 
the description of Pursh, as smaller than S. 
Jlavay for it is rather larger. There are like- 
wise plants of an Epidendram (JE, conop- 
teum,) which grows parasitically on the 
Live Oak and Magnolia grandijlora. 
This Genus had not hitherto been found in 
the United States, and I trust the speci- 
mens will grow and flower well with you. 
I also send plants of a Cactus {C.fragilis, 
Torrey ?), of the Cabbage Palm, and ano- 
ther species, with several other plants of 
great interest to the cultivator, and seeds 
of tnany kinds: also a box of berries 
packed in sand, four kinds of evergreen 
nex, of Mespihis, Prinos, and a shrub 
which I do not know. There is no means 
of getting from this place by land to the 



extreme south of Florida, which I chiefly 
wish to visit, therefore I shall probably go 
to Havanna, whence there are alw&ys ves- 
sels for Key West ; for I am unwilling to 
go up the river to Columbia, in Georgia, 
as it would cut ofl* the most interesting 
portion of Florida. My health is tolerable, 
though I am much pained by a severe ul- 
cer on one leg, for which the Saw Pal- 
metto is but an indifferent doctor. There 
are neither birds nor insects in this desert, 
but perhaps Key West may afford some; 
and, if possible, I shall visit St. Augustine 
and Savannah, in Georgia. There are three 
kinds of Yucca, unlike any species with 
which I am acquainted, in the box. The 
weather has been extremely cold for some 
days, ice having formed in one night strong 
enough to bear my weight. I sail this 
evening for Havanna." 

Of the nature of the illness which so 
soon terminated Mr. Drummond's useful 
labours, and his life, we are not yet in- 
formed. Some fears for his safety, I con- 
fess, came across my mind when, in the 
end of June of this year (1835) I received 
from Cuba, vid Hamburgh, three boxes, 
which, instead of being filled wi,th plants, as 
I had anticipated on their arrival, only con- 
tained his little personal property, clothes, 
bedding, &c. ; together with a very few ill- 
dried plants and insects, unaccompanied by 
any letter or even invoibe. StiU, I flattered 
myself with the hope that Mr. Dnunmond 
might have left Havanna for South Flo- 
rida in great haste, and dispatched to Scot- 
land whatever luggage was not absolutely 
necessary to him in a country where the 
means^of conveying were by no means easy 
or cheap, and that his intention was to write 
to me from some town in Florida. But all 
these hopes were destroyed, and my worst 
fears realized, by the arrival of a letter which 
H. B. M.'s Consul at Havanna, C. D. Tolmie, 
Esq., had the kindness to write to me, dated 
11th March, 1835, enclosing a certificate of 
Mr. Drummond's death and a statement of 
his effects being forwarded to me vid Ham- 
burgh and Leith : and referring me for par- 
ticulars to another letter, which had been 



46 



MB. l>BtTHMOND'8 COLLBCTIONB. 



dispatched by an earlier packet, but which 
has, unfortunately, not yet reached its place 
of destination. 

But it is time to leave this painful sul^ect 
and to proceed to the more agreeable task 
of continuing the list of Mr. Drummond's 
discoveries in the United States previous 
to his visit to Texas, from p. 26 of this 
worL " 

308. Proserpinaca pectinaia, LAm. — ^N. 
Orl. («. 112.) — ^Apparently only a var. 
of the precemng. 

309. Myriophyllum heterophyUum, Mich. 
— N. Qrl. (n. 113.) — ^The upper leaves in 

' our specimens are lanceolate, as describ- 
ed by Elliott, not ovate, as described by 
Michauz, of which state, however, I 
possess specimens from Mr. Greene. 

310. Myriophyllum scabratum, Mich. — 
Ohio. — ^This entirely agrees with speci* 
mens under the same name, which I 
have received from Mr. Greene, gathered 
in S. Carolina. 

811: Callitriche heterophylla, Ph.— N. 
Orl. (n. 1140).— Probably not different 
from our C, vema. 

312. Callitriche terrestris, Rat— N. Orl. 
(n. 115.) 

Obs. Mr. Nuttall remarks, that the 
Hwpuris vulgcnis of the United States is 
dinerent from the European plant of that 
name, in having only six leaves in a whorl 
instead of about eight A specimen I pos- 
sess from Quaker^ Brid^, gathered by 
Mr. Greene, confirms this opinion; the 
leaves are £rom four to six, and remark* 
ably acuminated* The S. vulgaris, how- 
ever, of the British Settlements of North 
America, is the same as that ^^ Europe. 

LYTHRARIEiE. ^JlLSS. 

313. Ammannia latifolia, L. — St Louis. 
— ^The leaves of this are three to four 
inches long, truncate, and almost hastate 
at the base. It seems identical with the 
West Indian species, of which I have 
specimens from Martinique. 

314. Ammannia humilis, Mich. — Jack- 
sonville. 

315. Lythrum alatum, Ph.— N. Orl. 1833. 
—St Louis. 

316. Lagerstroemia Indica, L. — ^N. Orl. 
1833 (cuU.). 

MELASTOMACEiE. JuSS, 

317. Rhexia Mariana, L. — Covington. 
N. Orl. (n. 116.) 

318. Rhexia Virginica, L. — Covington. 



319. Rhexia ciliosa, Mich.— Covington. 

320. Rhexia glabella, Mich. — Covington. 
N. Orl. (llf ) 

321: Rhexia lutea, Mich.— N. Orl. (i». 
118.) 

322. Khexia angusttfoUa, Nutt. — Cov- 
ington. 

CUCUBBITACEiE. JuSS. 

323. Cucumis CitruUus, DC. — St Louis. 

324. Melothria pendula, L.— N. Orl. (n. 
120.) 

PA88IFL0&BA. JuSS. 

325. Passiflora /tttoa, L. — Covington. 

326. Passiflora incamaia, L.— N. OrL 
(n. 121.) 

POBTULACE^. JlLSS, 

327. Portulaca oleracea, L. — ^N. Orl. (n. 
122.) 

328. Claytonia Virginica, L. — Pennsyl- 
vania. 

PARONYCHIBiE. St, JIU. 

329. Anychia dichotoma, Mich. — Queria 
dichotoma, L, — ^AUeghanies. — &. capU- 
lacea, — Torrey. — St. Louis. 

CBASSULACEiE. D C. 

330. Sedum tematum, Mich. — ^Pennsyl- 
vania. 

831 . Penthorium sedoides, L. — St. Louis. 
N. Orl. 1833. 

FICOIDEJE. JuSS, 

332. Sesuvium Ibrtulacastrum, L. — ^N. 
Orl. 

GBOasULABIE^. D C. 

333. Ribes Cynosbaii, L. — Alleghanies. 

SAXIFBAGE^. JuSS. 

334. Itea Virginica, L. — St. Louis. N. 
OrL (n. 123.) 

335. Hydrangea quercifoUa, Bartr. — 
Covington. 

386. Saxifra^ Virginiensis, Mich. — 

Pennsylvama. 
837. Mitella diphylla, L. — Pennsylvania. 
338. Tiarella coraifolia, L. — ^Alleghanies. 



UMBELLIFEBiG. JuSS. 

339. Hydrocotyle umbellaia ? L.— N. Orl. 

Si. 124.) — ^This does not accord with the 
. umbellaia of the American botanists, 
nor do I know what species to refer it to. 



HB. DRUMMOND'8 COLLECTIONS. 



47 



It is densely creeping, almost csespitose. 
Leaves half to three-quarters of an inch 
long, orbiculari-reniform, with a deep 
sinus, near to which the petiole is in- 
serted, distinctly lobed; with petioles 
about as long as the leaves are broad. 
Peduncles about the length of the pe- 
tiole, having eight to ten flowers at the 
extremity, some of which are sessile, 
some umbellate. The inflorescence is 
very different from that of H, inter- 
rupta, of which I have numerous speci- 
mens from the Mississippi, gathered by 
M. Tainturier. 

340. Hydrocotyle repanda, Pers. — Cov- 
ington. — Scarcely different from If, A^- 
atica,L. 

(The rare JErigenta bulbosOj Nutt 
{Hydrocotyle composita, Ph.), is found 
in rich alluvial soils of the larger streams 
of Kentucky. It is the " Sison pusil- 
ban" of Voltz's " Pittsburg Plants.") 

341. Sanicula Marylandica, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 125.) — ^Each capitulum consists of 
three globose, muricated fruits, of which 
the two lateral are horizontal. Dr. 
Short finds a very remarkable variety, if 
it be not a distinct species, with the fruit 
much larger, ovate, and very acute, the 
two lateral ones deflexed. The leaves 
too are broader and less divided. Can 
this be the S. Canadensis of Linnsus ? 
No one, that I am aware of, but Dr. Short 
has noticed the remarkable difference in 
the fruit. 

342. Eryngium Balduini, Spr. — E. gra- 
ciU^NuU. nonLaRoch,—N. Oil (n,l2d,) 

^. Eryn^um virgcUum, Lam. — £. ova- 
lifoUum, Mich. — Covington. — I possess 
the same species from Dr. Torrey, gath- 
ered in Alabama, and from Dr. Dar- 
lington, gathered in N. Carolina. 

344. Eryngium aquaticum, L. — Coving- 
ton. N. Orl. (n. 127.) 

345. Cicuta maculata, L. ; var. foliolis 
latioribus.r— Covington. 

346. Zizia aurea, Koch. — St. Louis. — p, 
acuminata, D C. — ^Pennsylvania. 

347. Zizia cordcUa, Koch. — ^N. Orl. (n, 
128J[ Alleghanies. 

348. 2iizia integerrima, D C. — Alleghanies. 

349. Helosciadium leptophyUum, D C. — 
N. Orl. (n. 130.)— oar. majus,—N. Orl. 
(n. 129.) 

350. Discopleura capiUacea, D C. — ^N. 
Orl. (71. 131.) 

351. Cryptotsenia Canctdensis, D C. — 
St. Louis. 

352. Sium^aft/o/mm,L.— N.Orl.(«.132.) 

353. Sium Uneare, Mich.— N. Orl. .1833. 

354. Thaspium Barbinode, Nutt. — ^Alle- 
ghanies. Pennsylvania. 



355. Ferula Drummondii, Hook, et Am. ; 
glabriuscula, caule tereti erecto ramoso 
I)arce folioso, foliis radicalibus longe pe- 
tiolatis bi- triternatim pinnatifidis, seg- 
mentis lato-linearibus incisis, caulims 
sessilibus, involucris nullis, involucellis 
setaceis.-^An F. Canadensis, L. ? — N. 
Orl. (n. 134.) — My solitary specimen of 
this is far from being in a perfect state. 
The foliage is withered, ana the flowers 
are entirdy gone. The stem, nearly two 
feet high, is sparingly leafy, purplish. 
The fruit has a broad, elevated, spongy 
margin, the disk marked with three slight- 
ly elevated lines. 

356. Tiedemannia fere^j^o/ia, DC. — Si- 
um teretifolium, Ell. — CEnanihe Caro- 
linensis, Pers. Ph. — Covington. 

357. Archemora denticulata, DC. — 
Jacksonville. — Perhaps not distinct from 
A. rigida. 

358. Trepocarpus ^thusa, Nutt. — N. 
Orl. (n. 133.)— This is in all probability 
the T. (Ethusa of De CandoUe, which 
also comes from Louisiana. « 

359. Daucus pusiUus, Mich. — ^N. Orl. (n. 
135.) 

360. Osmorhiza longistylis, D C. — ^Penn- 
sylvania. 

361 . Chcerophyllum Tainturieri ; subhir- 
sutum, caule debili, foliis decompositis, 
foliolis pinnatifidis segmentis oblongis, 
umbellis lateralibus terminalibusque 
nunc sessilibus, radiis paucis, involucello 
j>entaphyllo, foliolis ovatis obtusis, fruc- 
tibushneari-oblongis attenuatis. — «. fruc- 
tibus glabris. — ^N.Orl . {M. Tainturier.) — 
S. fructibus pubescentibus. — N. Orl. 
(M. Tainturier.) Drum. n. 136. Nat- 
ches. C. S. Parker, jE^sg.— Closely as 
this is allied to the C. procumhens in its 
habit and foliage, it is unquestionably a 
distinct species, judging at least from all 
that I have received from the more 
northern states, from Pennsylvania (Mr, 
Schweinitz, Mr. Townsend), and from 
Kentucky(Z)r.iSAor^ and Mr. Greiswold.) 
Their plant has the fruit oblong, whereas 
our Mississippi plant has it decidedly 
aciuninated into a kind of beak ; so that 
were it not for the distinct ridj^es, 1 should 
refer it to Anihriscus. The fruit is some- 
times rather densel3L pubescent, at other 
times glabrous and even shining. The 
styles, though short, are longer than in 
C. procumhens, and much more distinct 
upon the fruit 

ABALIACE^. JuSS, 

362. Panax quinquefolium, L. — ^Wheel- 
ing. 



48 



UB. dhummond's collectioks. 



I 



863. Panax trifolium, L. — ^New York and 
Pennsylvania. 

364. Aralia racemosa, L. — Coyington. 

HAMAMELIOBiE. Br. 

365. Hamamelis Virginica, L. — N. Orl. 
1833. (n. 137.) Pennsylvania. 

COBNEiE. D C. 

366. Comus alba, L.— N. Orl. (n. 138.) 

367. Comus fiorida, L, — Pennsylvania. 
N. Orl. (n. 139.) 

LOEANTHACEA. Rich, et Juss. 

368. y'vacxxmjlavesceni, Ph.— N. Orl. (n. 
140.) 

CAPBIFOLIACBifi. JuSS. 

369. Sambucus Canadenns, L. — Coving- 
ton. 

370. Sambucus pubens, Mich. — N. Orl. 
n. 141.)— 19. foliolis latioribus.— N. Orl. 
^ 144 Wf.) 

371. Viburnum Lentago, L. — Allegha- 
nies. — ^This has the leaves much and 
suddenly acuminated. 

372. Viburnum jDrt/nj^/tum, L. — ^Penn- 
sylvania. 

373. Viburnum nudum, L. — N. Orl. (n. 
142.) 1833.— Covington. Jacksonville. 

374. Viburnum dentatum^ L. — ^N. Orl. 
(n. 143.) 

375. Viburnum pubescens, Ph. — ^N. Orl. 
(n. 144.) Covington (in ft.) 

376. Tno9\je\uaperfoliatum, L. — Allegha- 
nies. — Lonicera sempervirens, Ait. 0. 
foliis oblongis. Sims, BoL Mag, p, 
1753.— N. Orl. (n. 145.) 

EUBIACEiE. Juss. 

377. Hedyotis glomerata, Ell.— N. Orl. 
(n, 150.) 

378. Hedyotis Boscii, D C— N. Orl. (n. 
151.) — The same plant I have received 
from M. Tainturier. It turns black in 
drying. 

379. Houstonia carulea, L. — ^Pennsylva- 
nia.— N. Orl. (n. 148.) 

380. Houstonia patens. Ell.— N. Orl. (n. 
149.} 

381. Houstonia tenuifolia, Nutt. — St. 
Louis. 

382. Houstonia longifolia, Willd. — H, 
angustifolia, Mich.-^t, Louis. 

383. Houstonia purpurea, L. — Ohio. — 
This and the two preceding are probably 
varieties of one and the same species. 

384. Houstonia rotundifolia, Mich. — 
Anotisrotundif., D C— N. Orl. (n. 147.) 



385. Mitchella repens, L.— N. Orl. (n. 

146.) 
366. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L.— N. 

Orl. (n, 1833.) Ohio. St Louis. 

387. Spermacoce tenuior, L. — N. Ori. 
(n. 152 bis.) 1833.— St. Louis. 

388. Diodia teres, WaU.—N, Orl. (n.l5a) 
— St. Louis. 

389. Diodia tetra^ona, Walt— 2>. Vir- 
ginica, Mich, — Covington. 

390. Galium micranthum. Ph. — Coving- 
ton. 

891. Galium uniflorum, Mich. — Coving- 
ton. 

392. Galium trifidum. Ph.— N. Orl.- 
(n. 16a) 

393. Galiumio^o/tum, Mich. — St Louis. 

394. Galium tinctorium,L. — ^AUeghanies. 

YALEBIANE^. JuSS, 

395. YdlenajoA pauciflora, Mich.— Alle- 
ghanies. 

396. Fedia radiaia, Vahl. — ^Alleghanies. 

397. Fedia olitoria, Moench.— N. Oil. 
(n. 154.) 

COMPOSITE. Juss. 

Cnicus arvensis, Willd. — Coving- 
ton. — ^There are two states of this spe- 
cies, one with small, very spinescent 
leaves, the other with larger, less spi- 
nous, and thinner ones : approaching in 
the foliage to C muticus, but having 
much snudler flowers than that species, 
with the scales of the involucre all fur- 
nished with an acicular patent spinule. 

Cnicus muticus, WiUd.— Jackson- 
ville. 

400. Cnicus discolor, Willd. St. Louis. 
— N. Orl. (n. 160. Flowers young).— j3? 
foliis lato-lanceolatis subintegns. — St 
Louia — Of this var. the involucre and 
uppermost leaves resemble those of C, 
discolor, but the majority of the cauline 
leaves are oblongo-lanceolate, ciliato- 
spinescent at the margin : still 1 am of 
opinion it is only a state of that plant, 
which Nuttall describes as variable in 
its foliage. 

401. CmcMS horridulus, Pursh. — ^N.Orl. 
(n. 161.) — This agrees in every particu- 
lar with the Cirsium glabrum of De 
Cand., of which I have specimens ga- 
thered in the Pyrenees, both from Hr. 
Benthara and from the Unio Itineraria. 
Mr. Bentham unites it with Cnicus spi- 
nosissimus {Cirsium, D C.) 

402. Cnicus Virginianus, Nutt. — Cod- 
ington. 

403. Centaurea Americana, Nutt. w 



ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 



49 



Jowm, Acad. Phil v, 2, p. 11.— Coving- 
ton. — Mr. Nuttall discovered this plant 
" on the banks of streams and in de- 
nudated, alluvial situations, throughout 
the plains or prairies of the upper part 
of Arkansa territory." That author con- 
siders it very nearly allied to C. Austri- 
aca of Europe ; but its characters are 
totally different, and Mr. Don has even 
raised it to the rank of a Genus (Plecio- 
cephalus, Szv. Br. Fl. Gard. 2d Ser.p. 
51.); other three species enumerated by 
Mr. Don are natives of Chili: so that 
thegroupe is exclusively one of the New 
World, and the present appears to be 
the only species of Centaurea which is 
an aboriginal native of North America. 

40i. Vemonia Noveboracensis, WiUd. — 
St. Louis. 

405. Vemonia praaUa, Willd. — Coving- 
ton. St. Louis. — var. /3. foliis ovato- 
lanceolatis supra scabris subtus invo- 
lucrisque pubescenti-tomentosis. — St 
Louis. 

(To be coDtinaed.) 



ON THE VEGETATION OF 
ETNA. 

(Bein^ Extracts from a Memoir on this subject, en- 
titled " Uber die Vegetation am Atna, von Dr. 
£• A. Philippi, pahli«bed in the 7th Tolome of the 
Lin»«a,p.727,&c.) 

This celebrated volcanic moimtain, situ- 
ated in lat. 37*»44', and reaching to a height 
of 10,212 Paris feet, according to the mea- 
surement of Dr. Philippi and his compa- 
nions, Professor Fr. Hoffman and Mr. Von 
der Linth, is separated from the chain of 
mountains through the North of Sicily by 
the low valley of Fiume Cantara, on the 
West from the hills of Cesaro and Contorbi 
V the Simeto, the largest river of Sicily: 
It is bounded on the East by the sea, and 
»n the South by the plain of Catania. Its 

; fonn is that of an obtuse cone, which, mea- 
8ured from North to South, is twenty-six 
Italian, or six geographical miles, and from 

I ^ to West twenty Italian, or five geogra- 
phical miles ; and its elevation, in propor- 
hon to the longest diameter of its base, is 
•8 one to fourteen and a half, and to the 
dtortest, as one to eleven. The plane sur- 
«ce is about twenty-three and a half square 
"^«9 (German), and the whole surface is 



covered with pumice and ashes, with here 
and there volcanic tufa. Only in a few 
places are some sand-stone hills, as at 
Bronte and Maletto, and some of clay near 
Catania, which form islands on the black 
sea of lava. 

Etna, in the opinion of Dr. Philippi, does 
not admit of more than three regions of 
vegetation. 

1. The cultivated region, extending from 

0—3,300 feet. 

2. The woody region, from 3,300—6,200 

feet ; and 

3. The alpine region, commencing at 6,200 

feet. And these nearly accord with the 
limits long marked by the inhabitants 
— Regione piedemontana, de Boschi, 
et discoperta. 
1. The cultivated region. This com- 
mences immediately with the sea-line, and 
reaches to an elevation of 3,300 feet, where 
the cultivation of the Vine ceases. It is 
this zone which has, from the oldest times, 
excited the astonishment of travellers by 
its uncommon fertility and beauty, particu- 
larly on the East and South sides of the 
mountain, where numerous towns and vil- 
lages and country houses lie embosomed in 
the midst of a most luxuriant vegetation. 
There Mascali, celebrated for its wine and 
almonds, is situated, and many other towns, 
among which Catania ranks as the most 
beautiful city in the South of Europe. 
Many tropical plants here flourish in the 
gardens as in their native country: the 
Pisang, Musa Paradisaica, ripens its fruit, 
and the Erythrina corallodendron, Hibis- 
cus mutabilis. Cassia bijlora, Datura ar- 
bor ea, and CcBsalpinia Sappan, are adorned 
with their large and lovely blossoms. The 
Date Palms, Phcenix dactylifera, give to 
the scenery an African appearance ; while 
the strange forms of the Cactusses, C, 
Opuntia and maxima, which latter attains 
a height of twelve feet, and the Agave 
Americana, which even in its third or 
fourth year throws up its colossal flower- 
stem, remind the traveller of tropical Ame- 
rica. At Palermo the mean temperature 
is 65** of Fahrenheit, or 14** of Reaumur. 
The greatest degree of heat during twenty 



50 



ON THE YBQETATION OF ETNA. 



years was 106® Fahrenheit (31® Reaumur), 
and the extreme cold, during the same pe- 
riod, 34® Fahrenheit, +0 9** Reaumur. 
The average number of rainy days are 
sixty-five in the year ; the mean quantity 
of rain, 21,149 English inches. 

At Catania, as might be expected from its 
site on the southern declivity of the moun- 
tain, the mean temperature is considerably 
higher than at Palermo, viz. 68® Fahrenheit, 
or 16<> Reaumur ; July is the hottest, and 
January the coldest month; while the num: 
ber of wet days amount to sixty-three annu- 
aUy; though last year there was no rain 
from the beginning of May to the 1st Sep- 
tember. The West wind is the driest, and 
the East wind is always moist, invariably 
bringing rain in winter. 

Very little com is cultivated in the lower 
region of Etna; the ground being rocky 
there are but few spots suited to its cul- 
ture. The common fodder for cattle in 
Sicily is barley, both in the green state 
and the threshed grain. Oats are nearly 
unknown, so that even horses are fed on 
barley, as at the time of the Trojan war. 
Wheat is also cultivated, but only as far 
up the mountain as 1,600; a Hmit much 
beneath that which is assigned to it by 
nature. Maize is little grown in Sicily, 
and scarcely at all on Etna. Every kind 
of vegetable succeeds in this region, espe- 
cially cabbage, lettuce, artichokes , gourd, 
cucumber, peas, beans, both the broad and 
French kinds, Phaseolus vulgaris and 
Cajan, and lupines, the seeds of Lupinus 
thermis. The latter are particularly the 
food of the poor, who frequently eat the 
green pods of Vicia Faba raw, and the 
ripe beans without any kind of preparation, 
except roasting them a little in the ashes. 
The lupines are put into salt, or in sea- 
water, to soak for twenty-four hours, by 
which means they lose their disagreeable 
bitterness, and are then eaten without 
cooking. Among fruit-trees, the ^^,joowe- 
granate, almond, and pistachio, are most 
cultivated. Walnut-trees are rare, but 
hazel-nuts are grown in such quantities as 
to form a considerable article of export 
from Sicily, especially to England. Wher- 



ever there is water, those lovely fruits of 
the favoured southern clime, the orange, 
lemon, and lime, are produced in great 
abundance and numberless varieties. Their 
limit may be taken at 1,900 feet, since at 
Nicolosi, 2,184 feet, they are sometimes 
killed by the frost. The date is not found 
higher than Ademo and Trecastagne, 1,680 
feet above the level of the sea ; and though 
its fruit is always set in Sicily, it seldom 
attains perfection, though in good years 
the seeds are so ripe as to vegetate. There 
is a beautiful date palm in the Botanic 
Garden at Palermo, raised from seed ri- 
pened in Sicily, and sowed fourteen years 
since ; its stem is now 10 feet high. The 
Jig bears excellent fruit so high as Nicolo- 
si, 2,200 feet, and perhaps at a still greater 
elevation ; in that place are beautiful trees 
of Celtis australis, called in Sicily Meni^ 
coccu and of the Stone Pine (Plnus Pinea^, 
which latter only grows singly and in a 
cultivated state, in the kingdom of Naples. 
The sugar-cane is not seen in the gardens 
of Etna, though frequent at Avola, &c.; 
nor is the Rhu^ Coriaria, of which the 
culture yearly increases, grown at all at 
Etna. On the other hand, the cotton plant, 
Gossypium herbaceum, is sown plentifully 
on the shores of the Simeto, and its pro- 
duce is of feuch excellent quality as to 
rank with that of Louisiana for snowy 
whiteness : it even succeeds at an altitude 
of 1,000—1,200 feet above the sea. The 
great Italian Reed (Arundo Donax), 
whose arborescent stem and broad leaves 
recall to mind the tropical bamboo, is in 
frequent cultivation for the purpose of 
making stakes for vineyards, and in various 
other ways; and together with the mul- 
berry (M rus nigra), of which the foliage 
nourishes the silk- worm, to the exclusion 
of the rarer M. alba, is seen at an eleva- 
tion of 2,500 feet. There, too, the olive 
grows, though the greater part of this re- 
gion is dedicated to the vine{Vitisviniferd) 
which throughout Sicily is trained to stakes 
of Arundo Donax, and not to trees, as in 
Lombardy and Naples. The limit of the 
vine is 3,300 feet. On the roughest lava 
thrives the Indian or Prickly Pear {Cac- 



ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 



51 



tus Opuntia), of which the large eoolicg 
fruits are sold at the rate of one Sicilian 
gran, or less than 2d,, for thirty. This plant 
is one of the most useful presents of the 
New to the Old World, as it grows on the 
poorest and most rocky soil, where nothing 
eke will vegetate, requiring no attention, 
and even its succulent-jointed stems are 
greedily devoured by goats, while the fruits 
are highly acceptable to the poor; and 
strangers, who seldom like the flavour at 
first, soon learn to value their cooling pro- 
perties. There are numerous varieties; 
light and dark red, and green ; the latter 
called Moscarelli, possess the finest flavour, 
as does the aromatic and scarce variety, 
which has no seeds. Three species of 
Opuntia are raised in Sicily, the Tuna, the 
esculent-fruited one, mentioned above, and 
Cactus maximus, which is only employed 
for making impenetrable hedges, to which 
its spines, an inch long, are particularly 
suitable. The Cactiis Opuntia is of much 
service to Etna, by rendering the fields of 
laya capable of being worked, as the roots 
penetrate every crevice of the stone, and 
soon burst the largest blocks asunder by 
their gradual increase. Under their shade 
grow many species of plants, as Lupines, 
Calendula, Asphodehcs, Asparagus albus 
«nd acutifolius, several kinds of Silene, 
Brassica, Sinapis and Reseda, besides 
Acaidkus mollis. Arum, Arisarum, &c. 
all of which would soon be burnt up by 
the scorching rays of the sun without such 
a shelter. It is reckoned that, within thirty 
years of the Cactus being planted, culti- 
vation may commence on the lava fields. 
Besides the plants just enumerated, those 
which are most abundant in the lava 
streams are, Andropogon hirtus and dista- 
chyas, Lagurus ovatus, Rumez scutatus, 
Valeriana rubra, Plumbago Buropcea, 
J^ymus Nepeta, Saiureja Grceca, Ra- 
ii^tnculus buUatus, Capparis rupestris 
{peduncularis, Presl.) Alyssum mariti- 
wum, Isaiis tinctoria, Scrophularia bicolor, 
Bany species of Toad-Jlax (Linaria), He- 
^ropium Bocconi with white, large, 
>veet-8cented flowers, Mandragora au- 
^»wma&, Prenantiiss viminea, Apargia 



fasciculata, Senecio chrysanthemifolius, 
Daphne Gnidium, Spartium infestum, 
Spartina juncea, Physalis somnifera, 
Solanum SodonuBum, Ricinus Africanus, 
Smilox aspera, Euphorbia Characias, and 
E.dendroides, the tree -like Spurge Laurel, 
one of the finest shrubs in Sicily, which rises 
to a height of about six feet, the stem fork- 
ing soon above the ground, and each branch 
dividing again, so that the form of the 
whole is perfectly semiglobular. In sum- 
mer it is quite bare of foliage, when the 
numerous, smooth, verticillate branches 
give the plant a most singular appearance, 
but with the rains of autumn the numerous 
linear leaves begin to sprout forth at the 
end of the boughs, and a corymb of yellow 
flowers tips the extremity of each branch 
in the month of February ; so that one could 
scarcely recognize the dry leafless shrub 
of summer in the verdant and yellow-blos- 
somed bush which strikes every beholder 
in the early spring. One is reminded of 
the vicinity to Africa and its islands by this 
Euphorbia and its congeners, E, Canari- 
ensis and E, balsamifera. We saw these 
last at a height of 1,500 feet above the 
sea, accompanied by Smilox aspera, which 
on the North coast attains to the greater 
elevation of 2,500. Etna, however, is de- 
ficient in all those tribes which present an 
analogy to the region of Laurels in the 
Canary Isles, and the true Victor* s Laurel 
(Laurus nobilis) is not really wild any 
where in Sicily, though it grows here and 
there in hedges near the towns; for in- 
stance, at Randazzo, 2,000 feet high. Man- 
dragora autumnalis, of which the blue 
flowers cover whole tracts, in autumn, as 
with a caerulean carpet, we found at 2,500 
feet ; where we also met with solitary spe- 
cimens of the Strawberry, {Fragraria Ves- 
ca,) seen no where else in Sicily, though * 
plentiful in the shady woods of Valdemone. 
Among Ferns we specially observed -4croj- 
tichum velleum, Grammitis leptophylla, 
Cheilanthes suaveolens and Ophioghssum 
Lusitanicum, these at 1,700; Ceterach 
offidnarum, Asplenium Trichomanes and 
Polypodium wilgare, combined with Coty-^ 
ledon Umbilicus, and several species of 



52 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



Sedum, cover the stone crevices so high 

as 3,300 feet, and may, perhaps, be found 

at a still greater elevation. It is singular, 

that not a single Sempervivum grows in 

Sicily, while fourteen species are found in 

the Canary Islands; and though Sicily has 

ten species of Sedum, the Canary Isles 

have none. 

(To be continued.) 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGH- 
BOURHOOD OF QUITO, AND 
TOWARDS THE SUMMIT OF 
CHIMBORAZO, IN 1831. 

Bj the Ute Colonel Hall, of Quito. 
(Coniimiedfromp, 29. j 

BXCURSION TO COTOPAXI, THE VALLEY 
OF BANOS, AND CHIMBOBAZO. 

On the 22d of November, M. Boussin- 
gault and myself set out on our last and 
longest excursion. Dr. Dasti accompanied 
us as far as Cotopaxi. The first day's jour- 
ney brought us to Callo, distant from 
Quito about twelve leagues. The road 
passes, first, the level plain of Turupamba, 
in the Quichua language, "Plain of Mud;" 
then the wooded ravines of Tambillo, wa- 
tered by the streams which descend from 
Atacago down the head of the valley of 
Chillo ; and leaving the village of Macha- 
chi, surrounded by verdant pastures, on 
the lefl, and those of Aloa and Aloasi at 
the foot of £1 Corazon on the right, it 
crosses the Paramo of Tiopullo, already 
alluded to as dividing the level lands of 
Quito into two basins. Its bleak situation, 
rather than its height, which does not reach 
12,000 feet, gives it the character of a 
Paramo. The northern slope is profusely 
sprinkled with a species of Gentiana, and 
the southern is covered with thickets, 
among which are found several Biuldleas, 
mixed with Rihes frigidum, Berberis glau- 
ca, and the shrubs which designate the 
central regions of the mountains. At the 
foot of the ridge, is the farm of Callo, fa- 
mous for the ruins of an edifice of the 
Incas, most probably one of the Tambos, 
or Inns, erected by them for the accom- 



modation of troops and travellers. The 
estate belonged to the Augustine Friars, 
from whom it lately passed into the hands 
of Don Jose Felix Valdivieso, who is 
erecting a new farm-house with the mate- 
rials of the ancient edifice, which, in con- 
sequence, will soon altogether disappear. 
He told us that he had taken particular 
care to preserve it ; but we found the pre- 
servation to apply only to the stones, 
which were preserved by being transferred 
from the old building to the new. It has 
been described both by the Academicians 
and Humboldt ; some account of it, how- 
ever, may not be considered superfluous, 
if it be only to save the trouble of refer- 
ence. 

The whole length of the Quadrangle 
is about 150 feet : the side chambers 
are about 40 feet by 12, with narrow pas- 
sages betwixt them. Of these, four, in 
the year 1826, were entire, except the 
roofs, the remainder, more or less in ruin; 
especially those at the two ends, which 
leaves their figure a matter of conjecture, 
though it most probably resembled that of 
the others. The present farm-house occu- 
pies the site where the entrance seems to 
have been, and where there were the remains 
of a conduit Along the wall of each room, 
opposite to the entrance, is a row of niches» 
alternating with knobs carved in stone, 
probably for the purpose of suspending 
arms#or utensils. The entrances are 7^ 
feet liigh, and 3 feet wide : the height of 
the walls 92 feet; their thickness 2 feet 
4 inches. They are of pumice stone, not 
placed, as in many edifices of the Incas, in 
irregular blocks, ingeniously adapted to 
each other, but perfectly squared, though 
the pieces are of unequal size, and every 
where symmetrically arranged, with a slight 
convexity towards the outside : the ce- 
ment, if any were used, being scarcely per- 
ceptible; and it was probably of a liquid 
nature, as mentioned by Garcilaso de la 
Vega, The preservation of this monu- 
ment of antiquity, which has resisted the 
earthquakes that shook down the proudest 
edifices erected by the Spaniards in its 
neighbourhood, was so much the more in- 



BXCUKSION8 IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



53 



teresting, as such remains are extremely 
scarce in all the district of Quito. The 
only edifice of importance besides this, 
is the Fortress or Palace of Canar, in the 
Department of Asuay, In the City of 
Quito, no vestiges remain of the Temple 
of the Sun, which stood on the Panecillo, 
nor of the House of the Moon, which rose 
on the opposite eminence of San Juan. 
The avarice of the conquerors, who left 
not a stone unturned in their search after 
hidden treasures, together with the inter- 
est of employing the old materials in the 
stracture of their new city, have eradicated 
every trace of the capital of Atahualpa. 
The only relics I ever discovered, are two 
images of the sun and moon, sculptured 
in alto-relievo on two stones, one of which 
forms one of the portals of the Convent of 
St Catharine, and the other part of the sill 
of an inner door of the same building. 
The shape of the stones, the style of 
sculpture, and the nature of the devices, 
leave no doubt of their being genuine re- 
mains of antiquity. It would be desirable 
to rescue them from their present neglect, 
and preserve them in a manner better 
worthy of their origin. 

About a quarter of a mile from Callo, 
betwixt the ruins and the ridge of Tio- 
pnllo, rises a conical mound, 450 feet high, 
which, partly from tradition and partly 
from its symmetrical figure, was supposed 
to be a work of art. M. Boussingault and 
myself, however, after an accurate exami- 
nation, dissented from this opinion, chiefly 
from the appearance of part of the rock in 
niu, and from the circumstance of springs 
of water issuing from its base. Probably, 
however, the labour of the Incas may have 
helped to round it into its present symme- 
trical figure. The elevation of Callo is 
10,092 feet. To the north-east, distant 
about,four miles, rises the Volcano of Co- 
topaxi. The intermediate plain, for seve- 
ral leagues, is covered with immense 
masses of rock, projected by its eruptions, 
^e the fragments of a bomb. Some of 
them are black and calcined; others su- 
perficially vitrified. The soil is bare and 
sandy, though not incapable of cultivation. 



when irrigated. The landscape is dreary 
to desolation. Elenisa and Cotopaxi, like 
giant phantoms, alternately enveloped in 
storms and darkness, thunder on opposite 
sides of the horizon. It rarely happens 
that the traveller crosses the ridge of Tio- 
pullo, without encountering a tempest, 
brewed by one or other of these formid- 
able neighbours. The rains, however, fall 
principally on the northern side, towards 
Machachi and Quito. 

On the 23d, we set out for the purpose 
of attempting the ascent of Cotopaxi. 
Crossing the plain, already described, we 
ascended towards the foot of the snow. 
A few shrubs grow in the hollow near the 
plain, but the place of the Pajonales, or 
" Region of Grapes ,'* is supplied by a 
dreary extent of bare volcanic sands, of an 
iron colour, on which exists no trace of 
vegetation. We found the limit of conge- 
lation at 15,646 feet. The truncated cone 
of Cotopaxi is singularly regular and beau- 
tiful ; a dark wall of rocks surround the 
crater, contrasting with the dazzling white- 
ness of the snows beneath it. Made wise 
by experience, we had provided ourselves 
with masks, which protected both the face 
and eyes. We found the ascent toilsome 
in the extreme : it cost us above four 
hour's labour, to gain a point near the foot 
of the wall, where M. Boussingault 's ba- 
rometer indicated an elevation of 18,366 
feet. We were consequently only 500 feet 
from the summit, supposing this to be 
18,860 feet, as calculated by the Academi- 
cians. But here our progress was arrested. 
The snow, that had hitherto been hard and 
glassy, accumulated round the base of the 
crater, became so loose that we ran the 
risk of being buried in it ; so that to pro- 
ceed was impossible. The sulphureous 
vapours of the crater were strongly per- 
ceptible, and we regretted our inability to 
look into the mighty laboratory of nature 
now so near us. The fatigue, however, 
we had undergone in the ascent, perhaps, 
reconciled us a little to the necessity of 
returning. Some idea may be formed of 
its steepness, from a trifling incident Dr. 
Dosti and myself, on sitting down to rest 



54 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NBIGHBOUBHOOD OF QUITO. 



upon the snow, had laid our walking-sticks 
beside us ; but they were scarcely out of 
our hands, when they descended like ar- 
rows over the frozen surface, far beyond 
any chance of recovering them. The ther- 
mometer, at the highest point of our ascent, 
stood at 34^ about two P. m. Under the 
snow at 32^. At four p. M., at the foot of 
the snow, on our return, at 42^. 

The volcano of Cotopaxi has not only 
stamped on the surrounding country the 
traces of wide-spreading and repeated de- 
solation, but may be said to have decided 
its political destiny. When Quisquio, the 
truest and ablest of the generals of Atahu- 
alpa, was preparing, in 1533, to dispute 
the dominion of Quito, with an equality of 
hopes and advantages against the Span- 
iards under Benalcara, a tremendous ex- 
plosion of the mountain was interpreted by 
his army as a sign of the fallen grandeur 
and dominion of the Incas. So the earth- 
quake of Caraccas, interpreted by super- 
stition, ruined the cause of independence 
in Venezuela. Since the period of the 
conquest, the following eruptions have 
been recorded. In 1593, when many In- 
dian villages were buried; in 1743, it 
rained ashes, and poured rivers of mud 
roimd Latacunga and the valley of Viciosa. 
Another explosion took place in 1744. 
These were witnessed by the Academi- 
cians, who measured the column of fire 
which rose from the crater to the height of 
of 2,950 feet. In 1768, it threw out such 
quantities of ashes, that Quito was dark- 
ened (April 7th) from eight a. m. to six 
p. M. In 1808, it threw out ashes and 
hot water, and the snow was melted from 
its summit. It does not appear, from a 
comparison of these dates, that any infer- 
ence can be drawn as to the increase or 
diminution of its activity. Previous to the 
conquest, we have no series of observa- 
tions ; and, in the subsequent period, it is 
propable only the more formidable explo- 
sions have been historically recorded. A 
small column of smoke is still frequently 
seen, rising from the eastern extremity of 
the crater ; and though we may consider 
that all volcanoes have a tendency to wear 



themselves out, there is no particular rea- 
son for supposing Cotopaxi has yet reached 
the epoch of age and decay. 

On the i^th, M. Boussingault and my- 
self, (Dr. Dasti having returned to Quito,) 
made an excursion to the Pass between 
Ruminavi and Cotopaxi, called Lempio 
pongo; and thence up the ravines of the 
volcano, to discover if obsidian formed 
any part of its products with which the 
soil is coated. We found, however, not a 
single specimen. 

On the 26th, we continued our excur- 
sion to Latacunga. This town is built on 
a porous volcanic soil, abounding in nitre, 
which has caused the erection of a powder 
manufactory. As its extent indicates, it 
once contained a population of 10,000 in- 
habitants; but destroyed by repeated earth- 
quakes and eruptions of Cotopaxi, it is 
now a city of ruins. The traveller looks 
with wonder on the massive remains of the 
Jesuits' Church, the walls of which, in 
spite of their strength and thickness, have 
been rent into huge fragments, and heaped 
on the ground, with all their columns, 
domes, and arches, as if blown up by gun- 
powder. This sight strongly impressed 
upon us the prodigious power which must 
have heaved up and shaken the soil, to 
which this building, constructed with pe- 
culiar solidity, could offer no resistance. 
All the edifices of Latacunga, even private 
houses, are built of pumice stone, which 
when cemented with mortar, hardens into 
an homogeneous substance, incapable of 
separation. Instead of tiled roofs, vaulted 
terraces, and on the churches, domes are 
formed in the same manner ; so that the 
whole building, great or small, may be 
considered, when well constructed, as cut 
out of a single stone, for which reason, the 
ruins exhibit not so much a separation of 
parts, as a general destruction, like that of 
rocks blasted in a stone-quarry. On the 
side of the town towards the river, a mill 
is pointed out, built in this manner, which 
has resisted two earthquakes, and been 
buried under two volcanic eruptions ; but, 
it is probable, its peculiar site has contri- 
buted to its security, standing on a ledge 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUitO. 



55 



of rode, formed of indurated volcanic mat- 
ter, the course of which appears to have 
terminated at this point, and now forms a 
bank about forty feet above the bed of the 
river. It affords a curious instance of that 
propensity in man to turn his thoughts 
alike from past and future evils, when we 
see the inhabitants of Latacunga, on a soil 
. composed of the eruptions of Cotopaxi, 
which is still smoking before them — amid 
the spoils of recent earthquakes, and with 
waming shocks, repeated almost monthly, 
quietly rebuilding on the same foundations, 
and raising up their fallen churches, as if 
they " had taken a bond from fate." 

Latacunga has been four times ruined by 
earthquakes, and twice buried beneath the 
eruptions of Cotopaxi : xiz., in 1698, 1757, 
1797, and 1808; and in 1742 and 1768. 
In 1808 the earthquake seems to have been 
caused or accompanied by an explosion of 
the volcano. 

There is a spring near the town called 
in the Quichua language, Tembopoglio, 
"the spring that boils," because it con- 
stantly buddies out of the groimd: the in- 
habitants say it ceases previous to an 
earthquake. Latacunga is rather lower 
than Quito, being 9,170 feet above the 
level of the sea, by M. Boussing^t's baro- 
metrical measurement 

The vicinity of Cotopaxi exposes it to 
chilling winds, and the general aspect, both 
of earth and sky, is cold and dreary. It 
abounds with water, which percolates every 
▼here through the whole porous soil, and 
serves to irrigate numerous plantations of 
TetcheSi called AlfcUfares in the neigh- 
bourhood. The streams which descend 
from the ridge of Tiopulo, form the river 
which runs near the town, on which are 
the ruins of a handsome bridge, destroyed 
by the earthquake of 1797. Its place is 
supplied by one of timber. The declivity 
of these waters is towards the South, until, 
joined by the river of Ambecto, they turn 
each through the valley of Bancs, and find 
& passage through the mountains to the 
Uaranon. 

The day after our arrival a friar of La 
Meroed called on us, to persuade us to ex- 



amine a mine on his estate, of the value of 
which he endeavoured to convince us, by 
an assurance that, some years ago, a great 
philosopher (un gran sabio) had examined 
the hill in which it is situated with his te- 
lescope, and pronounced it extremely rich. 
We did not consider this telescopic view 
a sufficient motive to take us a day's jour- 
ney ; yet it was our fortune to be equally 
misled in another direction by the story of 
2i burning lake, called QutVztoa, distant from 
Latacunga ten leagues on the declivities of 
the Western Cordillera. We had a tire- 
some day's ride across the Paramo, and 
descending to the bed of the Toache, pass- 
ed the night in the miserable farm-house 
of Pilaputzin, where we nestled like pigs 
among the straw, and the next morning vi- 
sited the lake, which is embedded in a co- 
nical hill, rising above the course of the 
river. But all the tales of its mephitic 
vapours and fiery exhalations had vanished 
as we drew near it, and we retiu'ned to 
Latacunga lamenting the propensity of the 
inhabitants to teUing lies, and our own 
credulity in believing them. 

On the 30th of November we proceeded 
to Ambato, following the left bank of the 
river of Latacunga, through the village of 
San Miguel, and thence crossing to the 
right. Another road passes the river close 
to Latacunga, and crosses the small streams 
of Silanche and Nassichi, where they both 
unite. The country, though cultivated, 
has always a dry, barren aspect. Maize is 
chiefly sown, but often fails for want of rain. 
Nothing but the low price of the labour 
extorted from the Indians could render the 
greater part of these lands worth the ex- 
pense of tillage. The hedges are every 
where formed of the Agave, which flou- 
rishes luxuriantly on the dry and sandy 

soil. 

Although the distance to Ambato is only 

eight leagues, every body complains of its 
length, wearied by its never-failing dust, 
heat, and monotony. In a rock, formed 
by the winding of a rapid river which de- 
scends from the snowy mountain of Car- 
guirago, at the feet of the sand-banks, now 
retired about a mile from its present chan- 



56 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



nel, stands the town of Ambato. At the 
point where the road crosses it by a wooden 
bridge, the inhabitants have been for seve- 
ral years desultorily employed in forming a 
Socabon ; but war and bad government are 
sad deadeners of enterprize, even when 
the spirit is stronger than in South Ame- 
rica. 

The elevation of Ambato is 8,540 feet, 
the mean temperature about 61**, but its 
sheltered situation protects it from the cold 
winds of the mountains ; while, for the 
same reason, there is an increase of re- 
flected heat ; so that it resembles a natural 
hot-house, producing not only peaches, 
Tunas, apples, pears, and other fruit in 
great abundance, but also in the necks or 
vegas of the river below the town, sugar- 
cane, of which there are several plantations. 
The town was nearly destroyed by the 
earthquake of 1797, and vestiges of the 
catastrophe are still evident ; but it is in a 
remarkable degree more cheerful to the 
eye and feelings than Latacunga, or indeed 
any town betwixt Quito and Guayaquil. 
The sky is almost constantly bright, the 
temperature soft and agreeable ; the space 
betwixt the town and the river is laid out 
in plantations and gardens, artificially irri- 
gated and shaded with groves of Gapulis, 
willows, peach, and fig, mixed with roses ; 
the fences are covered with the common 
TropcBolum ; and I have found growing 
among the stone-walls Mesembryanthe- 
mum crystallinum ; of its emigration to 
this country there is no record. A small 
degree of horticultural science would ren- 
der the gardens of Ambato highly produc- 
tive in objects of taste and utility. The 
fruits, flowers, and vegetables of a variety 
of temperatures might be combined and 
naturalized. Tunas are cultivated, both 
for the sake of the fruit, and for the pro- 
duction of the Cochineal, which, though 
rudely prepared, is of a good colour, and 
extensively employed in the manufacture 
of the coarse woollens called Bayetas, 
The dryness of the soil and mildness of 
the climate might be turned to account in 
extending this branch of industry with so 
much the more advantage, as that the lands 



so employed can scarcely be put to any 
other purpose. 

Ambato is famous for two articles of 
trade, betwixt which there seems no neces- 
sary connexion — bread and hoots. Cer- 
tainly the bread is unequalled throughout 
the South ; and I have seen boots, of which 
Mr. Hoby would not feel ashamed. 

On the 1st of December we continued 
our journey, leaving the main road to Guay- 
aquil, which passes the village of Mocha, 
to Chimborazo and Guaranda, we turned 
in a south-easterly direction, towards the 
village of Pehso, on the right bank of the 
river of Ambato, below its junction with 
that of Latacunga. The distance is about 
three leagues. The road lies over a level, 
cultivated country, crossing the little stream 
of Pachanlica. Near the village is a quaggy 
meadow, called Moya, forming the relic of 
the torrent of heated mud and water, which 
during the earthquake of 1797 was poured 
o^t of Carguirazo, and overwhelmed the 
village with all the surrounding country; 
in many places the whole surface of the 
soil was set in motion ; farms and houses 
were transported from their sites, and over- 
whelmed in the miry deluge, leaving not a ^ 
wreck to indicate where they had existed. 
Opposite to Pelilco, on the led bank of the 
river is the village of Patati, famous for its 
fertility. The river is crossed by what is 
called a Taravita, a contrivance described 
by several travellers in South America, and 
rendered necessary in situations where the i 
breadth and rapidity of the stream render i 
the construction of a bridge too difficult or 
costly. On the evening of our arrival we 
visited the curate of the village, to make 
some inquiry relative to the road to Banos, 
and also to obtain some precise information 
as to the locality of a spot, the exhalations 
from which were said to be fatal to birds 
and animals that approached it. The ve- 
nerable pastor wondered we should trouble 
ourselves about such rubbish (porquerias) 
rather than look for mines of gold and sil- 
ver. Age was fast conducting him to the 
grave, yet he could imagine nothing valua- 
ble in the world but money. We obtained, 
however, some vague information as to the 



BXCURSIONS IN THE NBIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



67 



object of our inquiries, and next morning 
set out for Banos. 

There is a striking change, both in land- 
scape and climate, when, after travelling 
about two leagues from Pelilco, over a 
coltiTated, monotonous country, one arrives 
at the ridge which overlooks the valley of 
Banos, formed by the course of the river 
Achacubo, which descends from Alausi 
and the roots of Chimborazo, emerging 
from a thick copse resplendent with Fuch- 
tias, Lobelias, and Andromedas, and a 
Tariety of flowering shrubs, we have Tun- 
garagua, with its truncated cone and cra- 
ter rising majestically in our front, on the 
opposite side of the valley, the depth of 
which is about 1,000 feet below the ridge. 
The climate is not only more tropical, but 
there is a constant opposition in its seasons 
with those of the table land above. When 
the rains set in, in the valley, it is summer 
in the highlands, and vice versd. The 
muddy state of the road through the copse, 
first indicated this change. Descending by 
the tortuous path, about midway of the 
ridge, we came to the plantation of Tim- 
gurarilla. Here we were to look for the 
poisonous exhalations. We met with the 
owner of the farm near his house, but he 
could tell us nothing about it; and we 
were on the point of giving up the search, 
when an Indian, working on the estate, of- 
fered to conduct us to it : in fact, it was 
not an hundred yards from his dwelling. 
He pointed out to us, a small aperture or 
cleft in the midst of a thicket, round which 
lay several dead birds. It was a small 
fountain of carbonic acid gas, of the same 
nature as the Grotto del Cane, in Italy. 
The vapour was strong enough to kill 
small animals, which happened to stray 
within its influence. We continued our 
dfi«»nt, through brakes and briars, to the 
edge of the river. Its wild and terrible 
teiuty is fresh on my memory, but the 
painter and poet are alone privileged to 
pourtray Nature's grander features: less 
perhaps, by mere accuracy of imitation, 
^Q by creating a sense of the sublime or 
Watiful, analagouB to that of the specta- 
tor- The river Achambo, descending from 



the Canton of Alausi, and collecting the 
waters of Chimborazo, pours a broad and 
rapid stream, subdivided near Guanando 
into several branches, till, arriving at the 
foot of Tungaragua, the whole mass of its 
waters is compassed into a narrow chasm, 
the perpendicular sides of which seem 
hewn by art from the solid rock of tra- 
chytes. Indignant at its confinement, it 
boils, roars, and precipitates itself in foam- 
ing eddies, or leaps, in a glittering cascade, 
contrasting its white spray with the dark 
walls of its prison-house; till, afler a course 
of above three leagues, it hurls itself de- 
spairing down the clifl* of Agazan, and ob- 
tains its final release in the woods of Ca- 
nelos. We halted, for some minutes, at 
the edge of one of the cataracts, watching 
the rainbows playing on its crest, and its 
wild plunge into the abyss below. We 
then crossed the bridge of Cosua, so fra- 
gile, trembling, and fearfully suspended 
over the gulph, that it might remind one 
of the Mahometan sabre-edged passage 
over hell into paradise. Nobody crosses 
mounted, for the slight fabric totters under 
the tread of a single passenger. The 
breadth of the river is not, here, more 
than 45 feet. From the bridge to the 
torrent, we reckoned might be 100 feet 
The barometer gave for its elevation above 
the sea, 6,906 feet : the thermometer stood 
at 70^. Continuing about a league along 
the right bank, we came to the foot of 
Tungaragua; at this point, the united 
streams of Latacunga and Ambato join the 
Achambo. For about a mile, the ground 
is covered with immense masses of rock, 
said to have formed the peak of the cone 
of Tungaragua, which was blown off and 
the ruins scattered in their present state, 
during an explosion in 1773, when the vil- 
lage of Banos was destroyed, with the ex- 
ception of the church, in which the inha- 
bitants found refuge. Beyond this pass, 
the valley expands, and patches of sugar- 
cane indicate the vicinity of Banos, where 
we arrived early in the evening. The situ- 
ation of the village, embosommed in groves 
of Plantains, Bananas, Orange-trees, and 
Gvuivas, and surrounded by fields of su- 



58 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OP QUITO. 



gat'CaJie, presents an image of tropical 
fertility and abundance ; but the reality is 
sadly wanting. There is such a scarcity 
of provisions, that invalids, who resort to 
the baths, are obliged to furnish them- 
selves with supplies, as if for a sea-voyage. 

The common spirits of the country alone 
are plentiful ; and this plenty, by the dissi- 
pated habits it engenders, accounts, per- 
haps, for the scarcity of every thing else. 

The inhabitants are few: their houses 
built with wattles, and thatched with grass. 
Their chief food is maize, and the differ- 
ent species of Pumpkins and Gourds, 
which are produced without the toil of 
cultivation. 

The curate, whom we visited on our ar- 
rival, complained bitterly of his banish- 
ment ; and we found it necessary to make 
no longer a stay than might be sufficient 
to consume a couple of hens, the only 
provisions which, with great difficulty, we 
could purchase. Yet, with the advantages 
of industry, joined to those of nature, Ba- 
iios would be a retreat alike agreeable to 
the naturalist, the invalid, and the philo- 
sopher. The hot spring issues from a 
bank of yellow clay, at the foot of a per- 
pendicular cliff, close to the village : its 
temperature is 130^. It is neither chaly- 
beate nor sulphureous, but appears to con- 
tain carbonic acid gas. A cascade falls 
from the summit of the cliff, contrasting its 
silver spray with the thick verdure which 
partly shadows its descent, and the bright 
green of the Bananas which grow at its 
foot. This streamlet seems to temper the 
waters of the spring, so that baths may be 
formed to suit the bather's taste. Nature 
has done everything — art, nothing; for the 
only bathing-house is a miserable shed of 
leaves, into which it is necessary to creep 
to undress. Close to the village runs a ri- 
vulet, called Baltun, the sources of which 
are impregnated with a purgative salt, pro- 
bably Sulphate of Soda. 

The day after our arrival (Dec. 3rd,) we 
set out to visit the Falls of Aqajan, about 
five miles below Bancs. The road winds 
agreeably among copses and plantations, 
crossing the torrent of Ulva, which rushes 



down, as wild and furious^ in a small way, 
as the river with which it unites. About 
two miles further, a sudden descent down 
a ledge of rocks places the traveller at the 
foot of the bridge of Aqajan so suddenly, 
that he starts, involuntarily, to find himself 
on the brink of an abyss, with its " hell oi 
waters " boiling far below him. The solid 
crag seems trembling with the uproar, and 
the bridge, narrow and fragile as that of 
Casua, leads to a chasm in the precipice 
on the opposite side, said to have been 
cut by the Incas, through which there is a 
flight of steps to the table-land above, and 
farm of Aqajan. A gate secures the head 
of the pass, which seems rather befitting the 
donjon-keep of some feudal fortress, than 
the approach to a peaceable farm-house. 

It is not more than a mile and a half 
from the farm to the falls, but the path is 
so intricate, that we contrived to lose 
both it, and each other. M. Boussingault, 
however, reached them ; as I had visited 
them before, I was less anxious. Their 
height, I consider about one hundred and 
fifty feet ; their breadth, perhaps, not more 
than twenty-five. The dark colour of the 
rocks, the contracted glen, and absence of 
vegetation, give them a character of gloomy 
sublimity, like the outlet of a dungeon, 
from which the liberated waters burst into 
the light and sunshine of the forests below. 

This remarkable gap in the Cordillera, 
lies betwixt the summits of Llanganato to 
the North, and Zungaragua to the South. 
One should be inclined to attribute to the 
action of a volcano the formation of this 
tremendous fissure, so unlike a time-worn 
channel: the country to the North and 
South forms two inclined planes, termi- 
nating at this outlet, as will be evident 
from the following heights : 

From the North, or Paramo of Tiopulo, — - 

Callo 10,092feet 

Latacunga 9,170 

San Miguel . . . 8,900 

Ambato 8,540 

PeUleo 8,412 

Bridge of Casua, 6,906 
Bancs 6,039 



BXCUBSI0N8 IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 59 

Towards the Soath,-^ retired situation, and the scanty population 

Puela 8,021 of the valley, the forests of Tungaragua 

Penipe 8,264 have not yielded to cultivation. They 

Riobamba 9,189 form a barrier to the ascent, so much the 

_, ,^ , . /. i-N .. . T , more impenetrable, as that the Pawnales 

The northern basin of Quito is disposed , , ^, _^j/ 

. ., ^. . ^ , above have not been converted into sraz- 

in a similar manner, to give exit to the • , j ^, • . ,, , 

^ .„ , 1 ., 1 OT- ing lands ; there is, consequently, no road, 

Guaillapamba towards the woods of Esme- ° ^, , i\ ^ i_ xl 

,. '^^, , . . ., ,1 n ^or even a path by which to reach the 

raldas. The lowest point is the village of -x -iir i_v j x j 

p '^ ^ summit We were obliged to creep and 

' crawl through the dense vegetation, for 

JT " '. r^*r.r.mr about five hours, when we came to a ter- 

Pomasqui 8,697 • x- r • i. 

-^ . ,^ /, «r/^ mination of our loumey by no means anti- 

Penicho 6,350 • *j w ujj- /j j * 

T,, ^ . . I . ^ -,«- cipated. We had directed oui* euide to 

El Quimchi 8,772 j ^ ^ ^r n ^ 

p Q 70/1 conduct us to the snow ; now, all our for- 

^ ' mer experience taught us to consider the 

A tradition is attached to the mountain snow, and the summit of the mountain, as 
of Llanganati, as having been the spot synonymous: we were, therefore, not a 
where the subjects of Atahualpa threw little surprized when we had extricated 
away the treasures they were transporting ourselves from the central region of forests, 
for his ransom, when they heard of his our guide announced to us the snow. In 
murder. effect, we found ouselves in a long narrow 
Although this mountain is now a path- valley or ravine, called La quebrada de 
less desert, it is certain that in the time of Granelisagua, completely filled with it, 
the Incas, a high road extended along the while the barometer indicated only 11,122 
ridge of the Cordillera of Quito ; traces of feet of elevation : thermometer, 46''. We 
which still exist, and the curate of Pillaro continued to ascend, and found the head 
has been recently employed in opening a of the valley to be 13,317 feet high. The 
communication towards the head of Llan- snow extending about two miles from the 
ganati, with the hope of discovering the first point to the second, and bridging over 
golden spoil. At any rate, the road may a small stream, which ran under it, the 
be useful, as affording a readier communi- teihperature of which was 42^ we were 
cation with the rich forests of Canelos, forced to consider it an avalanche hurled 
than that which at present follows the out- down at the period of some volcanic com- 
let of Achacubo. motion ; yet its existence for some time in 
On the 4th of December, we left Bwios a mean temperature, so much above that 
to proceed to Riobamba ; so instead of of congelation, and surrounded by vegeta- 
passing the bridge of Casua, we continued tion, generally unused to such company, 
along the right bank of the river, to the must be considered as curious. When we 
^miet of Peula. On the road, we gathered had arrived at the head of the glen, we 
» Lobelia with whitish flowers I had not found it impossible to get out, but by re- 
seen before ; and, among the fragments of turning by the same path. Perpendicular 
Tunguragua, a species of Orchideous plant, bales of rock baflled all our attempts to 
remarkable for .preferring a dry, exposed scale them, and M. Boussingault was, on 
situation. We took up our quarters in a one occasion, in seridus difficulties. We 
cottage at Puela, for the purpose of making were now convinced of the impossibility of 
^ excursion to Tungaragua, and having reaching the summit, without making pre- 
procured a guide, we set out next mom- parations for much more than a day's jour- 
^' We rode about a mile to the com- ney, and we accordingly returned to Puela. 
D^ncement of the woods, which cover its The forest, through which we passed, was 
^ : here it was necessary to alight, and of considerable botanical interest. Towards 
^tinue the journey on foot. From its the upper part we found Baccharis gents- 



60 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOUBHOOD OF QUITO. 



telloides, several elegant Andromeda and 
AlstrcBmerim ; and towards the base, a 
variety of beautiful Orchidem, indicative 
of a moist and genial climate. Our time 
was too limited to make so abundant a 
collection as the situation afforded ; but it 
is frequently the traveller's fate, in these 
countries, to be hurried over the most 
interesting spots, and to be tediously 
delayed, where nothing compensates the 
delay. 

It is a common observation among the 
inhabitants, that Tungaragua would be 
higher than Chimborazo, were it placed on 
an equal elevation ; and, this is true, if we 
look not to the mass of the Cordillera, but 
to the cone which rising above the sur- 
rounding country constitutes each particu- 
lar mountain. Tungaragua is the only one 
whose base is in a warm climate, while its 
peak rises above the level of perpetual 

congelation. 

Feet. 
Its total elevation is, according to 

the Academicians 16,748 

Height above the bridge of Casua, 9,842 
Height of Cotopaxi above the plain 

ofCallo 8,768 

Height of Chimborazo above the 

plains of Sariancaxas 8,414 

The base of the cone of Tungaragua 
appears smaller than that of any other 
mountain of the Quitenian Andes, its 
figure is consequently sharper, and its 
sides, at least towards the summit, steeper. 
The aperture of the crater is distinctly 
visible from the valley of Banos, and the 
surrounding country. It is sometimes filled 
with snow, which at others is melted away, 
probably by the internal heat. It is said 
to be approachable by ascending the val- 
ley of Puela, and the Paramo of Minza, 
on its south-eastern slope; but the road 
was represented as so difficult and tedious, 
that we could not resolve on the expe- 
dition ; the less so, as the volcano was at 
this time inactive, though its resemblance 
to the chimney of a furnace is so striking, 
that one can scarcely observe it without 
expecting signs of the purpose of its erec- 
tion. 



The analogy betwixt volcano and chim- 
ney, is very apt to strike the most careless 
observer of a volcanic country; yet we 
naturally ask the question, why the impri- 
soned gases, or whatever be the agents of 
volcanic eruption, should prefer seeking 
an exit, where the resistance is greatest— 
rather through the loftiest mountain sum- 
mits, than through the vallies or places 
below ? Taking this view of the case, the 
chimnies seem rather the product than the 
spiracula of volcanos. How much of the 
Andes may thus have been upheaved, 
must be one of the most curious specula- 
tions in Geology, upon which it is pro- 
bable, the interesting speculations of M. 
Boussingault, directed especially to the 
nature and history of South American vol- 
canos, may throw some light, at least as 
much as science can shed on researches 
almost beyond human means of knowledge. 

December 6th. We left Puela, crossing 
a river of the same name, close to the 
hamlet, by a bridge of bejucos, or rush 
ropes, suspended from side to side bj 
means of beams driven into the banks. 
These swing-bridges, invented by the In- 
cas, are in use on such rapid mountain- 
streams, as by the variations to which thej 
are liable, render bridges of a more solid 
construction often impassable. They have, 
however, the defect of serving only for 
foot-passengers, the consequence of which 
is, that the saddles and baggage of mounted 
travellers must be unloaded, and the cattle 
made to swim the river, which is always 
a tedious task, and when the floods are 
high, a dangerous operation ; mules and 
horses being frequently carried off and 
drowned by the current. On the present 
occasion, we merely sat by the river side, 
while the business was managed by our 
suiie^ and talked of a formation of mica- 
ceous schistus, which Humboldt describes 
at this spot, and which we could not dis- 
cover ; though blocks of it appear at the 
Falls of Aqajan, and also on the road be- 
twixt Puela and Penipe. 

About two miles from Puela, on the 
opposite side of the river, is the village of 
Guanando, which produces the greater 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



61 



part of the Cochineal used in the manu- 
fectories of Quito. We arrived early at 
Penipe, a pleasant village on the right 
bank, where there is a bridge of Bejucos 
over the Achambo ; but it was now re- 
, pairing, and we proceeded a league fur- 
ther, to the farm and stream of Aguas 
blancas, where we crossed a bridge of the 
same kind; and, passing through the ham- 
let of Elen, arrived late in the evening at 
Riobamba. 

The present city of Riobamba was 
founded after the destruction of the old 
town, by the earthquake of 1797. It stands 
in the midst of a sandy plain, almost des- 
titute of vegetation, and has no water but 
what is conducted, by a canal, from a dis- 
tance of several leagues, loaded with im- 
parities, and of a villainous flavour. One 
is astonished how such a site could be 
chosen for the capital of a considerable 
district; but the wonder is explained by 
the Spanish system of government. The 
then Corregidor, partly from caprice, and 
partly from interested motives, compelled 
the inhabitants to settle in this desert. In 
despotic governments, there is no tool so 
despicable, but has power to rule the fate 
9iyi fortune of thcmsands. 

It is a lucky circumstance, that the Ca- 
puU flourishes on the poorest soils. Groves 
of this tree have been planted in different 
directions, and serve both to protect the 
town from the winds, and to form a barrier 
•gainst the moving sands, which would 
otherwise inundate the streets. Cultiva- 
tion, also, which follows man under the 
most disadvantageous circumstances, has 
BO far conquered nature, that fields of 
maize and vetches have grown up in the 
vicinity. But the traveller, who in all 
puts of Colombia traverses so many tracts 
of rich uninhabited country, wonders how 
* rity should have grown up on plains 
resembling those of the interior of Africa. 
The climate participates of the disadvan- 
^^^ of the soil : piercing winds, from the 
sunounding Nevados, alternate with sun- 
■^, rendered more intense from the re- 
fection of the base of dry sand-hills, which 
compensate, by clouds of dust, their want 



of vegetation. It must, however, be ac- 
knowledged, that no town in the world 
enjoys a more magnificent mountain pros- 
pect than the great square in Riobamba. 
To the North, rises the dome of Chimbo- 
razo, which here presents its most striking 
features of grandeur ; a little further to the 
North, are the craggy peaks of Carqui- 
rago ; and fronting Chimborazo, on the op- 
posite Cordillera, rises Capac Urcu, called 
by the Spaniards 'Uke Altar,** from its 
two extensive pinnacles, which may be 
termed '' the horns ;" these, if Indian tra- 
ditions can be relied on, were once con- 
nected by a dome, loflier than that of 
Chimborazo. Nearly to the North, the 
picturesque summit of Tungaragua rises 
from the profundity of the valley of Banos, 
generally half concealed in a veil of clouds, 
the varying forms of which add to its 
effect, as its crater now glistens in the 
sun — ^now glimmers through their misty 
shadows. 

On the 9th we visited the site of old 
Riobamba, about two leagues to the South 
of the present city. The village of Caja- 
pamba and Sicalpi form the extremities of 
the plain on which it stood. Carved stones, 
broken pilasters, cornices, and capitals ex- 
tracted from the ruins, are encrusted in the 
mud-waUs of the Indian cottages, and 
broken images, the relics of splendid tem- 
ples, ornament the village-churches. When 
I visited the ruins, in 1825, considerable 
masses were still visible, but we now found 
only a few shapeless heaps of brick-work, 
and scattered fragments, without a vestige 
of architectural figures. Less, however, 
always existed than would have survived a 
city ruined by ordinary means of decay. 
A great part of the town was buried be- 
neath a neighbouring hill, the summit of 
which, sliding from its base, came down in 
a body on the city. A man was till lately 
living, who was ploughing on the spot at 
the time of the catastrophe, and was con- 
veyed, unhurt, with his team, upon the 
avalanche of earth which entombed him- 
dreds of the inhabitants. Many houses 
and public edifices were swallowed up, as 
the land rocked and opened its gulphs, de- 



62 



EXCURSIONS IN THB NBIQHBOUBHOOD OF QUITO. 



structive as those of the ocean, but more 
dreadful, because more unnatural. Abore 
twenty thousand individuals are reckoned 
to have perished in the districts of Lata- 
cunga and Riobamba, The focus of the 
earthquake seems to have been near this 
vicinity, the Paramos of Tiopulo and 
Apuay forming the northern and southern 
limits of its action. The connexion betwixt 
earthquakes and volcanos does not appear 
subject to any fixed rule. Earthquakes 
happen where there are no volcanos, and 
the volcanic eruptions are not always ac- 
companied by earthquakes ; yet, it is said, 
that during that of 1827, the focus of which 
seems to have been near Popayan, the vol- 
canos of Pasto, Sotaro, Puraca and Toli- 
ma showed simultaneous signs of explosion, 
and that a column of fire rose from the 
latter at the moment of the shock. An 
exact narrative of all the circumstances 
attending on these throes of nature, in a 
country so frequently exposed to them, 
would be highly interesting, but moments 
of such alarm are not the most favourable 
for observation, and when the terror has 
subsided, there frequently enters so much 
exaggeration of facts, and such a variety 
in the mode of relating them, that it is not 
easy to combine the whole into an authen- 
tic history; besides, where the sphere of 
action is so extended, we must depend on 
a number of reporters, all of whom are not 
equally capable of faithful description : the 
personal inspection, by a scientific observer, 
of all the vestiges of the catastrophe, could 
alone ensure exactness as to its effects, 
while its attendant phaenomena would be 
open to much doubt and discussion. Still 
less have we any means of calculating the 
probable periods of their repetition. There 
seems nothing periodical in their ravages, 
if we may judge from the following list of 
those of Lima, which have been either the 
most numerous, or at least the most care- 
fully recorded : — 



1. 


1568. 


5. 


1655. 




2. 


1678. 


6. 


1678. 




8. 


1606. 


7. 


1687. 


Jan. 


4. 


1630. 


8. 


idem. 


March 



a 1687. Oct. 15. 1725. Jaiu 

10. 1688. Oct. 16. 1730. Dec. 

11. 1694. Nov. 17. 1734. May. 

12. 1697. Sept. 18. 1746. Oct. 

13. 1699. July. 19. 1806. Dec. 

14. 1716. Feb. 

Many shocks have been felt since 1806 ; 
but I have not the dates, nor any statement 
of the damage caused. In Quito there are 
commonly two or three felt every year, but 
with very trifling effect. 

We walked from the ruins to the lake of 
Colta, distant about a mile and a half It 
is a quiet sheet of water, about a league in 
circumference, surrounded by farms and 
pastures. The water-fowl on its sedgy 
islets — the cattle grazing on the short ver- 
dant turf round its brink — and, a small 
chapel rising, with its white belfry, on the 
road side — formed the pleasing fore-ground 
of a picture, of which the magnificent out- 
line of Chimborazo, stretched on the hori- 
zon, constituted the principal feature. We 
now looked, towards its glorious cupola, 
much as an engineer surveys a fortress be 
is about to attack, for we were soon to 
attempt an escalade. 

On the 14th of December, we set out on 
our final expedition. The road from Rio- 
bamba to Chimborazo, and thence to 
Guayaquil, passes, with a gradual ascent, 
through the villages of Lican and Calpi : 
it then enters a narrow valley, formed by 
the ramifications of the mountains, in which 
are situated several grazing farms, the last 
of which is called the farm of Chimborazo, 
a miserable straw-built shed, consisting of 
a kind of dog-hole, in which the mcLJor- 
domo lives, and a hole of a still inferior 
description for the Indian servants of the 
household : here we passed the night Its 
elevation is 12,540 feet. The next morn- 
ing, we set ofi* towards the mountain ; the 
distance is not less than twelve miles of 
gradual ascent over the Paramas ; though 
judging from the eye, it seems scarcely 
three — a general effect of the bnUiancy of 
the snow in approximating distances. At 
about half-past twelve, we arrived at a 
ravine called Chiliabulla, on the limits of 



EXCURSIONS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF QUITO. 



63 



perpetual snow, and commenced the as- 
cent ; but, after about two hours toil, we 
were obliged to abandon the enterprize, 
for the snow was so loose that, at every 
step, we were buried up to the middle. 
We retreated back to the farm, like a 
storming party repulsed, but not dismayed, 
and the next morning we renewed the 
attack on what seemed a more assailable 
point. 

This was towards the western side, in 
the direction of what is called El Arenal, 
or the " sand desert," over which passes 
the high road to Guayaquil. Ascending 
through a long ra'vine, the course of which 
seemed to indicate the easiest mode of 
access to the upper regions, we arrived at 
a quarter before eleven A. m. at the foot of 
the snow. The barometer indicating 17, 
or 16,000 feet: thermometer, 49*». We 
found the surface here so hard and glazed, 
that the hammer was necessary to secure 
a footing; but, in other respects, the 
ascent was much easier than that of Co- 
topaxi. 

This was owing to two causes ; instead 
of a steep, uniform cone, we encountered 
a long gradual ridge, and, in many places, 
rocks, entirely free from snow. Owing to 
this circumstance, vegetation had crept up 
to a height, far above our expectations. 
At nearly 18,000 feet we found, in the 
crevices of the rocks, Draba aretoides; a 
species of syngenesious plant, seemingly 
a Culcitium, about three inches high; 
flower terminal, resembling a miniature 
ffdy^onj leaves opposite and rather hairy 
than downy; another syngenesious plant, 
probably of the same family, and a smaller 
head of flowers, perhaps a Draba ; and, 
finally, still higher, a moss, which may be 
considered as having attained the highest 
limit on the globe, at which vegetable life 
exists. Specimens of all these have been 
sent to Humboldt anJ to Dr. Hooker. 

At a quarter before one, we had reached 
the elevation of 18,5 3 feet : here a per- 
pendicular cliff seemed to threaten a ter- 
ounation to our journey: thermometer 40^. 
Light drifts of clouds passed rapidly along 
the mountain ; Saussure's Hygrometer in- 



dicating 61® 50*. On carefully examining 
our condition, it was found possible to turn 
the cliff, and continue our route upwards, 
though M. Boussingault, in the attempt, 
lost his footing, and narrowly escaped 
rolling down the glassy steeps into the ra- 
vines below. At two p. M. we encountered 
a second obstacle of the same nature. The 
barometer now gave 14,998 f.: thermometer 
44«-=19,660 feet. The sun had come out, 
and we suffered more from heat than cold ; 
a feverish sensation and thirst are univer- 
sally felt at these elevations: both our 
pulses beat 106 per minute, and we found 
eating snow a very grateful refreshment. 
Adopting the measurement of Humboldt, 
we were now 1,754 feet below the summit, 
or taking that of the Academicians, only 
923. I have no doubt, could we have 
climbed the precipice before us, we should 
have had no difficulty in treading the 
summit of the cupola. Even had we con- 
veniences to pass the night, so as to renew 
the attempt in the morning, we might have 
found means to turn the second cliff, as we 
had done the first: but the difficulty of 
these expeditions consists, in the impossi- 
bility of transporting such articles as are 
indispensable to pass the night, without 
the risk of being frozen to death, or buried 
in a sudden snow-storm. 

No Indian can be induced to ascend be- 
yond the limit of congelation ; that is, be- 
yond the point from which they are accus- 
tomed to fetch snow. They have a super- 
stitious dread of the mountains, and are 
timid in the extreme in every case of no- 
velty. It was* a consolation that the point 
which marked the limit of our ascent, was 
characterized by features of no common 
interest. From the perpendicular cliff al- 
ready mentioned, the elevation of which 
we reckoned at about 60 feet, descended 
two cascades, which had been stiffened into 
ice ; one might have supposed they rather 
owed their origin to a species of stalactitic 
formation, as the water trickled from above, 
but this figure representing the straight 
lines of a falling body of water, with the 
foam and bubbles at its foot congealed on 
the frozen snow beneath, compelled us to 



64 



EXCURSIONS IN THB NEIGHBOURHOOD OP QUITO. 



assent to what we could not explain, namely, 
the sudden metamorphosis of a cascade 
into an ice-column. On the opposite side 
of the ravine, the snow had fancifully ar- 
ranged itself into tent-like draperies, the 
festoons of which had a tint of blue ; the 
colour of the rocks is also singularly varied, 
passing from a light umber through various 
tints of brown and red, to grey, purple, 
and yellow combinations, which, during 
sunshine, give a brilliancy to the scene, 
little to have been anticipated at an eleva- 
tion where the forms and combinations of 
nature are generally few and monotonous. 
In the variety of the colours we cannot but 
acknowledge the action of fire on the tra- 
chytes which constitutes the mass of the 
mountain. 

Although the common belief of the 
country is, that it has never burnt, we 
found al^undant specimens of calcination, 
to show that anciently its flanks have been 
rent by volcanos. 

On our descent in the afternoon, we 
were saluted by a violent hail-storm, and 
observed another danger to which the vi- 
sitors of Chimborazo are exposed, arising 
from the action of the wind, which repeat- 
edly separated from the cliffs lamellar 
fragments of rock, and whirled them through 
the air almost with the force and rapidity 
of cannon balls. The frequency of hail- 
storms, accompanied by thunder, at these 
elevations, may be considered a strong ar- 
gument in favour of the agency of electri- 
city in the formation of hail-stones. It is 
impossible here that rain should have 
passed from a warmer into a colder stratum 
of air, since the atmosphere, undisturbed 
by currents which fluctuate in the lower 
regions, grows constantly and uniformly 
colder in proportion to the elevation. The 
clouds, moreover, are formed so very close 
to the mountain summits, that we can con- 
ceive neither space nor time sufficient for 
congelation to take place by a mere change 
of temperature. 

The next day, on our return to Riobam- 
ba, we examined the extinguished volcano 
called Yani Urcu (black hill), near the 
village of Calpe ; it is a conical hill, or ra- 



ther mound, covered with black scoriEB, 
but without any trace of a crater. Close 
to the spot is an aperture in a ledge of 
rocks, from which issues the sound of wa- 
ter or air, rushing below, probably caused 
by a stream which has worked a subtemi- 
nean passage through the light porous soil 
from the mountains above, and finds a vent 
in the ravines below. Springs of a similar 
nature are numerous in the vicinity of Rio- 
bamba, especially in the hamlet of Elen, 
and they seem common to all the volcanic 
soils of the country. 

We returned to Riobamba, not dissatis- 
fied with the result of our expedition, 
though we had failed to accomplish the 
great object of our ambition — ^to tread the 
virgin snows on the summit of Chimborazo. 
It is a curious propensity in man to feel a 
pride in doing what has never been done 
before, even though the result should 
scarcely compensate the labour : however, 
when Nature is in any way the object of 
our researches, they are very rarely pro- 
ductive of regret or disappointment to our- 
selves, however unimportant they may ap- 
pear, and perhaps really are, to others. 
The plants discovered at a height supposed 
far above the limits of vegetation, the spe- 
cimens of minerals collected by none but 
ourselves, the frozen falls we alone have 
admired, the rarefied atmosphere we have 
breathed, at the elevation of 19,660 feet, 
will ever be pleasurable remembrances, 
more than sufficient to compensate the time 
and trouble expended, though they add no 
important fact to science ; nor can be said 
to influence the general interests of hu- 
manity. 

On the 23d of December, M. Boussin- 
gault left Riobamba for Guayaquil, where 
he intended to embark, and crossing the 
isthmus of Panama, to return to Europe. 
Such a compagnon de voyage seldom lights 
on the Cordillera of the Andes ; nor should 
I be satisfied to think he did not share in 
the friendly regret with which I bade him 
adieu. It may be interesting to state, more 
especially for those who consider scientific 
pursuits, and those who follow them, as 
not the most practically useful of their 



NABRATIYB OP A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



65 



fellow-creatures, that M. Boussingault, 
during a residence of some years in Colom- 
bia, had investigated, and finally traced, the 
origin of that afflicting disease so univer- 
sal in many parts of Grenada, called the 
" Goitre," or Bronchocele, and by the in- 
habitants Coto. In a memoir published at 
Bogata, he has produced demonstrative 
evidence that none of the causes hitherto 
assigned are satisfactory, or applicable to 
all the circumstances of climate under 
which this disease is developed, while that 
which he assigns, answers to the full, in 
every case of its occurrence. It is a defi- 
dency of atmospheric air in the waters, 
whether arising from the elevation of their 
sources, or from the mixture of noxious 
ingredients. I shall not enter into the 
proofs and details of this discovery, because 
it may, ere this, have been published, and 
have attracted the attention which its import- 
ance merits in Europe. To chemical science 
we are indebted both to a knowledge of the 
cause, and therefore, in a certain degree, 
for the means of preventing the malady, 
and for a remedy which bids fair to prove 
a specific. The use of Iodine has been 
found universally successful, and M. Bous- 
singault has discovered that various salts, 
which experience has shown to act in 
checking or eradicating the disease, owe 
this property to the minute portion of Io- 
dine they all contain. Such are those of 
Guaca, Matasano, £1 Retiro, and Rio 
Grande near Medellin; those of Penol, 
Maporo, Mogan, and others near the Vega 
de Lupia ; those of Galindo, Paila, Mur- 
colago, and Aminga, in the Upper Cauca. 



KARRATIYE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 
ON THE COAST OF PEBU. 
Bj the Ute Col. Hall, of Qaito. 

Travellers who favour the public with 
the history of their rambles, generally 
commence by giving some account of the 
c»use, whether business, pleasure, or sci- 
ence, which puts them in motion. To 
comply with this rule, I must enter into a 
narrative which, in many respects, may be 

TOL. I. 



considered uninteresting ; but perhaps may 
be excused, as throwing some light on the 
civil and political state of a country which, 
in this respect at least, is very imperfectly 
kno^vn in Europe ; nor do I think what I 
am about to relate will tempt many of my 
countrymen to a nearer acquaintance with 
it. A slight historical sketch will be ne- 
cessary to make the sequel intelligible. 
When the Republic of Colombia separated 
into three independent States, known by 
the names of Venezuela, New Grenada, 
and the Equator, there was a general wish 
among the inhabitants of the latter, to place 
at their head the late General Sucre, the 
hero of Ayacucho. It is known to the 
world how he was barbarously murdered 
in the wood of Bemecos, on his return from 
Bogata, to his home and family, in Quito. 
Who were his assassins still belongs to 
conjecture ; or rather, we may say, is not 
yet a matter of legal certainty. Moral and 
circumstantial evidence are not wanting, 
nor will the crime always remain in dark- 
ness. Of one thing, at least, there is no 
doubt, for whom his death paved the way 
to the Presidency of the Equator. General 
Flores had been long in possession of the 
military command, and, now the obstacle 
of his rival's superior influence and cha- 
racter was cleared away, found no difficulty 
in securing the supreme authority, which 
was confirmed in his hands by the death 
of General Bolivar, in whose favour he at 
least pretended to have effected the sepa- 
ration of the Equator ; but like General 
Urdamta, in Bogata, he found it more con- 
venient, when he perceived Bolivar had 
" fallen into the sere and yellow leaf," to 
retain for himself what he had affected to 
hold in pledge for his former chief and 
benefactor. As far as deceit constitutes a 
politician, Flores, at this period, proved 
himself an adept. He deceived Bolivar, 
who looked upon him as his trustiest adhe- 
rent; he deceived the people, who were 
sincere in their wishes for an independent 
political system ; he deceived the friends 
of liberty by the pretext of a free consti- 
tution; and the friends of Bolivar's authority 
by pretending to act with his connivance. 
E 



NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 



He cajoled all parties, and all individuals, 
and finally established himself as a military 
potentate, with all the trappings and exter- 
nals of republicanism. His vanity, how- 
ever, led him still further ; he made Bolivar 
the model of his career, and fancied him- 
self the heir of all his great qualities, be- 
cause he too undeniably imitated all his 
defects. To enlarge his dominion towards 
the North, he filched from the state of New 
Grenada the frontier provinces of Pasto 
and Barbacoas. This affront, dissembled 
for a while in consequence of the disturb- 
ances excited by the faction of Urdamta, 
called for reparation as soon as a regular 
government was established. The Bishop 
of Santa Martha and M. Restrepo were 
sent, in the summer of 1832, to negotiate 
with a view to the restoration of the dis- 
puted territory; Flores relied on several 
battalions of veteran troops to preserve by 
force what had been gained by intrigue 
and treachery; but unfortunately for his 
views, his avarice was even stronger than 
his ambition : while he plundered and gave 
up to plunder the exhausted resources of the 
country, he suffered his troops to be driven 
by want and hunger into mutiny. In Octo- 
ber 1831, the Battalion Vargas, commanded 
by General Whittle, an Englishman, rose 
in Quito, confined their officers, and march- 
ed towards the coast, with a view of escap- 
ing into the territory of New Grenada. 
This revolt was attended by several pecu- 
liar circumstances ; the soldiers, to say no- 
thing of previous and repeated sufferings 
of the same kind, had been six days with- 
out food, save what they could procure by 
begging, in the midst of a populous and 
abundant city, and under the eye of Flores 
himself, who was lavishing thousands of 
dollars in the decoration of a kind of baby- 
house he had recently purchased, without 
the slightest regard for the sufferings of the 
men on whom he relied for the execution 
of his ambitious projects. Such was the 
admirable discipline of this corps, that al- 
though complete masters of the city, they 
offended neither persons nor property ; they 
spared even Flores; who, after they had 
suffered liim to escape, hid himself in a 



convent till they had departed. On account 
of their arrears of pay, they demanded and 
received two thousand dollars, a sum which 
the day before would have prevented the 
evil. Early in the same day of the insur- 
rection, they evacuated the city, and com- 
menced their march towards Pasto. A 
tragical event followed — General Whittle, 
their brave and worthy commander, stung 
by their defection, rashly followed them 
with a few officers, hoping his presence 
might be sufficiently influential to bring 
them back to their allegiance. It is not 
improbable he might have succeeded if he 
had reached the main body, but the next 
morning after their retreat, he fell into the 
hands of their rear-guard, and as the ring- 
leaders were determined to break off a!) 
chance of a reconciliation in which them- 
selves would have been the victims, they 
shot him on the bridge of Guaillapamba, 
and threw his body into the river— « strik- 
ing instance among a thousand similar, that 
he who honourably serves a government 
without honour, sooner Or later becomes 
its victim. After this cruelty, which was 
unknown to the main body, they continued 
their march through the province of Los 
Pastos, observing the most exact order and 
discipline ; a body of cavalry, sent to pur- 
sue them, was constantly repulsed; but 
served to contrast, by their robberies and 
disorders, the pacific demeanour of the re- 
bels, as if, to belong or not to the govern- 
ment of Flores, was sufficient, under any 
circumstances, to stamp the moral conduct 
of the parties concerned either with infamy 
or comparative innocence. From Los Pas- 
tos the insurgents took the road to Barba- 
coas ; here the town had been abandoned, 
and the canoes removed from the river, by 
which means they were deprived both of 
the means of subsistence and of continuing 
their march through a country where the 
rivers were the only roads. They were 
consequently obliged to capitulate to the 
government, on condition their lives should 
be spared. This condition was violated by 
Flores' officers, who arrived when they 
found the danger over. Deprived of their 
arms, they were shot by scores on different 



ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



67 



parts of the road; the last butchery of 
above thirty took place in Quito^ for the 
immediate gratification of the President. 
A few escaped, or were spared, probably 
a hundred and fifty out of four hundred 
and G^, their original number. It may 
be supposed the troops who remained were 
not much conciliated by this plan of treat- 
ment While the plenipotentiaries of New 
Grenada were still negotiating in Quito, in 
August 1832, the battalion of Flores, sta- 
tioned in the town of Latacunga, rose, 
murdered nearly all their officers, among 
iriiom was another Englishman, Lieutenant 
Colonel Masterson, plundered the town, 
and marched towards the province of 
Gfuayaquil. It might have been supposed 
that with such terrible examples before its 
eyes, the government would at least have 
nispended its system of plunder, and have 
maintained its few remaining troops, on 
which it relied to carry on a war so rashly 
eommenced. The negotiations were broken 
off, the Bishop and Mr. Restrepo had 
scarcely left the country, when part of the 
troops stationed on the frontier line of the 
Juanamba, passed over to General Ovando, 
who immediately occupied the whole of the 
disputed territory without firing a shot, 
and dictated a peace which the Equatorian 
government was too happy to receive as 
the price of its existence. It was in the 
interval between the insurrection of the 
battahon Flores and the entrance of Ovando 
into Pasto, that I became implicated in the 
affiurs of the government. On the even- 
ing of the 15Ui of September, an officer, 
with a detachment of soldiers, presented 
himself at my residence, in the suburbs of 
the ci^, with an order from the govern- 
ment that I should set off the next morn- 
ing for Guayaquil. The troops took pos- 
session of my house, sentinels were placed 
in every room and passage, and to make 
security doubly secure, a serjeant with a 
knife and pistol followed every step I took, 
whether firom room to room, or from one 
part of the room to another. As no reason 
was assigned for this extraordinary pro- 
ceeding, I requested an interview next 
morning with the Vice President, Don 



Modesto Larea, who was acting on behalf 
of General Flores, then in Guayaquil. He 
received me with great courtesy, professed 
the utmost regret at the execution of his 
own orders, and told me the General knew 
of nothing against me, but that my person 
had been claimed by the Prefect of Guay- 
aquil, as he had heard (for he knew nothing 
about it), on suspicion of my being con- 
nected with a conspiracy which had been 
discovered there. It was easy to show 
that, nothing could be more illegal, or even 
ridiculous, than for a provincial magistrate 
to demand an individual should be sent to 
him a prisoner, without showing the least 
ground for such a proceeding, or proof of 
criminality. He readily agreed with me, 
and proposed as a sort of compromise, I 
should retire for a few days to any town I 
should prefer, giving me his word of honour 
I should there remain unmolested. We 
shall afterwards see how much worth is the 
word of honour of Don Modesto Larea, 
Vice President of the Equator. I offered 
to go to Ambato, till he should write to 
me. In the mean while my imprisonment 
was relaxed, or continued for form sake, 
and on the 18th I set out, accompanied by 
an officer, for my place of banishment. 
Flores, in the mean while, arrived from 
Guayaquil, and from Latacunga I directed 
my first expostulation on the arbitrary and 
illegal treatment I had experienced ; and 
from Ambato I directed a second, through 
the Minister of the Interior, Don Jose 
Valdivieso : instead, however, of an answer 
to my complaints, an order arrived that I 
should continue my march to Guayaquil. 
I happened to have been taken ill on my 
arrived at Ambato, and the officer who had 
been appointed to conduct me, represented 
officially to the Government my inability 
to proceed in my then state of health. 
Flores had then again left Quito for the 
frontiers of Pasto, and my friend Don Mo- 
desto Larea replied through my friend Don 
Jose Valdivieso, that I shoiUd proceed at 
any rate. It must be observed, as a sup- 
plement to this act of treachery, that ten 
days after this order was issued, Valdivieso 
gave a counter-order, in consequence of 



68 



NARRATIVB OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 



the numerous solicitations of my friends in 
Quito, permitting me to remain, being well 
aware I was already in or beyond Guaya- 
quil. Fortunately my health mended by 
travelling. On our arrival at Las Bodigas, 
where travellers embark on the river to 
proceed to Guayaquil, an order was wait- 
ing that my arrival should be annoimced 
to General Cordero, the agent of Flores, in 
Guayaquil, of whom it is no scandal to say, 
he is one of the greatest scoundrels in Co- 
lombia. The canoe was ordered to wait at 
some distance from the town, and a guard 
was sent to conduct me on board a vessel 
lying in the harbour. The same aflemoon 
(Oct. 6th), a police magistrate came to 
take my declaration as to the authenticity 
of a private letter I had written to an inti- 
mate friend in Barbacoas, an EngHsh officer, 
giving him an account of an insurrection 
of the Battalion Flores, and other news of 
the day. This letter had been seized in 
the post-office of Quito, in the teeth of the 
law, and served, for want of better mate- 
rials, to make. out a crime: but as there 
would have been many inconveniences in 
pla}dng this trick in Quito, it was sent to 
Guayaquil, and furnished the pretext for 
calling me thither, Flores well knowing that 
his friend Cordero would have no scruples 
as to legality or justice. Of course I had 
no difficulty in owning my own letter, and 
in less than half an hour a boat came along- 
side with a guard, and the next morning I 
was at the Island of La Puna, on my way 
to the Peruvian frontier. From La Puna 
I addressed a representation to the Prefect 
of Guayaquil and Governor of Quito, 
through the British Consul, Mr. Cope, 
whom I had not been able to see during 
my short stay before at Guayaquil, by 
whom they were forwarded with the neces- 
sary apph cations for redress of the injury 
thus inflicted on a British subject,^ whose 
person and property were guaranteed by 
existing treaties. To none of these repre- 
sentations, whether made by myself directly, 

1 Althoagh I fonnerlj held the ruik of CoIoDel in 
the Colombian seirioe, it ig some time lince I re- 
nounced both the bononr and profit derivable from 
sach a title. 



or through Mr. Cope, was any answer ever 
returned. It must be confessed, the little 
interest shown by the British Government 
in protecting its subjects resident in these 
countries, has emboldened men whose ac- 
tions acknowledge no bridle but fear, to 
oppress them with, or without pretext, in 
the confidence it may be done with impu- 
nity. It may be suspected I profit by the 
advantage of telling my own story, to con- 
ceal such parts of it as might render the 
conduet of Flores, if not more excusable, 
at least more intelligible. I will therefore 
go a little further into detail, to give '' the 
tyrant's plea, necessity," as set up by 
himself, its full weight. It may be sup- 
posed his government was far from being 
popular ; it was, in fact, the object of uni- 
versal detestation, save by the few who 
profitted by the robberies it countenanced. 
He was, in consequence, continually 
haunted by the idea of conspiracies, and 
as the freedom of the press had been to- 
tally extinguished, public opinion found no 
vent, save in the privacy of domestic cir- 
cles, where it assumed an air of m3^tery, 
and became an object of suspicion. Spies 
and informers are the natural appendages 
of tyranny. One of these, too worthless 
to be named, revealed the pretended plot, 
implicating in Guayaquil, a most respect- 
able merchant, Mr.Pflucker, who conducted 
the establishment of Gibbs, Crawley, and 
Co., General Dlingret, in attacking whom 
we might say with Tacitus, Virtutem ipsam 
aggreditur, and in Quito, General Bamga, 
the bosom-friend of the informer, who, I 
believe, did me the honour to include my 
name in the list. There was no attempt at 
proof or judicial proceeding, but Mr. 
Pflucker and General Dlingret were sud- 
denly sent to Peru in the same manner 
that I was transported from Peru, the latter 
narrowly escaped being shot by the detach- 
ment sent to seize him in the Island of 
Puna, where he was residing with his lady 
and family. Had such an accident occur- 
red, it would have been set down to a mis- 
take of the officers. With regard to my 
share in this Titus Oatts' plot, I must ob- 
serve that the first rumour I heard of it 



ON THE COAST OF PEBU. 



was communicated to me by the Vice Pre- 
sident, the morning afler I was seized ; but 
it is fair to state, Flores and his govern- 
ment had assumed my enmity to Uiem as 
an axiom, from which they deduced, or in- 
teTpreted every circumstance of my con- 
duct In fact, this was owing to my being 
an Englishman, all of whom Flores consi- 
dered, and with some reason, his enemies, 
for we may trust there are stamped in the 
English character such indelible notions of 
right and justice in matters of government, 
that actively or passively they must be 
considered as the standing foes of op- 
pression. I had, besides, many friends 
among the young men of the country, 
whose society I cultivated in preference to 
that of their papas, for the sufficient reason, 
that they were much superior to them in 
manners, morals, or, to say all in a word, 
in education. It was the opinion of the 
^ustrious Bentham, that great social or 
political improvements could, even in Eu- 
rope, be expected only from those, in whose 
breasts selfish and worldly calculations had 
not extinguished the generous enthusiasm 
with which most of us start in the race of 
life. This is true in an infinitely greater 
degree in South America, where the Spanish 
system of politics and instruction had im- 
planted little but imbecility and corruption. 
It is a very hopeless task to make an en- 
lightened patriot of an old selfish bigot. 
The young .Venezuelans saved their coun- 
tiy from despotism; the Collegians de- 
stroyed absolute power in Bogata, and died 
for liberty in the battle of El Santerano. 
The Equator is that part of Colombia in 
which the elements of freedom are fewest 
and most difficult to be combined ; yet the 
rising generation has not entirely remained 
influenced by the spirit of the age which 
dawned on its birth. One of my young 
friends, D. Jose Murgeytio, when the Con- 
gress met in Quito, presented an energetic 
remonstrance to that body, demanding a 
trial of Flores, for his arbitrary conduct ; 
hut the Congress was composed of old 
corrupted relics of former times; their 
fews would not allow them to hear it, and 
without hearing it they were on the point 



of punishing the author for the audacity 
of its supposed contents. The tendency 
of youth is, however, still upwards ; and in 
any country, where the career of improve- 
ment has once begun, we have no reason 
to doubt, in spite of occasional checks and 
delays, its final progress. In fine, the 
reasoning of Flores with respect to my 
conduct and opinions may be thus summed 
up. As an Englishman I was his enemy, 
for all the English were so. I had many 
friends among the young Quitenians, and 
they were all his enemies, consequently I 
must be so too. I had already been im- 
prisoned for defending the rights of the 
people, as guaranteed by the Constitution ; 
I must be, therefore, a seditious character, 
and the enemy of all order.^ The inter- 
cepted letter, too, though it contained no 
treason, sufficiently evinced my contempt 
for his character and administration. All 
this, it must be owned, was more than rea- 
son enough for a despot. — I now continue 
my journey. In La Puna I met the lady 
of General Illingret, with her family; she 
is a native of Guayaquil, one of those fe- 
males whose character and energies are 
developed in times of trouble and revolu- 
tion, though in " the piping time of peace" • 
might pass unnoticed, but for their loveli- 
ness; but tried by afflictipn, rise with a 
power like that of angels, of mingled 
strength and beauty. Ever since her mar- 
riage, she has seen her husband the victim 
of intrigue, calumny, and persecution. 
Three times banished, his honour aspersed, 
his life repeatedly plotted against, with no 
crime but that which tyrants deem the 
greatest — a life without reproach: these 
repeated sufferings had ruined his health, 
and had set on her fine features the seal of 
settled melancholy; but her spirit had fash- 
ioned itself to the times, and remained 
unbowed. It was a temple where the 
lighter architectural graces had been cor- 
roded, while its nobler form and proportions 
rose more conspicuous from the decay. 

> There is something Indicrons, and iUostrative of 
the goyernment of the Equator in the circamstanoe 
of my imprisonment, which indaces me, in few words, 
to tell the storj. Soon after mj retam to Quito, after 
my excarsion to Cbimhorazo, the government pro- 



70 



NARRATIVB OP A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 



About four A. M. (Oct. 7th) we embark* 
ed, that is, I and my police guard, to drop 
down with the tide towards Zarumilla, 
the Peruvian frontier towards the left bank 
of the River Guayaquil at this point, which 
is about two leagues to the North of Tum- 
bez. The channel is above a league wide, 
betwixt the Island of Puna and Uie oppo- 
site or Eastern bank ; and the swell, with 
a contrary wind, rendered the passage as 
disagreeable as might be expected firom a 
short sea, and a flat boat of the kind used 
in this river, called bongos, which are ca- 
noes raised upon, and carrying a single 
square sail, commonly very ragged and 
very badly managed. On the morning of 
the 8th, we reached the point called Tem- 
blique, where we waited for the next tide, 
lighted a fire on the beach, and made a 
breakfast of a kind of mussel, found in 
great quantities embedded in the sand. 
We here quitted the main river to enter 
the lab3rrinth of creeks, which form a kind 
of net- work along the left bank of the river, 
for the distance of about thirty miles ; they 
are fringed with thick forests of mangroves, 
and so intricate, that it is necessary to be 
well practised to hit the direction to any 
' given point ; however, wjb made but one 
blunder, and about midnight reached what 
is called " the Port of Zarumilla," meaning 

jeoted setting ap • miDt, literallj for the purpose of 
coming had money, and instead of purchasing the ne- 
cessary implements, thej considered it simpler to steal 
them. A poor blacksmith happened to hare a pair of 
bellows, which the director of the works considered 
woald be rery convenient for the new establishment, 
and as the owner had objected to lend them, (for he 
knew the ominons meaning of the word,) the Prefect, 
Jose Doroteo Armero, sent a guard to seize them. 
The man, aware of what was to happen, entreated me 
to take charge of his shop, and when the esoort ar- 
riFed, I presented mjself to defend the property, in 
virtue of the article of the Constitution, which de- 
clares, ** No man shall, on any pretext, be deprived 
of his property, without his previous consent, and due 
compensation made." In conseqaeooe of my resist- 
ance I was cited before the Prefect, and as the minis- 
ters of a Saltan are all Saltans in their spheres, he 
was grievously offended at my nnceremonions com- 
ments on his conduct, and committed me to the public 
jail for three days. I had, however, the consolation 
of saving the bellows, and enjoying the approbation of 
all classes of individuals, who hastened to visit me 
in my con6nem«ot. 



a single shed, at Uie water's edge, without 
inhabitants, and so infested with mosquitos^ 
that we determined rather to walk at that 
hour to Zarumilla, than sustain their at- 
tacks. The road was over an open level 
plain, and in about an hour we reached the 
farm-house, which, in fact, with about a 
dozen houses scattered in the neighbour- 
hood, inhabited almost entirely by the ser- { 
vants of the estate, constitutes the hamlet 
of Zarumilla. 

The next morning, my conductor having 
carried into effect his commission of seeing 
me out of the line of the Equator, took his 
leave to return to Guayaquil. He had 
turned out to be an old acquaintance of 
mine in Rio Hacha, and so far from giving 
me any annoyance, had made my journey 
thus far as agreeable as circumstances 
would permit. General Cordero had given 
him a paper for me to sign, by which I was 
made to acknowledge the right of govern- 
ment to try me (u a traitor, should I re« 
turn. Of course I did nothing so ridicu- 
lous, but handed the officer a receipt of my 
having been illegally and arbitrarily ex- 
pelled by the military authority of C!ordero. 

I had now " the world before me, where 
to choose," though rather ill-provided for 
the journey, for trusting foolishly to the 
word of Modesto Larea; all my baggage lay 
in a valise, which was all I required in I 
Ambato, but was far too scanty for so in- { 
definite a pilgrimage as I had now in pros- | 
pect. The country round Zarumilla is a | 
level plain, interspersed with copses, and 
covered with long grass, at this season per- 
fectly dry, so that I was rather surprized 
to see the cattle preserve their condition, 
and the cows of the farmers yield a tolera- 
ble quantity of milk. The cheese of this 
estate has considerable reputation in Guay- 
aquil. These cattle-farms, which border 
on the coast, are even more extensive than 
those of the Paramas, yet they only pre- 
sent a miniature of those of the plains of 
Orinoco and Apure. Zarumilla is the ex- 
treme point where we find that peculiar 
style of building borrowed firom the Indi- 
ans, which extends from Panama along the 
whole coast. 



ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



71 



^e houses are raised on posts, about 
10 feet from the ground, and are entered 
by a ladder. They are formed of split 
cane, thatched with palm-leaves, and bound 
together by befucas, or stems of a particu- 
lar climbing plant. Not a nail is employed 
in the building, and a hatchet is all that is 
necteary for its construction. They are 
not much unlike large osier bird-cages, but 
haTe the advantages, in a hot climate, of 
secuiing a free circulation of air, and are, 
in general, neater and cleaner than the 
houses built on the ground, because all 
kinds of dirt and rubbish fall readily 
throng the floors, which are made of 
canes split open; they are consequently 
Teiy elastic and not very convenient for the 
operation of writing, which, however, is one 
the least practised in them. The vegetation 
here consists chiefly of Mimosas, Cactus 
hexangularis, which rises to the height of 
twenty feet, with thorns six inches in 
length, a species of erect Convolvulus, and 
patches oi Ptissi/lorafiBtida ; but my atten- 
tion was chiefly attracted by a large shrub, 
seemingly Octandria Monogynia, remark- 
able for the size and beauty of its bracte€B, 
which, from their colour and abundance, 
gave it a very magnificent appearance. I 
have not met with it in any other part of 
the country. At this point commences that 
sinking diflerence observable betwixt the 
Colombian and Peruvian coasts. From 
lat 9° N. to 3^ S. we find either a regular 
nuny season, as in Panama and Guayaquil, 
^ting about six months, or such a predo- 
snnancy of wet weather, as along the coasts 
of Cboco and Barbacoas, that a summer of 
two months is looked upon as a phenome- 
non. 

Commencing from the neighbourhood of 
Tumbez, rain becomes scarcer and more 
uncertain, till it almost entirely disappears 
in the deserts which extend from Payta to 
Lima. The mouth of the river of Guaya- 
quil divides two countries, as opposite in 
features as Arabia Petrcsa and blooming 
Italy: the cause of this striking diflerence, 
obeerrable equally on a lesser scale on se- 
Teral parts of the Atlantic coast, must be 
■ought in the direction of the chains of the 
Andes j wherever the mountains recede to 



a distance exceeding one degree from the 
coast, the part of the country beyond this 
limit is exposed to almost continued drought. 
This is the case with the provinces of Coco, 
and the city of Maracaybo on the Atlantic 
coast. The western side of the province 
of Manabi, near Guayaquil, is for the same 
reason peculiarly dry ; and the whole Pe- 
ruvian coast-line faUs within the same rule. 
At Zarumilla and Tumbez, there is a fluc- 
tuation in the seasons : the distance from the 
mountains being about forty miles, and it 
increases by the projection of the coast ; 
towards the West the weather becomes 
more constantly dry through the whole 
year. 

On the 11th of October, I hired horses, 
and proceeded to Tumbez, distant scarcely 
two leagues, over a level plain, interspersed 
with copse-wood. On my arrival at the 
village, I proceeded to the house of the 
Alcadi, D. Antonio Abad Puel, to whom 
I related the why and wherefore of my 
coming. It was no novelty to him ; for some 
days before. General Illingret and Mr. 
Pflucker, and a young American, named 
Taylor, who had been suddenly seized, and 
banished on suspicion of being suspicious, 
had passed through the place on their way 
to Payta. The name of Flores was exe- 
crated by the Peruvians as the author of 
the last useless and disastrous war betwixt 
them and Colombia, I was accordingly very 
kindly received by Mr. Puel, who provided 
me a lodging, and invited me to his table. 
The village is built without method or or- 
der, on the banks of the river. 

The houses are in the Spanish style, that 
is, built on the ground, instead of being 
raised on poles; they make, however, a 
poor appearance, the walls being construct- 
ed of wattles, sometimes plastered with 
mud, and sometimes bare. The roofs are 
thatched with rushes. The surrounding 
country is dry and bare; but the banks 
of the river, which is navigable for boats 
and even small schooners, are covered with 
plantations chiefly of Maize, Plantains, 
Guava^, and the Convolvulus Batatas, The 
tuberous roots of the latter form the chief, 
or indeed the only article of exportation. 
They are called Cametes by the inhabit- 



72 



NARRATIVB OF A JOUHNBY TO PAYTA, 



ants, and constitute an article of trade to 
Guayaquil, as well as supplying the whale 
ships which frequent the mouth of the ri- 
ver, for fresh water and provisions. From 
the village to the coast is a distance of 
about five miles, and about eight by the 
windings of the river, the mouth of which 
is rendered difficult and dangerous to enter 
by a sand-bar which stretches across it. 
Such, however, is the dexterityof the whale- 
boats, that few accidents occur, and incon- 
venient as it is, it constitutes the only water- 
ing-place for ships betwixt Callo and Ata- 
cames, on the coast of Esmeraldos. Several 
whalers arrived during my stay, the cap- 
tains of which came up to make their pur- 
chases and barters: I was amused to see 
the court paid them by the inhabitants, in 
whose eyes the captain of a whale-ship is 
a most important personage. He is in fact 
to them as important as he seems, for he 
represents nearly the whole export trade 
of Gametes, on which depends their com- 
mercial prosperity ; several of them have 
picked up a smattering of English, the bet- 
ter to establish their commercial connex- 
ions, an advantage productive of so much 
jealousy, that while I was there, there was 
a project on foot to beg the Alcaldi's inter- 
ference against it ; but Mr. Puel very ra- 
tionally told the malcontents, that every 
body might have the same advantage, who 
would take the trouble to learn English. 
The inhabitants of the Canton of Tumbez 
amount to about two thousand ; they are 
almost all Sambos, a mixture of African 
and Indian blood, and are, I know not ex- 
actly why, like almost all the inhabitants of 
the Peruvian coast, the ugliest race I have 
any where seen. The unhealthiness of the 
olimate is probably a principal cause of the 
deformity of their features, as well as of 
their strange mixture of colours. The ri- 
ver of Tumbez, which descends from the 
mountains of Loxa, rises every year above 
fourteen or fifteen feet, inundating the village 
and the whole adjacent country. As rains 
are very uncertain, the cultivator depends 
wholly on this inundation for his crops, but 
when it ceases, it is succeeded by fevers of 
so malignant a nature, that a third of the 
population is frequently exterminated. 



Young children, especially, are cut off^ 
and I was assured, the average of human 
life did not exceed fourteen years. 

The clouds of mosquitos which appear 
at the same time, no doubt give rise to 
cutaneous irritations, which produce some 
of the deformities I have mentioned. To 
the effects of climate we must add the abuse 
of dram-drinking, and, among the lower 
classes, poor diet, composed chiefly of Ga- 
metes, Guavas, Water Melons, and the 
fruits of various Gucurhitacem, 3rielding a 
watery unsubstantial aliment. Those who 
have little faith in physic and physicians, 
may think the want of both no additional 
calamity, but we must consider their place 
is always supplied by old women and quacks, 
who administer remedies applied at hazard 
and recommended by prejudice. A few 
well-known Galenicals and an honest prac- 
titioner would certainly give a better chance 
to the patient. 

I have entered into these details, because 
the same causes operate very extensive- 
ly on the population of South America, 
and account for its feeble progress and 
frequently stationary, or retrograde, condi- 
tion. 

The vegetation round Tumbez might be 
called luxuriant, even in the dry season, 
near the banks of the river ; but as it re- 
cedes from them, it becomes scanty, and on 
the stony ridges is reduced to a (ewMimos^t, 
some plants of Melocactus, Gacttis heptan- 
gularis, (hexangularis), both of which rise 
to the height of fourteen or fifteen fee^ and 
a species of Gapparis, called Sapote de 
perro (Dog's Sapote), because dogs are 
said to eat the fruit. 

On the alluvial soil we find stately groves 
of the Mimosa, called Algaroba (Mimosa 
Gatechu ?J the seeds of which are eaten by 
the cattle, and an elegant tree resembling, 
in growth and disposition of its pendant 
foliage, the weeping willow, but richly de- 
corated with yellow flowers. I. found it 
forming groves on the river banks, on spots 
flooded by the inundations, and I subse- 
quently observed a few stunted specimens 
in the ravines near Payta. Salsola^ in 
considerable abundance, grows towards the 
coast ; but the flora of Tumbez was at this 



ON THE COAST OF PEBU. 



73 



season by no means conspicuous for its 
beauty or yariety. Its most striking fea- 
ture was a Cucurbitaceous climber, which 
enveloped in its foliage almost all the vege- 
tation near the river. It is probable the 
&milies of plants are not numerous which 
are fitted by their constitution to sustain 
the extremes of drought and moisture. 
The pleasantest day I spent in Tumbez 
was that of an excursion in company with 
Don Jose Antonio Carvallo, an exile like 
myself, to visit the remains of the Inca's 
temple. 

The river empties itself into the sea by 
two branches, separated by a level alluvion 
of about two miles ; the ruins are situated 
near the southern branch, upon a tongue 
of land rising nearly perpendicular above 
the plain, forming part of the low ridge 
which appears to separate the alluvial soil 
from the more ancient formation of clay- 
slate. 

The edifice, of which the foundations 
only are now to be traced, was so well 
adapted to the scite, that the hill seems the 
artificial basis of the building which occu- 
pied and covered it in every direction. 
The situation is commanding; though, as 
the elevation does not exceed sixty feet, 
the surrounding country is a perfectly level 
plain, as far as the ocean, from which the 
temple must have been distinctly visible in 
all its golden splendour. The rampart, 
which nearly surrounded it, is still desig- 
nated by a bank of earth, and raised roads 
extend in every direction towards the sur- 
rounding plain. No doubt a more accurate 
examination would throw light upon the 
style and purposes of the structure ; but 
any labour hitherto bestowed has been di- 
rected to the sole object of discovering 
buried treasures. An antiquarian survey 
of the whole neighbourhood would be inte- 
i^ng. At the foot of the heights, near 
the present village, the remains of a canal 
are distinctly visible, which conducted a 
stream from the distance of thirteen leagues 
to irrigate what is now a barren desert. I 
observed similar traces near the heights 
adjoining the ruins, and the remains of the 
conduit prove the interior of tl^e building 



to have been supplied with water. Similar 
works of the Incas are traced in all the Pe- 
ruvian deserts, which then nourished a nu- 
merous population. Tradition assigns to 
the district of Tumbez eighty thousand in- 
habitants ; and the Island of Puna, which 
scarcely now maintains two hundred souls, 
had then a population sufficient to war with 
Huayna Capac. Garcilaso de la Vega re- 
lates that the fortress and temple of Tum- 
bez, which he writes Tumpiz, was built by 
Huayna Capac, to contain and overawe the 
inhabitants of Pima, for which purpose he 
placed there a governor, with a considerable 
garrison, and for the service of the temple 
appointed two hundred virgins, whose em- 
ployment was to spin and weave the finest 
woollens used by the nobility. Among the 
curiosities kept there were a lion and a 
tiger, which were said to have been turned 
loose on Pedro de Candia, the first of Pi- 
zarro's companions who landed to survey 
the coast. Garcilaso's account of this in- 
cident is as picturesque as old Froissart's 
Chronicles. It seems Peter of Candia, a 
Greek, volunteered his services on the oc- 
casion, in these words — " I am determined 
to go alone, to see what is in this valley ; 
if they kill me, you lose but a single com- 
panion — and if I succeed, our victory will 
be the greater." So saying, he put over 
his vest a coat of mail which reached to his 
knees, an iron helmet of the bravest in their 
possession, a steel buckler, with his sword 
at his girdle, and in his right hand a wooden 
cross a yard high, in which he trusted more 
than his arms, as being the sign of our Re- 
deemer. The Indians, astonished at the 
lofty bearing and strange demeanour of 
this iron-clad apparition, " who moved," 
says Garcilaso, " as if he were lord of the 
Peruvians," to try of what nature he 
was, turned loose the above-mentioned 
wild beasts, which, instead of attacking 
him, came and fawned on him like dogs, 
and. threw themselves at his feet. If we 
consider that the lion, or puma, of South 
America is, even in its wild state, a timid 
animal, and that both of them had been 
long tamed by confinement, there is nothing 
very miraculous in the incident, admitting 



74 



NAEEATIVE OP A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 



it to have taken place as related. The ef- 
fect, however, on the Indians, we are told, 
was marvellous. They looked on Peter of 
Candia as one of the children of the sun 
descended from heaven. " With this 
belief," says Garcilaso, 'Uhey came and 
adored him as the son of their god, and 
conducted him to his temple, which was 
lined with plates of gold, that he might see 
how they worshipped his father in their 
land. Afler shewing him the temple, the 
service of plate, and all the wealth and or- 
naments belonging to it, they conducted 
him to the palace of his brothers the Incas, 
whom they considered like him the children 
of the sun. They led him through all the 
chambers, halls, and apartments with their 
golden tapestries. They shewed him the ser- 
vice of the Inca, which, down to the pitch- 
ers, pots, and jars for the use of the kitchen, 
was of gold and silver. They entered the 
gardens, where Peter of Candia saw shrubs, 
trees, plants, animals, and reptiles, as we 
have related was the custom in the royal 
gardens, imitated to the life ; at all which 
the Christian was more astonished than 
had been the Indians at the sight of him/' 
Chap. zii. vol. vi. Spanish Edition, Madrid 
1804. There is a hut built near the spot 
where once, probably, stood the altar. 
What the Spaniards destroyed, and what 
they thus substituted, are thus placed in 
direct comparison. 

On the 6th of Nov. I set off for Payta. 
This journey is performed by mules of the 
country, which can travel with little rest, 
little food, and little water. Having pro- 
vided the necessary stock of provisions, 
and a large calabash to hold water, I took 
leave of my friends in Tumbez, and set off 
about midday with my Sambo guide. The 
road crosses the two branches of the river, 
and passes immediately at the feet of the 
Inca's Temple, whence it diverges, follow- 
ing the low chain of cliffs towards the 
sea-beach. There is another through the 
interior, which is sometimes preferred, be- 
cause a few huts are met with; but the 
scanty resources they can supply to the 
traveller are scarcely compensated by the 
increase of distance and the broken nature 



of the ground, consisting bf dry ravines and 
cerrttes, or little hUls. Towards the even- 
ing we reached the beach at the point called 
Malpaso, "bad pass," because the foot of 
the cliffs is here washed by the tide, and it 
is necessary to wait for the ebb. We tra- 
velled along the bare sands till about ten 
P.M. when we halted where a patch of dry 
grass served to pasture the mules, lighted 
a fire, supped and slept till near day-break, 
when we continued our journey in the same 
manner along the beach. We halted to 
breakfast under a projecting cliff, and were 
continuing our march when we encountered 
a traveller from Payta who had stopped for 
the same purpose. He inquired my name, 
and gave me letters from Mr. Pflucker, and 
a packet from the British Consul, in which 
1 found letters from my oldest and dearest 
friends in England, who could scarcely 
have imagined they would have reached 
me under circumstances so little resem- 
bling the ordinary events of our own coun- 
try. The object in this day's journey was 
to arrive at a place called Mancora, where 
the first water is to be found after leaving 
the river of Tumbez. Toward the evening, 
afler wandering a little bewildered on the 
deserts bordering the sea-beach, we gained 
the tract leading to the stream. My dog, 
who had been tormented all day by the 
heat and tantalized by the salt tide, seemed 
to be aware of our approach to fresh water; 
though much fatigued he ran forwards and 
had refreshed himself in the river some time 
before we arrived. The scanty streamlet 
of Mancora trickles through a thick grove 
of Algarobas, and though it is rather 
brackish, both ourselves and mules were 
well pleased with its taste. We stopt to 
sup on the open grounds above the water- 
course, and expected to pass a pleasant 
night on the long dry grass, over which 
the breeze blew refreshingly ; but we had 
scarcely lain down, when we were attacked 
by swarms of mosquitos, produced by the 
vicinity of the water, and thought it better 
to continue our journey by moonlight than 
endure their persecution. We had now 
lefl; the coast and traversed a bare extensive 
plain till about ten the next morning, whan 



DN THB COAST OF PBBU. 75 

we reached an immense raYine> called Que- mado^*^ as we traversed the table-land> 

hradu Sonda, " Deep Glen." We de- after leaving the beach ; and I was myself 

scended probably one thousand feet to the frequently inclined to sympathise with him. 

bottom of what is a water-course^ when It is true one's feelings are not accurate 

nin Mis, but was now a dry valley, sha- estimates of the absolute decrease of heat, 

dowed with thickets of Algarobas, Here After the frame has been relaxed during 

ire found an inhabited house, procured a the day, a fall in the thermometer of 5^ or 

tolerable breakfast, and remained till the 6° makes an impression much more than 

afternoon, when we continued our journey proportionate to the real change of the 

and came to the stream of Parimes, where temperature. The village of Amotape is 

there is a house inhabited by one of the situated on the banks of the river Chici, 

dependants of the cattle-farm of this name, a considerable stream which descends 

We then traversed a plain, similar to that from the mountains of Loxa, and enters 

re had already crossed, during greater part the sea about two leagues below the vil- 

ofthenight, and after sleeping about three lage. A general type will represent the 

hours under some tufts of the *' Sapote de whole Peruvian coast, as to cultivation and 

Peno" arrived in the morning at the vil- population. With intervals of from fifteen 

lage of Amotape. It is only four leagues to twenty leagues, we find a river descend- 

from hence to Payta. The whole distance ing from the Andes, cutting the country 

I should calculate as follows : — more or less at right angles. There is a 

Tumbez to Los Corales. . . ... i league ^^^^ ^^^^'^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ cultivated on 

Maloaso 4 either side of it Here is concentrated in 

Maj^cora 16 *^^^^^' villages, or scattered farms, the 

Quebrada Honda! 12 population of the district. The interme- 

Parimes 1 ^*^ space is a barren desert. It is over 

Amotape 10 i^^^ intermediate barrens the government 

Payta 4i of the Incas had, by means of aqueducts 

. from the mountains, spread agricultural 

^ abundance. The inhabitants are at present 

leagues, or 144 miles, ^^ontented to extend this advantage merely 

to the alluvions adjacent to, and nearly 

The " Denotero General,' or " Iti- on the level of the rivers. The soil is 

nerary of Peru," gives nearly fifty-five every where abundantly productive. In 

leagues, but the distance in a direct line, fact wherever heat and moisture can be 

if the two points be accurately laid down in united, there is no doubt of vegetable is- 

Bancs' Map of Colombia, is two degrees, or crease. Amotape produces tropical fruits, 

one hundred and twenty miles, and I should maize, gourds, pumpkins, melons, yuccas, 

not think the windings of the road exceed Cametes and onions. All these find a 

six, as the country is entirely level and ready sale in Payta, especially the two 

open. We spent two days and a half last, which form articles of trade with the 

betwixt Tumbez and Amotape travelling whalers. Water is also another branch of 

the greater part of two of the three nights, commerce. Pajrta is supplied from the 

The night is in fact the time preferred for river Chici, partly by the inhabitants of 

passing the parched deserts of Pera, to Amotape, and partly by those of Colon, an 

avrnd the glare of the sun, and be less in- Indian village, situated on the coast be- 

oommoded by the scarcity of water; but twixt the mouth of the river and Payta. 

if one suffers firom heat by day, the chilli- The naked barrenness of the country in- 

BW8 of the night-breeze which blows con- creases from Arnotape to Payta, till the 

stantly from the South on the whole line of prospect is nearly reduced to the elements 

coast, is scarcely less anno3ring. My guide of earth, sea and sky. It would seem as if 

complained frequently of being " empctra- the beauty of the two latter would com- 



76 



WARBATIVE OF A JOUBNBY TO PAYTA, 



pensate for the sombre monotony of the 
former. The transparent atmosphere re- 
flects a vivid light on the cahn surface of 
the bay, where ships lie as on the bosom 
of an inland lake. The white line of surf, 
breaking heavily on the beach, reminds us 
however of the ocean's power, even when 
in repose, as the movement of a paw might 
indicate the strength of a slumbering lion. 
The appearance of the town is anything 
but prepossessing. It is built on the 
beach immediately under the cliff. Its 
thatched roofs, and brown walls form no 
relief to the colour of the soil, with which 
it harmonizes so well that it seems almost 
to have grown out of the cliff by a process 
of nature. There are two principal streets, 
not very wide, and the rest are mere lanes 
and passages. The greater part of the 
houses are mere Indian huts, but those of 
the principal merchants are commodious 
residences and the new buildings which 
are springing up like a crop of mushrooms, 
are all in a style of superior architecture 
and accommodation. I have seen in no 
part of South America, such marks of 
rapid improvement, as on this barren 
strand, which a few years ago was occupied 
merely by fishermen, and may be said to 
possess neither land nor water : for the 
latter, as I have observed, is brought 
from Colon and Amotape, and the land 
produces absolutely nothing either for 
pleasure or profit; yet provisions are cheap 
and abundant The certainty of a sale 
collects them from all the surrounding 
country. One naturally enquires the causes 
of this prosperity. One of them is doubt- 
less its commodious harbour, which is 
resorted to by all the whale ships of the 
Pacific. Here they purchase Onions, Ga- 
metes and fresh meat, before they proceed 
to water at Tumbez. It is also a port of 
importation for a very considerable extent 
of country. Manufactured goods are pur- 
chased here to be conveyed to Puira, 
which is a kind of commercial depot, from 
whence they are distributed through the 
mountain country of Loxa and northern 
frontier of Peru. Returns are made in 
bark, hides, and cash. Mere situation how- 



ever would but imperfectly account for Uie 
prosperity of Payta, the chief cause is, the 
freedom enjoyed by commerce, we may say 
more from the indifference, than direct 
permission of the government. As long as 
the trade was considered of little import- 
ance, it was lefl to be managed as the 
inhabitants thought fit ; this was sufficient 
to give it its present increase, and an easy 
method of doing business once established, 
all parties find their interest so immediately 
connected with its continuance, that the 
attempts of the government to interfere 
have been hitherto useless. Smuggling is 
so well systematized, that the import duties 
diminish much in the same ratio as the 
trade increases. 

Another circumstance has contributed 
greatly to vivify the commerce of the coast 
in general : it is the abolition, since the 
downfall of the Spanish system, of the 
monopoly enjoyed by the Capital. The 
plan of concentration was agreeable to a 
form of government, the object of which 
was rather to overlook and restrain, than 
extend the commerce of its colonies ; but 
that the essential advantage of Payta con- 
sists in its freedom, is made evident by the 
recent decay of Guayaquil, where burthen- 
some duties and a harassing and dishonest 
financial system have not only checked the 
increase of trade, which followed the inde- 
pendence of the country, but have nearly 
annihilated it altogether. I was hospitably 
received in Payta by Mr. James Tabora, 
the principal native merchant of the town, 
and had the pleasure of meeting General 
lUingret, as well as several Enghshmen 
and North Americans, settled there for 
commercial objects, whose society was the 
more agreeable after the dull monotony of 
my existence in Tumbez. The idler how- 
ever finds but few resources in a town 
devoted to commercial pursuits. The 
shrubless, grassless plains which extend 
around it, present no attractions to com- 
pensate for the fatigue of walking under a 
burning sun. The beach with its rocks, 
. shells and sea- weeds, offers a more plea- 
surable ramble; but even the majestic 
ocean as a perpetual object, would, 1 



ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



77 



believe^ be often gladly exchanged for the 
variegated aspect of terrestrial nature. The 
formation of the coast is rather curious. 
Its mean elevation above the sea is about 
one hundred and fifly feet. The surface 
consists of an indurated paste of fossil 
shells, mixed with decomposed clay-slate, 
the strata of which, rising at an angle of 
about 45^ form the body of the coast. 
They are intersected by veins of quartz, 
often of a considerable thickness, and, as 
the slate decays, masses of this substance, 
frequently of several tons weight, are sepa- 
rated and left bare on the beach. A dif- 
ferent formation appears to the east of the 
town, where we find the shore composed 
of horizontal layers of clay, mixed with 
considerable quantities of sulphate of lime 
in crystalUzed fragments. It will be ob- 
served from the composition of the soil, 
that it is far from being naturally barren. 
The ahnost entire want of water is the sole 
cause of its sterility. When a few showers 
occasionally fall, it is immediately covered 
with vegetation, the remains of which lin- 
ger in the ravines till renovated by the 
next year's showers. I foimd here the 
" Sapote de perro" dwindled into a shrub; 
a few specimens of the tree described at 
Tumbez, in the same state ; a few Mimo- 
sas ; a species of Solanum ; two or three 
syngenesious plants, and a shrub, scattered 
in tufts among the rocks, which, by its 
crimson blossoms, formed the pride of the 
Paytenian Flora. 

I remained in Payta from the beginning 
of November till the middle of January. In 
the mean while, a change had taken place 
in the Equatorial Cabinet, by the accession 
of a new minister, who was desirous to give 
the government what it much wanted, a cha- 
racter oUiberality, A decree was according- 
ly passed, granting permission for the exiles 
to return, and declaring oblivion of all the 
past; a convenient doctrine for the op- 
pressor, who expected that afl«r having 
been banished, without form of trial or 
shadow of guilt, and subjected to all the 
penalties and vexations attendant on such 
a state, we should feel grateful for the 
permission to return, without satisfaction 



for our losses, or reparation 'for our cha- 
racters. It is true a government so dis- 
graced could not throw much discredit on 
others, against whom no crime could be 
urged beyond the suspicion of participating 
in the general disgust occasioned by its 
measures. Flores had certainly the great- 
est reason to enjoin forgetfulness ; but 
there are deeds which must needs be re- 
membered as long as the injuries they 
occasion are unatoned or unavenged. Be- 
ing aware of the publication of the am- 
nesty, I was desirous to obtain a passage 
in the United States' sloop of war, the 
Falmouth, then on the point of sailing 
from Payta for Guayaquil. The Captain, 
with whom I had a slight acquaintance, 
would willingly have given me a berth ; 
but on consulting his instructions he found 
them very positive against affording any 
assistance, from motives of humanity, to 
persons implicated in the political disturb- 
ances of these countries. I confess both the 
manner and matter of these instructions 
seemed to me little in harmony with the 
policy of a free goverment. We may con- 
sider a more exact estimate of the nature 
of political crimes as one of the legislative 
discoveries of the present age. In coun- 
tries torn by revolutions, it is ofl^n difficult 
for the most impartial observer to pro- 
nounce which party has most reason on its 
side : and it would be frequently hazardous, 
if not criminal, to condemn the conduct of 
either, merely because it may have been 
momentarily overthrown and exposed to 
persecution. Amid the storms and whirl-, 
winds of political passions, conscience is 
frequently enlisted in behalf of the most 
extravagant projects; and certainly there 
is no class of errors in excuse of which 
may so frequently be pleaded the palliative 
of good intentions. Few men expose them- 
selves to death and danger in the arena of 
political discord fromsheer malice prepense, 
and from a design to injure their fellow 
creatures. One could scarcely, therefore, 
have expected they should be selected as 
the class in whose favor motives of hu- 
manity should never be allowed to militate. 
There can be little difference in discrimi- 



78 



NARRATIVB OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, 



nating betwixt the principle of non-inter- 
ference, which belongs strictly to foreign 
nations, and that casual protection a neu- 
tral flag may afford a persecuted fugitive, 
whose very enemies may the next day 
require the same friendly succour. These 
reflections are rather general than applica- 
ble to myself, for though I certainly had 
been banished from the Equator, I ap- 
peared in Payta in no political character 
whatever, nor had the Captain of the Fal- 
mouth any reason to know me as an ex- 
ile, except through report, with which he 
had officially nothing to do. Luckily, the 
Lima, a whale ship of the United States, 
was saOing at the same time. Capt. On- 
slow had no instructions from his govern- 
ment ; and I am convinced if he had, he 
would have thrown them into the sea, had 
they interfered with his doing what he 
considered a generous action. He not 
only took me on board to Tumbez, but 
would have sent one of his boats with me 
to Puna, had I not found another convey- 
ance. I shall ever gratefully remember 
the sterling kindness of this honest Ame- 
rican, who not only made his ship as com- 
fortable to me as possible during the few 
da3rs I was on board, but pressed me to 
accept assistance of money, and every 
thing which the vessel contained, when I 
took leave of him. On the 19th of Decem- 
ber I got on board a bongo, laden with 
Cametes, bound from Tumbez to Guaya- 
quil, and arrived, on the 21st, at Puna, 
dter a villainous passage ; the minutiee of 
which might figure well enough in a jour- 
nal, or make a tolerable chapter in the 
" miseries of human life ;" but bad travel- 
ling, both by land and by water, is too much 
a matter of course in Colombia to deserve 
particular notice. I stopped a night at 
Mr. Cope's country residence in Puna, 
and next day proceeded in his canoe to 
Guayaquil. Here I remained a few days 
to enjoy the society of my English friends ; 
and on the 29th of January, 1833, set out 
for Quito. 



The series of observations on the Quiti- | 
nian Andes, now concluded, were commu- 
nicated to me by their talented author early 
in IQQi ; and in the autumn of the same year 
some of the papers were read, and excited 
considerable interest, at the Natural His- 
toiy Section of the British Association for 
the advancement of Science at Edinbui^g^h. 
It was then that Mr. Pentland, so weD 
known for his scientific researches in South 
America, communicated to me the melan- 
choly tidings of Colonel Hall's death, 
which occurred during an insurrection in 
Quito. This intelligence was confirmed by 
a letter which I received from the widow 
of this lamented individual, residing at Ad- 
dlestone, near Chertsey, Surrey; but who 
had been herself unable to obtain any par- 
ticulars relative to his death. About the 
same time, my valued friend and relatife, 
W. Turner, Esq., British Minister at Bo- 
gata, in Colombia, in a letter to me, dated 
August 26th, 1834, briefly alludes to this 
melancholy event:— "I am sorry to say 
poor Hall was killed, six or eight months 
ago, in a Revolution at Quito; an event 
equally surprising and distressing; for I 
am told he was a sensible man ; and I am 
always astonished how any EngUshman 
can interest himself in the miserable per- 
sonal politics of this turbulent people, 
especially as, in case of reverses, foreigners 
are quite sure to be the first victims.'* 

Nor have I been able to receive any 
further intelligence " till the present time. 
In a letter now before me, from Dr. 
Jameson, dated Quito, 18th of February, 
1836, that gentleman says "It is now 
more than eighteen months since I had 
the pleasure of hearing from you; neither 
could I have written to you during that 
period, because all communication with 
this part of the country has been cut off, in 
consequence of a revolution which broke 
out in Guayaquil, in October, 1833. 
However, I believe that now we shall 
remain quiet for some time to come. The 
party which governed this department, 
(and which was a mere faction) has just 
suffered a signal defeat. M. Rocafulte has 
consequently been placed at the head of 



ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



79 



the government, and being endowed with 
liberal principles, is, in my opinion, well 
calculated to promote the interests of the 
country. My poor friend Hall fell a victim 
at the first breaking out of the Revolution ; 
and you cannot imagine how sensibly I felt 
I his loss, he being the only person in this 
part of the world for whom I had formed 
a sincere attachment. As a man of high 
scientific acquirements, he would have 
been highly useful to you. In August, 
1833, I sent you a considerable collection 
of plants, furnished exclusively by himself, 
with an account of several expeditions he 
made, accompanied by M. Boussingault^ 
to the Yolcanoes of Pichincha, Antisana, 
Cotopaxi, and Chimborazo, on which latter 
mountain they reached an elevation of 
above 19,000 feet, or upwards of 300 and 
odd feet above the point ascended by 
Humboldt Let me know if it reached 
you safely." 

The MSS. has been safely received, and 
I cannot give a better proof of the value 
I set upon it, than by laying it before the 
scientific public, at the very earliest oppor- 
tunity; and I shall close this subject with 
a few particulars, chiefly extracted from a 
letter from his accomplished widow. 

"CJolonel Hall quitted England for South 
America in 1820, and fourteen years of 
separation, gilded by hope, have termi- 
nated in bereavement for ever ! I presume 
you know that he published 'Travels in 
Canada and the United States,' in 1816 
and 1817, and 'Travels in France,' in 
the following year. From the former 
country he brought many plants of the 
hardy kinds, (but mostly, if not all, were 
aheady known in this country), many of 
which are now flourishing in this neigh- 
bourhood. I do not think he studied the 
science of Botany, though he appeared to 
^ well acquainted with it, till he visited 
those regions teeming with the grand, 
beautiful, and magnificent. On referring 
to the last two letters I received from him, 
(dated in March and August, 1833,) I 
found the following: — 'You must know 
I have been banished from Quito, and 
am but lately returned. The actual 



government of this Republic of the Equator 
is one of the most villainous and most 
detested that can be picked out of all the 
bad South American governments. It 
happened to get into a war, or rather 
squabble, with that of Bogata, and when 
on the point of being attacked, in Septem- 
ber last, got dreadfully frightened with the 
apprehension of an internal revolt. It did 
me the honour to suppose I had much 
influence here, as I cordially despised 
both it and its proceedings. I was ac- 
cordingly one evening seized in my house, 
by a party of soldiers, and sent out of the 
Equatorian teiritory into the Peruvian, 
which nearly touches on Guayaquil. I 
went as far as Payta, and after five months' 
absence returned, because the Govern- 
ment, being able to prove nothing against 
me, thought fit to make a display of libe- 
rality. Several of the most respectable 
Eng^lishmen were banished at the same 
time, and with the same regard to justice. 
I am preparing to send to Dr. Hooker an 
account of my excursions by Boussin- 
gault to Chimborazo, &c., and shall include 
my trip to Payta. I shall endeavour to 
send a collection of plants to Humboldt, 
to whom I remitted a parcel by Boussin- 
gault, who long ere this must be in 
France.' 

' "The last dated one prepared me for 
the fatal event which ensued. — 'And so 
having nothing to hope for from England, 
I have taken the cause into my own hands. 
You will ask what I shall gain by this 
trouble ? Nothing, perhaps, save revenge 
for my own wrongs, and liberty for a people 
who scarcely deserve it: besides,' (and 
this concluding sentence does no less credit 
to his heart than the line of conduct he 
pursued was destructive to his own peace 
and happiness, and even to his life;) 
he concludes, ' my respect for Chimborazo 
made me feel an interest in the condition 
of the inhabitants ; and, as something good 
in man, amid a great deal of what is bad, 
is found every where, our social feelings 
are always liable to be called into action 

without any direct reference to present 

advantage.' " 



80 



NARRATIVE OF A JOURNEY TO PAYTA, ON THE COAST OF PERU. 



Colonel Hall's ardent love of liberty, and 
an almost prophetic anticipation of his own 
impending fate, are not inelegantly pour- 
tray ed in the following " Address to Neme- 
sis," written when, banished by the govern- 
ment of Quito, he sought peace, but 
found it not, in the sequestered valley 
of Tumbez. (See p. 71.) " Here," he 
says, " after I had visited the only 
interesting spot in the neighbourhood, col- 
lected specimens of its scanty Flora, and 
wandered over every part of a circle of 
which the village was the centre, and the 
radii about four miles in length, being as 
much as could be conveniently traversed 
on foot in a tropical climate over burning 
plains, I began to feel as weary as a life 
so stagnant, aimless, and isolated, could 
make one so situated. The news from 
Quito was by no means cheering. The 
army of Bogata had taken possession of 
the disputed frontier, and was stationed at 
not more than seventy miles from Quito. 
It might have been expected the inha- 
bitants would have profitled by the occasion 
to shake off a detested yoke. They did 
nothing. Flores and Ovando, after having 
mutually bandied the accusation of the 
murder of Sucre, and a thousand other 
villainies, met, embraced, made presents of 
embroideiQed coats and swords, and swore 
eternal friendship. In short, I grew, in 
Falstaff's phrase, as 'melancholy as a 
lugged bear, or an old lion, or a lover's 
lute;' and being melancholy, grew poetical, 
as the following lines will witness, which, 
if very bad, will prove that there is nothing 
Castalian in the river of Tumbez." 

1. 

*< O Nemesiii, ttAe, fortune, whatsoe'er 
We name thj power which ensUves thu ball, 

Thoa bear'st no human sigh, no human prayer. 
Yet onto thee, stem arhitress ! I call. 

And poor the potent breathings of despair ; 
For so am I thj equal, and disdain 

To sae for mercj, while I yet can bear. 
As I haye borne, thy adamantine chain. 
And by oDdarance waste its fiery links of pain. 

2. 

Thou hast dealt hardly witii me, from thy nm 
I haTe drank only poison, till the draught 

Has grown familiar, that no more I turn 
My lips to shun thy chalice. I haye quaifd 



The bitterness of life, and if we learn 
Patience by suffering, there is in my soul 

No passion which has strength to rage or burn. 
But apathy o^ersheda her dead control, 
As sleeps in icy rest the ocean of the pole. 



How have I earned this penance 7 Have I spilt 
Innocent blood, or banquetted on tears 

Of widows and of orphans ? Haye I built 
Pow'r upon human wretchedness and fears ; 

Or with hypocrisy and fraud o'ergilt 
Baseness of heart and yiolence of hand ; 

Or grasped revengefully the dagger's hilt? 
That on this burning desert I should stand 
An outcast of the earth, an exile from the land f 

4. 

The land, for whose sake, country, home, all ties 

Dearer than life lo man, for me are road? 
As though they ne'er had been ; phantoms that rise 

To haunt my slumbers, or perchance upbraid 
My wakiag thoughts, but never glad mine eyes, 

For Time sweeps darkly onward, as the wave 
Rolls o'er the wreck, that rotting piecemeal lies ; 

Soon let his wings o'ershade my lonely grave ; 

Better in dust to sleep, ihK\ live and be a slave. 

6. 
Oh, Liberty ! art thou the Enthusiast's dream. 

The Poet's vision. Politician's spell. 
To daazle mankind with a wordy theme. 

Then plunge them deeper into Slavery's hell? 
Still have I followed thy phosphoric gleam. 

Believing, though despairing : — all around. 
Like pale ghosts on the brink of Lethe's stream. 

Nations are gathered, struggling, weary, bound. 

Gasping to taste thy streams, still sought and still 
unfonnd. 



With victims art thou worshipped j with the groans 

Of martyrs, fondly dying for their creed, 
While despots, lolling on triumphant thrones. 

Insult their faith and banquet while they bleed : 
Does Glory gild their monumental stones. 

Or Fame pierce through the sepulchre's cold 
gloom? 
Too oft Oblivion shrouds their trampled bones. 

And Fate pursues them e'en beyond the tomb ; 

All this I should have known, nor tempted thus 
my doom. 



Then had I built my nest in the lone vale. 
Of calm Obscurity, — unnoticed there. 

My bark of life had spread her quiet sail. 
As noiseless as a bird's wing through the mir. 

Beyond the ravings of the ocean's gale, — 
Or mid the glorious relics of old times. 

Fallen temples, ruined towers, and cloisters pale. 
Such as make holy, Earth's romantic climes. 
My pilgrimage had been, unmixed with hunan 
crimes. 




^/rm f-if^-J^^Uri 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



81 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

By Dr. Wi||rbt & 6. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

(CfmHmudfrtm p. 90.) 
TRICHOLBPI8 CANDOLLBANA. 
Tab. IV. 
Caule ramose diffuso, ramis angulatis, 
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis spinoso-ser- 
ratis epunctatis supra glabris subtus 
farinoBO-pubeniliS; involucri ovati squa- 
mifl Bubaraneosis, appendice subulata 
spinescenti innocua glabra, P^Ppi ^t^^ 
intemo paleaceo exterioribus capillari- 
bus, paleis setisque ciliolatis. 
Tricholepis Candolleana. Wight, Cat. n, 

1495. 
Garduus ramosus. RooA. Fl. Ind. v, 3. jd. 

406. 
Garduus Indicus. Bx>xb. in Cast, Merc, 
Angi Ind. Or. Mus. tab. 420. 
Descr. Root annual, simple, perpen- 
dicular. Stems short, branched, diffuse, 
angled and striated, somewhat glabrous. 
Branches forked ; the whole plant from one 
to two feet high. Leaves scattered, sessile, 
not decurrent, oblong-lanceolate, tapering 
towards the base, where they are occasion- 
ally again dilated, and embracing the 
branches, entire, or sometimes slightly ly- 
rate, serrated, the serratures thorny, upper 
side in all our specimens glabrous and free 
from dots, under also nearly glabrous or 
dighUy puberulous (downy according to 
Roxburgh). Heads of flowers shortly pe- 
duncled, not bracteated. Involucre many- 
flowered, ovate, the scales imbricated, oval, 
covered with an almost imperceptible web- 
bed down, ending in a longish setaceous, gla- 
brous, spreading or recurved,subulate, rigid, 
but inoffensive appendage. Corollas thick- 
uh,all tubular, and containing both stamens 
and pistil, five-clefl, regular, or nearly so : 
segments oblong linear. Stamens scarcely 
exceeding the tube of the corolla (in the 
accompanying figure they are represented 
longer than either Mr. Arnott or I have 
observed them) ; filaments papillose : an- 
thers caudate at the base, the caudee small 
w»d jagged ; the appendages at the apex or 
«1« (production of the connectivum be- 

^OL. I. 



yond the cells) are linear, oblong and acute. 
Style filiform, bifid, enclosed within the 
anther-tube, thickened or knotted below 
the cloven portion, and there bearing a 
crown of numerous longish hairs ; segments 
linear, obtuse, puberulous on the outside ; 
with two obscure lines on the inner, reach- 
ing to and coalescing at their apex. Fim- 
brilUB of the rachis cleft into several slen- 
der bristles. Bracteoles wanting. Ache- 
nium oblong, angled, ribbed and tubercled 
on two of the contiguous sides, smoothish 
on the other, not beaked, crowned with a 
narrow, marginal ring. Pappus situated 
within the ring of the fruit, composed of 
several rows of bristles and paleoB ; the 
outer ones are shortest and most slender ; 
the inner considerably longer and broader ; 
all are slightly ciliated on the margin. The 
hilum or rather callosity attaching the ache- 
nium to the rachis is slightly on one side. 
The specimens figured were from the 
hill of Narthamela, in the Salem district. 
Mr. Arnott, (who has assisted me in the 
above description,) as well as myself, has 
little doubt about this being Garduus ra- 
mosus of Roxburgh ; whether the C. radi- 
cans, Roxb. (Tricholepis radicans, De 
Cand. Prod. v. 5. ined.) be really distinct, 
we cannot at present determine, as my spe- 
cimens are now with M. De CandoUe ; but 
in the manuscript character of that species 
sent us by De Candolle, and in the descrip- 
tion given by Roxburgh, the leaves are ap- 
parently narrow, and dotted on the upper 
surface, and the appendages of the involucral 
scales said to be more slender. T. radicans 
is a Mysore plant, and was only known to 
Roxburgh as cultivated in the Botanic Gar- 
den of Calcutta. 

Pig. 1. Floret. 2. Floret laid opea. S. Ache- 
niam. 4. Section of ditto : — magrdfied. 

WEDBLIA CALENDT7LACEA. 
Tab. V. 

Herbacea annua basi repens, ramulis 
erectiusculis subsimplicibus, foliis ob- 
longo-lanceolatis subsessilibus basi 
attenuatis versus apicem serratis stii- 
gosis, pedunculis ex axillis superiori- 
bus vel terminalibus solitahis elonga- 



82 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



tis monocephalis, involucri squamis 5 
uniseriatis oblongis obtusis dorso pubes- 
centi-strigosis, paleis mucronato-apicu- 
latis, acheniis exaristads. 

Wedelia calendulacea. Lessing, Syn, 
Comp. p. 222. (now Rich,) Wall, Cat. 
n. 3205. Wight, Cat. n. 1447. De 
Oand. Prod. 5. (ined.) 

Verbesina calendulacea. Linn, Sp. p, 
1272. Willd. Sp. PI. S.p. 2226. Poxb, 
Fl. Ind. 3. p. 440 ; in Ccst. Merc. Angl 
Ind. Or. Mas. tab. 978. Wall. List, n. 
2305. 

Jaegeria calendulacea. Spr. Syst. Veg. 
3iap.590. 

Caltha, &c. Burm. Thes. Zeyl. t 22. 

/ 1. 
Pee-cajoni. Rheed. Hart. Mai. 10. t. 

42. 

Dbbcr. Annual. Stems creeping at 
the base ; the branches nearly erect, terete, 
from one to four feet long, sligbtly scabrous, 
or almost smooth. Leaves opposite, ob- 
long-lanceolate, sometimes nearly quite 
entire, sometimes with a few coarse, rather 
distant serratures near the apex, with in- 
termediate gradations on the same branch, 
strigose on both sides, the hairs on the up- 
per often proceeding from little shining, 
shallow, saucer-like pits. Peduncles soli- 
tary, either from the axils of the upper 
leaves, or terminal, longer than the leaves, 
terete, slender, erect, or bending from the 
weight of the head of flowers, slightly 
hairy. jEr<?a^ solitary: involucre composed 
of a single series of five narrow, oblong, 
bluntish scales, which, like the leaves, are 
strigose on the back, and with saucer-like 
hollows on the upper side. Flowers yel- 
low ; those of the ray in a single series, 
numerous, bearing a pistillum without sta- 
mens; corolla strap-shaped, three-cleft; 
those of the disk several, tubular, five-cleft, 
with both stamens and pistillum. Brae- 
teoles of the rachis (or scales of the recep- 
tacle, Lir^n,) oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, 
ooncave, longer than the ovary. Anthers 
not caudate, purplish, longer than the tube. 
Ovary oblong, crowned with a short-lobed 
membranaceous cup, without any awns or 
bristles. Style filiform, bifid; the branches 



longish, linear, recurved, terminated at the 
apex by a short cone, pubescent on the 
outside, principally so at the base of the 
cone, less so both upwards and downwards, 
furnished on the inside with two strongly- 
marked lines (rows of the stigma) reaching 
to the base of the cone. Achenia covered 
with a thick nut-like coat, compressed, 
tumid on the margins, without any beak, 
crowned as in the ovary, and furnished 
with a minute epigynous disk : those of the 
ray and disk are alike. 

Hab. In moist pastures, and by the 
sides of ditches. Frequent in the Tanjore 
country, flowering the greater part of the 
rainy and cool season. 

(To be ooDtinaed.) 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

( Cwditmidfnm p. 20. ) 

Mr. Hewett Watson is now printing a 
new Botanists' Guide, on the model of 
Turner and Dillwyn's, omitting the Cryp- 
togamic plants ; the first volume of which, 
including England and Wales, will be 
ready for publication in a few weeks. A 
second volume, devoted to Scotland, will 
shortly follow ; for which Mr. Hewett Wat- 
son is anxious to receive such infonnatioa 
regarding the stations of the rarer Scottish 
plants, as the Botanists of that country may 
be willing to communicate to him. The 
work will be compressed into as small a 
bulkaspossible, consistently with thegreatly 
increased number of species and stations, 
which Mr. Watson's own researches and 
the communications of others have enabled 
him to add in many of the counties. Mr. 
Watson has also in preparation a work on 
the distribution of British plants, chiefly 
in connection with latitude, elevation, and 
climate in Great Britain and elsewhere; 
the first part, containing general observa- 
tions on the climate of Britain and the dis- 
tribution of plants in connection therewith^ 
is almost ready for the press. A second 
part, embracing a detailed notice of the 
distribution of each species, is in progress. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



83 



VOYAOB TO JAPAN. 
By Ph. Fr. de Siebold. (Botanical Part,) 

Dr. Zuocarini, of Munich, has ciiculated 
the following prospectus respecting a Flora 
of Japan. " Flora Japonica, sive Plants 
qtias in imperio Japonico collegit, de- 
scripsit at parte in ipsis locis pingendas 
curavit Dr. Ph. Fr. de Siebold: Sect. 
prima, continens Plantas ornatui vel usui 
inservientes." " Of all the countries of 
Asia," says M. Zuccarini, " Japan and 
China were, till lately, the least accessible 
to the scientific researches of Europeans, 
especially as regards their natural history. 
Of China we know little beyond the in- 
formation collected during various com- 
mercial or political expeditions, which is 
necessarily vague, owing to the extremely 
suspicious disposition of the natives. It 
is true that Thimberg and Keempfer suc- 
ceeded in obtaining correct details on those 
more limited islands which compose the 
kingdom of Japan ; still their publications 
^ exhibit many proofs of the severe restric- 
tions and difficulties under which the au- 
thors laboured. We hope, therefore, to 
forward the cause of science, by announc- 
ing a work which shall afford universal 
information on the botanical productions 
of this country, the result of an expedition 
that was undertaken and completed under 
the most advantageous circumstances. M. 
Siebold's voyage to Japan is generally 
known. During his long residence (from 
1823 to 1830) in this empire, he was ena- 
bled to explore the country more fully than 
any of his predecessors. The Botanic 
Grazden, established at Dazima in 1824, 
by order of the government of the Bel- 
gian East Indies; the journey which this 
Naturalist made to the Imperial Court at 
Jedo, two years after, when he accompanied 
the Dtttoh Embassy, and the connexion 
which he formed with the natives, have all 
been fiivorable to his botanical researches. 
Especially, during his expedition to Jedo, 
he took the opportunity of cultivating an 
intimate acquaintance with the most emi- 
nent physicians and naturalists in the 
country. To their diligent aid he owes 



the collection in his herbarium, and, in the 
Botanic Garden, of the plants found in the 
different provinces of this empire, and the 
successive accumulation of about two thou- 
sand species, which he not only examined 
on the spot, but caused, in great part, to 
be drawn by different European and Ja- 
panese artists, whose designs amount to 
upwards of seven hundred in number. 
Fruits, seeds, and other remarkable por- 
tions of plants, mostly preserved in spirits 
of wine, with specimens of woods, of me- 
dical preparations, and of such materials 
as the vegetable kingdom affords, for com- 
merce and domestic use, render this collec- 
tion still more valuable. Finally, the dis- 
coveries made, subsequently to M. Sie- 
bold's departure, by M. Biirger, and at- 
tested by the many and highly interesting 
collections which he has transmitted, afford 
the most certain assurance of the satisfac- 
tion of our wishes. 

In Japan, where agriculture and horti- 
culture, in their various branches, had at- 
tained to such a degree of perfection as to 
supply the wants of the inhabitants, at a 
period when little attention was paid to 
them in Europe, all researches, tending to 
elucidate these subjects, must infallibly 
prove of unusual interest. With this view 
the Botanic Garden of Dezima was chiefly 
stocked with such plants, whether indi- 
genous or introduced from China, Corea, 
and other adjacent countries, as were pe- 
culiarly interesting for utility or ornament ; 
and there, too, was collected the informa- 
tion which could be obtained from the 
natives and from the extensive literature 
of Japan. The extent and importance of 
these materials have induced us to form a 
separate publication of them, which will 
constitute the first part of the Japanese Flora. 
It will be the more interesting to amateurs, 
as, of many centuries of these plants, con- 
veyed in a living state, by the author, to the 
Low Countries, the larger portion succeed 
perfectly well in the open air or in cool 
stoves ; from which circumstance we niay 
hope to see them soon disseminated in pur 
gardens. 



84 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



The work will consist of Yorty Fasciculi, 
to appear monthly, each containing five 
plates and two or three sheets of Latin and 
French description ; the former giving the 
botanical details, and the latter an abridged 
account of every plant, its history, use, and 
culture in Japan, and the mode by which 
it may be acclimatized in Europe. 

The second part of the work will be of 
similar size and style of printing with the 
first, and contain a complete enumeration 
of all the plants collected in Japan by M. 
Siebold, with detailed descriptions of the 
new and doubtful species, and such plates 
as may be needful for their elucidation. 
Many rich herbaria, formed by skilful Ja- 
panese Botanists, in countries hitherto in- 
accessible to European Naturalists, and 
illustrated by many interesting observa- 
tions, together with M. Biirger's collections, 
will enrich this portion of the work." 

A new work upon Indian Botany, to be 
published in Amsterdam, is announced 
under the title of 

RUMPHIA, 

SIVE COMMENTATIONES BOTANICiE, IM- 
PRIMIS DE PlaNTIS iNDIiB OrIENTALIS, 

TUM penitus incoonitis, tum qu^, in 

LIBRI8 RhEEDII, RuMPHII,RoXBUBGHII, 
WaLLICUII, ALIORUM RECBN8ENTUR, 
Aaotore C. L. Blame, oognomine RoHPHio. 

PROSPECTUS. 

" At a period when late political events 
have disturbed the peace of nations in 
general, and specially endangered that of . 
our country, whose prosperity had been 
hitherto unrivalled, M. Professor Blume 
had commenced, at Brussels, the publica- 
tion of his great and important work, enti- 
tled Flora JaviB. The unexpected dis- 
memberment of Holland and Belgium 
necessarily suspended this publication, in 
which government took a considerable 
interest: but every thing has a limit; peace 
and confidence will assuredly return to our 
country : the doubts of diplomacy will 
shortly be dissipated, and we cannot hesi- 
tate to believe that the author, as well as 



the editors, of the Flora Jay^, will 
then speedily resume their labours at the 
point where they were obliged to suspend 
them, and fulfil to the numerous subscrib- 
ers those engagements which they must 
have ever considered as of inviolable obH- 
gation. We may state while on this subject, 
that not only all the manuscript is in the 
Publishers* hands, but that measures have 
been arranged among them to ensure a 
free circulation for those fasciculi which 
will terminate the work. 

" It had entered into M. Blume's projects 
to extend his publications beyond the 
Flora of the Island of Java, and to give, 
successively, the results of his laborious 
investigations in the immense Indian Ar- 
chipelago; adding to his special attention' 
to that island, which he had longest in- 
habited, all the discoveries which he has 
been enabled to make, all the facts which 
he has collected relative to the botany, 
statistics, and vegetable physiology of 
many regions, the study of which is the 
more important as they are situated very 
remotely from our possessions, and have, 
hitherto, been only visited by very few 
Naturalists, under peculiar and highly fa- | 
vored circumstances. Professor Blume has 
been in an advantageous position for scru- 
tinizing nature, during all seasons of the 
year, and for verifying, by numerous and 
exact experiments, the correctness of the 
observations made by others; so that we 
may expect to receive a satisfactory ac- 
count of all those subjects which he intends 
to discuss. Nothing of importance that is 
contained in the valuable works of Rheede, 
Rumphius, Roxburgh, and Wallich has 
escaped M. Blume*s notice ; and his pro- 
jected work may be justly considered as 
likely to put the finishing touch to those of 
the illustrious Botanists who have pre- 
ceded him in this career, and to fill up the 
deficiencies which the hitherto imperfect 
state of science had obliged those writers 
to make. 

" In order to give to the Phytolc^ of 
India an air of similarity, which must in- 
crease its interest, Professor Blume intends 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



85 



that his new work shall appear in the same 
form as the Flora Jav<B, adorned with 
plates of similar style, and printed in the 
same type. He has entrusted the execu- 
tion of the hook to us, and it will be our 
ambition to render it equally worthy of 
public patronage as the Javanese Flora. 

" This is the plan which the Author in- 
tends generally to follow in his new collec- 
tion, which he entitles Rumphia, from the 
name of the learned Rumph, the Dutch 
Resident at Amboyna. This title is a happy 
imiovation, an homage offered to the me- 
mory of one of the most learned men in the 
seventeenth century, that true disciple of 
nature, who, without any other teacher, 
could describe and delineate so beautifully 
the plants of the Moluccas, and who, after 
having suddenly been deprived of sight at 
the early age of forty-three years, could 
still derive, by the aid of touch alone, and 
by the most energetic application of me- 
mory and intelligence, that information 
which gladdened the most important half 
of his career. The Rumphia will compre- 
hend all the rarer and most interesting 
plants of the Indian Archipelago, each 
being carefully delineated, from drawings 
made on the spot by a faithful and well- 
skiDed pencil, and followed by such de- 
scriptions as may be expected from the 
pen of M. Blume, accompanied by minute 
analysis, and by a physical and natural 
account, as detailed as the circumstances 
of our state of knowledge will enable us to 
obtain, of its medicinal and useful pro- 
perties. 

" The work is so arranged as to convey 
a full and extensive idea of a vegetation, 
whose peculiarity must be eminently strik- 
ing to an eye long skilled in the observa- 
tion of our calm and regular climate. To 
attain this object, M. Blume has mingled 
his brilliant representations of plants with 
general views of the vegetable productions 
of a country where this department of 
nature attains its greatest luxury and de- 
velopment. These drawings have been 
made on the spot, and will lose nothing 
in being rendered by M. Lauter's well- 
practised lithographic crayon. 



" The extraordinary difficulties under 
which Professor Blume has laboured, while 
compiling the materials of this work, form 
a strong claim on the patronage of the 
scientific public, who will know how to 
prize the results of such learned and peril- 
ous researches." 

C. 6. Salpke, Bookseller, Amsterdam. 
UNIO ITINERAHIA. 

Our latest intelligence respecting the 
Unio Itineraria bears date the 10th of 
June, of the present year, 1835, and as- 
sures us that the collections that have been 
made by the Egyptian and Arabian tra- 
vellers at the island of Gephalonia, on the 
coast of which they suffered shipwreck, 
have been received, and will be distributed 
amongst those who subscribed to the Al- 
giers expedition, as a remuneration for the 
scanty produce it jdelded: but as there 
are nearly one hundred specimens of each 
individual species, the remainder is to 
form an addition to the Egyptian and Ara- 
bian collections, if the subscribers to the 
latter agree to add ten shillings to the 
original amount of that subscription. 

According to the latest accounts, Mr. 
Schimper had lefl Cairo on the 2nd of 
March, 1834, with three men and sixteen 
camels, for Mount Sinai ; reached Suez on 
the 8th. and arrived aflerwards at El Tor, 
where the Arabian mountains commence. 
Dr. Wiest, the other traveller, remained 
at Cairo, entertaining, unfortunately, the 
idea of the plague not being contagious, 
and boldly attended the hospital, without 
being affected by the disease : but when 
on the point of starting for Gedda in Ara- 
bia Felix, he was seized with it, and it 
proved fatal to him. 

Two cases with Egyptian plants, besides 
Zoological objects, have been dispatched 
from thence in the latter part of last Fe- 
bruary, but are still undergoing the long 
quarantine of seventy days at Venice, 
where the Austrian Government has is- 
sued orders to pay the most careful atten- 
tion to the contents of these packages, so 
as to insure them against any damage. 



WATSON ON THS DISTRIBUTION 



In order to support this undertaking the 
more effectually, an increased number of 
subscribers is most desirable. 

Collections of plants from Chili and 
Juan Fernandez, made by Dr. Bertero, in 
the years 1828 — 30, are likewise offered 
by the Unio Itineraria : viz., collections of 
two hundred species at £3, or one hundred 
species at 30s., being named either by the 
late Dr. Bertero or Dr. Steudel. They 
will also be supplied with numbers on 
their tickets, and the more exact determi- 
nation of them will afterwards appear in 
the Regensberg Botanical Journal^ with 
which these numbers will correspond. 

Caucasian and American specimens of 
plants at 22s. per hundred ; and collections 
of Caucasian specimens only, to the num- 
ber of one hundred and seventy species, 
at 40s., are still to be obtained. 



COMPARISON BETWEEN THE UP- 
PER, OR TERMINAL LINES OF 
TREES AND SHRUBS IN BRI- 
TAIN, AND THEIR GEOGRAPHIC 
EXTENSION TOWARDS THE 
ARCTIC REGIONS. 

Bj U. C. WaUoo, Esq. F.L.8. 

In the extreme South-west of Cornwall, 
the mean annual temperature of the British 
coast appears to rise so high as 52^ Fahr. ; 
on the South coast of Hants, it may be 
estimated as 51^ ; and at the mouths of the 
Thames and Severn, as 50^. Hence it 
decreases northwards, until we have it 
scarcely 48** at the mouth of the Forth; 
and probably it is not more than 45** or 46** 
on the North coast of Scotland. The inte- 
rior of the country, however little elevated, 
has a lower mean temperature than the 
coast under the same latitude, amounting 
to 1** or 2** of Fahrenheit, according to dis- 
tance, and still more if at all elevated. 
About the bases of the mountains, and in 
valleys lying between high hills, the tem- 
perature is usually lower than in the open 
countries, but such situations are liable to 
great differences of climate from configura- 
tion and local position, so that neither lati- 



tude nor altitude can there give a satiafikc- 
tory clue to the real temperature. More- 
over, very little is ascertained regarding 
the decrease of temperature, in proportion 
to height above the sea level. It has been 
stated as 1** for seventy yards, for eighty 
yards, and for ninety yards. {Mag. Not 
Hist VIL 493.) Adopting the medium 
scale of eighty yards, and taking 48** as tke 
average temperature of the coast in hi. 
53--66^ and 47** in lat 57— 58^ we find a 
temperature of about 29** for the highest 
point of Scotland, 83** for that of Wales^ 
and 35** for that of England The foil 
range of mean atmospheric temperature in 
Britain may therefore be stated at 52 — 29*. 
In general, it may also be said, that the 
mean temperature of the three coldest 
months (Dec, Jan., Feb.) is \QP below that 
of the degrees above. But on the coasts^ 
and especially on the western coasts, the 
differences are less; while in the inland 
counties, perhaps (more particularly those 
bordering the Thames, and thence to the 
Trent,) the three winter and three summer 
months are 11** to 13** below or above the 
annual mean. To the greatest heightat which 
accurate observations have been made for a 
sufficient period,(Lead Hills,in Lanarkdiire, 
at 1,280 feet,) these general conclusions hold 
good, as to the comparative temperature 
of the seasons ; but the application of them 
to greater altitudes is mere assumption. 
In low situations, the air and earth have 
nearly the same temperature ; but in as- 
cending the mountains, the latter is found 
to cool more slowly, probably losing I*» of 
temperature for about one hundred and 
twenty-five yards of ascent. 

As to the humidity of the air and quan- 
tity of rain, both are less on the East than 
on the West side of the island, and, in 
general, both increase about the mountain 
tracts. It is possible that a less quantity 
of rain may fall at great elevations, than in 
the valleys, or on the western declivities of 
the mountains ; yet, firom the fi^quency of 
mists, and constant deposition of moisture, 
owing to ascending currents of wann air» 
the climate is more humid than below. 
The general conclusion to be drawn from 



OF TRBBS AND SHRUBS. 



87 



this is^ that we have the greatest summer 
heat, driest atmosphere, and smallest quan- 
tity of rain in the inland counties of the 
South-east of England; and that the sum- 
mer temperature decreases, and humidity 
increases, in whichever direction we pro- 
ceed hence; the winter temperature re- 
maining comparatively little changed, until 
we attain several degrees of northern lati- 
tude, or ascend the mountains. The great- 
est vigour of vegetation is consequently 
seen in the South-east of England; but 
plants impatient of severe cold, and not 
requiring much heat, are best preserved on 
the South-west coast; those injured by 
heat and drought, as alpines, grow best in 
the North-west of England and Scotland. 

With regard to the influence of local po- 
sition in extending or contracting the 
ranges of plants, much more might be said 
than it is convenient here to occupy space 
with. Suffice it to observe on the upper 
limits, that the summits of mountains being 
less favorable to vegetation than their de- 
clivities, species are found in the latter 
situations at altitudes which they do not 
attain in the former, that they fail earlier 
on northern than on southern declivities, 
and that all (unless very small) species 
grow at higher elevations when sheltered 
from winds hy rocks or other skreens. On 
the contrary, bleak summits, northern ex- 
posures, patches of snow, cold springs, 
dripping rocks, streams and waterfalls, mo- 
rasses and woods, keeping cool the air and 
often filling it with moisture, bring down 
the lower lines of species. But the similar 
conditions do not always depress the upper 
lines in the same degree as they affect the 
lower, and hence in one place species may 
meet, which are wide apart in other situa- 
tions. The influence of mountain springs 
remarkably exemplifies this : tempering the 
summer heat, they bring down the lower 
lines of some species ; while, by preserving 
a superior temperature in winter and spring, 
they appear to raise the lines of others. 

The highest mountain in Scotland, Ben 
Nevis, rises to 1,455 yards ; Snowdon, the 
highest hill in Wales, to 1,190 yards; 
Scawfell Dikes, the highest summit in Eng- 



land, to 1,055 yards. The upper hnes of 
such species, as attain nine hundred or a 
thousand yards in Britain, will, conse- 
quently, be better seen in Scotland than in 
England ; but those attaining only to a mo- 
derate elevation, as five hundred yards or 
less, will usually be found higher in Eng- 
land and Wales. Plants rise higher in the 
South and East highlands than near the 
West coasts, and higher on the West hills 
than in the North of Scotland. The infe- 
rior lines for the most part agree with this, 
descending lower in the West and North. 
Duly keeping in mind the liability to 
such local changes, we may arrange the 
native trees and shrubs of Britain in the 
following stages, according to their termi- 
nal lines. 

1. Species found only in the South of 
England, rarely, or never seen indigenous 
beyond lat. 53*'. 

2. Species supposed to be indigenous 
in the North of England, but not so in 
Scotland. 

3. Species supposed to be indigenous 
in the Lowlands of Scotland, but not in the 
Highlands. 

4. Species reaching the Highland val- 
leys or plains, but scarcely ascending the 
hills. 

5. Species ascending the Highland 
hills to some slight elevation, but not ex- 
ceeding the Oak (Quercus sessiliflora?) 
which probably attains three hundred and 
fifty yards in favorable situations, failing 
much earlier on the North-west coasts. 

6. Species ascending the Highland hills 
above the line of the Oak, but not exceed- 
ing that of Coryhis Avellana, which rises 
to about five hundred yards in favourable 
situations. 

7. Species ascending above the line of 
the Hasel, but not exceeding that of Ge- 
nista Anglica, which rarely passes six 
hundred and fiily yards, though sometimes 
exceeding seven hundred yards. (N. B. 
Pieris aquilina exceeds the Hasel, but 
fails earlier than the Genista. 

8. Species surpassing the Genista, but 
not exceeding Brica Tetralix, or cinerea, 
the terminal hnes of which are usually con- 



88 



WATSON ON THB DISTRIBUTION 



siderably below eight hundred yards, and 
nearly on the same level. 

9. Species found above the Erica, but 
not exceeding Calluna vulgaris, which fails 
at about nine hundred and fifty yards, as 
an average for latitude 57^ or from seven 
hundred and fifty yards to one thousand 
and fifty yards in difierent situations. 

10. Species exceeding the Heather, but 
not passing Vaccinium VUis-Idaa, which 
probably attains twelve hundred yards, or 
upwards, in favourable situations. 

11. Species exceeding the Vitis Idaa, 
but not seen above Vaccinium Myrtillus, 
which fitils at twelve hundred and fifty to 
fourteen hundred yards. 

12. Species exceeding Vaccinium Myr* 
tillus (Salix herbacea is the only one). 
The probable climate of each of these 
stages may be estimated from the preced- 
ing remarks. In the following list the 
stages are indicated by the numerical 
figures in the column succeeding the names; 
and the country in which the North limit 
of each species is supposed to be found, is 
named in the second column, in the order 
or series of Spitsbergen, Port Bowen, 
Greenland, 72** — 76^ (East coast, Sabine's 
Collection, in Linn, Trans,), Greenland, 
11^ (West coast, Scoresby's Plants, in 
Wem, Mem.) N. W. America, 67o— 71« 
{Botany of Capt, Beechey's Voyage), 
Whale Fish Islands, Fox Channel, Green- 
land (Giesecke), Iceland, Finmark, Nord- 
land, Swedish Lapland, Faroe, Norway, 
Sweden, Baltic, {Retz, Prodromus Flora 
ScandinamtB), Berlin, Holland, Belgium 
{Lejeune et Courtois, Flora Belgica, in- 
complete), Germany, (JRoth, vol. I.) and 
France. 



Clematis Viialba 

Berberis vulgaris .... 

Acer campestre 

Euonymus Europaus . 

Ilex Aquifolium 

JRhamnus catharticus . 
— — — Franguia . . 

Ulex Europaus 

— — nontt* 

Genista pilosa 



I.Holland 
S.Norway 
2. Norway 
S.Norway 
5. Norway 
S.Norway 
S.S. Lapland 
5. Baltic 
S.France 
1 . Sweden 



Genista Anglica 7 

Cytisus scoparius 7 

Ononis arvensis 4 

spinosa 3 

Prunus spinosa 5 . 

■ Cerasus 2. 

Padus 6. 

Ruhu^ Idaus 7. 

^--^^-frvticosus, S^c. . 6. 
PotentillafruHcosa ... 2. 
Rosa arvensis 3. 

■ spinosissima. ... 7. 

canina, 8fc 7. 

CratagusOxyacantha. 5. 
Cotoneaster vulgaris. . 2. 
F)/rus Malus 3. 

■ communis 3. 

■ terminalis 2. 

■ Aria, S^c 4. 

— Aucuparia .... 9. 
Ribes rubrum 2. 

— petraum 5. 

— - nigrum 2. 

alpinum 3 . 

Hedera Helix 4 . 

Comus sanguinea 3 . 

Sambucus nigra 5 

LoniceraPericlymemum 7 
Viburnum Lantana . . 3 

— — - Opulus 4 

Viscum album 2. 

Vaccinium Myr tillus . 11 . 

uliginosum.W . 

Vitis Idaa.lO. 

Oxycoccos . 8. 

Arbutus alpina 10. 

Uva Ursi 8. 

Andromeda polifolia . . 3. 

Erica vagans 1 

— — dliaris 1 . 

Tetralix 8. 

— — — cinerea 8. 

Menziesia carulea ... ? . 

Calluna vulgaris 9. 

Azalea procumbens ... 10. 
Ligtistrum vulgare ... 2. 
Fraxinus excelsior 6. 



Baltic 
Sweden 
Sweden 
. Sweden 
Sweden 
Sweden 
Finmark 
Finmark 
Norway 
Sweden 
Baltic 
Sweden 
Nordland 
Norway 
Norway 
. Norway 
Sweden 
Baltic 
Norway 
N. Cape 
Finmark 
S. Lapland 
S. Lapland 
Nordland 
Sweden 
Sweden 
Norway 
Norway 
Belgium 
Norway 
Norway 
Lapland 
Greenly 7^76 
NW.Am.67-71 
NW.Am.e7-71 
NW.Am.67-71 
Fox Channel 
NW.Am.67-.71 
France 
France 
Norway 
Faroe 
Greenland 
Greenland 
Whale-fishlslec 
Sweden 
Norway 



OF TREES AND SHRUBS. 



Solanum Dulcamara . 4. Norway 

Daphne Laureola S.Belgium 

Hippcphae rhamnoides 2.Nordland 

Ulmus 6. Norway 

Quercus , . 5. Norway 

Coryhis AveUana .... G.Norway 

Betula alba 9. Greenland 

nana 9.NW.Am.67-71 

Alnus ghdinosa G.Sweden 

Populus tremula 7 . Finmark 

ailKL 3. Sweden ? 

— - canescens 2. Berlin 

■ nigra 3. Sweden ? 

Salix herbacea 12. SpitzbergenSOJ 

— ^ reticulata 10. Port Bowen 

Myrica Gale 7. Nordland 

Pinus sylvestris 8. Finmark 

Juniperus communis . . 9. Greenland, 66 

Taxus baccata 4. Norway 

Empetrum nigrum . . .10. Greenland, 71 
Ruscus acukatus 3. France 

INTRODUCED, OR DOUBTFUL AS NATIVES; 
BUT PLANTED IN ENGLAND AND SCOT- 
LAND.* 

Tilia Europcsa Berlin 

' parvifolia Norway ? 

— grandifolia Berlin 

Acer Reudo'platanus . . .Belgium 

Staphylea pinnata Belgium 

Prunui damestica Sweden ? 

■ inntitia Baltic 

Spiraea salidfolia Norway 

Mespilus Germanica . . . .Berlin 

Pgrus domestica Germany 

Tamarix Gallica France 

Ribes Grossularia Sweden ? 

Lonicera Xylosteum Norway 

Capr^olium Germany 

Daphne Mezereum Nordland 

Buxiu sempervireTis Holland? 

Ubnus suberosa, Sic Norway? 

Fagtu sylvatica Norway 

CaHanea vulgaris Holland 

Carpinus Betulus Sweden 

SaKx f 

1 It is bighlj pro1>abIe that some of tbe species 
hare been introdaced also into the countries nanied. 



The general agreement between the or- 
der of cessation on the hills of Britain and 
towards the Arctic Regions, in a North- 
west direction, is sufficiently obvious ; but 
perfect similarity could not be expected, 
and does not exist Yet it appears to be 
not improbable that increased knowledge 
of actual distribution will bring the coinci- 
dences still closer, and explain, if not re- 
move, some of the apparent exceptions. 
Salix herbacea exceeds every other shrub 
in Britain; it also exceeds every other 
British shrub in northern latitude. Vac- 
cinium Myrtillus and V.uliginosum occupy 
the next stage below ; both pass the Arctic 
Circle, but the progress of the former to- 
wards the North-west is arrested sooner 
than could be expected from its altitude in 
Britain. Vaccinium Vitis-Idcea, Arbutus 
alpina, Azalea procumbens, Salix reticu- 
lata, Empetrum nigrum attain the tenth 
stage in Scotland ; and all these pass the 
Arctic Circle on the coast of America, or 
adjacent islands. In the ninth stage we 
meet with larger species, and belonging to 
other Natural Orders, I\/rus Aucuparia, 
Calluna vulgaris, Betula alba, B. nana, 
and Juniperus communis (nana.) All 
these occur in Lapland, beyond the Arctic 
Circle; but in a North-west course from 
Britain, towards inferior climates, that is, 
towards the northern coasts of America and 
its islands, they fall short of the Arctic 
Circle, with the exception o{ Betula nana ; 
but this shrub is arrested in Scotland much 
earlier than could have been anticipated 
from its position on the mountains of Lap- 
land. The same sort of resemblance in 
terminal lines runs through the stages ; and 
at length in the lowest, or South of Eng- 
land, we find four shrubs terminate, three 
of which do not reach the Baltic ; Genista 
pilosa, however, attains to Sweden, and 
thus forms an exception on the opposite 
side to the other shrubby Leguminosm, 
which rise to higher stages in Britain than 
what correspond with their latitudinal limits 
in Europe ; but with us Genista pilosa is 
very local, and hence, like Betula nana, 
unadapted for comparison. 



90 



ON THE VEOBTATION OF ETNA. 



ON THE VEGETATION OF 
ETNA. 

(Contimiedfromp, 62. J 

2. The woody region commences very 
decidedly on Mount Etna at 3,300 feet, 
extending over Milo, Zafifarana, and the 
road that leads from Nicolosi to the sum- 
mit, and stretching to the South and East 
sides of the mountain to an elevation of 
6,000 to 6,200 feet Ferrara, in his Des- 
crizione dell* Etna, states, quite erroneous- 
ly, that it reaches to 8,000 feet. The girdle 
that it forms round the mountain is 3,000 
feet broad, interrupted only by naked lava 
streams, and here and there a single field 
of rye. An interesting statistical account 
of the woods of Etna has been published 
by Professor Scuderi of Catania. This re- 
gion was formerly more extensive, stretch- 
ing farther down, and the trees were thicker 
and more beautiful than at present; but 
while the volcano, whose eruptions might 
be considered so destructive, has injured 
them but little, the devastating hand of 
man has spread the widest ravages. The 
immense forest, which, in earlier times, ex- 
tended from the northern declivity of Etna 
to the walls of Gastiglione, was cut down 
early in the sixteenth century by the Mar- 
chese Inveno, to permit of the increase of 
arable land. About the same period, the 
beautiful wood of Plane trees (Hatanus 
orienialis, or cuneaiaj disappeared, and 
whereas it had fringed the shores of the 
Onobola, now only a few scattered shrubby 
trees remain to attest its original existence. 
On the road from Francavilla to Fonda- 
chelli, I saw Plane trees as high as 2,000. 
Though now found growing wild in many 
parts of Italy, this tree was originally 
brought from the East. Cardinal Bembo, 
who lived in the end of the fifteenth and 
beginning of the sixteenth century, says, in 
his Dialogue de Etna, " Nam illis (Plati- 
nis) posteaquam in Italiam transvectse sunt, 
et quidem ab ipse Sicilia primum, multie 
urbes abundavere." Pliny states that the 
Plane was brought from the East to Sicily, 
and Dionysius the Elder planted it in his 
garden at Syracuse. The originally large 



wood of Mascali has given place to a vine- 
yard, and where once grew the forest of Cata- 
nia, there now stand the villages of Nicolosi, 
Trecastagne, Pedara, Mascaleia, Torre del 
Griso, and Plachi, which are frequently 
spoken of collectively under the denomina- 
tion of Villaggi del Bosco. The entire sur- 
face of the woody region is estimated by 
M. Scuderi at 17,734 salme, of which lava 
occupies one-fourth, arable and meadow 
land one-seventh, and wood nearly three- 
fifths, the latter chiefly consisting of Oaks, 
Beech, and Pines, the number of stems of 
the former being calculated at 716,863, of 
Fir or Pine, 841,356, and of Beech, 78,414 
The Chestnut (Castanea Vesca) does not 
appear to be wild any where on Etna, but 
always cultivated. We noticed it on the 
sides of Mount Zoccolaro at a height of 
3,900, and Gemmellaro is said to have 
traced it so high as 6,100 ; but this is pro- 
bably a mistake, arising from an erroneous 
calculation of the altitude. On the South 
side of the Alps the Chestnut trees reach 
to 2,600, and on the Pyrenees to 2,800 
feet. Etna is celebrated for the gpreat age 
and colossal dimensions of its Chestnut 
trees. The noted Casiagno di Cento Ca- 
valli has a circumference near the root of 
180 feet, the Castagno di Santa Agata 70, 
and the Castagno delta Nave 64 feet 
These stems, however, attain no great 
height, but soon branch off above the 
ground; and, in regard to the first-men- 
tioned one, it seems probable to me that 
not one stem, but many shoot from the 
same root — for there are now five indivi- 
dual trunks separate from each other, and 
it is a general custom in Sicily, when these 
trees attain a diameter of about a foot, to 
cut them down just above the root, when a 
number of new shoots are thrown out, 
which shortly become trees again. M. 
Brunner is of the same opinion, as is stated 
in his Excursion through the East of Li- 
guria, Elba, Sicily, and Malta. The foiesta 
of Etna consist cYixe^jo^Quercuspubeseens 
(Willdenow), for such this tree is ascer- 
tained to be by my respected instructor. 
Professor Link, and myself. I am unable 
to ascertain the name given to this species 



ON THB VEGETATION OF ETNA. 



91 



by the Italian botanists ; but M. Gemmel- 
laro calls it Quercus Robur, a tree that 
also particularly forms the woods of the 
Apennines, at least in the North of Italy ; 
it differs from our Oaks, at first sight, by its 
inferior dimensions and less knotted stem. 
Tiayellers who climb the mountain by the 
common road from Nicolosi see scarcely 
any other tree ; it ascends from 3,200 to 
5,000, and on the eastern side, in the Yal 
del Leone, to 6,100. Quercus Cerris is 
found in the latter place in tolerable plenty, 
but not higher than 4,600. Quercus Hex, 
the Evergreen Oak, reaches from the hills 
of the coast, where it is the most prevailing 
kind of tree, to the Rocca della Capre, 
^800 feet The Beech (Fagus sylvaticaj 
is not found below 8,000 above Uie sea in 
Sicily ; its lower boundary in the kingdom 
of Naples seems to be 2,952 : it covers the 
steep declivities, of the Val del Bove, as 
low trees or shrubs, whence it ascends 
from the Serra del Salfizio to 6,000, and is 
particularly plentiful on the East side of 
the moontain. But there is a tree that is 
seen at a still greater elevation, and which, 
being a native of the North of Europe, 
might not be expected to occur upon Etna 
at all, namely, the Birch (BettUa alba), 
from which the B. Etnensis, Raf is not 
distinct It is not found on the whole line 
of Apennines, in the kingdom of Naples, 
except at the most southern end, where it 
grows in the moist woods of the Aspro- 
monte, where, according to Tenore's rec- 
koning, it does not exceed the elevation of 
5,600. The lowest point where we saw 
the Birch was in the Val del Bove at 4,761, 
in the Val del Leone and at Monte Arvol- 
tojo at 6,100, where it forms little woods. 
A species of Pine (Pinus sylvestris), ac- 
cording to Presl and Genunellaro, but 
according to Professor Link, P. Laricio, 
is a yery stately tree, although I have seen 
no stems higher than 120 or ISO feet, as 
M. Tenore did in the Sila Woods of Cala- 
bria. We observed the first of these in 
titt Val del Bove at 4,000 feet, and at 
4,600 to 5,600 in the Val del Leone. On 
Monte Arvoltojo this tree reaches to 6,200, 



but only in little groupes or scattered indi- 
viduals. The Aspen (Pbpuhbs tremulaj 
grows on the Giammicola at 5,500; the 
Solly (Ilex Aquifolium) in great numbers, 
and with trunks twelve feet high, accompa- 
nies it ; while both are scarcely seen higher 
up than 4,600 feet on the Alps. Acer viUo- 
sum, Presl, and Mmspessulanum, with the 
beautiful Genista Etnensis, aje peculiar to 
this region. The latter assumes the ap- 
pearance of a tree about Nicolosi, where it 
is planted, and where its long, slender, 
pendent, leafless branches recall to mind 
the Casuarinxis of New Holland, when 
they are not covered with the numerous 
yellow flowers. In its wild station in the 
Val del Bove, from 3,900 to 6,000 feet up 
the mountain, it retains its shrubby mode 
of growth and does not assunoe the foreign 
appearance which I have just described* 
Among the other shrubs, I would particu- 
larly specify the Spurge-Laurel (Daphne 
Laureola), of which the range is from 
2,790 to 4,000 feet, and the Tree Heath 
(Erica arboreaj, which grows singly on 
Etna at 3,800 feet of elevation, whilst on 
the Canary Islands it ascends to 4,200 feet 
Towards the end of the woody region, Ju^ 
niperus hemispharica, Presl, begins to ap- 
pear; Astragalus Siculus is plentiful at 
4,800, and Berberis vulgaris, B, macro^ 
caniha (B. Etnensis, Presl) ; but this latter 
plant rather belongs to the upper than the 
woody region. At the commencement of 
the woody region our kinds of fruits thrive 
best ; for at a lower elevation the warmth 
is too great, so that their produce is of very 
inferior quality. Cherries grow well at 
Portella 2,970 feet, and I^ars and Apples 
in the district called Tardaria, which may 
be situated at about 3,400 feet above the 
level of the sea. Nothing else is cultivated 
in the woody region but Rye (Secale ce- 
realej. This species of grain is said to 
have been originally introduced by King 
Victor Amadeus firom Germany in the be- 
ginning of the last century, an idea which 
is confirmed by the circumstance of its be- 
ing called, in addition to the name of Se^ 
gala, Grano Tedesco. It is sown in Sep- 



92 



ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 



tember and reaped in July. We found 
the lowest fields of Rye at Zafifarano, 3,200 
feet, the highest at Zoccolaro 5,480. Even 
in this region there is a remarkable paucity 
of species of plants. The ground below 
the trees is thickly clothed with our com- 
mon Brake (Pteris aquilinaj, which, in 
many places, almost banishes every other 
plant. It is met with from the sea shore, 
on the North coast, to the height of 5,600 
feet, and the Sicilians derive no further 
benefit from it than burning it down or 
ploughing it in, thus rendering the ground 
fit for the Rye without any other manure. 
Constant accompaniments of the Pteris, on 
Etna, are the pretty Crocus odorus, (Bi- 
vona). Crocus kmgiflorus, Raf. and Cycla^ 
men Neapolitanum, whose beautiful blue 
and red flowers, late in autumn, charm the 
eye for a long time afler the yellow foliage 
of the Brake has proclaimed the approach 
of winter. Still higher up in this region, 
is Stemhergia lutea, which M. Gemmellaro 
found at 4,300 feet ; Asphodelus luteus at 
5,650, Potentilla Calabra, Gypsophila ri- 
gida, Ceniaurea cinerea, Achillea Itgus- 
tica, Tolpis quadriaristata, Apargia his- 
pida and autumnalis, Thymus Adnos, Sa- 
iureja Gr^xa, with its numerous varieties, 
which, by many Botanists, are considered 
as so many proper species: Paronychia 
JBispanica, and Hemiaria microcarpa. 
M. Gemmellaro gathered Croton tincio- 
rium, even at the elevation of 5,090, at the 
Grotto della Capre. Besides the plants 
now enumerated, all those found in the 
following region are also seen here. 

3. The alpine region. This extends 
from 6,200 to 8,960 feet. The Juniperus 
h(smisph4Brica ascends from the woody re- 
gion of 4,700 feet as far as 7,100 ; and it is 
the same with Berheris vulgaris (B. EU 
nensis, Presl), which we first noted at 
5,000 above the sea. But the vegetation 
of this region acquires its most peculiar 
feature from the presence of Astragalus 
Siculus, which is here the predominant 
plant, supplying, to a certain degree, the 
species oi Rhododendron which g^ow on 
the Alps, and the Spariium nubigenum of 



the Canary Islands. It forms thick seini- 
hemisphserical tufls, from two to two feet 
and a half high, and a diameter of four or 
five feety with all the appearance of a soil 
cushion ; but woe to the traveUer who shall 
be tempted to recline on it, as he will cer- 
tainly be grievously wounded by the prickly 
peduncles of its leaves ! This shrub I have 
already noticed as first seen growing singly 
at 3,200 and 4,800; but above the woody 
region it becomes the prevailing plant, 
and, according to Gemmellaro, is lost at an 
elevation of 7,940 feet: we saw none of it 
higher than 7,500. To the same height 
rises Tanxicetum vulgare, which is also ra- 
ther plentiful in the woody region at 3,000 
feet. Higher up no more shrubby plants 
are found; the only species that grow, 
though sparingly, on the broad and barren 
top of Etna, are Saponaria depressa, Ce- 
rastium tomentosum, Cardamine th^zUc^ 
troides, Viola gracilis, var. Etnensie of 
Gussone, Galium Etnicum (Bivona), Ses- 
leria nitida, Scleranthus marginaiu* 
(Guss.), from 5,000 to 8,000 ; Seriola urn- 
Jlora (Robertia laraxacoides) as ftir as 
8,600, Anthemis punctata and Rumexscu- 
taius, 200 feet higher still, at the Cima 
della Val del Bove. The first of these 
scarcely occurs lower down than 5,100, 
and is most plentiful at about 6,000. The 
Rumex scutatus is common on all the lava 
streams, descending even to the coast and 
showing no change, in consequence of its 
lofty place of growth, except that its foliage 
assumes a greyish hue of green, and a 
downy surface, which are not sufficient 
characters to constitute it a species, as is 
done by Presl, who calls it Rumex Etnen- 
sis. On the Alps this plant first becomes 
plentiful at 5,000 feet At length, the ele- 
vation being 8,850, we lose the Senecio 
chrysanihemifolius, which lingers up to 
the highest point where any vegetation can 
be traced upon Etna ; it varies with entire 
and divided leaves, which Presl has con- 
stituted two species : both of them, how- 
ever, may be easily traced back to the 
original type. Here every vestige of vege- 
tation disappears, though, during the sum- 



ON THE VEGETATION OF ETNA. 



93 



mer months, no snow remains lying on the 
summit of £tna, and a frightful desert of 
black fields of lava and ashes commences, 
where there is no trace of life, and nothing 
can be seen but the tracks of mules and the 
bones of these animals, which often excite 
the curiosity and the enquiries of persons 
who visit these gloomy and barren heights. 

Of the region of Lichens, to which Presl 
assigns an extent of 200 feet above the ele- 
vation of 9,000, 1 could see nothing, and in 
general the higher parts of Etna are very poor 
in Cryptogamia. Bryum sanguineum (?) 
grows at 7,900 feet, Grimmia leucophoea 
at 7,110, and Geastrum hygroTnetricum 
(Pers.), with Niduiaria Crucihulum (Fr.), 
at 3,000 feet. 

After having thus defined the propor- 
tions of vegetation upon Etna, I shall pro- 
ceed to make some observations, by way 
of comparing this mountain with others, 
especially with the Alps, which are situated 
about eight degrees and a half to the north- 
ward, and with the Canary Islands, lying 
nine degrees and a half southward, thus 
placed at about equal distances from it. 
What strikes most forcibly at first is the 
great poverty of species and of individual 
plants that prevails in the woody and upper 
regions of Etna, as compared with the im- 
mense contrast presented by the varied 
forms and luxuriant vegetation that clothe 
the Alps. Still Etna is rich, when viewed 
in comparison with the scanty produce of 
the Canary Islands. To the upper region 
of the Peak of TenerifTe, an elevation of 
above 5,900 feet. Von Buch assigns only 
twenty-three species of plants, while, at a 
height of 6,200 feet, Etna produces about 
fifty-two species. The reasons for this dis- 
parity are, according to Von Buch, the 
greater distance from the continent and 
the extreme dryness of TenerifTe. The 
former is not the case with Etna ; but its 
bought may serve to explain the poverty 
of its vegetation. The top of the mountain 
is rarely covered with clouds, (though this 
^ be the case with the Peak) ; no springs 
burst from its volcanic sides, the little water 
that flows down from Etna only comes be- 
low where the lava covers the original 



clayey soil, as at Aci, Patemo, Aderno, 
&c., and there is no perpetual snow lying 
on the summit, whose gradual melting in 
summer would constantly keep the ground 
in a state of moisture. Rain rarely falls, 
which is attributable both to Etna being in 
a southern latitude and to its insolated situ- 
ation, which forbids its retaining the clouds 
in their passage, as is the case with entire 
ranges of mountains. The number of rainy 
days in Catania is stated, by M. Gemmel- 
laro, as only sixty-three ; and in Palermo, 
where the average is sixty-four, the quan- 
tity of rain that annually falls is said to be 
twenty-two English inches ; while, on the 
southern side of the AJps, the mean quan- 
tity is stated at fifty-four, and on the plains 
of Lombardy thirty-six. Another important 
reason is the peculiar nature of the soil ; 
for the long series of a thousand years, the 
original surface of the Alps has been con- 
tinually exposed to every influence of the 
weather, and no event of nature has dis- 
turbed the gradual formation of fruitful soil 
and the increase of vegetation upon it: 
but it is far different with Etna, especially 
on the higher regions. A fresh flow of 
lava, a new field of ashes, thickly and 
speedily cover the scanty vegetation, while 
another eruption destroys in a moment the 
slow and gradual production of centuries. 
Suffice it to say, that fifty-four eruptions 
have been known to take place, the average 
being one in every thirty-three years, thus 
allowing only a similar period as the age 
of the soil on the highest regions of this 
mountain. 

The following is a tolerably correct list 
of the plants which grow above the boun- 
dary line of trees upon Etna : — 

Juniperus hemisph<Brica, Presl, Berberis 
Etnensis, Presl, (a variety only of B, vul- 
garis), Astragalus Siculus, Bivona, and 
Cardamine thalictroides, the latter is 
stated by Presl to be peculiar to Etna, as 
well as Arenaria aristata, which is, how- 
ever, a doubtful species ; A. serpyllifolia, 
Saponaria Etnensis, Potentilla argentea, 
Helianthemum glaucum, and H. loevipes, 
which latter grows also on the sea shore, 
Viola gracilis, Sibth., Cerastiwn tomento- 



94 OV THB VEGETATION OF ETNA. 

mm, Rumex scutcUui, Agrastemma Ccdi Olive, Chestnut, and Beech stand in a de* 

Rosa, Sagina procumbens, Draha vema, tennined and equal proportion, viz. 1,300 

Hippocr€pisunisiliqua,Onosmaeckioides, to 1,400 feet higher up on Etna than on 

Thymus Acinos, Sature;a Graca, Scabi- the Alpe, the woody boundary on this 

osa mantana, Seriola uniflora, Tanacetum mountain should not rise to a greater ele- 

vulgare^Anikemis montana, Senecio chry- vation also. But this anomaly is more ap- 

santhemifoliiis, Inula numtana, Asperula parent than real, and is not produced hj 

Cynanchica, Galium JEtnicum, Saxifraga climate ; it is solely owing to the circum- 

trikuUylites, very plentiful, and S, hede- stance that the upper surface of Etna is so 

Tocea, Scleranthus annuus, Jasione mon* frequently disturbed by volcanic eruptions^ 

tana, Orchis sambucina and pollens, showers of ashes, and streams of lava, that 

Ophrys lutea tndtenthredinifera, Serapias no vegetable earth can be formed capable 

enstfolia, Phalaris alpina, Sesleria nitida, of supporting the growth of trees. A clear 

Stipa toriilis, Arwndo tenax, Festuca pu- proof of this exists in the circumstance that 

mila, elatior and poc^orwis, (the latter is many trees succeed well far higher up in 

P. Einensis of Presl), Botrychium Luna- other districts of Sicily, as the White Plop- 

ria, Pteris aquilina, very abundant, and lar on Timpa dell'Albanello, at an eleva- 

Asplenium Adiantum nigrum, common. tion of 7,800 feet. It is easy to see why 

From this list we learn, firstly, that the the Vine, and cultivation of all kinds, does 

vegetation of Etna has nothing in common not reach in proportion so far upon Etna as 

with that of the Alps or of the loftiest on the Alps. The highest situated place 

Apennines, between which again there ex- on the south side of the volcano is Nico- 

istsagreat affinity: and, secondly, that it losi, 2,184 feet above the sea; it may, 

is equally different from that of the Canary therefore, be concluded that cultivated 

Islands, to the upper region of which be- spots will not be seen very far above that 

long nineteen species of plants which are point, since labour would be difficult, and 

found no where else: while, thirdly, the the produce, of course, inferior to that 

plants of Etna are all common with the which may be procured at a less cost in 

neighbouring continent and the other parts the immediate neighbourhood of the habi- 

of Sicily, except Cardamine thalictroides, tations. The plants of the woody region 

which grows in Calabria also ; and two, of Etna are equally different from those of 

Betula alba, and Juniperus hemispharica; the Alps, as are those of the upper region, 

all the rest are likewise found in the lower You see no species of Ribes, Vaccinium, 

regions of Sicily, only one plant, Genista Pyrola, Aconitum, Saxtfraga, or Gentian, 

Sinensis, being peculiar to this mountain, even Fragaria Vesca becomes rare, and 

A very striking difference will also be there is but very little similarity with the 

perceived, when you compare the bounda- vegetation of the neighbouring continent 

ries of the various species of trees upon of Italy. Almost every where in Calabria, 

Etna with those of the Alps, as stated in the mountains, at an elevation of 8,500 to 

the following table :— 4,800 feet, are clothed with a beautiful 

Soath side of ^^^ Difler- green turf, consisting of various Grasses, 

Po™ *^^'"' 1 onn TcS^' ^^*«^'^ cordifolia, Astragalus mon- 

r°™ ^" i'^",'!i^ <««««» AkhemUla alpina. Ranuncubu 

?t: 2^- iZ Z *^-^''«'"' *''• Tbese^e^low. as „.y 

ttCDuiu* J^Z\ fl n^ ^^^ ^^ ^^ ^^® ^^ ^® above-named plants axe 

Beech •.....-..• 4,600. . JOOO. .1,400 ^ ^ ^^^ . ^^^^ ^^ yegetation of 

Boundary of Trees 6,400. . 6,200. . 200 .v^ ^,k^, ,. %; q- ,. *«• j_. 

_ , - « o\»/^/^ ,/>\. .o ^ r^.r. ^^ ^"^®' "*g" Sicilian mountains does not 

Boundary of Snow 8.600. .10.448. .1.848 ^^ ^^^ \^ 

At first sight it seems to be a striking There is some similarity with the vege- 

anomaly, that whilst the limits of Com, tation of the Canary Islands, where the 



MB. PBUMHOND'S COUBCTIOIfB. 



95 



boundary of the woody rogion is fonned by 
a species of Pine, Pinus Canariensis, 
while on Etna it is P. Laticio, Pteris 
aquiKna is plentiful in both ; but grows 
yery sparingly on the Alps. Erica arborea 
grows at a height of 4,200 in the Canary 
Islands, and of 3,800 on Etna. Instead, 
however, of the Oaks and Beeches of Etna, 
the Peak of Teneriffe exhibits woods of 
Laurus nobilis, L. fastens, and Indica, 
As to the plants of the lower region of 
Etna, they are much the same as those of 
the neighbouring continent. Few grow on 
that part of Etna, for which the climate in 
the northern provinces of Italy is too cold, 
thoogh they may be found on the coast of 
Calabria. Spartium infestum (Presl,) 
takes the place of S. lanigerum, which is 
80 common about Naples. This shrjib, 
which is covered in spring with thousands 
of golden yellow flowers, is still more strik- 
ing in summer, when it stands destitute of 
a single leaf, of a grey and moiu-nful 
green, its numerous twigs tipped with 
sharp prickles, and contrasting most forci- 
bly with the beautiful frutescent Solanum 
Sodonueum, which is ornamented with large 
violet-coloured blossoms and golden berries. 
Nerium Oleander and Ricinus Africanits 
are also abundant; the latter, which only 
lives one year with us, here attains the sta- 
ture of a shrub and sometimes even of asmall 
tree, the trunk of which cannot be spanned 
with both hands, and up which the boys 
climb to gather its fruit. Chanuerops ku- 
w'i^, the Palmetto, so abundant on the 
South and West coast of Sicily, disappeare 
altogether in the district of Etna. Between 
the plants of the foot of this mountain and 
tbat of the Alps there is no resemblance ; 
a greater similarity exists between it and 
the Canary Islands, as out of the one hun- 
^d and eighty-six plants which Von Buch 
found on the lower region of Teneriffe, fifty- 
four are natives of Sicily also. This pro- 
portionably large resemblance is owing to 
the circumst^ce that many of the plants 
now found growing wild on the Canary 
islands have been introduced from Europe 
by cultivation. 



NOTICE CONCERNING THE LATE 
MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLEC- 
TIONS, MADE CHIEFLY IN THE 
SOUTHERN AND WESTERN 
PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(Contmwdfrom p. 49.) 

406. Liatris spicata, Willd. — Covington. 

407. Liatris pycnostachya, Mich. — St. 
Louis. 

403. Liatris pilosa, Willd.— A solitary 
specimen of this without flower came 
from New Orleans, in 1833. 

409. Liatris gracilis. Ph. — This seems to 
differ from L.pilosa only in the glabrous 
leaves, and Mr. Nuttall inclines to be of 
the same opinion. 

410. Liatris squarrosa, Willd. — Coving- 
ton; — ^. floribus longius pedicellatis, 
involucri squamis appressis vix squar- 
rosis. i, intermedia, Lindl. — St. Louis. 

. — This is a very remarkable variety, but 
I do not think it can be separated from 
the L, squarrosa, 

411. Liatris elegans, Willd. — ^Jackson- 
ville. St. Louis.— ^Flowers smaller than 
in the following species. 

412. Liatris scariosa, Willd. — St. Louis. 
— I scarcely see how L, sphmroidea is 
distin^^uishable from this. 

413. Liatris squamx>sa, Nutt. — Sp, (in 
PI. of Acad. Phil.) — Caule erecto sim- 
plicissimo pubescente, foliis lineari-sub- 
ulatis glabriusculis punctatisglaucis cau- 
linis numerosis brevibus arete appres- 
sis, corymbo parvo paucifloro, pedicelli 
bracteis subulatis appressis, involucri 
squanus ovato-lanceolatis imbricatis pu- 
bescenti-tomentosis. — L. appressa, Tor^ 
rey in Serb, nostr., Covington.— Jack- 
sonville. N. Orleans, 1833.-H3. floribus 
racemosis. Jacksonville. — ^The whole 
plant has, in its dried state, a peculiarly 
glaucous hue. Stem one foot and a half 
to two feet high, erect, very straight, 
and quite simple. Lowermost and ra- 
dical leaves 4—5 inches long, more or 
less spreading ; the rest on the stem one- 
half or three-quarters of an inch long, 
closely appressed ; all of them impressed 
with dots and involute at the margin. 
In every specimen, but one, the inflo- 
rescence is decidedly a simple corymb 
of from three to five moderately-sized 
flowers. The upper part of the stem 
and pedicels are very downy. In the 
var. 0. there is a distinct raceme of thir- 
teen or fourteen flowers. The root does 
not appear to be tuberous, but is peren- 
nial, it I mav judge from the fibrous re- 
mains of old leaves. Dr. Torrey's spe- 



96 



MR. drummond's collbctionb. 



mens^ and others I have received from 
Mr. Greene, were ^thered in Alabama. 

414. Liatris odoratissima, Willd. — Co- 
vington. 

415. Elephantopus Carolinianus, Willd. 
— St. Louis. 

416. Elephantopus nudicaulis, Ell. — E, 
CaroliniantLS, var. simplex, Nutt. — Jack- 
sonville. — 0, major; foliis tomentoso- 
hirsutis. Covin^on. — This species has, 
indeed, a very different appearance from 
JS. Carolinianus, and has been charac- 
terized as distinct and under the same 
name by M. Poiret in Lam. Encycl. as 
well as by Mr. Elliott. It is precisely 
the same as the East Indian JE. scaber, 
Wall. Cat. C. 89, C. 89 b, and C. 89 g. 

417. Eupatorium hyssopifolium, Walt.— ^ 
Jacksonville. Covin^on. — Some of the 
specimens, from their more obscurely 
toothed leaves, seem to combine the JE, 
linearifolium with the E, hyssopifolium. 

418. Eupatorium aUissimum, L. — Kuh- 
nia gtutinosa, Ell, (fide spedm in 
herb. nostr,J — St. Louis. — What I take 
for this plant is identical with Mr. El- 
liott's Kuhnia gliUinosa, in which I find 
the pappus scabrous, not "beautifully 
feathery." 

419. Eupatorium ambiguum, n. sp. ? pu- 
bescens supeme valde ramosum, foliis 
oppositis temisve ovato-lanceolatis in 
petiolum breviusculum attenuatis inae- 
qualiter serratis, floribus corymboso- 
paniculatis parvis subglobosis, involucri 
squamis brevibus obtusis pubescentibus 

Sunctato-glandulosis, flosculis 8—10. — 
acksonville. Covington. — I cannot re- 
fer this to any described species, nor 
have I received it from any American 
Botanist It is from two to three feet 
high ; leaves one and a half to two inches 
long, petiolate ; the numerous flowering 
branches at the top form a large spread- 
ing panicle of small apparently white 
flowers. 

420. Eupatorium album, L. — Covington. 

421. Eupatorium rotundifolium, L. — Co- 
vington. 

422. Eupatorium ceanoihifolium ? Mich. 
— St. Louis. 

423. Eupatorium verbenc^olium, Mx. — 
Covington. — Probably the same as E. 
teucriifolium, Willd. 

424. Eupatorium ageratoides, L. — St. 
Louis. 

425. Eupatorium aromaticum, L. — Jack- 
sonville. — ^The leaves are of a more rigid 
texture and on shorter petioles than in 
the preceding species. 

426. ECipatorium perfoliatum, L. — ^Jack- 
sonville. St. Louis. 



427. Eupatorium purpureum, L. — Co- 
vington. 

428. Cselestina aerulea, Cass. — St. Louis. 
Jacksonville. Covington. 

429. Mikania scandens, Willd. — Jackson- 
ville. — The Mikania pubescens appears 
to be only a very sUgnt var. oi m, scan- 
dens, 

430. Kuhnia eupatorioides, L.— Jackson- 
ville. St. Louis. — ^The leaves certainly 
vary in breadth and pubescence in this 
species, and I doubt extremely how tsa 
the X, Oritonia is distinct from it 

431. Chrysocoma nudaia, Mx. — Coving- 
ton. Jacksonville. 

432. Spilanthesulcm^Z^, L. — N. Orleans, 
1833. 

433. Cacalia tuberosa, Nutt — Covington- 

434. Marshallia laiifolia, Ph.— St Louis. 

435. Marshallia angustifolia, Ph. — Jack- 
sonville. 

436. Baccharis halimifolia, L. — N. OrL 
(n. 169). Jacksonville. 

487. Conyza camphorata. Ph. — Coving- 
ton. N. Orl. — Conyza angustifoha, 
Nutt (in PI of Herb, Acad, Phil.}— 
N. Orl. 1833. 

438. Conyza bifrons, L. — $, foliis angus- 
tioribus basi minus cordatis non amplex- 
icaulibus.. — Covington. — ^The leaves are 
longer, narrower, and much less cordate 
at the base, than any specimens I have 
seen from the American Botamsts. 

439. Gnaphalium polycephalum^ Mx.— 
Jacksonville. St Louis. 

440. Gnaphalium Americanum, L. — ^N. 
Orl. (n. 162). — &. foliis ang^stioribus, 
caule valde ramoso. — N. Orl. (n. 163). 

441. Gnaphalium purpureum, L. — ^New 
Orl. ?n. 164). ^ 

442. Gnaphalium plantagineum, L. — N. 
Orl. 1833. Pennsylvania. 

443. Erigeron Canadensis, L. — Coving- 
ton. St. Louis. 

444. Erieeron divaricaius, Mx. — ^N. Orl. 
(n. 174;. — E, pusillus, Nutt is Very 
near to some states of this. 

445. Erigeron sirigosus, Willd. — ^N. OrL 
n. 172). 
(. Erigeron quercifolius, L. — ^N. Orl. 

(n. 170). 

447. Erigeron Philadelphicus, L. — E. 
purpureus. Ait — N. Orl. (n. 171). Ohio. 

448. Erieeron bellidifolius, Willd. — E. 
pulcheUus, Mich. — Pennsylvania. N. 
Orl. (n. 173). — Perhaps a variety of JS. 
purpureus, with smaller leaves on the 
stem. 

449. Erigeron nudicaulis, Mich. — ^New 
Orl. (n. 174). 

(To be contiuaed.) 



MR. DRUMMOND*S COLLECTIONS. 



97 



450. Diplopappus Mdrianus, Cass. (Chry- 
flopsis, iVi^g— N. Orl. (n. 186). 

461. Diplopappus ^ric/iopXy//w J.? (Chry- 
sopsis, JSfutt.) — Covington. Jackson- 
ville. — This is a much taller, more erect 
plan^ with narrower leaves than D. 
Mdrianus. 

452. Diplopappus sertceus, (Chrysopsis, 
JVr^J— N.Orl. (n.l84). Jacksonville. 

453. I^plopappus villosus, (Chrysopsis, 
A'iift^-St K)ui8. 

454. Diplopappus? (Chrysopsis) divari- 
catus, Wutt. — N. Orl. (n. 519). — This 
is, as Mr. Nuttall observes, widely dif- 
ferent in habit from the other species of 
the genus, and will probably constitute 
a distinct genus. The flowers are small ; 
the involucre almost cylindrical ; panicle 
laige, spreading. 

455. Boltonia asteroides, L'Herit. — St. 
Louis. 

456. Boltonia diffusa, Ell. — Covington. 
Jacksonville. 

457. Euthamia tenuifolia, Nutt. (Bra- 
chyris ? Less.) — Jacksonville. 

458. Solidago scabra, Willd. — Jackson- 
ville. 

459. Solidago nemoralis, Ait. — St. Louis. 

460. Solidago serolina, Ait. — St. Louis. 

461. Solidago tortifolia, Ell. — Jackson- 
ville. 

462. Solidago ulmifolia ? Ell. (non Willd. 
or Nutt.) — St. Louis. 

463. Solidago ulmifolia, Nutt- (fide Nutt. 
in Boott Herb, non Ell.) — St. Louis. 

464. Solidago axillaris. Ph. — Louisiana. 

465. Solidago Boottii, n. sp. ; caule erecto 
angulato ^labriusculo superne ramoso fo- 
lioso, foliis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis 
integerrimis basi in petiolum alatum at- 
tenuatis marginibus scabris, race mis pa- 
niculatis terminalibus, floribus secundis, 
pedicellis bracteatis pedunculisque pu- 
bescentibus, involucris glabris. — Louisi- 
ana,. — This is considered a new species 
by my valued friend Dr. Boott. It seems 
to be a tall growing plant, of slender, 
graceful habit. Leaves one to two 
mches long, including the tapering base, 
which resembles a winged petiole. 
Flowers of a moderate size, not much 
crowded. 

466. Solidago Mexicana, L. — ft floribus 
lato-coiymbosis. — St. Louis. 

467. Solidago rigida, L. — St. Louis. 

468. Solidago lanceolata, L. — St. Louis. 
N. Orl. 1^. 

469. Solidago tenuifolia, (Euthamia), 
Nutt— -Jacksonville. N. Orl. 

470. Aster Nov€e AnglitB, L. — St Louis. 

471. Aster o6fon^^oai«,Nutt— St.Louis. 

472. Aster patens. Ait.— St. Louis.— jS. 

VOL. I. 



gracilis, ramis loneissimis, foliis parvis. 
Jacksonville. — Mr. Nuttall considers this 
distinct. — Boott. 

473. Aster argenteus, Mich. — A, sericeus. 
Vent. New. — St. Louis. 

474. Aster Drummondii (Lindl.) n. sp. ; 
" totus incanus, foliis cordato-ovatis cre- 
nato-serratis supremis sessilibus, ramu- 
lorum lineari-oblongis acuminatis, caule 
ramisque racemoso-thyrsoideis strictis, 
involucri foliolis subulatis." Lindl. 
MSS. — "Inter A.paniculatum et undu- 

■ latum quasi medius, canitie facillime 
distinguendus. Radii verosimiliter cy- 
anei.**— St. Louis. 

475. Aster astivus, Ait. — N. Orl. 

476. Aster subasper, (Lindl.) n. sp. ; 
"foliis angusto-lanceolatis subsessilibus 
acuminatis uniformibus supra per totam 
superficiem scabris, superioribus grada- 
tim minoribus, caule inferne glabro 
superne pubescenti racemoso-composito, 
ramis secundifloris, involucri hemi- 
sphaerici foliolis linearibus acutis disco 
conspicuo brevioribus exterioribus lax- 
is." Lindl. MSS. — A. obliquo distinct- 
issimus foliis latioribus uniformibus 
semper ut videtur integerrimis capitu- 
lisque majoribus. — A. tenuifolium etiam 
mentitur. Lindl. — St. Louis. 

477. Aster rubricaulis f Lam. — N. Orl. 
1833. 

478. Aster attenuatus, (Lindl.) n. sp. ; 
foliis lineari-lanceolatis acuminatis laevis- 
simis margine serrulato-scabris ramulo- 
rum minimis linearibus acuminatissimis 
erectis, caule glabro simplicissimo gra- 
cili apice irregulariter racemoso, ramis 
brevibus erectis submonocephalis, invo- 
lucri foliolis exterioribus acuminatis sub- 
squarrosis. Lindl. MSS. — " Species ab 
omnibus hue usque notis procul dubio 
distincta, fastigiis caulis et ramulorum, 
foliis sensim diminutis necnon inter spe- 
cies conterminas involucre aubsquarroso 
bene circumscripta. jFolia etiam gla- 
berrima, quasi laevigata, excepto mar- 
gine serrulato-scabro, notam vix fal- 
lacem preebent" — Jacksonville. 

479. Aster glabellus, Nees. — St Louis. 
" An A. ericoides.*' Boott. 

480. Aster coridifolius, Nees. — Jackson- 
ville. 

481 . Aster adnatus, Nutt. (in PI. of Herb. 
Acad. Phil.), scaberrimus, cauli erecto 
gracili superne laxi paniculatim ramoso, 
foliis parvis oblongis acutis erectis disco 
per totam fere longitudinem cauli ad- 
nato apice solummodo libero ! floribus 
solitariis in apice ramulorum, involucri 
squamis linearibus imbricatis apicibus 
acutissimis herbaceis subreflexis.-N.Orl. 



98 



MR. DBUMMOKD'B COLLECTIONS. 



— This most remarkable species ot Aster 
is everywhere very scabrous. The stems 
1 — 2 feet high, clothed with closely 
placed, almost imbricated, erect, small 
leaves, the longest of them not half an 
inch long, and gradually becoming small- 
er upwards: this peculiarity of these 
leaves is, that the disk for nearly the 
whole length is confluent with the stem, 
the apex alone being free. In general 
habit, perhaps, it comes nearest to A, 
coridifolius, I have received the same 
plant, without a name, from Dr. Torrey, 
gathered in Alabama. 

482. Aster miser, L. — St. Louis. 

483. Aster concolor, L. — N. Orl. Jack- 
sonville. 

484. Aster muliiflorus, &, ciliatus. Nees. 
— St. Louis. 

435. Aster azureus, (Lindl.) n. sp.; foliis 
lanceolatis utrinque acuminatis scaber- 
rimis subserratis superioribus integris, 
ramorum subulatis, caule racemoso-com- 
posito virgato, ramulis elongatis mono- 
cephalis, involucri hemispheerici foliolis 
imbricatis apice tantum patxdis. Lindl, 
— " Est quasi hybridus inter A, rubri- 
caulem et A. multijbrum," — St. Louis. 

436. Aster turhinellus, (Lindl.) n. sp.; fo- 
liis oblongo-lanceolatis subamplexicau- 
libus integerrimis, ramorum oblongis 
obtusis sensim in subulatis decrescenti- 
bus, caule subsimpliciter ramoso virga- 
to, ramis elon^tis flliformibus subuni- 
floris, involucri turbinati foliolis lineari- 
bus obtusiusculis apice herbaceis. LindL 
MSS. — " Species valde distincta, pur- 
purato quamvis proxima, diversissima 
foliorum forma, involucre magis turbi- 
nato, ramisque filiformibus, nee rigidis 
strictis." 

487. Aster mutabilis. Ait. — St. Louis. 

488. Dollingeria comifolia, Nees. — Jack- 
sonville. 

489. Diplostephium linariifolium, Nees. — 
Jacksonville. 

490. Seriocarpus solidaginaides, Nees. — 
Covington. 

491. Stenactis ActeropAy to, Nees. — St 
Louis. 

492. Boebera chrysanthemoides, Willd. 
— B.glandulosa, NuttSi, Louis. 

493. Senecio hieraciifoliits, Pursh. — N. 
Orl. ?n. 175), 1833. 

494. Senecio lobatiu, Pers. — N. Orl. (n. 
176). — M. Tainturier also finds the same 
plant in Louisiana. 

495. Ecliptai brachypoda, Mich. — ^N. Orl. 
(n, 168). 

496. Verbesina Virginica, L. — Jackaon- 
vUle. N. Orl. 

497. Achillea MiUefolium, L.-*-Covington. 



498. Heliopsis Uevis, Pers. — St. Louis.-^ 
var, minor ; floribus parvis, radiis paucis. 
—Covington. N.Orl. 1833.— The specie 
mens ofiS. are very small: those from 
N. Orl. scarcely more than a foot high, 
and bearing only a single small flower. 

499. Helenium quadric&iiatum, Mich. — 
N. Orl. (n. 179). 

600. Helenium tenuifolium, (Nutt.) la- 
mosissimum^ foliis numerosissimis an* 
gusto-linearibus, pappi foliolis valde acu- 
minatis. — Nutt. in Joum. Acad. Nat 
Sc. Phil. V. 7. p. 66.— N. Orl. (n. 177> 
Covington. — ^This is a most distinct spe- 
cies, but variable in size, from a span to 
a foot and a half in height. 

601. Leptopoda Helemum^ Nutt — N. 
OrL («. 178). 

602. Balduina uniflora, Nutt — Coving- 
ton. 

503. Galardia bicolor, Lam. — Covington. 
604. Helianthus angust^oUus, L. — ^Jack- 
sonville. Covington. 

505. Helianthus atro-rubens, L. — Jack* 
sonville. — var, foliis acutioribus. St Lou- 
is. — To this the following species is veiy 
nearly allied. — ^There is, besides, a spe- 
cies of J7e/ian^ii^ from Covington, which 
I cannot satisfactorily refer to any de- 
scribed one ; with much branched stems, 
scarcely scabrous, alternate (in the flower- 
ing branches), ovato-acuminate, shortly 
petiolated, rather rigid leaves, three- 
nerved at the base, very pale beneath. 
Scale of the involucre lanceolate, pubes- 
centi-scabrous, patent, almost squarrose. 
Flowers rather small. 

506. Helianthus hetercpkyUus ; (Nutt) 
** caule unifloro gracili, foliis piloso-hir- 
sutis plerisque oppositis, radicalibus ob- 
loneo-ellipticis, superioribus lineari-lan- 
ceoiatis, omnibus integris, squamis caly- 
cinis lanceolatis acuminatis." — ^Nutt in 
Joum. of Acad, of Nat Sc. Phil. t. 7. 
p. 74. — 6. foliis radicalibus longioribus 
angustioribusque. St Louis. — &oving- 
ton. This only diflers from the *' Ala- 
bama" specimens of Nuttall, in the 
greater length of the radical leaves, 
which, however, are much narrower in 
the Covington plant than in that from 
St Louis: all are three-nerved. The 
latter is destitute of any. 

607. Helianthus pi^ejceiu. Ell., viz alior. 
— Jacksonville. St. Louis. 

608. Helianthus tracheliifolius, Willd. 
and var. fol. lanceolatis. — Covington. 

509. Helianthus gigantetis, L. — St Lonia 

610. Helianthus mollis, £11. (an alior?)— 
St. Louia 

611. Helianthus divaricaiHs, L. — St 
Louis. 



MB. DBUMMOND'S C0LLBCTI0N8. 



99 



512. Chiysogonum Vvrginianum, L. — 
Alle^anies. 

513. Folymnia Uvedalia, L. — St Louis. 

514. Polymnia Canadensis, L.— St Lou- 
is. 

515l Silphium scaberrimum, Ell. — St. 
Louis. 

516. Silphium terebinthaceum, L. — St 
Louis. 

517. Silphium laciniaiuin, L. — S, pin- 
natifidum, et S. gummiferum. Ell. — St 
Louis. — The lower leaves may be said to 
be bipinnatifid. In this species, (which 
is a gum-bearing one) and in i5. tere- 
binthaceum, the leaves and whole plant 
change to a reddish brown colour. 

518. Silphium cmerrimum, n. sp.; caule 
elato hispido, foliis altemis oblongo- 
oyatis sessilibus acutis utrinque hispido- 
scabris margine scaberrimis integerri- 
mis, floribus subpaniculatis, pedunculis 
fbliosis, involucri foliolis oblongis folia- 
ceis squarrosis scabris, acheniis obovatis 
planis bidentatis. — Covington. — This is a 
singularly harsh and hispid plant, the stem, 
in particular, (besides being clothed with 
a short and harsh down) is furnished 
with numerous, spreading, rigid hairs or 
bristles. The leaves are all alternate and 
sessile, 3—4 inches long, nearly erect, 
marked with a close but very evident 
network, quite entire. 

519. Silphium Asteriscus, L. — N. Orl. 
1833. Here the leaves are alternate, all 
of them (except the radical ones) sessile, 
remotely and coarsely serrated, very 
rough ; the stem exceedingly hispid. 

520. Silphium betonicifolium, n. sp. ; sub- 
procumbens, caule pubescenti-nirsuto, 
foliis altemis cordato - ovatis omnibus 
petiolatis obtusis leevibus subtus ad ner- 
ves pubescentibus grosse duplicato-cre- 
natis, acheniis muticis. — N. Orl. 1833. 
— This, I think, never can be a variety of 
S, Asterisctts; the leaves are cordato- 
ovate, rarely and only the upper ones 
approaching to oblong, of an almost 
membranous texture, clothed with scat- 
tered short hairs, more copious and stel- 
lated on the under-side, the margin so 
deeply and coarsely crenated, as almost 
to he sinuated, in which respect it differs 
remarkably from the S, pumilum, Mich. : 
all of them on petioles nearly an inch 
long. The stem is sofUy pubescent with 
short hairs. Florets of the ray 7 — 8, 
bright-yellow. Achenia broadly obo- 
vate, margined, entire at the smnmit. 
The scales of the receptacle fold round 
the abortive germens, which are linear, 
cup-shaped at the top, after the corolla 
has fallen away. The peduncles are 



clothed with beautifully jointed, purplish 
hairs. 
521. Actinomeris squarrosa, Nutt. — Co- 
reopsis altemifolia, L. — StLouis. — Flo- 
rets of the ray 10 — 12; often wanting. 

622. Actinomeris helianthoides, Nutt— 
St Louis. — This has the leaves much 
narrower than in the A, squarrosa ; but 
the florets of the ray, in our specimen, 
are wanting. 

623. Coreopsis lanceolaia, — Covington. 

624. Coreopsis crassifolia, Ait. — N. Orl. 
(n. 182). 

525. Coreopsis auriculata, L. — N. Orl. 

1833, (very few specimens). Covington ? 

— Larger.leaves more divided. 
626. Coreopsis tripteris, L. — St. Louis. 

527. Coreopsis senifolia, Mx. — St. Louis. 

528. Coreopsis verticillata, L. — Coving- 
ton. 

529. Coreopsis trichosperma, Mx. — St. 
Louis. Jacksonville. Covington. 

530. Coreopsis iinctoria, Nutt — N. Orl. 
1833. 

531. Rudbeckia triloba, L. — (with cau- 
line leaves only.) HelianUvus sparsifo- 
litis, EIL — St. Louis. 

532. Rudbeckia apetaJa, Torrey in Nutt. 
Journ. of Acad, of Sc. Philad. v. 7. p. 
77. — Covington. JacksonviDe. — Is it not 
the R. Radula, Ph. ? 

533. Rudbeckia/mTywr^a, L. — St Louis. 

534. Rudbeckia hirta, L. — N. Orl. (n. 
183). — /3. major; magrisque hispida. — St. 
Louis. — This is the K.fulgida of Torr. 
in Herb, nostr. ; but not of Aiton. I 
am not well able to distinguish that spe- 
cies from hirta, 

535. Rudbeckia pinnaia. Vent. — St. 
Louis. 

536. Dracopus arnplexicaulis, Cass. Less. 
— Bot. Mag. inea. — Rudbeckia ampl. L. 
— Rperfoliata, C&v.—N. Oil (n. 182). 
— A most distinct and well marked plant, 
everywhere glabrous, except at the mar- 
gin of the leaves. 

637. Bidens bipinnata, L. — St. Louis. 

538. Bidens^roiMfo^a, L. — a. major ; in- 
volucri foliolis brevioribus. — St Louis. 
— 0. minor; involucris longioribus. — 
Jacksonville. — St Louis. 

539. Bidens minima, L.— N. Orl. 1833. 

540. Bidens comata, L. — St. Louis. 

541. Bidens chrysanthemaides, Mx. — St 
Louis. 

542. Parthenium Hysterophorus, L. — N. 
Orl. (n. 165.) 

543. Ambrosia trifida, L. — St. Louis. 

544. Ambrosia eZa^r,L.--N. Orl. 1833. 

545. Ambrosia Piicheri., Torr. MSS. ; 
hirsuto-scabra, fohis ovato-acuminatis 
subinciso - serratis, racemis paniculatis, 



100 



MB. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 



capitulis longe bracteatis. — «. bracteis 
ovato-acuminatis valde ciliatis. — fi. brac- 
teis lanceolatis vix ciliatis. — 0. N. Orl. 
1833. — A most distinct plant, differing 
from the original A. Pitcheri (from the 
Red River) of Dr. Torrey in my Her- 
barium, in the somewhat narrower leaves, 
and much narrower, but equally long 
and conspicuous bracteas, which are 
moreover less distinctly ciliated. The 
presence of these lar^e bracteas readily 
distinguishes the species. 

646. Ivdifrutescens, L. — Covington. 

647. Apogon humilis, Ell. — N. Orl. (n. 
169). 

648. Borkhausia Caroliniana^ Nutt. — N. 
Orl. (n. 166). — 0. ramosa; foliis pie- 
risque profunde pinnatifidis. — N. Orl. 
(n. 167). 

649. Sonchus leucophceus, Willd. — N. 
Orl. (n. 156). Jacksonville. Covington. 
St. Louis. 

560. Lactuca elon^aia, Michl. — Ohio. 

661. Lactuca sagittifolia, Ell. — var. foliis 
dentatis. — St. Louis. 

662. Lactuca graminifolia, Mx. — Cov- 
ington. St. Louis. 

663. Krigia Caroliniana, Nutt. — N. Orl. 
(n. 168). 

664. Krigia Virginica, Willd. — Pennsyl- 
vania. 

656. Hieracium Gronovii, L. — Covington. 

/?. major. — Covington. 
66i5. Chaptalia inlegrifoUa, Mich. — N. 

Orl. (n. 167). 

LOBELIACE^. Br. 

667. Lobelia paludosa, Nutt. Pursh. — L, 
crassitiscula. Ell. (non Mich.) — N. Orl. 
(n. 187). Covington. — A remarkable 
plant, with very long, narrow, radical 
leaves, sometimes a foot in length, fistu- 
lose, and a succulent stem. I think that 
Elliott, and perhaps Michaux, have in- 
cluded this and the following species 
under L. crassiuscula. 

568. Lobelia crassiuscula, Mich. — i. 
glandulosa, Walt. — Jacksonville. — A 
very interesting species, readily distin- 
guished by the copious toothing of the 
leaves, and the deeply-toothed, almost 
incised margins of the calycine seg- 
ments. I possess the same species from 
Alabama. My specimens, however, are 

?2rfectly glabrous in the stem and leaves, 
he flowers have the closest afiinity with 
the preceding species, and in one speci- 
men that I have of L, paludosa, from 
Dr. Torrey, under the name of glandu- 
losa, the upper leaves are similarly glan- 
duloso-dentate, which almost leads me to 



669. 



think that the different appearance of the 
two plants may arise from the one {L. 
crassiuscula) growing in dry, the other 
(L. paludosa) in very wet situations. 
9. Lobelia p«^ru/a, Mich. — var. ««6- 
glabra. Hook, Bot M^.t. 3292.— Jack- 
sonville. 

660. Lobelia Claytoniana, Mich. — St 
Louis. 

661. Lobelia inflata, L. var, valde hirsu- 
ta. — St. Louis. — I have the same hairy 
variety from Georgia, sent by Dr. Tor- 
rey, who observes that, in that State, it is 
rarely found about New York. It i» 
the tme L, injlaia of Pursh. 

662. Lobelia *ip/ti7i<ica, L. — St Louis.— 
fi. minor ; foliis sesquiuncialibus obtu- 
sis subintegerrimis.— St Louis. 

663. Lobelia cardinalis, L. — Covington. 
St. Louis. 

CAMPANULACE^. Juss. 

664. Campanula Americana, L. — C acu- 
minata. Mich. — St. Louis. 

665. Specularia perfoliata, D C. — ^N. OrL 
(n. 188). — /8. foliis angustioribus vix am- 
plexantibus. — N. Orl. 

ERICINEJB. Juss. 



66a 



666. Clethra a/n^o/ia, L.—N. OrL 1833. 

667. Cyrilla racemiflora, Walt— N. Ori. 
>. 202). 

Andromeda niiida, Walt. — N. Ori. 
(n. 192). 

669. Andromeda racemosa, MicL — Jack- 
sonville (in bud only). Covinfi;ton (in 
ripe fr.). Pennsylvania (fl. and old fr.). 
N. Orl. (n. 191). 

570. Andromeda Mariana, L. — Pennsyl- 
vania (cult ?). 

371 . Andromeda ar6or€a,L.-^^o vington. 

372. Andromedei paniculata, Willd. — V. 
Ori. (n. 193). 

573. Andromeda pulverulenta, Bart — 
Pennsylvania (cult). 

674. Menziesia ferruginea, L. — Alle- 
ghanies. 

BHODORACEiB. 

675. Kalmia laiifolia, L. — AUeghanies. 
Pennsylvania. 

676. Azalea nudiflora L. — Alleehanies. 

677. Azalea viscosa, L. — N. Orl. (n. 198). 
Covington, var. hispida. — A. niiida, 
Ph.— Covington. 

YACCIKIEiB. 

678. Vacciniom stamineum, L. — Penn- 
sylvania. N. OrL (n. 196). 



MB. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 



101 



579. Vaccinium diffusum, Ait — V. ar- 
bareum, Mich.— N. Orl. (n. 196). 

580. Vaccinium frondosum, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 199). 

581. Vaccinium resinosum, Ait. — Penn- 
Bjlvania. 

582. Vaccinium corymbosum, L. — Penn- 
sylvania. N. Orl. (n. 197) in fr. 

583. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. 
—Pennsylvania. 

584. Vaccinium artuBnum, Ait. — N. Orl. 
1833. — ^This comes very near to V. Penn- 
sylvanicum and V, corymbosum; but 
the flowers are larger, more cylindrical, 
and narrower upwards. 

585. Vaccinium virgaium, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 200). 

586. Vaccinium dumosum, PI. — N. Orl. 
(n. 198). Covington. 

587. Vaccinium Myrsinites, Mx. — N. 
Ori. (n. 206). 

PYROLACEJE. NtUi. 

588. Monotropa uniflora, L. — St. Louis. 

589. Monotropa lanuginosa, Mx. — N. 
OrL 1833. 

STYRACE-fi. 

590. Styrax glabrum, Cav.— N. Orl. (n. 
205). 

591. Symplocos tinctoria, L. — N. Orl. 
(n.203). 

592. Halesia diptera, Cav. — N. Orl. (n. 
206). 

SAFOTEiE. JUSS. 

593. Bumelia lanuginosa, Mx. — N. Orl. 
(n. 207) with leaves only, which are 
clothed beneath with ferruginous wool ; 
probably only a var. of the following. 

594. Bumelia tenax, L. — Sideroxylon 
chrysophyUoides, Mich. — N. Orl. (n. 
207 bis.) 



600. Fraxinu8/>«6c5cenj, Walt. — N. Orl. 



(n. 209) leaf only 
Dl. ~ 



EBENACEiE. 



Vent. 



595. Diospyros Virginica, L. — », foliis 
minoribus acuminatis. N. Orl. (n. 204). 
— B. foliis majoribus acutis. N. Orl. (n, 
204 bis.) — y. foliis 4 — 5 uncialibus ob- 
tusis. St. Louis (in leaf only.) 

JASMINES. Juss. 

596. 01ea^m«Wcana,L.— N.Orl. 1833. 
(Flowers scarcely expanded.) 

597. Chionanthus Virginica, Walt. — N. 
Orl. (n. 212). 

^. Fraxinus epiptera, Mx. — N. Orl. 

(71.210). 
599. Fraxinus jofo^ycarpa, Mx. — N. Orl. 

{n. 208) foliis angustioribus. 



601. Fraxinus Americana, Willd. — N. 
Orl. 1833. St. Louis. 

ASCLEPIADEiE. Br. 

602. Asclepias Syriaca, L. — Umbels ter- 
minal only. St. Louis. — ^This var, is what 
I have received from Boston, as the A. 
Syriaca; but it has not the nectaries 
so much spreading as Dillenius*s figure 
in Hort Elth, t 28,/ 31. That plant, 
indeed, seems a very dubious one. 

603. Asclepias phytolaccoides, Lyon. — St. 
Louis. Leaves narrower and more acu- 
minated than my Kentucky specimens, 
but in other respects the same. 

604. Asclepias mcarnata, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 218). St. Louis. 

605. Asclepias variegata, L. — N. Orl. 
(n. 216). 

60o. Asclepias paupercula, Mich. — N. 
Orl. (71.207). 

607. Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq. — St. 
Louis. 

608. Asclepias viridiflora, Pursh. — Po- 
lyotus, Nutt. 1834. — var. pubescenii- 
tomentosa; foliis oblongo-obovatis ob- 
tusissimis cum mucrone, superioribus 
multo minoribus angustioribusque. — Co- 
vington. 

609. Asclepias veriicillata, L. — St. Louis. 

610. Asclepias tuberosa, L. — St. Louis. 
Covington. 

611. Gomphocarpus longifolius, Spr. — 
St. Louis. N. Orl. (n. 219). 

612. Apocynwoi pubescens, Br. — Ohio. 

613. Apocynum cannabinum, L. — St. 
Louis. 

614. Apocynum hypericifolium, Ait. — 
Ohio. 

615. Gelseminium sempervirens, Ell, — 
N. Orl. (n. 214) 1833.— ^. foliis latiori- 
bus. N. Orl. (n. 215). 

616. Parsonsia diffbrmis, Br. — N. Orl. 
(n. 213). 

617. Enslenia albida, Nutt. — St. Louis. 

618. Gonolobus discolor, Br. — Cynan- 
chum discolor, Sirns in Bot Mag. t, 
1273. — Gonolobus hirsutus. Short. Cat, 
Kentucky, PL — Pennsylvania. — ^This 
species is correctly figured in the Bot. 
Magazine, under the specific name here 
adopted. It is well distinguished by the 
long peduncles, and the segments of the 
corolla, which are longer and narrower 
than any species of the genus I have 
yet seen. G. Carolinensis has oval seg- 
ments to the corolla. 

(To be continued.) 



102 



CONTBIBUTIONS TOWA.BDS Jl FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA 
AND THE ISLANDS OF THE 
PACIFIC. 

B^ W. J. Hooker, LL.D. nnd 6. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

A.M. F.R.S.E. 

( Coniuwed from page 38. J 

Trib. III. — ^MuTisiACE-a. — Cass. Less, 
I. c. p, 92. 

SUB-TRIB. I. — ^FACELIDEiE, LeSS. l.C.p, 

123. 

791. (1.) Facelis opicti/ato, Cass. — Less, 
in LinruBa, 5. p. 364. — Leptalea apicu- 
lata, Don in litt. cum descr. — Gnapha- 
Hum retusum, Lam, — ^Elichrysum re- 
tusum, Spr. — ^Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 
497); Bridges (n. 227). — Buenos Ayres, 
Tweedie.—^The achenia are clothed with 
long, adpressed, white, silky hairs, the 
extremities of which appear to have been 
mistaken by Mr. Don for a very short 
'' setaceo-pUose" external pappus : the 
pappus is however in a simple series and 
plumose. 

792. (1). Lucilia acw/z/b/ia, Cass. — Less, 
in Linmea, 6. p. 382. — Serratula acuti- 
folia,^ Poir. Gnaphalium Commersonii, 
Spr, — Elichrysum Monte vidense, Spr, 
—Sandy coasts of Parana ; sandy places 
of the Banda Oriental ; dry banks of Por- 
ta Legre ; and on the tops of the moun- 
tains of Rio Jacquety and Montevideo ; 
Tweedie. 

793. (2.) Lucilia Chilensis (Hook et Am.) 
caule ramoso, foliis spathulato-oblongis 
mucronatis utrinque villoso-tomentosis, 
tomento niveo opaco, capitulo pauci- 
(15?)floro, involucri foliohs intimis acu- 
minatis. — ^Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 342). 
—Cordillera? of Chili, Cuming (n. 343). 
— Unfortunately, our specimens only 
present the old capitula, from which the 
florets have fallen, but the number of 
the latter may be nearly determined 
from the rachis. Although we cannot 
ascertain the structure of the pappus, or 
the number and structure of the radical 
florets, there can be no doubt as to the 

rnus. 
(3.) Lucilia argentea, ^Hook. et 
Arn.) ; caulibus simplicibus oligocepha- 
lis, foliis lanceolato-oblongis recurvato- 
mucTonatis utrinque wquditer tomento 
brevissimo splendenti argenteo instruc- 
tis, involucri foliolis intimis acuminatis, 
capitulo sub 30-floro, pappo rariter plu- 
moso, — Dry sandy pastures near Mon- 
tevideo and Maldonado, Tweedie. — This 
differs from X. acuiifolia, y, of Lessing 



by the pappus and inner leaflets of the 
invi^ucre ; from L, nitens by the p^us 
and tomentum of the leaves being equal 
on both sides ; from L. gnaphalodet, by 
its much larger size (stems in our {dant 
4 — 10 inches high) and capitula with 
more numerous florets. 

SuB-TRiB.II. — ^Leribjs, Less.l.c.p.12^. 

795. (1.) Chevreulia^/iTomw, (Hootrf 
Am.); caulibus gracilUmis, foliis supn 
viridibus acuminatis oppositis per caules 
subequidistantibus, ramis flonfehs bre- 
vibus usque ad capitulum foliosis.— St 
Catherine's, South Brazil. — Tweedie. 

796. (2.) Chevreulia stolonifera, Cass.— 
Less, in Linntsa, 6. p, 360. — ^Tussilago 
sarmentosa, Pers. — hetm cespitosa, ^. 
— Xeranthemum cespitosum. Pet. Th.— I 
Gnaphalium calycinum, iWr.— Valpa- 
raiso, Mathews (n. 161) ; Cuming (r. 
660). — Playa Ancha, near Valparaiso, 
Bridges (n. 230).— Fields near Valdi- 
via, Jbridges (n 641). 

797. (3?) C;hevreulia5rnapAa/t(nd«,Doii; 
suffruticosa procumbens niveo-tomen- 
tosa, foliis linearibus mucronatis mar- 
gine revolutis integerrimis, capitulis ter- 
minalibus subcorymbosis, involucri fo- i 
liolis obtusis, acheniis hirsutissimis.— 
Dr. Gillies. — Caules simplices, procum- 
bentes, filiformes, spithamsei. FoHa 
sessilia, undic^ue sparsa, patentia, semi- 
poUicaria, conacea, supra demum glabra, 
nitida. Capitula (faeminea tantum vidi) 
3 V. 5, globosa, dense tomentosa. P(f 
pus fulvellus. Don. in ««.— With this 
and the following we are entirely unac- 
quainted, and have some doubts about 
their belonging to the genus, or even to 
the tribe. Don, indeed, arranges them 
next to Helichrysum and CrncyAafet*^ 
Perhaps they are species of LuciUa. 

798. (4.) Chevreiiia xeranthemoides, 
(Don); suffruticosa procumbens niTeo- 
tomentosa, foliis lineari-lanceolatis acu- 
tis planis integerrimis, capitulis solite- 
riis, involucri foliolis acutis scanoas, 
acheniis sericeo - villosis. Dr. Gillj^- 
— Palmaris vel spithamsea. Capimtfff^ 
(faemineum tantum vidi) magnum cam- 
panulatum ; involucri foliolis ovato-Ian- 
ceolatis, acutis, scariosis, nitidis, palHde 
fuscis. Pappus cinereus ; radiis infer- 
ne crassioh bus. — Don in Utt. 

799. (1.) Loxodon brempes, Cw^—Less- 
in LinruBa, 5. p. 358.— Lena exscapa* 
De Cand. — Tussilago ezscapa, Perif^ 
Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. .— Valpaia^o, 
Cuming (n. 596) ; Bridges (n. 499).- 
In all our specimens, the acbenium ^ 



COMTBIBUnOKt TOWABD8 A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



103 



camatOBBodf and with a rery short but 
daciaed beak, not cristate as described 
by Leasing. The numbers of rows of 
llnnale florets are toit inconstant ; thus in 
OUT specimen from Buenos A3rres, they 
are aU female, with the exception of a 
few biBexual ones in the centre : amone 
those from Valparaiso, we have found 
one with two scapes or rather almost 
sessile capitula, in one of which there 
are several rows of ligulate florets, the 
inner ones being reduced almost to mere 
styles, from the nearly total abortion of 
the hgula ; in the other, there are but 
two rows, one decidedly ligulate, the 
other with an abortive li^a. In other 
specinens also, from Chili, we find the 
second or inner series so ill defined, as 
to have induced us, at one time, to sup- 
pose that there was but a single row. — 
Leasine's generic character ought there- 
fore to be slightly modified, thus : Ache- 
nium brevissime rostratum (baud ut in 
OxyodorUe, longissime ac tenuiter ros- 
tratum) : flores rominsei pluri (bi- multi^ 
aeriales. — Chaptcdia runcinata, (Don; 
is allied to this genus, but rather appears 
to be a ^cies of Loxodon ; no notice, 
however, is taken of the beak of the 
achenium. 

800. (1.) Lieberkuhnia bracteata, Cass. 
-■^Less. in Linn. 5. jo. 356. Perdicium 
piloselloides, VahL — Tussilago pilosel- 
loides, Pers, — St. Catherine's, South 
Brazil, Tweedie. 

801. (1.) \jefnA nutans, D C — var.inte- 
grtfolia. Less, in Linn. 5. p. 354. — 
Don in Linn. Soc. Tr. 16. p. 248.— L. 
albicans, DeCand.-^h, integrifolia,(7(U^. 
-—Tussilago albicans, Ser. — Leontodon 
tomentosum, Linn. — Monte Video, 
TweecUe, — ^Lessing's description is very 
accurate. 



SUB-TRIB. III. — ^MuTISIJBiE. Less. 
Lc.p.dB: 

802. (1.) Trichocline^ incana, Cass. — 
Less, in Linn. 5. p. 287. — Doronicum 
incanum, Lam. III. t 679./. 3. — Arnica 
incana, Pers. — ^Bichenia sinuata, GiU. 

> We nuij here remark, with reg nrd to Onoteris, 
pleeed near this geaos bj Letsing, tkat Chte t ackU n ut, 
Don, U tlie Mune wiUi LeMing's sab-geaai Cladomris, 
of whieb the three following speoiei, allied ia the 
ihape ef the leares and in being annaal, maj be thai 
distingviihed. 1. O. atuma, (Lesi.) foliii seisUibai 
oblongo-laaoeolatia, iavolocri foliii extimii innooue 
■lacroiiatls interioribni brevinscale et rabito aoomi- 
aatia. S. O. Ctimmgu (Hook, et Am.) foliii oblongo- 
Imeeoiatiibaii valde attenaatii Tel piettdo-petiolatii, 



Don in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 1882,) p. 391, 
in GuiUe. Arch. 2. p. 467.— Banks of 
the Rio St. Lucie, ancl other ^uls of the 
Banda Oriental ; Province of Entre Rios ; 
Monte Video, Guardia Argentina, in 
North Patagonia ; Tweedie. Rio Desa- 
guadero ; Province of San Lucia, Dr, 
GilUes. 

803. (2.) Trichocline humilis, (Less.) 
scapo foliis subbreviore, fohis profunde 
pinnatifidis vel bipinnatifidis supra gla- 
bris, subter niveo - tomentosis demum 
glabratis, involucri foliolis exterioribus 
acuminatis laxis, intimis acuminatis, ra- 
dii coToUse ligulis extus tomentosis line- 
aribus sub 11-nerviis. — Less, in Linn. 
5.p, 288.— Entre Rios, and Monte Vi- 
deo-Hill, Tweedie. — Although our spe- 
cific character differs slij?htly from Less- 
ing's, (all other parts of his description 
agree with our specimens), we have no 
doubt of the species being the same. 
We have two forms before us ; that from 
Entre Rios has the outer leaflets of the 
involucre lanceolate, and much broader 
than that from Monte Video, in which 
they are very narrow-linear. 

804. (3.) Trichocline heterophylla, Less. 
in Linn. 5. p. 289. — Plains of Monte 
Video ; Tweedie. — Our specimens have 
the leaves almost glabrous. 

805. (4.^ Trichocline Cineraria, (Hook. 
et Am.) ; scapo subsequante, foliis peti- 
olatis ovalibus rugosis subtus tomento- 
sis supra demum subglabratis, petiole 
limbo pauUum breviore, involucri folio- 
lis omnibus acuminatis, radii ligulis 6- 
nerviis. — ^Bichenia Cineraria, GUI. Don 
in Ph. Maa. {Apr. 1832,) p. 391. in 
GuilL Arch. 2, p. 467. — Portezuela, 
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — The 
filaments are papillose, and the rachis 
hairy; so that this is a true species of 
Trichocline. 

806. (5.) Trichocline plicata; " avgen- 
teo-tomentosa, foliis aggregatis sessili- 
bus lanceolatis mucronulatis sinuato-pli- 
catis, scapo longitudine foliorum, invo- 
lucri foliolis ovato-lanceolatis planis den- 
ticulatis, radii ligulis 6-nerviis. — ^Biche- 
nia plicata, Don Hist." — ^Portezuela of 
Mendoza and Las Achiras, Province of 

iarolaori fbliolii iaterloribai apioe inbulatii mbnla 
Umbo malto broTiori, exterioribai omnioo letaoeii. 
North Pern, Lima» &c. CtoNin^ (n.995). 3. O. odo- 
rata (Hook, et Ara.) foliii leiiilibai oblongo-laaoe- 
olatii bail atteaaitii, inTolaori folioUi iaterioribiu 
leta flexaoM Umbnm eqnaati tennioatii, exterioribai 
omBiaoietaoeii.^Cbetaoblenaodorata, Don. Par- 
racbaca, in Pern, Mathews (n. 560).— The two lut 
have a nichii which maj be thai deioribed : '* raobie 
paleaceo-fimbrillifera, ffaabrillii deatato-lacerii." 



104 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



San Lucie ; Dr. Gillies, Don in lilt, — 
This we have not seen. 
807. (1.) Chaetanthera (Bichenia) deal- 
bcUa, foliis aggregatis petiolatis cuneatis 
repando-dentatis dealbatis, scapo foliis 
longiore, involucri foliolis lanceolatis 
acuminatis carinatis. — Bichenia dealba- 
ta, Dan MSS. — Ascent to Los Peu- 
quenes; San Pedro Nolasco, Alto de 
Laguna ; Monte de San Antonio ; all in 
the Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies^ Dan 
in Hit. 
806. (2.) ChsBtanthera (Bichenia) Berte- 
roana^ Less. Syn.jD. 111. — ^Bichenia au- 
rea, Don in Lmn. Sac. Tr. 18. p. 237. — 
Province of Maule, Cuming (n. 835). — 
Perhaps there may be a mistake as to 
Cuming's locality, as Don states it to be 
a native of Coquimbo. This differs from 
all the other species of Chtetanthera, by 
having a leafless scape» by the leaves 
deeply pinnatifid, and the segments ei- 
ther toothed or again pinnatifid, or more 
essentially by the many-nerved ligul© 
of the ray : the habit is entirely that of 
Trichocline, from which it differs by the 
smooth, not papillose, filaments, gla- 
brous rachis, and Chilian locality. As 
however, all the species of Trichocline 
have likewise more than four conspicu- 
ous nerves, perhaps they and the Biche- 
nia of Don ought, on that account, to be 
united. Mr. Don (in litt!) remarks that 
Aj)hyllocaulony Lag. is the same with 
Bichenia, but Cassini and Lessing re- 
fer it to Gerbera, all the species of which 
are from the Cape. 
809. ^3.) Chffltanthera (Cherina) micro- 
phylia, (Hook, et Arn.) annua glabra 
multicaulis, caulibus umbellatim semel 
pluriesve ramosis, foliis lineari-subula- 
tis margine spinuloso v. glanduloso-den- 
ticulatis, involucri campanulati foliolis 
omnibus scariosis uninervibus exteriori- 
bus late ovatis acutis intin^is oblon- 
gis acutiusculis. — Charina microphylla, 
Cass, — Euthrixia salsoloides, Don in 
Linn, Sac. Tr. 16. p. 259, ft ; depaupe- 
rata, foliis Isevibus oblongis v. cuneato- 
linearibus mucronatis. — a. Valparaiso, 
on the mountains. Bridges (n. 129). 
Cuming (n. 655, in Herb. Am. and 
659). Cordillera of Chili ; Cuming (n, 
206). 0. Cordilleras, Cuming (n. 241). 
— In 0. the leaves are not broader than 
in a. the type of the species, but shorter: 
indeed, the whole specimen is stunted, 
so that this slight difference may be the 
effect of accident, and not sufficient to 
mark a permanent variety. Don says 
that the inner lip of the radical florets is 
acutely bidentate: it is, in reality, bi- 



partite, and precisely as in his EuArixia 
qfinis. The leaves are from a line to 
an inch lone. Cherina, Euthrixia, and 
Lessing's Linophyllum, are the same 
^nus or sub-genus. 

810. ^4.) Chaetanthera ^Cherina") Unea- 
ris, (Poepp.) annua glaora ! multicaulis, 
caulibus simplicibus t7. umbellatim ra- 
mosis, foliis angustissime lineaii-sabu- 
latis spinuloso-serratis, involucri foliolis 
eztimis lineari-lanceolatis acutis subfo- 
liaceis interioribus sensim majoribus 
scariosis uninervibus intimis obtusia.— 
Less. Syn. p. 112. — Euthrixia affinis, 
Don in Ph. Mag. {Apr. 1832,;?. 391.) 

fide Don in GuiU. Arch. 2. o. 467.- 
Llay-Llay on sandy plains. Bridges {%. 
128). Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 6d5, is 
Herb. Hook.) — Eaisily distinguished from 
the last by the shape of the outer leaflets 
of the involucre. We do not know Ck. 
lintfolia, Bert. According to Lessing's 
description, the leaflets of the involucre 
are many-nerved. 

811. (5.) Chaetanthera (Euchaetiaanthera) 
vilhsa (Gill.) ; villosa peFenni8(?) caule 
brevi simplici monocephalo versua api- 
cem densissime folioso, (c^. ut in 
phrasi Doniana.) — ^Don in Ph. Mag. 
(Apr. 1832,) p. 391. in Quill. Arch.l 
p. 466.— Ascent to El Planchon, Andes 
of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies, 

812. (6.) Chaetanthera rEuchset) serriiia 
(R. et P.), repens stoionifera, caulibus 
subsolitariis monocephalis, foliis radica- 
libus cuneatim oblongo-lineaiibus, cau- 
linis alternis, involucri campanulati foli- 
olis extimis remote spinuloso-dentatis. 
—Ruiz et Pav. Syst. 1. p. 191. Don w 
Ph. Mag. Apr. 1832, p. 391. in GuHl 
2. p. 487.-iJ. Chilensis, De Cand.- 
Proselia serrata, Don in Linn. Soc. Tt. 
16.p.235.— PerdiciumChilense, WiU 
— " La Hacienda de Guiti," Province 
of Valdivia, Bridges (n. 604). 

813. (7.) Chaetanthera (EuchsBt,)ar^cntoi 
(Don); caespitosa pluricaulis perenni^ 
caule monocephalo, foliis radicalibus 
cuneato-linearious apice serratis, invo- 
lucri campanulati foliolis albidifl fera 
omnibus (intimis exceptis) apice folia- 
ceo-appendiculatis appendiculis cuneato- 
lineanbus versus apicem spinoso-denta- 
iis.—Don in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 1832,) p- 
391. in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 487.— ChiUan 
Andes, Cuming (n. 182). Valparaiso, 
Cuming (n. 658). 

814. (8.) Chaetanthera (Euchaet.) ienyi- 
folia (Gill.) ; caespitosa multicaulis pe- 

rennis, caule monocephalo, fohis radica- 
libus angustissime cuneato - linearibus 
versus apicem serratis, involucri campa- 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



105 



Dulati foliolis purpurascentibus, extimis 
foliaceo-appendiciilatis, appendiculis an- 

rtissime liearibus. — «. involucri folio- 
angustis, capitolo minore. — Cheetan- 
thera tenuifolia, Don in Ph. Mag. (Apr, 
1832,) jt>. 391; in GuiU, Arch, 2, p. 467. 
— Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 660). — Ma- 
thews (n. 336Y— Playa Ancha, near Val- 
paraisa, Briages (n, 127). — ff, involucri 
foliolis latiusculis, capitulo majore. Chse- 
tanthera eryngioides. Gill. — Von in Ph, 
Mag. (Apr, 1832,) p, 301. in Guill. 
Arch. 2,p, 446. — Las Cuevillas, Andes 
of Men^za, Dr. Gillies. — Quite dis- 
tinct, but with difficulty characterized 
•from Ch^Btanthera serrata; in this 
however, the stems are very csespitose, 
springing in great numbers from the 
crown of the woody and not creeping 
root. In Ch€Btanthera serrata, the root 
creeps, and throws out a solitary stem, 
with barren shoots or stolones ; may 
not this species be Chcstanthera spinu- 
losa, Cass. ? 

8}5. (9.) ChsBtanthera (Eucheet.) dliala, 
Ruiz et Pav. — Don, m Linn. Soc. Tr. 
16, p. 234. in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 18320 p. 
391. in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 486.— Zew. 
in Linn. 5. p. 283. Syn.p. 113.— Near 
Collina, Bridges (n. 132). — Cordilleras 
of Chili, Cuming (n. 202). — ^This is an 
annual plant. 

816. (10.) Cheetanthera (Euchset.) ramo- 
sissima (Don) ; annua, caule plus mi- 
nusve ramoso polycephalo, foliis cauli- 
nis siepius oppositis, capitulo subcylin- 
drico, involucri foliolis extimis patulis 
an^ustissimo - linearibus foliaceis apice 
subtridenticulatis intimis apice scanosis 
acutis vel acuminatis. — Don in Ph. Mag. 
{Apr. 1832,) p. 391. in Guill. Arch. 2. 
p. 466. — ChfiBtanthera Kunthiana, Less, 
Syn, p. 115. (ad exempla perfectiora.) — 
Chaetanthera mcenchioides. Less. I, c. p. 
113. (exempla minora.')— ChflBtanthera 
tenella, Less, L c,p, 114. . (exempla de- 
pauperiora.) — Valparaiso, Cuming (n. 
»56 anrf 857).— Near Vina de la Mar, 
Bridges (n. 124 and 125). — Cordilleras 
of ChUi, Cuming (n, 231 and 240).— 
Very variable, as to branching, the 
stems being sometimes almost simple. 
The leaves are usually opposite, out 
occasionally are, also, alternate on the 
same specimens : those of the involucre 
vary from acute to acuminated. The 
rachis is furnished with a papilla, or soft 
prickle, under the centre of each ache- 
Bium, as in Don's Centroclinium, and 
many other genera of the Composite, 
both of this and the other tribes. The 



ray is only slightly, not thrice, shorter 
than the involucre. 

817. (11.) Chaetanthera (Prionotophyllum) 
incana (Poepp.) ; annua multicaulis sub- 
incana, caulibus simpliciusculis, foliis 
spathulato-oblongis altemis vel opposi- 
tis, involucri campanulati foliolis extimis 
foliaceis cuneato-linearibus spinuloso- 
serratis interioribus scariosis apice ro- 
tundatis. — Less, in Linn. 5. p. 284. 
Syn. p. 116. — ChfiBtanthera spathulata, 
P>epp. — Less, in Linn, 5, p. 285 ; Syn, 
p. 116. — ChfBtanthera scanosa, Don in 
Ph. Mag. (Apr. 1832,) p, 391. (fide 
Don) in Guill, Arch. 2, p, 466.— Ch©- 
tanthera Chilensis, Hook, et Am. in BoL 
Beech. Voy.p.29, (excLsyn.) — ^Valpa- 
raiso, Cruckshanks; Macrae; Dr, Gil- 
lies : Messrs, Lay et Collie ; Mathews 
(n. 239) ; Bridges (n. 130) ; Cuming 
(n. 661 and 662).— We have united 
Lessing's two species, having found that 
both the colour and shape of the outer 
lip of the ray-florets are subject to consi- 
derable variation. 

818. (12.) ChiBtanthera (Prion.) flaheU 
lata (Don) ; annua glabra ! multicaulis 
ramosiuscula, foliis oppositis altemisve, 
involucrique campanulati foliolis exteri- 
oribus cuneatis duplicatis ar^te spinu- 
loso-serratis. — m. foliis foliolisque exte- 
rioribus cuneati-obovatis. — Chaetanthera 
flabellata, Don in Ph, Mag. (Apr. 1832,) 
p. 391. in Guill. Arch, 2, p. 466.-4:5or- 
dilleras of Chili, Cuming (n. 291).— 
Sierra Bella vista Aconca^a, Bridges 
(n. 131). — /3. foliis foliolisque extimis 
cuneati - oblongis. Chaetanthera pros- 
trata, Don in Ph. Mag, (Apr. 1832,) 
p, 391. in Gruill. Arch. 2,jp. 467.— San 
Pedro Nolasco, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gil- 
lies. 

819. (13.) Chaetanthera (Tylloma) lim- 
hata, Less. Syn,p, 116. — Tylloma lim- 
batum, Don in Linn. Soc. Tr. 16. p. 
239.— La Cuesta de Zapata, Chih, Dr. 
Gillies, near Vina de la Mar, Bridges 
(n, 124). — Aconca^a, Cuesta Zapata, 
and Cordillera, Bridges (n. 128). — Cor- 
dillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 314).— The 
surface, as well as the mar^n of the 
leaves, is frequently sprinkled with pe- 
dicellate glands, as noticed by Mr. Don ; 
the margin, therefore, appearing as if 
furnished with glandular teeth. The 
pappus is said, by Don, to be a. in a 
simple series. Lessin^ says, '' pluri- nee 
uniserialis ut in reliquis," perhaps mean- 
ing the reverse, for though his generic 
character is " pluri-sericdis," it really, 
however, consists of, atieast, two rows; 



106 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWABDB A FLOBA OF SOUTH AUBBICA. 



the outer is pilose and very caducous ; 
the inner is persistent, and has its rays 
broader at the base, so that it is almost 
paleaceo-setaceous. The same kind of 
pappus occurs in Chatanthera ciliaia, 
and one or two others. There is an in- 
ner, though Terj short, bifid lip to the 
ray. 

10. (14.) Gheetanthera (Tylloma) ptmV- 
la, Hook, et Am. — Tylloma pusillum, 
GiU. Dan in Ph. Mag. (Apr. 1832,) />. 
391. in Guill Arch, 2. p, 467 (ubi, pro 
labello interiore, &c. leaendum : labello 
bidenticulato). Las Hyades, and Yalle 
del Yeso, Andes of Mendoza and Chili, 
Dr, GiUies. — ^Although we have pointed 
out a mistake of the transcriber of the 
French edition of Don's paper, the outer 
lip of the ray is really not bidenticulate, 
but distinctly with three teeth ; we have 
not been able to observe an inner lip. 

PACHYL-fiNA. Don, MSS, 



821. " Involucrum subrotundum, multi- 
plici ordine, polyphylliun, foliolis oblon- 
^is, obtusis, coriaceis, adpressis, glabris, 
mtimis lon^oribus, radiantibus. Ra- 
chis nuda. jFlosculi radii elongati, ligu- 
lati fsemineis staminibus steniibus, la- 
bello interiori tenuissimo bipartite sub- 
setaceo instructi; disci hermaphroditi, 
bilabiati, labiis subee^ualibus revolutis ; 
ezteriore ligulato, 3-dentato; interiore 
bipartite, laciniis lineari-attenuatis, spi- 
raliter revolutis. Filamenta anguste 
linearia, canaliculata, Isvissime glabra. 
Anther€R in tubum coalitee, al& lineari- 
mucronulata callosa coronatae, basi bise- 
toss ; setis longis, extremitate lacerato- 
penicillatis. Styli rami crassi, obtusi, 
elevati, conniventes, glaberrimi, apice 
Iseviter soluti. Achenia cuneata, ^laora, 
dilatata. — ^Herba perennis, muliicaulis, 
ocB$pito8a, prostrata, glauca. Caules 
erecti, bipoUicares, simplices, ieretes, 
rubicundi, ba^foliis ahortims ligukUis 
membranaceis omati. Folia aaema; 
petiolcUa, late ovata, obtusa, erose den- 
ticitlata, coriacea, glaberrima, bipolli- 
caria, subtus purpurascentia, casta va- 
lida venisque prominentibtu, Petioli 
dHatati, comptanati, bipoUicares, Ca- 
pitulum terminale, solitarium, magnum, 
sessile. Corolle alba. Involucrum gla- 
brum. Pappus niveus. — Genus Ptimro, 
admodum aflSne, sed satis differt." — Don 
in Utt. 

822. (1.) P. airipUcifalia, Don. — On loose 
debris, r 9ar Agua del Ceno Pelade, on 
the ascent to ]Q alto de los Manantides. 



Dr. GOKm.— This differs 6om ChtekEn- 
thera by the non-jdumose pappus, and 
apparently by the style of the bisexual 
florets not being pulvenilous. 

BBACHTCLAD08. Don, (chsT. reform.) 

823. ** Involucrum 5-phyllum, bam brac- 
teolatum ; foliolis ovato-lanceolatis aeu- 
minatis, carinatis. Rachis nuda. Fhs- 
culi radii uniseriales ligulati, fieminei, 
staminibus steniibus, labello interiore 
lineari bifido revoluto aucti ; disd her- 
maphroditi, tubulosi, limbo bilabiato: 
labiis subequalibus, revolutis ; exteriore 
tridentato; interiore bipartite. JFUa- 
merUa glabra, Isvia. Antherm basi bi- 
setose: setis plumosis. Stylus radio 
indivisus, obtusus, sulcatus, glaber, re- 
curvatus, disco lobis abbreviatis, cunea- 
tis, dilatatis, pruinosis. Achenia cune- 
ata, d-gona, erostrea, dense papillosa. 
Pappus capillaris, scaber, per&istens, 
plun-serialis, cinereus. — Frutex rigidis 
ramosissimus. Foli^ fasciculata, line- 
aria, mucranata, margine revoluta, tn- 
tegerrima. Capitula terminalia, soUia- 
rva, pedunculata,'* Don in litt. 

824. (1.) B. lydoides, GiU.— Z>on in Pk, 
Mag, (Apr. 1832,) p. 391. in GuiU. 
Arch. 2. p. 467. — ^Between Dome del 
Imperial and Yeso de las Salinas, An- 
des of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. Guardia 
Argentina, North Patagonia, Tu>eedie. 
— ^We know of no character, except that 
of the involucre, to separate this from 
ChtBtanihera, from which the habit is 
so very different, that the two genera 
ought not to be conjoined. 

825. (1.) Prou8tia/)y rj^/ia, De Cand.— 
Less, in Linn. 6. p. 280. Don in Linn. 
Soc. Trans. 16. p. 198. — Near Ck>noep- 
tion ; Messrs. Lay 8f Collie, Chamisso, 
— ^Yalparaiso, climbing the highest trees. 
Bridges (n. 361) ; Cuming (n. 69).— , 
Concon in Chili, Dr. Gillies. 

826. (2). P. baccharoides (Don) ; fruti- \ 
cosa, foliis oblongis muoronatis dentate- ! 
spinulosis subtus niveo-tomentosis, ca- 
pitulis 3-flori8 paniculatis, involucri fo- | 
liolis obtusis. Mendoza, Dr. GiUies. — 
Folia bi- tripoUicaria. iZocAuplana. Co- 
rolla alba. Achenia pilosa. Appi radU 
albi apice penicillati. Don in ktt. — ^This 
we have not seen, but we possess a spe- 
cimen from Coquimbo, in which the ca- 
pitula are quite unexpanded, but which 
agrees otherwise with Don's character. 

827. (3^ P. cuneifolia, Don in Linn. 
Soc. Trans. 15. p. 202.— m^ spinuhsa; 
foliis petiolatis cuneato-oblongis spina- 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OP SOUTH AMERICA. 



107 



loso-mucronatis dentatisque basi attenu- 
atis. — ^P. pungens. Poem. Less. Syn, p. 
110. — A tntegr^olia; toliis brevissime 
petiolatis linean-lanceolatiB subinteger- 
rimis basi attenuatis, I>appo fulvello. — 
y. iHcifolia ; foliis bievissime petiolatis 
oblongis mucronatis margine dentato- 

rulosis undulatisque basi plerumque 
Lsis yel tnmcatis utrinque pallide 
▼iridibus reticulato-venosissimis, pappo 
cinereo. — P. ilicifolia. Hook, et Am, in 
Bat. Beech, Voy, p, 28. Don in litt,— 
a. San Pedro near Quillota, Bridges (n, 
2&2\ Province of Maule, Cuming («. 
852). — y, Coquimbo, Messrs, Lay 8f 
CoUie, — Jarillai Mendoza^ Dr, Gillies, 

828. (1^ Mutisia (Guarizuma) spinosa, 
R. et r. (non Less). — ^M. ilicilolia, Cav. 
Ic.5, t, 493. Hook, Bot, Misc, 1. t 4. 
Don in Linn, Soc, Trans, p, 268.— Cor- 
dilleras of Chili, Cuming (n. 304 and 
806). Bridges (n. 304).— Below La Se- 
Dultura, Andes of Chili, Dr. Gillies. — 
Villa Vicenzia in Chili, Cruckshanks. — 
Province of Maule, Cuming (n. QS8), 
St. Mary, South Patagonia, Dr. Beck, — 
Cuming's n. 306, has the flowers twice 
as large, and his n. 838, twice as small 
as the usual size. So far as we can judge 
from Mr. Don's description, his M. trun- 
cata is a young state of this plant; Cum- 
ing's specimen, from Maule, has the 
leaves of the form described by him, 
but, when closely examined, they are 
certainly veined. 

829. (2.) Mutisia (Guarizuma) auricu- 
lata, Poepp. — ^M. spinosa, Less, Sun, p. 
105. (nan H, et PauA— Near El Castil- 
lo del Niebla, Bay oi Valdivia, Bridges 

Jn. 6671 

830. (3.) Mutisia (Guarizuma) latifolia, 
Don in Linn. Soc, Trans, 16. p. 270. 
Less, Syn. p. 104. — ^Valparaiso, Cum- 
ing (n. 438) ; Bridges (n. 300) ; Baths 
of CoUina, Macrae. 

831. (4.) Mutisia (Guarizuma) retrorsa, 
Cav. Ic, 6. t 495. Less, Syn, p, 105. 
Dan in Linn, Soc. Trans. 16. p. 266.— 
M. runcinata, Willd, Hook. Bot. Misc. 
1. 1. 5. — Cerro del Diamante, San Isi- 
dro, Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — East Coast 
of South Patagonia, Dr, Beck, 

832. (5^ Mutisia (Guarizuma) sinuaia, 
Cav. Ic. 5. t, 499. Less, Syn, p. 105. 
Dan in Linn. Soc. Trans. 16. p. 267. — 
Villa Vicenzia and Punta de los Vaccas, 
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Crillies. — Cor- 
dilleras of Chili, Cuming (n. 309 and 
310). — Cordillera and Mountains of 
Aconcagua, Bridges (n, 306). — The 
leaves are always more or less decur- 
rent, and are frequently furnish^ only 



with a mucronate point, instead of a 
tendril. We do not know M. taxifo- 
lia. Less,; but it appears to approach 
too closely some ot the forms of this 
species. 

833. (6.) Mutisia (Guarazuma) submit 
nosa, Cav. Ic. 5. t. 495. Hook. Dot. 
Misc, 1. 1.7. (excl, Syn,) M. sinuata.— 
Arroyo del Truyan, and Valle del Yeso, 
Andes of Mendoza and Chili, Dr. GrilUes, 

834. (7^ Mutisia (Holophyllum) subu- 
lata, R. et Pav. Less, in Linn, 5. p. 
273. Syn.p, 106. — M. inflexa, Cav. 
Don in Linn, Soc. Trans, 16. p. 270. — 
«. CavaniUesii; glabra, caule gracili foliis 
ma^opero reflexis baud decurrentibus, 
radii ligulis atro-purpureis. — M. inflexa, 
Cav. Ic. 5. ^.496. Hook. Bot, Misc, l.t.Q. 
— B. rosea; caule gracili sublanuginoso, 
foliis patenti-reflexis superioribus an- 
guste decurrentibus, capitulo minore, 
radio flavescenti - rubello. — M. rosea, 
Less, Syn. p. 106. — y. major, caule 
validiore, foliis latioribus suberecto-pa- 
tentibus baud decurrentibus, cimitulo 
paullo majore quam in «., radio naves- 
centi-roseo. — «. Alto del Puente, Chili, 
Mr, Cruckshanks. Yelp&naao, Dr.Beck. 
Cuming (n. 88). — Caxon de Zapata, in 
Chili, Dr, Gillies,— B, Cordillera of Chi- 
li, -Bn«^c* (n. 302). Cuming (n. SOS). 
— y. Cordillera of Chili, Dr, Gillies.— 
Cumina (n.307). — Cordillera and Moun- 
tains of Aconci^a, Bridges (n, 305).— 
The outer lip ofthe ray is three-toothed, 
not entire, as Lessin^ seems to say in his 
Synopsis, although m the Linmsa (I. c.) 
he describes it correctly. We gladly 
adopt the older name, given by Ruiz 
and Pavon, as the leaves are neither in- 
flexed, nor have they an inflexed mar- 



,_- (8^ Mutisia (Holophyllum) ace- 
rosa, Poepp. — Less. Syn. p. 107. — ^M. 
ulicina, Don in Phil. Mag. (Apr. 1^32,) 
p. 391, in Guiil. Arch, 2. p. 467.— Cor- 
dillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 305.)— Cor- 
dillera and Mountains of Aconcagua, 
Bridges (n. 303.) 
836. (9.) Mutisia (Aplophyllum) linearis 
folia, Cav. Ic, 6. t. 500. Hook. Bot. Misc. 

■ Verj oloselj allied to this ipeoiea, and somewoat 
intermediate between it and M. kastaia. Car., is JIf. 
Matkewsiij (Hook, and Am.) ; foliis integerrimis oir- 
rbo aimplici terminatis angaatissime linearibns mar<^ 
gine reTolntis non decurrentibus basi aente ao breri- 
ter sagittatis. Vilcacota in Pern, MaOmot (n. 1119). 
— Axils of tbe leaves woolly. The leaflets of the in- 
vol acre have a short, lanceolate, foliaceoos appendage, 
which in the upper ones is often woolly. This is rea- 
dily distinguished from M, mbtUaUif by the sngittate 
base ofthe leaves. 



106 



CONTfilBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



t. 8. Don in Linn. Soc. Trans. 1 6. p. 272. 
Less. Syn. p. 108. — ^Andes of Chili, at 
Los Ojos de Agua. Quebrada de Rios. 
Los Impossibiles, on the Western de- 
scent from El Planchon ; and La Vega 
del Flaco, near El Casco de las Damas, 
Dr. Gillies. 

837. (10^ Mutisia (Aplophyllum) lini- 
folia. — nook. Bot. Misc. I. ^. 9. Less, 

Syn. p. 108. — Caxon near El Agua del 
Lorro. Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 

HYALIS. Don, 

838. Involucrum polypbyllum, adpresse 
imbricatum. Rachis epaleata, fimbriUis 
callosis breyibus singulo sub achenio 
sin^lo instructa. Hook, et Arn. Flos- 
cull 4—6, 88epius5,8Bquales, hermaphro- 
diti, bilabiati, labio exteriore maximo 
ligulati, tridentato; interiore profunde 
bipartito ; segmentis solutis, linearibus 
acuminatis revolutis. Filamenta line- 
aria, coroplanata, glabra, Isevia. Anthe- 
r(B in tubum coalite, al£l lanceolata 
acuminata callosa coronatcB, basi bicau- 
date: setisloneislacerisplumosis. Sty- 
lus filiformis, glaberrimus ; ramis emicy- 
lindrici, crassi, obtuse conniventes, su- 
perficie stigmatica iisdem latiore. Ache- 
nia ovato-oblonga, ventricosa, erostha, 
10-costata ; costis elevatis, basi approx- 
imatis crassioribusque. Pappus persis- 
tens; radii thplici ordine copiosissimi, 
inequales, pilosi, denticulis vei*sus api- 
cem longioribus exasperati, ima basi 
connati. — Herba perennis, midticaulis, 
iota pube implexa copiosa argentia. Ra- 
dix repens. Caules erecti, simplices, an- 
gulaii, pedales vel uUra. Folia (Bu- 
pleuh) sessilia ; lanceolato - linearia, 
acuminata, integerrima, nervosa, tri- 
poUicaria, basi aitenuata. Capitula ter- 
minalia, oblonga, paniculato-corymbo- 
sa. CorollfiB albce. Pappus albus. — Genus 
ProusticB aifine, sed abunde distinctum. 
Don in lilt. 

839. (1.) H. argeniea, Don MSS.— Ver- 
nonia argentea, Gill. MSS. — a. involucri 
foliolis oblongo - lanceolatis acuminatis 
versus apicem nervis tribus conspicuis 
purpureis instructis. — 0. involucri folio- 
lis ovato-oblongis acutiusculis subener- 
vibus. — a. Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — 0. 
Rio Quarto, Province of San Louis; 
and Villa del Rio Quarto, Pampas of 
Cordova, Dr. Gillies, — Salt Plains of 
Bahia Blanca, North Patagonia, growing 
in patches, to the extent of acres, to the 
exclusion of almost every thing else, 
Tweedie. — This differs from Proustia 
by the rachis not being hairy, by the 



pappus, and by the perfectly glabrous 
style. 

840. (1.) Gochnatia (HedraiophyUom) 
cordata, Less, in Linn. 5. p. 263. Syn. 
p. 103. — On the hiehest mountains and 
nard dry barren ^ains of Portal^re, 
Rio Grande, and Rio Jacquety, Tweedie. 

Subgenus Pentaphorus. Don. 

Frutices Chilenses v. Mendocinensea, 
foliis sessilibus, basi attenuatis, demum 
glabratis resinosisque, capitulis 5 v. mul- 
tifloris, aggregatis, homogamis equalifio- 
hs, involucro nosculis breviore, caudis an- 
therarum integris; styli ramis perbrevibus. 

841. (2.) Gochnatia (Pentaphorus) fas- 
cicuiaris, Don in lilt. — Pentaphorus fas- 
cicularis, Gill. Don in Phil. Mag, (4/^- 
1832,) o. 392, in Guill. Arch. 2, p. 468. 
— San Gabriel and La Sepultura, Andes 
of Chili, Dr. Gillies.— T]ns is distin- 
guished from aU the following species of 
this sub-genus, by the numerous florets 
in the capitulum. 

842. (3^ Gochnatia (Pentaphorus) ^n- 
folia, Don in litt, — Pentaphorus pyri- 

folius, GiU. Don in Phil. Mag, (Apr. 
1832,) p. 392. in Guill, Arch, 2, p. 468. 
— Caxon del Rio Tinguirica, Andes of 
Chili, Dr. Gillies. 

843. (4.) Goohnatia (Pentaphorus) rigi- 
da, Don, ** foliis oblongis mucronulatis, 
denticulatis venosis ramulisque primum 
lanuginosis, capitulis fasciculato-corym- 
bosis, involucri foliolis ovatis mucronatis 
(in exemplis nostris) lanceolatis acumi- 
natis, (Hook, and Am.) pappo subpale- 
aceo. — San Gabriel, Andes of Chili, and 
San Isidro, Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 
lies** — Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 364). 
Cuming (n. 70). — " Frutex rigidus, ra- 
mosissimus. Folia pollicaria, sesquipol- 
licaria, resinosa. Capilula 5-flora. Pap- 
pus cinereus." Don in litt, — We have 
not seen the original specimen from Dr. 
Gillies' Herbarium, but Mr. Don named 
for us that from Mr. Bridges, which ap- 
pears to us to differ in no respect from 
G. pyrifolia, except by the leaves being 
narrower. We have not seen G./olio- 
losa, Don in litt. {Pentaphorus /oHolo- 
sus, Don in Linn. Soc. Trans. 16. p. 
297), but from the description it appears 
to be another variety of the same spe- 
cies, having broad (i.'e. obovate) and 
quite entire leaves. If our opinion be 
correct, the latter name must be adopted; 
the species would then be distinguished 
from the next by the more or less oblong 
veined leaves. 

844. (5.) Gochnatia (Pentaphorus) glu- 



CONTRIBT7TIOK8 TOWARDS JL FLOBA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



109 



tinosa, Don in HU, — ^Pentaphonis eluti- 
nosus, Gili, Don in Phil, Mag, {Apr, 
1832,) p. 392. in Guill. Arch, 2, p. 468. 
— ^Mendoza. Dr. Gillies. — The capitula 
are five-flowered and cylindrical, leaflets 
of the involucre lanceolato - subulate ; 
pappus tawny-coloured. 

Subgenus? Nardophyllum. 

Fnitex ramis albo-tomentosis ; foliis ses- 
silibus linearibus subtus tomentosis ; ca- 
pitulis 5-floris, solitariis homogamis equa- 
lifloris; styli ramis longiusculis! pappo 
plumoso ! 

W5. (6.) Gochnatia (Nardophyllum) re- 
voluia (Don); foliis lineanbus mucro- 
natis margine revolutis subtus ramu- 
lisque lanuginosis, involucri foliolis sca- 
rioais mucronatis, pappo subplumoso. — 
Pentaphorus rosmahnifolius, Gill. MSS, 
— La Travesia and La Punta, Province 
of San Louis, Dr. Gillies. — Cordillera 
of Chili, Cuming (n. 185). — Frutex 
erectus, rigidus. Folia unguicularia. Ca- 
pitula in ramulorum apice solitaria, 5- 
flora, oblonga. Involucrum scariosum, 
album. Pappus cinereo-fulvellus. Don, 
in litt. — We have not seen Dr. Gillies' 
specimens from the eastern side of the 
Andes ; but the above description, taken 
from them, agrees so well with those 
which we possess from Chili, from Cum- 
ing, that we can scarcely doubt of their 
proving one and the same species. Cum- 
ing's are only in bud, but from them we 
have added the description of the style 
(which is perfectly glabrous), and of the 
uappus : the leaflets of the involucre are 
oroadly ovate, with a rather long mucro; 
we have not been able to ascertain the 
structure of the caudse at the base of the 
anthers. 

Subgenus? Cyclolepis. Don, 

Frutex canescens, foliis lineari-lanceo- 
Jitis planis, subsericeis; capitulis multi- 
flons, n)arsis, homogamis sequalifloris ; 
pedunculis perbrevibus aquamis coriaceis 
Dttinutis rotundatis tectis, antherarum cau- 
^ laceris; styli ramis linearibus, longi- 
^Jsculis ! pappo paleaceo-setoso. 
^; (7.}^ Gochnatia (Cyclolepis) genisto- 



ides, Hook, et Am. — Cyclolepis genisto- 
ides. Gill, Don in Phil. Mag, (Apr. 
1832,) p. 392,.tn GuiU, Arch. 2,p, 468. 
^Nom. vem., Usillo. — Mendoza, Dr. 
Gillies. Guardia Argentina, North Pa- 
tagonia, Tweedie. — "At Guardia Ar- 
gentina, the woody parts of this shrub, 
no better than the stumps of an old 
Whinbush, afford the only fire-wood." 



Tweedie. — Mr. Don is still disposed to 
keep up the genus Cyclolepis, and has 
forwarded to us an enlarged generic cha- 
racter, which we add, though we can 
point out no difference between it and 
Gochnatia, except the longer branches 
of the style : 

Cyclolepis. Involucrum multiplici 
ordine polyphyllum, globosum, imbrica- 
tum ; foliolis subrotundis adpressis, sca- 
riosis, dilatatis. Rachis nuda. Flosculi 
infundibuliformes, hermaphroditi limbo 
6-partito sequali revoluto. Filamenta 
complanata, lee via. Aviherce basi bise- 
toss setis laceris. Styli rami semicylin- 
dracei, obtusi, recurvati, glaberrimi. 
Achenia longiuscula, angulata, sehcea. 
Pappus setaceo-paleaceus, longus, per- 
sistens, pluriserialis, fulvellus; radiis 
apice profundis serratis. — Frutex ramo- 
sissimus, canescens. Rami denudati, 
teretes, striati. YoWsiSparsa, lanceolata, 
acuta, plana, integerrima, sericea, ca- 
pitula per ramjos sparsa, suhsessilia.** 

847. (1.) Spadonia »o/ymorpAa, Less. 
Syn,p, 101. — Rio Grande, Treedie. 

848. (2.) Spadonia cinerea (Hook, et 
Ami) foliis late ovatis ovalibusque mu< 
cronulatis rarius denticulatis supra resi- 
noso-nitidis subtus tomento brevissimo 
pallide cinereo tectis, capitulis 3 — 6-nis 
brevissime pedicellatis subracemoso fas- 
ciculatis, involucri maris subcylindraceo 
6— 10-floro floribus breviori, foliolis vil- 
loso-incanis ciliatis exterioribus ovatis 
obtusis intimis oblongis acutiusculis. — 
Rio Jaquety and Rio Grande, Tweedie. 

849. (1.) Chuquiraga oppositifolia. Gill. — 
Don m Phil. Mag. (Apr. 1832,) jd. 392. 
in Guill. Arch. 2. p, 468. — C. alpina. 
Less. Syn. p, 96. — ^Valle de las Lenas 
AmariUas, Audes of Mendoza, Dr. Gil- 
lies. — Cordillera of Chili, Cuming (n. 
234). — Los Ojos de Aqua, Bridges (n. 
492). 

850. (2.) Chuquiraga ruscifolia, Gill. — 
Don in Phil. Mag. (Avr, 1832,) p. 392. 
in Guill. Arch. 2. p. 468. — Paramillo de 
Uspallato, Andes of Mendoza, Dr, Gil- 
lies. 

851. (3.) Chuouiraga hystrix, GiW. — 
Don in Phil. Mag. I. c. in Guill, Arch. 

> L c. — Ascent from Portezuelo, Domo 
del Imperial, Andes of Mendoza, Dr, 
Gillies. — ^East coast of South Patagonia, 
Dr. Beck. 

852. (5.) Chuquiraga adcularis, Don in 
Phil, Mag. I. c. in Guill. Arch. I. c. Co- 
quimbo, Cuming (n. 878). 

853. (5.) Chuquiraga erxnacea, Gill.— 
Don in Phil. Mag. I. c. in Guill. Arch. 
I. c. Los Gegenes, Mendoza, Dr, Gil- 



110 



CONTBIBUTIONB TOWARDS ▲ FLORA OF SOUTH AUBRICA. 



lies, — Gruardia Aigentina, half-way be- 
tween Arroyo de Naposta and the top 
of Los Llamas, North Pata^nia» where 
it is called Herba del Perdice, Tteeedie. 
— ^Mr. Tweedie adds that it seems to 
grow only at a certain elevation, and 
tnere forms a long narrow line not ex- 
ceeding half a mile broad. 

854. (67) Chuquiraga ulicina, Hook et 
Am. — C. incana, jSon Phil, in Mag. I. c, 

fide Don, in Guill, Arch. L c. — Bama- 
desia! ulicina, Hook, et Am. in Bot 
Beech. Vov. p. 29. — Coquimbo, Messrs. 
Lay &; Collie; Cuming (n. 877). 

855. (7.) Chuquiraga anomala, Gill. — 
Don in Phil. Mag. I. c. in Guill. Arch, 
I. c. — ^Above and below El Hoyo Colo- 
radOi Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 

PIPTOCARPHA. Hook, et Am. 

856. Involucrum turbinato-campanulatum 
polyphyllum imbricatum ; foliolis adpres- 
sis YiUoso-ciliatis. Capitula multiflora, 
homogama, homocarpa, hermaphrodita 
vel abortu unisexualia (turn semper fee- 
minea 2), aequaliflora, discoidea. Rachis 
viUoso-fimbrillifera, bracteolata! bracte- 
oUs angustissime linearibus supeme plu- 
moso-ciliatis caducis. Corolla subpal- 
mata (insequaliter profunde 5-fida), ex- 
tus glabra, intus parce villosa ; laciniis 
apice barbato-ciliatis. FHamenta libera, 
glabra. Anthera subecaudatee ; caudis 
brevissimis rotundatis. Stylus longe 
exsertus, supeme in flosculis herma- 
phroditis hispido-pubescens. Achenium 
erostre, breve, longe denseque sericeo- 
villosum. Pappus uniserialis, longus, 
multipaleaceus, plumosus, eequalis ; pa- 
leis angustissimis acuminatis ; pilis e tu- 
berculo ortis. — ^Arbores vel fnitices, ra- 
mosi, aculeati, aculeis vice stipularum 
gerentibus. Rami lenticellis petiolo- 
rumque delapsorum cicatricibus obses- 
sifjuniores hirsuto-puhescentes. Folia 
petioUUa, altema, ngida, penninervia, 
reticulato-venosa, ni&da, aauUa glabra, 
margins subcomeo incrassato, integer^ 
rima punaento-mucroncUa. Petioli his- 
pido ' pubescentes, supra canaliculati, 
cum ramis articulatt. Flores solitarii 
dense spicati. — Genus a JFhtovea, Chu- 
quiraga, omnibusque aliis hujus tribus 
Gompositarum distinctum rachide pa- 
leata. 

657. ( 1. ) Piptocarpha diacanthoides, 
(Hook et Am.}; fruticosa, capitulis soli- 
tariis, involucri foliolis dorso elabhs 
sabtriserialibus, flosculis (semper?) her* 
maphroditis. — Flotovia diacanthoides, 
Less. Syn,p. 95. — Nom. vemac. Palo 



Maio. — Near the Laguna de Ranas, 
Province of Valdivia, Bridges (n. 789). 
— Lesaing says that the style is quite 

flabrous; in our specimens it is as in 
7huquiraga, Perhaps he has examined 
capitula that contained imperfect an- 
thers; but all our's were truly bi- 
sexual. 

858. ^2.) Piptocarpha excelsa, (Hook, et 
Am.) ; arborea, capitulis dense breviter 
spicatis, involucri foliolis dorso tomen- 
tosis sex-serialibus, flosculis (semper?) 
abortu dioicis. — Chuquiraga exce]8ay2>OR 
in Phil Mag. (Apr. 1832,) p. 892. in 
Guill. Arch. 2. ». 468.— Port House, 
Tablas, and the Lagunillo near Valpa- 
raiso, growing to the height of from 
thirty to sixty feet, with a girth of nine 
feet. Cuming (n. 328). — In all the spe- 
cimens we have seen, the anthers were 
very imperfect. 

859. (8.) Schlechtendalia luzuUefoUa, 
Less, in Linn. 5. p. 243, Syn.p. 93. — 
Dry claybanks, at the mouth of Rio St. 
Lucie, and Monte Video Hill, Tweedie. 

Trie. IV. — CYNARBiE. Less. Syn. p. 4. 

860. (1.) Centaurea Chilensis, Bert— • 
Hook, et Am. in Bot. of Beech. Voy. 
p. 33. — CJonception, Messrs. Lay and 
Collie. Valparaiso, Mr. Cruckshanks; 
Mathews (n. 219). Bridges (n. 118). 
Cuming (n. 580). — Cordilleras of Chili, 
Macrae; Cuming (n. 215). — ^The stem 
of this species is simple, and bears onljr 
one capitulum. 

861. (2). Centaurea fioccosa, (Hook, et 
Am.); caule suflruticoso ramoso basi 
prsecipue albo-tomentoso, ramis roo- 
nocephalis elongatis, foliis pinnatifidis 
utrinque breviter albide floccoso-tomen- 
tosis, segmentis linearibus vel oblongis 
acutis, capitulo basi aphyllo globose- 
campanulato, involucri foliolis apice 
scanosis pectinatis. — Andes of Chili, 
Cuming (n. 171). Mountains near Los 
Locos, Cordillera of Chili, Bridges (n. 
117). — ^This belongs to Mr. Don's sub- 
genus Plectrocephalus. 

862. (3.) Centaurea Tweediei (Hook, et 
Am. J ; caule elato (4 — 5 pedali) erecto 
angulato glabro, ramis florigeris elonga- 
tis monocephalis, foliis supehoribus h- 
neari-lanceolatis integerrimis glabris sca- 
bris, capitulo late campanulato, invdu- 
cri glabri foliolis longitudinaliter muhi- 
striatis apice cihatis exterioribus ovatis 
mediis oblonns intimis lanceolatis apice 
purpurascenobus, flosculis rubris ra- 
dii nullis. — Plains of Entre Rioa ; moist 
ground on the coast of Rio St. Lucie, 



PHYSICAL AMD GBOOBAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 



Ill 



Banda Oriental ; Wood on the South side 
of LagodeLospillos and NorthPatagonia, 
Tweedie. — Very closely allied to C sem- 
pervirens, but the specimens before us 
of that species (from the Avignon Gar- 
den), have the capitula ovate or nearly 
globose, and the leaflets of the involucre 
are smooth without any striae. 

863. (4.) Centaurea bulbosa, (Hook et 
Am.) radicis collo tuberiformi lanato, 
caule humili subsimplici scabro usque 
ad capitulum dense foliato, foliis inferi- 
oribus pinnatisectis, superioribus linea- 
ribus integerrimis margine revolutis pu- 
bescenti-scabris, capitulo turbinato, in- 
volucri foliolis late scarioso-marginatis 
spinula rigidiuscula brevi tenninatis, 
flosculis radii neutris. — C. aspera, Dom- 
bey, MSS. (non Linn.) — La Plasilla, 
near Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 119); Cum- 
ing (n. 396). 

864. (5.) Centaurea elongata, (Schousb.) 
— C. diluta» Ait, ? Salzm, PI, Tang, 
(certe). Buenos Ayres (probably cul- 
tivatedy Tweedie. 

865. (6.) Centaurea ferox, (^Desf, ) — 
Buenos Ayres (culL) Tweedie. 

866. (7.) Centaurea Apula, Lam. — Le^. 
in Linn. 6. p. 86. — C. Americana, Spr. 
%*/. Veg. a p. 407.— C. Patibilcensis, 
S. B. K. — Juan Fernandez, DouglcLS, 
Valparaiso, Bridges (n. 116). — Plen- 
tiful on all dry banks near Buenos Ayres, 
and on Monte Video Hill, Tweedie. 
Pampas of Buenos Ayres and Mendoza, 
Dr. Gillies. — All the specimens under 
the name of C. Melitensis, which we 
have seen, do not differ from this spe- 
cies. 

867. (8.) Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn. — 
Monte Video, rough places by the side 
of La Plata (perhaps introduced). — 
Tweedie. 

868. (1.) Carthamus tinctoriits, Graertn. 
— ^Buenos Ayres (cult), Tweedie. 

869. (1.) Cyn&TB, Scolgmus, Linn. — Car- 
duus Scolymus, Less. Syn.p, 9. — Bue- 
nos Ayres (introduced). Dr. Gillies; 
Tweedie, — Mr. Tweedie writes, " this is 
called here Cardo de Castilo ; it is a 
lasting perennial, and grows in deep 
clay ; the farmers prefer it to a field of 
wheat, the stems l)eing excellent oven- 
wood, and bringing good profit with lit- 
tle cost; the nne blue nowers are in 
general use for thickening milk, which 
IS effected by simply dipping them into 
the dish." 

(To be ooDtiniied.) 



PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL 
OBSERVATIONS MADE IN CO- 
LUMBIA. 

By Professor William Jamieson, of Quito. 
(^Communkaied by the AtUhor.) 

Climate is one of the first agents which 
operates on the propagation of the human 
race over the face of the globe, presenting 
itself sometimes as a benignant conductor ; 
at others raising a hostile barrier which 
science and industry slowly overcome. 
The Spaniards, who peopled that part of 
South America, now under consideration, 
as soon as they had formed, on the coast, 
the establishments necessary to preserve 
their connexion with the mother country, 
seem to have traversed, hastily, the fei*tile 
but insalubrious low-lands, to meet on the 
Cordillera, a temperature adapted to their 
habits and constitution. The dominion of 
the Incas had, upon similar principles, ex- 
tended itself along the immense ridge; 
and the descendants of the conquerors and 
conquered are, to this day, found united 
on the same elevations, from whence the 
population has descended gradually into 
the plains ; and would have done so much 
more slowly, but for the importation of the 
African race, who find, on the sandy coast 
and sultry savannah, a climate congenial 
to their constitution. It may be a matter 
of curiosity to enquire, why that portion 
of the bronzed race, which constituted the 
empire of the Incas and of the Zipas, has 
constantly exhibited a constitutional type sa 
different from the tribes of the same race, 
now thinly scattered through the plains 
and valleys. The dominion of the Incas 
could scarcely be said to have established 
itself in the lowlands. With the excep- 
tion of the dry narrow tract of the Peru- 
vian coast, their empire . was exclusively 
of the moimtains; and the Indians who 
speak the Quichuu or general language of 
the Incas, still manifest the same prefer- 
ence for cold and elevated situations^ sleep- 
ing in the open air, rather than under a 
roof, and exhibiting an unsurmountable 
repugnance to descend into the hot coun- 
try, where they fall victims more rapidly 



112 PHYSICAL AND QBOQRAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS 

than even the Europeans. The latter, of European race, does not seem exactly 
although commercial interests have led to take place. It is true they escape the 
them to form establishments on the coasts, bilious and intermittent fevers, so prera- 
and more partially on the great rivers, lent in the lowlands ; but they are gf ne- 
may be said to live in a state of perpetual rally subject to typhus, dropsy, goitre, and 
hostility with the climate. Their com- such complaints as indicate constitutional 
plezions become sallow ; their frames fee- debility. Nor do we find among them 
ble ; and, although where heat is uncom- either the muscular strength or longevity 
bined with great moisture, as in Cumana, of the Indians or Africans, and still less of 
Cero, and Maracaybo, they are subject to the nations of northern Europe. Are the 
few diseases of a violent character ; the diurnal changes of temperature, to which 
strength is gradually undermined, and the they arc exposed, less favourable to health 
species may be rather said to vegetate than than the alternation of European seasons, 
to increase. The individuals of African which expose the frame to changes equally 
race, who complain of cold when the great, but less rapid ? Or, must we rather 
yearly mean is 75®, alone develop all the look for the cause in their domestic habits, 
physical strength and energy of their cha- which exhibit a strange mixture of effemi- 
racter in the hot lowlands of the coast and nacy and discomfort ? 
interior. The mixed race, or people of When we examine the social and poiili- 
colour, unite to bodily hardihood, intre- cal effects of climate and localities, we are 
pidity, ambition, and a deadly feeling of struck with their powerful effect on the 
those prejudices which, in spite of laws, past struggles and present fate of the coun- 
continue to separate them from the white try. The cities of the coast must be con- 
descendants of the Spaniards, who thus sidered as the inlets, both of European 
encounter, both in the high and lowlands, products and European ideas. Liberal 
two races, in whom the seeds of hostility opinions have extended themselves to- 
have been sown by injustice; and, fostered wards the interior, in proportion to the 
by mistaken feelings of interest and vanity, greater or less facility of communica- 
know not how soon they may ripen to a tion. It is this circumstance which marks 
vengeance destructive of all the prospects the difference betwixt Venezuela and the 
of civilization. It is on the mountain South and centre of Colombia, indicating 
slopes of from 3,000 to 7,000 feet, we meet a distinct and more rapid career of civi- 
with a climate analogous to our ideas lization and prosperity. The branch of 
both of health and pleasure. Raised above the Andes, which transverses Venezuela, is 
the noxious miasmata of the coast, we much inferior in elevation to the ridges 
dwell in perpetual summer, amid the of Quito and New Grenada. The whole of 
rich vegetable productions of nature — the inhabited part of it belongs to the hot 
amid a continued succession of fruits and country, or temperate mountain zone. The 
flowers. This picture, however, must not following are the heights of the principal 
be considered as universally exact. In towns through its whole extent : — 
the unbroken forests, where population p^^^ McaDUmp. 

has made httle progress, the sky is often Caracas 2,903 .... 71« Fah. 

clouded, and the soil deluged with conti- Valencia 1,496 73** 

nual rains. The western declivities of the Barquisimeto . '485 .... 78« 

Andes, which front the Pacific, are parti- Tocayo 2,058 75** 

cularly exposed to this inconvenience. Truxillo 2,684 . . . 75*> 

It might be expected that, with regard Merida 5,280 .... 66<» 

to human life and vigour, the elevated Cucuta, about 400 83*» 

plains of the Andes would correspond to 

the northern countries of Europe. This, The differences of climate and produc- 

however, as far as regards the inhabitants tions, betwixt the different parts of the 



MADE IN COLOMBIA. 



113 



country are consequently trifling, and form 
no bar to general communication betwixt 
the coast and interior. There is, therefore, 
an amalgamation of ideas, an homogenity, 
if we may use the term, in the mass of 
feeling and opinions on political subjects. 
The population is not only more enlight- 
ened, but, what is of more importance, 
more equally so. A different state of things 
presents itself when we examine the centre 
and South. The main ridge of the Andes 
ascends rapidly from the frontier of Vene- 
suela, -and by its direction from North to 
South, places the population at a continu- 
ally increasing distance from the sea-ports 
of the Atlantic; while its superior eleva- 
tion producing a different climate and tem- 
perature, gives birth to new habits and a 
distinct nationality. To descend to the 
coast from these altitudes, is a matter both 
of risk and difficulty. The line betwixt the 
"Lianeros" and " iSIerranoj " is strongly 
drawn, and a separation of character evi- 
dent The country from Cuenta to Bo- 
gota, through Pamplona and Tunga, has 
a mean elevation of from eight to ten 
thousand feet, and temperature of about 
99^ Fah. It is true that Bogota commu- 
nicates with Europe, by the valley of the 
Uagdalena; but the length and inconve- 
nience of this channel of intercourse ren- 
der it accessible but to few. Hence the 
struggle of opinions in New Grenada, 
where the civilization of the superior class 
is out of proportion with that of the bulk 
of the people. 

The Quitenian Andes afford us another 
powerful illustration of this view of the 
subject The following is the line of ele- 
^ions betwixt Quito and Chimborazo : 

Feet. Mean temp. 

Quito 9,637 .... 59«Fah. 

Latacunga . . 10,286 67« 

Ambato ei** 

Riobamba . . 9,377 67« 

Guaranda . . 9,075 58« 

The roads, which descend to the coast 
of the Pacific, are few, almost impassable, 
and lead to no sea-port of importance, ex- 

VOL. I. 



cept Guayaquil. Journeys thither, are 
undertaken with fear and hesitation; and 
the character of the Serranos is marked 
with all the traits of isolation resulting 
from the geography of the country. 

Next to the direct influence exercised 
by climate, on the frame of man, we may 
consider it, relatively to the facility it 
affords of nourishing him, and advancing 
his progress in civilization. The most 
important presents made, by the Old to 
the New World, are Cattle and Cerealia. 
The only domesticated quadruped known 
to the Indians was the Llama, which fur- 
nished, like the sheep, with thick wool, 
unwillingly descends, or is propagated in 
the sultry lowlands. The horned cattle of 
Europe, on the contrary, have multiplied 
almost equally on the plains and on the 
paramos. On the farm of Antisana, for 
instance, at an elevation of from twelve 
to sixteen thousand feet, there are no 
less than four thousand head. The herds, 
raised on the plains of Venezuela, as on 
the Pampas of Buenos Ayres, are, or were 
previous to the revolution, almost count- 
less. Two immense magazines of animal 
food are thus placed, at the two extremes 
of temperature, in situations uninterfered 
with by agricultural labour. The horse 
has been destined to figure in the political 
changes of the New World. The fear and 
respect with which he inspired the natives, 
at the period of the conquest, is well 
known : they have since multiplied prodi- 
giously in all parts of the country, but 
more especially in the plains of Venezuela. 
There, during the war of independence, 
Paez, and other guerilla chiefs, at the head 
of an irregular cavalry, and maintained by 
the cattle, defied the efforts of the Spanish 
infantry, and kept alive the embers of the 
revolution. 

The best kind of horses are those that 
are bred in the lowlands, and brought to 
the mountains, at about four years old, 
where they acquire hardihood by the in- 
fluence of a colder climate; and their 
hoofs, accustomed only to soft pastures, 
are hardened on a stony soil. 

The breed of sheep, like that of Llamas, 
H 



114 



PHYSICAL AND OEOORAPHICAL 0B8BRYATI0KS 



is limited to the loftier regions of the Cor- 
dillera; while goats multiply more readily 
on such parts of the low country as are 
both hot and barren ; as in the province 
of Coro, where they form the chief wealth 
of the inhabitants. 

But while nature facilitates the disper- 
sion, over the globe, of certain species of 
animals, she seems to limit others by an 
impassable barrier. The dog undergoes 
the fate of his European master. His sa- 
gacity and strength decay in a hot climate, 
and the breed dwindles rapidly into an 
animal totally inferior in habits and organ- 
ization. The foresters, accordingly, and 
Indians of the lowlands, who are accus- 
tomed to the chase of the wild hog, bring 
dogs, for the purpose, from the mountains ; 
where, though the Spaniards are by no 
means curious in this particular, a strong 
species of greyhound, more or less degen- 
erated, is to be met with, and is used in 
the highlands for stag-hunting. 

The influence of temperature, and con- 
sequently of local elevation, on vegetable 
life, was first examined in Colombia, by a 
native of Bogota, the unfortunate and il- 
lustrious D. Jose Caldas, who fell a victim 
to the barbarity of Murillo, in 1811, in 
consequence of which his numerous re- 
searches in Natural History were almost 
entirely lost, with the exception of some 
papers, published in the " Seminario de 
Bogota," in 1808, and fragments still ex- 
isting in MSS., or casually preserved and 
printed in Europe. Humboldt travelled 
through South America, about the same 
time that Caldas was directing the atten- 
tion of his countrymen to physical science; 
and his investigations have, fortunately, 
been subjected to a less rigorous destiny. 
His admirable treatise, " De distributione 
Plantarum geographica" has lefl for fu- 
ture observers little but to corroborate the 
accuracy of his views, and multiply facts 
in illustration of hia theories. 

When we begin our observations from 
the level of the sea, we find certain fami- 
lies of plants which scarcely ever rise to 
above three or four hundred feet. The 
'* Sandalo," producing the Balsam of Tolu 



— the LecyOiu — the Coceohba — the Bern- 
box — the JRkizophora Mangle — the Maii- 
cbineel. A second, and more numeitws 
class push on to about two thousand feet 
of elevation; such are the i%nta— the 
Copal — ^the ^ntme— ^e Dragon's Blood--- 
the Mahogany Tree-^he Guayacan-^-tfae 
CiBsalpinia — IponuBa Quamoclit — most 
of the Bignonias — Portiandia» — the Vor 
nilla — Cassia alcUa, and riparia — the 
JPontederid, which forms the ornament «f 
tropical rivers. The Palms ascend to the 
height of five thousand feet. The arbor- 
escent Ferns, from the level of the set, 
amid the damp forests of Esmeraldas, to 
seven thousand feet. Of cultivated plants, 
the Cacao and Indigo are most limited as 
to elevation, neither oi which is cultivated 
with success at above two thousand feet 
An attempt to raise Indigo at Hindo, (three 
thousand nine hundred and sixty feet) com- 
pletely failed. It would seem that a dij 
climate is most favourable to Indigo, sndi 
as is found in the valley of Aragua, near 
Valencia; while heat and moisture, as 
Humboldt observes, are particularly re- 
quired for Cacao. Yet, Cacao, cultivated 
on lands which are flooded part of the 
year, as is the case with the greater part 
raised in Guayaquil, is of inferior quality, 
scarcely producing in the market two dol- 
lars and a half per hundred weight. That 
of Esmeraldas, on the contrary, where, 
notwithstanding the moisture of the cli- 
mate, the waters never settle on the soil, 
is of equal or superior quality to that of 
the valley of Tuy, near Caraccas. In 
Camgue, at an elevation of about one 
thousand feet, the trees are loaded witli 
fruit in less than two years fixxn the time 
of sowing the seed ; while generally three 
years is the period at which they are reck- 
oned to commence bearing. 

Coffee is abundantly raised from the 
level of the sea, to elevations of five or six 
thousand feet, or even higher in fevour- 
able situations. There are plantations, 
near the valley of Ba&os, in Quito, at 
about seven thousand feet 

Cotton requires, according to Humbddl^ 
a mean temperature of not less than 64*^— 



MADB IN COLOMBIA. 



115 



60*, which would bring it to the elevation 
ofLoxa. 

The Sugar-cane is cultivated in Colom- 
bia, from the level of the sea to an eleva- 
iion (which may appeal^ extraordinary,) of 
seven thousand eight hundred and sixty- 
fife feet, in the valley of Banos, at the 
feot of Tunguragua — of eight thousand 
fire hundred in the valley of Chillo, below 
Quito-~«nd, of nearly nine thousand feet, 
near the town of Ambato. It must be 
observed, however, with respect to the 
latter, that the "vegas** or nooks, formed 
by the windings of the river, where alone 
it is raised, are so sheltered as to produce 
•n almost artificial temperature. A Palm 
tree, brought young from Guayaquil, flou« 
hshes there ; and " Aguacates/' (the fruit 
of the Laurus Persea), ripen perfectly, 
with Oranges, Limes, and other fruits, which 
in general, are not cultivated at above six 
thousand feet. In proportion, however, to 
the elevation, is the time required, for ri- 
pening the Sugar-cane, varying from nine 
months, at the elevation of one thousand 
feet, to three years, at the elevation above 



Plantains and Maize are the principal 
articles of food in the lowlands or hot 
oountiy, "iierra caliente," to use the ex- 
pansion of the natives. The large variety 
of Plantain " JPiatano harton " cannot be 
caUifated at elevations above three thou- 
sand feet; while the smaller variety ''Cam- 
ivr^" will ascend to six thousand feet 
Maize is, perhaps, the plant which, of all 
others, embraces the greatest variety of 
temperature and elevation. It is cultivated 
with equal advantage, from the level of 
the ocean to the flanks of the Andes, up to 
eleven thousand feet, temperature 80° — 
W°* It is true that, in the lowlands, it 
npens in three months ; whereas on the 
table-lands of the Andes> it requires ten ; 
but the grain is larger, and the ear fuller, 
in the cold than in the hot country. 

The central, or temperate zone of the 
Andes, is distinguished by the Cinchonas, 
^ arborescent Ferns which precede and 
accompany the Palms nearly, and in the 
moist forests of the Pacific, entirely to the 



level of the sea. At the back of Pichin- 
cha, they first appear at about eight thou- 
sand five hundred feet. The Abtrceme- 
rias and Calceolarias, peculiar to the New 
World, are found in this zone, though the 
former ascend to eleven thousand feet, and 
the latter to fifteen thousand feet 

The Cerealia, with almost all the vari- 
eties of European vegetables, belong to 
this region. Humboldt observes, as a pe- 
culiarity, that Wheat is grown near Vitto- 
ria, at the elevation of seventeen hundred 
feet, and, in Cuba, nearly at the level of 
the sea, (Geogr. PL p. 161) ; but it is pro- 
bable, that the reason why the Cerealia 
are cultivated only at elevations where the 
MitS€B disappear, may be the natural in- 
clination of the inhabitants of a warm 
country to prefer the cultivation of a plant 
which yields an equal abundance of food, 
with infinitely less labour, not only in its 
mere cultivation, but in the subsequent 
preparation. The three great Wheat dis- 
tricts in Colombia, are the mountain chain 
of Merida, the elevation of which rarely 
reaches five thousand feet, with a general 
temperature of 72**; the plain of Pam- 
plona, Tunga, and Bogota — elevation, 
eight to ten thousand feet — temperature, 
58° ; and the Quitenian Andes of the same 
height and temperature. Humboldt has 
accurately observed, (Geogr. PI. p. 152), 
that a comparison betwixt annual mean 
temperatures of Europe, and the elevated 
tropical regions, would by no means give 
a correct state of the climate. Thus, 
though the mean temperature of the South 
of France and of Quito be the same, 
(about 59®), such fruits as Peaches, Apri- 
cots, Figs, Pears, and Grapes, which ripen 
in perfection in the former, although abun- 
dantly produced in the latter, never attain 
their proper size or flavour. The reason 
is, that the temperature is equal through- 
out the year. There is, consequently, no 
period, as in Europe, of summer heat suf- 
ficient to ripen fruit requiring, at this sea- 
son, a mean temperature of 65*» or 70*. 

■ HamVoYdt, who bmd not Tisited these forests, 
oonOaes them to betwixt 800 and 200 bexap.— .De 
Geop. PI, p. 185. 



116 



PHT8ICAL AND OEOORAPHICAL OBSERVATIONS. 



As far, however, as the height of seven 
thousand feet, all kinds of fruit are culti- 
vated with success ; and the markets of 
the colder country are thus constantly 
supplied from the neighbouring valleys or 
" Calientes" Humboldt is mistaken in 
supposing the Olive to be always barren, 
(semper sterilis manet. p. 154). On the 
Quitenian Andes, near Ambato, it produces 
abundantly, though little attention is paid 
to its culture. 

When we ascend above the extreme 
limit of cultivation, which may be placed 
at eleven thousand five hundred feet, and 
pass the region of the Bamadesice, Hy- 
perica, Thibaudiae, Gaultheria, Bud- 
dleea, and other coriaceous-leaved shrubs, 
which, at this elevation, form thickets of 
perpetual bloom and verdure, we enter 
the region o[ paramos, (thirteen to fifteen 
thousand feet), properly so called, which 
presents to the eye unvaried deserts — 
clothed with long grass — constituting the 
pasture ground of the Andes. Humboldt 
is inclined to fix, below this region, the 
limit of forest-trees (Geogr. PI. p. 148) ; 
and, in fact, very few are generally met 
with, near this elevation, on the flanks of 
the Cordillera, which join the inhabited 
table -lands. But I have observed on cross- 
ing the side of Pichincha, towards the un- 
inhabited forests of Esmeraldas, that the 
forests cover nearly the whole space which, 
on the eastern slope, is a naked paramo. 
Is this owing to a difference of climate, or 
has the practice, universal in the Andes, 
of burning the paramos, together with the 
demand for fire- wood in the vicinity of 
large towns, contributed to give this re- 
gion the bare aspect it has at present? 
Further observations on the mountain 
slopes, towards Maynas and Macas, are 
necessary to throw light on this point It 
is certain, from the present aspect of the 
inhabited plain of Quito, where we meet» 
with a few scattered trees of Arroyan, 
(Myrtus), and artificial plantations of Ca- 
puli, (Prunus salicifolia), we should con- 
clude that the region of forests had scarcely 
ascended to the height of eight thousand 
feet; yet, some of the houses of Quito are 



still standing, built of timber cut on the 
spot. 

A circumstance, which cannot have es- 
caped the notice of those who have as- 
cended towards the limit of perpetual 
snow, is the variety and luxuriance of the 
Flora, at the very point where the powers 
of vegetation are on the brink of total sus- 
pension. At above fifleen thousand feet, 
the ground is covered with Genttanas, 
purple, azure, and scarlet ; the Drabas ; 
the Alchemillas; the Culdtium. rufescent, 
with its woolly hood ; the rich Ranuncu- 
lus Gusmanni ; the Lupinus nanus, with 
its cones of blue flowers enveloped in 
white down ; the Sida Pichinchensis spot- 
ting the ground with purple ; the Chuqtn- 
raga insignis;^ all limited within a zone 
of about five hundred feet, from whence 
they seem scarcely to be separable by any 
effort at artificial cultivation. Several at- 
tempts which I have made to raise the Gen-- 
Hans, Sida, and other plants, of the sum- 
mits of the Andes, at the height of Quito, 
have been invariably unsuccessful. The 
attempts, indeed, to domesticate plants in 
a situation less elevated, is attended with 
greater difficulties than the transport of 
plants from one climate to another. Be- 
sides the difference of atmospheric pres- 
sure, as Humboldt has observed, plants 
transferred from one elevation to another, 
never meet, for a single day, with the 
mean temperature to which they have been 
accustomed ; whereas, transferred from one 
latitude to another, the difference is rather 
in its duration than in its intensity. It is 
easier to accustom a plant of the lowlands 
to this elevation, than to bring down those 
of the paramos. Thus, the Orange and 
Lemon trees, Aguacates (Lauras Parsed), 
Ricinus communis. Datura arborea — all 
natives of hot lowlands, grow and flourish 
more or less, at an elevation of eight thou* 
sand feet above the level of the sea. 

Quito, April 15, 1SS5. 

* The other plants that oocnr on the saodj crater •i 
Riobamba, are Cerastium dauum, Astrmfoba jua i wi - 
jlonu, Cukitum kuxUe and nJUsmm, AsUr r iy w f n 
and two or three Chramina. 




9 

/ / / 



ILLUSTRATIONS OP INDIAN BOTANY. 



117 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

( Continued from p, 82. ) 

POLYCABP^A SPADICEA. 

Tab. VI. 

Pentandhia Monogynia. — Nat. Ord. 

Pabonychie.«. 

Gen. Chab. Calyx, 5-partitus aut pro- 
funde 5-fidus ; sepalis planiusculis, mar- 
gine membranaceis nee carinatis nee 
mucronatis. Petata 5, et Stamina 5, 
fere hypogyna. Stylus conicus, filifor- 
mis. Stigmata 3. Capsula unilocularis, 
trigona, trivalvis, polysperma. Semina 
placent® central! affixa. — Herbce aut 
suffnitices, seepius valde ramosi. Folia 
opposita sed ex ramis axillaribus bre- 
tissimisfoliosispseudO'Verticillata. Sti- 
pule scariostE. Flores cymoso-corym,- 
bosi, ext. albo'virescentes, 

Polycarpaea spadicea; sufFruticosa, cauli- 
bus diffusis valde ramosis raraisque to- 
mentosis, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis vel 
lineahbus, vel rarius setaceis obtusius- 
culis, vel acutis mucronatisve junioribus 
subtomentosis, cymis terminalibus co- 
Tymbosis, sepalis omnino scariosis lan- 
ceolatis acuminatis capsula duplove tri- 
plove longioribus. W, 8^ A. Lam, III. 
n. 2709. De Cand, Prodr. v. 3. p. 374. 
— Achyranthes corymhosa, WilldJ Sp, 
PL V. I, p. 1200. — Mollia corymbosa, 
WiUd. r HorL Berol Spr. SysL Veg. 
t. 1. p. 795. — Lahaya corymbosa, 
SchultJ Syst, Veg, v. 5. p. 405.— 
Polia arenaria, Lour. Cochin, (ed. 
Willd.) V. 1. p. 204.— far. «. ; foliis 
oblongo-lanceolfitis obtusiusculis, corym- 
bis densifloris. Wight, Cat. n. 1168.— 
Polycarpcaa spadicea, Wall. List, n. 
1512. b. (a. nobis non visa). — var. 0. ; 
foliis approximatis oblongo - linearibus 
stipulas superantibus inferioribus suba- 
cutis superioribus mucronatis, corymbis 
densifloris. Wight, Cat. n. 1169.— tar. 
y. ; foliis oblongo-linearibus obtusius- 
culis vel Bubacutis plus minusve dis- 
tantibus, corymbis subdensis vel laxis. 
W^A/, Cat. n. 1170. — Polycarp^a den^ 



siflora. Wall. List, n. 1513. (partim.) 
—Rheede, Mai v. 10. t. 66. Tab. 
nostr. — var. ^. ramis gracilibus — foliis 
setaceis mucronatis, corymbis laxis tene- 
ribus. Wight, Cat. n. 1171.— P. sub- 
ulata, De Cand. ? in Lam. Encycl. 
Meth. V. 5. p. 26. 

Descr. Poot perennial, woody ; stems 
numerous, diffuse and often prostrate, 
branched, tomentose. Leaves opposite, 
from shortly oblong and slightly obtuse to 
long, linear and somewhat acute; when 
young, tomentose, when old, becoming 
glabrous ; usually there is a tuft of young 
leaves, or an abortive branch in the axils 
of the proper leaves, so that they appear 
verticillate. Stipules membranous and 
scariose, very thin and shining, small, lan- 
ceolate, acuminated, glabrous. Flowers ter- 
minal, cymose or corymbose. Calyx whitish, 
scariose and shining, five -partite; seg- 
ments lanceolate, much acuminated. Petals 
five, reddish, narrow, obovate, slightly emar- 
gimate at the apex, alternate with the 
segments of the calyx and not half so long, 
nearly hypogynous. Stamens five, alternate 
with the petals, and inserted with them, 
opposite to the sepals, scarcely so long as 
the petals. Anthers roundish, two-celled. 
Ovary ovate, free from the calyx, contain- 
ing about three or four perfect seeds, with 
the remains of several others, all attached 
to a central free placenta. Seeds oblong, 
rugulose; Albumen meoly. JE'mZ>ryo cylin- 
drical, curved. Radicle pointing to tlie 
hilum. Cotyledons two, small. 

Common on the most arid soils, and in 
flower at all seasons of the year. As a 
species, this can scarcely be said to differ 
from P. corymbosa ; the extremes are no 
doubt very dissimilar, but the accompany- 
ing figure tends to unite the two. We 
have some varieties of the present, with 
the leaves almost oval and short, while in 
the usual state of P. corymbosa, they are 
often subulate. Rheede's figure, above 
quoted, is .exceedingly ill executed. Our 
very few specimens of the variety h pre- 
sent two forms, one a first year's growth, 
with the root the same as that of an 
annual, and the stem erect, but dichoto- 



118 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



mously branched ; in the other, the root is 
at least two years old, and the steins dif- 
fuse, as in our specific character : of both, 
the leaves and whole habit are as slender 
as in the specimen of P, corymhosa, 
(WaU. List, n. 1511. c) from Prome. 
This variety is therefore intermediate be- 
tween P. spadicea and P. corymhosa, and 
seems almost to unite the two species : we 
have, however, referred it to the former, 
as the first-year*s growth of a perennial 
or sufTrutescent plant, cannot adequately 
display its true appearance. Dr. Wal- 
lich's P. densiflora is composed, not only 
of our var. y. here figured, but also of 
P. corymhosa ; both occur promiscuously 
under the same letters. It is almost im- 
possible to extricate satisfactorily the con- 
fused synonyms of Willdenow, Schultes, 
and Sprengel, from their characters being 
partly compounded of their own observa- 
tions, and partly of the description given 
by others of probably a difierent species : 
upon the whole, however, we consider 
these Botanists to have applied the name 
spadicea, to the Linnean corymhosa, — and 
vice versa. De Candolle's definition is 
quite distinct, though not sufficiently com- 
prehensive, from the defective suite of spe- 
cimens he must have examined. 

Fig. 1. Claater of Flowen. 2. S. Single Floiren. 
4. Captale oat open :—Ma^i/Ee<l. 



POLYOALA JAVANA. 
Tab. VII. 

Sufiruticosa diffusa molliter pubescens vel 
subtomentosa, ramis infeme teretibus 
supeme ang^latis, foliis oblongo-obo- 
yatis obtusis vel retusis cum mucro- 
nulo basi cimeatis breviter petiola- 
tisy racemis suboppositifoliis multifloris 
demum fere duplo superantibus, brac- 
teolis minutis persistentibus, alis late 
ovatis mucronulatis membranaceis mol- 
liter pubescentibus capsula dimidio lon- 
gioribus atque latioribus, carina cristata, 
capsula orbiculari subaequali emarginata 
leviter maiginata ad marginem pnecipue 
molliter pubescenti. 

Polygala Javana, De Cand. Prod. v. 1. 



p. 327. Spr. Syst Veg, v. 3. p, 164. 

Wight, Cat. n. 139. 
Polygala Ceylana, Heyne in WaU, List, 

n. 4183. 

Suffrutescent Branches long, slightly 
branched, diffuse, terete below, an^ed to- 
wards the extremity, covered, as weU u 
the leaves and the other parts of the plant, 
with much soft pubescence, or as it may 
be called short tomentum. Leaves scat- 
tered, cuneate-oblong or obovate, obtuse 
or slightly retuse, mucronulate. Petioles 
very short. Racemes lateral, on the op- 
posite side from a leaf and a little above 
it, at first short, afterwards elongating to 
almost twice the length of the nearest 
leaves. Bracteas and bracteoles persist- 
ent, small, ovate, pointed. Flowers pedi- 
celled, the lower ones in each raceme 
often caducous. Calyx irregular: aepak 
five ; the two lowest the smallest, oblong, 
herbaceous ; the uppermost a little lai^ger, 
but similar to the lower ones : the lateral 
ones, or aUB, are roundish -ovate, acute, 
membranaceous, pale yellowish-brown^ 
veined, sofUy pubescent. Corolla scarcely 
coloured, irregular : petals three ; the two 
upper inserted between the alee and the up- 
per sepal, oblong-lanceolate, with a short 
bent back spur on the margin, about the 
middle ; the lowest one cucuUate, spuned 
on each side below the middle, bearing be- 
low the apex on its back a large lobed and 
multifid crest, ofa fine red colour. Stamens 
eight, united into a sheath that adheres with 
the claws of the petals ; JUaments distinct 
at the apex. Anthers one-celled, opening 
by a terminal pore. Ovary free from the 
calyx, compressed, pubescent, two-celled, 
the one ceU opposite to the upper sepal, 
the other between the two lowest sepals : 
Ovules solitary in each cell, pendulous; 
Style simple, curved. Capsule two-celled, 
two-seeded, opening at each margin, and 
hence loculicidal, nearly orbicular, emar- 
ginate, with a slight margin, and there 
principally pubescent; sometimes it is a 
little oblique, sometimes equal-sided. 

This is most allied to some of the Cape 
species of the genus in its large flowen 
and ale. I have not seen De Candolle's 




^. ^' 






/W/fit 



SmutSc. 



BOTANICAL XlfFORMATIOK. 



110 



specimens, but can perceive no differ^ 
ence of any consequence between the 
character given by him and that by Mr. 
Amott and myself: Dr. Wallich, however, 
seems to think differently. I hope that 
the accompanying figure will enable some 
one who possesses the Java plant, to as- 
certain positively whether it be ours, and 
if distinct, to point out the difference. 

Fig. 1. Flower. 2. Cipsule. 3. Capsale laid open. 
1. S.- 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

I CoHMniMyrOM Jl. 80.^ 

In the Botanical Journal, p. 179, we com- 
municated the information, that Mr. Schom* 
burgk, an excellent Botanist, who had been 
long resident in the West Indies, was about 
to explore the banks of the Orinoco, under 
the patronage of the Royal Geographical 
Society of London. Intelligence has just 
been received from him, bearing date 
Georgetown, Demerara, Aug. 7, 1835, at 
which place he had arrived only two days 
previously, and where he was engaged in 
making preparations for this important ex- 
pedition. The rainy season, however, upon 
the coast, had been of unusual length this 
year, so that he did not deem it advisable 
to penetrate into the interior before the 
commencement of September. His Excel- 
lency the Governor, Sir J. C. Smyth, had 
taken a lively interest in the expedition, 
and there was a prospect of Mr. Schom- 
bmgk's having a scientific companion, who 
had volunteered to join the party. 

We hear, with much pleasure, that Dr. 
(mham, of Edinburgh, while on a botan- 
izing excursion in Galloway, accompanied 
by some of his students, discovered the 
Ononis reclinata in considerable abund- 
ance. This is a most valuable addition to 
Ae British Flora. 

The rare and remarkable form of Pedu 
cuhrU sylvatica, having a regular corolla, 
with Jive divisions and Jive spreading sta- 
mens, has lately been found by Miss Bage, 
of Bangor, near the village of Hanwood, 
fimr miles from Shrewsbury. 



POEPPIO AND ENDLICHER'S PLANTS OF 
SOUTH AMERICA. 

The first Decade of Poeppig and Endli- 
cher's Nova Genera ac Species Plantarum 
quas in Regno Chilensi Peruviano et in 
terra Amaxonica annis 1827 ad 1832 &- 
git Eduardus Poeppig, has just reached 
us ; and as far as can be judged from the 
first Fasciculus, it promises to be a most 
valuable addition to our botanical libraries. 
The size is folio ; the plates are executed 
in outline with the greatest care, and the 
descriptions are full and satisfactory. The 
subjects of the present number are highly 
interesting, particularly those of the three 
first plates, which are admirably illustrative 
of the curious genus Misodendron of 
Banks's MSS., belonging to the Nat. Ord. 
Loranthem, and exclusively inhabiting the 
colder extra-tropical parts of South Ame- 
rica. The species figured and described 
are, Af. lineare, D C, M, oblongifolium, 
D C, and M. imbricatum, Poep. and Endl. 
The fourth to the seventh plates are devoted 
to as many species of Ourisia of Commer- 
son ; O. MageUanica, Juss., O. coccinea, 
Pers., (Dichroma, Cav.), 0,pallens, Poep. 
and Endl.. O. alpina, Poep. and Endl., O, 
microphylla, Poep. and Endl., and a sixth 
species is described, O. polyantha. The 
eighth plate is Sphyrospermum buxifolium, 
Poep. and Endl., of the Peruvian Andes, 
a new genus of Vaccinie€B ; the ninth, 2%i- 
haudia secundi/lora, and the tenth, CerU' 
tostemma bi/lorum, Poep. and Endl. 

Dr. Poeppig, in another place (Froriep's 
Notizen), gives the following brief but 
animated picture of the Natural History of 
Chili, a country where he has collected so 
many of the interesting plants which will 
occupy the pages of the " Nova Genera,'' 
&c. — 

" Chili is in reality neither that terres- 
trial Paradise which Molina, in his exces- 
sive patriotism, has described it to be, nor 
on the other hand, is it such an arid and 
desolate mountain-region, as is pictured by 
Mine. Whoever is only acquainted with 
the northern part of Chili, must refrain firom 
pausing any judgment, because the environs 



120 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



of Valparaiso are dreary, and the vegeta- 
tion at Santiago is forced. The climate 
deserves all the praise that Molina has la- 
vished upon it : the splendour of the sum- 
mer, the mildness of the winter, and the 
indescribably lovely prospects which pre- 
vail throughout Chili, render travelling 
here incomparably more delightful than any 
where else throughout South America. 
The sky is here as brilliant as in the tropi- 
cal districts, and there are none whatever 
of those pests that embitter life there, nei- 
ther insalubrious air, nor pestilential disor- 
ders, nor oppressive heat, nor swarms of 
tormenting insects. Every Naturalist may, 
on the contrary, reckon upon enjoying the 
glories of nature in the freest and most 
cheerful manner. Civilization has greatly 
increased in Chili since the cessation of 
Spanish mis -rule, and now exists to a 
greater extent than in any other part of this 
vast continent ; while trade and prosperity 
are daily augmenting. The intestine broils, 
which succeeded the Revolution, have 
ceased, and the inhabitants become daily 
more sensible of the value of peace, and 
more desirous of preserving it. The abun- 
dant opportunities for commercial prospe- 
rity which this country possesses, together 
with the industrious disposition of its in- 
habitants, will soon raise it to a greater 
degree of influence than Peru or Colombia 
can hope to attain. For the Naturalist, 
there here exists an abundant harvest to 
be discovered and described, and from the 
partial information that we have been able 
to collect respecting its Geology, the votary 
of this science may find employment for 
many years. The most interesting part of 
the Andes is situated in the Indian country 
(southward from lat. 37°) ; but no security 
can be expected while travelling in that dis- 
trict, so long as Pincheira and some other 
old Spaniards continue to reside there. 
The volcano of Antuco alone is visited by 
strangers ; but the other far more interest- 
ing portions of these mountains yet remain 
unexplored. A geological survey of the 
mountains of Pehuenchin, easterly from 
Antuco, might be expected to afford very 
valuable results, as the plains are surround- 



ed by large mountains of rock-salt, and 
some very large lakes of Asphaltum. Here 
there are springs that periodically eject 
boiling water, and bare plains, where, ac- 
cording to the report of the Indians, fire 
may always be procured, by setting fire to 
a stream of gas, that issues out by thrust- 
ing a lance deep into the ground. The 
Botanist may expect a rich reward for his 
labour, if he does not regard the toil of 
travelling through these unexplored dis- 
tricts. The environs of Valparaiso and 
Concepcion may be probably exhausted, 
partly because they are poorer, and partly 
because almost every expedition that goes 
round Cape Horn, touches in its way at 
one or other of these places ; but the more 
distant Andes afford in the greatest abun- 
dance new and very rare plants, which no 
Naturalist has yet seen. Although the 
environs of Coquimbo and Copiapo are 
dreadfully dry during summer, yet in the 
rainy season and beginning of spring (from 
June to October) they are covered with a 
profusion of beautiful though fugacious 
plants. The Flora of the Andes has hi- 
therto only been explored at one single 
and rather barren point, along the way from 
Santa Rosa to Mendoza, where some Eng- 
lishmen have made collections, without 
being themselves Botanists, for the sake of 
sending them to Hooker and other writers 
on the subject. Throughout the whole 
long tract to the Biobis, no Botanist has 
ever ventured far from the coast The 
Flora of the Southern Andes, only taking 
a little circle of from three to six geogra- 
phical miles about Antuco, is a proof what 
discoveries might be expected from an ex- 
amination of that mighty chain, the Andes, 
in its full extent. Those alpine meadows 
exceed in verdure and abundance of plants 
the most celebrated stations in Carinthia, 
Tyrol, and Switzerland, and are like a new 
world to those who are only acquainted 
with the North of Chili. On the other 
side of the Biobis the country is still richer; 
and the district exactly lying between Con- 
cepcion and Chiloe, that is at the sea, and 
on the loftiest Andes, is the very spot which 
a Botanist should select as bis station, and 



MEMOIR OJP THB LATE MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



121 



where he might, perhaps, in a couple of 
summers, double all the plants hitherto 
known as natives of Chili. The unexplored 
Archipelago of Chili merits the greatest 
attention, and would, perhaps, by itself, 
repay the sending out a traveller, but the 
central provinces have been so well exa- 
mined, and during half of every year are 
so dry, that they would never reward one 
who visited them with the sole view of 
studying their botanical productions. 

" In comparison with other countries, 
possessed of an equally favourable climate, 
the Northern part of Chili is very poor in 
animal life. Insects are scarcely seen ; of 
Mammalia there are only some of the 
smaller Rodeniia, or gnawing kinds ; and 
Birds, though more numerous, are still 
comparatively few. But south of the Monte, 
the general aspect of the country alters 
strikingly in this respect ; and on the lower 
districts of the coast, the birds are just as 
abundant as on the mountains they are 
scarce ; while the immense swarms which 
resort to the Archipelago of Chiloe would 
afford almost interminable employment to 
the Ornithologist. The coast of Concep- 
cion and vicinity of Talcahuana are exceed- 
ingly rich in marine animals of the lower 
tribes, and the winter might be profitably 
spent by an experienced person in ex- 
amining them." 

The Author adds, that " every traveller 
quits Chili with reluctance, especially on 
account of the higher character of the na- 
tives for moral excellence than is found 
among the inhabitants of any of the other 
Spanish colonies ; and that this oft-named 
Naples of America equally excels the other 
parts, in its beauty and agreeableness as a 
residence." 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN 
PLANTS. 

Bj WillUm Jack. 
Witk a brief Memoir of the Author, and Extracts from 
his Correspondence, 

To the European Botanist the name of 
William Jack is at present scarcely 
known; but no one can have directed 
bis attention and studies to the Flora of 



Southern India, especially if he had the 
opportunity of consulting the ''Malayan 
Miscellanies" a very rare work, published 
at the Sumatran Mission press, at Bencoo- 
len, without finding how much the Flora of 
India is indebted to the learning and in- 
defatigable researches of that gentleman. 
Nor was he remarkable for these qualities 
alone, calculated as they are to entitle him 
to the consideration and esteem of every 
man of science. Dr. Wallich says, in a 
note at vol. i. p. 202, of the Flora Indica, 
published at Serampore in 1824, when 
alluding to some new plants discovered in 
the Malay Islands, by Mr. William Jack : 
— " I was in hopes of meeting again with 
this most zealous naturalist at Singapore, 
last year, when I was obliged to visit that 
island, on account of a severe fever which 
I had contracted on my way down to the 
plains from Nipal. But it was otherwise 
ordained; and T have now to claim the 
sympathy of the reader, while I indulge 
a moment in rendering a feeble tribute of 
respect and friendship to his memory, 
leaving it to the pen of Sir Stamford 
Raffles, the revered friend and patron of 
us both, to do it far ampler justice. Dur- 
ing Mr. Jack's short and unostentatious, 
but highly useful and meritorious career, 
his comprehensive mind extended to every 
branch, almost of moral and physical 
science, with a degree of success, which 
the world has ample opportunities of ap- 
preciating, from his numerous valuable 
contributions to the common stock of in- 
formation, both printed and manuscript. 
To his family and friends, the loss of such 
a man is indeed irreparable ; nor can it be 
replaced to the public, but by an equally 
fortunate combination of first-rate talents, 
with the utmost suavity of temper and 
urbanity of manners." In the same volume. 
Dr. Wallich dedicated a " very large 
branchy and umbrageous forest tree," ^ a 
native of these small islands, in the vicinity 
of Sincapore, of the natural order Ru- 

1 or this beaatifal tree, with iU ample foliage 
and large panicle of flowem, Dr. Wallioh baa giyen a 
figure in his splendid " Plantsc Rariores Asiaticae," 
t.293. 



122 



MBMOIR OP THB LATB MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



hiacem, to the subject of our memoir, 
under the name of Jackia ornaia, and 
there further remarked, " I have dedicated 
this new genus to the memory of my de- 
parted friend, the late William Jack, whose 
premature loss I have already adverted 
to above, and whose weU-known indefa- 
tigable labours in Natural History, have 
long ago entitled him to the highest re- 
spect It was the amiable modesty of 
his character, and not any neglect on my 
part, which prevented me from executing 
my design of naming a plant after that 
excellent botanist during his life-time." 

It was Dr. Wallich, again, who sug- 
gested to me the propriety of republish- 
ing in my " Botanical Miscellanj/,** Mr, 
Jack's botanical papers, hojn the "Ma- 
layan Miscellanies,'* so that they might 
be rendered available to the student of 
Indian plants in Europe ; and the kindness 
of that friend having supplied me with the 
necessary volumes, I commenced the re- 
print of them in a series of papers in that 
work, and in the '* Botanical Journal," 
and propose here to conclude them. But 
it was impossible for me to do this without 
wishing to know something more of the 
history of the lamented author, and with- 
out desiring also that the scientific public 
should benefit by such knowledge. The 
Rev. Dr. Fleming, late of Flisk, and 
now the professor of Natural Philosophy, 
in King's College, Aberdeen, whose ser- 
vices rendered to the cause of Natural 
History need no eulogium from my pen, 
at the request of a mutual friend, made 
known my wishes to his parents, the Rev. 
Dr. Jack, principal of King's College, 
Aberdeen, and Mrs. Jack, who not only 
most obligingly communicated a large 
portion of his letters, permitting me to 
use such of them as I might think ne- 
cessary; but, what is far more valuable, 
Mrs. Jack kindly undertook to draw up 
a brief notice of his earlier career, to 
which his letters bear no reference. It 
will presently be seen, that all his MSS. 
and papers, which were to have been 
brought home by Sir Stamford Raffles, 
were destroyed in the ship Fame, by 



that disastrous fire, which is so feelii^y 
described by LAdy Raffles, in her fieuthful 
and affectionate memoirs of her husband. 
Thus circumstanced, and not having had 
the happiness of any personal acquaintance 
with Mr. Jack, I must necessarily confine 
myself to the little memoir communicated 
by the accomplished lady, bis mother, ex- 
tracts from his letters afler quitting home, 
and some of the many testimonials to 
his character, written by those who had 
frequent intercourse with him, and vrho 
had the best means of forming a due esti- 
mate of his virtues and his attainments 
in literature and science. It is deeply to 
be regretted, that his papers were not pre- 
served, and that Sir Stamford Raffles did 
not live to fulfil his intentions of giving to 
the world a life of Mr. Jack, which would, 
indeed, have rendered ample justice to his 
memory, and have superseded the present 
brief sketch, the chief object of which, is 
to serve as a memorial of his botanical 
acquirements, and his many and estimable 
qualities. 

William Jack, son of Dr. William Jack, 
principal of Aberdeen, was bom at King's 
College, in that city, on the 29th of 
January, 1795. He showed uncommon 
intelligence from his early infancy, and 
learned almost insensibly to read, so that at 
three years old, he could read fluently, with 
perfect understanding. When about five 
years of age, he attended an eminent 
teacher of elocution, who was so much 
astonished and pleased at the uncommon 
proficiency of his youthful pupil, that he 
insisted on his exhibiting at one of the 
public recitations, where the child deli> 
vered with much propriety of utterance 
and action, Pitt's celebrated reply to Horace 
Walpole. His memory was so quick and 
retentive, that he seldom, in the course of 
his early studies, needed to go twice over 
the same lesson; yet, that he might be 
well-grounded, he proceeded twice through 
the Latin rudiments at home, and at six 
years of age, entered a class at the gram- 
mar school, along with boys several years 
older than himself, and who had studied 
longer. Here, he immediately took the 



MEMOIlt OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



123 



lead, and almost constantly kept at the top 
of the class^ his accuracy and attention 
being such as to give him a decided supe- 
riority over his compeers, one of whom in 
particular, possessed great natural powers, 
added to a strong spirit of emulation, a 
sentiment which the simplicity and mild- 
ness of young Jack's nature prevented 
his entering into, or even comprehending. 
When,, at a later period, his rival, urged 
to extraordinary exertion, sometimes suc- 
ceeded attaining the highest place, and it 
was endeavoured to stimulate the subject 
of our memoir by similar motives, he 
mildly answered, " I shall do my best, 
and if he can do better, why should he 
not?" His progress in Latin may be 
judged by the fact, that he not only read 
Virgil fluently, but translated several pas- 
sages of the Eclogues into English verse, 
at nine years of age. Without any remis- 
sion of ardour in his classical studies, he 
Boon after commenced the study of Botany, 
and of the French language, in both of 
which he made great and rapid progress : 
the former was his amusement and plea- 
sure, in which he was kindly assisted by the 
amiable and respectable professor of Na- 
tural Philosophy, Mr. Duncan, a man whose 
refined and congenial mind, enabled him 
to detect in the promise of the bud, the 
future beauty and excellence of the blos- 
som. This worthy person loved and es- 
teemed his young pupil, and encouraged 
his taste for the study of plants, in which 
he was his only instructor, for it was not 
until he became himself a master in the 
science, at least with respect to British 
Botany, that young Jack had ever attended 
any lectures on the subject. His kind in- 
structor farther recommended to his atten- 
tion, Lee's Elements of Botany, and send- 
ing him into the fields to seek for plants, 
taught him to compare the specimens with 
the descriptions in the Genera Plantar 
rum of Linnaeus, and in Lightfoot's Flora 
Scotica ; a last appeal, in cases of diffi- 
culty, being permitted to his accomplished 
master. He also preserved the specimens, 
with the names and characters carefully 
attadied. This collection, consisting of 



several hundred well dried plants, having 
been accidentally destroyed, he determined 
to represent in colours some of the most 
striking of our native productions, and ac- 
cordingly, without any instruction in the 
art, boldly commenced filling a volume, 
which, though not perhaps executed in the 
best style of design, has yet been com- 
mended by scientific Botanists for the ex- 
treme accuracy of its representations. It 
was not his fondness for the art of drawing 
that led him thus to employ his time, but his 
desire to perpetuate those wonders of nature 
in which he delighted : he was so keenly 
alive to beauty of form and colour, that 
they left an indelible impression on his 
mind, so that he never forgot a plant 
which he had once seen, and a single leaf 
of it even would recall the whole of its 
characters to his remembrance. 

The classical education of William Jack 
was conducted by Mr. M'Lachlan, an ex- 
cellent scholar, then head master of the 
Grammar School in Old Aberdeen ; while 
there, he maintained his pre-eminence in 
the class over many talented lads of supe- 
rior age ; and when twelve years old, had 
made so much progress, that his master 
declared him to be fit to enter the Greek 
class at King's College. Having attended 
the lectures on Greek and Mathematics 
during the two next sessions, he commenced 
the study of Medicine at fourteen, and was 
admitted a member of the Juvenile Medi* 
cal Society, after a strict examination. 
Though zealous in the pursuit of Medical 
knowledge as his future profession, yet his 
mind was more bent on acquiring general 
information, and thence he applied with 
great alacrity to Natural Philosophy, which 
formed the subject of the third College 
Session, making drawings of all those mo- 
dels of machinery which illustrate the me- 
chanical principles. 

Having completed his college career, 
and taken the degree of M.A. at the age 
of sixteen, this youth was prevented by 
an attack of scarlet fever from proceeding 
to Edinburgh to prosecute his medical 
education, and spent the winter at home, 
during which time his excellent friend, 



124 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



Professor Duncaa^ having been struck with 
paralysis, his young pupil supplied his 
place, and taught the classes with entire 
credit, until a suitable assistant could be 
found to relieve him of a charge which 
interfered too much with his private studies 
and pursuits. Afler being released from 
that duty, the subject of this little memoir 
attended a class for Chemistry, and took 
notes of the lectures on the French tongue, 
making himself a perfect master of that 
language, as well as of Italian and Spanish. 
He also attended the Divinity Class, taught 
by Dr. G. Gerrard, but without any further 
ulterior views than the general information 
which it conveyed. 

Botany had long been his favourite pur- 
suit in summer, and he was the frequent 
companion of Dr. Beattie and Dr. Knight 
in their herborizing rambles, as well as 
making wider excursions with more youthful 
companions. Well qualified judges declared 
him to be among the best botanists, che- 
mists, and classical scholars in Scotland, 
when he left this country for London, in 
October 1811, before completing his se- 
venteenth year ! 

While in Liondon, he continued to pur- 
sue his medical and botanical studies with 
unwearied perseverance, cultivating, at the 
same time, the friendship of men of learn- 
ing, who kindly condescended to encourage 
the rising genius of a youth, whose talents 
and modesty were alike conspicuous. 
Among these were Sir Joseph Banks, his 
librarian and friend, the celebrated Robert 
Brown, Mr. G. Anderson, a well-known 
Botanist, son of Dr. Anderson, the Editor 
of the Bee, &c. and at that time one of the 
Council of the Linneean Society ; also, and 
in particular, Sir Vicary Gibbs, who on 
intimate acquaintance, declared that he 
never had met with any youth, possessing 
such solid and varied acquirements. 

The object of young Mr Jack in going 
to London was, to attend the hospitals and 
the lectures in the different departments of 
Medicine and Surgery, then to present 
himself as a candidate for examination at 
Surgeons' Hall, and afterwards to obtain 
the situation of surgeon in one of the East 



India Company's ships, in order to improve 
himself in the practice of his profession, 
and also to extend his knowledge of Natu- 
ral History, until he should attain the age 
requisite for holding an appointment on 
that Establishment. 

With a noble independence of mind, he 
was willing to content himself with a hum- 
ble station, where his own exertions might 
recommend him, rather than seek to rise 
by the too common means of sycophancy 
and solicitation. Several of his friends, 
aware of his merits, and perceiving the 
great promise of his talents, were kindly 
anxious to promote his views, and his exa- 
mination was hurried on, that he might 
embark in one of the first ships of the 
season. The following account of his hat- 
ing passed as Fellow of the Royal College 
of Surgeons, with their highest diploma, is 
not without interest, as showing the opinion 
of unprejudiced judges respecting his ta- 
lents and acquirements. 

London, Feb, 1, 1812. " Yesterday I 
passed as Fellow of the College of Sur- 
geons, and with flying colours. Five days 
were all I had, in which to prepare and go 
through the previous business. 1 appeared 
before my examiners with all the courage 
I could muster, and having evaded in the 
best way that I could, the demand for a 
certificate of age, they agreed, afler a Uttle 
consultation, to examine me. Sir William 
Blizard questioned me, and as it was an 
extraordinary meeting, the whole Court 
were judges. My trid was short, and they 
seemed so well pleased with my replies, 
that Sir William Blizard said it was unne- 
cessary to put any more questions, as it was 
e vident I understood my subject. Sir James 
Earle agreed, and obligingly declared that 
not one in five hundred would answer so ac- 
curately. I retired for a while, and when I 
returned, the Master put a few questions 
as to my period of study, &c. I offered to 
produce my certificate of apprenticeship, 
but he said, that as I had answered so per- 
fectly, the Court did not require it, and in- 
formed me that I had passed. They then 
congratulated me on my success ; one ob- 
served that I should be an honour to the 



MBMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



125 



Company's Service, and paid me such 
compliments as modesty forbids me to re- 
peat." 

Upon this substantial proof of young 
Jack's abilities, his excellent friends. Sir 
Vicary and Lady Gibbs lent all their influ- 
ence to obtain an immediate appointment 
in the Bengal Establishment, and succeed- 
ed in procuring for him the first of the 
season : but he could not be persuaded to 
quit his native land without seeing again 
his parents, brothers, and sisters, to all of 
i whom he was most fondly attached. He 
j accordingly (with the consent of his friends) 
embarked for the North, and spent eight 
months at home, endeared to his family by 
every tie that amiability, added to affection 
and the claims of nature, can twine around 
the heart. 

In the next winter he returned to Lon- 
don, and attended another course of lec- 
tures, at the conclusion of which his friends, 
hy exerting double interest in his favour, 
succeeded in procuring for him an appoint- 
ment similar to that of the former year. 
He embarked accordingly for India, on 
board the Company's Ship " Baring," on 
his hirth-day, 29th January, 1813, aged 
eighteen years. 

Of Mr. Jack's future active, but brief 
career, his correspondence and published 
works form the only memoranda. All his 
papers, the result and record of much re- 
search, both in Natural History and in 
Oriental Literature and Civil History, 
were lost by the burning of the Ship Fame, 
in which his friend Sir Stamford Raffles 
and family had embarked for Europe. Sir 
Stamford Raffles, anxious to do justice to 
the memory of Mr. Jack, had determined 
to publish a short memoir, drawn only from 
his own acquaintance with the character 
and talents of his lamented friend, whom 
lie had the best means of knowing, as they 
bad lived together for four years on the 
inost intimate and confidential terms : but 
this design was defeated by the sudden 
«»d premature close of Sir Stamford's own 
life, in July, 1826." 

The following extracts from letters which 
Mr. Jack wrote to his family in Scotland, 



afler sailing for Bengal, will give some idea 
of his attachment to Natural History, and 
to Botany in particular, as well as of his 
ardent thiret afler knowledge. 

Feb. 28ih, 1813. " This morning eariy 
we were off" Funchal, the principal town of 
Madeira, and in the forenoon a boat came 
alongside, in which most of the passengers 
and myself went on shore. Afler strolling 
about the station, I quitted my companions 
and followed the course of a stream up the 
country, where, though pleased at seeing 
numbers of new plants, I was more grati- 
fied by observing many of those of our 
native country, as the Broom, Galium 
montanum, &c. Lupines were growing as 
a weed, and great quantities of Bamboos 
fringed the sides of the stream with several 
species of Palm, which I have seen culti- 
vated in hot-houses in England, and a sin- 
gular plant, sometimes grown in pots, with 
broad thick fleshy leaves that spring out of 
one another in succession, so that there is 
no stalk ; this last was plentiful upon the 
rocks. The island is very rough and un- 
even, but the soil, where there is any, is a 
fine loam. Grapes were not in season, but 
I saw their stalks every where, trained to a 
kind of espalier, made of poles, and crossed 
at top with bamboos. The vineyards oc- 
cupied every ledge of the rocks where 
there was any earth for them, rising, ter- 
race above terrace, to the top of the hill. 
The Oranges were the principal fruit in 
season, and they hung thick among the 
branches; I also observed several woods 
of Scotch Fir, but whether native or intro- 
duced, I am not aware." 

Symon*s Bay, Cape of Good Hope, May 
Srd, 1813. " Yesterday morning we came 
to anchor in Symon's Bay. The prospect 
around is exceedingly bleak, bare, and 
rocky; hills rising above hills from the 
water's edge, whose sides present nothing 
to th^ eye but stones and brown heather, 
while in other parts, wastes of white sand, 
still more barren, dazzle the sight. Sy- 
mon's Town consists of a few white houses, 
built along the shore, at the foot of a steep 
hill. The ground around it scarcely pre- 
sents any appearance of cultivation, except 



126 



MBIfOIE OP THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



a few shrubs and small trees, planted about 
some of the dwellings — indeed it is hardly 
possible to improve so impracticable a soil. 
The surgeon and I went on shore, when 
after amusing ourselves with looking at the 
houses and their inhabitants, who are mostly 
Dutch or Portuguese, we took, a trip into 
the country. The first plants which at- 
tracted our notice, were sereral species 
of Fig-marigold (^Mesembryanthemum). 
We ascended a hill by the side of a deep 
ravine, and proceeded as far as we thought 
safe among the broken precipices, for it 
became terribly ragged and bare. The 
ground was covered with small shrubs, all 
of which were new to me, and some very 
beautiful ; the glaucous-leaved Leuca-' 
dendron was abundant. I reaped a rich 
harvest of new plants, but have not yet had 
time to ascertain them all. There is a 
great variety of the species of Oxalis here, 
and I have already determined four ; but 
I have not found nearly so many HeatJu 
as I expected. Land-Tortoises are com- 
mon ; Penguins, Albatrosses, and Pintados 
are among the most remarkable birds which 
I have observed. You have heard of the 
large tails of the Cape Sheep, but I think 
the accounts of these must have been very 
much exaggerated, as the common weight 
is only from seven to twelve pounds." 

Symon's Bay, May 22, 18ia — "I 
wrote to you soon after our arrival here, 
where we have now spent a fortnight, a 
period much longer than we either ex- 
pected or wished. We are to sail to- 
morrow, and as no other opportunity of 
writing may occur for some time, I avail 
myself of the present, to say that I con- 
tinue well, and to give you some account 
of this place. I have been on shore almost 
every day since our arrival, and have 
taken some long walks into the country, 
but have not gone to Cape Town, as I 
found sufficient employment here, and 
such an excursion would have been very 
expensive. The barrenness of the country, 
which I mentioned before, does not di- 
minish on farther inspection. In a bota^ 
nical point of view, however, it is very 
rich, and every hour which I could com- 



mand, has had full occupation in examin- 
ing plants, which are very varied and all 
new to me; my only old acquaintance 
being the Arum and Spergula arvensis. 
The hills almost resemble English shrub- 
beries or pleasure grounds, where bushes 
and plants of every kind unite to gratify 
the eye and smell. They are still farther 
enlivened by numbers of small birds of 
various and brilliant plumage, among which 
are some resembling humming-birds. The 
weather has been delightful ever since we 
arrived. 

*' A few days ago, we made an expedition 
to the top of Table Mountain, about six- 
teen miles distant. Our party, which con- 
sisted of five officers and passengers of the 
ship, besides myself, were well provided 
with ammunition and provisions, and we 
took our course over the hills, regardless 
of roads, with a view of seeing the country 
better, and as we thought, of shortenii^ 
the way. We traversed a great diversity 
of ground, sometimes over wastes of fine 
white sand, which rose and sunk in ridges, 
like wreaths of snow, sometimes through 
thick and tangled brushwood, which co- 
vered the valleys, and again over rocky 
and precipitous hills. In the aflerooon, 
upon gaining an eminence, from which we 
had a full view of the country, we found 
ourselves still so distant from the moun- 
tain, as to preclude the possibility of climb- 
ing it that day. Upon this, we held a 
council of war, when my companions, un- 
used to such travelling, weary and dis- 
couraged, proposed making the best of our 
way back to the ships : a plan, which you 
may be sure was opposed by me, as well 
as by the second mate, who was of the 
party ; but our rhetoric was in vain. The 
others being tired, we all sat down to 
refresh ourselves with a bottle of brandy, 
which we had brought, and we purposely 
allowed them to waste the time, till it 
began to grow dusk. As surrounding ob- 
jects began to grow indistinct, the moun- 
tain appeared as if quite near, and as my 
companions recovered their spirits, I again 
urged the staying till next day, and repre- 
sented that we should return too late to 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



127 



go on board the ships that night, so that 
at last I carried my point. The next ques- 
tion was where we should sleep, and we 
started to look for some building where we 
might put up, and find a shelter, though 
it should be only a bam. During our 
search, it became quite dark, and after 
walking some hours, what place should we 
stamble upon but the well-known Con- 
stantia! Thence we were directed to a 
sort of inn, some miles distant, where we 
got a good supper, and all tumbled toge- 
ther into a bed, spread on the floor. In 
the morning, we climbed the mountain, 
which is very steep and scarcely ever as- 
cended on this side. We however accom- 
plished it, but the summit was so enve- 
loped in mist, that we obtained but little 
view from it ; we walked for nearly a mile 
on a level upon the top, which is however, 
intersected by parallel ridges, so as not to 
be quite so flat as it appears from the sea. 
We then descended, and walked as quickly 
a^ possible to Symon's Town, which we 
did not reach till eight o'clock at night, all 
much fatigued, though I suffered far less 
than the rest. On board our ship, there 
had been considerable anxiety on our ac- 
count, as wolves and runaway slaves are 
said to infest Table Mountain. The plants 
which I brought home, are enough to find 
me with work for a week to come ; the 
commonest genera are Erica, Protea, and 
Oxalis. In one cottage which I entered, 
I was surprized to see them burning wax 
candles, and on enquiry, I found the people 
made them themselves, by boiling the ber- 
ries of a plant, of which they showed me 
a branch." 1 

At Sea, July 14, 1813.— "We stopped 
one day at Johanna, an island in the 
Mosambique Channel. The inhabitants are 
mostly Arabs, who have come down from 
the Red Sea and settled there : the town 
is rather large and surrounded by a good 
wall, on which are placed several pieces 
of cannon, but they are mostly dismounted 
«nd honey-combed. The people were 
obliged to fortify themselves in this manner, 

* ProUbly Myrka jEthiopiea, or African Candle- 
^trmiMfrOe. Eo. 



as a protection against the Malagassjrmen, 
who used to come and carry them away 
for slaves ; the neighbouring island being 
wholly deserted on this account. Since, 
however, Bourbon and the Mauritius have 
fallen into our possession, there is no 
market for slaves, and the people live un- 
molested. We paid a visit to the king, 
with whom we kept up a conversation by 
the help of an interiH'eier : he enquired 
very cordially for his friend George, and 
whether we had yet sent Bonaparte to hell. 
Some idea he certainly seemed to have of 
the state of affairs in Europe, as he asked 
about the war in Spain, and had heard 
that the Americans had rebelled, (as he 
called it) against us. He regaled us with 
a glass of cocoa-nut milk, which is a very 
pleasant beverage. The Cocoa trees abound 
all over the island, and are employed for a 
number of uses, besides constituting such 
an important article of food ; the stringy 
parts serve for cordage, and houses are 
made of the platted leaves. We were 
abundantly supplied with fruit of every 
description. Oranges, Cocoa-nuts, Pine- 
apples, Planiains, Guavas, Sfc, 

" On nearing Ceylon, its spicy gales 
saluted us in the most pleasing manner 
before we had even got si^t of the land. 
The country all along is flat and covered 
with Cocoa- trees, which form a very promi- 
nent feature in tropical scenery. On going 
round Ceylon, the Commodore kept so 
near shore, that he struck on a sunken 
rock. He was sailing with a fine breeze, 
and all sails set, at the rate of seven knots 
an hour, when he stuck fast; the other 
ships following, were apprized of their 
danger by a signal and hove to. The 
Altj, however, touched three times before 
she could get clear, and they were all in 
great danger. The Daedalus floated off, 
but had received so much injury, that she 
sunk in a few hours, the crew and their 
^^^gS^^ having been previously removed 
on board the Indiaman. She went to the 
bottom, in ninety-six fathoms water, with 
eveiy sail set, and in the midst of a large 
fleet; such a sight was perhaps never 
witnessed before." 



128 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



Dum Dum, Dec. 1813.—" My time has 
been much occupied since I came here, as 
the whole of the medical duties of the 
battalions lies on me, and though not 
severe labour, this occupies a good deal 
of time. I am applying vigorously to 
Hindostanee, and have employed a Moon- 
shee since I came here : my previous 
knowledge of Persian is very useful, many 
of the Hindostanee words being similar, 
and as I shall recommence Persian when 
I have mastered Hindostanee, my former 
acquaintance with it will render the labour 



think that a more sublime scene might 
have better suited the occasion, but the 
desolate uniformity that prevailed, un- 
broken by any trace of cultivation, had 
something in it far more impressive than a 
view whose variety might have distracted 
the mind from the objects before it ; added 
to which, we were alone at a distance from 
camp, and in so lonely a place, that in the 
dim twilight, fancy could almost conjure 
up the ghosts of the slain. 

" Although so near, we have as yet 
hardly seen the hills, as they have been 



much lighter. A competent knowledge of constantly hid by fog. One day, however, 
these languages is essentially necessary, at Betliah, it was tolerably clear, and we 
and to many situations it is the only pass- had a noble view of them, tracing dis- 
port. Of all the Oriental languages, Hin- tinctly the whole line of the Himalayan 
dostanee is the most generally spoken, or Snowy Range, towering above the hills 
particularly in the provinces dependant on immediately in front, which, though of 
Bengal j while in Madras and the southern great elevation, dwindled into pigmies be- 
provinces, it is not so much used. I am fore the immense barrier which shot up 



told that four different languages are spoken 
in the countries subject to Madras, the 
trouble of acquiring which is so great, 
that the number of natives who speak 
English, far exceeds that of Europeans 
who are acquainted with any of these 
tongues. My ambition, after making some 
farther progress, will be to gain admittance 
into the College, where some opportunity 
of distinguishing myself may arise, by 
which I may obtain an advantageous si- 
tuation." 

Camp on the Ghaut, January 9, 1815. — 
" On the 7th, we were in the neighbour- 
hood of Pursah, where I viewed the field 
of battle, a melancholy but not uninterest- 
ing sight The time and appearance of 
the spot were perfectly consonant to the 
feelings it was calculated to excite. The 
evening was gloomy, and the descending 
sun could scarcely pierce the thick haze 
that obscured the horizon. Nothing met 



behind, covered with snow to the lowest 
visible point These mountains indeed 
presented a magnificent appearance, re- 
flecting the first rays of the morning sun. 
By the most moderate calculations we have 
been able to make, both from our own ob- 
servations and the data given by Kirk- 
patrick, in his Account of Nepaul ; they 
are several thousand feet higher than the 
Andes, hitherto considered the lofliest in 
the world." 

Camp, Bechiaco, Feb, 11, 1816.—" We 
are now encamped in the stony bed of a 
river, nearly dry at this season, with hills 
covered with wood rising on every side of 
us. I like this scenery, as it reminds 
me somewhat of my own country. Fancy 
to yourself an immense ravine, winding 
among the hills, which looking upwards, 
appear as they rise behind one another, 
in the perspective, to close it in somewhat 
in the form of a huge amphitheatre ; the 



the eye all around, but a dreary waste of bottom about half a mile in breadth, co- 
jungle, bounded by the black line of forest yered with white sand and stones, with 
at the foot of the hills, which were com- three or four little streams, scarcely ande 
pletely enveloped in mist The chief deep, creeping along among them — the 
scene of action had been a small grove of camp, in motley variety, extending along 
trees, whose shattered trunks bore evidence this bed ; the small village of Bechiaco^ 
of the fire, and whose branches were now occupied by one of our battalions, perched 
crowded with vultures. Perhaps you may upon the top of the bank, and seeming to 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



129 



command the whole; the picquets scat- 
tered here and there along the sides of the 
hillsy and on looking back, the level line 
of forest, the only part of the whole view 
which departs from the line of beauty. 
Sometimes you see vast colunms of smoke 
arise where the grass has been set on fire, 
and the wind carries the conflagration along, 
till it involves the whole side of a hill. 
When the flame is thus swept among the 
green bamboos and reeds, the air con- 
tained in their cavities becomes so rare- 
fied as to burst them with a report like a 
gun ; and at some distance, these succes- 
sive explosions have the efiect of a run- 
ning fire of musquetry. This burning of 
the grass is one of our expeditious modes 
of clearing a way for ourselves." 

Dinapore, May 16, 1816.—" I have 
lately had occasion to change my Moon- 
shee, and have got one who pleases me 
very much, as he really possesses a good 
deal of knowledge, and has more taste 
than most of them. Like all Orientals, 
however, he has no idea of simplicity 
being an excellence, and attaches great 
merit to excess of ornament, metaphors, 
conceited enigmas, &c. This taste seems 
to have prevailed at a certain stage of the 
literature of every nation with which I am 
acquainted, and to have gradually yielded 
to the influence of more correct judgment 
The Asiatics, however, have never got 
beyond this point, and there they are likely 
to remain for a good while yet to come. I 
continue to read Persian several hours a 
day, and think I have made some progress : 
the kind assurance of my friend, Major 
H., however, who declares, that in three 
months, I shall have as good a knowledge 
of the language as most persons in India, 
musty I fear, be considered as a little ex- 
aggerated." 

Dinapore, Nov, 14, 1817. — " I have 
lately opened a correspondence with Dr. 
Wallich, the Superintendent of the Cal- 
cutta Botanic Garden, from which I expect 
to derive both pleasure and advantage. 
IjII now, I have always felt at a loss in 
my botanical researches, from not being 
acquainted with the progress of the science 

VOL. I. 



in India, and particularly with Roxburgh's 
extensive labours and discoveries, so that 
I never could be sure that my own were 
not anticipated. It was to lemedy this, 
and to obtain, if possible, a copy of Rox- 
burgh's manuscript descriptions, that I 
wished to commence an intercourse with 
the present Superintendent, who is a good 
Botanist, and a highly respectable man. 
In the first letter which I wrote to Dr. 
Wallich, I sent him some seeds, and a de- 
scription of a Lobelia, which I had found 
in Nepaul, and which did not agree with 
any published species. I received in reply 
a most friendly letter, accompanied by 
some papers of his own on Indian Botany, 
informing me that my Lobelia was a per- 
fectly new species, and soliciting further 
communications. I have since transmitted 
to him another despatch, with more plants 
which I conceive to be new; and I am 
convinced, that I possess a great many 
which are entirely so, a point which I 
shall now have the opportunity of ascer- 
taining. Our old remark, that Botany 
formed a kind of bond of friendship among 
its votaries, promises to hold good in the 
present instance." 

Calcutta, July 19, 1818.— "I have paid 
a visit to Dr. Wallich, at the Botanic 
Garden, a short distance from Calcutta ; 
he received me with great kindness and 
warmth, and insists on my coming to stay 
with him while I remain here. He is not 
only a good Botanist, but an excellent 
physician, and much inclined to assist me 
in obtaining some situation, which may 
open a field for Botanical research, and 
connect me with himself in that depart- 
ment. He has already introduced my 
name with due acknowledgments, in a paper 
presented to the A.siatic Society, contain- 
ing an account of some new plants from 
Nepaul, one of which was communicated 
by me. Roxburgh*s Flora is now in 
course of publication, and receives all Dr. 
Wallich's additions since his time ; a new 
species of Veronica is introduced on my 
authority and described there, anil I have 
no doubt that others will yet be added as 
the printing proceeds." 



180 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



Calcutta, Aug.\9, 1818.—" Dr. Wallich 
has kindly insisted on my staying with 
him to pursue my Botanical researches : 
he has an excellent house in a delightful 
situation^ about six miles below Calcutta, 
where I hope to pass my time most agree- 
ably, free from those temptations to fatigue 
and exertion which beset me at Calcutta, 
and where I trust to be so much benefited 
by ease of body and mind, that my health 
will improve as fast as it could do from a 
sea voyage, to which so many inconve- 
niences are attached. Though my plans 
are hardly arranged, I expect that my 
Botanical knowledge will turn to some ac- 
count. I am now engaged in drawing up 
a paper on some of my discoveries, which 
I have promised to furnish for a periodical 
work, about to be printed at the Serampore 
press, to which Dr. Wallich has agreed to 
contribute, and he wishes for my aid in 
the performance. We also propose, some 
time hence, to undertake jointly a Botanical 
work, for which we possess ample materials 
in the immense number of new plants 
which he has already received, and is daily 
receiving from that most glorious and 
unexplored field, Nepaul. It will be illus- 
trated by figures, and you must know we 
have got natives instructed to engrave in a 
manner that will surprise you. I am pro- 
digiously busy preparing my paper, and 
making some drawings of the new vege- 
table productions, which I discovered dur- 
ing my Nepaul campaign. Dr. Wallich is 
really a most noble excellent man, and has 
shown the warmest and strongest interest 
in my favour." 

Botanical Gardens, Calcutta, Nov, 10, 
1818. — " I hasten to inform you of the 
occurrences of the last few days, which 
have made a considerable alteration in my 
plans, since I wrote to you. Some days 
ago. Sir Stamford Raffles, the governor of 
Sumatra, came here to see the garden, and 
spent the day, during which Dr. Wallich 
and- I had a long conversation with him, 
the result of which has been, my agreeing 
to accompany him to Sumatra, and his 
promising to forward my views, and in 
particular, to afford me every facility for 



exploring the Natural History of thai is- 
land, where I doubt not to meet with 
many new and interesting things, by send- 
ing which home, I may form some useful 
connections. I expect to sail, shortly, 
with Sir Stamford Raffles, in the Com- 
pany's cruizer, "Nearchus." The party 
will consist of Sir S. and Lady Raffles, 
two Civilians on the Bencoolen Establish- 
ment, an Artillery Officer, and two French 
Naturalists, who have been recommended 
to Sir S. Raffles, and whom he employs 
as such; their subject is the Animal 
Kingdom— one of them is nephew to the 
celebrated Cuvier. Sumatra being, in 
part, a volcanic country, I intend to study 
its Mineralogy as well as its Botany, and 
have purchased the last edition of Jame- 
son's Mineralogy, by the aid of which, 
with two other works on the same subject, 
and all the observation I can bestow, I 
hope to make some progress. Sir S. Raf- 
fles possesses a large and very scientific 
library, which he kindly offers to place 
entirely at my command." 

Palo Pinang, 7th March, 1819.— "I 
am botanizing with great ardour ; there is 
a great field here, and it is really astonish- 
ing how much I find that is new in a place 
that has been so long in British possession. 
The fact is, that the whole of the Eastem 
Islands have been scarcely the subject of 
scientific research, or in so superficial and 
imperfect a degree, as rather to excite than 
satisfy curiosity. Sumatra is almost a vir- 
gin country; for though we have had a 
settlement on it at Bencoolen, no individual 
there before Sir Stamford ever penetrated 
into the country twenty miles beyond its 
limits. Java, which is much better known 
to us, differs, though situated so near, from 
Sumatra, in its whole constitution, being 
entirely volcanic, while the latter is in a 
great measure, of primitive formation ; the 
soil, productions, every thing is unlike. 
The vast Eastem Archipelago seems to 
present four great divisions, differing m 
their population, soil, and every respect 
Sumatra, including the parallel coast of 
the Malay Peninsula, is the country of the 
Malays, and forms, as it were, the extre- 



tfCMOIB OF THE LATE MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



131 



mitjof that vast mountainous ridge^ stretch- 
ing from the North of Hindostan through 
the Burman and Assan empires, to the 
Stieights of Sincapore. Java forms part of 
a volcanic range, which runs parallel to the 
Equator, from the termination of the former. 
Borneo is a vast continent, not volcanic, 
producing diamonds, &c. and essentially 
different from the Javanese portion. The 
Moluccas may be considered the fourth di- 
vision, the native country of all the valu- 
able spices, and other products of the East, 
which are peculiar to these favoured spots, 
and not found in the other grand divisions. 

This island has yielded me no inconsi- 
derable botanical harvest. During the last 
three months, I have described above one 
hundred and thirty plants, of which eighty 
are probably quite new, besides examining 
and ascertaining at least as many more. I 
have drawn some myself, and I have a 
Chinaman employed, who has finished a 
considerable number of drawings." 

Singapore, June 7 th, 1819. — "At length 
we are dear of that land of delays, Pinang, 
and have arrived at this royal city, which 
will, sooner or later, become, I think, the 
capital of the Eastern islands. We left 
Pinang on the 22nd ult., having concluded 
every thing in style. Before we started, 
answers were received from the Supreme 
Government on the subject of Singapore, 
highly approving of Sir Stamford's mea- 
sures. "We had a very pleasant voyage 
down the Streights, and arrived here in 
nine days, having commenced the study of 
the Malay language, called the Italian of 
the East, by the way, in which Sir S. Raf- 
fles, who is an excellent Malay scholar, 
Msisted his lady and myself. Besides this, 
I had full employment in bringing up the 
wrears of my Pinang Botanical collections, 
•nd in reading a number of papers that I 
received from Sir S. Raffles regarding the 
Eastern islands, with which I am deter- 
vdhed, now that I have the opportunity, to 
«nake myself acquainted. The Flora of 
Singapore is very splendid. We expect 
to reach Bencoolen in about a month, and 
«« the Southerly Monsoon has set in, our 



course will be along th/5 shores of Borneo 
and Java." 

Singapore, June 20th, 1819. — " My last 
letter from this place was sent by way of 
Pinang ; this goes home by Bengal. It is 
impossible to conceive any thing more 
beautiful than the Approach to this place 
through the Archipelago of islands that lie 
at the eastern extremity of the Streights of 
Malacca. Seas of glass wind amid innu- 
merable islands, clothed in all the luxuri- 
ance of tropical vegetation, and basking in 
the full brilliancy of a tropical sky. The 
Island of St. John's, which forms the west- 
ern point of the Bay of Singapore, would, 
if fortified, command with its cannon, the 
Streights through which every vessel passes 
to China and all the Eastern Settlements. 
A more convenient and more formidable 
situation could not possibly be selected, 
and it is really astonishing that it should 
have remained so long unnoticed. It was 
the capital of the Malays in the twelfth 
century ; but they were obliged to abandon 
it during their unfortunate wars with the 
Javan Empire of Majapuleit, and retire to 
Malacca; and when the latter was taken 
by the Portuguese, they settled at Lahore; 
and Singapore has, till now, been almost 
forgotten. I have no doubt it will soon 
rise to more than its ancient consequence. 
It is surprizing how much this place has 
increased since we made it a settlement — 
many thousands of persons have already 
come, and every day adds to their number ; 
the present villages are quite insufficient to 
contain them, and the work of clearing and 
building goes on with great rapidity. Num- 
bers of Chinese and Bugguese have come, 
both active and industrious people. I have 
just arrived in time to explore the woods 
before they yield to the axe, and have made 
many interesting discoveries, particularly 
two new and splendid species of Pitcher 
Plant (Nepenthes, Linn.), far surpassing 
any yet known in Europe. I have com- 
pleted two perfect drawings of them with 
ample descriptions. Sir S. Raffles is anxi- 
ous that we should give publicity to our 
researches in some way or other, and has 



1S2 



IIBMOIR OF THE LATB MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



planned bringing out something at Ben- 
coolen. He proposes sending home these 
Pitcher Plants, that such splendid things 
may appear under all the advantages of 
elegant execution, by way of attracting at- 
tention to the subject of Sumatran Botany. 
There is a plant which Sir S. has met with 
in Sumatra, which appears to be the won- 
der of the vegetable world,* for its flowers 
are of the colossal dimensions of a yard in 
diameter ! I would hardly venture to men- 
tion this, did I not know that a specimen 
has actually gone home in spirits. We 
made a sailing expedition lately among the 
islands, and spent the day very pleasantly 
in exploring them ; we carried our provi- 
sions with us, and spread our table in the 
woods, protected from the sun by the dense 
shade. Here I saw, for the first time, the 
coral banks of tropical seas in perfection, 
and nothing certainly can be more beauti- 
ful. The water was as clear as crystal, and 
through it appeared the corals in every va- 
riety of form and colour, their hues soft- 
ened and heightened by the transparent 
medium. These banks frequently rise al- 
most perpendicularly from unknown depths 
to the surface, the stupendous works of 
animals that almost elude observation. It 
is also a curious question whence is de- 
rived the enormous quantity of lime thus 
deposited." 

Bencoolen, Sept. 2Sth, 1819.—" I have 
been employed in an important subject, 
which Sir S. has entrusted to me, namely, 

I Re^ttiaAmoldu of Brown, in the IStb Vol. of 
tbo TrsnsnctioM of the Linnaean Societjr, where we 
tearoel/ know which to admire most, the admirable 
eiecntioo of the platen, the learning diaplayed by the 
author in his historj and description, or the extraor- 
dinarj plant wbidh is the sabject of the memoir. An- 
other species. R. Patma. and a nearly allied Genoa, 
Jrwf <wn'fl, hare been fonnd in Java, bj Dr. Blame, 
who has constituted for them a new order, Rhizanthe^g, 
so called because the plant consists solely of a flower 
springing directly from the root of another plant, on 
wbioh it is a parasite. It is remarkable, that another 
plant of the same Order has been discovered by Ber- 
tero, in Chili, growing upon the stems of Adetmia mi- 
erophfOa, the PUoatyks Rerteroi of Gaillemin in the 
Annales des Sciences Natarelles, 2nd Ser. r. 2. p. 21 . 
1. 1. ; and this is so minnte as to bear the same pro- 
portion to the type of the Order (H. ArnoUii) that a 
line does to a fooC 



an inquiry into the state of society among 
the people subject to Bencoolen, particu- 
larly into their laws and customs, and the 
effects of the Company's monopoly on their 
character and situation, with a view to 
furnishing data whereon to found eventual 
measures for their improvement. This you 
may conceive will be a task of some diffi- 
culty, especially as I come to it unprepared 
by local experience, but Sir Stamford is so 
determined upon it, and affords me such 
advice and encouragement, that his kind- 
ness, together with the knowledge that he 
may turn the result of my inquiries to im- 
portant use, has decided me to do my best, 
especially as I see that there is no other 
person who either can or will attempt it 

" To give me every possible aid, and to 
add importance to the undertaking. Sir S. 
has appointed two gentlemen to form a 
committee with me for this object— one of 
them is Captain Methwin, Malay translator, 
whose thorough knowledge of the language 
is of the greatest use to me ; still the great- 
est share of the labour devolves upon my- 
self. The subject is really a curious <Hie, 
and exhibits a different form of society 
from almost every other that I know." 

On board the Favourite, in the Hoogly, 
Bengal, Nov. llth, 1819.—" When I left 
Bencoolen, the Report on the state of So- 
ciety was not begun, though I had been 
collecting the materials for it : before sail- 
ing, our Committee met, and my two col- 
leagues gave me carte blanche to draw up 
what report I thought proper during the 
voyage. I have accordingly prepared one, 
which I call our First Report, and as there 
are some points of detail, particularly on 
the subject of population, which wouM 
only have embarrassed the general view, 
and would come better into an Appendix 
or Supplementary Report, I have taken up 
the subject in its widest field, and have 
brought in a view of the Colonian Admi- 
nistration of the place. Sir Stamford is 
well pleased with the result of my labours, 
and has forwarded it to Calcutta, with a 
very high recommendation, and soliciting 
the Marquis's attention to it He will 



MEMOIR OF THB LATS MH. WILLIAM JACK. 



133 



likewise send a copy to the Court of Di- 
rectors. We have also been employed in 
drawing up a paper for Lord Hastings, on 
the ftttuie government of the Eastern Is- 
lands, proposing great reforms and altera- 
tionSi and have suggested the propriety of 
establishing a native college at Singapore. 
I consider it a most fortunate day which 
brought me acquainted with such a man as 
Sir S. Raffles. He possesses a singular 
eneigy of character which communicates 
some portion of its influence to all aro\md 
him, and I hope to improve myself not a 
Me in such society. The opportunities 
which I now enjoy will not, I trust, be 
thrown away. I told you of his promise 
of making me his Secretary ; he has em- 
ployed me as such ; but difficulties have 
been thrown in the way of rendering it a 
regular appointment. If I do obtain this 
situation on the new footing, I shall then 
extend my views ; and am sadly deceived 
if I do not bring them to some consistency 
and bearing, as I shall then enjoy the full- 
est opportunities of making myself tho- 
roughly and deeply acquainted with every 
thing relating to the Eastern Islands, their 
policy, state, &c. It is a new field, and 
one on which there is a general deficiency 
of local information." 

On board the Indiana, offNaUal, Feb, 
29^, 1820,—" I sit down to fulfil my pro- 
mise of sending you some account of Tap- 
panooUy and the Battas, who inhabit the 
interior of that part of Sumatra. They had 
ween stated to be cannibals, and we were 
carious to ascertain that fact, and learn 
something of so peculiar a state of society. 
We therefore assembled some of the most 
intelHgent chiefs, whom we examined at 
length respecting all their usages and cus- 
toms, and obtained the amplest and most 
indisputable information on every point. 
The history of these people is so extraor- 
Anary and peculiar, that I should not have 
credited it on any evidence less convincing 
than that which we received, and should 
^ost fear to communicate it, were I less 
certain of its absolute correctness. That 
they are cannibals is placed beyond a 
doubt, but the circumstances and manner 



in which this revolting custom is practised 
stand, I believe, unparalleled in the history 
of the human race. The eating of men is 
not merely practised by them iii war, as in 
some other savage countries, but is the 
punishment solemnly and deliberately de- 
creed by their laws for certain capital crimes. 
Five cases are enumerated, in which eating 
the offenders is ordained, of which the first, 
and in their ideas, the greatest, is adultery. 
The sentence is passed in full council by 
the assembled chiefs, and publicly carried 
into effect three days after, when the whole 
neighbourhood is collected. The victim 
is tied up, with his hands extended, and 
the injured party is asked what part he 
prefers. He perhaps chooses the ears — 
these are instantly cut off, and he delibe- 
rately eats them, either raw with limes and 
pepper, or drest as he pleases. All pre- 
sent then help themselves to and devour 
what portion they like ; and after all are 
satisfied, the chief enemy cuts off the head 
and carries it home, to suspend in triumph 
on the top of his house. Thus the culprit 
is literally eaten alive, and with a coolness 
and deliberation that I believe to be abso- 
lutely unparalleled. You will have diffi- 
culty, I know, in crediting this, but I tell 
it you plainly, as I received it from the 
people themselves, who seemed to think 
very little of it Such severity of punish- 
ment must, of course, operate to render 
the crime of rare occurrence, and another 
check to its frequency is, that the injured 
party may, if he please, commute the sen- 
tence into a pecuniary compensation, which 
avarice oflen tempts them to do. In short, 
it seems to be like Shylock's pound of flesh, 
an atonement the aggrieved individual has 
a right to claim, and which he may dis- 
pense with if he pleases. The Battas are 
evidently of Hindoo origin, and these cus- 
toms afford another example of the mild 
spirit of that religion which denounces 
damnation on the slayer of a cow or an ant, 
yet makes sport of human life, and of every 
affection of our nature. Formerly it was 
the custom of the Battas to eat their pa- 
rents when they became too old to be ii^se- 
ful, but they say that latterly it has been 



134 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



abandoned. Now you will, of course, 
suppose that these people are sunk in the 
lowest state of barbarism ; but, strange in- 
consistency! it is quite the reverse; and 
they possess many noble and estimable 
qualities. In point of veracity and sense 
of honour, they are as much superior to 
the Benghalees, as we are to both. Their 
deportment and behaviour are manly and 
independent ; and in some things their no- 
tions are carried to a most extravagant 
length. A man must not marry a woman 
of his own tribe, but must seek a wife in 
some other tribe, that acknowledges differ- 
ent ancestors. The breach of this rule is 
punishable with eating, which is carrying 
the idea of consanguinity much further 
than we do. If two men quarrel, and their 
difference cannot be settled by mediation, 
they go to war, but must, before commencing 
hostilities, publicly proclaim their design 
in the fairs, that the other may have due 
warning. If one man should kill another 
without this public proclamation, he would 
be sentenced to be eaten ; but after it, all is 
fair. Even then, however, being only a 
private quarrel, he is not permitted to eat 
his enemy, though he may kill him, as it is 
only on grand occasions, when the whole 
nation goes to war, that cannibalism is 
permitted. At the fairs, it is a point of 
honour that no violence or treachery be 
committed ; a man who carries his musket 
to the fair sticks a green branch in the 
muzzle, as proof of his peaceable inten- 
tions. The Battas have a written charac- 
ter, peculiar to themselves, and books on 
various subjects ; we have got an account 
of five or six. 

" The country in the interior is populous 
and well cultivated — and further, it abounds 
with gold. Camphor (Dryobalanops Cam- 
photo) and Benjamin {Styrax Benzoiri) 
are the wild products of the forests, and 
are procured in no other part of the world ; 
thus few countries surpass Sumatra in na- 
tural riches. The people of the interior 
have an aversion to the sight of the sea, 
believing it to be the abode of evil spirits, 
and the inhabitants of the coast are conse- 
quently an inferior race. They acknow- 



ledge one Supreme God, and three inferior 
divinities, whose names, as well as the title 
of their greatest chief, Sa Singa Maha Ra- 
jah, which is pure Sanscrit, proclaim their 
Hindoo origin. So extraordinary a people 
would require to be better known, and we 
shall, probably, sooner or later, make an 
expedition into their country, which will 
be very practicable, as the Chief of Baroos, 
one of our friends, has lately married the 
daughter of a Batta chief. I should have 
mentioned that women are excluded from 
these human feasts. Who knows but we 
may yet civilize and reclaim these people! 
I think they have sterling qualities that 
would make it worth the while. At all 
events, I should like to get among them, 
and have ocular proof of their customs. 
Perhaps I may yet be present at one of 
their human feasts ! We told the chiefewe 
were anxious to partake, and asked which 
were the epicurean morsels. They laugh- 
ed, but said that the palms of the hands 
and soles of the feet were the pieces most 
prized, 

" The harbour of Tappanooly is most 
noble and extensive : the hills come down 
to its edge, and are clothed with luxuiiaot 
forests of camphor, &c. Our settlement is 
on a very small island in the midst of it, 
most romantically situated, where there is 
a small Fort, two or three houses for the 
Resident and his assistants, and a small 
Bazaar of three or four hundred peopla 
The population around is very scanty, aod . 
their villages are situated in the hollows of 
the hills, where they lie hid until you come 
close upon them. The camphor-trees aie 
the monarchs of the forest, rising often to 
a height of one hundred feet perpendicular, 
before giving off a single branch, straight 
as masts, and of proportionate diameter. 
We had one cut down, and got a little 
camphor in it ; this substance is found in 
concrete masses, lying in hollows and cracks 
in the heart of the tree. Very little of it 
finds its way to Europe — it chiefly goes to 
China, where it bears a price about thir^ 
times higher than the Chinese camphor, 
which is the article we use. The latter is 
the produce of the Laurus Camphora,VD^ 



MBMOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



135 



obtained by boiling : the former, of an im- 
perfectly known genus, called by Geertner, 
who only saw the fruit, Dryobcdanops, and 
is the native produce of the tree. It is 
not exactly known what occasions its enor- 
mous value in China — ^three thousand dol- 
lars for a pekul of 133 lbs. It has been 
supposed that it was employed to mix with 
their own camphor, and sold again in that 
adulterated state, but the difference of price 
renders this improbable. I think rather 
that the Chinese, whose epicurism is very 
extraordinary, and different from ours, use 
it in some way for culinary purposes. Be- 
sides camphor, the tree yields an oil which 
is very powerful. It flowers only once in 
/bur or five years, and was not in blossom 
when I saw it : I got specimens, however, 
last year. I scrambled over several hills 
during the two days we remained at Tap- 
panooly, and found some new plants. This 
country is, in fact, new and untrodden by 
the foot of science — a harvest reserved, I 
hope, for me to reap, and it shall not be 
neglected, for every advantage and oppor- 
tunity are mine." 

Bencoolen, March 12th, 1820.—" I have 
obtained a flower-bud of the gigantic plant 
I formerly mentioned to you. It is really 
one of the wonders of the vegetable king- 
dom — the head is of the size of a large 
cabbage, only more flattened. I have 
opened it, and ascertained its structure, 
which is as unique and peculiar as its di- 
. mensions, and seems to set analogy at de- 
fiance. I have not procured the fruit, or 
^n able to learn its situation, but of the 
inflorescence I am making drawings, which 
I hope to publish in my first fasciculus. 
The two Frenchmen whom I mentioned as 
having been brought hither by Sir S. Raf- 
fles, have been very industrious, and made 
rery large Zoological collections. Among 
them is a new animal, which comes next in 
size to the Rhinoceros, and resembles the 
Tapiir of America, but is a much larger 
creature than the latter, with a white band 
over the back and sides, just in the situa- 
tion and to the extent of a saddle-cloth— 
the rest of the body is black." 
Bencoolen, April 10th, 1820.—'^ A ship 



having unexpectedly arrived, bound for 
England, I avail myself of such a fortunate 
opportunity to transmit to you the first part 
of our account of our Zoological collections. 
I have been employed on it ever since I 
wrote last, and have just finished the first 
and most important portion, containing the 
Mammalia. This paper, which will, I trust, 
prove interesting, is to appear in the Trans- 
actions of the Royal Society, under Sir S. 
Raffles' name, and you will be able to see 
it there. We have taken much pains to 
obtain full information on the subject, and 
for this purpose have had assemblies of all 
the native chiefs, whom we have questioned 
much in the way that Rheede is said to have 
done those in India. My Botanical labours 
must be, in a great measure, suspended till 
this business is over. I am paying some 
attention to Malay, and find it an easy lan- 
guage, which I hope soon to master ; but 
the day is always too short for my work. 
I have now made it a rule never to sit up 
at night, unless in very urgent cases, as I 
find it is more than the constitution can 
stand in this country. I paid a visit some 
days ago to a spice plantation, about eight 
miles out of town, and spent the day there 
— it is delightfully situated. Some people 
whom I sent out to get plants, brought me 
spme very interesting ones. We plan a 
trip for some weeks to a country house at 
some distance inland, both for variety and 
for Botany. It will also be an escape from 
business and the troublesome people here. 
The society of this place is exceedingly 
indifferent — ^in fact, there is scarcely any 
energy or spirit among the inhabitants, 
whether natives or old-settled Europeans ; 
an excessive indolence prevails over them 
all. I lately sent to England, by the Mary, 
a short account of some of my most inte- 
resting plants, to be noticed there in some 
way or other, including the Sumatran gi- 
gantic flower, my two new Pitcher- Plants, 
the Camphor, the Sago, and a new genus 
of mine, which Sir S. Raffles has forwarded 
for me, with the drawings of them, to Mr. 
Marsden, to make such use of them as he 
may think best. I have now been appoint- 
ed on a Committee to inquire into the state 



IM 



MEMOIR OP TH£ LJLTB MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



of the Manna districts, and report on a new 
Constitution and Laws for them. This 
will be a business of some time, however 
I shall throw a good deal of the detail on 
my colleagues. I can only add, that I am 
well, and as busy as a bee.'' 

Bencoolen, May 26, 1820.— "The wea- 
ther is becoming veiy favourable for ex- 
cursions into the interior. In general, we 
have here a great deal of rain, every se- 
cond or third day proving wet ; and now, 
for a wonder, it has been dry for ten days. 
So near the Line, these rains are probably 
beneficial, as they cool the air ; but I con- 
fess, I prefer the steady seasons of the 
continent of India, where you can almost 
calculate, with certainty, upon the state of 
the weather. We have, at present, no less 
than three Sultans here — the Sultan of 
Judrapore, and the new and ex Sultans of 
Moco-Moco. There is something farcical 
in these high-sounding titles, when applied 
to men, whose whole revenues do not 
amount to as much as we would pay a 
common writer in an office. But you will, 
perhaps, be still more amused by an idea 
which we actually put into execution this 
morning, of appointing a committee to in- 
vestigate and report on the customs and 
histories of all the Birds of Sumatra ; in 
short, to collect all the native information 
about them, for the purpose of completing 
our paper for the Royal Society. This 
Special Committee on the Birds is com- 
posed of the Sultan of Judrapore, Rajah 
Dyan Mabela, Raden Aria Surca (i.e. 
Child of the Sun), Dyan Indra, and ano- 
ther Raden. I suppose it is the first 
time that Sultans and Rajahs have ever 
been so employed; however, I have no 
doubt we shall receive a very amusing 
report. 

Bencoolen, Aug. 19, 1820.— -"J have 
now finished my first report on the Agri- 
cultural Society, which we think of print- 
ing, along with my account of the state of 
Society and some other Statistical papers. 
During our absence at Calcutta, Sir Stam- 
ford gave a few miscellaneous articles to 
the press, merely to keep it employed; 
and, as these amount to a small volume, 



he thinks of bringing it out under the title 
of Malayan Miscellanies, vol. L I have 
added the descriptions of a few plants, and 
we shall probably continue the same plan, 
and the second volume will be much bet- 
ter than the first It is now my intention 
to preface the descriptions and engravings 
of plants, which I formerly mentioned, 
with a general view of the Natural His- 
tory of our Eastern Islands; a plan by 
which I think the subject may be made 
generally interesting, and attract public 
attention to this quarter. Much time and 
labour will be required to collect and ar- 
range the materials, but the means and 
advantages, which I at present possess, 
are such as ought not to be lost." 

Tello Delam, Palo Mas, Dec, 12, 1820. 
— " Pulo Nias is now a British Possession, 
in full sovereignty, and our principal sta- 
tion is established at Tello Delam, the 
finest harbour on the island. It is really 
a beautiful spot : the shores are skirted by 
hills of no great elevation, covered with 
Cocoa-nut trees, except where their sides 
and bottoms are cleared for Rice fields 
and plantations of sweet Potatoes and 
other vegetables. The villages are placed 
on the tops of the hills, in very picturesque 
but inaccessible situations, having been 
built with a view to defence, so that it 
would try the wind of any but a Nias-man 
to reach them. With the people I am, 
on the whole, highly delighted ; they ex- 
hibit a mixture of barbarism and civiliza- 
tion, that makes them very interesting. In 
agricultural industry, in the building and 
internal comfort of their houses, they show 
a great advance in the arts of life ; while, 
in their war-dresses and many of their cus- 
toms, they bring to mind the accounts of 
early voyagers in the Pacific Ocean. On 
our visit to the Rajah of Ilitubara, we 
were received, at the bottom of the hill, 
by a party of twenty warriors, armed with 
spears, shields, and sharp swords, de- 
fended by leathern coats of mail, and their 
physiognomies rendered terrible by a hel- 
met of Ijan, the long black hairs of which 
formed huge artificial mustachios and 
beards. On our approach, they com- 



MEMOIR OF THB LATB MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



137 



menced a war-dance, with the most vio- 
lent gesticulations, sounding their shields 
to a kind of measured time. We then as- 
cended: on entering the Rajah's house, 
we were welcomed by a universal groan 
from the company, and invited to take the 
seat of honour, at the head of the spacious 
apertment After a little while, the ladies 
came to pay their respects ; and the first 
time we saw them, we certainly opened 
our eyes, for their entire dress consisted 
of a cloth from their loins to their knees, 
leaving the whole upper part of the body 
quite naked ; yet, such is the force of ha- 
bit, they were unconscious of the least 
indelicacy ; in recompence, their head and 
neck ornaments were elegant, and all of 
pure gold. We made them very happy 
by some Httle presents of coloured hand- 
kerchiefs. There is a native politeness 
about many of the people, that is highly 
pleasing : the Rajah of Ilitubara is one of 
these. He is a young man, and attached 
himself, from some cause or other, parti- 
cularly to me, always constituting himself 
my especial attendant, and by a number of 
little attentions, endeavouring to render 
himself agreeable. They are a handsome 
and warlike race, uncommonly active and 
Jithletic Among the barbarous customs 
that we are surprized to find among such 
& people, is that of suspending human 
^^eads to their houses, on great occasions ; 
this is considered a privUege of royalty. 
The Slave Trade has been' the cause of 
great evil to this country, and there will 
be some satisfaction in rescuing so fine a 
people from its horrors, which I hope we 
are in a fair way of efiecting. We arrived 
on this coast on the 14th of last month, 
and have been employed, ever since, in 
negotiations with the different chiefs. The 
island is divided into an infinite number of 
districts, all independent of each other, 
and with the chiefs of which it was neces- 
sary to treat separately. The maps give 
DO idea of this island, so I need not men- 
tion much of places ; — it is actually far 
less known than Otaheite. You may sup- 
pose that our objects were not always 
^ly attained, especially as the restric- 



tion on the Slave Trade struck at one 
great source of their profits; and there 
were other troublesome questions some- 
times involved, particularly when we came 
in contact with the Chinese, settled at 
some of the northern ports. I think that 
Sir Stamford will be satisfied, when he 
finds that all essential points are carried, 
though some lesser details are not exactly 
as I would have them. I doubt whether 
we shall reach Bencoolen this month ; but 
I am in the best of health and spirits, 
busy in framing a report on Pulo Nias, 
and well satisfied with the successful re- 
sult of our labours." 

I extract the following interesting ac- 
count of the island of Pulo Nias, from a 
notice given by Mr. Jack himself, in the 
Malayan Miscellanies, Vol. 2, No. viii. 

" The island of Pulo Nias has hitherto 
been very imperfectly known to Europe- 
ans: it is the largest of that chain of 
islands which skirts the western coast of 
Sumatra, and is at the same time the most 
populous and best cultivated. It is about 
seventy miles in length, stretching from 
S. £. to N. W. Its sur&ce is, for the most 
part, hilly, but not mountainous ; it pos- 
sesses several rivers of considerable size, 
whose mouths or qualloes afford entrance 
to native vessels and boats. There are 
several good harbours, both at the north- 
em and southern end of the island, and 
there is anchorage for ships almost all 
along the eastern coast. The general as- 
pect of the country is highly pleasing to- 
wards the sea, the slopes of the hills are 
either covered with cocoa-nut trees, or 
with long grass ; but, it is not till looking 
down, from their summits, upon the coun- 
try beyond, that its full richness bursts 
upon the view. From thence, the valleys 
and sides of the hills appear a sheet of 
cultivation; their summits are crowned 
with clumps of trees, which mark the sites 
of the different villages, and the dark som- 
bre hue of imdisturbed forest is no where 
to be discovered. The soil is one of pecu- 
liar fertility, of great depth in the lowest 
grounds and valleys, and even on the 
steep declivities of the hills, supporting 



138 



MEMOIR OP THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



luxuriant crops of rice and sweet pota^ 
toes. 

"The population is very considerable, 
with reference to the extent of the island, 
being estimated considerably to exceed 
two hundred thousand souls. They are an 
active, athletic race, about the middle sta- 
ture, fair as Asiatics, and with much finer 
features than the Malays. The nose is 
more prominent, and has, somewhat of the 
Grecian straightness ; the expression of 
the countenance is generally pleasing, and 
the eye is particularly fine and full. The 
women are considered the beauties of the 
Eastern Archipelago, ranking, in this re- 
spect, with the women of Sulo. The ob- 
servation which has been made, that the 
people of Nias are particularly subject to a 
leprous scurf, can only be true with refer- 
ence to Nias slaves abroad; for it is in no 
degree the case with them in their own 
island, where no instance of such an affec- 
tion of the skin was observed ; and where, 
on the contrary, they appeared to be re- 
markably clean and neat in regard to their 
persons. That they practice habits of per- 
sonal cleanliness is evident from the pains 
they take to have large and convenient 
baths, in or near their villages. There are 
always two — one appropriated to the men, 
the other to the women, enclosed with 
high stone walls, and having a stream of 
water conducted into them, so as to fall 
over a trough from a considerable height, 
making an excellent shower-bath. 

" The villages are, for the most part, 
situated on the pinnacles of their hills, 
and always in defensible situations. This 
practice has, no doubt, originated in the 
state of warfare, in which they are almost 
constantly involved. They are divided 
into numerous independent tribes or clans, 
between many of which perpetual feuds 
exist, which have been handed down from 
generation to generation, for an unknown 
period. These feuds occasion frequent 
disputes between neighbouring tribes, and 
the taking of slaves obliges them to be 
constantly on their guard ; and they never 
go any where beyond their own houses 
unarmed. Their arms consist of a spear, 



a short sword, and an oblong wooden 
shield ; besides which they generally wear 
a stiff leathern jacket, which serves as ar- 
mour ; and, on particular occasions, a hel- 
met of thick leather, ornamented with a 
crest of Ijan hair over the top, and a huge 
artificial beard and mustachios, made of 
the same material. In this dress, thej 
have a strange and formidable appearance; 
they seem to be expert at the use of their 
weapons, and display great agility in their 
warlike evolutions. The ordinary dress of 
the common people consists merely of a 
baju or jacket, and a cloth rolled round 
the waist, and carried between the thighs. 
That of the chiefs, and men of rank, is 
more costly, and oflen elegant; red is their 
favourite colour, and they display a profu- 
sion of gold ornaments. Thick necklaces 
or rather collars, of a peculiar pattern, and 
large ear-rings, are worn ; but, the most 
striking and peculiar of their ornaments is 
a crown of pure gold, of a very original 
and, at the same time, elegant construc- 
tion, somewhat resembling a high Persian 
cap, with a long peak in front The women 
also wear a great number of these orna- 
ments, vir. — ^the same heavy collars ; very 
large ear-rings, by which the lobe of the 
ear is much distended and pulled down; 
fillets of various patterns, generally of em- 
bossed gold plate, roimd the head ; while 
the hair is gathered into a knot on the top, 
which is also fastened by a gold plate. A 
few flowers of the red Syrian rose, taste- 
fully stuck into the hair, set these off to 
still greater advantage. Their dress, how- 
ever, is very extraordinary, amid such 
display of barbaric wealth, consisting 
solely of a piece of cloth, rolled tightly 
round the loins, secured by a broad belt 
of gold or brass chain-work, and extend- 
ing downwards to the knees. The whole 
body, above this, is left completely naked, 
displaying their form in all its reality of 
perfection or imperfection. There is no 
seclusion of females from the vulgar eye, 
and, on all occasions, they come forth to 
pay their respects to strangers, with per- 
fect ease and confidence. The display did 
not, however, tend to confirm the observ- 



MEMOIR OF TH^ LATE ME. WILLIAM JACK. 



139 



atioD, that " when unadorned, adorned the 
most," and it is, perhaps^ better policy to 
leave a good deal to the imagination. 

"The houses are built of wood, in a 
Terj substantial and commodious manner, 
and are in general of large size. They are 
raised upon large mirban or iron-wood 
tiixd)ers, and the walls are made to lean 
outwards at the upper part. In the north- 
em part of the island, they are gene- 
rally built detached from each other, the 
whole wall leans outwards, and the ends 
are rounded; in the southern districts, 
the houses are built close together, in re- 
gular streets, narrow in the front, but of 
great depth, and having only the two end 
walls leaning outwards. The entrance is 
by a trap-door, and a ladder in the centre. 
The hall, or public apartment, is spacious, 
and looks out upon the street. The walls 
are frequently pannelled, and the floor is 
often constructed of broad planks of Bakou 
(a species of Rhizophord), which are dark- 
coloured in the centre, and white at the 
aides, the line of separation between the 
two colours being abrupt. They are nicely 
fitted to each other, so as to have some- 
what the appearance of alternate slabs of 
different coloured marbles. On the rafters 
above, are suspended, in one line, all the 
porcelain of the family, each plate in its 
own wicker case, and sometimes amount- 
ing to a few hundreds; on another, the 
jaw-bones of the hogs that have been 
Ulled on great festivals ; the numbers of 
both these are indicative of the wealth of 
the owners. Hogs are an important part 
of the domestic establishment, and are the 
most general food of the inhabitants. They 
are not suffered to be in their houses or 
villages, but large substantial buildings 
are constructed for them at a little dis- 
tance, and certain of the slaves are speci- 
ally appointed to the care of them. They 
are fed on cocoa-nuts, boiled rice, and 
aweet potatoe tops. Rice is the staple 
export of the country, to the extent of 
about twelve thousand bags a year ; it is 
grown both in ladangs and in sawahs, but 
it is remarkable, that it is very little used 
by the people themselves, who chiefly 



subsist on sweet potatoes, and other fari- 
naceous roots, along with pork and poul- 
try. Neither buffaloes, cattle, nor horses, 
are indigenous to the island, though a 
very few have, here and there, been im- 
ported by Malays, who have settled at 
some of the northern qualloes. There is 
a good deal of difference between the 
people of the northern half of the island 
and those of the southern. The former 
have intermixed more with the Malays 
and Achinese, while the latter jealously 
exclude all such strangers from settling 
among them, and are therefore, perhaps, 
the more genuine and original of the two. 
" Marriage by jujur is universal, and the 
amount is very high, varying according to 
the rank of the parties, from sixty or se- 
venty to five hundred dollars, and is, for 
the most part, paid in gold. It is remark- 
able, that, in all countries where the cus^ 
tom of jujur strictly prevails, that female 
honour is carefully guarded, and that great 
purity of morals is observed. It is easily 
accoimted for, from its being so much the 
interest of parents to preserve the virtue 
of their children ; and, however contrary 
to our notions this purchase of wives may 
be, and, whatever other inconvenienoes 
may attend the custom, it cannot be greatly 
condemned where it has been productive 
of the effect of raising the female characf 
ter. These people have never adopted 
the Mussulman idea of preserving the 
chastity of their women by immuring them 
in harems, and degrading them to the con-r 
dition of slaves ; they have trusted to the 
strictness of education, and to moral re- 
straints early inculcated, and in the effect 
of these, they have not been deceived. 
The laws of Niaa, in regard to adultery, 
are very severe, the punishment being ca* 
pital. Adultery, murder, and robbery, en^ 
tail sentence of death upon the offender, 
and, in certain cases^ slavery upon his fa- 
mily. Sometimes, remission of the sen-* 
tenoe can be obtained by the pajrment of 
a bangun of twenty-four pahas of gold, or 
one hundred and twenty dollars. The 
number of wives, which a man may have, 
is only limited by his means; but few. 



140 



ItEMOIB OF THB ZXT^ MB. WILLUM JACK. 



except the chiefs, have more than one. 
When a rajah has several wives, the suc- 
cession to his rank and property is not 
by order of priority, but descends to the 
children of that wife for whom the highest 
jujur was paid. This, no doubt, proceeds 
upon the presumption, that the amount of 
the jujur is proportioned to the rank of 
the lady, and that thus the succession is 
secured to the highest family in point of 
birth and rank. The mode of burial in 
the southern division of the island, is pe- 
culiar ; the body is not committed to the 
earth, but is enclosed in a wooden shell or 
coffin, which is elevated on four posts, and 
then given to enjoy the four winds of hea- 
ven. Flowering shrubs and creepers are 
generally planted beneath, which soon 
climb up and cover the coffin with foliage. 
These cemeteries are at some little distance 
from the villages, and, when not quite re- 
cent, have nothing unpleasant or disgust- 
ing in their appearance ; on the contrary, 
there is something almost poetic in the 
idea of placing the remains of their friends, 
as it were, beyond the reach of the worm, 
suspended in air amidst verdure and flow- 
ers ; and, if they might be supposed to 
have had, further, a moral object in view, 
what could be more forcible than to see 
the very sepulchres hastening to decay, 
amid the wild luxuriance and unfading 
freshness of the shrubs they had sup- 
ported?" 

Bencoolen, April 8, 1821.— "I have 
never yet seen this place so completely 
without commimication with the rest of 
the world, as it has been lately : we have 
not had a single arrival that could bring 
any intelligence of home, since I wrote 
last, nor an opportunity even of sending a 
letter. Yesterday a vessel came in, which 
I confidently hoped was from Bengal or 
England, and lo ! it was from Ceylon, and 
I could, of course, expect nothing. I send 
this letter, by way of Batavia, by a vessel 
which is to touch there, on her way to 
Singapore. I have lately had a return of 
the old complaint in my lungs, which laid 
me up for some time; but, by dint of 
bleeding, blistering, and starving, I got 



over it pretty well, and have now only to 
recover strength, which I shall do veiy 
fast, I feel no doubt I cannot assign any 
cause for the recurrence of my illness, for 
I had not been at all exposed, and it com- 
menced and proceeded very impercepti- 
bly, until it became so severe on the very 
day when I was to have accompanied Sir 
S. and Lady Raffies on a trip to the 
country, that I was obliged to stay behind 
and take advice. Under the idea that 
the writing posture does not agree with 
me, I have had a very high desk madci 
and mean never to write except standing, 
which is easier for my chest, and will, 
perhaps, compel me to use the pen rather 
less than I have lately been doing, since 
no one can stand as long a time as he 
can sit. This illness occurred rather in- 
opportunely, as I was just beginning a 
View of the Natural History of the East- 
em Islands, and it has, of course, sus- 
pended it for a while. Under the idea of 
bringing out this work under all possible 
advantages, I have almost determined, so 
far as one can determine on what is so 
distant, to accompany Sir Stamford Raf- 
fles when he returns to England. In that 
event, I should have leisure on the voy- 
age to arrange my materials ; and, with a 
little brushing up at home, might make 
my Sketch a thing of some character, 
much better than I could hope to do here, 
amid the constant pressure of new matter, 
and the daily interruptions of duty and 
business." 

Bencoolen, May "SH, 1821. — "I have 
lately written to Mr. Brown, at Sir Joseph 
Banks', upon botanical subjects, and sent 
him a paper on the Malayan Melarto- 
macets, which may, perhaps, appear in the 
Linntean Transactions,^ I possess abun- 
dant materials for many more essays of the 
the same nature ; but it is difficult to find 
good opportunities of bringing them out. 
They will accumulate till I can return 
myself, when I shall crown the whole with 
a broad general view." 

It was during the month following the 
date of the letter, from which the previous 

1 It is tberc pablished, vol. 1. 



MEMOIB OF THB LATE MR. WILLIAttf JACK. 



141 



extract is made, that Mr. Jack appears to 
hare accomplished the task of reaching to 
the summit of Gunong Benko, or the 
Sugar-loaf Mountain, in the interior of 
Bencoolen, where it rises to a height of 
seven thousand seven hundred and ninety 
seven feet above the level of the sea, and 
of which he has given the following inter- 
esting account, in the second volume of 
the Malayan Miscellanies, 

''This mountain, which stands detached 
from the regular range of hills, forms, by 
its peculiar and remarkable shape, an ex- 
cellent landmark on this part of the coast 
It lies about eighteen miles N. £. of Ben- 
coolen, but its exact position and distance 
have never been correctly ascertained. 
Two attempts had been made by Euro- 
peans, to ascend the mountain, but with- 
out success; and, a general impression 
prevailed, that it was utterly impracticable 
to gain the summit Remarkable moun- 
tains, of this description, are generally be- 
lieved, by the natives, to be the residence 
of spirits, and their summits are consi- 
dered as Kramats, or places of peculiar 
sanctity A Kramat of this nature was 
said to exist on the top of the Sugar-loaf, 
and it was reported that the natives some- 
times adventured to visit it, from motives 
of superstition. It was therefore resolved 
to make another trial, in the expectation 
that it might afford the means of correct- 
ing and extending the observations al- 
ready commenced on the coast, with a 
view to a more accurate survey of this 
part of the country. 

"A party of gentlemen accordingly pro- 
ceeded from Bencoolen, on the 10th of 
June, 1821, for the purpose of effecting 
this object They crossed the Bencoolen 
river a little above Tanjung Agung, and 
l^ceeding through the Lumba Selapan 
district, halted the first night at Lubu 
Pooar, a small Rejang village on the 
l>anks of a stream which falls into the 
Sangey Lamow. Thus far the journey 
was accomplished on horse-back, but it 
was found impracticable to carry the horses 
any farther, and the party proceeded on 
foot to Punjong, a respectable village situ- 



ated on the banks of the Simpang-ayer, 
and the residence of the Pasirah of the 
tribe of Marigi, the chief of the four, into 
which the Rejangs are divided; the others 
are called Bermani, Saloopu, and Joru 
Kallang. On the third day, they reached 
Rejak Bessi, the last village in the direc- 
tion of the mountain, where they rested 
for the night It is situated on the Ayer 
Kiti, a stream which falls into the Sim- 
pang-ayer below Punjong. The journey 
from Lubu Pooar to this, might with ease, 
have been accomplished in one day in- 
stead of two, had the weather permitted. 

" The mountain was now to be at- 
tempted, and, in order to ensure success, 
it was arranged to pitch a small tent in the 
forest, in case the ascent 'could not be 
accomplished in one day. From Rejak 
Bessi, they proceeded over hilly ground 
gradually rising for about five miles, when 
they found their progress impeded by the 
increasing steepness of the ascent, and 
then halted under an over-hanging rock, 
where the tent was pitched, as it was im- 
possible to carry it any further, even if 
space could have been found to erect it 
on. The course from Rejak Bessi was 
through deep forests, which precluded 
them from seeing the mountain. The last 
view they had of it was at Rejak Bessi, 
which it appeared to over-hang, and whence 
they were able to form some idea of the 
difficulties they were likely to encounter 
from the steepness of the ascent, and the 
precipitousness of the declivities. Soon 
afler quitting Rejak B&ssi, they crossed a 
small river on a temporary bamboo bridge, 
thrown across a deep chasm between two 
rocks, which confined the stream within a 
narrow channel, afler being precipitated 
over a fall of considerable height. A fine 
view of this fall was commanded from the 
bridge, which was itself suspended about 
one hundred feet above the stream, and 
the whole formed, with the surrounding 
forests, a beautiful and romantic scene. 
About ten o'clock, they commenced the 
ascent of the cone, along the rocky bed of 
a mountain-torrent, until they arrived in 
front of a perpendicular face of bare rock. 



142 



MBMOIR OF THE LATB MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



stretching completely across the raviBe, 
which had hitherto afforded a passage, and 
seeming to bar all further progress. This 
difficulty was surmounted by placing two 
of the longest bamboos against the rock 
underneath, where the bare root of a tree 
projected from above ; by the aid of these, 
held fast at the bottom, and afterwards 
secured by a rattan at the top, they suc- 
ceeded in clambering up to the tree which 
OTor-hung the precipice. The next accli- 
vity terminated at the head of another 
ravine, where their progress was again 
checked by a jutting rock, rendered moist 
by the trickling of a small spring of water 
from among its crevioes. Here the guides 
declared that further ascent was imprac- 
ticable, and that from thence the party 
might return as soon as they pleased. (The 
fiict is, they were extremely averse to their 
proceeding, fearing the vengeance of the 
evil spirits if they conducted strangers to 
the summit ; they were, therefore, advising 
to return at every difficulty, and the ascent 
was ultimately accomplished without their 
aid, or rather in spite of them.) The ap- 
pearances around were calculated to con- 
firm this assertioQ, but before determining 
to retreat, they examined the extent of the 
precipice; and, crossing the ravine, per- 
ceived that the opposite side, though al- 
most perpendicular, had a thin coating of 
soil and moss, with numerous roots of trees 
half laid bare, by laying hold of which 
with the hands and placing the toes in the 
niches, they at length reached the ridge 
which formed the right-hand shoulder of 
the hill. Along this, a path was found 
sometimes along the base, sometimes over 
the face of a succession of bare masses of 
rock, which it was necessary to clamber 
over by the aid of such twigs and roots as 
occasionally fastened themselves in their 
fissures. The last of these precipices was, 
perhaps, the most dizzy and dangerous, as 
it was necessary to make a step or two on 
a narrow ledge, on the face of a cliff of 
such height that the eye could not discern 
the bottom; and thence catch at a dry 
stump barely within reach, by swinging 
firom which it was possible, with a consi- 



derable effort, to clear the rock. The 
denseness of the moss and the stunted ap- 
pearance of the trees, now indicated their 
approach towards the top ; and, at length, 
about two o'clock, they found themselves 
on the summit. This was a baie spot, of 
not more than four or five yards in breadth, 
with a precipice on each side, partly con- 
cealed by brushwood. Of those who set 
out together from the foot of the hill, a 
few only reached this point, by far the 
majority giving up, in despair, at diffeieat 
parts of the ascent ; but the labour of those 
who persevered, was amply recompensed 
by the view which opened from the sum- 
mit. The line of the coast, from Laye on 
the North, to a considerable distance be- 
yond Bufialoe-point on the South, was dis- 
tinctly marked. The vessels in the bason 
of Rat Island, were distinguishable with 
the aid of a glass ; and the white rampaits 
of Fort Marlborough were easily discerned. 
To the South, they looked down on the 
hills of Bukit Kandees or the Lion's Rump, 
and Bukit Kabut, (the hill of mist), which 
formed a straight line with the Sugar-loaf. 
Inland, the view was obscured by a cloud 
which was evidently directing its course 
towards the hill, and it was necessary, 
therefore, to take the desired observations 
and bearings, with all possible dispatch. 
This was done with a small compass, none 
of the larger instruments having got up. 
The character of the vegetation was de- 
cidedly Alpine ; the rocks and the trunks 
of the trees being covered with dense 
moss, and many of the shrubs belonging 
to genera of higher latitudes, such as Fac- 
cinium, Rhododendron, &c. There is also 
found here a shrub which the natives con- 
sider a substitute for Tea, remarkable by 
its thick glossy leaves ; it will form a new 
genus in the family of Myrtacem. Having 
finished their observations, they made haste 
to descend, as the cloud was now rapidly 
approaching the hill, and threatened a de- 
luge of rain. They found the descent foil 
as difficult as the ascent had been, but it 
was occasionally facilitated by fastening a 
long rattan to a tree above, and then slid- 
ing along it, down the steepest places. It 



MEMOIR OF THE LATE MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



143 



was necessary, however, to be cautioas 
not to slide with too much velocity, in or- 
der to be able to keep a footing, when the 
rattan slipped from the hand. When they 
had got about half way down, the clouds, 
which had now enveloped the hill, burst 
in a flood of rain, and rendered the foot- 
ing still more insecure. The steepest parts, 
however, were then passed, and the trees, 
for a short while, afforded some protection. 
But, by the time they reached the lower 
ravines, the waters began to swell, and 
the latter part of the descent was in the 
very bed of the torrent. They arrived at 
the tent about an hour before sun-set, and 
found the spot completely flooded; the 
rain had, in no degree, abated, and it was 
impossible to find shelter for the whole 
party of natives, &c., which was very nu- 
merous; it was, therefore, determined to 
make a push forward to Rejak Bessi, ra- 
ther than pass the night in so uncomfort- 
able a situation. A sharp walk brought 
them to the village soon alter dark, and a 
good night's rest repaired the fatigues of 
the day. The next day was spent at the 
same place, both for the purpose of rest- 
ing the people, and of bringing up the 
tent which had been left in the forest On 
the 16th, they travelled to Punjong, and 
the following day, they commenced their 
return by another route, striking across 
the country in the direction of Bukit Kan- 
dees to the Bencoolen river. Sampans 
had been previously ordered to be in rea- 
diness at Tanjong Sanei, and they arrived 
there about eleven o'clock, having, in the 
latter part of the journey, forded the main 
stream of the Bencoolen river no less than 
eleven times. About twelve, they em- 
barked on the Sampans, and placed the 
baggage, and some of the followers, on 
Bamboo rafts ; the first part of the course 
was a constant succession of rapids, in 
shooting down which, some management 
was necessary to avoid being upset upon 
the trunks of trees and other obstacles that 
lay in the way. Twice, by being driven 
against these, the boat was filled with 
water, and with difficulty saved from being 
swamped. Below the junction of the 



Rindowati, the depth of the river in- 
creased, and the current became more re- 
gular; and, at length, they landed near 
Bencoolen, about nine at night, having 
thus accomplished, aided by the rapidity 
of the stream, in one day, what would 
have occupied several in ascending. 

Gunong Benko is not estimated to exceed 
three thousand feet in height; but its shape, 
and its standing boldly out from the gene- 
ral range of hills, render it the most re- 
markable of those visible from Bencoolen. 
It is almost entirely composed of masses 
of basalt or trap, which is the most preva- 
lent rock along this part of Sumatra. The 
whole of the country traversed on this 
occasion, is exceedingly broken and irre- 
gular, and but thinly inhabited. In the 
neighbourhood of the hill, it is a complete 
forest and very wild, presenting an infinite 
nxmiber of romantic and beautiful views. 
The soil, near the rivers, is remarkably 
rich, and that of the forest tracts, little in- 
ferior, particularly in the bamboo groves, 
which, indeed, are generally found to pre- 
vail on the finest lands. The greater part 
of the rice is cultivated in ladangs, but 
there are a few sawahs. At Telle Anou, 
is a small Nutmeg plantation, where the 
trees have never been manured, yet seem 
as thriving as any about town. The forests 
abound with noble timber-trees ; few ani- 
mals were seen; of monkeys, the Kra 
(^Simia fasciculans), and Ghingkau (& 
cristata), were the most common; and the 
loud cry of the Siamang (& syndactyla) 
was frequently heard, though they did not 
come in sight. It is very singular to ob- 
serve the young of the Chingkau and Sim- 
pai (S, melahphos) embracing their mo- 
thers, that of the former being fawn-co- 
loured, while the adult is nearly black, 
and the latter having the young black, 
while the mother is fawn-coloured, appear- 
ing exactly as if they had exchanged 
young ones. 

" At about half the height of the moun- 
tain, the temperature of a small shallow 
spring was thed, where it oozed from a 
cleft in a rock, and found to be 68*> Fah.— 
The temperature might, however, have 



144 



IfBlIOIR OF THB LATE MB. WILLIAM JACK. 



been lowered by evaporation, therefore it 
can scarcely be assumed as a true mean 
temperature, or employed in calculating 
the height It may, however, be remarked 
that the mean temperature given by Mr. 
Leslie, for the level of the sea, in the dif- 
ferent latitudes, will certainly not apply to 
the low latitudes in the eastern lands. 
83^ which is given as the mean tempera- 
ture in latitude 3^ is far too high for Ben- 
coolen, where the range of the thermome- 
ter, throughout the year, is usually from 
74« to 85*, rarely falling below 70", or 
rising above ST^ or 88o." 

Oct. 24, 1821.— "I have just received 
a letter from the Secretary of the Geologi- 
cal Society, announcing my election, and 
forwarded by Mr. Colebrooke, who hopes 
I will not disavow what he has done in my 
name. My paper on the Geology of Su- 
matra is complete, and will probably be 
given in the Society's Transactions : it is 
sufficiently general, but its geological defi- 
ciencies are compensated by geographical 
information, much of which is new and 
interesting." 

March, 1822. — " I am now going to 
Moco-Moco, to superintend the elevation 
and coronation of a new Sultan, besides 
which Sir Stamford has given me a com- 
mission to report on the state of the dis- 
trict ; and, if I complete it, as I intend, 
by a similar visit to the Southern districts, 
it will, with my former reports, contain 
pretty nearly all that is important respect- 
ing this coast My Botanical essay is fi- 
nished; it contains seventy-five new plants, 
fifteen of which are new genera." 

Katuun, April 21*/, 1822.—" My last 
letter, which I left at Bencoolen to be for- 
warded to you, will have informed you of 
my intended trip to Moco-Moco. I started 
by sea, on the Ist of April, and the time 
was so nicely chosen, that I arrived off 
Moco-Moco the next evening. On the 3rd 
I landed, and the very next day the wind 
shifted to the North, so that the vessel re- 
turned to Bencoolen in nearly the same 
space of time, being, perhaps, one of the 
quickest passages ever made. We remain- 
ed at Moco-Moco till the 15th, when we 



commenced our return by land. There I 
had a double commission, one to superin- 
tend the election and installation of a new 
Sultan, and the other to inquire into and 
report on the state of the district The 
Sultan is elected by the chiefs, from among 
the royal family, and must be confirmed bj 
the Company. The election of a successor 
had already been made by Sir Stamford, 
and my business was to make this choice 
good, if possible ; this was fully accom- 
plished, though some opposition was at first 
expected, and the election was carried una- 
nimously. This being the case, I was au- 
thorized to cause the installation to take 
place immediately, without further interfer- 
ence. The ceremony was performed under 
a large temporary shed, erected for the 
purpose on the plain ; the proclamation of 
the new Sultan, who assumed the pompous 
title of Sultan Khalifat Allah Ilidayai 
Shah (God's Vicegerent upon Earth) was 
first read, presents were then made to the < 
Sultan and all the chiefs on the part of the 
Company, a salute was fired from the fort, 
and the parties all took the usual oaths of I 
allegiance, &c. This done, we all sat down 
to a diimer, given to nearly two hundred 
people, the lesser folk seated on mats on 
the ground, and served with native messes, 
and with rum-punch, of which a hogshead 
was prepared ; and the royal part of the 
company at our table. After dinner, a I 
succession of toasts followed, which quicUj i 
confused the heads of the greater portion 
of the guests, and we were not long of 
sending home the Sultan royally drunk, 
and most of the grandees little better. A 
few days after, a second part of the cere- 
mony took place, which consisted in the 
Sultan's receiving the obeisance of his new 
subjects in state at his own house. A kind 
of throne was constructed at one of the 
windows, whereon the Sultan placed him- 
self; the ground beneath was spread with 
mats, and a drapery hung from the window 
down to these, and a line of guards was 
drawn up on one side. The whole of the 
chiefs, headed by the chief Mantvi, then 
approached and bowed themselves before 
the face of majesty, a crowd of common 



HBlfOIR OF THE LATE MR. WILLIAM JACK. 



145 



people bringing up the rear and doing the 
same. A long enumeration of the honours 
of the Sultan, of the various countries and 
tribes subject to his authority, with other 
oriental rigmarole, was read with a loud 
Toice ; after which the nobat, or royal band, 
struck up, and at certain changes of the 
tone, the prostrations were renewed ; while 
a parcel of fellows witt drawn swords ran 
abouty as if to cut off every presumptuous 
head that bowed not sufficiently low. This 
over, the Sultan descended from his throne, 
and seated himself on a humbler cushion 
in the hall, where the chiefs came up to 
make their separate prostrations to the idol, 
who was all the while preparing and eating 
Sin, or Betel, out of a gold and silver box. 
There was something of barbaric pomp 
and magnificence in all this not unamusing, 
and I could not help wishing there was a 
little more real authority behind this out- 
ward demonstration of it, for verily this 
people are a stiff-necked generation. The 
day after this, the Sultan gave us a dinner 
in return. On almost all other days he 
dined with us ; our regular party at meals 
consisting of Radin Karim and Radin Aria 
Surga, two chiefs sent with us from Ben- 
coolen, the Sultan, and one or other of the 
juniors of the royal family. The two for- 
mer are very superior men, quite European 
in their notions, and whose manners would 
fit them for any society. There was there- 
fore no dearth of conversation, and though 
carried on in Malay, you might be in many 
an English company where there was less 
of ease, of sense, and even of wit and 
playfulness than prevailed among us. In 
short, a more agreeable party could hardly 
be desired, and our time passed remarkably 
pleasantly. On the 16th, having sent off 
our baggage the day before, we commenced 
our return ; the stages are long, and some 
of them very fatiguing. We rested one 
day at Ipu, which is rather a pretty place. 
The next day's journey was very tiresome, 
being along a beach of fine sand and loose 
stones the whole way, with several little 
rivers to ford, and two to ferry, swimming 
our horses. Yesterday was, however, the 
worst, being wholly in the forest, over a 



succession of small hills, with steep decli- 
vities, where it was generally impossible to 
ride; in those cases we commonly threw 
the bridle on the ponies' necks, and let 
them roam up and down as they please, 
foUowing them as we best could, and it 
was really astonishing to see what places 
these active little creatures made their way 
over. We intended to have divided the 
stage into two, but, by some mistake, pro- 
visions had not been sent on as ordered, 
to the place where we meant to have staid 
for the night, so we determined to push 
on : we were from six o'clock in the morn- 
ing to six in the evening on the way, so 
you may suppose we were not a little tired, 
considering, too, the nature of the road. 
Fortunately we had carried something to 
eat with us, which we always do on the 
long stages ; we sat down by the bank of a 
mountain-stream, and made our breakfast 
on boiled rice, put up in plantain-leaves, 
with cold grilled fowl, in the true native 
method, with no instrument but our fingers, 
I wish that the party could have been 
sketched, it would have altogether been an 
excellent scene. We stay here a day or 
two, and may perhaps make a trip up the 
river to look at the interior, as we are in 
no hurry, and can amuse ourselves as we 
like in seeing the country. I am as well 
as can be ; indeed I think my journeys are 
always beneficial to me, and a little extra 
fatigue does me good, and puts me in spi- 
rits. I am continually making discoveries 
of new plants, and in fact have hardly time 
in the day for putting together all the ma- 
terials and information that I collect" 

This appears to be the last letter which 
his family had the happiness to receive 
from him, notwithstanding the excellent 
state of health and spirits in which he de- 
scribes himself to be. His happy tempe- 
rament and constant occupation did not 
probably allow of his being conscious of 
the inroads of disease, for it was a remark 
in one of his letters to his still surviving 
parents, " I really think if I could always 
have plenty to do I should never feel ill- 
ness : it is only when I have leisure that I 
have time to be sick." The first account 



146 



MBMOIB OF THB LATE BCB. WILLXAM JACK. 



we have of his iUnefls and death is from 
the pen of Sir Stamford Raffles, aa com- 
municated in a letter to Peter Auber, Esq. 
of the East India House, dated 

Bencoolen, Sept. I5ih, 1822.—" We 
were to have embarked this morning fi>r 
Singapore, but the wind has proved foul, 
and it was ordained that we should remain 
another day, to bury our dear and invalua- 
ble friend, William Jack. Poor fellow ! a 
finer head or heart there never was, and 
whether as a bosom-friend or a scientific 
assistant, he was invaluable to me. He 
had been long ill, and returned from Java 
ajbout a fortnight ago, after an unsuccessful 
visit for change of air. We embarked him 
yesterday morning in the Layton for the 
CSape, and he died this morning before the 
ship weighed her anchor. I am so de- 
pressed in spirits, and altogether so incom- 
petent to the task of writing to his father, 
at this hurried moment, when all is confu- 
fflon for my embarkation, that I must post- 
pone doing it, till I arrive at Singapore, 
where I hope to meet Robert Jtok, his 
brother, but as bad news flies apace, I beg 
you will satisfy him of the fact, should a 
reference be made to you, and at the same 
time assure him that the loss is as deeply 
deplored by his friends here, as it is possi- 
ble it can be by his family at home ; and 
that for myself, I am so overwhelmed by 
the misfortune, that I cannot command 
myself to enter into particulars. His cha- 
racter and talents stood deservedly high 
with all who knew him, and if any thing 
can afford relief to a parent's distress, on 
the loss of such a son, it ought to be the 
reflection, that he has performed the course 
he was destined to run with honour and 
integrity, and that his sphere of usefulness 
was as extended as his talents and ability, 
themselves of no common order, would 
command." 

Dr. Wallich thus addresses Principal 
Jack, in a letter, dated 

Singapore, Oct 10th, 1822.—" When 
I wrote to you last, I had hopes of being 
shortly able to convey to you more wel- 
come intelligence. Alas ! it was otherwise 
ordained, and it has become my lot to con- 



dole with you on the untimdiy. depaitoe 
of your most excellent son, my dear ani 
beloved friend, William! This sudden 
and most mielancholy intelligence was com- 
municated to me by Sir S. Raffles, vho 
landed here this morning, and who deeply 
participates in our deplorable loss. Your 
son's spotless integrity, his excellence of 
character and of heart, and the imivena] 
esteem which he enjoyed here, have now 
their reward. It is therefore only my owb 
bitter loss, and that of his revered and af- 
flicted parents that distresses me, and 
which, recent as the shock is, almost orer- 
comes me while I pen these words. For- 
give me, therefore, for dwelling in Uiis 
manner on this sad event : I should endei- 
vour to console you — and I cannot console 
myself !"— And again. Sir S. Raffles bean 
the following high testimony to his charac- 
ter and abilities, in a letter addiessed to 
Principal Jack, dated ^ 

Singapore, Jan, 1st, 1823. — " I cannot, 
without much pain, bring myself to the 
performance of the duty I am now aboat 
to undertake; but under the expectation 
that you will, by this time, have overcome 
the iiret efiects, and in some degree become 
reconciled to the dispensation of Prori- 
dence, which has, in this instance, fallen so 
severely upon you, I must no longer delay 
the communication of such particulars re- 
garding your late son, as you have a tight 
to expect from me. Before, however, I 
enter upon these, you must allow me, as 
the sincere and devoted friend of your son, 
to bear testimony to the spotless puiitj of 
his character, and to the high value and 
importance of his intellectual exertions, 
while he was permitted to remain among 
us. The warmth of his heart and enthu- 
siasm in whatever his head and heart ^ 
proved, united us in the bonds of the closest 
friendship, and his loss has been to me as 
severe as that of a brother. In the societj 
in which he moved, there was but one feel- 
ing of admiration for his character and ta- 
lents, and but one of deep regret and sor- 
row at the melancholy event which has so 
prematurely put a stop to his useful and val- 
uable career. His health was delicate when 



DESCBIPTION OP MALATAN PLAWTB. 



147 



he first joined me, owing to an affection of 
tlie lungs ccmtracted duhtog the campaign in 
India; but it was a ferer which carried him 
oC Poor fellow! he battled with it for 
nonthSy and we had hopes to the last The 
object nearest to his heart as he lay on his 
dcMith-bed, and which indeed had filled his 
thoughts for months before, was the settle- 
ment of his brother Robert His trip to 
Moco-Moco, where he caught the fever, 
was in a great measure undertaken with 
this view, and before we parted, he had my 
lolemn pledge that I would senre his bro* 
tber to the utmost of my power ; and this 
pledge I shall always be ready to redeem. 
Dr. Wallich has had the pleasure of giving 
year son's name to a noble tree, with pen- 
deat flowers and drooping fruit, alas ! too 
emblematical of his early fate, which he 
has called Jackia omcUa ; and we are de- 
siTOiis of placing an inscription over your 
son's grave, and have written to Calcutta 
for a suitable stone." 

At Calcutta his aealoos fhend. Dr. Wal- 
lid^ addressed the following letter to C. 
Lashington, Esq! Secretary to Government 
in the General Department :— 

■* Sir,--The friends of the late Mr. As- 
sistaBt-Surgeon, William Jack, being soli- 
citous to erect a monument to his memory 
in this (the Botanic) Garden, for which the 
Lord Bishop of Calcutta (Dr. Heber) has 
kindly offered to supply an inscription, I 
beg leave to request that the Right Ho- 
nourable the Governor-General in Council 
will be pleased to grant the sanction of 
Government for that undertaking. 

" It is now three years since a similar 
indalgeBce was conceded to the friends of 
the late Dr. Roxburgh, whose cenotaph is 
^ once an ornament to the garden and a 
Issting proof of the remembrance in which 
its departed beneiactors are held. 

" It is neecBess to dwell long on the 
inerits of the lateiMr. Jack as an eminent 
Boterist and a most zealous contributor to 
■cience in general, they have been equaled 
^ few, exceeded by none : they have re- 
pentecBy been brought to the notice of 
the Supreme Government by th^ late 
Lieutenant-Governor of Sumatra; they 



are gratefully inscribed on the records of 
this Institution, which has derived so much 
benefit from them ; they are conspicuous 
on the pages of his numerous publications, 
and have been acknowledged by all ; and 
I humbly submit that they are in every 
respect worthy of that high approbation 
which the concurrence of his Lordship in 
Council in the contemplated measure wiU 
imply. Signed, &c. 

N. Wallich." 

To this it is almost needless to say a fa* 
vourable answer was given, and permission 
granted for erecting a monument to Mr. 
Jack within the precincts of the noblest 
Botanic Garden in the world. 

The published writings of Mr. Jack^ as 
far as have come to my knowledge, are, 
" Descriptions of Malayan Hants," given 
in the first and succeeding volumes of the 
Malayan Miscellanies, and here re-pub- 
lished. Also in the same work, "Memoran- 
dum of a Journey to the summit of Gunong 
Benko, or the Sugar-loaf Mountain, in 
the interior of Bencoolen" — " Short No- 
tice concerning the Island of Pulo Nias, 
with comparative Vocabularies in the 
Languages of Nias, Batta, Bima, and 
Lampung, and in three dialects of the 
Dayaks in Borneo ,*" and " TranskUion 
of the Undang-Undang of Moco-Moco** 
In the fourteenth volume of the Trans- 
actions of the Linnean Society, are a 
Paper " on the Malayan Species of Melas- 
toma;" " on Cyrtandracem, a new Natu- 
ral Order of Plants ;" and lastly " An 
Account of the LaTisium and some other 
Genera of Malayan Plants.** f* y^ 



V'-'^ 



\J, 






DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 

(ConRnuedfrom pagt 380 of the BotamcalJoumaL) 

LAUBUS INCHASSATUS. W, J. 

Foliis ovato-lanceolatis venosis, pedunculis 

fructus incrassatis rubris. 
Machilus medius, Rumph. Amb. 3. p. 70. 

t. 41. 
Jaringjating tupai, Malay. 

Found at Natal, in the Island of Su- 
matra. 



148 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



A Tree, Leaves alternate, petiolate, 
OTato-lanceolato or lanceolate^ acuminate, 
entire, very smooth, with lateral nerres 
proceeding from a middle rib ; about five 
inches long. Petioles short. Peduncles 
aidUary or lateral near the extremity of the 
branches, shorter than the leaves, support- 
ing a small panicle of flowers. In the 
flower these peduncles and pedicels are 
slender and delicate ; but as the fruit ad- 
vances they become very much thickened, 
fleshy, and red. Perianth six-parted. 
Stamens nine, the three inner ones glan- 
dular at the base, and somewhat villous ; 
anthers opening by longitudinal valves. 
Style short. Stigma capitate, angled. 
Berry seated on the incrassated peduncle, 
and embraced at the base by the divisions 
of the perianth a little enlarged, about the 
size and shape of an olive, purple, one- 
seeded. Seed oval, exalbuminous. i?a- 
dicle superior, far within the edge of the 
cotyledons. 

Obs. I have met with another species 
at Bencoolen, with large leaves from nine 
to twelve inches in length, in which the 
pedicels alone are thickened, the peduncles 
remaining unaltered. In this particular it 
agrees, perhaps, still better with Rumphi- 
us's figure than the plant above described. 

TETBANTHERA CORDATA. W. J. 

Racemis axillaribus, floribus umbellatis 
enneandns, filamentis pilosis, perianthii 
limbo sexpartito, foliis cordatis subro- 
tundo-ovatis uninervibus costatis sub- 
tus ramulis pedunculis involucrisque 
ferrugineo-villosis. 
West coast of Sumatra. 
A moderate-sized Tree. Leaves alter- 
nate, petiolate, cordate, sometimes sinuato- 
cordate, varying from subrotundo-ovate to 
oblong-oval, rather acute, smooth above, 
tomentose, tomentose beneath, nerves pro- 
ceeding from a middle-rib, veins transverse 
subreticulate. Peduncles axillary, shorter 
than the leaves, bearing a raceme of invo- 
lucred umbels. Involucres five-leaved, 
leaflets roundish, tomentose without, deci- 
duous. Umbels sessile on the involucre, 
four to seven-flowered ; flowers pedicelled 



Male: Perianth six-parted. Stamens 
nine, hairy, the three inner filaments fur- 
nished with large glands. Female : Pe- 
rianth six-parted, segments narrow. Ste- 
rile stamens nine, the inner three with 
large double glands ; filaments pilose, with 
long hairs. Style one, longer than the 
stamens. iSft^rma dilated, sublobate. Berry 
oblong, one-seeded. 

KNEMA QLAUCESCENS. W, J. 

Glomerulis axillaribus 2 — 6-fl6ris, floribus 
pedicellatis,baccis oblongo-ovahbussub- 
pulverulentis, foliis oblongis sursam at- 
tenuatis subtus glaucis, antheris 12—15. 
In the neighbourhood of Bencoolen. 
A dicBcious Tree. The young parts co- 
vered with rusty down. Leaves alternate, 
short-petioled, oblong, generally rounded 
at the base, attenuated upwards, very en- 
tire, deep-green and shining above, glau- 
cous beneath, the adult leaves nearly 
smooth, the young ones funushed with short 
stellate pubescence on the under surface ; 
lateral nerves simple ; about seven inches 
long by two broad. Petioles somewhat 
rusty, a third of an inch in length. Sti- 
pules none. Flowers two to six, glomerate 
on a short axillary knob, pedicellate; pe- 
dicels as long as the petioles, ferruginoikj 
tomentose. A minute branch about (he 
middle of each pedicel. Male : Perianth 
ferruginously tomentose without, deejdy 
three-parted, spreading, segments round- 
ovate, thick; aestivation valvate. Stami- 
neous column central, slender, expanding 
at top into a peltate disc, whose edge is 
divided into twelve or fifteen rays, to the 
lower surface of which are attached an 
equal number of two-celled anthers. Fe- 
male: fruit axillary, generally sohtaiy, 
hanging, oblong-oval, considerably smaller 
than an olive, somewhat pulverulent and 
rusty, bursting into two valves. Nut in- 
vested by a thin aril, which is laciniate only 
at the top. Seed with ruminate albumen. 
Obs. The seed has a pungent taste and 
slightly aromatic smell. Mr. Brown has 
recognized the propriety of separating 
Knema from Myristica. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



149 



CONNAEUS. Linn, 

("Those species having never more than 
one style, and no albumen, belong to Con- 
narus, as limited by Dr. Brown. Rox- 
burgh's Cannarus, however, is a species of 
Rouzea, AubL G. A. W, A.") 

This genus, with Cnestis, has been re- 
moved by Mr. R. Brown, from the Tere- 
UrdhacetB of Jussieu, and formed into a se- 
parate and very natural family, imder the 
name of Connaracem. They are rather a 
numerous tribe in the Malay Islands, and 
beades the following species of Connarus 
and Cnestis, I have to add the new genus 
Eurycoma, which appears to be sufficiently 
distinct from both the former. I am doubt- 
ful whether the species which I have re- 
ferred to Cnestis really belong to that ge- 
nus, as they have all smooth capsules with 
arilled or carunculate seeds, or whether 
they ought not to be separated from those 
whose capsules are clothed with prurient 
hair. Some confusion appears also to have 
existed between the species of Cnestis and 
Connarus, the ripe capsules of the former 
being often solitary from the abortion of 
the remaining ovaries, and I am much in- 
clined to think that Connarus santaloides 
and mimosoides of Vahl, in particular, are 
in reality species of Cnestis, a supposition 
which is supported by the analogy of the 
inflorescence, which is almost without ex- 
ception terminal in Connarus, and axillary 
in Cnestis. This distinction is of some 
importance between genera so nearly re- 
lated. 

CONNAEUS FEERUGINEA. W. J, 

Femigineo-tomentosa, foliis pinnatis, folio- 
lis oblongis coriaceis subtus ferrugineo- 
viUosis, paniculis terminalibus. 
Bunga Burutta, Malay. 
Native of Pulo Pinang. 
A small-sized Tree. Branches round, 
covered with ferruginous wool. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate ; leaflets nine, suboppo- 
8ite, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, very 
entire, margins reflexed, coriaceous, green 
and tomentose abov^, ferruginously villous 
beneath. Petioles round, villous, thicken- 



ed at the base. Stipules none. Panicles 
large, terminal, sometimes with a few ax- 
illary racemes. Flowers numerous, white. 
Bracts roundish, often curved, ferrugin- 
ously villous as well as the calyces and the 
whole panicle. Calyx iive-parted, lacinise 
erect, oblong,*^ acute. Corolla white, sprin- 
kled with red dots, five-petaled, longer 
than the calyx, petals erect, lanceolate. 
Stamens ten, erect, united at the base, the 
alternate ones much shorter. Anthers 
ovate. Style shorter than the long stamens. 
Stigma capitate, three-furrowed. Capsule 
follicular, ferruginous, rather inflated, ob- 
lique, gibbous behind, opening on one side, 
one-celled, one-seeded. jSeecf bean-shaped, 
appendiculate at the umbilicus. Umbilical 
appendage or caruncle large and glandular. 
Embryo dicotyledonous, conform to the 
seed, without albumen ; radicle at a dis- 
tance from the umbilicus. 

Obs. This fine species is well distin- 
guished by its thick leathery leaves and 
the ferruginous pubescence of their lower 
surface and of the branches and panicles. 

CONNARUS VILLOSA. W. J. 

Villosissima, foliolis 5 — 7 lanceolatis longe 
acuminatis supra glabris, paniculis ter- 
minalibus dense stellato-villosis ferrugi- 
neis. 

Native of Sumatra. 

The whole plant densely and ferrugin- 
ously woolly. Branches round. Leaves 
alternate, pinnate, leaflets five or seven, 
subopposite, oblong-lanceolate, narrowing 
towards the base, terminating in a long 
acumen, entire, smooth above, villous be- 
neath, with stellate pubescence, about six 
inches long. In young leaves the upper 
surface is covered with deciduous pubes- 
cence. Panicles large, terminal, and from 
the upper axils, densely villous, ferrugin- 
ous. Bracts long, linear, thick, curved, 
villous. Calyx five-parted, villoua Co- 
rolla five-petaled, limb spreading. Sta- 
mens ten, imited into a ring at the base, 
the alternate ones shorter. Ovary densely 
pilose, with plumose hairs. Style longer 
than the stamens. Stigma capitate. 
Obs. This plant is covered with denser 



150 



DESCEIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



and rougher wool than the preceding, par- 
ticularly on the panicles, and the leaves are 
much longer, acuminate, and not coriace- 
ous. 

CONNARUS SEMIDECANDRA. W, J. 

Foliis pinnatis, foliolis 3 — 5 lato-lanceolatis 

subtus villosiusculis, paniculis termina- 

libus axillaribusque villosis, filamentis 

altemis sterilibus. 

Mangul, also Akar Sedinka, Malay. 

Abundant in thickets at various places 
on the West coast of Sumatra. 

It is a small Tree, with wrinkled bark; 
the young shoots and leaves are softly and 
ferruginously villous. Leaves alternate, 
pinnate ; leaflets from three to five, ovate - 
lanceolate, acuminate, entire, smooth above, 
slightly villous beneath, nerves lucid ; three 
to four inches long. Panicles terminal, or 
from the upper axils, villous and brownish. 
Flowers numerous. Bracts small. Ca- 
lyx five-leaved, erect, reddish, tomentose. 
Corolla of a light bluish colour, five-petal- 
ed ; petals longer than the calyx, spread- 
ing at the limb. Stamens, filaments fi?e, 
fertile, exsert; ^re alternate ones short, 
sterile ; all united into a ring at the base. 
Style somewhat shorter than the stamens. 
Capsule tomentose, ferruginous, follicular, 
two-valved, one-seeded. Seed with an 
umbilical caruncle. 

Obs. This is one of the most common 
species in Sumatra, and like all the rest of 
the genus, frequents thickets and copses,^ 
or what is called by the Malays, Belukar, 
rather than the great forests. 

CONNAEUS GBANDIS. W, •/. 

Foliis pinnatis, foliolis quinis ovato-lanceo- 

latis glabris, paniculis terminalibus, cap- 

sulis magnis glabris. 

At Tappanuly, in Sumatra. 

A moderate-sized Tree, Leaves alter- 
nate, pinnate ; leaflets generally five, ovato- 
lanceolate, acmninate, entire, smooth ; eight 
or nine inches long. Panicles terminal, 
long, smooth. Capsules large, oblique, 
red, smooth, follicular, bursting on one 
side, one-seeded. Seed with a laige um- 
bilical caruncle. 



■ ' Obs. I have nOt seen the flowers. It 
has larger leaves and fruit than any other 
species that I have met with, and is further 
distinguished by the smoothness of all its 
parts. 

CONNAEUS LUCIDA. W.J, 

Foliis pinnatis, foliolis glaberrimis nitidis 
• emarginato-acuminatis, paniculis termi- 
nalibus femigineis, calyce persistente. 
Sumatra. 

A small Tree, with long divaricate sub- 
scandent branches. Bark brown and 
wrinkled. Leaves alternate ; leaflets five 
to nine, ovato-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, 
terminating in a long linear acumen, which 
is emarginate at the point, entire, very 
smooth, shining and lucid ; two, to two and 
a half inches long. Panicles terminal, 
small, and delicate, ferruginously tomen- 
tose. Flowers pale red. Calyx five-leaved, 
tomentose. Corolla five-petaled, petab 
narrow. ' Starnens ten, monadelphous at 
the base, the alternate ones short. Style 
one, longer than the stamens. Capsule 
obovate, less oblique than usual in the ge- 
nus, embraced at the base by the enlarged, 
persistent calyx, smooth, bursting on one 
side, one-seeded. Seed attached nearly at 
the base, the umbilicus half embraced by 
the cup-shaped caruncle, which is rather 
smaller than usual. 

Obs. This is a small delicate species, 
having smooth, shining leaves with emargi- 
nate points ; the panicles are small, and 
seldom bring more than one or two fruits 
to perfection. 



CNE8TI8 EMAEQINATA. 



W,J. 



(" The following species having fire 
styles, some of which are abortive, and no 
albumen, form part of the genus Rourea 
of Aublet, or Robergia of Schreber. R^ 
hergia of Roxburgh, however, is a true 
Cnestis, G.A.AV.A.") 
Foliolis 5—7 acuminatis apice emarginatifl, 

racemis axillaribus paucifioris, capsdtf 

soli tariis glabris, seminis umbilico carun- 

cul& semiamplexo. 

Found in the neighbourhood of Ben- 
coolen. 



DB8CRIPTI0N OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



151 



Asmall 7V60, with weak, diffuse branches. 
Leaves alternate, pinnate, leaflets five to 
seven, from ovate to oblong-ovate, termin- 
ating in a long acumen, which is emarginate 
at the point, entire, very smooth, the mid- 
dle nerve pubescent underneath ; the upper 
leaflet is the largest, and frequently five 
inches in length. Petiole thickened at top 
and bottom, almost articulate under the 
tenninal leaflet. Racemes axillary, subso- 
litary, short, few-flowered ; pedicels alter- 
nate, one-flowered ; a bractis at the base 
of each pedicel, small, tomentose as well 
as the peduncle. Calyx five-parted, smooth, 
persistent. Corolla five-petaled, petals 
oblong, acute. Stamens ten, distinct, the 
alternate ones shorter. Ovaries five, smooth, 
with a line of hairs along the suture.* Styles 
five, shorter than the stamens. Stigmas 
emarginate. Capsule solitary, four ovaries 
aborting, embraced at the base by the thick- 
ened calyx, orange-coloured, smooth, burst- 
ing on one side, containing a single black 
seed. Seed furnished at the base with a 
cup-shaped, orange-coloured, fleshy carun- 
cZe which partially surrounds the umbilicus. 
Embryo inverse, without albumen. 

Obs. The umbilical caruncle in this 
species is similar in shape and situation to 
that observed in the Connarus lucidus, 
being smaller than usual in this tribe. 

CNESTIS FLORIDA. W. •/. 

Fdiolis 3 — 5, rarius solitariis, oblongo- 
ovatis acuminatis glaberrimis, racemis 
fasciculatis axillahbus, seminibus arillo 
subindusis. 
CSonfer ctun Connaro sarttaloide, Vahl, 
anne eadem ? 

Fonnd in Sumatra and the Island of 
Puk) Nias. 

A small Tree, with somewhat rigid, diva- 
ricate branches. Leaves alternate, pinnate, 
l^ets three to five, sometimes solitary, 
oblong-ovate, attenuated into a longish, 
Uant acumen, very entire, very smooth. 
Hither rigid, shining above, veins reticulate ; 
•bout three inches long. JRacemes axillary, 
fcaciculate, slender, shorter than the leaves ; 
*he lower pedicel three to four-flowered, 
^fyx almost five-leaved, erect, tinged with 



red towards the base. Corolla five-petal- 
ed. Stamens ten, distinct, nearly equal ; 
^laments flat, and broader at the base. 
Ovaries five, oblong, erect. Styles one to 
each ovary. Stigmas simple. Capsule 
solitary, the remainder aborting, ovate, 
pointed towards both ends, somewhat ob- 
lique, smooth, bursting on one side, one- 
seeded. Seed almost enclosed in a bright 
red fleshy aril, originating from the umbili- 
cus, and in its expansion enveloping the 
whole seed. AUmmen none. Cotyledons 
plano-convex, solid. Radicle remote from 
the umbilicus, as in Gsertner's Omphalo- 
bium. 

CNESTIS MIM080IDES. W, J. 

Foliis pinnatis subdecemjugis, foliolis ova- 

li-oblongis emarginatis, seminibus arillo 

subindusis. 

Connarus mimosoides. Vahl and Willd. 

Found at Tappanuly. 

I can scarcely entertain a doubt of this 
being the very plant referred by Vahl to 
Connarus, and aptly named mimosoides. 
Its analogy with the preceding is very close, 
having the seeds similarly enclosed in a 
large red aril, and the racemes axillary. I 
have not seen the flowers, but the four 
abortive ovaries are quite distinct at the 
base of the perfect one. In all these three 
species only one capsule ripens, in which 
particular, as well as having smooth capsules 
and arilled seeds, tliey seem to difier from 
Cnestis, 

E0RYCOMA. W, J, 

Pentandria Monooynia.— Nat. Ord. 
CoNNABACEiE. Brown, 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla 5-petala. 
Stamina quinque. Glandula decem sta- 
minibus alternse. Ovarium 5-lobum, lobis 
monosporis. Stylus /. Stigmata quinque. 
Capsuke 3 — 6-folliculares glabrse, mono- 
spermse. Semen nudum. Polygama, fo- 
liis pinnatis fastigiatis, floribus panicu- 
latis. 

(" I have very great doubts of this be- 
longing to the natural order of Connaracea. 
I rest particularly on the combined carpels 



152 



OBSCRIPTION OP MALAYAN PLANTS. 



which contain each only one oviile. In 
addition, the oyaxium is five4obed> and 
points out an affinity with the great family 
of RubiacecB — ^indeed I feel much disposed 
to combine Eurycoma with that sub-order 
of Xanthoxylea, which I have called -4t- 
lanthea, comprehending Brucea and At" 
kmthus; both of which have solitary 
ovules, and the albumen (if it may be so 
called) reduced to a mere plate or inner 
coat to the seed. G. A. W. A,") 

EUEYCOMA LONGIFOLIA. W. J. 

Kayu Kabal, Malay. 

Found at Tappanuly and Bencoolen, in 
Sumatra, and at Singapore. 

This is a small Tree, whose branches are 
thick, rough with the vestiges of fallen 
leaves, and foliose at their summits. Leaves 
crowded at the extremity of the branches, 
two feet long, pinnated with numerous 
leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, acute, 
very entire, very smooth ; two to three 
inches in length. Panicles axillary, very 
long. Flowers male and hermaphrodite 
on different plants. Calyx small, five- 
parted. Corolla longer than the calyx, 
purple, without tomentose with glandular 
hairs, petals erect, with inflexed margins. 
Stamens five, erect, shorter than the pe- 
tals, alternating with five pair of villous 
corpuscules, which are large and distinct 
in the male flower, very small in the her- 
maphrodite. Ovary five-lobed, lobes mo- 
nosporous ; in the male very small and 
abortive. Style one, short, curved. Stig- 
mas five, thick, recurved. Capsules from 
three to five, nearly ovate, smooth, burst- 
ing on one side, one-seeded. Seed naked 
(without aril or caruncle) exalbuminous. 

Obs. The corpuscles interposed between 
the stamens are remarkable in the male 
flower, being roundish, erect, yellow bodies 
with somewhat the appearance of abortive 
anthers; in the hermaphrodite, however, 
they become simple scales. The genus 
difiers from Cnestis in the number of the 
stamens, the single style, and the smooth- 
ness of the capsules ; and from Connarus 
in the number of the ovaries and stigmas 
and the want of the lunbilical caruncula. 



PBRONEMA. W. J. 

DiDYNAMiA Angiospehmia. — ^Nat Old. 

VERBENACEiK. Br. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla tubo brevi, 
limbo irregulari 5-lobo, laciniis secundis. 
Stamina duo, exserta ; rudimenta duorum 
sterilium. Stigma refractum. Frudut 
siccus, 4-partibilis, 4-spermus. — Arbor, 
foliis pinnatis petiolo akUo, panicull ter- 
minali opposite corymbosd, 

PERONEMA CANESCENS. W, J, 

Sunkei. Malay. 

A large tree, native of Sumatra. 

Trunk straight, but little branched; 
leaves opposite, pinnate, nearly two feet 
long, with seven to nine pairs of leaflets, 
which are alternate or sub-oppositei lan- 
ceolate, attenuated to both ends, acute, 
somewhat recurved, entire, smooth above, I 
canescent beneath, veins reticulate on the 
under surface, eight to nine inches long. 
Petioles winged, finely and delicately to- 
mentose, wings decurrent from the insertion 
of the leaflets. SiipiUes none. The branches 
are crowned by a vast terminal, oppositely 
corymbose panicle, of which the ultimate 
divisions are dichotomous, with a flower in 
the bifurcations ; the whole is finely tomen- 
tose and hoary. Bracts small, acute. 
Flowers inconspicuous, whitish. Co/yx 
five-parted, segments acute, erect. Corolla 
not much longer than the calyx, limb ex- 
panding, irregular, five-lobed, segments 
secund, the two upper ones diverging, the 
lowermost considerably longer than the 
rest Stamens two, reflexed backwards^ 
between the upper segments of the coraUa; 
filaments subulate, thickened towards the 
base ; anthers long. Rudiments of two 
abortive stamens. Ovary four-celled, ovule 
erect Slyle rather longer than the sta- 
mens. Stigma simple, refracted. Fnii 
seated on the calyx, villous, dry, separating 
into four portions, each of which contains 
a single seed. 

Obs. This is a valuable timber-tiee^ 
the wood being hard and tough, well suited 
for carriage-shafts, which require (o com- 
bine strength and elasticity with liglitness. 



DESCRIPTION OP- MALAYAN PLANTS. 



163 



When long buried in the earth', it is said 
to become petrified. The genus is related 
to VUex, but is abundantly distinct there- 
from. 

RHODAMNIA. W. J. 

ICOSANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — ^Nat. Ord. 
MVRTACEiE. 

Calyx superus, quadrilobus. Corolla 
tetiapetala. Stamina numerosa. Ovarii 
um uniloculare, pluri-ovulatum^ placentis 
duobus parietalibus. Bacca unilocularis 
oligosperma. — ^Arbuscula, foliis trinerviis, 
injbrescentia axillari. 

RHODAMNIA CINEREA. W, X 

Frequent on the Western coast of Su- 
matra, and the islands which skirt it Its 
Malay name is Marpuyan. 

There are two varieties of this species, 
the one of which is larger than the other, 
and has broader leaves which are more 
decidedly tomentose below. These dif- 
ferences are scarcely sufficient for a speci- 
fic distinction. 

A small Tree, with greyish, wrinkled bark 
and pilose branchleta Leaves, opposite 
ud alternate, petiolate, roundish-ovate in 
the large variety, and broadly lanceolate in 
the small one, acuminate, very entire, 
three nerved, often with a less distinct 
pair near the margin, smooth above, some- 
what hoary beneath, pubescent, particu- 
larly on the nerves ; but in the small vari- 
ety, nearly smooth, with little more than a 
glaucous tinge on the under surface. Pe- 
Mei short, tomentose. Stipules small, 
hnear. Peduncles short, axillary, one- 
flowered. Flowers white. Calyx tomen- 
tose, persistent. Corolla twice as long as 
the calyx. Stamens inserted on the ca- 
lyx, almost as long as the corolla. Ovary 
one-celled, containing many ovules attached 
to two parietal placentae. Style one, erect. 
Berry reddish, subglobose, crowned Krith 
the calyx, one-celled, containing a few 
Keds attached to the parietes, many of 
the ovules proving abortive. 

Obs. This genus, which is nearly re- 
lated to Myrtus, appears to be sufficiently 
by its ovary and placenta- 



tion, from which, rather than from the 
fruit, the most important characters in this 
family are to be derived. It is peculiar in 
having three-nerved leaves, in which par- 
ticular it has a resemblance to Myrtus to- 
mentosa, but differs widely from that spe- 
cies in its fruit and ovary^ 

ADINANDRA. W, J. 
POLYANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Calyx 6-partitus, persistens, basi bi- 
bracteatus. Corolla pentapetala, petalis 
basi latis. Stamina 30, pluriseriata, sub- 
polyadelphia, interioribus brevioribus ; an- 
theris bilocularibus apice mucronatis. Sty- 
lus unicus, subulatus. Bacca supera, sty- 
lo persistente acuminata, 5-locularis, poly- 
sperma, placentis ab angulo interiore locu- 
los bipartientibus. — ^Arborescens, foliis al- 
temis exstipularibus, floribus axillaribus. 

"Dr. Wallich refers this, (List of East 
India Plants, No, 2245,) doubtfully to 
TernstroBmia. I have great hesitation in 
considering any of the East Indian species 
so called, to belong to that genus ; but as 
to Adinandra, Jack would unquestionably 
have taken notice of the petals being op- 
posite to the sepals, which ought to be 
^he case in Temstrcemia. Taking the 
whole of Jack's character into view, I can 
scarcely say how his genus differs from 
Cleyera, The anthers not being hirsute 
is no character. Dr. Wight and I having 
lately described one, from the Peninsula, 
with these organs glabrous. *G. -4.1^-4." 

ADINANDRA DUM08A. W. J. 

Daun Saribu, Malay. 

Abundant in thickets throughout Suma- 
tra, and various parts of the Malay is- 
lands. It grows to be a small Tree ; the 
bark is dark brown, and the branches are 
smodth. Leaves alternate, shortly petioled, 
elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, some- 
times rounded with an obtuse acumen at 
top, entire or obsoletely serrate, smooth, 
slightly glaucous beneath, almost veinless, 
three to four inches long. Stipules none. 
Pedunc^^ axillary, subsolitary, one-flow- 
ered, shorter than the leaves, recurved. 



154 



DESCRIPTION OP UALATAM PLANTS. 



Calyx bibracteate at the base, five-parted, 
segments thick, subrotund, oyer-lapping 
each other. Corolla white, twice as long 
as the calyx, erect or conniving, five-peta-* 
led, petals ovato-oblong, broad at the base, 
acute. Stamens about thirty, closely ar- 
ranged in several circles, the inner ones 
shorter ; ^laments divisible to their bases, 
but closely pressed against each other, se- 
riceously pilose, particularly on their outer 
side ; anthers of two parallel lobes, adnate 
to the sides of the filament, which is pro- 
longed into a mucro at the summit Ovary 
superior, smooth, five-celled, polysporous ; 
the cells are almost biparted by placents, 
which project from the inner angle, and to 
whose edges the ovules are attached. Style 
single, subulate. Stigma simple. Berry 
globose, embraced at the base by the ca- 
lyx, and acuminated by the persistent style, 
five*celled, many-seeded. 

Obs. In general habit and in the tex- 
ture of the leaves, this plant has some re- 
semblance to Diospyros, but difiers widely 
in fiructification. 

IXONANTHES. W.J, 

Calyx 5-passim 6-partitus, foliolis sub- 
rotundis. Corolla 6 v. 6-petala, gluti- 
nosa. Stamina 10 vel 20. Nectarium ger- 
men ringens. Stylus 1. Capsula supers, 
calyce coroUaque persistentibus cincta, 
ovato-acuminata, 5-loculari8, 5-valvis, val- 
vularum marginibus introflexis. Semina 
singulo loculo duo, margini interior! dis- 
sepimentorum affixa, compressa, in alam 
membranaceam producta. Albumen semi- 
ni conforme embryone inverso foliaceo, 
piano. — ^Arbores, foliis allemts simpUci- 
bus, floribus dichotome corymbosis axilla- 
ribus, 

IXONANTHES RETICULATA. W, J. 

Floribus decandris, foliis integerrimis. 
Found at Tappanuly, on the West coast 
of Sumatra. 

A Tree, with smooth compressed branch- 
lets. Leaves alternate, petiolate, elliptic- 
oblong, emarginate, somewhat attenuated 
to the base, entire, smooth, firm and rigid. 



with thick, levolute edges, shining aWe, 
rather glaucous beneath, veins reticulate; 
about three inches long. Petioles short, 
flattened above. Stipules minute, deci- 
duous. Peduncles axillary on the younger 
shoots, much longer than the leaves, 
smooth, dichotomous at the summit, with a 
pedicel in the bifurcation, bearing gene- 
rally about seven flowers, which are small 
and green. Calyx five-parted, segments 
rounded. Corolla glutinous as well as the 
calyx, five-petaled, petals roundish. Sta- 
fnens ten; filaments inserted below the 
petals : anthers yellow, two-celled. Ovary 
surrounded at the base by a yellow, fleshj, 
nectarial ring, five - celled, ten - seeded. 
Style erect. Stigma capitate. Capsule 
surrounded at the base by the persistent 
calyx, and corolla somewhat enlarged; ob- 
long, pointed, smooth, five-valved, fire- 
celled, septa formed by the introflexed 
margins of the valves, ceUs two-seeded; 
but, frequently, only one comes to perfec- 
tion, they are separated from each other 
by a ridge which projects from the middle 
of the valves. Seeds compressed, oblong, 
angular, winged at the lower end. AWu- 
men conform to the seed. Embryo in- 
verse, central. Cotyledons fiat, oval Ra^ 
dicle superior, cylindrical, not so long as 
the cotyledons. 

IXONANTHES ICOSANDRA. IT./. 

Floribus icosandris, foliis crenatis. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

A Tree. Leaves alternate or scattered, 
short petioled, lanceolato-oblong, emargi- 
nate dentato-crenate, very smooth, shining 
above; about six inches long. Stipules 
small, deciduous. P^unc/e^ axillary, neariy 
as long as the leaves, bearing a tricfaoto- 
moas umbel or corymb of gpreenish flow- 
ers. Bracts small. Calyx five to six-parted. 
Corolla five to six-petaled, glutinous as 
well as the calyx, petals spreading, subto- 
tund, pale and somewhat transparent SU- 
mens twenty, much longer than the co- 
rolla. Nectarial ring crenate on the voax- 
gin by the compression of the filaments, 
which are inserted round it Ovary i.'ve 
to six-celled, each cell containing two 



DESCRIPTION OP MALAYAN PLANTS. 



155 



orules. Style a little longer than the sta- 
mens. Stigma capitate. Capsule ovate, 
pointed, smooth, five to six-celled, five to 
six-Talved, margins of the valves intro- 
flexed. Seeds two in each cell, attached 
by their middle to the inner ridge of the 
valvular partitions, oblong, membranace- 
ous at both ends, bifid at the lower. 

CHIONOTRIA. W. J. 
DECANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 

Cdyx 5-partitus inferos. Corolla 6-pe- 
tala. Stamina 10, erecta. Ovarium 2-lo- 
culare 2-sporum, ovulis pendulis. Stylus 
1. Stigrna capitatum. Bacca monosper- 
ma. Semen exalbuminosum apice umbili- 
catum; cotyledonibus maximis convexo- 
planis, radicula superb minima. — Frutex, 
foliis nmplicibus oppositis pellucido-punc- 
tatii, racemis axillaribus. — Genus Auran- 
^qfine, 

CHIONOTRIA RIGIDA. W, J. 

Native of Pulo Pinang. 

A Shrub, with corrugated grey bark. 
Leaves opposite, very short petioled, ovato- 
lanceolate, acuminate, narrow at the base, 
very entire, very smooth, pellucidly punc- 
tate. Stipules subulate, acute. Racemes 
axillary, erect, rigid, branched, strict, 
shorter than the leaves ; pedicels short, 
rigid, many-flowered Flowers greenish, 
inconspicuous. Bracts very small. Calyx 
' very small, five-parted. Corolla little longer 
than the calyx, five-petaled. Stamens ten, 
exsert, erect; anthers incumbent. Ova- 
rium superior, two - celled, two - seeded, 
feeds pendulous. Style thick, as long as 
the stamens. /S^i^ttio capitate, obtuse. Ber- 
ry of the size of a cherry, snow-white, 
globular and somewhat flattened, umbili- 
cate, consisting of a spongy, farinaceous 
pulp, and containing a single large, round 
seed. iSfeerf globose, attached superiorly 
and there umbilicate. Integument coria- 
ceous, marked with veins which diverge 
from the umbilicus. Albumen none. Em- 
^0 inverse, conform to the seed. Coty- 
ledons plano-convex, of a deep green co- 
lour, somewhat rugose externally, and punc- 



tate on the inner surface. Radicle supe- 
rior, obverse to the umbilicus, short, 
straight, cylindrical, obtuse, covered with 
ferruginous down. It is elongated into a 
short, conical plumule. 

SPHALANTHUS. W. J. 

Decandhia Monogynia. — ^Nat. Ord. 

CoMBRETACE-fi. Br. 

Ca/yx tubulosus, hincgibbus, deciduus, 
limbo 5-partito. Corolla 5-petala, sum- 
mo tubo calycis inserta et ejusdem laciniis 
altema. Stamina 10, corolla breviora. 
Stylus tubo calycis hinc accretus. Ova- 
rium uniloculare, ovulis paucis ab apice 
loculi pendulis. Capsula 5-alata, mono- 
sperma, semine 5-angulato. Semen exal- 
buminosum, cotyledonibus convexo-planis, 
radicula minimi conica. 

SPHALANTHUS C0NFERTU8. W. J. 

Kayu Sumang, Malay. 

A Shrub, with round nearly smooth 
branches. Leaves generally alternate, large 
and reflexedly bifarious, short petioled, 
ovato- oblong, acuminate, subcordate at the 
base, entire, very smooth. Petioles short, 
somewhat recurved. Stipules none. Spikes 
one to three, terminal, bending in an op- 
posite direction from the leaves. Flowers 
crowded, sessile. Bracts lanceolate, acute, 
much shorter than the flowers. Calyx su- 
perior, very long, tubular, gibbous on one 
side below, reddish and somewhat tomen- 
tose without, limb five-parted, somewhat 
reflex, lacinise acute, broader at the base. 
Corolla five-petaled, white at first, becom- 
ing red after expansion, a little longer than 
the calyx, petals ovato - oblong, acute. 
Stamens ten, inserted in a double series 
on the calyx, erect, shorter than the co- 
rolla; anthers oblong, yellow. Ovary 
small, oblong, one-celled, containing three 
pendulous ovules, attached by filaments to 
the summit of the cell. Style green, fili- 
form, rather longer than the stamens, ad- 
hering to or concrete with the tube of the 
calyx, on one side, along its whole length. 
Stigma simple. Capsule large, not crowned 
with the calyx, oblong, with five membra- 



156 



DESCRIPTION OF MAXAYAK PLANTS. 



naceous wings, smooCh, one-celled, one- 
seeded. Seed oblong, with five obtuse an- 
gles. Integument membranaceous, easily 
separated. Albumen none. Embryo con- 
form to the seed. Cotyledons plano-con- 
vex, angled exteriorly. Radicle conical, 
very small. 

Obs. The structure of the seed is here 
different from what generally obtains in 
the Chmbretacets, the cotyledons being 
solid, not convolute. 

PTRRHANTHUS. W. J, 

Decandria Monogynia. — Nat. Ord. 

CoMBRETACEiB. Br, 

Calyx 5-fidus, superus, persistens. Co- 
rolla 5-petala, calyce longior. Stamina 
5 — 10, erecta, corolla duplo longiora. Ova- 
rium uniloculare, ovulis 3 — 6, pendulis. 
Drupa caryophyllifonnis, calyce coronata; 
nuce oblongi monospermy. — ^Arbor littorea 
inter Rhizophoras crescens; foliis crassis 
ad apices ramorum confertis, floribus sub- 
corymbosis, 

PYRRHANTHUS LITT0REU8. W. J. 

Mira buta. Malay, and in Sumatra, Kayu 
Api-api, 

Native of Sumatra, and in the Malay 
Peninsula, growing among Mangroves in 
salt swamps, and near the mouths of rivers. 
It is one of the most ornamental trees that 
occur in these situations. 

It grows to be a large TVce, generally 
with an irregular, crooked trunk. Leaves 
irregularly crowded at the extremities of 
the branches, which are rough with their 
persistent vestiges, subsessile, cuneiform, 
retuse, attenuated at the base into a very 
short petiole, obtusely crenate, often nearly 
entire, smooth, thick and fleshy, almost 
veinless. Stipules none. Racemes short, 
simple, terminal, subcorymbose. Flowers 
pedicellate, crowded. Bracts two, small, 
acute, at the base of each flower. Calyx 
superior, five-cleft, segments erect, thick, 
rather obtuse. Corolla crimson, five-pe- 
taled, petals spreading, twice as long as 
the calyx, acute. Stamens varying in num- 
ber from five to ten, erect, twice as long as 



the corolla ; ^laments red, subulate ; an- 
thers oblong, purple, attached by the mid- 
dle. Ovary inferior, about .the size and 
shape of a clove, one-celled, containing 
from three to five ovules, which are pendu- 
lous from the top of the cell. Style one. 
Berry or drupe somewhat compressed, 
obtusely angled, crowned by the thick, 
persistent calyx; nut oblong, with two 
prominent angles, one-seeded. Seedei- 
albuminous. Embryo inverse. Cotyledons 
convolute. 

Obs. The number of the stamens is 
very variable, seven is perhaps the most 
frequent; five and six are common, hut 
ten, the complete number, is rare. The 
number of ovules varies also. The genus 
is most nearly related to Lcyunculariaj of 
Gaertner, but seems to differ in its corolla 
and stamens. It has some resemblance to 
Kada Kandel, Rheed. H. Mai. VI. p. 67. 
/. 37, a figure which has not, I belieTe, 
been quoted, and may possibly be another 
species of this genus. Kayu Api-api is 
the name generally given to this tree in 
Sumatra, but is applied by Rumphius to 
his Mangium album, Herb. Amb. III. pi, 
115, t 66, which is a species of Avicennia, 
probably the A. resintfera of Forster, 
known in Sumatra by the name of Pelan- 
dok Kayu. It appears to be distinct from i 
A. tomentosa, having lanceolate, acute | 
leaves, white beneath, but not tomentosc, 
and the fruit being much smaller. 

PHALBRIA. W. J. 

(OcTANDRiA Monogynia.) 

Perianthium coloratum, tubulosum, in- 
ferum, limbo 4-partito. Stamina S, ex- 
serta. Ovarium biloculare, 2-8porum, 
ovulis pendulis. jSl^^ma capitatum. Bacca 
bilocularis, disperma. Semina exalbunu- 
nosa, embryone inverso. — Frutex, /o^** 
suboppositis, floribus axillaribus. This 
genus is related to the Thymelaa, but 
differs in having a bilocular ovary and fruit. 



PHALERIA CAPITATA. W. J- 

Native of Sumatra. 

A shrub, with smooth branches. Leaves 



BOTANICAL INFOBMATION. 



157 



opposite, or subopposite, short- petioled^ 
ovato- lanceolate^ terminated by a long 
abup acumen, entire, very smooth ; eight 
inches long. Petioles thickened. Stipules 
noDe. Peduncles axillary, sometimes from 
the axils of faUen leaves, very short, bear- 
ing a head or umbel of sessile flowers, 
which is embraced by an involucre com- 
posed of several oblong-ovate leaflets or 
bracts. Flowers large and white, resem- 
bling those of the Jasmine. Perianth infe- 
rior, tube long, faux pervious, smooth, 
limb four-parted, segments ovate. Stami- 
na eight, inserted on .the faux, exsert, ra- 
ther long ; anthers two-lobed. Ovary em- 
braced by a thin, white, nectarial cup, 
oblong, attenuated into a style, two-celled, 
cells monosporous, ovides attached to the 
sommit of the cell by a thread, which pass- 
ing along the back of the ovule, is in- 
serted into its base, so that the ovule 
seems as if doubled upon its filament. 
Style a httle shorter than the stamens. 
Stigma capitate^ papillous. Berries crowd- 
ed, somewhat pear-shaped, rounded above, 
acute at the base, cortical, two-celled, two- 
seeded. Seed exalbuminous ; embryo in- 
verse; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle 
«nall, superior. 

PTEBNANDRA. W, J. 
OCTANDRIA MONOOYNIA. 

Calyx ovatus, limbo quadridentato. Co- 
rotia 4-petala. Stamina 8, antheris in- 
troflexis, compressis, basi postice calcara- 
*tis, bilocularibus, loculis longitudinaliter 
dehiscentibus. Ovarium calyci infra ad- 
natum, 4-loculare, polysporum, placentis 
parietalibus. Stylus declmBivLS, Baccapo- 
lysperma. — Habitus Metastomarum, foliis 
appositis trinerviiSfJloribuspaniculatis. 

PTERNANDRA COERULESCENS. W. J. 

Native of PuloPinang. 

A large, smooth Shrub, with round 
branches, i^aw^ opposite, shortly petioled 
or subsessile, ovate, acuminate, tapering at 
the base into the short petioles, very entire, 
▼ery smooth; coriaceous, paler beneath, 
vith three strong nerves, and two less 
conspicuous ones along the margins ; the 



transverse veins are few and not promi- 
nent. Stipules none, but the petioles are 
connected by an interptiolar line. Pani- 
cles oppositely corymbose, short, terminal, 
sometimes also from the upper axils. Pe- 
duncles four-sided, smooth. Bracts small. 
CcUyx imited to the ovarium beneath, 
ovate, reticulately squamous, almost en- 
tire or obsoletely four-toothed. Corolla 
blue, lighter at the margin, four-petaled, 
petals ovate, acuminate, inserted into the 
calyx. Stamens eight, blue; filaments 
nearly erect, incurved at the apex. An- 
thers large, pointing inwards, compressed, 
elongated behind into an acumen or spur, 
cells anteriorly gibbous, and bursting lon- 
gitudinally. The anthers, before expan- 
sion, are turned downwards, as in the 
MelastometB, but their points do not reach 
much below the top of the ovary. Style 
declinate, about as long as the stamens. 
Stigma conical and rather obtuse. Ovary 
adnate to the calyx, four-celled, polyspo- 
rous, ovules attached to convex parietal 
placentsB. Berry four-celled, many-seeded. 
Obs. In general habit and appearance, 
this plant has a close resemblance to my 
Melastoma glauca, and at first sight ap- 
pears only to differ in its smaller flow- 
ers, and leaves with less distinct nerves 
and veins. In the structure of the anthers, 
however, it differs essentially from Melas- 
toma, and has some affinity to McTnecyUm; 
in fruit and mode of placentation, it differs 
from both. The ovary might either be 
considered inferior, or superior and adnate 
to the calyx ; the analogy of Melastoma 
has led me to assume the latter. 

(To be continued.)^ ^-^f? 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

(Cmtiimedfromp, 121.; 

The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, who has now 
completed the descriptions of the Fungi 
of this country, for the last part of the 
English Flora, has nearly ready for pub- 
lication a work entitled " British Fungi, 
consisting of dried specimens of the spe- 
cies described in Vol. V, Part FT, of the 
English Flora/' together with such as 



168 



BOTAWICJLL nrPOfiMJLTION. 



may be hereafter diflcorered indigenous to 
Great Britain." The first Faflcioulus will 
appear in March, and each Number will 
contain, at least, fifty species, with their 
names and references to the Flora now 
mentioned. The number of copies, owing 
to the difficulty of procuring specimens of 
many of the rarer kinds, will necessarily 
be limited. The publishers are Messrs. 
Longmans and Rees, and Ihe work will 
^pear half-yearly. 

ANOTHER HEATH FOUND IN IBELAND. 

It is not many years since we had the 
pleasure of announcing the discoyery, by 
our valued friend, J. T. Mackay, Esq., of 
the £rica Meckierranea, or, at least, a 
rariety of that species, in Cunnamara. 
Anxious that the Flora mbemica, which 
Mr. Mackay has now in the press, ^ould 
contain as ccnnplete a list of Irish Plants 
as possible, the author has not only zea- 
lously investigated difierent parts of the 
ooontry himself, but soccessMly encou^ 
laged others to do the same, and among 
them the son of the innkeeper (Macalla) 
at Roundstone, Cunnamara, who was a 
«ehool-boy when Mr. Mackay detected the 
£. MgdiiKrfunea, in his neighbouihood, 
in 1839. Smoe that period, he has become 
mtudh attached to Botany and Natuial His- 
tory in geneml, and has rewarded the en- 
oottiagenient bestowed on hi«i, by com- 
municating to Mr. Mackay an Erica, found 
within a few miles of the station of the 
E. MedUerranea. ''The plant I send 
ym," says Mr. Mackay, in his letter to me, 
** resembles most, in sixe, mode of growth, 
and form of its leaves, which have glandu- 
lar hairs. Erica ciliaris : in the disposi- 
tion of its foliage and flowers, however, it 
is quite different; the former being ar- 
ranged pretty genecally in fours, or occa- 
sionally in fives, in a whorl, and in the 
flowers which are in terminal small um- 
belsw The corella, which is shorter than 
that of E, ciliaris f is not" (I should rather 
say, is leas) '' contracted at the limb." All 
these are certainly characters of a Heath 
quite rd, variance with any that has been 
hitherto detected in Ireland, and it there- 



fore proves a most intereating addition to 
the Flora of that country. 

This same plant, however, or one raiy- 
ing only so slightly from it as to be akooit 
identical with it, has been found by E C 
Watson, Esq, on Downs near Tniro, whik 
gathering the Erica ciliaris; and I confes 
I am disposed to concur in the opinion of 
that intelligent Botanist, that it is a hyisid 
between E. ciliaris and our cross-leared 
Heath, E. TetraJix : it does seem so com- 
pletely intermediate in character between 
the two. Should this idea be correct^ ve 
may expect that the true state of K ct/to- 
ris will also be found in GimnamirB, and 
we have already requested that it may be 
searched for. Should E. ciliaris not prove 
to be an inhabitant of that countiy, tkea 
the plant in question may, with the more 
propriety, be deemed a distinct specw. 
In this case, we think every Botanist viU 
agree with us in saying, it ought to bev 
the name of E. Mackaii, in compliment to 
a most meritorious Botanist of loBg-stuMi- 
ing, who has pre-emineBtly advanced &e 
Botany and Horticulture of Ireland. 

VIOLA LUTEA. Biids. Sm. 

We wish some Botanist, iwdentinl^'D- 
don, would compare specimens of the well- 
known Viola Iviea of our mountain-pas- 
tures of the North, with the V. grandifioTa 
of the Linnsan Herbariuna, and settle the 
long-disputed point as to their ideohtj 
Smith says, in the last <^nioa he gan « 
the sulgect, (Eng. Flora, v. 1. p. 308,) 
imder V. kUea, " Great confusion haset- 
isted between this very distinct sjpecies 
and the Linmaan V, grandiflara, wheee 
flowers are twice as large, and the flpor 
twice as long as the posterior lebesof t^ 
calyx ; whereas in V. lutea those parts ire 
of the same length." On sending speci- 
mens of our V, hiaa to M. Gay, of Pwis, 
at that gentlemMi's particular request be 
has pronounced them to be "ideaticil 
with V. Sudetica, which is tiM tm ^ 
gramdifiora of Linnous." . 

The following observations upon VioAi I 
tricolor and V. grandi/hra, L., publisbed 
by M. Gay, i« the twen^-sixth volsme of 



BOTANICAL INFOBHAtlON. 



159 



the AnncUet des Sdencei MUurelles, may 
not be xmaeceptable to those Botanists of 
oar country, who desiie to know the opi- 
nions of a Tery accurate observer, on the 
enbject of the limits of these two species. 

"Viola tricolor, L. — ^Most authors con- 
sider this plant as either annual or bien- 
nial ; but it is monocarpous only in sandy 
or cultivated soil. Schlechtendahl has al- 
ready made this observation on the V. 
iricolor of the neighbourhood of Berlin, 
</Tl BeroL 1. p. 185.), and I myself pos- 
sess specimens of the variety alpestris, 
native of the Pyrenees and the Mountains 
of the Lozere, where the root bears the 
renaains of old stems, which evidently 
prove a former flowering-season. I am, 
however, fiir from supposing that the plant 
is perennial, even in heavy soil, but it is 
certainly in the number of those which 
Flies (Nmrit. Fl, Succ. ed, 2. p. 123), 
terms perennant in lopposition to peren- 
nial, and which flower, at least, two suc- 
cessive years, without being of unlimited 
duration. Such are Cerastium triviale, 
D^htaxis viminea, Herniaria hirsuta 
and glabra, Sagina procumbens, 8fc. The 
Viola tricolor is abo peculiar in its stems, 
in its stipules, and its flowers. The for- 
aaer are angular, generally few in number, 
simile, erect, elongated, many-flowered, 
with intermediate joints often much longer 
than the leaves. The blossoms vary to an 
extraordinary degree, both in size and co- 
. lour : but, amidst all these variations, the 
spur is always short, scarcely exceeding 
the calycine appendages in length. The 
leaves, which are constantly crenulated, 
are either notched into a heart-shape at 
the base, or lengthened more or less gra- 
dually into a petiole ; they are either re- 
niform, oval or oblong, or even lanceolate, 
and tiiese several modifications may be 
observed on the same stalk, the shorter 
forms growing on the lower part of the 
plant, and the more elongated ones on the 
upper part. The inferior stipules axe very 
often undivided, or even exactly similar 
to the leaf, (V. Kitaibeliana, R. & S.) 
The upper ones, on the contrary, are al- 
ways oblong and deeply laciniated on both 



sides, towards the leaf, with one or two 
linear lobes, upright or but little ex- 
panded, the superior one always much 
exceeded by the top of the stipule, the 
inferior one always more or less distant 
from the base of this same stipule ; on the 
-exterior side of five or six lobes, some- 
times reduced to three or four, the supe- 
rior one linear, upright or but little ex- 
panded, always exceeded by the top of the 
stipule, the others gradually a little shorter 
and narrower, but much expanded, the 
inferior one always well marked, alwa]^ 
subulate and reflected, always setting off 
•from the very base of the stipule. As £» 
the summit of the st^ule, (the terminal 
lobe,) it is always spathulate ; and more 
or less similar to die leaf, though never 
notched into a heart-shape at the base ; it 
is frequently marked by two or four 
notches; and is never found perfectly 
entire, but in the upper stipules of the 
dwarf varieties. All these lobes are united 
by a large membrane, and it may be said, 
in few words, that the stipule is spathulate, 
with a base which is enlarged and pinnati- 
fid on the exterior side, and with diverging 
lobes. Such is the Viola tricolor, which 
is conunon in ^e Pyrenees, and which in 
the plains, begins to flower so early as the 
month of March." 

"Viola grandiflora, L. — ^This plant has 
been described by Linnaeus (Mard. Prim, 
p. 120) in a very characteristic manner, 
and stated to be a native of the Alps and 
Pyrenees ; and those authors, who, on the 
faith of the Linneean Herbarium, have re- 
garded the V. grandiflora as a synonym 
of V AUaica, can surely never have read 
the article to which I allude. It is de- 
scribed under the name of V. grandiflora 
in VilL Daupk., in De Cand. FL Fr. and 
Gaud, Fl, Helv, — ^It is also the V. lutea, 
De Cand. Fl, Fr, Suppl, of Mert. and 
Koch, Deutsch. Fl., and probably of the 
English authors. Likewise it is the V. 
Calaminaria, Lig., the V. Sudetica, Willd. 
and of Enum. Ging. in De Cand. Prodr. 
—the V Villarsiana, Roem, and SchuU, 
Syst. Veg,, the V, ItUea, i. grandiflora, 
Reich, and the V. tricolor, Balb, Fl, 



160 



BOTANICAL INFOBMATIOX. 



Lyonn. (at least so far as regards the plant 
of Mount Pilatus). Finally, I unite with 
it, as not possessing sufSciently discrimi- 
nating characters, the V. Orcades, Marsch., 
and of Ging. in De Cand. Prodr,, as well 
as the V. declinata, Gaud, JR. Helv. and 
V, tricolor, t declinata, Ging, L c. — 
These various synonyms belong to the 
several forms which are dispersed through- 
out Europe, from Scotland to Calabria, 
from the Pyrenees to the Riesengebirge 
and the Mountains of the Crimea. Some 
grow on the plains, others at a consider- 
able elevation on the mountains. They 
have not all the same aspect, but it is im- 
possible to make of them more than one 
species, when there are sufficiently good 
specimens for examination. All have a 
perfectly perennial root, stiff and filiform 
stems which are naked below, and stipules 
whose larger and constantly quite entire 
lobe never assumes an elliptical or an oval 
form. It is in this respect, alone, that V. 
grandifiora differs from V. tricolor and 
hispida, with which it possesses in other 
points a great affinity, because of its gene- 
rally elongated stems, distinct knots and 
stipules, which are deeply pinnatifid at 
their base. The V, grandiflora varies to 
an unlimited degree in other respects ; {he 
stems may be more or less elongated, up- 
right or ascending, or prostrate, ie^ or 
much tufted, simple or (as in the F. decli- 
nata, Gaud,) branched, glabrous or his- 
pid: — ^in having the upper leaves some- 
times oval, sometimes oblong, sometimes 
lanceolate ; in its flowers, of which the dia- 
meter varies from six to eighteen lines ; 
by its petals being sometimes very broad, 
sometimes very narrow, either all yellow, 
all purple or lilac, or mixed of both hues ; 
the lower petal being occasionally slightly 
rounded, or sometimes truncate or retuse, 
and distinctly notched ; in its spur being 
straight or accidentally hooked, stiff and 
pointed, or dilated and obtuse, scarcely 
exceeding the calycine appendages, or al- 
most equalling, in length, the petal which 
produces it, being from two to six lines 
long ; finally, by its sepals being glabrous 
or ciliated, entire or occasionally denticu- 



late. Most of these varieties may be seen 
wherever V.grandifiora grows; but it is 
especially in Auvergne, and on the moun- 
tains of the Lozere and on the Pyrenees, 
that I have seen the spur passing frcnn ex- 
treme smallness (the general habit of V. 
grandiflora) to an extraordinary length. 
The Pyrenean plant always forms a thick 
herbage ; its steins are numerous, simple, 
prostrate or ascending, and hairy above, 
as well as the foliage; the flowers are 
never yellow, and the spur, which is con- 
stantly stiff, is neither dilated nor hooked 
at the extremity. I may be allowed to 
insist on these peculiarities, trifling as 
they are in themselves, because more than 
a hundred Pyrenean specimens are befim 
my eyes at the very time when I write 
this descriptioiu Some oome from tke 
Mountain Batera, in the Canton of Aries» 
where La Peyrouse found the V,hispida; 
others from the port of Pejrresourde, be- 
tween the Valley of Aure and that of Lu- 
chon, the locality cited by La Peynnise 
for his V. Cenisia, y. The greater part 
were gathered by M. Xatart, in the terri- 
tory of Prats de MoUo, in the place called 
the Solana de la Martra, where the V. 
comuta is said to have been found. These 
habitats are interesting, as they show that 
La Peyrouse has made three species ont 
of the specimens of one, a fact confirmed 
by M. Xatart, from whom alone M. La 
Peyrouse had received the plant from Ba- 
tera, and that from Solana de la Martra. ^ 
To the synonym of V, grandiflora, which 
I have cited above, must therefore be 
added the V, Cenisia, y. La Peyr,, (quoad 
montem Peyresourde) ; the V. comuta. 
La Peyr, ib.; (quoad la Solana de la 
Martra) ; V, hispida, La Peyr,, and V. 
calcarata, (, decipiens, Ging, in De Cand. 
Prodr, I cannot explain how M. de Gin- 
gins can have referred this latter plant, 
(the V. hispida, Lap.) to V. calcarata, 
differing essentially as it does by its much 
cut stipules. As for the rest, all the local- 
ities of which I have just been speaking, 
belong to the subalpine region: — the Kl 
grandiflora flowers there in the very be- 
ginning of the month of June.*' 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES AND PROPERTIES OF COCA. 



161 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

Bj Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 
( Conttnuedfrom p. 1 19. ^ 
Tab. VIII. 
^ VITI8 CARNOSA. Eoxb. 

Blabra, ramis foliisque junioribus pube 

9 densa brevi obsitis, caule compresso 

striato, stipulis oblongis^ foliis trifoliatis 

sublonge petiolatis, foliolis petiolulatis 

^ rotundis ovatis obovatisve acutis v. ob- 

™ tusis, cymis pedunculatis compositis, 

petalis distinctis, stylo conspicuo, baccis 

nigris 2 — 4 spermis. * 

Cissus camosa. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 1. p. 

409; (ed. Wall.) t\ 1. p, 427. Wight 

and Am. FL Pen, Ind. Or. v. l.p. 127, 

_ a. foliolis ovatis acutis acuminatisve. — C. 

camosa, Wall. List, n. 6018. — V. cre- 

nata, Wall List, n. 6021. e./— C. acida, 

Roxb. in E. I. a Mus. t. 501.-- C. cine- 

rea, Lam. De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 

63L Spreng.Syst.v.l.p.^^. Rheed. 

Mai V. 1. t. 9. Rumph. Ainb. v. 5, t. 

166./ 2. 

fl. foliolis ovatis obtusis. Wight, Cat. n. 

424. 426.— V. crenata. Wall List, n. 

6021. a. b. g.—V. auriculata, Wall List, 

n. 6031. b. — Cissus carnosa, Lam. in 

Vahl, Symb. 3. p. 19. De Cand. Prodr. 

«. l.jo. 629. Spr. Syst. v. l.p. 499. 

y. foliolis lotundatis (Tab. Nostr.S.) Wight, 

Cat. n. 428. b.—Y. crenata, Wall List, 

W.6021.C. — Cissus crenata, Vahl, Symb. 

3. p. 19. De Cand. Prodr. v. I. p. 631. 

Spreng. Syst. v. I. p. 449. 

t leaflets obovate, obtuse. Wight, Cat. n. 

425.— V. crenata. Wall List, n.6021. d. 

—Cissus obtusifolia. Lam. 

Dbscr. a climbing, ramous shrub. 

Stems slightly compressed, dark brown, 

cracked : young branches and shoots sub- 

flexuose, striated ; the petioles, peduncles, 

and kaves, villous. Leaves petioled, ter- 

J^te, succulent ; leaflets orbicular, widely 

crenate, veined, the lateral ones nearly 

*«8ile. Tendrils opposite to the leaves, 

branched. Stipules small, scariose, deci- 

duoTuj. Peduncles elongated, bearing, near 

u»e middle, two opposite, foliaceous brae- 

yoh. I. 



teas, resembling the leaves, except in be- 
ing opposite and somewhat smaller. Cymes 
trichotomous, between two and three in- 
ches across the primary divisions, with a 
solitary pedicelled fjower in the forks. 
Calyx four-sided, truncated, entire. After 
the fall of the corolla, the edge is hid by a 
cup-shaped, four-furrowed, glandular disk, 
which at first enlarges, and afterwards be- 
comes incorporated with the fruit. Corolla: 
Petals four, calyciform, concave, deciduous, 
broad at the base, bent in at the point. 
Stamens four : Jilaments very short ; an- 
thers large, two-oelled. Corolla and sta-^ 
mens attached to the base of the glandular 
disk. Pistil: Germen superior, hid un- 
der the disk. Style conical, erect, red. 
Stigma simple. Pericarp a two - celled, 
four-seeded berry, which, when ripe, is of 
a clear shining black colour. 

This plant is usually found near water, 
on banks of tanks and ditches, covering 
whatever trees or bushes it may chance to 
grow near. When it cannot find support 
of that kind, it spreads extensively on the 
ground. It is to be met with in flower and 
fruit, the greater part of the year, but is in 
the highest perfection during the rainy 
and cool seasons. From the nature of the 
country, it is common in Tanjore ; and 
less so in other parts of India I have 
visited. The juice is supposed to be an 
antidote to the bites of snakes. 

Tab. VIII. Fig. I. Flower. 2. Tbo same, from 
which the petals and stamens aro removed. 8. Trans- 
verse section of a berry : — magnified. 

(To be continaed.) 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES 
AND PROPERTIES OF COCA. 

Erythroxylon Coca. 

Extracted from the Second Volame of the " Reise in 
Chile, Pern, and aaf dem Amasonenstrome/' of Dr. 
Poeppig. 

[Mention is made, when speaking of the 
Travels of Mr. Mathews in Peru, at page 
176 of our Botanical Journal, of the exten- 
sive use of the Erythroxylon Coca among 
the Miners. The following more extended 
History of a plant and of a people who em- 

L 



103 



80MB ACCOUNT OF THB USES 



ploj it as the Eastern nations do Opium^ 
and those of more civilized countries. Al- 
cohol, cannot fail to be acceptable to our 
readers. £d.] 

The Coca {Erythroxylon Coca, of La- 
marck) is a shrub of six or eight feet high, 
and to the eyes of an individual, unprac- 
tised in Botany, presents the general ap- 
pearance of a straight-growing Black Thorn 
bush ; its numerous small white flowers 
and the pleasing green of its leaves occa- 
sioning this similarity. A large plantation 
of Coca, while in this state, is an agreeable 
object, though less beautiful than a well- 
kept Coffee-ground. The frequent strip- 
t)ing of the foliage of Coca soon reduces it to 
naked brushwood, and it is but slowly that 
it regains its verdant garb. These leaves, 
which are gathered and dried with great 
care, form the object of a brisk trade, and 
the use of them is as ancient as our first 
knowledge of Peruvian history; for the 
rude primitive people received the Coca 
from the Cadmus of the lofly mountains of 
Titicaca, and wherever the Incas afterwards 
penetrated, they distributed it as a boon 
among the conquered nations. To the pre- 
sent day, we see the Indian, stretched out 
unsociably in the shade, alternately putting 
some Coca-leaves and some finely-powdered 
chalk into his mouth. Silently, as unwil- 
ling to be disturbed by conversation, he 
whiles away a good half hour in the enjoy- 
ment of this occupation, slowly swallowing 
the saliva and renewing the masticated 
leaves by fresh ones ; and, while thus en- 
gaged, not all the haste and impatience of 
the traveller, nor even the approach of a 
heavy storm, can rouse the Indian from 
this state of intolerable apathy. The ser- 
vant would instantly quit any white master 
who attempted to restrain him in this re- 
spect, and would sooner bear to be de- 
prived of necessary food, than to employ, 
in any other manner, the period allotted to 
the enjoyment of his Coca. Only in quiet 
retirement, too, is the pleasure unalloyed, 
it is lost by riding or walking : so that if 
the traveller would keep his companion in 
good humour, whether proceeding by boat 



or by mules, he must, four times a day, 
consent to these tantalizing pauses, a sa- 
crifice which even the farmers of this coun- 
try are compelled to make to the infatua- 
tion of their workmen. It has never an- 
swered to debar a coquero (thus is the 
most intimate companion termed in Peru) 
from the enjoyment of this vice, for every 
one declares he would sooner forego the 
most necessary things; and the appetite 
for it increases with age, bringing with it 
many evil consequences. Strangers are 
amazed at beholding such an infatuated 
passion for a leaf, which, whether fresh or 
dry, is only distinguished by a slight scent, 
possesses no balsamic properties, and when 
taken in small quantities, has merely a 
grassy, or at most, a bitterish taste. The 
difficulty, however, vanishes when the ob- 
servation of its effect upon others, or one's 
own personal experience, convinces us that 
the Coca, by its property of stimulating 
the nervous system, possesses a power 
much akin to that of opium. Rude nations 
have ever sought for artificial excitements, 
and the lower do a people stand in the scale 
of intellectual ability, so much the more 
attractive to them is that means of exhila- 
ration which removes, for a time, the con- 
sciousness of a dreary waste within. The 
American Indians, and especially those of 
the Peruvian Andes, though surroimded 
by civilization, are enthralled by a melan- 
choly suspicion of their own deficiencies 
and inability to improve themselves, whence 
arises their passion for artificial stimuli, 
whether supplied by the Coca or by the 
inunoderate use of ardent spirits. Under 
the effect of the former, the habitual dejec- 
tion of the Peruvian leaves him, and his 
indolent imagination presents images to 
his mind, which would never occur to him 
in his usual condition. If less violent in 
its first effects than Opium, the Coca is, 
perhaps, more dangerous from their longer 
continuance. A series of observations can 
alone convince the novice of this fact, as 
without it, the long train of iUs which 
attack the Peruvian would never be traced 
to their real source. The sight of an inve- 
terate coquero suggests the desired expla-* 



AND PBOPERTIES OF THE COCA. 



163 



nation. Useless for every active pursuit 
in life, and the slave of his passions^ even 
more than the drunkard, he exposes him- 
self to the greatest dangers, for the sake of 
gratifying this degrading propensity. As 
the stimulus of the Coca is most fully de- 
veloped when the body is exhausted with 
toil, or the mind with conversation, the 
poor victim then hastens to some retreat in 
the gloomy native wood, and flinging him- 
self under a tree, remains stretched out 
there, heedless of night or of storms, un- 
protected by covering or by fire, uncon- 
scious of the floods of rain and of the tre- 
mendous winds which sweep the forest ; 
and after yielding himself, for two or three 
entire days, to the occupation of chewing 
Coca, returns home to his abode, with 
trembling limbs and a pallid countenance, 
the miserable spectacle of unnatural enjoy- 
ment Whoever accidentally meets the 
coquero under such circumstances, and by 
speaking interrupts the eflect of this intox- 
ication, is sure to draw upon himself the 
hatred of the half-maddened creature. The 
man who is once seized with the passion 
for this practice, if placed in circumstances 
which favour its indulgence, is a ruined 
being. Many instances were related to us 
in Peru, where young people of the best 
families, by occasional visiting of the fo- 
rests, have begun to use Coca for the sake 
of passing the time away ; and, acquiring 
a relish for it, have, from that period, been 
lost to civilization, and as if seized by 
some malevolent instinct, refuse to return 
to their homes, and resisting the entreaties 
of their friends, who occasionally discover 
the haunts of these unhappy fugitives, ei- 
ther retire to some more distant solitude, 
or take the first opportunity of escaping 
when they have been brought back to the 
towns. Indeed the lives of such wretched 
beings are embittered by the presence of 
civOized society, where the white coquero 
is shunned as the most dissolute drunkard, 
<uid, soon sinking into a semi-barbarous 
state, and degrading their white hue, which 
is the natural stamp of a higher class of 
society, they die a premature death from 
tbeir excessive use of this intoxicating^ leaf 



An example of this kind fell under my own 
notice, in an individual who lived with me 
in the solitary Pampayaco, and unworthily 
bore the honoured appellation of Calde- 
rone. He was of the fairest colour and of 
very good descent, but, for twenty years, 
had resided in the montana, where from 
compassion, he was permitted to inhabit a 
hut, more fit for a savage than for a white 
man. Although scarce forty years of age, 
he was more decrepid than many a person 
of sixty, and utterly useless for any com- 
mon purpose of life, as no one could de- 
pend on his word. Priding himself exces- 
sively, like all Creoles, on his white colour, 
yet utterly averse to any exertion, the mere 
idea of a city life, with its accompanying 
restraints, was hateful to him. As he was 
a decided coquero, he could only be of 
service when it was practicable to keep 
this intoxicating herb from him ; but when 
once the passion had irresistibly seized 
him, which was, at least, every month, he 
would break through all restraints; and, 
disappearing in the forest, was lost for 
many days, after which he would emerge, 
sick, powerless, and altered. He was of 
some use to me, as a good and eager sports- 
man, and, by liberally supplying him with 
such fine gunpowder as he could not ob- 
tain by purchase, I soon gained his perfect 
confidence and good will. His disposition 
was generally kind, but any remonstrance 
against his vices, would throw him into an 
ungovernable rage. He has frequently as- 
sured me, in confidential moments, that he 
would rather, as he has done for months 
together, live alone in the midst of some 
Coca shrubs, in the most solitary spot in 
the wilderness, depending for support on 
his fishing-line and gun, than return home 
to his family at Huanuco. His description 
of the lovely visions that appeared to him 
in the forest at night, and of his delicious 
sensations at such moments, had some- 
thing in it truly awful. When it rained, 
he used to cover his half-naked body with 
the soddened leaves that had fallen from the 
trees ; and, he assured me, that when this 
wretched substitute for raiment was brought 
to steaiQ by the warmth of his person, that 



U2 




SOME 4CC0tlJ«'»* 



ploy it as the Eaatem Gat> 
and those cf mor^ 
coholj cannr 
readers. ^ ,^ 



^^rf-*^^*"^^^/^ment, that he never ventured 

.^/n '^^ J* again. The Peruvian increases 

t'ifectfl by large doses, utter retire- 

'^r ^imt. and the addition of other stimulat- 

The inordinate use of 



^^" .. /jtr^'^iir jng substances. 







jii '*'l''srV^^'*''f' J'tjn the ner\^oiis complaints. But the oftener these orgies 



a/i' 



Jti^'" 






t^e foliage, its ex- 
be derived from 



are celebrated, especially in a warm and 
moist climiite, the sooner are their destruc- 



*^-Jr P^^^'^^tie^' Ui^S^ heaps of the tive effects made evident. For this reason, 

''i^J^"'*^^ lesveS' particularly wliile the the natives of the cold and dry districts of 

A^^I^Sy^^^^ f ihe^^^ ^^^ upon Ihem, dif- the Andes are more addicted to the con- 

irrfr*^* ^^ strong smell, resembling that sumption of Coca, than those of the close 

f^ge ^ ^^^ which there is a quantity of forests, where, undoubtedly, other stimu- 

f it'^y^ j|jg natives never permit stran- knts do but lake its place. Weakness in 

-f^li^^^ gjgep near them, as they would the digestive organs, which, 






Ifer 



like most in- 
jolent head-aches in consequence, curable complaints, increases continually 
Itept in small portions, and after a in a greater or less degree, first attacks 



V^^^ ^nths, the Coca loses its scent, and the unfortunate coquero. This complaint, 
fe^ rti.e9 weak in proportion. The novice which is called Opilacion, may be trifiing 
^.^ \r^ that the grassy smell and fresh hue at the beginning, but soon attains an 
^ ^ perceptible in the old state as when alarming height Then come bilious ob- 
* ^ and this is to be expected with the structions, attended with all those thousand 
Peruvian, who never uses it without the painful symptoms, which are so much ag- 
addition of burnt lime. Without this, which gravated by a tropical climate. Jaundice 
always excoriates the mouth of a stranger, and derangement of the nervous system 
the natives declare that Coca has not its follow, along with pains in the head, and 
true taste, a flavour, by the bye, which can such a prostration of strength, that the pa- 
only be detected after a long use of it. It tient speedily loses all appetite ; the hue 
then tinges green the carefully swallowed of the Whites assumes a leaden colour, 
spittle, and yields an infusion of the same and a total inability to sleep ensues, 
colour. Of the latter alone, I made trial, which aggravates the mental depression of 
and found that it had a flat grass-like taste, the unhappy individual, who spite of all 
but I experienced the full power of its sti- his ills, cannot relinquish the use of the 
mulating principle. When taken in the herb to which he owes his sufferings, but 
evening, it was followed by great restless- craves brandy in addition. The appetite 
ness, loss of sleep, and generally uncom- becomes quite irregular, sometimes failing 
fortable sensations ; while, from its exhibi- altogether, and sometimes assuming quite 
tion in the morning, a similar effect, though a wolfish voracity, especially for animal 
toaslighterdegree, arose, accompanied with food. Thus do years of misery drag on, 
loss of appetite. The English Physician, succeeded, at length, by a painful death. 
Dr. Archibald Smith, who has a sugar In a moral point of view, the custom of 
plantation near Huanuco, once, when un- chewing Coca is no less deleterious. The 
provided with Chinese Tea, made trial of propensity for solitude and inaction which 
the Coca as a substitute for it ; but, expe- it engenders, is productive of many bad 
rienced such distressing sensations of ner- consequences, and if the intellectual powers 



T 



AND PBOPERTIB8 OF THB COCA. 



165 



do not seem to Bink so quickly as tinder 
the use of ardent spirits, still the effects 
tend finally to equal degradation. It is 
fortunate that a thinly peopled region is 
the only theatre for the coqueros; the 
bustle of a town would ill suit this propen- 
sity; besides, public opinion is even more 
strong against it than gambling or drink- 
ing. The stigma of vulgarity attaches so 
much to a coquero, that every white per- 
son shuns any intercourse with him, though 
he always pleads the weakness of his sto- 
mach as an excuse for chewing the herb. 
The Indian alone is considered as privi- 
leged to continue this custom, for even the 
Negro, though fond of strong excitement, 
does not love Coca : still females of every 
dass are said to be partial to it, and to en- 
joy it, both in the montana and the towns, 
though in the greatest secrecy. It is a 
nue thing for strangers to addict them- 
selves to it, though it is said that the Chi- 
lians do so, when coming to reside in the 
Coca districts, and become even more in- 
veterate Coca chewers than the natives 
themselves. You may frequently hear the 
ignorant people, in Peru, speak of this 
herb as a blessing sent from heaven, and a 
miracolous plant, to which the greatest 
virtues are ascribed. Undoubtedly many 
individuals may use it, without suffering 
materially, but as its effects of increasing 
the powers arise solely from exciting the 
nerves, the result must finally be injurious; 
and, even those instances of endurance 
which arise from its use, have been greatly 
exaggerated. The miner will perform, for 
twelve long hours, the formidably heavy 
work of the mine, and, sometimes, even 
doubles that period, without taking any 
further sustenance than a handful of parched 
Maize, but every three hours he makes a 
pause for the purpose of chewing Coca 
(coqaear). He would work ill and reluc- 
tantly, if the proprietor let him want his 
&vourite herb, and he exerts himself four- 
fold, if he is aUowed to take brandy along 
with it, thus heightening, as he says, its 
pleasing taste. But after quitting such la- 
bour as no European could have performed, 
he requires (provided the Coca has not 



engendered any disease) as much food as 
others, and such a quantity of it as might 
surprize any one, when its miserable na- 
ture is considered. The same holds good 
with the Indian, who, as a porter, messen- 
ger, or vender of his own productions, tra- 
verses the Andes on foot. Merely chew- 
ing Coca from time to time, he travels with 
a load, weighing 1 cwt., on his back, over 
indescribably rough roads, and accom- 
plishes frequently ten leagues in eight 
hours. During the revolutionary war, the 
undisciplined Patriot troops, chiefly con- 
sisting of Indians from the Sierra, by dint 
of ample supplies of Coca and brandy, tra- 
versed long distances in a very short time, 
and thus became very dangerous to the 
Spaniards. Where Europeans would have 
halted and bivouacked, the ill-clad, bare- 
footed Indians merely paused, for a short 
interval, to chew their Coca. But with all 
this, the Coca only possesses a stimulating 
property which is highly dangerous and so 
fascinating, that, for one who becomes pas- 
sionately attached to it, there is no escape. 
Short, too, is the alleviation of misery 
which it yields to the thousands, whose 
destruction it procures, so that we may 
well adopt the opinion of the old Spanish 
Chronicler,^ who affirms that "the use of 
Coca is solely a depraved taste, and wor- 
thy only of such beings, as the unhappy 
Indians now are." 

ON THE CULTURE AND CONSUMPTION 
OF THB COCA. 

The native country of the Coca appears 
to be as little known as that of many other 
plants which attend on the footsteps of 
man ; I think, indeed, that I have met with 
it in the environs of Cuchero, on the stony 
top of Cerro de San Christobal ; but though 
its general aspect differed considerably from 
the cultivated plant, it is by no means im- 
probable that the seeds may have been 
dropped by birds. The climate, in gene- 
ral, suits the genus Erythroxylon, of which 
six species occur in its Flora, one of them, 
namely, the Wild Mamucuca of the In- 
dians (i. e. Coca-mother — Erythroxyli, n. 
sp.) is perfectly similar to the true Coca. 



166 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE UBSt 



The cultivated shrub Bucceeds best in the 
mild but very moist climates of the sub- 
Andes, on elevations between 2,000 and 
6,000 feet above the sea, where the mercury 
does not frequently fall below 15*» C. (Centi- 
grade) and where the climate is free from any 
great and sudden changes. In the province 
of Huanuco, 9,000 feet above the sea, night 
frosts sometimes occur, killing the Coca, 
and where the mean temperature exceeds 
20^ C, the plants lose their strength, and 
the dryness of the leaf, which always be- 
speaks a too warm situation, is accompanied 
by a want of flavour, which causes it to be 
rejected by an experienced coquero. For 
this reason the Coca is not cultivated even 
on the plain parts of Maynas, and the few 
natives, accustomed to its use, procure it 
from the more elevated districts. North 
of Lima, it is extensively grown in the 
provinces of Huanuco and Guamalies ; the 
former of which maintains a high celebrity 
for its Coca. Experience proves that it 
succeeds best on declivities, and little rug- 
ged slopes, free, however, from stones, 
where the earth, of a brick-red colour, 
probably contains much iron, and may be 
considered identical with that kind of soil, 
on which, in the North of Cuba, the natives 
cultivate the best cofiee, and on which, 
near Havanna, the finest kinds of tobacco 
are raised. Limestone, again, is very de- 
trimental to the growth of Coca, unless co- 
vered with a layer of vegetable soil,, and 
even then, the shrub becomes stunted; and, 
producing only knotty branches and no 
leaves, speedily perishes. Swampy land 
acts even more disadvantageously, and oc- 
casions the roots to rot. But as on such 
varied ground and interrupted surface, the 
soil changes considerably in a short space, 
and the natives shun all artificial improve- 
ments, the plantations of Coca have a most 
irregular appearance, and present a total 
reverse to the beautiful symmetry of a 
West Indian cofiee plantation. In all the 
warm districts, the usual process of felling 
and burning the natural wood is practised, 
which is done at the close of the dry sea- 
son, after which they proceed to sowing 
the Coca, the berries having been gathered 



whenever their ripeness is indicated by tlie 
bright scarlet colour. In order to prevent 
the dry berries being attacked by rotten- 
ness, they pick out the decayed ones, and 
then throw the remainder into vessels of 
water, rejecting those whose lightness nudces 
them swim, as having been injured by in- 
sects. They are deposited in the ground 
with the greatest exactness and symmetry, 
the holes being made by a smooth iron, ia 
each hole a handful of seed is put, but not 
covered with earth, as they would other- 
wise rot. If sown at the proper time, No- 
vember, about one hundred plants spring 
up and grow, and are allowed to remain 
undisturbed for fifteen or eighteen months^ 
many of them, however, perishing for want 
of space. In the second week of February, 
sixteen months after sowing, the joung 
branchless shrubs are transplanted singly 
to other holes, and ranged, if possible, in 
straight lines, thus forming the proper 
plantation, called a Cocal, Here the shrub 
is destined to pass its life, and it receives 
the customary treatment, which, though 
not laborious, involves a good deal of at- 
tention. It consists chiefly in removing 
all weeds, and carrying off the water. The 
weeding should be done at least every three 
months, and a partial cleansing at the end 
of every month, because vegetation is here 
so rapid and vigorous as almost to defy the 
art of man. Certain plants spring up with 
incredible celerity, among them some 
grasses are peculiarly troublesome, namely, 
Panicum platycaule, Poir., P. scandens, 
B, Trin., P decwnbens, R. and S., and 
Pennisetum Peruvianum, A Zhymaria 
also grows in the utmost profusion, with 
some small Commelinas, which are very 
difficult to be eradicated. A Fern that is 
never seen in the woods, may be consi- 
dered as the greatest foe to cultivation, 
wherever mankind goes, it follows him, and 
resists all attempts to root it out, whether 
by weeding or by fire. The Macara {Pie- 
ris arachnoidea) grows to the height of a 
man in less than three months, and so ex* 
hausts the soil as to destroy the Coca, while 
it maintains its own vegetative property, 
though burnt down to the ground. No l^as 



AND PR0PERTIB8 OF THE COCA. 



167 



do climbing plants attempt to extend 
their sway over the plantations of Coca, 
into which they insinuate themselves from 
the neighbouring woods. The labour of 
removing these various weeds is extreme, 
and care must be taken afterwards to loosen 
the soil and render it perfectly level, so 
that no water may collect in the hollows, 
and injure the delicate roots. Many peo- 
ple plant Maize in the first year, between 
the yoimg shrubs, but as this soon exhausts 
the soil, it is replaced by the useful Bottle 
Gourd. The time of gathering the leaves 
depends on the greater or less richness of 
the soil ; on the best land it may take place 
in three years, but in poorer situations only 
at five years' end. The full-grown shrub 
affords a harvest every thirteen or fourteen 
months, but as the ripeness of the leaves 
depends very much on situation and the 
age of the plants, so in large plantations 
the collecting of them goes on throughout 
the whole year. The only means of ascer- 
taining the maturity of the leaves is by 
examining their stiffness; if they bend 
when taken hold of, they are considered 
too young, colour and size determining no- 
thing. If, on the contrary, the leaves break, 
the gathering must not be delayed, or the 
ahrub will throw them off of itself. The 
mode of gathering them is, to grasp the 
twigs in both hands, and strip off the foli- 
age with some force, a labour that even 
wounds the hard skin of the natives. There 
is a prejudice in favour of dr3ring the Coca 
in the sun, perhaps arising from the indo- 
lence of the people, who resist every thing 
new. Before each dwelling-house to which 
a Cocal is attached, a place (Area) made 
smooth, is seen, it is either imperfectly co- 
vered with a wooden floor, or firmly stamp- 
ed down, but being exposed to the weather, 
and a rendezvous for the domestic animals, 
it is generally in a very bad state. Here 
the leaves are spread on sunny days to be 
dried. But in a country where rain is so 
frequent, that weeks often pass without the 
sun's appearing, where the sky is often long 
enveloped in thick fogs and clouds, and the 
changes of weather are sudden and extreme, 
such a method of preparing the Coca is 



very inefficient. The Peruvians, however, 
are not yet arrived at the idea of building 
those Secaderos in which the Coffee is 
dryed at Cuba, nor, what would be still 
better, of employing a moderate and well- 
regulated degree of artificial heat within 
small houses erected for the purpose. The 
greatest vigilance, the utmost despatch in 
snatching up and carrying away the out- 
spread leaves of Coca, cannot always pre- 
vent their being damaged by wet, and 
sometimes they spoil by being kept within 
doors, waiting for such weather as would 
enable them to be laid out. In this way, 
large sums are annually lost, for when once 
the leaves turn black, and shrink in conse- 
quence of moisture, they become unsale- 
able, having lost their flavour. If, under 
peculiarly favourable circumstances, the 
process of drying is accomplished in one 
day, the article is esteemed the best, and 
is eagerly sought for, and fetches a high 
price. In this state, the leaf is of a beau- 
tiful bright-green, and quite smooth ; the 
browner and less quickly dried kinds are 
cheaper. Finally, the well-prepared Coca 
is wrapped up in large woollen cloths, and 
deposited for a time in the house, but the 
more this period is shortened, the better, 
as a few weeks of wet weather will spoil 
the colour even of what is thus secured 
from the immediate action of the atmo- 
sphere ; for which reason the natives send 
their goods as quickly as possible from the 
vicinity of the damp woods. Immediately 
before despatching the Coca, it is pressed, 
by dint of treading, into sacks made of a 
coarse striped woollen stuff, manufactured 
for the purpose by the Indians of Conchu- 
cos ; each of these, which is called a ter- 
cio, weighs, while in the forest, 80 lbs., but 
loses 10 per cent in the course of a few 
weeks after its arrival at Huanuco, in con- 
sequence of the greater dryness of the air 
there. To prevent, in part, this heavy loss, 
the seller hastens to carry his Coca to the 
somewhat moister climate of the Andes. 
If well packed, the leaf is not apt to turn 
black, but inattention on the day of send- 
ing it away, or neglecting the precaution 
of securing, the tercios from the night-dew. 



168 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE USES 



while on their journey, by covering them 
with woollen wrappers, causes the Coca to 
heat, like bad hay, and to lose its flavour 
and colour. 

The consumption of Coca is confined to 
Peru, where, however, it is nearly univer- 
sal. All the people of the lower class are 
addicted to this usage, but the Negroes 
and inhabitants of the coast form an occa- 
sional exception. The Indians of the Sierra 
cannot live without it, and the usage exists 
even among the districts of the warm mon- 
tana. Such a superstitious feeling attaches 
to this practice, that the lowest classes at 
Huanuco thrust Coca into the mouth of 
the dying, and infer his future blessedness 
from the pleasure which the taste of this 
herb seems to impart to him. Below the 
Pongo of the Huallaga, and on the Maranon 
it is hardly known, so that it excites sur- 
prize to meet with the custom again at S. 
Paulo (Olivenza), where the shrub is call- 
ed Ypadu, Owing, however, to the low 
situation and heat of the climate, its habit 
is very different from the Peruvian plant, 
and no less inferior in the quality of its 
foliage, which is further prepared and treat- 
ed in such a manner as to deprive it even 
of its trifling properties. Wherever the 
sway and manners of the Incas have pre- 
vailed in Peru, there you find the Coca ; 
but it disappears in those districts where 
the Aborigines were first subjugated by the 
Whites. For this cause, it is seen in La- 
mas, but riot near Maynas, for its introduc- 
tion into Brazil is of modem date, and it 
finds but a very limited number of votaries 
there. To the North, the Coca is known 
almost throughout Quito, Pasto, Popayan, 
and Cauca; but scarcely in Venezuela. 
Upper Peru, and Cuzco produce a good 
deal, which is consumed in the immediate 
neighbourhood, as neither Chili nor the 
States of Plata have adopted the custom. 
With the exception of the Brazils, the 
mode of using it is every where the same 
as in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia. The 
coquero carries a small bag with him, in 
order to preserve the leaves entire, for he 
considers the broken ones to be worth but 
little, and the fragments and dust he throws 



away. A little calabash contains very 
finely pounded lime, butjnever in Northern 
Peru, the ashes of the plant, as is men- 
tioned by Mr. V.Martius (Vol. III. p. 1169. 
1180). A small metal needle runs through 
the stopper, this is moistened when used, 
turned about in the pounded lime, and 
drawn into the mouth by the ball of chewed 
leaves, taking care not to touch the Jlips 
with the caustic lime, which would excori- 
ate the palate even of the practised co- 
quero. But the teeth are infallibly de* 
stroyed by it, and the Peruvians, who arc 
addicted to this custom, have all a horrible 
set of black and carious teeth. A work- 
man of the common class, particularly if 
he be a real Indian, daily consumes from 
an ounce to an ounce and half of Coca; 
the more extravagant chewers double this 
allowance, and even sometimes raise it to 
four ounces. At Olivenza, where, as well 
as at Ega, a small Cocal was lately estab- 
lished, they dry the leaves rapidly by means 
of fire, and pound them, whilst hot, in a 
mort€u*, thus dissipating, it is said, their 
peculiar properties. The Peruviana, whose 
intimate acquaintance with this subject, no 
one, unhappily, can deny, are of opinion 
that too much heat deprives even the best 
Coca of the active principle, that' a warm 
climate will spoil the Coca del Dia in ten 
months, while it continues good for a year 
and a half in the cold and dry districts of 
the Andes. 

All old authors agree that the use of 
Coca may be traced to the highest antiquity, 
and that in the days of Manco Capac this 
leaf was so much prized as to form part of 
every sacrifice to the gods. It was then 
almost wholly confined to the higher classes, 
whence it gradually spread downwards, and 
became so prevalent in the time of the 
Conquistadores, that they, unable to detect 
any thing agreeable or efficacious in this 
leaf, ascribed its virtues to mere imagina- 
tion (cosa de pura imaginacion), a belief 
that was combated, however, by Acosta, 
who justly says, that the increased ability 
to labour, which the Indians display after 
taking a handful of Coca, cannot jbe solely 
the result of mental delusion. The custom 



AND PROPERTIES OF THE COCA. 



169 



of chewing Coca has certainly some affinity 
with the practice that is universal among 
the Indians, of continually masticating 
something, such as roots, small twigs, and 
herbs, and also of rubbing their teeth with 
pieces of bitter or astringent kinds of wood, 
which latter is also done by the white Pe- 
ruvians and Chilians. The first proprietors 
of mines among the Conquistadores soon 
found, that without a supply of Coca no 
exertions could be expected from the In- 
dians; and the Spaniards, who instantly 
set about culuvating it, were obliged to 
call in the aid of the Indians. These poor 
creatures, again compelled to quit the dry 
atmosphere of the Andes in order to tend 
the plantations of Coca in the warm and 
moist low lands, died in such numbers, that 
a royal ordinance was issued in 1567, pro- 
hibiting the culture of a plant" which is 
connected with the work of idolatry and 
sorcery, strengthening the wicked in their 
delusions, and asserted by every competent 
judge to possess no true virtues, but, on 
the contrary, to cause the deaths of innu- 
merable Indians, while it ruins the health 
of the few who survive." Like too many 
well-meant public prohibitions, this was, 
however, soon evaded ; though repeated in 
the strictest manner by the second Council 
of Lima, in 1569. The profits were too 
temptingly great, for in Potosi the mono- 
poly produced to the Provincial Govern- 
ment a sum of not less than 500,000 p. d., 
from the consumption of 90 — ^100,000 bas- 
kets, in the year 1583 : and private indivi- 
duals also drew immense revenues from 
the produce of their Cocals, in the pro- 
vinces of Cuzco, La Paz, and La Plata. 
Thus the poor Indians were compelled, as 
before, to labour at an employment which 
was destructive to them, though orders to 
the contrary were oflen sent from Madrid, 
uid it is with too much justice that the 
depopulation of Peru is ascribed, in a great 
i&easure, to this cause. After this period, 
the culture of the Coca greatly decreased, 
the diminishing number of its principal 
consumers, and the many Cocals that had 
been ktely established, lowered the price 
of it From this time up to the present 



day, the shrub has been only grown in pri- 
vate plantations, and all forced labour is 
entirely prohibited by the Republican 
Constitution. 

The first expense of establishing a Cocal 
is trifling, compared with its returns, and 
as by good management and economy, the 
labour might be greatly diminished, and 
the produce as much increased, so there 
are few branches of agriculture which 
might be rendered equally profitable. It 
is not easy to gain a correct estimate of the 
. expense and revenue of these plantations 
in a country where the land is so much 
diversified as in Peru, but the most expe- 
rienced planters in the Quebrada de Chin- 
chao have informed me that a Cocal, of 
which the original cost and current ex- 
penses amounted to 2,500 p. d. in the first 
twenty months, ought, at the end of ten 
months more, to bring a clear income of 
1,700 p. d. Good management and eco- 
nomy will always enable the proprietor to 
clear ofi* every incumbrance in six years at 
most, w:hen the profits would regularly yield 
45 per cent, on the capital. There is no- 
thing to be feared from a sudden drop in 
the price or the failure of a crop, and the 
losses from rainy weather are but partial. 
The reason why so few planters of Coca 
become rich under such favourable circum- 
stances, must be sought for in the adequate 
cause, of their negligence, and particularly 
immoral lives. 

The value of Coca is estimated by car- 
goes or mule-loads of two tercios, contain- 
ing, together, about 7 arrobas, or 175 
8panish pounds, and the price varies con- 
siderably, according to the distance to 
which it has to be conveyed. The planters 
generally contract with the merchants in 
town for their whole produce ; but there is 
also a retail trade carried on with the coun- 
try people, who give their dried potatoes 
and coarse woollen cloths for Coca, which 
they again sell at considerable profit. These 
poor but industrious Indians return home 
with gigantic loads on their backs, often 
weighing from 100 to 150 lbs., often over 
very bad roads, and sometimes, as the na- 
tives of Huaylilla, perform a journey of 



170 



MR. DRUMMOND*B C0LLBCTI0N8. 



seyen days, thus encumbered, through the 
most frightful and perfectly uninhabited 
forests. Generally speaking, the decline 
of the mining business has diminished the 
demand for Coca, and many Cecals lie 
waste, because their owners, ruined by the 
war, no longer possess the means for car- 
rying them on. The plantations in the 
Quebrada of Chinchao formerly yielded an 
annual harvest of 70,000 Spanish pounds, 
which, though fetching but a low price, 
enabled the inhabitants to support them- 
selves, while the tax on Coca alone covered 
all the expenses of the Miuiicipal Govern- 
ment of the place. Thus the Coca, per- 
nicious as it is, seems to be a necessary 
evil, and its cultivation is so extensive as 
to become of statistical importance. Many 
of the woody districts would be uninhabit- 
able without it. In the Quebrada of Chin- 
chao there are one hundred and fifty planta- 
tions, which employ eighteen hundred men, 
thus affording work and support to such a 
number of persons as seldom can obtain a 
regular subsistence in so destitute a coun- 
try as Peru. About two thousand persons, 
the families of the proprietors and their 
dependents, live upon the produce, and a 
thousand more may be added, who are lit- 
tle dealers and manufacturers of the wool- 
len stuff, or muleteers. The fact, that by 
the cultivation of an insignificant shrub full 
emplo3rment may be afforded to almost five 
thousand persons in so small a space as 
this valley, proves what a large population 
might find room in Peru, and how numer- 
ous are the means of subsistence that are 
presented to the natives, if they would but 
labour. In Upper Peru (Bolivia) this 
branch of agriculture is of much greater 
importance, yielding annually about 400,000 
baskets. The whole value of the Coca 
produced in Peru and Bolivia amounts to 
above two and a half millions a-year. The 
mode of culture differs but little in these 
countries, though the appearance of the 
shrub varies considerably, the under-side 
of the leaf in the Bolivian plant being of a 
yellowish colour. The assertion seems to 
me most surprising, that every ounce of 
the leaves yields half an ounce of gum, as 



I have been unable to detect this substance 
to such an amount, even in a very much 
larger quantity of leaves. Equally un- 
founded are the encomiums that have been 
passed on the Coca as stomachic and nu- 
tritive, qualities that can hardly be sup- 
posed to exist in a thin membranous leaf; 
and which repeated chemical analyses, 
made by me, while residing for many 
months in a Coca plantation, enabled me 
completely to disprove. I could find but 
a very small portion of vegetable mucUage 
in it, the saliva of the Coca-chewer is thin 
and watery, like that which flows from the 
chewing of Tobacco, and it betrays not the 
least trace of sugar to the palate. The 
older writers give but little information re- 
specting the Coca— one only, who singu- 
larly enough has been hitherto overlooked, 
states, that *' Coca has the effect of dis- 
pelling fatigue, and is masticated by the 
Indians in order to produce sleep, intoxi- 
cation, and forgetfulness of all labour and 
care." What the Coca-root, briefly men- 
tioned by Herrera as used for food is, I 
am not aware — perhaps the name, raiz de 
Coca, proves that he has confoimded it 
with the raiz de Yuca, the Sweet Manioc 
Root, 



NOTICE CONCERNING THE LATE 
MR. DRUMMOND'S COLLEC- 
TIONS, MADE CHIEFLY IN THE 
SOUTHERN & WESTERN PARTS 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 

(Contmuedjrom p, 101.) 
OLEINEJ;. 

619. (1.) Forrestiera, acuminata, Poir. 
— N. Orl. (n. 211.) 

GENTIANB^. JtlSS. 

620. (1.) Gentiana saponaria, L. — St 
Louis.— N. Orl. 1833. 

621. (2.) Gentiana ockroleuca, Froel. — 
N. Orl. 1833. Jacksonville.— Notwitb- 
standing all the attempts that have been 
madetodiscriminate between this and the 
preceding species, I am not satisfied that 
the two are really distinct : and one of 
my specimens, from St. Louis, pcutakes 
as much of the character of one as of &e 



MB. dbummond's collections. 



171 



oth^r. The calycine segments vary ex- 
tremely in length and breadth, as do the 
internal plic» of the corolla in length 
and in the deeree^ of toothine. The co- 
lour of the flower of G. ochroleuca is 
very different in different individuals, 
frequently deeply tinged and streaked 
with purple, and G, incamata of Sims, 
BoL Mag, t, 1856, is surely only a pale 
yellowish-green flowered var, of the pre- 
sent. The New Orleans specimens ap- 
pear to have white flowers; and this 
may, perhaps, be referred to the very 
obscure G, alba, Miihl. in Cat. 

622. (3.) Gentiana Catesbai, Walt — 
Ml. Carol, v. 1. p. 339.— St. Louis.— 
This, again, as is acknowledged by all 
authors, comes very near the two pre- 
ceding species. Its leaves are narrower, 
and the segments of the corolla are less 
incurved. This, or some var. of G. sa- 
ponaria, is probably what Michaux took 
for the Linnsean G, Pneumonanthe, and 
he thence erroneously introduced that 
plant into the American Flora, in which 
he has been followed by all subsequent 
authors. "Between Canada and Hud- 
son's Bay," is the station given by Mi- 
chaux : but in the rich collection 1 pos- 
sess from that country, I have never 
seen anything that could be referred to 
our European G. Pneumonanthe. Pursh 
extends the limits of it "from Canada to 
Pennsylvania." My accurate and valued 
friend. Dr. Torrey, observes that the N. 
American G. Pneurnonanihe, which has 
been made a species by Roemer and 
Schultes, " G. PseudO' Pneumonanthe,** 
(though these authors appear never to 
have seen it,) " differs in no respect from 
numerous European species in my Her- 
barium. It was obligingly communicated 
to me by Dr. Bigelow." Dr. Bigelow's 
station is, "Swamps near Portland, Maine, 
Massachusets." I possess a specimen 
from the same spot, given me by Dr. Boott 
(the friend of Dr. Bigelow, and the com- 
panion of so many of his excursions), 
which had been first of all labelled, " G, 
saponaria," (but which I am rather in- 
clined to refer to G. CkUesbcei:) then, 
afier Dr. Boott had compared it with 
Michaux's Herbarium at Paris, it was 
named, "G. Pneumonanthe, Mich." 
The true G. Pneumonanthe of Linn. 
must therefore, I think, be erased from 
the American Flora. 

623. (4) Gentiana quinqueflora, Froel. 
— St. Louis. — ^This is probably its most 
southern limit in the United States. Dr. 
Darlington has ja^pt me specimens, "e 
montibus altis. Peaks of Otter, Virgi- 



nia," and it appears to be frequent in 
the North. 

624. (I.) Sabbatia gracilis, Mich, (sub 
Chironiam), not of Ell, nor Nutt. — Co- 
vington. — ^Whole plant exceeding slen- 
der : lower leaves linear, upper ones al- 
most setaceous. — I have the same plant 
under the same name from Dr. Short, 
gathered in Georgia, by Dr. Boykin. I 
possess it also, from Augusta, by favour 
of Dr. Wray. The Sabbatia (Chironia, 
Mx.) paniculata, is probably only a more 
erect and shorter growing state of this 
plant. 

625. (2.) Sabbatia angularis, L. (sub 
Chironiam) — Covineton.— St Louis. 

626. (3.) Sabbatia co^yco^a, Mich, (sub 
CAiVoniam).— N. Orl. (n. 222.) andl833. 

627. (4.) Sabbatia campestris; erecta, 
foliis ovatis amplexicauhbus, pedunculis 
elongatis subfastigiatis, calycibus ciliatis, 
laciniis lineahbus corollam 5-partitam 
superantibus. Nuti. in Fl. ofArkansa 
Territ. p. 197. — N. Orl. (n. 223.) — A 
most distinct and well-marked species, 
first discovered by Mr. Nuttall, in open 
prairies of the Arkansa and Red Rivers, 
whence I have received specimens from 
that author. 

(5.) Sabbatia brachiata, Ell. — N. 
Orl. (n. 224.) — Flowers rose-colour, be- 
coming nearly white in drying. Our 
specimens exactly a^ree with ori^nal 
ones of Mr. Elliott, m my Herbarium. 
I possess, also, copious specimens from 
N. Orleans, gathered by M. Tainturier. 
Its nearest affinity is doubtless, S. co- 
rymbosa, of which, however, I possess 
no specimens, except from New Jersey, 
N. Carolina, and Georgia. 
^. (6.) Sabbatia macrophyUa; elata, 
caule tereti, foliis late ovatis acutissimia 
5-nerviis subtus glaucis, panicula am-t 
plissima corymbosa, floribus par vis (aln 
bis), calycis dentibus minutissimis tubo 
corollffi profunde 5-partit8B brevioribus, 
— Covington. — The largest of all the 
species (three to four feet high) ; at the 
same time having the smallest flowers and 
the most minute calycine teeth. Leaves 
two inches long, and full an inch broad. 
Panicle exceecungly large. 

630. (7.) Sabbatia genttanoidea. Ell.-— 
Covington, 

631. (8.) Sabbatia chloroides, Mich, (sub 
Chironiam,) — Covington. 

632. (I.) Centaurella vema, Mich. — N. 
Orl. (n. 221.) 

633. (2.) Centaurella />antcu2ato, Mich. 
— Covington. 

634. (1.) Ophiorrhixa Mitreola, L.— Co-< 
vington. 



173 



MB. dbummond's collbctionb. 



635. (2.) Ophiorrhixa hnceokUa, EIL— 
Covington. 

636. (1.) Spigelia Marylandica, L.— 
N. Orl. (n. m) 

637. (1.) YiWvawBL trackysperma, Ell. — 
N. Orl. (n. 225.) 

638. (2.) ViUarsia lacunosa. Vent — T. 
cordata, EIL— Covington. — ^Leaves much 
smaller, and far less deeply pitted than 
in the preceding species. 

BIQNONIACEiB. Br. 

639. (1.) Bignonia capreokUa, Mich.— 
N. Orl. (n. 226.) 

640. (1.) TecomaiSton^^Juss.— St. Louis. 

PBBALINBA. Br. 

641. (I.) MartyniajoroftofCMba, L. — St. 
Louis. 

HTDBOLBACBiB. Br. 

642. (1.) Hjdrolea qtnnofa, L.— Coving- 
toa 

643. (2.) Hjrdrolea Caroliniana, Mich, 
— M. quadrivalvis, Walt and other au- 
thors, but the capsule is not four-valved. 
— N. Orl. 183a 

POLBMONIACBiL JuSi. 

644. (1.) Polemonium reptans, L. — ^Al- 
leghanies. 

645. (1.) Phlox acuminata, Th.—Bot. 
Mag. 1 1880.— St Louis.— Is this really 
distinct from the Linnsan P. panicu- 
laia? 

646. (2.) Phlox pifo^a, L.— St Louis. 

647. ?3.) Phlox aristata, Mich.— N. Orl. 
(n. 227.)— Probably, asMr.Nuttall sug- 
gests, only a glabrous state of P, piiosa. 

648. (4.) Phlox divaricata, L. — Alle- 
ghames. 

649. (5.) Phlox reptans, Mich. — AUe- 
ghames. 

650. (6.) Phlox sulmlaia, L.— PhUadel- 
phia. Alleghanies. — Surely this species 
and P. setacea are not specifically dis- 
tinct: I possess various intermediate 
states, especially from my valued cor- 
respondent, Dr. Short, of Kentucky. In 
dry and poor soils, the stems are more 
stra^ling, the leaves shorter and more 
fasciculated, and the whole plant has a 
more rigid aspect 

HYDBOPHYLLBiB. Br. 

651. (1.) Hydrophyllum oppemftcuZo^my 
Mx. — ^Alleghanies. 



662. (2.) HydrophyDum Virginicum, L. 
—-Wheeling. Alleghanies. 

653. (Z.) Hydrophyllum Canadense, L. 
— AUeghanies. 

654. (4.3 Hydrophyllum maerophyllufn; 
foliis pinnatifidis grosse-inciso dentads, 
laciniis rhomboideo - ovalibus supremis 
confluentibus, pedunculo longissimo ca- 
lycibusque hirsutis, C3rma congesta laci- 
niis calycinis brevioribus. Nutt. inJoum, 
Acad. Nat. Sc. PhUad. v. 7. p. 111.— 
Alleghanies. — ^This fine and very distinct 
species was first discovered by Dr. Short, 
from whom I possess specimens exactly 
corresponding with those of Mr. Drum- 
mond. 

655. (1.) Ellisia microcalyx; glabiios- 
cula, decumbens, foliis lyrato-pinnatifidis 
longe petiolatis, laciniis paucis (3 — 5) 
lateralibus obliquis inciso-dentatis inter- 
medio trifido obtuso, floribus solitariis 
minutis. NutL in Fhr, of Ark. TerriL 
p. 191.— N. Orl. (n. 233.)— This I have 
formerly received from Mr. Parker, ga- 
thered on the Mississippi : and from the 
same gentleman, I possess the E. ranun- 
culacea, also ofNutt., described in the 
same work. Both these Mr. Bentham re- 
fers to Nemophila. 

656. (10 Eutoca parviflora, Br. ( JRa- 
celia, Ph.) — ^AUeghames. 

BORAQINBiB. JuSi. 

657. (1.) Tiaridium Indicum, Lebm. — 
Heliotropium Indicum, L. — N. Orl. (». 
229, bis.)— St Louis. 

658. (1.) Myosotis stricta, L. — M. vema, 
Nutt. — M, arvensis. Tor.— N. OrL (n. 
232.) Pennsylvania. 

659. (1.) Echinospermum Virginicum, 
Lehm. — Alleghanies. 

660. (1.) Onosmodium hispiduin, BfidL 
— N. Orl. (n. 231.) 

661. (2.) Onosmodium moZb, Mich. — St 
Louis. 

662. (3.) Onosmodium ^oa6rum, Roem. 
et Sch.— N. Ori. 1833. 

663. (I.) Pulmonaria Virginica, L. — 
AUeehanies. St. Louis. 

664. (I.) Cynoglossum FtV^'inicum, L. — 
N. Orl. (n.m) Alleghanies. 

CONVOLVULACBiB. Juss. 

665. (I.) Convolvulus teneUus, L. — (C. 
trichosanthes, Mich. — C. Sherardi, Pb., 
according to Nuttall). — var. foliis latio- 
ribus.— N. Orl. (n. 228.} Covington.— 
The C. aquaticus, of Walt and Elliott, 
does not differ from this, except in being 
very downy. 



MB. drummokd's collections. 



173 



666. (2.) Convolvulas Sepium, L. — Co- 
viDgton. 

667. (3) Convolvulus Stans, Mx. — C. 
spilkanuBus, L. — Alleghanies. 

668. (4.) Convolvulus sagiltifoliits, Mx. 
— N. Orl. 1833. 

669. (5.) Convolvulus purpureus f L. — 
(IpOTTUBa, Ph.) Covington. 

670. (6.) Convolvulus tamnifolius, Mey. 
(IponuBa, Ph.) — Covin^on. 

671. (7.) Convolvulus hederaceus, Mil- 
ler (not Xmn.,^rf« CAow. in Herb.nostr?) 
—Jacksonville. 

672. (1. ) IpomsBa cocciWa, L. — N. Orl. 
1833. 

673. (2.) Ipomeea trichocarpa, Ell. — N. 
Orl. (n. 228 bis.) — Jacksonville, (bad 
specimens). 

674. (1.) Capraria multifida, Mx. — St. 
Louis. 

675. (1.) Dichondra Caroliniana, Mich. 
-N. Orl. (n, 229.) 

676. (1.) Cuscuta Americana, L. — St. 
Louis. — Some of the specimens of this 
plant seem to have all the flowers abor- 
tive and turned into scales, which are 
excessively crowded, and form a dense 
wreath, of a pale straw colour, around 
the branch of some shrub. 

677. (2.) Cuscuta coronata, Beyrich, in 
Herb, Americ. — N. Orl. 1833, on the 
stems of Laurus Caroliniana, 

SOLAN EJB. Juss, 

678. (1 .) Solanum Carolinense, L. — Ohio. 

679. (2.) Solanum nigrum, L. — N. Orl. 
1833.— St. Louis. 

680. (1.) Fhy salis pubescens, L. — Ohio. 
Alleghanies. St. Louis. N. Orl. 1833. 

681. (2.) Physalis obscura, Mx. — a. an* 
gulata, Ph.— St. Louis. N. Orl. 1833.— 
ft viscido'pubescens, Ph. — Jackson- 
ville. 

682. (3.) Physalis Philadelphica.—AWe- 
ghanies. — ^The characters of these sup- 
posed species of Physalis are very ob- 
scure and unsatisfactory. 

683. (1.) Lycium Carolinianum, Walt 
-N. Orl. (n. 234.) 

OBOBANCHE^. JlLSS. 

684. (1.) Orobanche wni/fora, L. — O.bi- 
flora, Nutt. — Pennsylvania. 

685. (2.) Orobanche Virginiana, L. — 
Epifagus Americana, Nutt. — Jackson- 

SCEOPHULABINiE. JusS, 

[N.B. In the arrangement of the Genera 
of this Order, I have followed that of Mr. 
Bentham, in the Botanical Register, under 
folio 1770.] 



VEBBASCEiE. Nees. 

686. (1.) Verbascum Thapsus, L. —Co- 
vington. 

687. (1.) Scrophularia lanceolata, Ph. — 
St. Louis. Alleghanies. 

688. (1.) hmvin^ Canadensis, Spr. — N. 
Orl. (n. 243.) Pennsylvania. 

689. (1.) Pentstemon pubescens, Ait. — 
Alleghanies. Pennsylvania. 

690. (2.) Pentstemon Icevigatum, Ait. — 
N. OrL (n. 235.) — Are this and pvhescens 
really distinct species ? 

691. (1.) Chelone glabra, L.— ran /9. 
lanceolata. — St. Louis. 

692. (1.) Mimulus ringens, L. Ait. — ^N. 
Orl. 1833. Jacksonville. 

693. (1.) Herpestis cuneifolia, Ph. — N. 
Orl. (n. 240.) Covington. 

694 (2.) Herpestis am/jfexicau/w. Ph. — 
Covington. 

695. (3.) Herpestis rotundifolia. Ph.— 
St. Louis. 

696. (1.) Matourea nigrescens, Benth. — 
(Graiiola acum nata, Ell.; non Pursh.) 
— Covington. 

697. (1.) Gratiola pilosa, Mx. — Coving- 
ton. 

698. (2.) Gratiola sphaerocarpa. Ell. — 
N Orl. (n. 2380 and 1833.— This has 
been found by Dr. Short, in swamps of 
the Lexington river, Kentucky. 

699. (3.) Gratiola Virginica, L.— Alle- 
ghanies. 

700. (1.) Lindemia dilatata, Muhl.— N. 
Orl. (n. 239.)— Covington. St. Louis. 
Ohio. — Dried specimens of this are often 
confounded with Gratiola Virginica, but 
the narrow-oblong germen or capsule 
will readily distinguish it. 

701. (2.) Lindernia attenuata, Miihl. Ell. 
— N. Orl. 1833. 

Obs. The Lindemia refracta, Ell. and 
of Beyrich's plant from Geor^a, is L. mon* 
ticola, Ell. and L. filiformis of Baldwin, 
MSS. 

702. (1.) Micranthemum orbiculatum, 
Mich .—Covington. 

703. (1.) Buchnera Americana, L. — N. 
Orl. (n. 241.)— St. Louis. 

704. (1.) Sutera multifida, Benth. {Ca- 
praria muUif., L. — Leucospora muUi- 
fida, Nutt.) — St. Louis. 

705. (1.) Veronica Virginica, L. — (Zqo- 
tandra, Nutt.") — St. Louis. 

706. (2.) Veronica agrestis, L.— N. Orl. 
(n. 237.). 

707. (3.) Veronica peregrina, L. — N. 
Orl. (n. 236.) 

708. (1.) Pol3rpremum procumbens, L. 
— Covington. — Although my valued 
friend, Mr. Bentham, has omitted this 
Genus in his revision of the Scrophula- 



174 



MB. drummond'b collections. 



rifUB, above quoted, I am yet of opinion 
that it is correctly referred to this Order 
by Chartiisso and Schlechtendal (y. Lin- 
neay v. 5. p. 105.), and that its proper 
place is in Mr. Bentham*s tenth Tribe, 
" VERONiCEiE, 2 Div. Stamina 4. 
Coralla ^-Jida.** There is indeed a 
union of the base of the germen with 
that of the corolla and calyx, but it is of 
a very small portion : the whole of the 
seed-bearing part is free : and the ^enor 
ral structure of this capsule is similar to 
that of the greater number of Veronias : 
oval, compressed, and furrowed down the 
middle, where is situated the dissepiment 
of the two cells. Dehiscence on each 
side in the centre of the cell, by a su- 
ture rather than by valves, the apex al- 
ways continuing united with the persist- 
ent style. The corolla is infundibuli- 
form, bearded at the mouth, as in Sco- 
paria, a genus closely allied to the pre- 
sent. Jussieu and De CandoUe have 
referred the genus to RvhiacecB ; Rich- 
ard to CaryophylleiB. 



MACBANTHEBA. Le Conte, Benth. 
COKBADIA. NtUt nan Mart. 

Cal. 6-fidu8, foliaceus. Cor. monopeta- 
la, cylindracea, subsqualis, apice 5-d6ntato, 
dentibus reflexis. Stamina 4, vix decli- 
nata, subaequalia, longe exserta. Stylus 
longissimus. Stigma minutum. Capsula 
brevi - ovata, 2 - locularis, polysperma. — 
Herba magna perennis, foliis oppositis 
sublyratis. Flores axillares, racemosi, 
flam. Habitus Gerardue sed flores vix in- 
squales. NiUL in Joum, Ac, N. Sc. Phil. 
t>.7./>. 8. 

709. (1.) M.fuchsioides. Nutt. I.e. (sah 
Conraaiam) — var. laciniis calycinis in- 
tegerrimis. — Covington. — ^This is a very 
fine plant, but certainly closely allied to 
the larger Gerardia. The peduncles 
stand out horizontally, and curve up- 
wards at the extremity, so that the large 
handsome flowers are erect. 

710. (1.) Gerardia fasciculata, Ell. — 
Jacksonville. — Some of the specimens 
agree precisely with Elliott's description, 
others come nearer to G. purpurea, of 
which it may be a mere variety, differing 
chiefly in its narrower leaves, often fas- 
ciculated, rigid habit, and remarkably 
scabrous stem and leaves. 

711. (2.) Gerardia//z/o/ia, Nutt. ?— Jack- 
sonville. Louisiana. — This differs from 
Nuttall's description in the roughness of 
the leaves, but that author had evidently 
only a single, imperfect specimen. It is 



intermediate between the Mexican G. 
peduncularisy Benth., and the G. tenui- 
folia, y., distinguished from the former 
by the slender stems and filiform leaves, 
often, but not always fascicled, from the 
latter by the large flowers, long pedun- 
clcs &c 

712. (3.) Gerardia tenuifolia, Valil.-«. 
humilis, leeviuscula, foliis maximis vix 
ultra pollicaribus latiusculis, corolla 5— 
6-lin. lon^. — jS. macrophylla, scabrior, 
foliis maximis 2 — 3-pollicaribus latius- 
culis, corolla 7 — 8-lin. longa. St. Louis, 
Jacksonville. — y. leptcmhytla, scabrius- 
cula, elata, foliis nliiormibus maximis 
vix pollicaribus, corolla 6— 7-lin. long*. 
Jacksonville. Louisiana. 

713. (4.) Gerardia tfc^ocea, Walt, Purah. 
— St. Louis. — ^. parvifolia, foliiB distan- 
tibus 3 — 6-lin. longis, floribus racemosis. 
Jacksonville. — This variety has some 
resemblance to G. aphylla, but the leaves 
are never reduced to mere squamae. The 
capsule in both varieties is longer in 
proportion to the calyx than in either 
G. tenuifolia or G. aphylla, between 
which species this one forms the con- 
necting link. It does not dry so black 
as any others of the genus. 

714. (5.) Gerardia apAv//a, Nutt--^.jt- 
licaulis, ramis CTacillimis pauciflohs, 
floribus parvis, Jacksonville. — y.gran-- 
difiora, ramis rigidis, floribus racemosis 
majusculis, Jacksonville. — In the variety 
ft the flowers are rather smaller, in y. 
rather larger than in the common varie- 
ties of G. tenuifolia. The G. aphylla 
appears to be a variable plant, but rea- 
dily known by the greater number of the 
leaves being reduced to obtuse or mu- 
cronate squamse, scarcely a line long. 
Very rarely the lower leaves attain the 
length of four or five lines, in which 
case they are remarkably rigid and 
sharp. 

715. (6.) Gerardia auriculata, Mx.— St 
Louis. 

716. (7.^ Gerardia ^ra, L.— St. Louis. 

717. (8.) Gerardia ^uercifolia, Ph.— 
Covington. St. Louis. 

718. (1.) Seymeria tenuifolia, Ph.— 
Jacksonville.— N. Orl. 1833. 

719. (2.) Seymeria pectinata, Ph.— N. 
Orl. 1833. 

720. (1.) Castilleja (Euchroma, Nutt, 
Bartsia, L.) coccinea, Spreng.— Alle- 

fhanies. P'ennsylvania. 
. (1.) Pedicularis lanceolata, Mx.— 
St. Louis. 
722. (2.) Pedicularis Canadensis, L-- 
N. Orl. (n. 242.) Alleghanies. Pennsyl- 
vania. 



MB. DRUMMOND'S COLLECTIONS. 



175 



LABIATJB. JUSS. 

723. (1.) Hyptis radiata, Willd.— Cov- 
ington. — I have the same plant also from 
Dr. Wray, gathered at Augusta. 

724. (1.) Isanthus cceruleus, Mich. — St. 
Louis. 

725. (1.) Mentha jotpertto, L. — Covington. 

726. (2.) Mentha viridis, L. — M. tenuis, 
Mich. — Covington. — This, the M. te- 
nuis, Mx., which is also found by Dr. 
Short, at Kentucky, is correctly referred 
by Mr. Bentham to the European M. 
viridis, 

727. (3.) Mentha Canadensis, L. — St. 
Louis. — ^The more glabrous var. 0. of 
Mr. Bentham is the M, glabrata, Mich. 

728. (1.) Lycopus Virginicus, L. — St. 
Louis. Jacksonville. 

729. (2.) Lycopus sinuatus. Ell. — L, 
EuropcBus, Mich. — Ohio. — TheZ.^wro- 
pmLs of Mich, and Pursh is the L. sinu- 
atus of Elliott and Bentham, and this 
latter author refers to it also the L. ex- 
aitatus, Ell. (not Linn.), L, vulgaris, 
and L. angustifolius. 

730. (1.) Salvia azurea, Lam. — Jackson- 
Tille (where Mr. Drummond also found 
it with white flowers). Covington. 

731. (2.) Salvia lyrata, L.— N. Orl. (w. 

244.r 

732. (3.) Salvia ohovata, Ell.— N. Orl. 

Obs. The rare Salvia urticcefolia of 
Linn, and Benth. Lab, p. 258, I possess 
from North Carolina and Virginia, where 
it was gathered by Mr. Greene. 

733. (1.) Monarda ^^/wfo^a, L. (includ- 
ing, according to Mr. Bentham, M, alto- 
phyUa, Ph., M, Clinopodia, L., M. 
pumirea, Ph. &c.)— N. Orl. 1833.— /5. 
mollis. M, mollis, L, — St. Louis. 

734. (2.) Monarda BradbuHana, Beck. 
Benth. — M. Jistulosa, Hook. BoL Mag. 
t 3310. (excl. syn.)— N. Orl.— Cult, m 
the Gla^ow Botanic Garden, from seeds 
sent by Mr. Drummond from N. Orleans. 
To me it appears to be a nearly sessile- 
leaved var. of M, Jistulosa ; and I find 
no specimens exactly corresponding with 
it in the Herbarium. 

735. (3.) Monarda punctata, L. — Jack- 
sonville. Covington. 

736. (I.) Blephilia ciliata, RtS.—Mo- 
naraa ciliata, L. (not Mich.) — ^AUe- 
ghanies. 

737. ^2.) Blephilia hirsuta, Benth. Mo- 
naraa hirsuta, Ph. — St. Louis. 

738. (1.) Pycnanthemum incanum, Mich. 
wr. capitidis paucifloris, bracteis denti- 
busque calycinis magis obtusis, foliis 

1 nunoribus.— Covington. 



739. (2.) Pycnanthemum hyssopifolium, 
Benth. ia6.j5.329.— N. Orl. 1833. 

740. (3.) Pycnanthemum mw^icwm, Pers. 
var. pilosum. P. pilosum, Nutt. — St. 
Louis. 

741. (i.) Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, 
Ph. — fi,angustifolium,Benth, — St.Louis. 

742. (5.) Pycnanthemum linifolium, Ph. 
— St. Louis. 

743. (1.) CoUinsonia Canadensis, L. — 
Jacksonville. 

744. (2.) Co\\\i\aoviz. scabriuscula. Ait. 
— Jacksonville. 

745. (1.) Cunila hispida, Ph. Benth.— 
Hedeoma hirta, Nutt. — St. Louis. 

746. (1.) Melissa Caroliniana, Benth. — 
Thymus CarolinianuSt Mich. — T. gran- 
diflorus, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 997. — Cala- 
mintha grandiflora. Ph. — Covington. 

747. (1.) Prunellartt/yari*,L. — P.Penn- 
sylvamca, Willd. — St. Louis. — These 
specimens have very acute leaves: 
I possess others from Lexington and 
New York, which differ in no respect 
from our European plant. 

748. (1.) Scutellaria versicolor, Nutt. — 
S. ovalifolia, MUhl. Cat. — N. Orl. (w. 
250.)— Ohio. 

749. (2.) Scutellaria canescens, Nutt. — 
St. Louis. 

750. (3.) Scutellaria pilosa, Mich.— N. 
Orl. (n. 249.) 

751. (4.) Scutellaria irUegrifolia, L. — 
N. Orl. (71. 248.) 

752. (5.) Scutellaria angustifolia. Ph. 
Benth. — An imperfect specimen found 
by Mr. Drummond, at Covington, as 
mentioned by Mr. Bentham, LaS.p. 436. 

753. (6.) Scutellaria parvula, Mich. — S. 
ambigua, Nutt. — Alleghanies. 

754. (7.) Scutellaria nervosa. Ph. — 
Ohio. 

755. (8.) Scutellaria UUeriflora, L.— St. 
Louis. 

756. (1.) Lophanthus nepetoides, Benth. 
— (Hyssopus,) L. — St. Louis. 

757. (1.) Uedronella cordata, Benth. — 
Nutt. — Alleghanies. 

758. (I.) Physostegia Virginica, Benth. 
—St. Louis.— N. Ori. (n. 257.) 

759. (1.) Lamium amplexicauie, L. — N. 
Ori. (n. 246.) 

760. (I.) Stachys aspera, Mich. — S. his* 
pida, Ph.— N. Ori. (n. 247.) 

761. (2.) Stachys hyssopifolia, Mich. — 
St. Louis. 

762. (1 .) Trichostemma lineare, MUhl.— 
Jacksonville. 

763. (2.) Trichostemma dichotomum, L. 
— Jacksonville. 

764. (1.) Teucrium Canadense, L.-— St 
Louis. 



176 



MK. drummond's collections. 



1 



VERBENACE^. JlLSS. 



765. (1.) Verbena-4w6fe^m, Juss, — Jack- 
sonville. St. Louis. N. Orl. 1833. 

766. (2.) Verbena officinalis, L.— N. Orl. 
(n. 252^ — &. spuria, minor. — ^N. Orl, 
1833.— The \, spuria, Willd., which I 
possess from Pennsylvania and New 
Jersey, I agree with Mr. Nuttall in con- 
sidering a mere var. of officinalis. 

767. (3.; Verbena hracteosa, Mx. — St. 
Louis.— N. Orl. (n. 253 ter.) 

768. (4.) Verbena hastata, L. — St. Louis. 
— N. Orl. 1833. Ohio.— From this the 
V, paniculata is probably not distinct, 
and the V, urticcefolia seems too nearly 
allied. 

769. (5.) Verbena infe^ri/bKa, Mich.— 
V. rugosa, Willd. — St. Louis. 

770. (6.) Verbena Caroliniana, L. — N. 
Orl. (n. 253.) 

771. (7.) Verbena stricta, Vent. Bot. 
Mag. p. 1976. — K alopecuroides, Hort. 
— St. Louis. 

772. (8.) Verbena strigosa, (n. sp.); stri- 
goso-hirsuta, erecta, stricta, foliis sessi- 
libus rugosis lato-lanceolatis profunde 
pinnatifidis incisis segmentis valde acutis 
nervis subtus prominentibus, spicis sim- 
plicibus paniculatisve elongatis, floribus 
laxiusculis.. — N. Orl. (n. 253 bis) and 
1833. — Of this I have received copious 
specimens, both from Mr. Drummond 
and from Tainturier, so that it must be 
a very common plant : yet it does not 
appear to have been taken up by any 
author, nor have specimens been trans- 
mitted to me through any other source 
than those now mentioned. Its nearest 
affinity is, perhaps, with V. stricta, but 
the leaves are strongly pinnatifid, harsh, 
with the principal veins more prominent 
on the under-side, yet not exhibiting 
such a strongly-reticulated appearance ; 
the spikes are longer, more lax; the flow- 
ers much smaller, more distant, and not 
pressed to the rachis. It is a strong- 
growing plant, two to three feet high, 
quite hispid with appressed hairs or 
bristles. 

773. (1.) Callicarpa Americana, L. — N. 
Orl. (n. 254 his) and 1833. 

774. (1.) Zapania nodiflora, Lam. — N. 
Orl. (n. 254.)— St. Louis. 

775. (2.) Zapania lanceolata, Ph. — St. 
LouiS; 

776. (i.) Phryma leptostachya, L. — St. 
Louis. 

ACANTHACE-fi. JuSS, 

Til. (1.) Justicia pedunculata, Mx.— 
Alleghanies. 



778. (2.) Justicia humilis, Mx.— N. Orl. 
(n. 255.) 

779. (1.) Ruellia justicicBjlora, n. sp.; 
caule erecto subsimplici pilose, foliis 
lanceolatis integerrimis sessilibus basi 
connatis ciliatis, floribus axillaribus con- 

festis sessilibus, corolla subcylindracea 
ilabiata, capsulis lineari-oblongis acu- 
tissimis.— N. Orl. (n. 256.) and 1833.— 
This appears to be an abundant plant, 
yet certainly not described by any author. 
It would seem to be a native of marshy 
ground. The leaves are exactly lanceo- 
late-glabrous, except on the margin and 
on the midrib beneath. Flowers small, 
scarcely twice so long as the calyx, truly 
two-lipped, the lips erect, upper one en- 
tire, lower one trifid. Stamens four, di- 
dynamous, included. Anthers two-cell- 
ed. Capsule many-seeded, seminiferous 
to the base. This I have also received 
from M. Tainturier, gathered in the same 
country. 

780. (2.) Ruellia strepens, Ohio.—St 
Louis.— N. Orl. (n. 257.) /3. ohtusifolia, 
Covington. — This has the leaves similar 
to those of R. ohlongifolia, but they are 
in more remote pairs, the whole plant is 
larger, and the tube of the corolla longer. 
The R. ciliosa, Ph, of Beyrich's 
Georgian plants, seems to me to be a 
small ciliated variety of R. strepens. 
The same I have received without a 
name, from Dr. Short, gathered on the 
Kentucky river. 

781. (3.) Ruellia longiflora, L.— N. Orl. 
(n. 258 and 259.)— Covington.— Tube 
of the corolla twice or thrice as long as 
in R. strepens. 

LENTIBULARIE-ffi. Rich. 

782. (1.) Utricularia vulgaris, L— N. 
Ori. (n. 263.) 

783. (2.) Utricularia ir^ta, Walt— N. 
Orl. (n. 261.) 

784. (3.) Utricularia gihba, L.— N. Orl. 



(n. 262.) 

785. 



(4.) Utricularia setacea, Mich.— N. 
Ori. (71. 260.) 

786. (5.) Utricularia joerjonflrfa,LeConte. 
— Covington. 

787. (1.) Pinguicula lutea, Walt.-N. 
Ori. (n. 264.) 

PRIMULACEJS. Vent, 

788. (1.) Hottonia injlata, EU.— N. OrL 
(n.266.) ,M 

789. (1.) Anagallis arvensis, L.— N. Orl. 
(n. 265.) 

790. (1.) Centunculus/anceoto«J,Mich. 

—N. Orl. 1833. 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 



177 



791. (1.) Lysimachia hybrida, Mx. — St. 
Loais. 

7^ (2.) Lysimachia radicans, n. sp.; 
humifusa elongata laxa, ramis apice ra- 
dicantibus, foliis oppositis lanceolato- 
acuminatis summis subovatis omnibus 
petiolatis, petiolis gracilibus basi ciliatis, 
pedicellis solitariis umbellatisque axilla- 
ribus, corollis calyce duplo brevioribus. 
— Jacksonville. — ^The specimens of this 
singular plant are few and badly dried, 
but suffice to show that though in some 
respects allied to the preceding species, 
it is abundantly distinct. The stems and 
branches are long; and straggling, rooting 
at the extremities, the leaves of all of 
them upon rather long and slender stalks, 
ovate (not attenuated) at the base. The 
corolla is not half the length of the ca- 
lyx, and there is a five-lobed, downy, an- 
nular disk, on which the filaments are 
inserted alternately with the lobes. Fruit 
and seeds exactly as in L. kyhrida. 

798. (\J) Micranthemum orbiculatum, 
Ell.--C!ovington. 

794. (1.) Samolus Valerandi, L.— N. 
Orl. (n. 268.) 

(To be oon tinned.) 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 
PROGRESS OF BOTANY IN 
RUSSIA, FROM THE TIME OF 
PETER THE GREAT TO THE 
PRESENT DA.Y; AND ON THE 
PART WHICH THE ACADEMY 
HAS BORNE IN THE ADVANCE- 
MENT OF THIS SCIENCE. 

BjM. H. G. BoNGARD, Auociate of the Aoademjr. 

(Tmufatedfrom the RecueU des Actes de Peter Aourg, 

<bl834.; 

The degree of perfection which the Na- 
tural Sciences have attained in our times, 
presents a most agreeable subject of con- 
templation to those who delight in tracing 
the wonders of nature, and in observing 
the progressive course of human know- 
ledge. The march of civilization, the im- 
provement in arts and sciences, and by 
means of these, the extension of commerce 
ttd navigation, have, as it were, brought 
close together the most distant countries ; 
tod Naturalists of all nations have since 
l>een seen vying with one another in their 
*iuleavours to promote the cause of science 

VOL. I. 



in all parts of the globe, and braving un- 
numbered dangers in the prosecution of 
this object. Hence, immense treasures of 
various kinds have poured into our collec- 
tions, and these, when studied, and com- 
pared by men of observation, have con- 
duced to the most important discoveries. 
It is well known how much Zoology, Geo- 
logy, and Mineralogy have thus been the 
gainers. 

Botany has had its share in these valua- 
ble acquisitions, and perhaps the fairest 
and most important of them have fallen to 
its lot. 

If we consider that when Linnaeus, 
eighty years ago, published, for the first 
time, his Species Plantarum, scarcely se- 
ven thousand vegetables were known, and 
that this great botanist estimated the total 
number of plants on the surface of the 
earth, as not amounting to more than ten 
thousand species — ^we are struck with asto- 
nishment at seeing that their number now 
exceeds sixty thousand. Thus the herba- 
rium of LinnsBUs, the richest then known, 
contained but seven thousand plants, a 
number which would now form a very poor 
collection, many of the larger ones consist- 
ing of from thirty to forty thousand species, 
and even more. This prodigious augmen- 
tation of new vegetables has exercised an 
essential influence on the progress of sci- 
ence. A multitude of novel and extraor- 
dinary forms, with an infinite variety in the 
structure of their parts, have been observ- 
ed, which have necessarily led to a deeper 
insight into their structure, as well as to a 
more exact acquaintance with those natural 
affinities, by which plants are united to one 
another. The LinntBan System has thus 
been replaced by a philosophical classifi- 
cation, called the Natural Arrangement. 

A more intimate acquaintance with ve- 
getable organization has thrown great light 
on the mysteries of the vegetable economy, 
while the ingenious improvements that 
have been effected in the construction of 
microscopes, promise gradually to dissipate 
the obscurity which still envelops this diffi- 
cult but important branch of the science, 
and to afford much information on the sub- 



178 



HI8T0BICAL SKETCH OF THE 



ject of Vegetable Physiology. The study 
of the Cryptogamic plants, which had been 
almost wholly neglected by the older Bo- 
tanists, now opens, as it were, a new world, 
by displaying the greatest beauty of struc- 
ture in the most minute and apparently in- 
significant objects. M. de Humboldt was 
the first to treat on the Geography of Bo- 
tany, which he has done with the eminent 
talent which distinguishes all his works; 
he has taken a comprehensive view of ve- 
getation, and by his novel and highly phi- 
losophic theory, has made a most interest- 
ing and important addition to science. 

But it is not my intention to attempt an 
account of the progress which Botany has 
made since the days of Linneeus, as this 
subject would infinitely exceed the bounds 
to which I am limited ; my object is rather 
to take a summary view of the labours of 
our own Russian Botanists, and of the aid 
which they have lent towards the advance- 
ment of this science ; and though I can 
only give a hasty sketch, I trust that it will 
not be found destitute of interest. 

• The first beginnings of botanical know- 
ledge in Russia seem to bear date in the 
reign of Peter the Great ; it was this great 
monarch who introduced the Arts and Sci- 
ences into his empire, and was the patron 
of Natural History. Justly considering 
Botany an essential part of the medical 
science, he founded, in 1706, the Apothe- 
caries' Garden, at Moscow, and, eight years 
later, that which now exists in St. Peters- 
burg. He seems to have been himself 
fond of Botany, and to have frequently 
employed his hours of relaxation in col- 
lecting plants, which he preserved with the 
utmost care ; a small, but highly valuable 
collection of specimens, gathered and pre- 
pared by the hands of this great monarch, 
still exists in the Museum of the Natural- 
ists* Society, at Moscow. The visit which 
Peter the Great paid to the Academy of 
Science at Paris, and the rich collections 
of Natural History and different curiosities 
which he had seen there, as well as the 
several Cabinets in Holland, had made a 
strong impression on his mind, and inspired 
him with, the desire of exploring the natu- 



ral riches of his own vast empire, and cre- 
ating a similar Academy in its capital Dr. 
Schober was the first whom he despatched, 
in 1717, upon a scientific expedition j his 
errand was to visit the shores of the Terek 
for the purpose of examining its thermal 
sources, and it is to this journey that we 
owe our earliest acquaintance with the ve- 
getation of this river and of the Wolga, 
The genus NUraria, then established by 
Schober, commemorates, to the present day, 
this commencement in the path of science. 
Soon afler this period, the appointment of 
Dr. Messerschmidt, whom the learned 
Breynius reconunended to Peter the Great, i 
as an active and experienced natuialist, I 
opened to the scientific world the rast 
treasures of that hitherto unknown region, 
the kingdom of Siberia. His journey, 
which commenced in 1719, was continued 
till the year 1727, and extended over the 
greater part of Siberia, where he amassed, 
unaided, very rich collections of plants and 
other natural curiosities. The value of 
these was greatly enhanced by the manu- 
script observations which accompanied 
them, but the publication of these was i 
prevented by unfortunate circumstances. 
Still the discoveries of Messerschmidt have i 
not been entirely lost to science, as Ammann 
and Gmelin have published all the most 
interesting among them. 

The first Russian publication on Botany i 
appeared in the year 1726; that of Bui- i 
baum, accompanied by three hundred plates 
in outline, representing a large proportion 
of new plants. This author, having ac- 
companied Count Alexander Roumanioff 
to C!onstantinople, paid much attention to 
the Flora of this capital, and thence, fol- 
lowing the steps of the celebrated Toume- 
fort, he visited the shores of the Black 
Sea, Asia Minor, and Armenia, returning 
to Russia by way of Derbent and Astrakan. 
A large part of these provinces now he- 
longs to Russia, and it is to Buxbaum, af- 
ter Tournefort, that we owe our first ac- 
quaintance with the vegetable treasures of 
these countries. The lower classes of 
plants, hitherto so universally neglected, 
and principally the Mosses and Fungi, 



PROGKESB OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 



179 



attracted the attention of Buxbaum, whose 
name is immortalized by having been con- 
ferred, by the pen of Linnaeus, on a moss, 
of most striking and peculiar structure, 
which he was the first to detect and exa- 
mine. The same year witnessed the ap- 
pearance of the first volume of the Aca- 
demy's Memoirs; this Institution was 
newly established, and Buxbaum was one 
of its earliest members. In this and the 
three following volumes are several disser- 
tations composed by him, on many new 
plants, and among others, the first obser- 
vations relative to the Flora of St. Peters- 
burg. The activity of the new Scientific 
Academy contributed greatly to the pro- 
gress of Botany in Russia, a new epoch for 
all Natural History pursuits commencing 
with its foundation, while the patronage 
which the Empress Anne delighted in be- 
stowing on science, added a fresh impulse 
to its progress. 

J. G. Gmelin, who entered the Academy 
in 1727, employed ten years in exploring 
the inexhaustible treasures of Siberia, and 
his Flora Sibirica, in four vols, 4to., with 
four hundred plates, was «,ae result of this 
expedition, and by its classical as well as 
scientific merit, has procured for its author 
a place among the most celebrated Botanists. 
While Gmelin was thus engaged in investi- 
gating Siberia, Dr. Ammann, an academi- 
cian, published a remarkable work, under 
this title, " Stirpium rariorum in Rutheno 
imperio sponte provenientium icones et 
descriptiones." It contained figures and 
descriptions of many new plants, disco- 
vered by Messerschmidt, Gmelin, Hein- 
zelmaun, and Gerber. The latter had bo- 
tanized on the shores of the Wolga, while 
Dr. Heinzelmann explored the environs of 
Orenbourg and the steppes of the Kir- 
ghise. Ten scientific dissertations, contri- 
buted by Dr. Ammann to the Memoirs of 
the Academy, further attest the scientific 
merits of this botanist. 

I turn for a moment from the expedition 
of Gmelin to speak of his contemporaries, 
and to discuss their labours. Krascheni- 
nikofi^ then a simple student, afterwards 
an Associate, and finally a Member of the 



Academy, is the first Russian by birth who 
distinguished himself as a Botanist. Gme- 
lin speaks highly of him, and his journey 
to Kamtschatka produced many botanical 
novelties; still his fame chiefly rests on 
the Flora of Ingria, which Gorter subse- 
quently edited from the writings which he 
had left. 

The scientific labours of Steller are im- 
portant : his journey from Okotsk to Kamts- 
chatka ; the part thut he took in the cele- 
brated expedition of Behring, by which he 
was enabled to visit many hitherto unknown 
islands, and even to land on the Western 
coast of North America, his disasters and 
his residence on Behring's Island, have not 
been unproductive in botanical interest; 
many were the new and rare plants which 
he collected ; the single island of Behring 
affording him two hundred and eleven 
species; while his journal contains also 
many important remarks on the vegetation 
of the countries which he had visited. 
Still it was not permitted for him to enjoy 
the success of his exertions, as a prema- 
ture death carried him off, and prevented 
him from publishing, or even revising his 
hard-earned discoveries. 

About this period, the ingenious ideas 
of LinnsBus, and the new system of that 
illustrious author, had brought about a to- 
tal reform in Botany, and conferred a sig- 
nal benefit upon science. The influence 
of these happy innovations was felt in the 
progress of Russian Botany, for the efforts 
of the Academician Siegesbeck, who com- 
bated this new method were, of course, 
powerless against the force of truth. In 
other respects, Siegesbeck was an useful 
Naturalist, and gave a good deal of inform- 
ation on the Flora of St. Petersburg, and 
on several new plants. Among the Rus- 
sian Botanists of this period. Dr. Lerche 
was peculiarly eminent. In his situation 
as a military surgeon he visited many pro- 
vinces of the empire, and paid particular 
attention to their vegetable productions, 
corresponding zealously with Count Munich 
from Caucasus, and imparting to Linnseus 
and Gmelin the result of his discoveries 
in Persia. 



180 



HISTORICAL 8KBTCH OF THE 



The Academicians Hebenstreit, Jos. 
Geertner, and Laxmann have also laboured 
to make known the vegetable productions 
of Russia ; and the more celebrated Jos. 
Gaertner, who subsequently distinguished 
himself so highly by his classical work on 
Fruits, was, for five years, a member of 
our Academy. 

The most memorable period in the his- 
tory of Russian science commences during 
the reign of the Empress Catherine II.; 
and Europe long rang with the fame of the 
extraordinary enterprize which this great 
sovereign set on foot for the benefit of sci- 
ence. The vast field which she thus open- 
ed, was diligently explored by the Acade- 
micians, with a success which will ever 
redound to the glory of this monarch. The 
names of Gmelin, Giildenst'adt, Falk, Le- 
pechin, Georgi, and Pallas, all are con- 
nected with the labours of this period ; but 
it is only in so far as they illustrate that 
branch of Natural History which it is my 
present province to discuss, that I shall 
touch upon them. 

S. G. Gmelin, nephew of the celebrated 
Siberian traveller, and the editor of the 
two last volumes of Flora Sibirica, pub- 
lished in 1768, an important work upon 
the Sea-weeds. This was the first attempt 
at a history of marine productions, and is 
still of value, because it contains detailed 
accounts of some new and extremely rare 
species, collected by Steller and Krasche- 
ninikoff, in the Eastern Ocean. The 
younger Gmelin explored the sources of 
the Don and Wolga, the banks of the Cas- 
pian Sea, visited Bakou, Derbent, and En- 
zeli, and during the six years which were 
occupied in this journey, succeeded in 
forming very rich collections of plants, 
especially on the mountains of Ghilan, 
which Hablitze had also visited. The me- 
lancholy death of this martyr to science, 
together with other untoward circumstances, 
forbade the publication of his botanical 
treasures, which, accompanied by excellent 
manuscript notes elucidating them, yet re- 
main in the possession of the Academy's 
Museum. Many of the plants have been 
selected and described by later travellers. 



To Hablitze, who subsequently became the 
Vice-Govemor of Tauria, we owe a phy- 
sical picture of this Peninsula, and our first 
ideas respecting its vegetation. 

The valuable collections of Guldenstadtt 
who visited the shores of the Terek and 
the mountains of Caucasus and Georgia, 
met with nearly a similar fate to those of 
Gmelin, death early depriving science of 
her zealous votary. A posthumous publi- 
cation of his travels, containing much in- 
formation on the plants which he saw, ap- 
peared soon after his decease, but the de- 
scriptions were reserved for a Flora of 
Caucasus, which has never been edited; 
the manuscripts of Guldenst'adt attest the 
extraordinary zeal and attention which this 
botanist paid to the vegetation of the coun- 
tries which he visited. Many discoveries 
were also made by the Academicians, Falk 
and Georgi, as well as by Lepechin, though 
the latter was rather a Zoologist than a 
Botanist The former, who was a pupil of 
Linneeus, explored successfully the mouth 
of the Volga, the steppes of the Kalmuka 
and Kirghises, and the shores of the Irtysch, 
Tomsk, and Bamaoul. Georgi, who ac- 
companied Falk, also examined the Baikal 
and a part of Dahuria. This distinguished 
Naturalist attempted a general view of the 
vegetable productions of Russia, and con- 
sidering the time when it was executed, it 
was not without merit, especially as Boeber, 
a zealous Botanist, contributed very yalu- 
able materials. 

But the labours of Pallas far excel those 
of his colleagues. Himself a man of talent 
and of extensive information, he appeared 
at once as a Mineralogist, Botanist, Zoo- 
logist, and Ethnographer. His travels 
extended throughout Siberia and Dahuria ; 
and did his fame only rest upon his botani- 
cal labours, it would still rank him deserv- 
edly high. The great number of new 
plants which he described and figured in 
his travels, his work on the Halophytes of 
the Russian steppes; that on the genus 
Astragalus, which belongs so eminently to 
Russia; together with numerous other writ- 
ings relative to this science, place Pallas 
among the first Botanists of the age. Th« 



PR0GRB8S OP- BOTANY IN RtTSBIA. 



181 



Flora Jtofsica, which he commenced under 
the auspices of the Empress Catherine II., 
is a remarkable work, whose imperfect state 
is much to be regretted. It was intended 
to contain all the rarest and most interest- 
ing plants of this empire, and to be adorn- 
ed with five hundred engravings, but the 
first century alone was published. Twenty- 
five plates of the second century, or second 
volume, were executed, but without text, 
which the Academy is, at the very present 
time, endeavouring to supply, with the in- 
tention of carrying on this great national 
work, in a style conformable to the present 
state of science. The Flora of Crimea re- 
ceived some illustrations by Pallas's work 
upon the geography and natural produc- 
tions of Tauria. The vegetation of Mon- 
golia was utterly unknown when the Apo- 
thecary Sievers had occasion to visit part 
of that country ; he accompanied an expe- 
dition that was sent in 1790 to the frontiers 
of China, with the express purpose of ob- 
taining information on the plant which 
yields Rhubarb, and there he gathered 
many new and rare plants, of which Pallas, 
afler his decease, described the greater por- 
tion. The year 1799 witnessed the appear- 
ance of the Flora of St. Petersburg, by 
Professor Sobolewsky, father of the learned 
MetaUurg^st, who is our contemporary. 

About this time Botany, which had 
flourished exclusively in Petersburg, and 
eminently in the Academy there, seemed 
willing to grace awhile our ancient 
capital. Professor Stephan published a 
sketch of the Flora of Moscow, the first 
that appeared concerning that city, and 
which was subsequently followed by that 
of Dr. Martins. Since the year 1786, the 
garden of DemidofT, at Moscow, had been 
famed for its vegetable riches, when a new 
botanical establishment was founded, which 
shortly assumed such a character of im- 
portance as to attract the attention of Eu- 
rope in general. This was the garden of 
Count Razoumovsky, at Gorenki, near 
Moscow. As it often happens that great 
events owe their commencement to very 
trifling causes, so this celebrated establish- 
ment first originated in the admiration that 



its owner felt for a flowering specimen of 
the Night-blowing Cereus (Cactus gran- 
di/brus). 

Professor Stephan had directed the first 
operations of this garden, but its future 
development, its extensive connexions and 
wide-spread celebrity are due to M. Fischer, 
who was the diredtor of it until the demise 
of Count Razoumovsky, with whom this 
noble establishment was to begin and ter- 
minate. The Gorenki Garden had become 
a depositary for the whole Flora of Russia, 
the most beautiful and rare plants from all 
parts of the empire were sent thither, and 
there were cultivated. The library attached 
to this institution was rich in valuable and 
rare works, and now constitutes, together 
with that of the late Professor Stephan, 
the foundation of the magnificent library 
of the Imperial Garden at St. Petersburg, 
which is perhaps the finest and most com- 
plete of its kind which can be seen in Eu- 
rope. The Phytographical Society at Go- 
renki was also commenced, where the pub- 
lication of an important botanical work, 
and many others which promised to confer 
great benefits on science, were in progress 
of execution, when the national disasters 
of the year 1812 destroyed these, and in 
part the very garden itself. Hardly had 
the severe casualties of this period been 
repaired, when the death of the Count, at 
a very advanced age, put a termination to 
the whole. Here let me be permitted to 
say a few words respecting Count Razou- 
movsky — I owe this mark of gratitude to 
the patron of Botany and the man of worth, 
under whose auspices I have passed some 
of the happiest years of my life. ' 

Count Alexis Razoumovsky, without 
having studied Botany deeply, yet being 
possessed of considerable talent, and ani- 
mated by a great love for science, had 
arrived at the acquisition of much know- 
ledge, and being a man of an enlightened 
mind, enjoying also a stupendous fortune, 
he made great sacrifices for the promotion 
of science. The expeditions which were 
made at his expense to the interior of the 
empire, by Redowsky, Londes, Tauscher, 
and Hermann; the correspondence into 



182 



HISTORICAL 8XBTCH OF THE 



which he entered with Botanists and Col- 
lectors, who were dispersed to the extreme 
parts of Siberia ; finally, the cost of keep- 
ing up the Gorenki Garden, amounted to 
considerable suras, the annual expenditure 
averaging 60,000 roubles, while it some- 
times cost the Count more than twice that 
sum, and even reached to 150,000 roubles. 
Thus it may be justly conceded, that the 
Count deserved well of his own country, 
and that history will long preserve his 
name in honourable memory. 

A taste for Botany having been thus 
diffused in the Russian empire, its zealous 
friends, some of whom were found in very 
distant provinces, contributed to the die- 
covery of new plants, or to a more cOiTect 
knowledge of those, which had not been 
sufficiently known, and to their propaga- 
tion among Botanists. M. Haupt had herb- 
orized in the environs of Tobolsk, where 
he lived several years, and the frequent 
journeys, which the duties of the cer^'ice 
compelled him to make, were prod'jctive 
of noble harvests of plants. Tf. Rj-tschkOiT, 
Director of the MiHes at Nertschink, col- 
lected the plants of Baikal, while M. Vlal- 
soff, a retired Major in the Army, living at 
Doroninsk upon the Ingoda, transmitted 
several valuable collections from Dahuria. 
A surgeon, called Zalesoff, explored the 
Altaic Mount&ins, and made many disco- 
veries, among which the n.ost precious are 
the plants which he grj;hered with the 
younger Schanguin, on the banl:s of the 
Tschouia, 

Dr. Gebler, at Bamaoul, who has annu- 
ally sent large collections of plants and 
seeds from that neighbourhood, still conti- 
nues to promote, most acMvely, the cause 
of Botany and Entomology, and has ren- 
dered eminent service to the Altaic Flora. 
What contributions have been made to 
Botany, by the Naturalists' Society, founded 
at Moscow in 1805, by M. Gottlieb Fischer, 
who still continues to be its worthy Direc- 
tor ! To appreciate their value, we ought 
to read the interesting dissertations which 
have appeared in its Memoirs, where Ste- 
phan, Marschall Bieberstein, Fischer, Ste- 
ven, Adams, Londes, Helm, Liboscbitz^ 



Goldbach, and others, have described masj 
new plants, detected in various provinces 
of Russia, especially the most remarkable 
ones of Siberia and Caucasus. 

The celebrated Professor Hoffiooann, who 
had been called from Gottingen to Mos- 
cow, published in 1813, a work full of new 
ideas respecting the UmbeUiferm, which 
was brought to light during the author's 
residence at Gorenki, after the conflagra- 
tion of Moscow. The publication of an im- 
portant classical work on the vegetation of 
Caucasus and Tauria, also proves how 
great was the advance that had been made 
in the knowledge of Russian vegetation. 
Baron Bieberstein, author of a Flora, in 
'two octavo volumes, which appeared in 
1808, enumerates two thousand and^seven 
plants ; but the rapid subsequent accumu- 
lation of new species, has occasioned the 
rddiUon of a thick supplementary volume, 
which besides numerous observations, con- 
tains three hundred and twenty more plants. 
The magnificent folio work, with coloured 
plates, on the rare Caucasian Plants, com- 
menced by the same author under the title 
of Centuria Planiarum Caucasi rarionait 
has never been completed. The Academy 
superintends its continuation, and the sixth 
decade has already appeared. In this fine 
Tlora, M. Steven bears a distinguished 
part ; his frequent excursions to'the Cau- 
casian Mountains, with the deep attention 
he has given to their productions, having 
enabled him to make numerous and im- 
portant discoveries. The Botanical re- 
searches of Messrs. Wilhelms at Tiflis» 
Wunderlich at Sarepta, and of Dr. Han- 
sen, have also added to the value of this 
Flora. 

The Embassy of Count Qolownin to 
China has also proved useful to science. 
The Academy, eager to avail themselves 
of such an opportimity, nominated two of 
its associate members, MM. Adanis and 
Redowsky, to accompany it, the former 
as a Zoologist, the latter as a Botanist 
Though this mission failed in effecting its 
immediate object, still the Naturalists who 
were attached to it, explored the produc- 
tions of the countries which they traversed, 



PR0OBES6 OF BOTANY IN RUSSIA. 



183 



and were aflerwards directed by the Aca- 
demy to other districts of the empire which 
it was important to investigate. M. Adams, 
known by his travels in Caucasus, with 
Count M ussin Puschkin, having returned 
from Ourga, the place of meeting for the 
members of the Embassy, was sent to Ir- 
kutsk, whence he was to descend the Lena 
as far as its confluence with the Icy Sea, 
and to examine the shores both of that 
ocean and of the river, collecting in all the 
three departments of the kingdom of nature. 
There he made the memorable discovery 
of the Mammoth, and also brought home 
a great number of plants, . the most inter- 
esting of which are described in the An- 
nals of the Naturalists' Society of Moscow. 
Redowsky, when he returned from Irkutsk, 
went to Jakoutsk, and passing over the 
chain of the lofty Aldan Mountains, arrived 
at Oudsky-Ostrog. Thence, coasting along, 
he reached Okhotsk, where he remained 
till the period for travelling by sledges ar- 
rived, in order to follow the instructions of 
the Academy by proceeding to Kamt- 
schatka, whence he was directed to attempt 
making successive excursions to the Aleu- 
tian and Kurile Isles, as well as to those of 
Schantar and Sachalin. A most toilsome 
and harassing journey brought him to Is- 
chiginsk, where he miserably closed his 
mortal career. His collections have been 
chiefly lost; a small portion however remains 
with the Academy, and another having fallen 
into the hands of M. Chamisso, when he re- 
sided in Kamtschatka, this great Botanist 
has published several of its rarest and most 
interesting species. Many other novelties, 
collected by Redowsky, have been de- 
scribed by the Academician Rudolphi. 

M. Helm, the Apothecary to the Em- 
bassy, brought home fine collections from 
this expedition, as well as from another 
which he made to the Ural Mountains, at 
the expense of the Society of Naturalists ; 
but all these treasures perished in the con- 
flagration of the capital. 

The vegetation of Volhynia and Podo- 
lia, of the Government of Kiefl* and Bessa- 
rabia, was explored by M. Besser, who 
published, in 1822, the result of his re- 



searches. This Naturalist, then Professor 
at Kremenitz, now placed in the New 
University of St. Vladimir, at Kieff*, is well 
known, as a learned and distinguished Bo- 
tanist ; and science has been enriched, by 
him, with many new plants, and also with 
exact and judicious observations. His at- 
tention is now engaged by a Memoir on 
the Wormwoods (Artemisioe), destined to 
form part of the fifth volume of Professor 
De Candolle*s Prodromus. Professor Eich- 
wald, at Wilna, has published a Set of rare 
Plants, detected in his journey to Caucasus 
and the Caspian, and a Second Set is in 
the press, and ready to appear. To M. 
Karelm, we owe the discovery of many very 
scarce and novel vegetables, which he ga- 
thered on the eastern shores of that sea. 

Thus has the study of Botany gradually 
diffused itself among us, and excited the 
zeal of Naturalists by the abundance of its 
productions. One institution, which emi- 
nently contributed towards its advance- 
ment, we owe to the Empress Maria Fede- 
rowna, whose memory, dear to Russia, will 
be ever cherished among us. Botany was 
one of her favourite pursuits, she felt all 
its charms. By her, the lovely Garden of 
Paulowsky was created, where she de- 
lighted to spend her leisu:e hours among 
its flowers; the contemplation of those 
charming productions of all countries and 
all climes, with the variety of their colours 
and perfumes, elevating her pure mind in 
adoration to their Creator, and cherishing 
those religious sentiments and that humane 
beneficence, which marked the whole course 
of her blameless life. The organization of 
this beautiful garden is the work of M. 
Weinmann, who had distinguished him- 
self, previously, by the success with which 
he had originated and conducted the Bo- 
tanic Garden of Dorpat. Many, also, are 
his claims on the gratitude of Naturalists : 
he has published many new and rare plants; 
and no one has investigated the Flora of 
St. Petersburg with equal care. The study 
of the Cryptogamia engrosses much of his 
attention, and to him we owe the first com- 
plete Essay on the numerous species of 
Fungus which grow in this vicinity. This 



184 



HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE 



work is now printing, and is the more im< 
portant to the Russian Flora, as it treats 
of a family of plants, the study of which 
had been previously almost wholly neg- 
lected among us. 

Another Institution which claims our 
attention, is the Imperial Apothecary's 
Garden, on Apothecary's Island, which 
owes its origin to the distinguished pro- 
tection bestowed by the Emperor Alexan- 
der on this science. Formed on a noble 
and extensive scale, it has, in some sort^ 
replaced the Gorenki Garden. Prince 
Kotschoubey, who has already conferred 
many other benefits on his country, took 
a lively interest in this garden, and Dr. 
Fischer, who furnished the plans, was no- 
minated Director of the Institution. While 
the erection of hothouses and greenhouses 
was proceeding, the latter visited Germany, 
Belgium, France, and Great Britain, for the 
purpose of collecting the treasures they 
were destined to contain, and returned, 
laden with such an accumulation of veget- 
able wealth, that already, at the close of 
the first year, this establishment exhibited 
such an assemblage of the plants of all 
parts of the world, as to surpass, in this 
respect, the Gorenki Gardens at the pe- 
riod of their greatest splendour. Now, it 
justly ranks as one of tiie finest institutions 
of the kind, and the particular interest that 
is felt in its prosperity by His Majesty 
Nicholas I , has caused it to be taken un- 
der the patronage of the court, and en- 
dowed with truly imperial munificence. 

Dr. Fischer possesses an active and able 
assistant in the person of M. Mayer, whose 
botanical industry and his title as fellow- 
labourer in the Altaic Flora, are already 
well known. The Imperial Garden, being 
gifled with funds destined for the express 
purpose of making botanical expeditions, 
will doubtless avail itself of this advantage, 
to investigate the vegetable productions of 
distant and little known countries. 

The journey of Szovits, projected by Dr. 
Fischer after the last war in Persia, was 
executed by order of His Imperial Majesty. 
This Botanist first proceeded to Tauris, 
whence he visited Northern Aderbeitschan, 



Karabagh, and Russian Armenia. Sub^- 
quently, he departed from Tiflis to explore 
the provinces of Mingrelia and Imeretia, 
where he fell a victim to epidemic cholera. 
The rich botanical harvest made in this 
journey, promises a most interesting work, 
on which Dr. Fischer and AL Mayer are at 
this time engaged. Similar researches are 
now proceeding, at the expense of this es- 
tablishment, in different parts of Siberia. 
M. Tourczaninoff investigated successfully 
the environs of Baikal, Dahuria, and the 
Mongolian steppes, where his interesting 
discoveries give us the promise of a Flora 
of Baikal. 

I cannot wholly overlook the expedition 
in which M. Riedel, formerly travelling 
companion of M. Langsdorff, is now em- 
ployed. He is exploring, by order of the 
Imperial Botanic Garden, the province of 
Goyas in Brazils, whence he has trans- 
mitted the finest collection of living plants 
that, perhaps, was ever sent to Europe 
from that country. 

We have now seen how the Academy of 
Science has given birth, as it were, to 
Russian Botany, and how prosperously its 
labours were conducted for nearly a whole 
century. The death of the Academician 
Smelowsky seemed, however, to paralyze, 
for a while, its energies, the situation of 
Botanist remaining vacant for eight subse- 
quent years. Happily, at the expiration 
of that period, the acquisition of a new 
President put a period to this interregnum, 
and the appointment of M. Trinius, who 
still continues the head of the Academy, 
revived its bbtanical progress. This Natu- 
ralist who, as an Agrostographist, holds a 
high rank among authors, has published 
many distinguished works, succeeded by a 
Species Graminum, of which the two vo- 
lumes, that have already appeared, only 
give the more reason to regret that unfor- 
tunate circumstances, over which this au- 
thor has no control, have arisen to delay 
the continuation of the book. 

It suffices to mention some Botanical 
enterprizes which the Academy has set on 
foot, from the suggestions of M. Triniu^,. 
to prove the zeal with which its labours in 



PROGRESS OP BOTAKT IN RtlSSIA. 



165 



this department aie now prosecuted. To 
him we owe the proposal for sending M. 
Martens on the expedition round the world, 
which was executed by the corvette, the 
Seniavine, under the command of Capt. 
Liitke. Though the Academy has had to 
regret the death of this Naturalist, shortly 
after his return, yet the botanical collec- 
tions, which were sent home by him, are 
not, therefore, lost to the world. All the 
Grasses have been published; and the 
plants of Sitka, a Russian Colony on the 
North- West CJoast of America, have been 
described in the Academy's Memoirs, and 
fiimish a general idea of the vegetation in 
that interesting part of our possessions. We 
are in momentary expectation of a little 
Flora of the Isles of Bonim-Sima, whose 
vegetation is hitherto utterly unknown. The 
scientific expedition, despatched by the 
Academy, in 1829, to Elborous, has fur- 
nished M. Mayer with an opportunity to 
institute botanical researches in this inter- 
esting part of Caucasus, and to prolong 
them as far as the Caspian Sea. He also 
saw Bakou, and visited the Mountains of 
Taliisch; communicating, on his return, 
such a detailed account of this journey, as 
fully proved the success with which his 
mission had been executed. Another bo- 
tanical enterprize, organized by the Aca- 
demy, has proved equally interesting and 
useful ; it is that of Dr. Bunge, now Pro- 
fessor of Botany, at Kasan, who accompa- 
nied the Ecclesiastical Mission to Pekin, 
and brought home a beautiful collection of 
new and rare plants. His important dis- 
sertation on the vegetables of those coun- 
tries which he traversed, has been pub- 
lished by the Academy. With this expe- 
dition to China, it was deemed advisable 
to combine another, the object of which 
was to explore the great chain of the Al- 
taic Mountains. M. Bimge, on his return 
from Pekin, turned his attention with so 
much success towards this point, that about 
three hundred and fiily species of plants 
were discovered, among which were many 
entirely new ones that will form a valuable 
Supplement to the Flora AUaica of M. 
Ledebour. 



I have already stated that the Academy 
charges itself with the continuation of Ba- 
ron Bieberstein's beautiful work on rare 
Caucasian Plants, and also proposes to 
carry on Pallas's Flora Rossica; but, I 
must further state, that there is a project 
in contemplation for publishing a Prodro- 
mas of the Russian Flora, for which the 
aid of our most eminent Naturalists is en- 
gaged by the Academy, under whose aus- 
pices it will appear. 

The rich botanical stores of Brazil, re- 
ceived from M. Langsdorif, when a Mem- 
ber of the Academy, have already furnished 
materials for many of its printed Memoirs. 
Trinius has described all the Graminece of 
this collection, and the author of the pre- 
sent Essay commenced his botanical career 
by writing a Monograph of the genus Eri- 
ocaulon, by describing several new species 
of Bauhinia and Paulletia, and revising 
the genus Lads. Among the most recent 
and eminent publications on Botany, the 
Flora AUaica of Professor Ledebour, at 
Dorpat claims a distinguished place. This 
Flora displays to view the striking produc- 
tions of the Altaic chain of mountains, and 
contains no fewer than one thousand six 
hundred and twenty-six species of plants, 
natives of that remarkable part of the Rus- 
sian dominions. The work, forming four 
octavo volumes, possesses scientific me- 
rit of the highest order, both as regards 
the numerous novelties which it presents, 
and the admirable execution of its various 
parts. The diagnoses of the genera and 
species are executed with great talent and 
extraordinary precision, and give a high 
idea of the present state of science in our 
country. The folio work, with coloured 
engravings, is beautifully executed, and 
will be shortly completed. 

I have already had occasion to speak of 
Professor Ledebour's able assistants, M.M. 
Bunge and Mayer, the worthy pupils of 
this eminent Professor. 

It would occupy me too long a time to 
notice all the elementary works on Botany 
which have been published in Russia, and 
which have powerfully contributed to pro- 
mote the study of this chaxming science. 



186 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



The names of Severguin^ Ambodick^ Sme- 
lowsky, Dwigoubsky, Petrow, Martinow, 
Goraninow, Maximovitsch, and several 
others, suffice to attest their merit 

In now terminating this sketch of the 
rise and progress of Botany, in Russia, I 
think I have proved that this branch of 
Natural History is by no means neglected 
among us ; that its study has followed, with 
progressive steps, the course of science ; 
and that the latter owes many and import- 
ant discoveries, to the labours of its Rus- 
sian votaries. They it is who have made 
known the numerous vegetables that clothe 
the surface of this vast empire ; and who 
have furnished the most valuable materials 
towards the Geography of Botany. 

It must, perhaps, be admitted that Phy- 
totomy and Vegetable Physiology have not 
derived equal advantages from the labours 
of our Botanists ; a circumstance probably 
owing to the enormous mass of hitherto 
unnoticed productions which claimed their 
attention, and left them little leisure to at- 
tend to the advance of these more abstruse 
and theoretical branches of the science. 

The investigations of the Academician 
Kolreuter, however, on the subject of the 
fecundation of plants, are too important to 
be overlooked; he it is who proved, to 
very demonstration, the sexuality of ve- 
getables, and cleared up many difficult 
points respecting their fecundation, while 
his admirable experiments upon hybrid 
plants have proved most interesting and 
important to science. Nor can I neglect 
to mention a savant, whom Russia pos- 
sessed, and with whom originated the idea 
of the metamorphoses of plants. Gcithe, 
who brought them into notice, acknow- 
ledged that he was indebted for them to 
the Academician Wolff, a man of com- 
manding talent, whose writings first hinted 
at this fact. Russia, consequently, may 
claim the honour of the discovery. It may 
perhaps be said, many as are the foreign 
names that appear among the Botanists of 
Russia, that, properly speaking, this science 
owes its advance among us to strangers. 
But is it not true, that these very stran- 
gers were either brought up in Russia, or 



like me, had received there an honourable 
welcome and an adopted country? Thus 
by their noble and useful works, they 
have paid their debt of gratitude to the 
generous and enlightened sovereigns, who 
encouraged them to settle in their domi- 
nions, and under whose auspices so many 
scientific enterprizes and voyages of dis- 
covery have been undertaken, the entire 
honour of which appertains to Russia. 

May the unintermitted and enlightened 
efforts of this government be always 
crowned with equal success, in the diffu- 
sion of useful knowledge ! 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

(C<mtimted/hm p. 86.; 

The indefatigable Professor of Botany 
in the London University, Dr. Lindley, 
has just published, almost at one and the 
same time, a new edition, with corrections 
and numerous additions, of his valuable 
" Introduction to Botany;** a new editicm 
of the " Synopsis of the British Flora^" 
also, "with numerous additions, correc- 
tions, and improvements;" and a new work 
entitled, a ** Key to Structural, Physiolo- 
gical, and Systematic Botany, for the use 
of Classes:** all of which we cordially 
recommend to the attention of students 
and every one interested in the advance- 
ment of the science on which they treat. 
The object of the latter work is best ex- 
plained, in the author's own words, in the 
preface. 

" The idea of this book was suggested 
to me by the difficulty experienced by all 
teachers, in explaining to their students 
what are the most prominent and import- 
ant points in Botany, on which to fix their 
attention. I found that when axioms are 
thrown into an extended and descriptive 
form, Euid mixed up with discussions which 
are only incidental to them, the student is 
apt to lose sight of the exact nature of the 
argument, and to confound different phe- 
nomena, from want of the power of disen- 
tangling the more essential from the less 
essential subjects. It is clear that, with- 



BOTANICAL INFOBMATION. 



187 



out a distinct perception of the exact na- 
ture of the first principles of any science, 
no one can hope to apply it to practical 
purposes with any probability of success. 

These considerations originally led to 
the publication of my " Outlines of the 
First Principles of Botany/* wherein the 
fundamental propositions upon which the 
principles of Organic and Physiological 
Botany depend, were stated as briefly as 
the nature of the subject would permit. 
The success with which this little book 
was received, and its recojjnized utility to 
students, whatever its defects may have 
been, induced me to attempt the far more 
difficult task of reducing the definitions 
employed in the higher part of Gystematic 
Botany to their simplest form, and to show 
that the impediments which accompany 
this branch of the Ecionce are susceptible 
of being very materially diminished by a 
careful and extensive kind of analysis. The 
''Nixus Plantarum** was written with the 
Tiew of putting to the test the possibility of 
executing such a plan ; and it has been ex- 
tremely satisfactory to me to find that this 
work also, although, in many respects, to- 
tally unsuited to the use of students, has 
nevertheless been, in many cases, em- 
ployed by them with singular advantage. 

"As both the ' Outlines of First Prin- 
ciples * and the ' Nixus ' are out of print, 
I have determined to combine them into 
one worit, — a sort of Botanical Note-Book, 
—wherein all the principal topics which 
the teachers of Botany either do, or ought 
to, introduce into their lectures, are ar- 
ranged methodically. The student will na- 
turally look to his instructor for explana- 
tions and illustrations of the work, and for 
the exposition, in detail, of those points 
which in his Note-Book are merely ad- 
verted to. 

" In the systematic part, I have endea- 
voured to secure as much distinctness in 
all respects, as the resources of printing 
would supply, knowing, from experience, 
how difficult it is to convey to the mind a 
clear and distinct impression of any thing 
which is presented to the eye in a state of 
confusion. I have also ventured to reform 



the language of Botanists in some respects, 
by carrying out their own principles to 
their full extent; thus securing a more 
uniform kind of nomenclature, and ex- 
pressing the value of the names of the 
Classes, Orders, &c., in all cases by the 
manner of their termination." 

It is stated in the Botanical Magazine, 
folio 3284, regarding the very pretty An- 
thyllis Webbiana, that it was introduced 
by Mr. Webb, "from Teneriffe: this is 
a mistake, and we have the authority of 
Mr. .Webb himself for stating, that he ga- 
thered the seeds, in 1827, on rocks near 
the summit of Sierra Tejada, a chain of 
mountains running almost parallel with the 
Sierra Nevada, near Alhama, in the king- 
dom of Grenada, It was growing in com- 
pany with Cerasus prostrata, and many 
other interesting plants. The same accom- 
plished NatimJist observes that the An- 
thyllis found by Bory de St. Vincent, in 
TeneriflFe, is certainly only A, vulneraria, 
as no other species of the genus exists 
there. 

We are much gratified to find that M. 
Du Rieux, a French Botanist, to whom 
Merat dedicated a Spanish Genus, (which 
however, had already been described by 
Lagasca, under the name of Lqfuentea,) 
has been herborizing in Spain, and ex- 
ploring the vegetable productions on both 
sides of the Austrian and Galician range. 
He has accomplished his journey success- 
fidly, though not without danger. An aged 
Botanist, named Percy, who was the un- 
successful competitor with Ortega for the 
Botanical Chair of Madrid, saved him 
irom the calabozo (dungeon) at Ovie- 
do, to which the civil governor was about 
to consign him. His Collection amounts 
to about three hundred and sixty species. 
The country visited is, perhaps, not rich 
in number of species ; but there cannot be 
a doubt of there being many highly inter- 
esting plants. We hail with delight any 
attempt to make us better acquainted with 
Spanish Botany: for it is that country, 
which, of all Europe, is the least known to 



188 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



U8 ; and which, from its southern latitude, 
and the great elevation of its moun- 
tains, canngt fail to be of a very peculiar 
character. M. Du Rieux found Oranges 
cultivated in the open air, and the Wood- 
wardia radicans wild on the rocks in the 
neighbourhood of a small port between 
Bayonne and Xixona. 

Don Ramon de la Sagra, late Superin- 
tendent of the Royal Botanic Garden at 
Havana, (the country that proved so fatal 
to poor Drummond,) and author of a work 
entitled, '* Historia economico-poliltca y 
estaditica de la Isla da Cuba" &c., is ar- 
rived at Paris, with large collections of 
Plants and Insects, which he proposes to 
publish. M. P. Alex. Auber, who, when 
with M. Berthelot and Mr. Webb in the 
Canaries, discovered a new species of 
JSchium, {EAvberianum, Berth. &Webb,) 
is appointed to succeed him in the Gar- 
den at Havana. 

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH PLANTS. 

Veronica /?o/ito, Fries, and Brit Fl. ed, 3. 
p, 8. — " Bertoloni, in his Flora Italica, 
v.l, p. 101, gives our V.polita under 
the name of V. didyma, Tenore, and 
refers to it V. agrestis, Curtis, which I 
have (erroneously he says) quoted un- 
der V. agrestis, Linn. Perhaps he is 
right as to the figure. The description, 
in part at least, must have been made 
from V. agrestis" Borrer in litt, — I 
fear that in this and many others of our 
plants lately raised to the rank of spe- 
cies, we are splitting straws; and the 
consequence is that if we know what we 
mean oiirselves, other Botanists will not 
so easily comprehend them. 

Fedia olitoria. — " Well distinguished from 
our other species, by the thickened bark 
of the fertile cell. The fruit of F, Aw 
ricula, is added to the figure of F. olito- 
ria in FL Lond. ed, 2. — To Fedia auri- 
cula, Br. Fl. ed. 3. p, 24, may be added 
ft (Woods, MSS.) F. tridentatay ** Ste- 
ven," Reich, /c. Bot t. ei.—Valerda- 
nella dentata, De Cand. Prodr. v. 4. p. 
627. — a, Hastings, in fields below Ore 



Lane, Dr. Brootnfield. — 0. Landolph, 
Cornwall. Rev. R.T. Bone." Borr.inliU: 
— ^but Mr. Borrer observes, that the two 
varieties are scarcely worth distinguish- 
ing. — We anxiously await the publica- 
tion of a paper on this genus, which 
Mr. Joseph Woods has lately sent to the 
Linneean Society. 

Crocus speciosus, Bieb. — Hook. Br. Fl 
ed. 3, p. 25. —Of this Mr. Borrer ob- 
serves, " Mr. Wilson's plant is merely 
C. nudifiorus with the style a little 
lengthened ; but Reichenbach figures a 
very different thing as C. speciosus." 
This is very true of Reichenbach's 
figure, but Mr. Wilson's specimens are 
compared with authentic ones, in my 
Herbarium, from Tauria and Caucasus, 
and they are identically the same. As 
to Reichenbach's plant, it is from Kras- 
sova, in the South-east of Hungary, 
and has the three outer segments of the 
perianth very large, broad, and obovate, 
spreading, the three inner much smaUer 
erect, and lanceolate, as in Iris! — so 
that the author remarks upon it, " Plan- 
ta omnino speciosa, genera quorumdam 
affinium perianthii heteromorphium ex- 
ordiens, partitiones extems lilacinc, 
intemsB albse ! — Transitus ad Irides."— 
Our plant is found in the Pyrenees, and 
is distributed by the Uhio liineraria, 
as " Crocus nudifiorus Sm. In Monte 
Rion,Pyr. Orient. Endress. Sept 1830." 
The " Crocus speciosus, Bbrst. (C. im- 
diflorus, Sm. ?) in graminosis Geor- 
giae Caucas. T. F. Hohenacker, 1831," 
of the same collection, is truly C. n«- 
di/lorus y as is also the " C. nud^lonu, 
Sm. In pratis alpinis, Pyren. 4600— 
5000 Ind. Endress. 1829," also of the 
Uhio Itineraria. 

Scripus Savii, Spreng. — Hook. Br. FL 
ed. 3. p. 28. — Since I have directed the 
attention of our Botanists to this well- 
marked species, it has been found by 
various individuals in Ireland and on the 
Western side of England and Scotknd ; 
so that it may be considered as occu- 
pying nearly the same range of coontzy 
as Pinguicula Lusitanica; its most 



BOTANICAL IKFOBMATION. 



189 



easterly station being at Knowle, Isle 
of Wight : Mr. Borrer also finds it in 
Devonshire, Miss Warren in Corn- 
wall, Mr, W, Wilson, Mr, Babington, 
and Mr. Borrer in Wales ; in the Isle of 
Man, Mr. J, E. Bovrman ; Coast of Gal- 
loway, Scotland, Dr. Graham and a 
party of his pupils. In Ireland, like the 
Pinguicula just mentioned, this Scripus 
is, perhaps, universally distributed ; since, 
in addition to localities in the West and 
South of that island, it has been gathered 
at Howth and Oughterara, West of Gal- 
way, by Mr. Babington. 

Elymus ^enicw/a^t^. — May this not be a 
diseased state of E. arenarius ? An 
Elymus, which I cannot distinguish from 
it, was sent to me some time ago, by 
Dr. Murray, of Aberdeen, from Fife- 
sfaire, and again lately from the same 
locality, by Mr. Gilbert Macngh. 

Eriophorum gracile, Auct. Brit. — " I am 
convinced that our Scotch and Welsh 
plant, which I find also in Sussex and 
in Surrey (whether distinct or not from 
E. angustifoliuni), is not the E. gracile 
of foreign botanists. I have a Lapland 
specimen of the latter from Swartz. It 
has a taller culm, and rough spike-stalks, 
and the spikes have shorter leaves, as in 
E. pubescens." Borrer in litt. — I shall 
be thankful if any competent Botanist 
will furnish characters, and clear up the 
synonyms which belong to our many- 
spiked Eriophora. 

Qeocharis multicaulis. — Sheaths of the 
stem oblique, with a small point, which 
is wanting in E. pabistris. Spike oflen 
proliferous. Borrer in litt. 

Mr. Wilson observes, that the pale 
spikelets distinguish it, at first sight, 
from E. setacetts, with which it often 
grows in company, and that the stamens 
are always three. 

Viola suavis, M. Bieb. — ^This is introduced 
into Professor Lindley's Flora, on the 
authority of Mr. Leighton, as found on 
Shakespeare's Hills, in Shropshire, but 
with the remark, that *' it is a white var. 
of V. odorata, without hairiness on the 
petals." 



Lobelia urens. The Ottery St. Mary sta- 
tion, we are assured on the authority of 
Mrs. GriflSths, is a mere escape from 
her garden. In the station near Axmin- 
ster, it is confined within very narrow 
bounds. 

Daucus maritirrms, With, (not Lam.) — 
Mr, Borrer considers the D. Hispani- 
cus, De Cand. and D. gummifer. Lam., 
to be synonymous to this. 

Hemiaria ^^6ra. — The ciliated almost spa- 
thulate leaves distinguish the Cornish 
plant from the Suffolk one, which is the 
true jBT. glabra. I have never seen the 
supposed British If. hirsuta. The fo- 
reign one is satisfactorily distinct. Mr. 
Babington is directing his attention to 
this subject, and it is expected will give 
a paper upon it to the Linnnan Society. 
Borrer. 

Polygonum maritimum, Linn. — Mr. Bor- 
rer has found this plant, new to the Bri- 
tish Flora, on the sandy shore, near 
Christchurch, Hants, " with the leaves 
indeed, less acute, and the nerves of the 
stipules less numerous than in my fo- 
reign specimens." — ^The same accurate 
Botanist agrees with me in the opinion 
I expressed (Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 185.) that 
my maritime var. jS. of P. aviculare is 
truly a distinct species. " It comes near 
to P. aviculare in the stipules, but 
agrees with the true P. maritimum in 
the fruit. I have found it this year in 
Lhwd's Anglesea station, and the Rev. 
T. Salway had sent it me firom Bar- 
mouth. Mr. Babington has found it on 
the sands at Killiney, Ireland. Dille- 
nius's Sussex habitat, is long since gone 
into the sea." 

Rosa Wilsoni, Borr. in Br. Fl. ed. 3. p. 
231, and Eng. Bot Suppl. t 2723.— 
Professor Lindley's remark on this, is 
worthy of attention. " This seems one of 
the endless varieties of R. mollis, ap- 
proaching jR. Doniana, in the presence 
of setSB on its branches; and proving 
among other things, that R. involuta, 
Doniana, Sabiniana, &c. are all one 
and the same natural species." 

Orobanche caryophyllacea, Br. FL ed. 



190 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



3. p. 293. — ^The Devonshire station, of 
Mr. Borrer, is to be expunged. It was 
at first, only seen from a distance ; but, 
on afterwards reaching the plant, it was 
ascertained to be O. minor, with a white 
flower. 

Matthiola incana (flowers pale dull red). 
— Clifis between Steep Hill Cove and 
Ventnor Cove, Isle of Wight. Borrer. 

Hieracium Lawsoni, — Mr. Borrer queries 
if this be distinct from H, villosum, 

Crepis tectorum, Sm. and Brit FL — " All 
that I have seen of British growth is 
C virens. — The true C. tectorum, Linn, 
is decisively distinguished by the rough 
and beaked fruit I have gathered it in 
Normandy." Borrer, 

Garduus crispus, Lina — This plant was 
introduced into the British Flora on 
the authority of specimens gathered 
at Reigate Hill, Surrey, by Mr. W. C. 
Trevelyan ; and very lately my obliging 
friend, Mr. J. E. Bowman, of Gresford, 
near Wrexham, has sent me what seems 
to him to agree with the character of 
the same plant, (from that neighbour- 
hood,) rather than with the C, cLcantho- 
ides. Both these plants are, I doubt 
not, correctly referred by these gentle- 
men to C. crispus : but then I think, 
upon investigation, it will appear that if 
the two species be distinct, that which 
generally goes by the name of acanthoi- 
des with us is, in reality, the crispus of 
Linnseus, who is the original authority 
for both. On referring to the Species 
Flantarum, we find the essential cha- 
racter of the two species thus given; 
*' C, acanthoides ; foliis decurrentibus 
sinuatis margine spinosis, calycibus pe- 
dunculatis solitariis erectis villosis/' — 
*' C, crispus ; foliis decurrentibus sinu- 
atis margine spinosis, floribus aggrega- 
tis terminalibus inermibus :*' — and again 
in the remarks on C, acanthoides, Lin- 
naeus says " difiert a C. crispo calycibus 
solitariis villosis." Now it is quite clear 
that this character of *' pedunculated 
solitary flowers " does not accord with 
the notions we have of C7. acanthoides. 
Curtis gives an excellent representation 



of our plant under the name of C poly- 
amianthus. Sir James Smith alters the 
Linnaean character, and says " calycibus 
globosis subpedunculatis " (27. Brit), 
and, again, in the description, "flores 
plerumque pedunculati." In the speci- 
fic character in Eng, Bot t 973, the 
expression is " calyx globose, not quite 
sessile :" in the description, " flowering 
branches terminating in irregular dus- 
ters of purple, erect flowers, generally 
on short partial stalks ;" whereas the fi- 
gure which accompanies the description 
represents the flowers as aggregated and 
completely sessile. In Engl. Flora the 
expressions are, "flowers aggregated, 
somewhat stalked," and '* flowers crowd- 
ed at the top of the branches," to which 
is added the observation, that " this spe- 
cies, before the Herbarium of Linnseus 
came to England, was generally taken 
for his crispus " (as by Hudson, Light- 
foot, &c.) ; " but the leaves of the latter 
are white and mostly cottony under- 
neath ; its calyx- scales more leafy and 
erect, the inner ones coloured." Will- 
denow adopts, from the Flora Britannica, 
Smith's specific character of C. acan- 
thoides, and does not at all help to clear 
up the difliculties. The Flora Danica 
figures represent C. acanthoides with 
narrower, more deeply divided, and more 
bipinnatifid leaves than in C. crispus; 
diflerences not so much as hinted at by 
cotemporaneous authors: — ^the inflores- 
cence is almost exactly the same in botL 
Schkuhr's figure of C. acanthoides is 
quoted for the C, crispus by Professor 
Lindley, and it quite agrees with the 
Eng. Bot. acanthoides: De Candolle and 
Dubis, Botanicon Gallicon, observe of 
C. acanthoides, " vix a precedenti (C. 
crispo) distinctus." Wahlenberg (Flora 
Suecicd) makes the character, as Lin- 
nseus did, chiefly to depend on the 
" peduncles and calyces being solitary," 
while Reichenbach increases the diffi- 
culty by multiplying the species, keep- 
ing up C. polyacanthus of Curtis as dis- 
tinct from C. acanthoides. 
The only specimen in my Herbarium 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



191 



which accords with the Linnsean character 
of C. cLcanthoides, is a Swiss plant from 
Schleicher, marked " acanthoides** The 
flowers are truly solitary and pedunculated ; 
the peduncle, above the uppermost leaf, 
two to four inches long, and not at all 
winged. Schleicher's C, crispus is like 
our C cLcanthoides, save that the leaves 
are broader, softer, and less deeply pinna- 
tifid, and the scales of the involucre are 
less spiny: the leaves white and downy 
beneath : probably the C, crispus 0. inte- 
grifolius of JReichenb. FL Excursoria, 

From all that I have said, I think it will 
be clear that our C. acanthoides is the 
C. crispus of Linneeus and of most conti- 
nental Botanists; and if the species are 
really distinct, that name ought to be re- 
tained to our plant ; but I am myself in- 
clined to the opinion that they are merely 
varieties of each other, of which the C, 
acanthoides of Linneeus is the less frequent 
form, 80 unfrequent, indeed, that succeed- 
ing Botanists have modified the character 
till it insensibly passes into C. crispus, 
Habenaria bifolia, Br, and Br, FL ed, 3. 
p, 376. — ^This is the Orchis bifolia of 
linn , O, bifolia, var. 0. Sm. — O. bifolia, 
/3. brachyglossa, Wall. — PkUanthera 
brachyglossa, Reichenb. — ^Borr. in litt. 
— Professor Lindley makes the brachy- 
glossa his var. /S. of Platanthera bifo- 
lia ; ** anther emarginate, lip somewhat 
shorter, leaves obtuse, very much taper- 
ing to the base." 
Habenaria chhrantha, Brit. Fl. — Platan- 
thera chlorantha. Curt. Lind, Syn,SuppL 
p. 330, who observes, " that its large 
greenish flowers mark it at first sight, 
and the peculiar form of the anther (very 
broad with diverging lobes) afibrds a 
certain mark of recognitien. To this 
should be referred Orchis bifolia («.) 
Sm. English BoL and Curt. FL Lond,-^ 
" It is chiefly a wood plant, although it 
occurs also in chalky downs. H. bifolia 
grows in forest woods and heaths. Both 
are common in Sussex in their appro- 
priate stations. They difier in the fo- 
liage. I have never seen P. bifolia, 
Reichenbach." Borr, in litt. 



Liparis, *' Reichenbach's objection to this 
name, that it was previously given to a 
universally received genus of Insects, 
seems decisive against its being retained 
for the Ophrys Loeselii, Linn." Borr. — 
Such coincidences must frequently occur, 
and, although they ought to be avoided as 
much as possible, yet they do not appear 
to me to be productive of any serious 
inconvenience. In the present instance 
I believe it will be found that the termi- 
nation of the two words is dififerent, Li- 
parus^ in Entomology. A greater objec- 
tion to the name might perhaps be found 
in the circumstance of there being already 
a Liparia in Botany among the Legumi- 
nosce: all these words are derived no 
doubt, from the same common root : but 
names invented by Richard, sanctioned 
by such high authority as Brown and 
Lindley, and which have now obtained 
general currency, should not be changed, 
except on the most substantial grounds, 
such as I think do not exist in the pre- 
sent case. 

Zannichellia palustris and dentata. — In 
the fourth volume of Sir James Smith's 
English Flora, p. 70, we find the fol- 
lowing observation under Zannichellia 
palustris, — " Z. dentata of Willdenow, 
separated by him at my suggestion, from 
our British plant, was long ago well dis- 
tinguished by Micheli, t, 34./ 2, and if 
he be correct as to the two cells of its 
anther and the toothed stigmas, nothing 
can be more distinct. It may probably 
be found in England." Such a Zanni- 
chellia has been found in England, and 
will probably prove to be far from un- 
common, as it was detected almost at 
the same time by Mr. J. E. Bowman, at 
Gresford, near Wrexham, Denbighshire, 

> At least the genas of Inaeots, among the CoU- 
Ojptera, established bj Olivier, is lApanu, Och- 
senheimer has a genos lAparis among Lepidopterae, 
to which probablj Reichenbaoh all odes : it is the 
Arctiaof some others, Hypogymna, Hnbner, Stephens, 
Kirbj, &o. And even lApaara* is now called MoUtes 
b J Schoenherr and Stephens : so that neither lApanu 
nor LqMris seems to be eraplojed among Insects. lA- 
pane is, however, a name given by Plinj to a kind of 
fish, and it has recently (according to Stephens) been 
restored lo a genos in Ichthyology. 



192 



BOTANICAL INPOHMATION. 



and bj Mr. Johns, in Cornwall, and has 
been mentioned to me by Miss Warren 
and others. But it remains to be con- 
sidered how far the species are really 
distinct; though it must be confessed 
that, to speak decidedly on the point, 
recent specimens should be examined, 
which are unfortunately not within my 
reach. Both Mr. Bowman and Mr. Johns 
have, however, sent me drawings as well 
as specimens of the supposed Z. deniata, 
^d both agree in these particulars, that 
the stigma is large, membranous, and 
toothed, the peduncle and pedicels of 
the capsules so short that they may be 
said to be wanting; the fruit is nearly 
sessile, the anthers are two-celled, and, 
according to Mr. Bowman, the embryo 
consists of six to seven folds. In Z. 
palustris, drawn by Mr. Bowman, the 
capsules are decidedly pedicellate and 
seated upon a distinct common stalk ; 
the stigmas, though large, are entire ; 
the anther is distinctly four-celled, and 
the embryo has usually only four folds. 
** Is it not possible, however," as Mr. 
Bowman observes, ''that notwithstand- 
ing the decided way in which Sir James 
Smith pronounces it distinct, it may be 
but a variety of Z. palustris ? Water- 
plants seem less constant than others, 
as may be witnessed in the leaves of Po- 
iamogeton, of which I think we make 
too many species. 

The value of the character derived from 
the number of cells of the anther will be . 
considerably lessened by the statement 
which has been made lately by Mr. Babing- 
ton, that Z, palustris is sometimes seen 
with two, three, and four cells on the same 
plant. The toothing of the stigma is un- 
doubtedly variable, and not confined to the 
sessile-fruited Zannichellia ; the number 
of folds in the embryo cannot be considered 
essential, as they vary in both : so that we 
have only the sessile or stalked fruit by 
which the two kinds can really be distin- 
guished, and these marks seem constant to 
the respective individuals : but this forms 
no part of Micheli's character, and there- 
fore cannot be made a distinguishing fea- 



ture of his plant, the original dentata, 
where the capsules are just as much pedi- 
cellate as in his Z, palustris. I think, 
therefore, the Z. dentata of Micheli, Will- 
denow, and Smith, is merely a state, I 
cannot even call it a variety, of Z. palustris. 
Upon very slight grounds indeed Reichen- 
bach reckons no less than six species ! all 
of which I doubt not may be found in our 
ditches and slow streams. — 1. Z, palustris. 
Mich, (not of others) only known, as it 
would appear from Reichenbach, by fi- 
gures, is chiefly characterized by the 
presence of a campanulate spatka ; which 
indeed may readily be seen in the flow- 
ering state in our palustris, and is 
correctly represented in Mr. Bowman's 
accurate drawing. — 2. Z. repens, Reich. 
Ic, Bot. t. 756; radicans, filamento ger- 
mina vix superante, stig^atibus repandis, 
nuculis subsessilibus laevibus vel dorso 
multicrenulatis. — 3. Z.polycarpa, Nolte. — 
Reich, ic. Bot L 757 ; nuculis sessilibus 
IsBvigatis dorso cristatis repando-multiden- 
tatis, stylo demum Isevissimo. — 4. Z. gib- 
berosa, Reich. Ic. Bot. 759 ; foliis tenuis- 
simis, nuculis stipitatis utrinque cristatis 
repando-dentatis. — 5. Z. peduncitlata, 
Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 760 ; foliis tenuissimis, 
umbella pedunculata, nuculis basi tnmcatis 
longe stipitatis dorso cristatis repando-spi- 
nulosis laevibusve. — 6. Z. major, Bonnin- 
ger. — Reich. Ic. Bot. t. 758 ; foliis temis 
longissimis, nuculis breve stipitatis dorso 
crista continua. To the latter, this author 
refers the Z. palustris of English Botany. 
Aspidium cristatum, L. — ^This extremely 
rare, and most distinct jPem, of which so 
few stations are known in Britain, has 
recently been found in Coxton bogs, 
Notts., by Dr. Howitt. 
Asplenium alternifolium. — Between Perth 

and Dunkeld. Afr. Gilbert Macnab. 
Lunularia vulgaris, Micheli. — Marchantia 
cruciata, Linnaeus. — This was found by 
Dr. Taylor, at Dunkerran, in 1832, and 
sent to me, thus named, in May, 1833, 
by that gentleman; and Mr. Wilson, 
having in July, 1835, gathered perfect 
fructification of his Marchantia ? hecis 
(Brit Fl. V. 2. p. 103.) ** in moderate 




yfirc^M M//^/y. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



193 



plenty behind a piece of rock- work in his 
garden, " at Paddington, near Warrington, 
we have the satisfaction of recording 
it as the same plant; the Marchantia 
cruciaia, Linn., Lunularia vulgaris 
of Micheli, a genus well distinguished 
from Marchantia by its deeply four- 
valved capsules (as in Jungerman- 
nia) and their cross-shaped receptacle. 
" The stalk of the receptacle is succu- 
lent, white, beset with filaments, and at 
the base with numerous, membranous, 
imbricated scales, which are much laci- 
niated at the summit. Gemmiferous 
scyphi lunulate. Male receptacle ses- 
sile, or rather imbedded, with an erect, 
prominent, membranous margin, not 
foraied of the epidermis of the frond." 
Wilson. 
Riccia natans^ " This is abundant in 
many pits about Gresford, but I have 
never succeeded in detecting any fructi- 
fication. When this most singular plant 
lies upon the surface of the mud (after 
the evaporation of the water on which it 
floated) it soon loses all the long and 
beautiful fimbris which spring from its 
under surface, and also the two horizon- 
tal fasciculi or plumy processes issuing 
from the broader end of the frond ; and, 
in heu of these, that portion of the lower 
surface which is in contact with the mud 
throws out silky fibrous roots, and the 
free portion is covered with short lan- 
ceolate scales. It also loses its long 
projecting conical end, the sides of the 
frond fall outwards into the same plane 
with the central portion ; the whole frond 
becomes larger and greener ; and I am 
half inclined to think it only an aquatic 
state of R, chrystallina" J. E. Bow- 
man in Hit. — The circumstance of the 
aquatic state being found in fruit in 
North America (see Bot. Misc. v. 1. p. 
41. t 22.) would seem to militate against 
this supposition ; as also the fact that, 
although the R. chrystallina is abundant 
in Scotland, R. natans has never been 
found with us. The subject, however, 
deserves to be further studied by those 

VOL. I. 



in whose neighbourhood the R, natans 
grows. 
Riccia^Mi^anj. (Tab. IX.) N.-^ orib in any 
country appears to have noticed the tructi- 
fication except Lindenberg, a German, till 
Mr. W. Wilson lately found it in Cheshire, 
and has kindly communicated to me the 
drawing which is here engraved, and the 
following specific character and descrip- 
tion. — R, Jluitans ; frond plane thin, 
repeatedly forked, segments linear ob- 
tuse, fruit tumid beneath. — This spe- 
cies is usually found floating, but when 
fertile, is firmly attached to the soil in 
situations that are inundated during 
winter, where it forms extensive matted 
patches, becoming more tumid and less 
subdivided in proportion to its prolific 
tendency, and throwing out numerous 
fibres from the whole lower surface of 
the frond, whose divisions are slightly 
thickened in the middle, with obtuse 
margins, semipellucid, and sheathed at 
the apex with a few membranous scales. 
Capsule globose, usually solitary, some- 
times two together, at first concealed 
within the frond, its ascending style 
lodged in a foramen opening at the upper 
surface, at length very prominent be- 
neath, when ripe, dark purple, contain- 
ing about thirty quaternary clusters of 
roughish seeds of the same colour, coated 
with a pellucid membrane. Anthers 
imbedded in imperforate cells of the 
same frond, oval and pellucid. Lateral 
innovations from the lower side of the 
frond are occasionally found. The fruc- 
tification is indeterminate in position, 
but never found exactly at the forks. — 
Found in Cheshire, September 1834. 
W. Wilson. 
Tab. IX. T'lfT. I. Shows a single frond at the ex- 
tremitj of a patch. 2. Fronds slightly matted. 3. 
fertile Fronds. 4. Ditto as seen loose in water. 5. 
Portions of a fertile Frond, in different positions — 
tnagnifisd, 6. Frond with anthers and innovations. 
7, 8, 9. Fmotification at diflerent stages — magnified 
sections. 10. Portions of Capsale and Stjle— %A/y 
magnified, 11. Seeds. 12. A claster of Seeds as they 
at first appear, in fonrs. 13. Pistillnm in an early 
stage — fdgklg tnagnified. 14. Section of a Frond con- 
taining both kinds of fmotification. 
N 



194 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



Oymnostomum obliquum. — Hymenosto- 
mum obliquum. Nees, Hornsclurch, and 
Brid. Apparently a very excellent spe- 
cies, allied to G, microstomum ; was 
found in Cheshire, by Mr. Wilson, in 
1834. 

Gymnostomum rutilans. Hedw. — Hyme- 
nostomum rutilans, Brid. Was found by 
the same indefatigable Botanist, in May, 
1835. 

INTELLIGENCE RESPECTINQ THE UNIO 
ITINERAEIA. 

The Unio Itineraria, supported by the 
liberal patronage of His Majesty the King 
of Wurtemberg, having arranged the plan 
of a journey to Egypt and Arabia, for the 
purpose of collecting objects of Botany 
and Natural History, we, the under-signed, 
fixed upon Dr, Wiest and Mr. Schimper, 
as persons well qualified for the task. They 
accordingly set out for their destination in 
the month of September, 1834, and spent 
the winter months at Cairo, collecting what- 
ever was interesting in a scientific point of 
view, throughout the surrounding country ; 
when Dr. Wiest being unhappily seized 
with the plague, his life fell a sacrifice to 
this malady. More fortunate than his com- 
panion, M. Schimper, who had formerly 
collected for the Uhio Itineraria at Algiers, 
proceeded, early in March, to Suez, and 
being fully equipped with all the necessary 
materials for his employment, he directed 
his course into Arabia Petnea, stopping for 
a short time at £1 Tor, on the shores of the 
Red Sea, and afterwards fixing his head- 
quarters at the Convent of St. Catharine, 
on Mount Sinai, whence he made excur- 
sions to the surrounding mountains and 
valleys, from the end of March to the close 
of summer. The produce of his labour 
consists of about thirty thousand specimens 
of dried plants, together with a variety of 
seeds. These were transmitted, partly to 
Cairo and partly to Alexandria, while M. 
Schimper continued collecting at Mount 
Sinai, and five packages have already ar- 
rived safely at the Port of Trieste. As far 
as can be judged at present, this expedition 



is likely to contribute greatly towards the 
extension of Natural Science, particularly 
Botany, many of the plants being either 
new or little known. But as the expenses 
of this undertaking are not yet covered, 
and ^ M. Schimper is desirous of augment- 
ing his stores by penetrating further into 
Upper Egypt or Syria, we hereby invite, 
not only our present subscribers, to double, 
if possible, their subscriptions, if they wish 
to obtain a full share of this valuable and 
rare collection, consisting, the greater part 
of Arabian, aud a smaller portion only of 
Egyptian plants ; but we also beg to ac- 
quaint those who have hitherto not been 
among the regular subscribers, that there 
are single shares at GOs., or double shares at 
120s., still remaining open ; and we promise 
that a single share will produce at least two 
hundred species. Those who may wish to 
receive also specimens, to the number of 
about forty-five, of those plants which were 
gathered on the island of Cephalonia, where 
the collectors were detained by shipwreck, 
will have to add 10s. more to the amount 
of their subscriptions. 

We further request leave to state, that 
specimens, from the Georgian Caucasus, 
put up in fasciculi, and ticketed, lie ready 
for distribution, at the original price of 48s. 
for two hundred, or 40s. for one hundred 
and seventy species ; while to those who 
have formerly subscribed for similar plants, 
we beg to observe, that a fresh supply from 
the same quarter has partly arrived, and is 
partly on the road, for which the price is 
fixed at 30s. for one hundred species ; this 
higher charge being occasioned by the 
greater scarcity of the plants themselves, 
and by the more remote distance at which 
they were collected. Subscriptions are also 
open for single centuries of Chilian speci- 
mens at 80s. per hundred; besides others 
from the States of Ohio and Pennsylvania, 
at 22s. per hundred. 

Prof. Ch. F. Hochstbtteb. 

Dr. E. Steudel. 

Esslingen, Nov. 1836. 



NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PLANTS. 195 

NEW botanist's GUIDE AND GEOGRA- tribution, in connexion with lines of Lati- 

PHY OF BRITISH PLANTS. tude and Longitude; 4. Distribution, in 

Two highly interesting works, which connexion with Geographical or Local 
promise to be eminently useful to the Bri- Position. — V. Remarks on the Distribu- 
tish Botanist, have just appeared from the tion of Plants over other countries. — Then 
pen of H. C, Watson, Esq., the one enti- follows an Appendix on the following 
tied " Remarks on the Geographical Dis- subjects : — No. L Table, indicating the dis- 
tribution of British Plants, chiefly in con- tribution of Plants within Britain. — No. IL 
nezion with latitude, elevation, and cli- Table, indicating the Geographical Exten- 
mate"— the other, "The New Botanist's sion of British Plants.— No. IIL List of the 
Guide to the localities of the rarer Plants most generally distributed Plants, as shown 
of Britain, on the plan of Turner and Dill- by the local Floras. — No. FV. list of Sy- 
wyn'a Botanist's Guide, Vol. L, England nonyms in " Lindley's Synopsis of the 
and Wales."— In regard to the first of these British Flora."— No. V. List of the Natu- 
publications, it contains, as may be ex- ral Orders and included Genera, for the 
pected from the author of " Outlines of convenience of persons chiefly conversant 
the Geographical Distribution of British with the Linneean Classification. — No. VI. 
Plants,"^ a mine of valuable information. Index to the Genera in Nos. I. and II. 
partly the result of Mr. Watson's . many Mr. Watson's " New Botanist's Guide" 
personal observations in various, and espe- is a work of immense labour, and ought to 
daily the mountainous, districts of Great be in the hands of every one who studies 
Britain, and partly derived from the com- British Plants. By means of numerous 
municcitions of others, and from consulting abbreviations, in regard to authorities for 
an immense number of works bearing upon the stations, the whole of the rarer plants 
his subject The following list of contents (omitting the Cryptogamue) of England 
will convey some idea of the variety of to- and Wales, are comprised in one small 
pics treated of in this book. — I. Remarks closely-printed volume, which the traveller 
on the Physical Geography of Britain ; 1. can easily carry in his pocket on his excur- 
Extent and Position ; 2. Elevation of Sur- sions. The arrangement is two-fold — 1st, 
fcce; 3. Climate, Temperature, Rain, Pro- according to counties, as in Turner and 
gress of the Seasons, indicated by that of Dillwyn's admirable Botanist's Guide, 
Vegetation. — IT. General Remarks on the (which is indeed the model of the present 
Flora and Vegetation of Britain ; 1. Nu- book,) beginning with Cornwall, and pro- 
merical Estimate ; 2. Botanical Character, ceeding northerly; while, under each 
—III. Remarks on the Data for determin- ^ounty, the species are arranged according 
ing the distribution of Plants in Britain. — to the Natural Orders ; and 2ndly, there is 
IV. Remarks on the Distribution of Plants a Hst of all the species, arranged according 
in Britain ; 1. Distribution in Ascending to their natural aflinities, each of which is 
Regions — ^Region of the Plains, Upland followed by an enumeration of the counties 
Region, Median Region, Subalpine Re- in which they are found. The author has 
gion, and Alpine Region ; 2. Distribution, derived great assistance in compiling this 
in connexion with Altitude, in the High- work from the many local Floras that have 
lands of Scotiand, in Cumberland ; 3. Dis- been recently published, and still more, 

,. 1..JJ , ..jr ♦. • , perhaps, from the numerous coipmunica- 

» A work, indeed, only printed for priyate circala- r r ' 

tion, bat which, from the liberality of Mr. Wataon, tions he has received, both of Specimens 

Md his desire to promote the study of this important ^^^ unpublished Catalogues. 

branch of Botany, is in the possession of almost erery 

one who feels an interest in the subject. (To be continued.) 



196 



NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PLANTS. 



3. The Mountains embrace all the sur- 
face rising sufficiently high to produce Sa- 
lix herbacea, Azalea procumbens, Gna- 
phalium supinum, Ceraslium alpinum, or 
Saxifraga nivalis, (Corresponds to the 
Subalpine and Alpine Regions of the same 
work.) 

The mean annual temperature of these 



NUMERICAL PROPORTIONS OF 
THE NATURAL ORDERS OF 
BRITISH PLANTS AT DIFFER- 
ENT ELEVATIONS. 

Bj H. C. WaUon, Esq. F.L.S. 

In the 3d No. of this Work (p. 86), 
twelve ascending stages of vegetation, in 
Britain, were exemplified by the upper stages may be stated at 52® — 46® for the 
lines or limits of trees and shrubs. The plains ; for the ascending region we may 
following table is intended to exhibit the estimate it to be 46® — 39® ; and for the 
numerical proportions of phaenogamous mountains 39® — 30®. Ten degrees must be 
species, as distributed in similar stages ; added to give the temperature of summer, 
but the very limited observations hitherto and ten degrees subtracted to give that of 
made, with reference to this subject, are winter. But, by the paper before refened 
altogether inadequate to supply data for to, it will be seen that these are merely 
more than a rude calculation, in which estimates, not ascertained facts, in respect 
much fewer stages must be taken. A scale to the second and third stages.* In com- 
of three such stages will suffice to show, paring the numbers in the table, it is to be 
in a general way, the change of floral pro- tept in mind, that the species found on the 
ductions seen in passing from the low tracts plains are well known, which is not the 
of England to the Highland Mountains, case with those of the mountains ; and se- 
These three stages may be thus explained : veral may hereafter be found to ascend 

1. The Plains comprehend the whole to this height, which I have not yet ascer- 
tract from the south coast of England to tained to do so. In addition, the spe- 
the borders of the Scottish Highlands, ex- cies of some genera, as Salix, Rosa, Ru- 
cept the elevated and mountainous portions }yus, Myosotis, &c. being so uncertain, and 
of Wales, the north-west of England, and their distribution so little known, absolute 
south of Scotland. The presence of Acer numbers must be very doubtfully stated. 
Campestre, Daphne Laureola, Bryonia About one thousand five hundred and 
dioica, and Tamus communis distinguish twenty species now appear in our descrip- 
the plains from* the higher stages. (This tive Floras, of which one thousand four 
stage corresponds to the Region of the hundred and eighty is the extreme number 
Plains in my Remarks on the Distribution existing in Britain, properly so called, in- 
o/'^rtVwA P/a7i<*, now in the press.) eluding England, Wales, and Scotland. 

2. The Interm^ediate or Ascending Re- The species peculiar to Ireland and the 
gion includes the whole tract of country Channel Isles, with others extinct or mis- 
beyond the Grampian Mountains, with the taken, make up the rest. Of these one 
bases, valleys, and acclivities of the hilly 
tracts elsewhere, excepting such higher 
portions of the mountains as are referred 
to the next stage. The presence of Saxi- 
fraga aizoides, S. stellaris, Alchemilla aU 

pina, Oxyria reniformis, and (probably) 
also Arbutus Uva-Ursi and Vaccinium 
uliginosum, distinguish this stage from the 
plains ; while the genera Quercus, Corylus, 
Cytisus, Genista, and Ulex equally sepa- 
rate it from the next. (Corresponds to the 
Upland and Median Regions of the work 
above mentioned.) 



thousand four hundred and eighty there are 
found on the plains one thousand three 
hundred and thirty-two, in the ascending 
stage seven hundred and thirty, and on the 



> T ma J take advantage of this opportanity to re- 
mark, that a line of mj MSS. appeara to have beea 
omittod in setting the types of the paper referred to, 
and some ambigaity thus introdaced. The sentence 
(2nd column of page 8G) shoald stand thus, the words 
in italics being those omitted ; " the mean tempers- 
ture of the three coldest months (Dec, Jan., Feb.,) 
is 10^ below that of the whole year, amd ike wtem ofth 
three warmest months {June, July, Aug ,) at mamf de- 
grees above." 



NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BRITISH PLANTS. 



197 



mountains (including an estimated nomber 
of fifteen Salices) two hundred and thirty 
species. 



STAGES. 



Total. 

. 44 



1st. 2nd. 

42 41 



3rd. 
38 



Ranunculacese, 1 in . 

BerberideaB 1480 1332 730 .. . 

NymphseacesB 493 666 243 . . . 

PapaveracesB 164 148 146 . . . 

FumariacecB 211 190 243 . . . 

CrucifersB 21 20 20 23 

ResedacesB 370 333 365 . . . 

Cistine© 370 333 365 . . . 

Violarie® 185 166 182 77 

Droserace© 370 333 182 230 

Polygaleffi 1480 1332 730 230 

Frankeniaceae 1480 1332 

CaryophylleBB 25 27 25 J6 

line® 296 266 243 . . . 

MalvacecB 247 222 243 . . . 

TiliacecB 493 444 730 . . . 

Hypericinese 148 133 122 . . . 

Acerineae 740 666 730 . . . 

GeraniacesB 92 83 73 230 

Balsamine® 1480 1332 

Oxalide© 740 666 730 230 

CelastrinesB 493 444 730 . , . 

RhamnesB 740 666 

LeguminoscB 21 20 26 57 

Rosace® 21 21 17 18 

OnagrariesB 114 133 81 115 

Halorage® 247 222 182 . . . 

Ceratophylleae 740 666 

Salicarieee 493 444 365 . . . 

Tamariscine© 1480 1332 

Cucurbitace© 1480 1332 

Portulace© 1480 1332 730 230 

Paronychie© 211 190 730 . . . 

Crassulace© 99 89 91 115 

Grossularie© 296 266 182 . . . 

Saxifrage© 78 190 81 16 

UmbeUifer© 23 20 30 . . . 

Araliace© 740 666 '365 230 

Caprifoliace© 148 148 104 230 

Loranthe© 1480 1332 



Rubiace© 74 

y aleriane© 164 

Dipsace© 247 

Composite 11 

Lobeliace© 740 



70 73 115 
148 182 230 
222 365 230 

12 11 13 
666 730 ... 



Total. 

Campanulace© 114 

Ericace© 74 

Oleine© 740 

Apocyne© 740 

Gentiane© 114 

Polemoniace© 1480 

Convolvulace© 296 

Boragine© 64 

Solane© 123 

Scrophularine© 32 

Labiat© 27 

Verbenace© 1480 

Orobanche© 185 

Lentibularie© . . 247 

Primulace© 82 

Plumbagine© 370 

Plantagine© 211 

Amaranthace© 1480 

Chenopode© 62 

Polygone© 59 

Thymele© 740 

Santalace© 1480 

Eleagne© 1480 

Asarine© 740 

Euphorbiace© 92 

Urtice© 296 

Ulmace© 211 

Amentace© 17 

Conifer© 493 

Empetre© 1480 

Hydrocharide© 740 

Alismace© 247 

Juncagine© 493 

Orchide© 42 

Iride© 211 

AmaryUide© 296 

Tame© 1480 

Smilace© 247 

Asphodele© 86 

Tulipace© 740 

Melanthace© 740 

Typhine© 296 

Aroide© 740 

Fluyiales 67 

Junce© 57 

Restiace© 1480 

Cyperace© 16 

Gramine© 13 



STAGES. 

l8t. 2nd. 3rd 
111 243 230 

95 52 16 

666 730 ... 

666 730 ... 

122 91 115 

1332 730 .. . 

266 730 ... 

61 52 230 

111 182 ... 

32 33 

25 24 

1332 

166 730 ... 
266 122 230 
78 73 77 
333 730 230 
190 122 
1332 . . . 
81 
41 



23 

77 



77 



61 

666 ... 

1332 ... 

1332 ... 

666 ... 

83 243 
266 182 230 
190 365 ... 

25 24 14 

444 243 115 

1332 730 230 

666 

222 365 ... 
444 365 230 

42 56 77 

190 730 

266 ... 

1332 ... 

266 243 

78 182 

666 ... 

1332 730 230 

266 182 

666 730 

61 61 

67 46 
... 730 

18 13 

12 12 



21 



8 
14 



198 



SYNOPSTS OF THE GERARDIE^, 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIE^, 
A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARI- 
ACEiE. 

Bj George Benthun, Esq., F.L.S. 

The name of Gerardia was originally 
given by Plumier to a West Indian plant, 
apparently acanthaceous, which has been 
referred to Ruellia rupestris, Swartr, but 
Linnaeus, in taking up the name, applied it 
more particularly to three North American 
plants G, purpurea, flava, and pedicularia, 
and one East Indian one G. delpkinifolia, 
which have ever since been especially con- 
sidered as the types of the genus Gerardia, 
although great diversity of opinion has 
prevailed relating to the character and ex- 
tent which should be given to it. Indeed 
Linn®uB himself, by combining with these 
four species Plumier's above-mentioned 
plant under the name of G. tuberosa, the 
Chinese G. glutinosa (which is Pterostig- 
ma grandiflorum, Benth. Scroph. Ind. p. 
21,) and three Cape species, to which I 
shall presently revert, had not succeeded 
in establishing a very well defined genus, 
nor yet a natural one, notwithstanding La- 
marck's observation, that it forms " un de 
ces genres peu saillans par leurs caracteres 
et qui ne sont composes le plus souvent que 
de I'assemblage d'especes qu'on aurait pu 
rapporter a d'autres genres deja connus, 
mais qu'on a rapprochees d'apres un aspect 
particulier." The Linnsan character co- 
pied by one author after another, as late 
even as Pursh, is not applicable to any of 
the above species, except, perhaps, to Plu- 
mier's, which nobody has examined since 
that Botanist, and is as yet a doubtful 
plant. 

The three American species had been 
increased by the G. tenuifolia, Vahl., or 
G. erecta, Walt., when Michaux published 
his Flora Boreali-Americana, in which to 
these four he added a new one, G. auricu- 
lata, and associated with them under the 
name of G. Afzelia, the Afzelia cassioides 
of Gmelin. 

Pursh, in his Flora AmericcB Septenirt- 
onalis, follows Michaux thus far, changing 
only the name of G. Afzelia to that of G. 
cassioides, and further he takes up Wal- 



ter's G. setacea, and describes three new 
species, G, quercifolia, cuneifolia, and 
fruHcosa. To the first, which is allied to, 
but distinct from, that which he and all 
subsequent writers consider to be G.flava, 
he adduced as a synonym the JRhinanthus 
virginicus of Gronovius and Linnsus. 
Upon inspection of the Linnaean Herbari- 
um, it tum9 out that the G. quercifolia is 
Linnaeus's G,fUvoa, and it seems probable 
that the RhinarUhus virginicus belongs 
rather to the G.flava of Pursh and modem 
writers ; yet it is perhaps now better, in or- 
der to avoid confusion, to apply the names 
of G.flava and quercifolia, as they have 
been done by Pursh, Nuttall, and others, 
and give Linnaeus's G.flava as a sjmonym 
to G. quercifolia. 

Of the two other species of Pursh, the 
one, G. fruticosa, is a Pentstemon, the 
other, G, cuneifolia, is the Gratiola acu- 
minata, Ell. (not of Pursh), or my Matou- 
rea nigrescens. 

In his supplement, Pursh restores Gme- 
lin's genus, under the name of Seymeria 
(^Afzelia having been previously applied lo 
a Leguminous genus), and adds to the 
cassioides, of which he changes again the 
specific name for that of tenuifolia, ano- 
ther, under the name of 5. pectinaia. The 
former certainly difiers from Gerardia in 
habit, in the form of the calyx and corolla, 
and in the long beak of the capsule, the 
second species has an obtuse capsule, but 
the calyx is the same, and the corolla is 
also said to be so, and rel3dng on these two 
characters I should propose adopting the 
genus as very nearly allied to,' but distinct 
from, Gerardia. 

Nuttall in his Genera of North American 
plants, divides the true Gerardim of that 
country into two natural groups, the yellow 
flowered with large cut leaves being my 
section Pedicularoides, and containing the 
G.flava, quercifolia, and pedicularia, and 
the purple-fiowered with entire narrow 
leaves (my Eugerardia) comprising the 
G. purpurea, tenuifolia and setacea, toge- 
ther with the G, maritima, already distin- 
guished from' G. purpurea by Rafinesque, 
and three new ones, G. linifolia, aphyUa, 



A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



199 



and Jilifolia, to which he has since added Sprengel has published as G. domingen- 
two more, G. heterophyUa and longifolia. sis, another species from Bertero's "West 
He observes also upon the anomaly of Indian plants. It has fortunately been seen 
Pursh's two above-mentioned species, and and re-described by Martins, from whose 
suggests that G, auriculata tdaj be a Sey- character it appears to be a Eugerardia, 
meria. To me, however, the latter plant not far from G. purpurea. 
does not present any resemblance to Sey- Of the South American species the first 
fneria, but a very close one to G.Jlava, were described by Chamisso and Schlech- 
However, the purple short corolla, and the tendal in the 3rd volume of the Linnsea 
two abortive anthers seem to authorise the from amongst Sello's South Brazilian plants, 
considering it by itself as a separate section where these authors establish two sections, 
of Gerardia, to which I have given the Dargeria, with exserted stamina, and Ge- 
name of Olophylla. rardia, with stamens shorter than the co- 

Nuttall further adopts Pursh's &ymena, rolla. Martius, in his Nova Genera ei 
but adds to it, under the name of S. ma- Species, voL 3, pointed out the identity of 
crophylla, a plant which appears to me to Dargeria with Esterhazya, previously 
have neither the characters nor habit of published by Mikan, but in a work inacces- 
that genus, but to be closely allied in both sible to Botanists in general, and at the same 
respects to G, pedicularia and quercifolia, time considering the G. hrachyphylla and 
Some differences, however, in the anthers, genistifolia Cham, et Schlecht. to be con- 
which are not aristate as in the section geners to Virgularia of Ruiz and Pavon, 
Pedicular aides, and the short curved and and attaching little importance to the ex- 
oblique corolla, have induced me to include sertion of the stamina in Esterhazya, re- 
it in a separate section of Gerardia, which established a genus, Virgularia, to consist 
I have named Cyrtocodon, of these two Gerardia, of the Esterhazya 

Elliott, in his Botany of South Carolina splendida, Mik., and the other DargeruB 
and Georgia, added two new species to the of Cham, and Schlecht., and of Ruiz and 
section Eugerardia, viz. G, fasciculata Pavon's V. lanceolata and revoluta, and 
and Plukenetii. characterized chiefly by a coriaceous cap- 

Kunth described, from amongst Hum- sule with bifid valves and a double disse- 
boldt and Bonpland's plants, three Mexican piment. The same author published at the 
species, G. virgata, which, with a habit in same time two new species, G. angustifo- 
some measure approaching Seymeria, has Ha and hispidula, which, with G. commu- 
not its characters, but forms another spe- nis and linarioides, Cham, et Schlecht., he 
cies of the section Cyrtocodon, and G, considers as true Gerardia, with a mem- 
prostrcUa and serpyllifolia, neither of which branaceous capsule, entire valves, and sim- 
I have seen, but of which the former, if not pie dissepiment Chamisso and Schlech- 
both, belong also probably to the same tendal, reverting to the group in the 8th 
group. vol. of the Linnsea, admit the identity of 

Chamisso and Schlechtendal have pub- Dargeria with Esterhazya, but still con- 
lished in the Linnsea a new purple-flow- sider the exsertion of the stamina as a 
ered species from Mexico, G, dasyantha, more essential character than the dehis- 
which, with the G.pectinata, separated by cence.of the capsule. And, notwithstand- 
Torrey from the G. pedicularia, and four ing the great reliance I should generally 
now first described, viz. G, grandiftora of place on Martius's views, a careful exami- 
the section Pedicular oides, G. densiflora, nation of as many species as I have been 
of doubtful aflfinity, and G. strictifolia and able to obtain in fruit, induces me to adopt 
peduncularis of Eugerardia, complete the in this instance the arrangement of the 
number of twenty-four North American editors of the LinnaBa. It appears to me 
species now known, all of them confined to impossible to separate G. linarioides from 
that continent. G. genistifolia, moreover many true Ge* 



200 



SYNOPSIS OF THE OERARDIEiG, 



rardim have the capsule coriaceous, and 
some (G. auriculata, macrophylla, and 
sometimes G. maritima, and even G, pur- 
purea) have the valves more or less bifid, 
and from Martius's own figure and descrip- 
tion it appears that the valves of Esierha- 
zya montana are frequently entire. I have 
therefore retained all Chamissoand Schlech* 
tendal's -Dar^enVc in the genus ^ir^erAa;rya, 
and reduced the other Virgularue of Mar- 
tius, together with Ruiz and Pavon's spe- 
cies (for it is evident that V. revoluta is 
but a state of V. lanceolata grown in a dry 
soil) to the GerarduB of the section Eu- 
gerardia. 

Closely allied to Esterhazya is the plant 
described by Nuttall under the name of 
Conradia fuchsioides, but as the name 
Conradia was previously applied by Mar- 
tius to a Gesneriaceous genus, I have 
adopted for Nuttall's plant the MSS. 
name of Macranthera, under which it had 
been communicated by Dr. Torrey to Dr. 
Lindley. 

All the species of the above-mentioned 
sections of Gerardia are, as far as hitherto 
known, exclusively American. The East 
Indian and African ones belong to two dis- 
tinct sections. 

Among the East Indian ones, the G. del- 
phinifolia long remained the only one 
known. Don, in his Prodromus Flor<B 
Nepalensis established a genus Sopubia, 
which he distinguished from Gerardia by 
the campanulate corolla, the simple stig- 
mate, and the structure of the anthers, 
which have one cell large and erect, by 
which they cohere, and the other small, 
empty, and divergent. The first character, 
however, is common to a great many Ame- 
rican Gerardia, and the simple stigma is 
constant in the whole genus, the structure 
of the anthers alone is peculiar, and exists 
also in G. delphinifolia, Linn., G. scabra, 
Linn., from the Cape, G, striata. Wall., 
from the Burmese empire, G. obtusifolia, 
a new Madagascar species, and apparently 
also in G.filifolia, described by Schuma- 
cher amongst Thonning's Guinea plants. 
But as all these species resemble the true 
Gerardioi in habit and in all other charac- 



ters, I have thought it best to consider 
them as a mere section of that genus. The 
Sopubia of Don had been communicated 
also by Dr. Wallich, and described in my 
ScrophulariiB Indicte under the name of 
G. scabra, a name pre-occupied by Lin- 
nseus for the above-mentioned Cape spe- 
cies, I have therefore now changed it to 
G, Sopubia. 

In describing G. parvifolia, another of 
Dr. Wallich's East Indian species, which 
has the stamina and capsule o( Eugerardia, 
1 had referred it to that section, not having 
observed any peculiarity in the corolla in 
the ill-dried specimens I had before me. 
Having now, however, had the opportunity 
of examining some beautiful specimens in 
Dr. Hooker's Herbarium, dried at Simla, 
by Lady Dalhousie, I have ascertained 
that each lobe of the corolla is bifid, which, 
together with some difference in habit, will 
justify the placing it at least in a separate 
section, to which I have given the name, 
now unoccupied, of Dargeria, 

There remain two Linnsan species, the 
one G. tubiflora, is a Buchnera, or perhaps 
a new genus closely allied to it, the other 
G. Nigrina, or Melasma scabrum of Ber- 
ger, is congener and closely allied to JPhy- 
socalyx rhinanthoides, Cham, et Schlecht, 
from Brazil. These two plants have a dif- 
ferent habit from the frutescent species of 
the latter genus, and the characters appear 
to me as marked as those which separate 
any Gerardieous genera. I have therefore 
adopted for them Berger's name of Melas- 
ma, which I have taken in preference to 
Nigrina, given to it by Linnseus in his 
Mantissa, in order to avoid confusion with 
Thunberg's Nigrina, a very different plant. 

Lyncea of Chamisso and Schlechtendal, 
from Mexico, is described by those authors 
as having the same habit as their Physo- 
calyx rhinanthoides, and I see nothing in 
their character to distinguish it genericallj 
unless it be that the anthers are obtuse at 
the base, which appears scarcely sufficient 
I should therefore be disposed to consider 
it as a third species of Melasma, Gastro- 
meria, Don, has in some respects a similar 
calyx and corolla, but in other characters, 



A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.«. 



201 



as far as they are known, as well as in ha- 
bit, appears to come nearer Lophospermum. 
The specimens, however, in Mr. Lambert's 
Herharium from Mo9ino and Sesse's Mex- 
ican collections, are too much eaten up by 
worms to settle the point. 

Of the remaining GerarduB of different 
authors, G, sessilifolia, Vahl., is a Glossos- 
tylis, G, orobanchoides of Lamarck, who 
from the above quotations, cannot be sup- 
posed to have had any precise notion of 
the character of this genus, and G.japonica 
of Thunberg, who had perhaps not much 
idea of any Japanese genus, must remain 
as puzzles to be cleared up only by the 
inspection of their herbaria. The former 
may perhaps be a PhelipcBa, of the latter 
I can give no guess. G. digitata and bra- 
siliensis of Sprengel have already been 
shown to be, the one a Convolvulus ! the 
other a Franciscea. 

Phtheirospermum of Bunge, from China, 
is evidently nearly allied to Gerardia, and 
from Fischer and Meyer's description agrees 
with that genus in every respect, except 
the " stigma bilobum," in which it differs 
from the whole tribe. 

As many of the above genera and spe- 
cies are described in works either too ex- 
pensive or too fugitive to be in the hands 
of the generality of Botanists, I have in 
the following synopsis, copied the charac- 
ters of such of them as I have not myself 
seen. 

SCROPHULARIACEARUM Tribus : GeRAR- 

DiEiE. Benth. in Bot Reg. v.2\. Sub. n. 
1770.— Scroph, Ind.pp. 12 et 48. 

Cali/x gamosepalus, aestivatione valvata. 
Corolla campanulata infundibuliformis vel 
tobulosa, limbo 5-fido, laciniis rotundatis 
planis. Stamina 4, adscendentia, omnia 
SBBpissime fertilia. AnthercB approximatse 
biloculares, loculis discretis parallelis, vel 
rarissime altero casso divergente. Stylus 
simplex, stigmate integro ssepius elongato 
lanceolate vel linguaformi. Capsula bi- 
valvis, loculicide vel septicide dehiscens, 
valvulis integris bifidisve. Semina ssepis- 
sime testa membranacea laxa arilliformi 
inclusa. 



The plants of this tribe are readily dis- 
tinguished from RhinanthecB by the upper 
lobes of the corolla not galeate, from all 
others by the anthers and stigmate. They 
nearly all, like the JRhinanthece and many 
VeronicecB, blacken in drying. 

In their geographical distribution the 
several species are more confined than in 
most genera, having, as a whole, so wide a 
geographical range, owing perhaps to the 
same cause which makes so very beautiful 
a group so rare in our gardens, the difficulty 
of preserving the seeds. Of the eight 
well-known genera of true GerardiecB, the 
greater proportion are American, but three 
genera have representatives in tropical and 
South Africa, and two in East India. No 
species are common to the Old and New 
World, nor even to Africa and Asia, or to 
North and South America ; but every ge- 
nus (unless Sopubia be considered as one) 
has some American species. There are 
none known in Europe, North Africa, North 
Asia, Australia, or Polynesia. The genus 
Centranthera, which is somewhat anoma- 
lous, extends from East India to North 
Australia. 

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA. 

• Calyx b-dentatus vel 6-Jidus, cylin- 
dricus vel inflatus. 

1. EscoBEDiA. Calyx cylindricus. 
Corolla tubus elongatus, limbo amplo 5- 
fido. 

2. Physocalyx. Calyx inflatus. Co- 
rolla infundibuliformis. 

3. Melasma. Calyx inflatus. Co- 
rolla campanulata. 

* Calyx 5-dentatus vel b-fiduSy campa- 
nulatus, 

4. EsTERHAZYA. Colyx 6-dentatus. 
Corolla tubuloso-infundibuliformis. Sta- 
mina longe exserta. Frutices. 

5. Macr ANTHER A. Colyx profunda 
5-fidus. Corolla tubulosa, limbo parvo 
patente. Stamina longe exserta. Herbee. 

6. Seymeria. Ca/yx profunde 5-fidus. 
Corolla tubo brevi, limbo subrotato pa- 
tente. Stamina corolla sublongiora. 

7. Gerardia. Calyx 5-dentatus vel 
semi -5-fidus. Corolla campanulata vel 



202 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIEiG, 



tubuloso-campanulata. Stamina corolla 
breviora. 

8. Globsostylis. Corolla oblique 
campanulata. Semina intra membranam 
lineari-cuneatam minima. 

9 ? Phtheirobpermum. Corolla cam- 
panulata. Stigma bilobum. 

••• Calyx compressus kincJUsus. 

10. Centeanthera. 

I. EscoBBDiA. Ruiz et Pav, 

Calyx longe tubulosus apice 5-fidu8, 
laciniis subpatentibus. Corolla infundibu- 
liformis, tubo longo tenui, limbo ample 
5-lobo obliquo patente. Stamina didy- 
nama, tubo inclusa. Antherce omnes fertiles, 
loculis basi aristatis. — Herbre Americana, 
foliis scBpiiLS oppositis. Pedunculi axilla- 
res uniflori. CoroUae alba. 

1. E. scabrifolia (Ruiz et Pav. ! Syst. 
Veg. Fl. Per. et Chil. 158.) foliis ovatis 
oblongisve basi cordatis dentatis. 

Buchnera grandiflora. Linn.! SuppL2S7, 
Hab. Peru, New Granada. Humboldt 

and Bonpland, • Eastern declivity of the 

Cordillera of Peru. Mathews (n. 2048). 

Minus geraes^ Brazil. Lanysdorff in 

Herb. Hook. (y. s. sp.) 

2. B. linearis (Schlecht. Linnaea 8. 
246.) foliis longe linearibus. 

Hab. Mexico, (y. s. sp.) 

Calyx two inches and a half long. Co- 
rolla, tube four inches long, limb two inches 
diameter. 

II. Phybocalyx. Pohl. 

Calyx inflatus 5-dentatus coloratus. Co- 
rolla tubuloso - hypocrateriformis, limbo 
patente subsequaliter 5-lobo. Stamina di- 
dynama inclusa. Antherce omnes fertiles, 
loculis basi breviter aristatis. — Frutices 
Brasilienses superne dense tecti foliis ar- 
rectis crassiusculis integerrimis oppositis 
alternisve. Pedunculi axillares uniflori 
bibracteati ad apices ramorum racemosi. 
CoroUflB rubra vel sanguinea, 
^ 1, P. mqfor (Mart. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 
PL Bras, a 2. t. 201.) foliis ovatis vel ova- 
to-oblongis obtusis mucronulatis, bracteolis 
infra flores subulato-linearibus, filamentis 
glabris, antheris dorso barbatis. 



Hab. Diamond district. 3far^'u^, Sierra 
da Muela. Selhw. 

2. P. minor (Mart 1. c. 3..4. t. 202.) 
foliis obovatis acutiusculis, bracteolis infia 
flores Bubulato-linearibus, filamentis gla- 
bris, antheris dorso barbatis. 

Hab. Diamond district Martius, 

3. P. aurantiacus (Pohl. PL Bras. 
Icon. 1. 65. t. 53.) foliis obovato-ellipticis, 
bracteolis infra flores oblongo-lanceolatis, 
filamentis superne antherisque dorso vil- 
losis. 

Hab. Serro Frio in the Province of 
Minas. Pohl, 

The above characters are taken from 
Martiu3*s above -quoted work. The three 
species appear to be very nearly allied to 
each other. 

III. Melasma. Berg. 

Nigrina Linn. Mant. — Gerardiie sp. 
Linn. f. Suppl. — ^Physocalycis sp. et Lyn- 
cea. Cham, et Schlecht. 

Calyx laxus, foliaceus, dein inflatus, a- 
pice 5-fidus. Corolla infundibuliformi- 
campanulata, limbi lobis brevibus latis. 
Stamina subdidynama corolla breviora. 
Antherce omnes fertiles, loculis basi apicu- 
latis. — HerbflB AmericaruB vel Capenses, 
foliis scepius oppositis ; pedunculis axilla- 
ribus unifloris bracteatis subracemosis. 

1. M.f hispidum, piloso-hispidum, fo- 
liis leinceolatis subdentatis, basi angustatis, 
pedunculis apice bracteatis. 

Lyncea hispida. Cham, et Schlecht. in 
Linncea 5. 108. et 8. 24. 

Hab. Mexico. Schiede et Deppe. 

The above character is taken from the 
descriptions of Lyncea in the Linnsea. 

2. M. rhinanthoides, scaberrimum, fo- 
liis oblongis subdentatis basi vix angusta- 
tis, pedunculis calyce brevioribus medio 
bracteatis. 

Physocalyx rhinanthoides. Cham, et 
Schlecht. in Linncea, 8. 23. 

Hab. Rio Grande, South Brazil. Sello, 
Tweedie. (v. s. sp.) 

Flowering calyx about half an inch, co- 
iWla nearly an inch long. Calyx in firuit 
resembling that of a PhysaJis. Capsule 
obtuse, valves apparently entire. 

3. M. scabrum (Berg. Fl. Cap. 162. t 



A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARlACEiE. 



203 



d. f. 4.) foliis lanceolatis basi latioribus 
dentatis scabris, pedunculis calyce longio- 
ribus medio bracteatis. 

Nigrina viscosa. Linn, Mant, 42. 

Gerardia Nigrina. Linn. Suppl, 278. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, (y, s. sp.) 

Flowers closely resembling those of the 
preceding species, and of the same size. 
Teeth of the calyx rather shorter, and co- 
rolla rather fuller. 

rV. EsTEBHAZTA. Mikan. 

Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus. Co- 
roUa tubuloso-infundibuliformis, limbi lo- 
bis ovato-rotundatiQ subeequalibus. Sfa- 
nana didynama, exserta. Anthera omnes 
fertiles, loculis basi acutis villosissimis. — 
Frutices Brasilienses ramosissimi, basi 
denudati, foliis smpius oppositis integerri- 
mis camosulis ; flores bremter racemosi 
verms apices ramorum pedunculati, pe- 
dunculis bracteatis,^ 

1. E, campesiris (Spix et Mart. Reise 
in Bras. 1. 397.) foliis lanceolatis vel ob- 
longo-lanceolatis mucronulatis basi con- 
tractis uninerviis, floralibus pedunculos su- 
perantibus, racemissubsimplicibus. (Mart.) 

Virgularia campestris. Mart Nov. Gen. 
et Sp. PI. Bras. S. 7. t 203. 
Hab. Diamond district. Martins. 

2. E. montana (Spix et Mart. 1. c.) fo- 
liis linearibus utrinque acutis uninerviis 
fasciculatis, floribus calyces superantibus, 
nicemis compositis. (Mart.) 

Virgularia montana. Mart. I. c. 3. 9. t. 
204. 

Gerardia ceesarea. Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linn/Ba, 3. 17. 

Hab. Province of Minas, Martius. 
Tropical Brasil, Sello. 

3. E. splendida (Mikan Del. PI. et 
Faun. Bras. t. 5.) foliis anguste lanceolatis 
acutis in petiolum angustatis, racemo sub- 
simphci paucifloro folioso. (Cham, et 
Schlecht.) 

Virgularia splendida, Mart. I. c. 3. 11. 

Gerardia gnidioides, Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linnaa, 3. 16. 

Hab. Tropical Brasil, Selh. Bahia, 
Martius. 

According to Chamisso and Schlechten- 
dal, the above three species run so much 



into one another, that they may perhaps be 
but varieties of each other. 

4. E. macrodonta (Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linnsea, 8. 26.) foliis lanceolatis basi an- 
gustatis apice acutis mucronatis, pani<cula 
terminali p3Tamidata comosa, ramulis bi- 
floris, pedunculis folia ramulosque superan- 
tibus, dentibus calycinis subulato-acumi- 
natis. (Cham, et Schlecht.) 

Hab. Brasil, Sellow. 

V. Macranthera. Torrey. 

Conradia, Nutt. non Mart. 

Ca/yx campanulatus, laciniis 5 linearibus 
tubo longioribus. Corolla tubulosa, limbi 
laciniis 5 brevibus subsequalibus patenti- 
bus. Stamina subsequalia, exserta. An- 
therce erectee, omnes biloculares fertiles. 
Stigma tenue. Capsula subglobosa, acuta. 
— Herba Americana erecta. Folia dis- 
secta, Flores racemosi. 

1. M.fuchsioides. 

Conradia fuchsioides, Nutt J Joum.Acad. 
Nat. Sc. Philad. 7. 88. t. 12. 

Had. Southern States of North Ame- 
rica. Louisiana. Drummond. (y. s. sp.) 

Plant two or three feet high, slightly- 
pubescent. Segments of the leaves lanceo- 
late, those of the lower ones divided. Ra- 
ceme long unilateral. Peduncles opposite, 
patent, or slightly reflexed. Flowers erect. 
Corolla an inch long, slightly incurved at 
the top, mouth oblique. Stamens pubes- 
cent. 

VI. Seymeria. Pursh. 

Afzelia, Gmel. non Sm. 

Calyx campanulatus, laciniis 5 lineari- 
bus tubo longioribus. Corolla tubo brevi, 
laciniis 5 oblongis demum subrotato-pa- 
tentibus. Stamina subsequalia, corolla sub- 
longiora. Antherae erectae, omnes bilocu- 
lare, fertiles. Stigfna tenue. Capsula basi 
globosa, apice compressa. Herbae Boreali- 
Americanae, foliis pinnatisectis, segmentis 
linearibus Jiliformibusve. Flores parvi 
subpaniculato-racemasi. Corolla lutea. 

1. E. tenuifolia (Pursh ! Fl. Amer. Sept, 
2. 737.), tenuissime viscido - pubescens, 
foliis setaceo-pinnatifidis, laciniis incisis, 
capsulis glabris rostratis. 



204 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIEiE, 



Afzelia cassioides, Gmel Syst Nat. 927. 

Gerardia Afzelia, Mich. Fl. Bor. Amer. 
2.20. 

Gerardia cassioides, Pers. Syn. 2. 164. 

Hab. Carolina, Georgia, Louisiania, &c. 
(y, s. sp.) 

Branches slender. Leaves small, distant. 
Flowers about half an inch diameter. Cap- 
sxile the size of a grain of pepper, with a 
pointed beak as long as the capsule itself. 

2. S. pectinata (Pursh. Fl. Amer. Sept. 
2. 737.) pubescens, foliis pinnatifidis laci- 
niis linearibus obtusis subincisis, capsulis 
pubescentibus obtusis. 

Hab. South Carolina, Pursh. Louisi- 
ania, Drummond, (v. s. sp.) 

Leaves large, and their lobes much 
broader than in the last. Capsules larger, 
compressed but obtuse, and almost emar- 
ginate at the top. ' I have not seen the 
corolla. 

VIL Gerardia. Linn. 

Virgularia, Ruiz et Pav. — Sopubia, Don. 

Calyx campanulatus 5-dentatus vel 6- 
fidus. Corolla campanulata vel ventricoso- 
tubuloso-campanulata, limbo 5-fido laci- 
niis rotundatis semipatentibus. Stamina 
didynama vel rarius subaequalia corolla 
breviora. Antherce nunc omnes loculis 2 
fertilibus, nunc loculo altero fertili, altero 
casso, nunc antherse 2 fertilis, 2 minores 
steriles. Capsula acuta vel obtusa eros- 
trata. HerbflB sufruticesve Am£ricams, 
Capenses vel Indica. Flores solitarii axil- 
lares, sessiles vel pedunculati, pedunculis 
scBpius ebracteatis. CotoUsl Jlava vel ro- 
seO'purpurea. 

Conspectus specierum. 

Sect. I. Cyrtocodon. Flores flavi. 
AnthersB muticse omnes fertiles. 

1—4. G. serpyllifolia ?, prostrata, virgata, 
macrophylla. 

Sect. n. Otophylla. Flores purpu- 
rei. Anther® muticffi 2 fertiles, 2 minores 

cassse. 

5. G. auricularia. 

Sect. IIL Pedicularoides. Rores 
flavi. Anther® basi aristatae, omnes fertiles. 

6 10. G. flava, quercifolia, grandiflora; 

pedicularia, pectinata. 



Species incerUe sedis. 

11. S. densiflora. 

Sect IV. EuGERARDiA. FlorespuTpu- 
rei. Anthers acutee omnes sequaliter bilo- 
culares fertiles. Corollse laciniae integrse. 

* Corolla ample campanulata vel iubu- 
losO'Campanulata villosa. Herba sufru- 
ticesve. Ausiro-AmericaruB. 

12 — 17. G. digitalis, rigida, brachy- 
phylla, lanceolata, linarioides, geniistifolia. 

♦* Corolla svhtubulosa fere glabra. Her- 
b€B AustrO'AmericaTUB. 

18 — ^20. G. angustifolia, hispidula, com- 
munis. 

••• Corolla subcampanulata glabra vel 
leviter pubescens. HerbcB BoreaJi-Amm- 
cams. 

♦ Pedunculi calyce breviores, denUi 
calycini elongati. 

21—22. G. dasyantha, heterophylk 

b. Pedunculi calyce breviores, denies ca- 
lycis truncati breves. 

23—27. G. fasciculata, domingensis, ma- 
ritima, Plukenetii, purpurea. 

c. Pedunculi calyce longiores. 
2S-.35. G: longifolia, linifolia, peduncu- 

laris, filifolia, strictifolia, tenuifolia, seta- 

cea, aphyila. 

Sect. V. Dargeri A. CoroUae lobi biiidi. 

Anther® omnes fertiles. 

36. G. parviflora. 

Sect. VL .Sopubia. CoroUae lobi inte- 
gri. Antherarum loculus alter fertilis al- 
ter cassus divergens. 

37—42. G. Sopubia, stricta, delphini- 
Tolia scabra, obtusifolia, filiformis. 

Sectio I. Cyrtocodon. 

Calyx profunde b-Jidus. CoroUafaca 
tubo s<epius brevi incurve. Anthercs mu- 
tic(B omnes loculis 2 fertilibus. Spea^ 
omnes Boreuli-Americanm. 

1 ? G. serpyllifolia (Humb. et Kunth, 
Nov. Gen. et Sp. Amer. 2. 343.) procum- 
bens, foliis ovatis obtusis integerrimis, flo- 
ribus axillaribus solitariis sessilibus, laciniis 
calycinis integerrimis (Kunth). 

Hab. New Spain, Humboldt ziABci^ 
land. 

An under shrub. Leaves about two lines 



A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



205 



long. Corolla glabrous, pale yellow, almost 
fimnel-shaped, tube three times as long as 
the calyx. Stamina and ovarium entirely 
glabrous (Kunth). 

21 G. prostrata (Humb. et Kunth 1. c.) 
prostrata, foliis pinnatifidis laciniis lineari- 
bus acuto-mucronatis, inferioribus incisis, 
flonbus axillaribus solitariis sessilibus, la- 
ciniis calycinis pinnatifidis incisis (Kunth). 

IIab. New Spain. Humboldt and Bonp- 
land. 

Stems cespitose, two to three inches 
long. Leaves three to four lines long. 
Flowers an inch and a half. 

I have not seen the above two species, 
they differ from the two following in the 
length of the tube of the corolla. Perhaps 
they should form a separate section. 

3. G. virgata (Humb. et Kunth, 1. c. 2. 
344.), erecta, pubescens, foliis pinnatifidis, 
laciniis linearibus obtusis integhs incisisve, 
laciniis calycinis oblongis integris denta- 
tisque, corollse tubo decurvo, staminibus 
subsqualibus, antheris erectis glabris, cap- 
sula ovata acuta. 

Hab. Mexico, (v. j. sp.) 

Flowers yellow. Tube of the corolla 
rather longer than in G. macrophylla, and 
more incurved. Tilaments very woolly. 

There were^ specimens of this plant 
amongst Forbes's Madagascar plants, in 
the Horticultural Society's herbarium, but 
I cannot but suspect they must have got 
there by accident, from some other collec- 
tion. 

4. G. macrophylla, pubescens, foliis in- 
ciso-dentatis pinnatifidis vel infimis bi- 
pinnatifidis, laciniis ovate- vel oblongo-lan- 
ceolatis, supremis subintegerrimis, floribus 
subsessilibus, calycibus hirsutis laciniis 
ovatis subdentatis, coroUse tubobrcvi incur- 
ve intus villoso, staminibus didynamis, an- 
theris pilosiusculis (?) 

Seymeria macrophylla. NutL Gen, PL 
Amer, 2. '49. 

Hab. United States; Ohio, NuttaXl 
Kentucky, Dr, Peters, (v. 1. jp.) 

The form and colour of the corolla, the 
blunt anthers, &c. connect this species 
with the preceding. Nuttall describes also 
the anthers as glabrous, in my specimens 



they appear to be slightly hairy, but they 
are so very much pressed in drying, that it 
is difficult to separate them from the hairs 
of the corolla. The habit of the plant is 
nearer that of G. grandiflora. A slight in- 
equality in the size of the anthers of the 
upper and lower pair, shows an approach 
to the sterile lower anthers of G. auricu- 
la ta. I have not seen the capsule, but it 
is described by Nuttall, as small^ ventri- 
cose, with a compressed point, and some- 
what four-valved. 

Sectio n. Otophylla. 

Calyx profunde b-jidus, CoroUa pur- 
purea, campanulata. Stamina didynama 
antheris longiorum fertilibus, breviorum 
minoribus cassis. 

5. G. auriculata (Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 
2. 48.) Herba erecta, foliis oblongo-lan- 
ceolatis basi ssepius auriculato-lobatis, flo- 
ribus subsessilibus. 

Seymeria auriculata. Spreng. Syst. 2. 
810. 

Hab. United States of North America, 
chiefly the Western ones. (t*. s. sp.) 

Sectio HI. Pedicularoides. 
Calyx semi'5-Jidus. Corolla Jlava tu- 
buloso-campanulata. Stamina didynama. 
Anthene subcequales, loculis binis ferti- 
libus basi calcaratis. — Herba Boreali- 
AmericaTUB, foliis latiusculis scepius inci- 
sis. — Corollce lobi scepissime ciliati. 

6. G. Jlava (Pursh ! et Auct. an Linn.) 
pubescens, foliis ovato-lanceolatis oblon- 
gis ve obtusis integerrimis vel sinuato-loba- 
tis, calycis pubescentis laciniis oblongis ob- 
tusis tubo subbrevioribus. 

Hab. United States, common, (y. s. sp.) 
Corolla about an inch and a half long, 
glabrous. — Linnseus's character of G. Jlava 
as well as the specimen in his herbarium 
belong to G. quercifolia. The figure quo- 
ted of Plukenet, t. 389. f. 1. is apparently 
G. Jlava, ais to the other figure, t. 368, 
there is some error, as there is nothing of 
the kind in that plate. It is probable that 
Linnaeus included both species under G. 
Jlava. 

7. G. quercifolia (Pursh! Fl. Amer. Sept. 



206 



SYNOPSIS OF THE OBRARDIEiE. 



2, 423.) glaberrima, foliis inferiohbus am- 
plis bipianatifidis superioribus oblongo- 
lanceolatis pinnatifidis integerriraisve, ca- 
lycis subinflati laciniis lanceolatis acutis 
tube brevioribus. 

G. flava. Linn. Spec, 848. ex parte, non 
Pursh. 

Hab. United States, common, (v. s. sp.) 
Corolla rather larger than that of the 
preceding species. Calyx larger. The cha- 
racters derived from the form of the calyx, 
and the want of pubescense are constant 
The leaves vary much, but are always 
more divided than in G.jUiva, 

8. G. grandiflora, pubescens, foliis ova- 
to-lanceolatis acutis apice serratis basi pin- 
natifidis, calycibus pedicello longioribus, 
laciniis obtusis integerrimis dentatisve, co- 
roUis calyce quadruple longioribus. 

Hab. Province of Texas, Drummond. 
(y. s. sp.) 

Corolla full twenty lines long. Capsule 
coriaceous, large, pointed. Intermediate, as 
it were, between G. pedicularia and qTAeV' 
dfolia. 

9. G. pedicularia (Linn.! Spec. 849.) 
glabriuscula vel pubescens, foliis ovato- 
lanceolatis obtusis pinnatifidis, laciniis den- 
tatis, calycibus pedicello brevioribus laci- 
niis dentatis, corollis calyce triplo longi- 
oribus. 

Hab. United States, common, (o. s. sp.) 
Corolla fifteen lines long. Capsule cori- 
aceous pointed. 

10. G. pectinata (Torrey ! MSB. ?) hirsu- 
ta, foliis pectinato-pinnatifidis, lobis sub- 
dentatis, calycibus brevissime pedicellatis 
hirsutissimis profunde 5-fidis, laciniis den- 
tatis, corollis calyce triplo longioribus. — 
G. pedicularia, 0. pectinata. NtUt. Gen. 
PI. N. Amer. 2. 48. 

Hab. Carolina and Georgia, NuUall. 
Rocky Mountains, Torrey. (y. s. sp.) 

Corolla as in G. pedicularia, from which 
it differs in being more hairy, the leaves 
usually smaller and more divided, and the 
peduncles much shorter. 

11. G. densiftora, scabro-hispida, foliis 
pinnatifidis laciniis anguste linearibus 
acutis rigidis ciliato-scabris, floribus se- 
cundis spicatis, laciniis calycinis lanceola- 



tis acutissimis, corollse tubo basi attenaaio 
apice dilatato, capsulis obtusis. 

Hab. Texas, Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 
A remarkable species, in some respects 
connected with Pedicular oides, in others 
with JSugerardia. Colour of the flowers 
unknown. Corolla an inch long. Filaments 
hairy. Anthers of the section Eugerardia, 
but more pointed: at the base they are 
slightly pilose. 

Sectio IV. Eugbbabdia. 

Calyx b'dejUatus rarius semi-b-fidus- 
Corolla purpurea campanukUa veltvJbulo' 
so campanulata rarius ventricoso-^tubulosa. 
AntkercB submquales loculis binis fertU- 
ihus muHcis. Herba suffruiicesve Aus- 
tro et BoreaH' Americana, foliis linearibus 
rarius lanceolatis integerrimis vel infimis 
rarissime incisis. 

12. G. digitalis, glabra, foliis linearibus 
Inviusculis, floribus subsessilibus, denti- 
bus calycinis brevibus truncatis muticis 
margine villosissimis, corollis ample cam- 
panulatis villosis calyce 4 — 5-plo longio- 
ribus. 

Hab. Maldonado, South America, Twee- 
die, (y. s. sp.) 

Flowers in terminal intoirupted spikes, 
the floral leaves very small. Calyx of G. 
Sopubia. Corolla above an inch long, Teiy 
open. Probably a low shrub. 

13. G. rigida (Gill. MSS.) glabra, sea- 
bra, foliis linearibus acutissimis, floribus 
racemose - spicatis, calycibus pedunculo 
longioribus truncatis, dentibus brevibus 
acutis, corollis ample tubuloso-campanula- 
tis villosis calyce 4 — 5-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Province of San Louis, South 
America, Grillies. (y. s. sp.) 

Flowers the same size, but more hairy 
than in G. linarioides. 

14. G.brachyphyUa (Cham, et Schlecht 
Linnsea, 3. 15.) fruticosa, glabra,^svis, fo- 
liis parvis anguste lanceolatis mucronulatis, 
floribus pedunculatis, dentibus calycinis 
brevibus acutis capsula ovoidea breviori- 
bus. (Cham et Schlecht.) 

Esterhazya alpestris, Spix. und. Mart, 
Reise in Bras. 1. 897. 



A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



207 



Virgularia alpestris^ Mart, Nov, Gen, et 
Sp, Bras, 3. 10. 1 205. 

Hab. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 

Leaves somewhat fleshy, four lines long. 
Peduncles shorter than the leaf. Corolla 
like G, linarioides, but rather smaller. 
Filaments with a few hairs at the base. 
Anthers glabrous (hairy. Mart.). Capsular 
valves at length split (Cham, et Schlecht.) 

15. G. lanceolata, glabra, lee vis, foliis 
oblongo-linearibus mucronatis basi angus- 
tatis, floribus breviter pedunculatis, denti- 
bus calycinis brevibus acutis, coroUis am- 
ple tubuloso -campanulatis villosis calyce 
4-plo longioiibus. 

Virgularia lanceolata, JRuiz et Pav.l 
Syst Veg. Fl. P««. 161. 

V. revoluta, Ruiz et Pav, ! I. c, 

Hab. Peru, between Huanaca and Hu- 
anuco, Mathews, (n, 903.) (y, s. sp,) 

Qoaely allied to the preceding, of which 
it may be a variety. It differs chiefly in 
the leaves being rather broader, especially 
near the apex and longer. The anthers 
and filaments are perfectly glabrous. ' 

16. G, linarioides (Cham, et Schlecht. 
in Linnsea 3. 13.) glabra, scabriuscula, fo- 
liis linearibus acutis uninerviis, floribus ra- 
cemosis, calycibus pedunculo brevioribus 
dentibus ovato-truncatis lanceolatisve acu- 
tis tubo multo brevioribus, corollis ample 
tubuloso-campanulatis pubescentibus ca- 
lyce 4 — 5-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Banda Oriental, South America, 
Tweedie, (y. s, sp.) 

Differs from the following, chiefly by its 
narrower leaves. 

17. G. genistifolia (Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linnsea 3. 15.) glabra, scabriuscula, foliis 
lanceolatis acutis subtrinerviis, floribus ra- 
cemosis, calycibus pedunculo brevioribus 
dentibus ovato-truncatis lanceolatisve acu- 
tis tubo multo brevioribus, corollis ample 
tubuloso-campanulatis pubescentibus ca- 
lyce 4 — 5-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Banda Oriental, South America, 
Tweedie, (y, s, sp,) 

Herbaceous, perennial, erect. Corolla 
nearly an inch and a half long. 

18. G, angustifolia (Mart. Nov. Gen. 
et Sp. Bras. 3, 12. t. 206.) perennis, glaber- 



rima, caule erecto virgato-ramoso, foliis 
ultrapoUicaribus angusto-linearibus acutis 
erecto-patulis, pedunculis ebracteatis folia 
subsequantibus, calycis eequalis dentibus 
mucronulatis, corollis calyces 5-plo supe- 
rantibus (Martins). 
Hab. Province of Minas, Brazil, Martins- 
It appears to have the habit of G.pe- 
duncularis, but with a tubular corolla a 
little dilated at the top, and about an inch 
long. 

19. G.hispidula (MBit.\.c,S,l3,t207.) 
annua patenti-hispida, caule fastigiato-ra- 
moso, foliis ultrapoUicaribus linearibus 
acutis patulisprcBsertim margine papillosis, 
pedunculis bibracteatis folia superantibus, 
calycis aequalis dentibus acutis, corollis 
calyce triple longioribus (Martins). 

Hab. Provinces of Piauhia and Para, 
Brazil, Martins, 

Differs from the whole genus by the 
bracteate peduncles. Corolla of the same 
form as in the preceding species, but about 
half the size. 

20. G. communis (Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linnsea, 3. 12.) glabra, Isevis, floribus sub- 
sessilibus, dentibus calycinis tubo longio- 
ribus, corolla tubuloso-campanulata dentes 
calycinos breviter excedente. 

Hab. Common in South Brazil, from Rio 
Janeiro to the Banda Oriental, (y, s, sp.) 

Corolla half an inch long, slightly pu- 
bescent. Filaments and anthers slightly 
hairy. Capsule truncate or emarginate, 
furrowed at the insertion of the dissepi- 
ments, but the valves are entire. 

21. G, dasyantha (Schiede et Deppe, 
Linnsea 5. 104.) caule bifariam pubescen- 
te, foliis linearibus glabris, dentibus caly- 
cinis tubo longioribus, corollis extus pu- 
bescentibus calyce subduplo longioribus. 
(Char, ex descr. Cham, et Schlecht.) 

Hab. In the Tierra fria of Mexico, 
Schiede and Deppe, 

Said to resemble G, purpurea in ap- 
pearance. 

22. G, heterophylla (Nutt. ! Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc. 5. 180.) glabra, foliis radicalibus 
latis incisis, caulinis linearibus vel lineari- 
lanceolatis acutis rigidis margine scabris, 
floribus subsessilibus, calycibus angulatis, 



208 



SYNOPSIS OF THE OERARDIE^E, 



dentibus lanceolato-linearibus acutissimis 
tubo panim brevioribus, corollis ample 
campanulatis extus tomcntoso-pubescenti- 
bus calyce 3 — 4-plo longioribus. 

0. grandiflora, 

Hab. Arkansas, Nuitall. Texas, Drum- 
mond. (2d CoU. n. 204 and 206 bis. 3rd 
Coll. n. 295.) (y, s. sp.) 

Corolla very open, from eight lines to 
an inch long. The lower leaves are de- 
scribed as trifid or laciniate, both by 
Drummond and Nuttall, but none of the 
specimens I have seen have them. 

23. G. fasciculata (Elliott Bot. of S. 
Carol, and Georg. 2. 115.) scaberrima, 
caule rigido superne ramoso, foliis anguste 
linearibus acutis, pedunculis brevissimis, 
calycibus truncatis dentibus brevibus acu- 
tis, corollis amplis campanulatis leviter pu- 
bescentibus calyce 5-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Jacksonville, Drummond. S. Ca- 
rolina and Georgia, Elliott, (r. s. sp,) 

Corolla ten to ele ven lines long. Branches 
stiffly brachiate. Calyx of G. purpurea, 
but teeth rather shorter in Drummond's 
specimens, and in the Carolina ones ra- 
ther longer as described by Elliott. The 
young leaves are frequently, but not con- 
stantly fascicled in the axilla of the stem 
leaves. I have therefore little doubt of 
this being Elliott's plant, although I have 
not seen authentic specimens. It may be 
however a mere variety of G, purpurea, 
diflTering chiefly in its narrow leaves often 
fasciculate, rigid habit, and remarkably 
scabrous stem and leaves. 

24. G, Domingensis (Spreng. Syst 2. 
817.) perennis, tenuissime hispidula, caule 
stricto erecto subfastigiato -ramoso, foliis 
subpoUicaribus angusto- linearibus acutis 
erectiusculis, quam pedunculi breves ebrac- 
teati triple longioribus, dentibus calycis 
©qualis acutis, corollis calyces triplo su- 
perantibus. (Mart.) 

Hab. St. Domingo, Bertero, 

Appears to be allied to G. purpurea 
and to G. fasciculata, but the flowers are 
described as being but four lines long. 

25. G. maritima (Rafin. N. York Med. 
Rep. 2. 361.) humilis, glabra, carnosa, fo- 
liis linearibus obtusis, racemo terminali, 



calycibus breviter pedunculatis truncatis 
dentibus brevissimis obtusis muticis, corol- 
lis glabris campanulatis calyce 3 — 4-plo 
longioribus. 

G. crinita, Eddy. 

G. purpurea ft crassifolia, Pursh, Fl. 
Amer, Sept. 2. 422. 

ft grandijlora. 

Hab. Salt marshes in New Jersey and 
New York, ft Texas, Drummond. (1st 
Coll.) {v. s. sp.) 

In the ordinary state of this plant, in 
New Jersey, it is but three or four inches 
high, and the corolla scarcely eight lines 
long. In the var. ft it is near twice as 
high, with few leaves in the upper part, 
and the corolla is about eight lines long. 

26. G. Plukenetii (Ell. Bot. of S. Car. 
and Georg. 2, 114.) Isevissima, foliis parvis 
remotis flliformibus subfasciculatis, pedun- 
culis calyce foliisque brevioribus, calyci- 
bus truncatis dentibus brevibus acutis, co- 
rollis tenuissime pubescentibus calyce viz 
triplo longioribus. 

Hab. Carolina and Georgia, Elliott. 
Cherokee Country, Herb. Banks, (v. s. sp.) 

Comes near the var. y. of G. tenuifoUa, 
but the leaves are still more slender, and 
the peduncles constantly very short. 

27. G. purpurea (Linn. Spec. 848.) fo- 
liis linearibus acutiusculis planis roargine 
scabris, floribus breviter pedunculatis, ca- 
lycibus subenerviis dentibus acutis tubo 
dimidio brevioribus, corollis glabris ample 
campanulatis, basi breviter tubulosis. 

a. parviflora, corolla vix 7 — 8-lineari. 

ft grandijlora, corolla poUicari. 

Hab. United States, common. «. Bos- 
ton. S. New Jersey, (v. s. sp.) 

The two varieties, at first sight, appear 
diflerent, but I can find no character but 
the size of the corolla, which varies in se- 
veral other species of Gerardia. 

28. G. longifoUa (Nutt. Trans. Amer. 
Phil. Soc. 5. 180.), foliis anguste lineari- 
bus margine scabris, floral ibus flores su- 
perantibus, pedunculis calyce multo lon- 
gioribus, calycibus subenerviis dentibus 
lanceolatis acutis tubo vix brevioribus, 
corollis glabris ample campanulatis basi 
breviter tubulosis. 



A TRIBE OP SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



209 



Hab. Arkansa, Nutiall. Red River in 
the North West, Douglas, (y, s. sp,) 

Corolla of G. purpurea, $. which it re- 
sembles in many respects. Although com- 
ing from a very different latitude, Douglas's 
specimens answer perfectly to Nuttall's 
description. 

29. GJinifolia (Nutt. Gen. PI. N. Amer. 
2. 47.), caule virgato Isevi ramosissimo, ra- 
mis apice floriferis, foliis linearibus acutis 
levibus vel scabriusculis pedimculo longi- 
oribus, calycibus truncatis campanulatis 
minute dentatis, coroUis amplis campanu- 
latis fauce pubescente laciniis omnibus ci- 
liatis. 

Hab. N. Carolina to Florida, NuttalL 
Alabama, Dr, Gates, (v. s. sp.) 

Stems two to three feet high. Calyx 
remarkably truncate, yet presenting five 
minute and acute dentures nearly on a line 
with the margin. Lieaves smooth according 
toNuttall: in Dr. Gates's specimens, in 
Dr. Hooker's Herbarium, they are, on the 
contrary, rough at the margin ; yet I am 
persuaded they belong to Nuttall's species, 
which differs from G.Jllifolia chiefly by the 
shortness of the peduncle. 

80. G. peduncularis, foliis linearibus 
inai^gine revolutis cauleque scaberrimis, 
racemis paniculatis, calycibus longe pe- 
dunculatis angulatis truncatis dentibus bre- 
Tibus acutis, corollis ample campanula- 
tis pubescentibus margine longe ciliatis 
calyce 4-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Mexico, Tate, (y. s, sp.) 

Differs from G, purpurea chiefly by its 
narrow leaves, long peduncles, short teeth 
of the calyx, and somewhat larger corolla. 
Peduncles rigid, two inches long. Capsule 
gjobose, longer than the calyx. 

31. G.Jllifolia (Nutt. 1. c. 2. 48.) foliis 
filiformibus plerisque altemis subfascicula- 
tis cauleque scabris (laevibusve ?), racemis 
paniculatis, pedunculis floriferis folio mul- 
to longioribus, calyce truncato dentibus, 
brevibus acutis, corolla ampla ventricoso- 
campanulata. 

Hab. West Florida, Nuttall. Jackson- 
ville, Louisiana, and Texas (3rd Coll. n. 
217.) Drummond. (v. s. sp.) 

The plants before me differ again from 

VOL. I. 



Nuttall's description in the roughness of 
the leaves, but that author had evidently 
only a single imperfect specimen. The 
species is intermediate between G. pedun- 
cularis and G. tenuifolia, y., distinguished 
from the former by the slender stems and 
filiform leaves, oflen but not always fas- 
cicled, from the latter by the large flowers, 
long peduncles, &c. 

32. G. strictifolia, foliis linearibus rigi- 
dis acutissimis cauleque ramosissimo sca- 
briusculis, racemis subpaniculatis, pedun- 
culis folio longioribus, calycibus truncatis 
dentibus setaceis, corollis campanulatis ca- 
lyce sub 4-plo longioribus. 

Hab. Texas, Drummond (3rd Coll. n. 
294). (v. s. sp.) 

This plant has sometimes almost the fo- 
liage and aspect of G . heterophylla, with 
the corolla of G. tenuifolia but larger, the 
peduncles are nearly as long as in G.JHi- 
folia. The anthers are. very woolly as in 
G. tenuifolia. 

33. G. tenuifolia (Vahl, Symb. 3. 79.) 
caule angulato Iseviusculo, foliis linearibus 
supra plus-minusve scabro-pilosulis, race- 
mis paniculatis, pedunculis folio demum 
sublongioribus, calycibus truncatis dentibus 
brevissimis acutis, corollis campanulatis 
glabriusculis calyce sub 3-plo longioribus, 
capsula subglobosa calycem non excedente. 

G. erecta, Walt. Fl Car, 170. sec, Pursk. 

a. humiliSf leeviuscula, foliis maximis vix 
ultrapoUicaribus latiusculis, corolla 5 — 6 
lineari. 

0. macrophylla, scabrior, foliis maximis 
2 — 3-pollicaribus latiusculis, corolla 7 — 8 
lineari. 

y, leptophylla, scabriuscula, elata, foliis 
filiformibus maximis vix pollicaribus, co- 
rolla 6 — 7-lineari. 

Hab. United States, common, jt. Boston. 
/3. Jacksonville and St. Louis, Drummond, 
y. Jacksonville and Louisiana, Drummond. 
(v, s. sp.) 

The above varieties may, perhaps, be 
species, especially the last, but the charac- 
ters are very slight. They all differ from 
G. peduncularis by the glabrous, scarcely 
ciliate corolla; from G, setacea, by the 
short capsule and habit; from G, UmgifoUa 



210 



SYNOPSIS OF THE GERARDIEiE. 



by the truncate calyx with minute teeth. 
They have all the same slender, very 
branchy habit, the stems always marked with 
decurrent lines from the base of the leaves, 
the anthers with long white woolly hairs. 

34. G. seiacea (Walt. Fl. Car. 170 sec. 
Pursh et Nutt.) ramis gracilibus, foliisque 
setaceis scabriusculis, floribus paucis lon- 
ge pedunculatis, calycis dentibus brevi- 
bus setaceis, capsula ovata calyce longiore. 

/3. parvifolia, foliis distantibus 3 — 6 lin. 
longis, floribus racemosis. 

Hab. Pennsylvania to Carolina, St. Lou- 
is, Drummond. 0. Jacksonville, (y. s. sp.) 

A species allied to G, tenuifolia, but 
certainly distinct. The variety ft has some 
resemblance to G. aphyUa, but the leaves 
are never reduced to mere squamae. The 
capsule, in both varieties, is longer in 
proportion to the calyx, than in either G. 
tenuifolia or G. aphylla, between which 
species this one forms the connecting link. 
It does not dry so black as any others of 
the genus. 

a5. G. aphyUa (Nutt. Gen. PL N. Amer. 
2. 47.) ramis elongatis filiformibus subnu- 
dis scabris, foliis brevibus remotis lineari- 
bus vel omnibus minutis squamseformibus, 
calycibus pedunculatis truncatis dentibus 
brevissimis acutis, capsula globosa caly- 
cem excedente. 

&, filicaulis, ramis gracillimis paucifloris 
floribus parvis. 

y. grandiflora, ramis rigidis, floribus ra- 
cemosis majusculis. 

Hab. North Carolina to Florida, Nut- 
tail. Jacksonville, Drummond, (r. s. sp.) 

In the variety ff. the flowers are rather 
smaller, in y. rather larger than in the com- 
mon varieties of G. tenuifolia. The G. 
aphyUa appears to be a variable plant, but 
readily known by the greater number of 
the leaves being reduced to obtuse or mu- 
cronate squamae scarcely a line long. Very 
rarely, the lower leaves attain the length of 
four or five lines, in which case they are 
remarkably rigid and sharp. 

Sectio V. Dargeria. 

Calyx 5'dentatus. Corolla purpurea, 
laciniis emarginato-bifidis. Stamina didy- 
nama, antheris omnibus (squaliter bilocu- 



laribus fertilibus. Herba Indica, foliis 
pinnatisectis kunniis linearibus. 

36. G.parviflora (Benth. in Wall. Cat 
n. 3888.— Scroph. Ind. 48.) Caulis elatus, 
acute tetragonus. Racemi numerosi, virga- 
ti, in paniculam amplam dispositL Flores 
breviter pedicellati. Corolla vix 2 lin. 
loDga. Capsula ovoideo - globosa retusa 
parum compressa, valvulis matuhtate re- 
curvis integris. 

Hab. Himalaya Mountains, (v. s, jp.) 

Sectio VI. Sopubia. 

Calyx campanulatus 5'dentatus, Co- 
toIUb lacinicB integrts. Stamina didyncmia, 
antherarum omnium loculo aUero fertili 
erecto altero minore divergente casso. Cap- 
sulm valvuUB s(Bpius bifidte, dissepimenio 
apice tantum vel fere ad basin dehiscentia 
soluto. Herba Austro-AfricamB vel Indi- 
ccB, foliis angustis plerumque incisis, in- 
florescentuB Eugerardearum, corollis pur- 
pureis flavisve. 

37. G. Sopubia, rigida, ramosa, foliis 
pinnatisectis, laciniis linearibus scabris, 
dentibus calycinis ovatis margine ciliato- 
membranaceis tubo multo brevioribus. 

G. scabra, Wall. Cat, n. S&t^,—Benih. 
Scroph, Ind. 49, nan Linn. 

Sopubia trifida, HamiU. in Don Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 88. 

Hab. Himalaya range, common, also in 
Ceylon, Macrae, and Madagascar, Lyall, 
(y. s. sp.) 

Flowers yellow ? The Madagascar spe- 
cimens have rather larger, or, perhaps, 
only better dried flowers than the East 
Indian ones, but are not otherwise distinct 
Amongst them is an imperfect one, with 
entire and nearly smooth leaves, and appa- 
rently longer peduncles to the flowers, but 
it is impossible to say whether these dif- ' 
ferences may not be accidental. 

38. G. stricta (Benth. in Wall. Cat n. 
3887. — Scroph. Ind. 49.), aspera, rigida, 
subramosa, foliis lanceolato-lineaiibus lunc 
inde dentatis incisisve, dentibus, calycinis 
lanceolatis acutis nudis tubo midto brevi- 
oribus. 

Hab. Martaban and Prome, WaUich 
(y, s. sp.) 



p. 




A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



211 



Flowers of G. delphinifolia. Capsule 
globose at the base, compressed at the top. 

39. G. delphinifolia (Linn. ! Spec. 848.) 
ramosissiina, laevis, foliis pinnatifidis, laci- 
niis angusto-linearibus, dentibus calycinis 
hneari-subulatistubolongioribus. Tab. XI. 

G. delphinifolia, Roxb. PL Corom, 1. L 
90. 

Euphrasia Coromandeliana, Rottl. in 
Spr.Syse. Veg.2.775. 

fi.parrnflora. — G. Heyneana, Benth. in 
WaU. Cat n. 3891. 

Hab. India, chiefly in the Peninsula, 
and as far North as Lohargan, Royle, " Al- 
ways in wet soil, sometimes even in water. 
I have met with it at a considerable eleva- 
tion above the sea, I think nearly one 
thousand feet The specimen here figured 
was gathered within three or four feet 
aboTe that level." Flowers and ripens its 
fruit during the cool season." Wight 
MSS. (v. s, sp.) 

" Stems herbaceous, erect, ramous, four- 
sided, smooth. Branches opposite, decus- 
sate. Leaves sessile, simple or tripinnati- 
fid, segments narrow, linear, smooth. Pe- 
duncles solitary, short, bearing near their 
apex, two or three subulate bracts. Calyx 
tubular, striated five-cleft, divisions slen- 
der, acute. Corolla wide funnel-shaped, 
throat inflated, limb somewhat two-lipped, 
spreading, five-cleft, lobes obtuse, reddish, 
with a deep-coloured spot on the under 
lip. Stamens didynamous; filaments in- 
curved somewhat hairy, red. Anthers four, 
the lower pair united, the upper ones se- 
parate, incumbent (one fertile cell erect, 
the sterile cell descending spur-shaped 
sharp) ; sometimes, though rarely, a fifth 
perfect stamen is present. Style filiform, 
stigma enlarged, truncate. Capsule two- 
▼alved, valves bearing the partition, semi- 
nal receptacle large, red in the middle, 
bearing innumerable small, ovate-oblong 
seeds." Wight MSS.— The variety 0. only 
differs in the smaller flower. 

Tab. XI. Fig. I. Caljx laid open, showing the 
Piitil. 2. Corolla laid open. 8. Stamens. 4. Seo- 
tion of the Ovary :— ffia^>d. 

49. G, scabra (Linn. ! Suppl. 279.) gla- 
bra, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis integris vel 



cuneato-8 — 5-fidis, margine scabriusculis, 
dentibus calycinis lanceolatis tube vix bre- 
vioribus,, coroUis tubuloso - campanulatis 
calyce plus triple longioribus. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope. (v. s. sp.) 
Root perennial. Stems six inches to a 
foot high, usually simple. Flowers sub- 
sessile, near together. Corolla an inch 
long, apparently purple. Filaments hairy. 

41. G. obtusifolia, caule apice hirsute, 
foliis oblongo-lanceolatis integris subden- 
tatisve obtusis scabris glabris, dentibus 
calycinis lato-lanceolatis obtusis tube de- 
mum subinflato vix brevioribus, corollis 
tubuloso-campanulatis calyce duplo longio- 
ribus. 

Hab. Madagascar, Herb. Hooker, (y. 
s. sp.) 

Stems apparently simple, a foot high. 
Flowers of G. scabra, but the calyx larger. 
Filaments almost glabrous. Empty cell of 
the anthers terminated by a long point. 

42. G.Jiliformis (Schum. Beskr. Guin, 
PI. 272.), foliis filiformibus scabris, pedun- 
culis oppositis brevibus unifloris subsolita- 
riis. (Schumacher:) 

Hab. Near Pramprom and Ningo, in 
Guinea, Thonning. 

Cotolla pale purple ; throat large cam- 
panulate. Anthers bipartite, the lobes ob- 
long unequal diverging. (Schumacher.) 

Vni. Glossostylis. Cham.et. Schlecht. 
Starbia, Pet. Th. Nov. Gen. Mad. 7 1 
Calyx campanulaius, 4 — 6-dentatus. 
Corolla oblique campanulata, breviter 6- 
loba limbo inferne mqjore. Stamina didy- 
nama. Anther® omnes fertiles, loculis 
6Bqualibus basi acutis. Semina intra mem- 
branam lineari-cuneatum tenuissimam mi- 
nima. HerbfiB Americame, Austro-Afri- 
cancB vel Austro- Asiatics, asperce, erectte, 
habitu fere Melampyri. Folia opposita, 
sinuato-dentatOffloralia (sen bractetB) basi 
latiora profundius dentata, apice acumi- 
nata. Flores subsessiles, solitarii, alterne 
spicati, 

1. G. Avensis (Benth. Scroph. Ind. 49.), 
foliis ovato-lanceolatis lanceolatisve basi 
cuneatis brevissime petiolatis cauleque tu- 
berculoso - asperis, calycis dentibus latis 
acutis brevissime ciliatis. 



212 



M. DURIEU S BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 



Hymenospermum dentatum, Benth. in 
Wall. Cat. n. 3893. 

Hab. Taong Dong, a mountain near 
Ava, Wallich. (v. s. sp.) 

2. G. aspera (Cham, et Schlecht. Lin- 
nsea, 3. 22.), foliis subscssilibus oblongo- 
lanceolatis basi tnincato-cordatis cauleque 
hispidis aspcrrimis, calycis dentibus latis 
acutis bracteisque hispidis. 

II AB. Brazil, from Bahia to the South - 
em Provinces, (r. s. ^p.) 

3. G. capensis (Benth. Scroph. Ind. 50.), 
foliis subsessilibus ovato-cordatis, inferi- 
oribus obtusis superioribus acuminatis 
cauleque tuberculis minutis scabris lee- 
vibusque, dentibus calycinis lanceolatis 
acutissimis bracteisque subnudis glabris. 

Rhinanthus scaber, Thunb. Prod. FL 
Cap. 93. ? 

Bartsia scabra. Sprang. Syst. 2. 775. ? 

Gerardia sessiliflora, Vahl, Symb, 2. 79. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, 
Herb. Hooker, (v. s. sp.) 

There is in Dr. Hooker's herbarium, a 
plant which appears to be a fourth species 
o( Glossostylis, with the leaves of G. capen- 
sis, but hispid like G. aspera, and larger 
and more foliaceous calyxes than any of 
the others ; but the specimens are too im- 
perfect to be certain as to the genus. 

IX. ? Phtheirospermum. Bunge. 

Calyx campanulatus 5 - fidus. Corolla 
campanulato-ringens, labio superiore pia- 
no bifido, lobis replicatis, inferiore pauUo 
longiore trifido, fauce hiante. Stamina di- 
dynama rectiuscula. AnthercB liberse locu- 
lis parallelis mucronatis. Stigma bilobum. 
Capsula rostrata, compressa, bivalvis, bi- 
locularis, polysperma. Semina oblonga, 
angulata, membrana reticulata spongiosa 
involuta. (Fisch. et Meyer, Ind. Sem. 
Hort. Petrop. 1835.) 

1. P. chinense (Bunge in Fisch. et 
Meyer, 1. c). Herba annua vel biennis, ha- 
bitu, foliis, calyce et capsula. Pedicularis 
palustri baud absimilis, sed corolla fere 
Mimuli, sordide rosea, fauce lineis 2 flavi- 
dis notata. (Fisch. et Meyer.) 

Hab. In China Boreali, Bunge. 



X. Centeanthera. Br. 
The whole of the four species comprised 
in this genus, being East Indian, and having 
nothing to add to the characters given in my 
general Synopsis of East Indian Scrophu- 
lariace©, it would be superfluous to tran- 
scribe them on this occasion. 



ACCOUNT OF M. DURIEU'S BO- 
TANICAL EXCURSIONS IN THE 
MOUNTAINS OF ASTURIAS. 

(Commonicated bj P. B. Webb, Esq.) 

M. Durieu, a distinguished French oflB- 
cer, on half- pay, who had visited many of 
the Southern Provinces of Spain, during 
the Peninsular War, was desirous of in- 
vestigating the Alpine chain of Asturia, 
which forms the continuation of the West- 
em Pyrenees. His means not permitting 
him to execute this journey without assist- 
ance, M. Gay, Colonel Bory de St. Vincent, 
and several botanical friends, suggested to 
him the idea of forming a suflicient num- 
ber of collections, to cover a part of his 
expenses. The following letters, addressed 
to M. Gay, give a summary account of the 
results of this interesting, and somewhat 
perilous excursion. 

Gijoo, Maj 22. 1S35. 

Sir, — I arrived here only on the 18th, 
afler encountering such difficulties and ob- 
stacles, as, I really believe, would have 
induced many to abandon the enterprize, 
and return home in despair. The preva- 
lence of contrary winds compelled us fre- 
quently to cast anchor in all the little ports 
of the coast, excepting precisely at San- 
tander, where I was in hopes of receiving 
letters. I will not lose time in recounting 
the numberless difficulties that I met with, 
owing to the civil war now raging in Spain; 
suffice it to say, that I was almost an actor 
(a most unwilling one, so far as the flight 
went) in the horrible rout of Laqueitio, 
afler the affair of Guernica, and that the 
master of our frail bark, having replied 
insolently to a Spanish cniizer, we nar- 
rowly escaped being nm down by her. 

1 Bj mUtake, in our ImI number, this genlleauD'* 
otme wti written " Durieux," 



IN THE MOUNTAINS OF ASTUKIAS. 



213 



The Duke de Frias, Spanish Ambassador 
at Paris, has nobly redeemed the promise 
he gave you, and I found a Royal Order 
at Gijon, by which my papers and instru- 
ments were permitted to. enter, duty free. 

My fears, that I should arrive here too 
late, are, happily, not realized. I confess 
that it surprized me greatly to find such a 
tardy vegetation, of which you may judge, 
when I tell you, that Scilla vema, Stella- 
ria Holostea, and Cheiranthus Cheiri, are 
still in flower. I saw many interesting 
plants at the different ports where we 
touched, but was unable to secure them, 
from the impossibility of getting access to 
my paper, and that of the country is ex- 
cessively bad ; and though extravagantly 
dear, so scarce, that two quires are, with 
difficulty, obtained at a time. Notwith- 
standing this, at Castro, only three leagues 
from our frontier, to the West of Bilboa, 
and twenty-five from Bayonne, I was de- 
lighted to find, growing in the shady ra- 
vines, that splendid Fern, Woodtoardia 
radicans, of which I laid in a large stock, 
drying the specimens in the best way I 
could, under my mattrass and among my 
linen. The vegetation of Castro appeared 
very extraordinary, but I was reluctantly 
obhged to leave it untouched. The Ferns, 
particularly, attain such a wonderful de- 
velopment as I never saw before : the As- 
pidium JFilix Mas, dilaiaium, &c. were 
at least five or six feet high, and fronds of 
Woodwardia measured full seven or eight 
feet in length. Laurels reach even to the 
sides of the moimtains, and the Menziesia 
Dabeoci abounds every where. At San- 
tona, the Orange trees are cultivated very 
extensively in the fields, and I was struck 
by seeing that alpine plants grew on the 
walls which enclosed these plantations. 
Here there was nothing to be done, as the 
mountains are at a considerable distance 
from the coast, and cultivation spreads 
over the whole intermediate space; not- 
withstanding which I found, yesterday, a 
Crocus growing on a small turfy eminence, 
and remembering the excellent Mono- 
graph you are preparing of this genus, I 
gathered some of the bulbs, the flowers 



being past, and have laid them by for the 
purpose of presenting them to you. Since 
I lefl Castro, 1 have not found any Oro- 
banches; there I saw five or six of them, 
growing on as many different plants, with- 
in a hundred yards of one another, but 
they were still in the Asparagus state ; the 
first on Galium Mollugo ; the second on 
Picris hieracioides ? (I am uncertain of the 
species, as the radical leaves only were 
developed); the third on Vtcia Bithynica ; 
the fourth on Ivy ; the fiflh was a beautiful 
species, of a violet colour, growing on 
Smilax aspera or Silene nutans, I do not 
quite know which. I must now conclude 
this letter, as I am about to proceed to 
Oviedo. Accept the assurances of my re- 
spectful attachment. 

DURIEU. 

Bordetnx, Not. 8, 1835. 

I have at last returned from my explo- 
ratory journey in the Western Pyrenees, 
and am here awaiting the arrival of my 
packages from Bayonne, soon afler which 
I trust to have again the happiness of 
meeting my family. You are, doubtless, 
desirous to learn the results of a journey, 
to which you were the principal instigator. 
But before proceeding with such details as 
my time here will permit me to give you, 
I must, at once, state that these results 
are not quite so brilliant as you must have 
expected, and as I thought I had reason 
to hope. Allow me however to add, in 
justice to myself, that if I have not per- 
formed more, the blame is not attributable 
to me, as I effected all that was humanly 
possible; toiling almost unceasingly and 
without respite,-— without allowing myself 
the slightest recreation ; enjoying however, 
uninterrupted health, and in no wise dis- 
turbed by that political storm which was 
growling around me. 

In the country that I explored with so 
much care, the vegetation, however, is but 
litUe different from that of Brittany and 
our Aquitanian provinces: few are the 
plants which indicate a new and unvisited 
region, though many of them are curious, 
and the whole may well be deemed mter- 
esting from the fact of their locality. 



214 



M. DITRIEU'8 BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 



Between the Western Astuhan chain, 
which I explored, and the central chain, 
traversed by the road from Oviedo to Leon, 
and which is the only point explored by 
La Gasca, there exist sixteen leagues of 
mountains, untrodden by the foot of any 
Botanist, and which must be infinitely 
richer than that range towards which I was 
directed. This chain consists of the moun- 
tains de los Concefos, de Taberga, and 
Somiedo, whose huge masses are chiefly 
composed of granite, mixed with primitive 
limestone, whilst the western extremity of 
the Asturian P3nrenees, precisely from the 
point where I began to explore them, is 
composed of schist, of which the perpetual 
disintegration allows but few vegetables to 
fix themselves in the soil. The heights 
are undulated and bare, frequently inter- 
rupted by vertical openings, intermixed 
with sharp pyramidal peaks, whose sides, 
covered with broken and unfixed fragments, 
are generally considered inaccessible. This 
formation constitutes a striking contrast 
with the granitic range of Somiedo, to- 
wards whose long and indented line of 
heights, I often turned my longing eyes, 
as I thought of the rich harvest they must 
afford; still I remained faithful to my 
schist, reserving for another year, the 
rocks of Taberga and Somiedo, if circum- 
stances should permit, and if my botanical 
friends continue to patronize me. 

Disembarking at Gijon about the middle 
of May, I was obliged to remain there ten 
days, which I employed in visiting the 
coast ; but here, as throughout the whole 
line of Cantabrian shore, there is little or 
no beach, and I was able to collect but few 
marine plants, to which I added some au- 
tumnal species on my return, generally the 
same as abound on the coasts of France. 
From Gijon I proceeded to Oviedo, where 
the difficulties and troubles that arose on 
all sides to obstruct my progress, permit- 
ted me to do little or nothing during the 
five days that I remained there. An excel- 
lent old gentleman, formerly a competitor 
with Ortego for the Botanical Chair of 
Madrid, was my guardian angel here. He 
managed to appease the Civil Governor, 



who was about to send me to prison, 
(where I might perhaps have remained till 
now,) and obtained permission for me to 
continue my journey. To his kindness I 
shall have occasion to allude again, before 
terminating this letter. 

In the beginning of June, I established 
myself at Grado, a small town a few leagues 
west of Oviedo, where I remained twenty- 
five days, exploring the neighbouring moun- 
tains, but these are covered, during the 
whole year, by such myriads of sheep and 
cows, that it is absolutely impossible to 
find a single spot which is not cropped, 
grazed, and shaven, as bare as one's hand. 
Not a single plant can develop its flowers 
under the hoofs of these destroyers ; no 
spot is so retired, as to be secure from 
their all-devouring teeth. The vallies are 
cultivated, and produce excellent crops; 
still, though little pains is taken to dear 
them from such weeds as are injurious, 
they produced me but few plants, which 
were worth my collecting, and the general 
vegetation bore a close resemblance to that 
of the valley of Nantes. Near Grado, how- 
ever, I visited one of the most remariiable 
localities in the Asturias, the rocks near 
the bridge of Penaflor, a perpendicular 
fracture, through which the river Nelon 
has burst its way to find a new basin. This 
spot, which had been recommended to mj 
attention by Bory de St. Yincent, offered 
me several interesting species, as the rocks 
are perfectly inaccessible, even to the 
goats. I hazarded myself upon some of 
their points, and have brought away a cer- 
tain number of rare plants. Above these 
rocks, the mountains were again quite na- 
ked and eaten close, and nothing could be 
found. 

The particular character of these rocks 
consists in their union of southern and 
subalpine vegetation. For the first time, 
I saw two grasses which I afterwards found 
to be inseparable companions, and quite 
peculiar to the Asturias; they met me 
every where on the high western chain, 
and always growing together, even on the 
lofliest peaks. 

From Grado, I turned towards the South- 



IN THE MOUNTAINS OF A9TURIAS. 



215 



west, and shifted my head - quarters to 
Ganjas de Tineo^ a small town at the foot 
of the high range which separates the As- 
turias from the kingdom of Leon, and I 
was not a little surprized to find vegetation 
more advanced in the vallies of this cold 
region, than it had been in the country I 
had just quitted. These vallies are so nar- 
row, as but just to admit the passage of a 
rivulet, and of the pathway which winds 
by its side. The shelving slopes of the ad- 
jacent mountains are cultivated to a consi- 
derable height, by the poor and industrious 
Asturians, while the more elevated portions 
and the very summits themselves, being 
incessantly covered by flocks and herds, 
here as elsewhere, offer nothing but a close 
shaven turf, mixed with heath and dwarf 
rashes. Thus my harvest was again slen- 
der. Common, however, as the plants 
were, I was careful to select such as seem- 
ed most characteristic ; and now and then, 
longo irUervaUo, I found some rare species 
and even had the happiness, occasionally, 
to detect some strange vegetables, of which 
the forms were quite new to me. I con- 
soled myself for what I considered but 
very moderate success, by thinking of the 
abundant harvest of rare Alpine species, 
destined for me to gather on the lofty 
mountains, which I saw were still covered 
with snow : and in the commencement of 
July, having hired a guide and a mule, I 
eagerly hastened towards the most elevated 
point in that chain. Judge of my disap- 
pointment at finding these summits little 
richer than the lower districts ! I hardly 
saw one of those numerous small species, 
which adorn the peaks of oar loftier P3nre- 
nees. Myriads of sheep from Leon and 
the two Castilles, devour even the roots of 
those few vegetables which these masses 
of schist produce. Those which I have 
collected, have been obtained with extreme 
Acuity, most of them being procured 
from perpendicular steeps, inaccessible to 
the goats, whose ravenous teeth have even 
mutilated several of my specimens. The 
Ranunculi, the Potentillas, the Hiera- 
ciums, the Saxifrages, so numerous on 
other mountain ranges, have here few or 



no representatives. That portion of the 
chain, which I examined, becomes gradu- 
ally lower, and at its highest point is still 
of inferior elevation to the mountains of 
Somiedo, on several of whose peaks the 
snow lies all the year round ; whereas, on 
the two loftiest summits of the western 
chain, namely that of Arvas and that of 
Canellas, the snow is completely melted 
during the month of July; which gives 
them a height, about equal to that of the 
mountain at the pass of Penasque.^ These 
two peaks, distant about nine leagues from 
each other, constitute, the first-named the 
eastern, and the second, the western, limit 
of that portion of this lofty chain which 
I have explored. It was not long ere I 
perceived that these two summits, and the 
mountain-masses from which they rise, are 
richer in plants than the intermediate and 
less elevated region, and to them I there- 
fore particularly directed my attention. 
The peak of Arvas struck me as the most 
interesting of the two, and therefore, though 
lying the farthest from my head-quarters 
at Canjas de Tineo, I gave it the prefer- 
ence. It must not be (confounded with the 
mountain of Arvas, frequently mentioned 
by La Gasca, which is situated twenty-five 
leagues further east, and is crossed by the 
road from Oviedo to Leon. To the peak 
of Arvas I made seven journeys, and re- 
mained there nineteen days ; so that I think 
I may safely consider myself to be well ac- 
quainted with its botanical productions, and 
am competent to make themknown to others, 
by the specimens which I brought away. 

My last visit was made solely for the 
purpose of gathering the seeds of a beau- 
tiful Genista, with white flowers, which 
would prove a highly ornamental garden 
shrub, and those of a magnificent Eryu' 
gium, which was entirely new to me. My 
journey, however, proved quite a failure, 
the seeds of the Genista were scarcely suf- 
ficiently mature to give me hope of their 
germination ; and those of the Eryngium 
were still less perfect, though both had 
beeii out of flower full two months. 

The summit of the cone of the peak of 

I About 7,200 feet. 



216 



M. DURIEU'S BOTANICAL EXCURSIONS 



Arvas, presents a very small plateau, only 
a few feet square. I took a note of the 
phsenogamous plants, growing on this con- 
fined space, which I transcribe, in order to 
give you some idea of the vegetation of 
these Asturian Pyrenees ; 

Linaria supina — Iberis ctrnferta (La 
Gasca) . — Jasione montana. — Phyteuma 
hc^mispfuBrica. — Staiice Armeria. — Juni- 
perus depressa (nob.) — Agrostis rubra. — 
A. Asturica (nob.) — Aira Asturica (nob.) 
— Sedum brevifolium. — S. Anglicum. — 
Bunium Bulbocastanum, — Festuca Eskia, 
F. glauca, and F, spadicea. — Leontodon ? 
— Lotus comiculatus. — Silene geniculata 
(La Gasca). S, nutans. — Galium Mollu- 
go, (a small alpine form). — Chrysanthe- 
mum anomalum (La Gasca). — Dianthus 
hirtu^ ? — Plantago graminea. 

A remarkable fact, and which proves the 
uniformity of vegetation in these schistose 
mountains, is, that the summit of the peak 
of Canellas, which has likewise its plateau, 
presented me with the identical same spe- 
cies as above, with the single exception of 
Agrostis rubra. 

Towards the most westerly parts of this 
chain, extend those lofly forests, celebrated 
for the noble timber which they once yield- 
ed, and which they still produce. Now, 
being filled with bears, wolves, and lynxes, 
they are the object of dread to the timid 
Asturians, who dare not venture within 
their limits, even to collect a part of the 
immense quantity of dead wood which has 
lain rotting there for nearly half a century. 
So difficult was it to find a guide who would 
consent to accompany me into the forest, 
that I ventured alone into this immense 
solitude, and advanced as far as prudence 
and the recollection of my wife, child, and 
aged mother, would permit me. You would 
tax me with romance, did I attempt to de- 
scribe the sensations which fill the mind in 
such a situation. 

The last time that any of these trees were 
felled, which was for naval purposes^ was 
more than thirty years ago, and the timber 
has never been removed. Thousands of 
beeches and oaks, of colossal dimensions, 
lie here and there, entirely decayed, and 



half buried in the soil which has accumu- 
lated around them. The two days which I 
spent in this excursion were quite profiitless, 
so far as my Herbarium was concerned ; I 
did not bring away a single species of flow- 
ering plants, which seem indeed, unable to 
exist in these deep umbrageous woods, and 
of Lichens I found only those large folia- 
ceous kinds, common to all the European 
forests, and discovered no trace of Sticta 
aurata and crocato of the forests of Brittany, 
which I thought myself sure of gathering. 

Upon the whole, as the result of my 
journey, I shall have from three hundred 
and sixty to three hundred and eighty spe- 
cies to distribute, as characteristic plants 
of the country I have explored. Among 
them will be some Cryptogamia, and about 
twenty Ferns. I much regret the not hav- 
ing found Hymenophyllum elegans, which 
Col. Bory de St. Vincent discovered at 
Luarca, and which I sought for in vain 
over a long line of coast 

There is a small number of excellent 
species, which it was impossible for me to 
collect in such quantities as to fill up all 
the collections. In this case, I have taken 
care to bring away ripe seeds, which I shall 
plant, and distribute specimens of them 
hereafler. Nor did I omit to gather seeds 
of all such species as appeared interesting, 
and I shall sow them myself, and attend to 
their cultivation with the greatest care. 
Immediately on reaching home, I mean to 
sow, under glass, in hopes that it may 
blossom in the spring, a species of Barba- 
rea, which I consider one of the most cu- 
rious in my whole collection. I also col- 
lected a quantity of seeds of a lovely 
Hesperis, equally remarkable for its beauty 
and for the exclusive habitat which it affects. 
At the distance of a short league from 
Canjas de Tineo, precisely at the highest 
point of the road, where it crosses the 
mountain, before descending into the val- 
ley of Corias, is situated a small village, 
called Puelo. I first saw the plant on my 
way to Canjas de Tineo, as walking slowly 
with my eyes fixed on the ground, I follow- 
ed the procession pace of the half*starved 
mules which carried my baggage. A few 



IN THE MOUNTAINS OF A8TURIA8. 



217 



jards from the first houses of Puelo, I per- 
ceived this beautiful plant, growing in great 
abundance, with no transition from a few 
scattered bushes to this plentiful supply. 
It accompanied me to Canjas, first on the 
right hand and then on the left, according 
as the sloping bank presented itself on 
either side of the road. Soon afterwards, 
I was enabled to trace it to the other end 
of Canjas de Tineo, where it takes a turn 
and follows the valleys of Naviego and 
Narcea, as they rise upwards, for about a 
league and a half in the first, and three 
quarters of a league in the second, without 
ever quitting the sloping sides of the adja- 
cent mountains which inclose the road, 
and at length disappeared altogether at an 
elevation which seemed to me, by approxi- 
mation, to be about that of the village of 
Puelo. The singularity of this station has 
not escaped the observation of the inhabit- 
ants, who assure me, that beyond the limits 
I have named, this plant is not to be found 
in the Asturias. I cannot, from my own 
knowledge, vouch for this latter fact, but it 
is most certain that I met with no trace of 
it any where else. When cultivated, this 
little, bushy, evergreen shrub, with its thick- 
set, linear, grass-like .leaves, and large, 
violet, sweet-scented flowers, will become 
quite an acquisition to our gardens. If 
kept cut, it will produce its blossoms 
throughout the summer, as I perceived by 
the branches, which had been browsed upon 
by the cattle, and might make a beautiful 
low border, particularly if, as is probable, 
the petals become double. I have never 
met with this species in any collection, and 
am therefore inclined to consider it as new. - 
You will, I trust, pardon me for making 
this long digression in favour of my Hes- 
peris, and though I have several species 
which I consider equally curious, I reserve 
their history for the Catalogue raisonne 
which I mean to publish of my collection. 
Nor will I tax your patience by swelling 
this letter with the personal minuti© and 
anecdotes of my journey, though I must 
redeem my promise of giving you, very 
briefly, however, some account of my friend 
and protector, M. Perez of Oviedo. From 



his earliest youth, he appears to have been 
passionately fond of botanical pursuits, and 
had made so much progress in the science 
as to aspire, at the same time as Ortega, to 
the Botanical Professorship at Madrid. 
Disappointed in this object of his earnest 
wishes, he retired for life to his native As- 
turian valleys. There, long ere the Geo- 
graphy of Plants had received much atten- 
tion from Naturalists, he observed that his 
own province was very interesting in this 
respect, and commenced a series of expe- 
ditions to elucidate the subject, but had 
made little progress when, herborizing one 
day, a few leagues from home, near a town 
where he was not known, he was observed 
climbing among the rocks. This sight ex- 
cited so much astonishment, that the Cor- 
regidor was speedily informed, who deter- 
mined on starting himself, accompanied by 
his alguazils, to ascertain the fact. Find-^ 
ing a well-dressed person clambering 
among the steep places, and labouring hard 
in some pursuit which he could not com- 
prehend, the Corregidor concluded that 
some secret demoniacal work was in hand, 
and accordingly, seizing and stripping the 
hapless Botanist, and taking from him all 
his money, he ordered him forthwith to be 
carried to prison, and shut up in the cala- 
bozo (dungeon). There he might probably 
have died of want and misery, had he not 
hit upon a well-imagined mode of escape, 
too long, however, to be narrated here, by 
which he delivered himself from this un- 
merited captivity. His botanizing excur- 
sions were thus quite suspended ; but the 
dormant spark of science, so rudely smother- 
ed above forty years ago, though now bur- 
dened with the weight of fourscore years, 
is not yet extinct, and my appearance in 
the vicinity of Oviedo suflered to re- 
kindle it into a flame. You would scarcely 
believe that he is about to resume the sci- 
entific researches which were so harshly 
arrested; and that he has commenced 
teaching some of the young students from 
the University of Oviedo, and on my return 
from the mountains he assured me that he 
had already some pupils who were about 
to aid him in his employments. What he 



218 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



most desires are books, and I shall have 
the pleasure of consulting you, Sir, as to 
those which are likely to be most service- 
able to him. The good old man was of 
such efilectual service to me, that without 
his aid, I never could have prosecuted my 
journey, and I am therefore anxious to de- 
dicate to him one of my new species. Our 
learned Academicians may be, and probably 
are, satiated with these marks of scientific 
honour, but I am sure that the excellent 
Perez would be delighted in the highest 
degree, if there existed in his native pro- 
vince a plant, named after himself. 

I confess. Sir, I feel some repugnance to 
open a subscription for these collections. I 
should much prefer giving or exchanging 
them, but the very moderate nature of my 
income, and the duty I owe to my family, 
render it imperative upon me to take this 
course, not for the purpose of gain, but to 
cover, if possible, a portion of the expenses 
of my journey, which have considerably ex- 
ceeded my income, even without the loss of 
my half-pay, which, according to the regu- 
lations of the army, has been suspended 
during the seven months I have been away 
from France. If I am aided by the bota- 
nical world, the fatigues, privations, and 
crosses I have encountered, will not deter 
me from undertaking a second, or even a 
third journey, if it were necessary. My 
first should have for its object the explor- 
ing that chain which extends from the peak 
of Arvas to the pass of Pajares, over which 
the road from Oviedo to Leon is conducted.. 
The second should be devoted to the lofty 
Sierras of Infiesto and Cobadonga, up to 
the Biscayan Pyrenees, whose vegetation 
doubtless differs little from that of the 
Western chain on the French side. We 
shall have opportunities of talking of these 
plans hereafter ; meanwhile, I beg you. Sir, 
to accept the assurance of attachment of 
your very faithful servant, 

DURIEU 

P. S. I have received my packages, and 
am grieved to find that one is seriously in- 
jured. I have been obliged to throw away 
a large parcel, composed chiefly of plants 
of the genus Atriplez and a mass of Fuci, 



which I much regret. This loss will, I 
fear, lessen the number of species in my 
collection. 

(N.B. Persons desirous of obtaining 
collections may send their orders, in Eng- 
lish, to " M. Durieu, aux soins de M. Gay, 
rue de Vaugirard, No. 36, a Paris." They 
are requested to make use of thin paper, 
and to wafer, instead of sealing, their let- 
ters. The price of the collections has not 
yet been fixed, but will be very moderate.) 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

By Dr. Wight & G. A. W. Amott, Ew}. 
(Coniiimedfromp, 119.; 

OREWIA VILLOSA. 
Tab. X. 

FoHis basi 5-nerviis rotundato-cordatis 
rugosis dentatis, dentibus barbatis, su- 
pra scabris subtus brevi-tomentosis Tenis 
nervisque villosis, inflorescentia petiolis 
foliisque junioribus valde villosis, pedun- 
culis brevissimis, pedicellis umbellatis 
5 — 6 in singula axilla petiole breviori- 
bus, sepalis lineari-lanceolatis petala ob- 
longa integerrima obtusa triple exceden- 
tibus, toro glandulis non longiore, stylo 
apice incrassato staminibus longiore, 
stigmatis lobis dentatis, drupa globosa 
villosa, nucibus 4-singula uniloculari. 
Grewia villosa Herb. Bottl, Klein, et 
Heyne, Wilid. Sm. in Rees, Cyd. 
Roth, Nov. Sp. p. 248. De Cand, 
Prodr. V. 1. p. 512. Spreng. Syst. 
Veget v. 2. p. 581. (excL Syn. Raxb.) 
Wall. L. n. 6306. Wight, Cat. n. 265. 
Wight et Am. Prodr. FL Penins. Or. 
V. 1. p. 79. — G. orbiculata. Don, in 
Mill. Diet, (not Rottl.) 
A native of subalpine jungles in the 
central provinces of the Camatic. The 
specimens figured are from the Sahne 
Mountains. 

A large ramous shrub. Older branches 
round, smooth, the young ones, as well as 
the young leaves, densely clothed with 
long, soft, ferruginous pubescence. Leatet 




(^Jb^irfi rfffi\h7 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



219 



alternate^ orbicular, cordate, unequal at 
the base, ciliato-serrate, softly pubescent 
on both sides, the nerves connected with 
numerous transverse veinlets, prominent 
on the under side, on the upper occasion- 



ing, as it were, from the same point 
Flowers numerous, bluish. Bracts mi- 
nute. Calyx nearly entire. Corolla light 
blue, four-petaled, petals broad, acute. 
Stamina eight ; ^laments subulate ; a»- 



a wrinkled appearance in the dried thers blue, prolonged behind into a thick 



ing 

state. Peduncles lateral and axillary,* 
shorter than the petioles, bearing a droop- 
ing umbel of four or five fjowers. Calyx 
of five lanceolate leaflets, pubescent on the 
outside, ciliated at the margin, glabrous 
and orange- coloured within. Petals orange- 
coloured, half the length of the calyx, ob- 
longo-spathulate, obtuse and erose at the 
extremity, hairy in the middle, and bearing 
a nectariferous cavity at the base. Sta- 
mens numerous. Anthers yellow. Germen 
globose, very hairy, inserted upon a red- 
dish, shortly stipitate gland. Style shorter 
than the germen. Stigma four-lobed, lobes 
fimbriated. Berry the size of a small 
cherry, rough and hairy, bearing from two 
to four seeds. 

Tab. X. Fig. 1. Flower. 2. Petal. 3. Fiatil, 
with the Torni. 4. Section of the Fruit : — wtagnified. 



spur, the upper surface of which is marked 
with a nectariferous cavity ; cells on the 
anterior surface perpendicular to the spur, 
which is nearly horizontal, bursting longi- 
tudinally. Ovary one -celled, containing 
about eight erect ovula attached to a small 
protuberance in the base of the cell ; its 
disk marked with radii corresponding to 
the faces of the anthers which are incurved 
before expansion. Style subulate. Stigma 
acute. Berry globular, one-seeded. Seed 
erect, exalbuminous. Cotyledons peltate, 
hemispherical, their flat surfaces a little ir- 
reg^ar or waved. Radicle erect, rising 
perpendicularly between the cotyledons to 
their centre, where it is inserted. 

Obs. This peculiar structure of the em- 
bryo is different from what obtains in all 
the other species of Memecylon that I 
have examined, where the cotyledons, in 
place of being solid and hemispherical, are 
foliaceous and contortuplicate. 

ocTAS. W.J, -- ^^^;^ 

OCTANDRIA MONOOYNIA. 

Calyx 8-partitus. Corolla 8-loba. Sta- 
mina octo, laciniis corollse altema. Stig- 
ma sessile, 8-radiatum. Bacca 8-sperma, 
supera. — Frutex, foliis simplicibus aler^ 
nis, spicis axiUaribus. 

OCTAS SPICATA. W. J, 

Found at Tappanuly, on the West coast 

of Sumatra. 

A Shnib, with long branches ; the young 

parts tomentose. Leaves alternate, petio- 
with pretty distinct nerves which unite late, lanceolate oblong, acuminate, entire, 
into a line near the margin, seven or eight smooth, five inches long. Stipules small, 
inches long. Petioles short and thick. Sti- acute. Spikes or racemes two from each 
fules none. Panicles axillary, sometimes axil, rather shorter than the leaves, many- 
fiom the axils of fallen leaves, oppositely flowered ; pedicels in threes. Flowers 
branched; 27&c/u7zc/6« four-sided, purplish; small, white. Bracts minute. Calyx 
there is, generally, a single one-flowered small, eight-parted. Corolla monopetalous, 
pedicel placed immediately below each of spreading, divided at the margin into eight 
the principal divisionsofthe panicle, spring- round lobes. Stamina eight, as long as 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN 
PLANTS. 

( ConHnued/romp. 157.; 
MEMECYLON PANICULATUM. W. J. 

Foliis petiolatis ovatis obtuso-acumina- 
tis, paniculis axillaribus brachiatis. 
Found at Tappanuly, and on Pulo Bin- 
tangor, on the West coast of Sumatra. 

A large Shrub, with grey bark and 
smooth branches. Leaves opposite, shortly 
petioled, ovate or oblong-ovate, terminat- 
ing in a rather obtuse acumen, entire, 
▼ery smooth, shining above, paler beneath. 



220 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



the lobes of the corolla; anthers white, 
subsagittate. Ovary superior, globular, 
eight-celled, eight-seeded. Si^t^ma large, 
sessile, composed of eight fleshy coadunate 
lobes. Berries about the size of pepper- 
corns, purple, containing eight seeds, 
which are angled interiorly. 

COELOPYRUM. W. •/. 
OCTANDRIA MONOOYNIA. 

Calyx 4 - partitus. Corolla 4 - petala. 
Stamina 8, altema breviora. Stigma 
obtusum, subsessile. Drupa supera, nuce 
biloculari, loculo exteriore lanato alterum 
fovente. Semen unicum, loculo altero 
vacuo. — Arbor, ramis apice folipsis sim- 
plicibus, floribus racemosis. 

COELOPYRUM CORIACEUM. W. J. 

Taraniang, Malay. 

In forests in the neighbourhood of Ben- 
coolen. 

A IVee with thick branches, which are 
foliose at their summits. Leaves alternate, 
petiolate, elliptic, obtuse or emarginate, en- 
tire with reflexed margins, firm and lea- 
thery, smooth above, pale and tomentose 
beneath, costate with strong parallel ribs 
or nerves ; ten to twelve inches long. Pe- 
tioles about three inches long, marginate 
and flattened above. Racemes axillary, 
erect, shorter than the leaves, branched; 
fiowers numerous, yellowish, small and 
inconspicuous, in small racemules or spike- 
lets. Bracts small, acute. Calyx inferior, 
spreading. Corolla four-petaled, petals 
longer than the calyx, ovate. Stamina 
eight, the alternate ones shorter. Ovary 
surrounded and nearly immersed in a large 
fleshy nectarial ring, whose sides are an- 
gled by the compression of the filaments. 
Style scarce any. Stigma obtuse. Drupe 
ovate, acute, smaller than an olive, con- 
taining a single nut. Nut two-celled, cells 
unequal and dissimilar, the outer and lower 
crescent-shaped, and embracing the other 
which is smaller, oblong, and always emp- 
ty ; the larger cell contains a single con- 
form seed. 

Obb. The structure of the fruit is very 
peculiar; the empty cell is placed ob- 



liquely in the upper part of the nut, the 
fertile one is, as it were, wrapped roimd 
the other. The extreme minuteness of the 
ovary prevented me from satisfactorily as- 
certaining its structure. 

PETROCARYA EXCBLSA. W.J, 

Heptandria Monogynia. — Nat Ord. 

ROSACEJB. JuSS. 
CHRYSOBALANEJE. D C. 

Foliis oblongis acuminatis glabris, calyci- 
bus ore obliquis staminibus undecim fer- 
tilibus. 
Kayu Balam Pangkat, Malay. 

A large Tree, Leaves alternate, short- 
petioled, oblong, acuminate, entire, smooth, 
four to five inches long. Stipules longer 
than the petioles, deciduous. Racemes 
axillary and terminal, forming a panicle 
towards the top, strict, erect, little branch- 
ed ; flowers very short, pedicelled and ap- 
pressed to the principal peduncle; the 
whole ferruginous and tomentose. Brads 
broad, deciduous. Calyx infundibular, fer- 
ruginous and tomentose, oblique at the 
mouth, furnished with a ring of stiff hairs, 
which point downwards, lowest on the side 
to which the fertile stamina and ovaxy are 
attached ; limb five-parted, subreflex. Co- 
rolla five-petaled, inserted on the mouth of 
the calyx, and scarcely longer than its linibf 
petals subround. Stamina eleven, fertile, 
twice as long as the petals, inserted in one 
phalanx along the lower edge of the mouth 
of the calyx ; on the upper edge is a riog 
with eight processes or abortive stamina. 
Ovary adnate to the side of the calyx, be- 
low the fertile stamina, densely pilose, dis- 
porous. Style lateral, inserted near the 
base of the ovary, as long as the stamina. 
Stigma simple. Drupe inclosed in the 
enlarged calyx which becomes adnate to it, 
and crowned by its persistent limb; ob- 
liquely ovate, about the size of a filberd. 
Nut smooth, one-seeded, with an abortive 
cell, generally above the fertile one. Seed 
curved, corresponding to the cell, albu- 
minous ; embryo cylindrical, inverse ; ra- 
dicle superior, clavato-cylindrical, longer 
than the ligulate cotyledons. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



221 



PETROCARYA SUMATRANA. W. •/. 

Foliis elliptico-oblongis subtus canescen- 
tibus, calycis ore regulari, staminibus sep- 
tem fertilibus. 

A Tree. Branchlets pilose. Leaves 
alternate, short petioled, elliptic-oblong, 
six to eight inches long, terminating in a 
bhmtish acumen, acute at the base, entire, 
the adult leaves smooth above, somewhat 
hoary with close short wool beneath, the 
younger ones covered with deciduous pu- 
bescence above, nerves prominent beneath, 
veins reticulate. Petioles about a quarter 
of an inch in length. Stipules longer than 
the petioles, oblong, acute. Racemes ax- 
illary and terminal, shorter than the leaves, 
tomentose ; pedicels mostly three -flowered, 
divaricate. Bracts rather large, concave, 
at the base of the peduncles, pedicels, and 
flowers. Calyx tubular or campanulate, 
tomentose without, pilose at the faux, which 
is equal and regular, limb spreading, five- 
parted, segments acute. Corolla five-pe- 
taled, white ; petals inserted on the mouth 
of the calyx, and as long as its segments. 
Stamina fourteen, of which the seven upper 
are fertile, arranged in one phalanx, and 
the opposite seven abortive ; filaments 
short, flat; anthers roundish, two-lobed. 
Ovary adnate to the upper side of the tube 
or calyx, pilose, two-celled, containing two 
erect ovula. Style lateral, inserted at the 
base of the ovary, as long as the stamina. 
Stigma capitate. 

Obs. These two species, thoi^gh nearly 
related, present abundant points of distinc- 
tion. In the P. excelsa the leaves are 
smaller, smoother, and less strongly nerved, 
while the flowers are larger, the racemes 
longer, more erect, and compact, and the 
stamina longer and more numerous than in 
the P, Sumatrana, 

WORMIA EXCELSA. W. J. 

Nat. Ord. DiLLENiACEiE. Dec. 

Foliis ellipticis acutis denticulatis, pedun- 
culis multifloris oppositifoliis, pedicellis 
clavatis. 



Kayu Sipur, Malay. 

In forests near Bencoolen. — A large Tree. 
Leaves alternate, petiolate, from elliptic- 
ovate to elliptic-oblong, acute, denticulate 
or obsoletely serrate, smooth ; eight to 
twelve inches long. Petioles deeply chan- 
nelled above. Peduncles oppositifolious, 
at the summit of the branches, many-flow- 
ered ; pedicels alternate, clavate. Flowers 
large, yellow, three inches in diameter. 
Calyx five-leaved, leaflets subrotund, con- 
cave, unequal. Corolla five - petaled, 
spreading, pe^a^ ovate oblong. Stamina 
very numerous, the outer ones yellow, 
spreading, shorter than the inner, which 
are purple, erect and recurved above ; an- 
thers, lobes adnate to the filament. Ovaries 
six to eight, connate, polysporous : Stig- 
mas as many, flat, recurved, diverging. 
Capsules six to eight, whitish, semitrans- 
parent, bursting at the inner angle, and 
then spreading, containing no pulp. Seeds 
attached to the edges of the capsules, en- 
veloped in a red aril. 

Obs. This is a large forest-tree, which 
yields excellent timber, the wood' having' 
some resemblance to Oak. 

WORMIA PULCHELLA. W. J, 

Foliis obovatis integerrimis, pedunculis 

solitariis axillaribus unifloris, floribus 

pentagynis. 

Found at Natal. 

A small Tree. Branches round, rather 
smooth. Leaves alternate, petiolate, ob- 
long-obovate, rounded at top, with a short 
blunt point, sometimes retuse, very entire, 
very smooth, thick, and rather coriaceous ; 
about five inches long. Petioles smooth, 
channelled, and marginate above, less than 
an inch in length. Peduncles axillary and 
subterminal, solitary, one-flowered, angled, 
about two inches long. Bracts none. Ca- 
lyx five-leaved ; leaflets subrotund, smooth. 
Corolla five-petaled. Stamina numerous. 
Ovaries five, collected into a globe, termi- 
nating in as many flat, reflexed, diverging 
styles. Stigmxis thickened. Capsules five, 
of a light semitransparent rose-colour, * 
bursting at their angles, and then spreading 



222 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



like a corolla. Seeds attached to the inner 
edges of the capsules, a few only coming 
to perfection, partly embraced by a red 
pulpy aril, which originates from the um- 
bilicus. 

Obs. This species is very beautiful 
when in fruit, from the delicacy of the co- 
lours which the capsules exhibit. 

FICUS OVOIDEA. W, J, 

Foliis cuneato-obovatis apice rotundatis, 
nervo medio dichotomo, fructibus axilla* 
ribus solitariis v. binis pedunculatis. 
Found at Singapore and on several parts 
of the West coast of Sumatra and its is- 
lands. 

A small Treey with smooth brownish 
hark. Leaves alternate, petiolate, cunea- 
to-obovate, rounded above, attenuated to 
the base, tery entire, very smooth, the 
middle nerve dichotomous, from one and a 
half to two inches long. Petioles nearly 
half an inch long, round, with a slight fur- 
row above, and covered with grey bark like 
the branchlets, in pairs sometimes. Pe- 
duncles in pairs, sometimes solitary, shorter 
than the petioles, one-flowered. Involu' 
ores embraced at the base by three short 
subrotund bracts, nearly globose, smooth, 
shut at the mouth by scales, and containing 
numerous pedicellate florets. Seeds naked, 
hard. 

Obs. The leaves are peculiar in having 
the middle nerve dichotomous, a character 
by which this species may be readily dis- 
tinguished from its congeners. 

FICU8 DELTOIDEA. W. J, 

Foliis obcuneato-deltoideis apice latis v. 

retusis, nervo medio dichotomo, fructibus 

axillaribus binis pedunculatis. 

A small Tree, native of Sumatra, and 
very similar to the preceding, but having 
the leaves proportionally broader, more de- 
cidedly deltoid, and retuse or truncate, not 
rounded at top ; the peduncles also are in 
pairs from the axils of the leaves, and longer 
than the petioles. The breadth of the leaves 
is generally greater than their length in 
this species, which is not the case with the 



preceding; they are, however, precisely 
similar in their leathery texture, and in 
having the nerve dichotomous, and not 
prominent. 

FICUS BIGIDA. W.J, 

Foliis ovatis lineari-acuminatis rigidiB, 

fructibus pedunculatis axillaribus globo- 

sis glabris. 

Sertbulan, Malay, Sumatra, &c. 

A IVee, with grey cinereous bark, and 
smooth branchlets. Leaves alternate, pe- 
tiolate, ovate, or obovate, with long linear 
acumina, which are obtuse or emaigiDate 
at the point, attenuated to the base, three 
to four inches long, entire, firm, and ligid, 
smooth, shining above, rugose with reti- 
culated veins beneath ; nerves prominent 
beneath, the lowermost pair springing firom 
the base, and running along the maigins 
until they anastomose with^the upper ones. 
Petioles brown, with cracked skin. Berries 
one to three, axillary, pedicelled, pedicdi 
shorter than the petioles, smooth. Invok- 
ere globose, orange-coloured when ripe, 
smooth, with some whitish' spots, as laige^ 
as a currant. Florets numerotts, pedicel- 
late. Female ones with a four to five- 
parted perianth. Style inserted laterally ; 
seed naked. 

Obs. The bark of this species is fibrous, 
and I am informed that it is employed in 
Menengkabau in the fabrication of a coarse 
kind of paper. 

JONESIA. Roxb, — ^Nat. Ord. Lbgumi- 

NOBiB. 

Calyx tubulosus, basi bibracteatus, lim- 
bo 4-lobo. Petala nulla. Stamina S— 7, 
summo tubo calycis inserta. Ovarium 
pedicellatum, pedicello calyci hinc accreto. 
Legumen oligospermum. — Frutices, foliis 
abrupte pinnatis,^oribusfasciculatis. 

The alteration I have here made in the 
terms of the generic description from that 
given by Roxburgh, will remove all obscu- 
rity as to the true affinities of this genus, 
and establish its near relation to Macro- 
labium. The bracteal leaflets (the diphyl- 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



223 



lous calyx of Roxburgh) are found in 
both genera, though less cohspicuous, and 
not coloured in Macrolobium, the stamina 
are similarly inserted on the mouth of the 
tubular calyx, and are equally variable in 
number, the pedicel of the ovary is accrete 
to the calyx in both, and the only differ- 
ence consists in the presence or absence of 
the single petal which is found in Macro- 
lobium, and is wanting in Jonesia, 

JONESIA DECLINATA. W. J, 

Foliis 6 — 8-jugis, foliolis oblongis, floribus 

fasciculato- paniculatis tetrandris. 

Kayu Siturun, Malay, 

A small straggling Tree, found generally 
in thickets, native of Sumatra. 

Branches depending, whence the native 
nilme. Leaves alternate, composed of from 
six to eight pair of leaflets, of which the 
lowest are situated on the base of the pe- 
tiok ; they are opposite from ten to twelve 
inches in length, oblong, rounded at the 
extremity, but terminating in a short thick 
recurved point, entire on the margin, 
smooth. Petiole roundish, thickened at 
the base. Stipule intrapetiolar, embracing 
the stem, broad at the base, ovate and 
pointed. Flowers in lateral fasciculate 
panicles ; two subrotund bracts below each 
flower ; pedicels slender ; the whole very 
smooth and delicate, and of a light semi- 
transparent red colour. Calyx reddish - 
yellow, tubular ; tube narrow ; limb four- 
parted, fiat, segments subrotund, about the 
same size as the bracts. Corolla none. 
Stamina four, more than twice the length 
of the calyx, and inserted on its tube, the 
upper part deep red. Anthers deep pur- 
ple, subrotund, two-celled, each cell streak- 
ed with white. There are no rudiments of 
abortive stamina. Germen pedicellate, pe- 
dicel accrete to the tube of the calyx. Style 
long, red. Stigma round. Legume pedi- 
cellate, flat, compressed, containing several 
feeds. 

The large branches of delicate flesh- 
coloured flowers render this a very beauti- 
ful shrub during the period of inflores- 
cence. 



BAUHINIA EMARGINATA. TT. J. 

Foliis cordatis subrotundo-ovalibus glaber- 
rimis acumine brevi obtuso emarginato, 
floribus octandris, staminibus tribus su- 
perioribus fertilibus. 
Dadaub, Malay. Native of Sumatra. 
A strong woody climber. Leaves alter- 
nate, petiolate, cordate, subrotund-oval, 
terminating in a short, blunt, emarginate 
acumen, very entire, four inches long, se- 
ven to nine-nerved, with reticulate veins, 
very smooth. Petioles rather short. Cirrhi 
long, simple, revolute. Racemes terminal 
or sometimes lateral, corymbose, many- 
flowered ; pedicels long, tomentose. Calyx 
five-parted, tomentose, bursting into two or 
three segments. Corolla large, five-pe- 
taled, spreading ; petals nearly equal, un- 
guiculate. Stamina eight ; three superior 
fertile, longer, with large two-lobed anthers; 
four inferior short, with small abortive an- 
thers; the fifth and lowest being a little 
longer, and entirely sterile. Ovary tomen- 
tose. Style about the length of the fertile 
stamina. Stigma peltate, round. 

Obs. The form' of the leaf is very pecu- 
liar and readily distinguishes this species 
from the others. 

BAUHINIA BIDENTATA. W.J. 

Foliis cordatis acuminatis apice bidenta- 
tis glaberrimis, corymbis terminalibus, 
floribus octandris, staminibus tribus 
superioribus fertilibus. 
Native of the Malayan forests, where it 
climbs over trees and shews its flame-co- 
loured blossoms on their very summits. 

Shrubby, climbing far over the trees in 
its neighbourhood ; bark brown ; branches 
round, flexuose; branchlets covered with 
ferruginous tomentum. Leaves alternate, 
petiolate, cordate, acute, bifid at the point, 
(not two-lobed), divisions approximate with 
a short thread interposed, very entire, seven- 
nerved, very smooth, the younger ones ra- 
ther silky beneath with ferruginous deci- 
duous hairs. Petioles thickened at the top 
and bare. Tendrils simple, revolute. Co- 
rymhs terminal. Pedicels clavate, striated, 
tomentose. Ccdyx five-parted, tomentose, 



224 



DESCRIPTION OF MALA.YAN PLANTS. 



for the most part bursting irregularly into 
three divisions. Corolla orange- coloured, 
becoming red after expansion, five-petaled; 
petals nearly equal, subrotund,ungulculate, 
spreading. Stamina eight, ascending, of 
which the three upper are longer and fer- 
tile, and the three lowest short and sterile. 
Anthers subrotund. Ovary pedicellate, 
compressed, oblong, containing from six to 
eight ovula. Style declinate, incurved at 
the point. Stigma large, capitate and glu- 
tinous. 

Obs. This species is at once distin- 
guished by the peculiar form of the leaves, 
which are not two-lobed, as usual in the 
genus, but have the apex divided so as to 
make the leaf terminate in two acute points. 
The flowers are large and showy. 

INQA BUBALINA. W, J. — Nat. Ofd. 

MiMOSEiE. Br. 

Inermis, foliis conjugato-pinnatis, foliolis 
bi-jugis glaberrimis, capitulis paucifloris 
paniculatis, paniculis axillaribus et ter- 
minalibus, legumine recto cylindrico. 
Biui Karbau, Malay. Sumatra, &c. 
A tree, unarmed, with grey bark. Leaves 
alternate, conjugato-pinnate, leaflets two- 
paired, ovate, with rather an obtuse acu- 
men, very entire, very smooth, nerves lucid; 
the upper pair of leaflets the largest. Pri- 
mary petiole short, thickened at the base, 
bearing a gland at the point; secondary 
petioles without glands. Capitula few- 
flowered, panicled. Panicles axillary and 
terminal, peduncled, divaricate, shorter 
than the leaves. Bracts small. Calyx 
short, tubular, five-dentate. Coro//a white, 
much longer than the calyx, campanulate, 
five-parted, segments spreading. Stamina 
many, monadelphous at the base, long and 
white. Style filiform, as long as the sta- 
mina. Ovary pedicellate. Legume dark 
green, straight, cylindrical, about four inches 
long, thick, obtuse, many-seeded, fetid. 
Seeds crowded, orbicular, piled one above 
the other and thus flattened above and be- 
low by their mutual compression. 

Obs. This species is nearly allied in 
habit and inflorescence to the IngaJiringa, 



Mai. Misc. vol. 1., but differs in the shape 
of the legume, which has a very offensive 
smell, but is eaten by the natives in the 
same manner as that of the Petek Cicada 
graveoleus, W. J.). Karbau in Malay sig- 
nifies the Buffalo, whence the specific name. 

INGA CLYPEARIA. W. J. 

Inermis, ramulis acutangulis, foliis bipin- 

natis, foliolis 10-jugis rhomboideis sub- 

tus tomentosis, paniculis terminalibus, 

leguminibus contortis rubris. 
Clypearia rubra. Rumph, Amb, III. p. 

176. M12. 

Jiring muniet, Malay. 

A jar^fr gg. ^rancA/ie^ smooth, acutely 
five-angled, almost winged. Leaves alter- 
nate, bipinnate; pinnae about four pair; 
leaflets about ten pair, rhomboidal, inequi- 
lateral, rather acute, entire, smooth above, 
tomentose or silky and glaucous beneath, 
they are of unequal size, the uppermost 
often two inches long. Petiole or rachis 
acutely four or five-angled, thickened at 
the base, eglandular. Panicles large, ter- 
minal ; peduncles fascicled. Flowers white 
pedicellate, in small capitula or heads. Ca- 
lyx small, five-parted. Corolla much longer 
than the calyx, quinquefid. Stamina nu- 
merous, monadelphous at the base. Siyk 
one. Legume red, flat, two-valved, spi- 
rallyxontorted, containing many subrotunj 
somewhat compressed, black seeds, 

Obs. This species, which agrees with 
that described by Rumphius, is found in 
forests in the neighbourhood of Bencoolen, 
but I am not aware that it is there put to 
any particular use. These two species, to- 
gether with the /. Jiringa, might perhaps 
with equal propriety be referred to Acacia^ 
as the seeds are not arillate, though the le- 
gume (as in I. bubalind) is fleshy and escu- 
lent, the stamina are those of an Inga, and the 
paniculate inflorescence is more frequent in 
that genus than in Acacia, The distinction * 
between these two sections of the Linnean 
genus Mimosa is an artificial one, and the 
characters of the present species are in 
some degree intermediate between the two. 

.(To be coDtinaed.) — h.'X'S^ 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



225 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

(Cotttuuudfrom p. 86.; 

Erica MackaiL Hook. Comp. to Bot 
Mag. p. 158. This supposed species is of 
much interest to Botanists, as uniting two, 
apparently very distinct plants, E. Tetralix 
and ciliaris. The extreme forms of E. 
Mackaii gradually glide into the two other 
species. If the awns of the anthers fail ; 
no other character, that I have seen men- 
tioned, will keep them apart when a full 
aeries is examined. In Tetralix the awns 
equal the anther in length, while in ciliaris 
they are wanting. In Mackaii, however, 
the awns vary, from the proportion seen in 
Tetralix to less than a quarter the length 
of the anther ; and the nearer the leaves 
and corolla approach to those of ciliaris, 
the shorter does the awn become. I think 
the awns do exist in all my specimens, 
though in some they are so minute as to be 
seen with difficulty. The objection to three 
species will be found in the fact of the ex- 
treme forms of Mackaii differing from each 
other as much as they do from Tetralix 
and ciliaris. If two species be retained, 
E. Mackaii must go to Tetralix. Whether 
a hybrid or not, in the proper sense of the 
term, it appears to bear nearly the same 
relation to Tetralix and ciliaris, that Geum 
intermedium does to G. rivale and G. ur- 
hanum. H, C. Watson. 

Eriophorum angustifolium and pubes- 
cens. Can we count more species than 
these two ? Winch says, in the Flora of 
^Northumberland and Durham, " I suspect 
slender specimens of both Eriophorum 
(ingustifolium and Eriophorum pubescens 
pass under the name of E. gracile." I am 
sure that large specimens of each pass un- 
der the name of E.'polystachion.' Wah- 
lenberg, in his Flora Lapponica, has de- 
scribed E. gracile "pedunculis scabris." 
B. C. Watson. 

Crocus nudijlorus. Some of the Not- 
tinghamshire specimens must be referred 
to C. speciosus, as described in the British 
Flora, I received them from Mr. Cooper. 
S. a Watson. 

Festuca loliacea. How is this to be 

VOL. I. 



distinguighed from Lolium? Withering 
observes, that there is sometimes a minute 
inner valve to the calyx in the genus Lo- 
lium. Smith says that the inner valve of 
the calyx is sometimes wanting in Festuca 
loliacea ; examples of which occur in my 
Herbarium. H, C. Watson. 

TritohMiaJiliforme. I have a specimen 
of this (or, possibly, T procumbens,) in 
which the corolla is not persistent. There 
are no seeds in the pods. Sent from Not- 
tingham by Mr. Cooper. 

Salix Meyeriana must be struck out 
from the British list, unless new evidence 
prove it British. I have convinced myself 
that my Brough specimen belongs not to 
that species, but to a Willow, of which I 
have a growing plant from the late Mr. 
Anderson's garden, a dwarf shrub, differing 
from both S. Meyeriana and S.pentandra, 
W. Borrer, 

We are happy to be able to announce 
that the 5th and last volume of Sir James 
Smith's English Flora, (or the 2nd and 
last of Hooker's British Flora,) is at length 
completed, with the 2nd part of that volume, 
which is entirely occupied with the Fungi. 
Of the merits of this part, the writer of 
the present article is entitled to express his 
opinion, because, feeling his own incompe- 
tency to do justice to that obscure and diffi- 
cult family of plants, he has procured the 
assistance of his valued friend, the Rev. J. 
Berkeley, who has long studied the Fungi 
with great attention, and who is now actually 
preparing (as already announced in this 
work) for publication a series of specimens 
illustrative of the British species. To this 
gentleman we are indebted for the whole of 
this portion of the Flora, and we are sure 
that in no Flora of any part of the world 
has the subject to which it relates been 
treated with more care and skill than have 
been here displayed by Mr. Berkeley. 
We possess now, what has long been a 
desideratum in this country, a complete 
Flora, including all the discoveries that 
have been made down to the period of its 
publication, and these arranged according 
to the latest improvements in the Orders 
and Genera. 

p 



226 



ILLU8TBATI0N8 OF INDIAN BOTANY. 



The beautiful ** pocket volume** of spe- 
cimens of British Mosses, by Mr. Gardener, 
announced at p. 20 of this Journal, will be 
published in a few days. By the kind as- 
sistance of his Muscological friends, and 
especially of J. E. Bowman, Esq. of Gres- 
ford, he is enabled to make the sets more 
complete than he had originally anticipated. 
Almost immediately after the publication 
of this work, it is the intention of this zea- 
lous Naturalist to embark for South Ame- 
rica, and to spend some years in collecting 
plants in various parts of Brazil. The 
dried specimens will be offered at the price 
of £2 the hundred species : and seeds and 
living plants on proportionably moderate 
terms. Pernambuco will, probably ^ be his 
first place of destination. It is gratifying 
to think that the Botany of South America, 
like that of the northern half of that im- 
mense continent, will be accurately inves- 
tigated by British Naturalists. Chili has 
been successfully explored by Gillies, 
Cruckshanks, Bridges, Mathews ; Mendoza 
by Gillies ; Peru by Mathews and Cruck- 
shanks; Colombia (in part) by Professor 
Jamieson and the late lamented Col. Hall ; 
the Argentine Provinces, the Uraguay, 
Tucuman, and South Brazil by Tweedie ; 
Guiana by Mr Parker and Dr. Schom- 
burgh. 

The following extract of a letter from 
the last-mentioned enterprizing traveller to 
George Bentham, Esq. may not be unac- 
ceptable to our readers : — 

Aonii-y. 3» 62^ N. lat. SOo W. lonff. 
Not. 1. 1835. 

" Though I can announce the safe arrival 
of our expedition at the left bank of the 
Rupununy, I am sorry to say that all of us 
feel, more or less, the consequence of fa- 
tigue and exposures ; fever and dysentery 
are the prevaling diseases, however, in no 
case to a dangerous degree, though my 
own servant insists upon returning with 
the people whom I hired at the port, hav- 
ing become alarmed at his own indisposi- 
tion and the accounts of tigers, rattle- 
snakes, &c. the latter of which have paid 
us several visits since we took possession 
of our Indian hut. 



I have collected about two thousand 
plants while en route, and our camp on the 
Savannahs, at the foot of an extensive 
mountain-chain, offers me a rich field for 
my collection. Lieut. Haining, who ac- 
companies the expedition as a volunteer, 
leaves us in about three months from this 
time ; with him I purpose to despatch all 
that will have been collected up to that 
period, plants, birds, and minerals: I do 
not consider the opportunity offered by the 
people returning to the port as sufficiently 
safe, or I might so send the plants. 

I have inclosed a paper on the different 
species of Lads, which I met with in the 
Essequebo. It is intended for the Linnean 
Society. I have likewise drawings of se- 
veral other plants, but I am rendered so 
weak, in consequence of fever and ague, 
as to be incompetent to finishing the papers 
connected with them. 

Next spring you may expect with cer- 
tainty the first collection of plants, with 
every prospect of their being numerous. 

R. H. SCHOMBUEGH." 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN 
BOTANY. 

Bj Dr. Wjjj^ht & G. A. W. Arn jtt, E«q. 
( Coni'mued from p. IGl }. 

CARIS8A CARANDAS. 
Tab. XII. 

Sub-arborescens spinosa, glaberrima, spi- 
nis simplicibus vel in ramulos vetus- 
tiores bifurcatis, foliis ellipticis obtusis 
integerrimis nitidis reticulato-venosis, 
pedunculis corymbosis paucifloris ter- 
minalibus, ovario biloculari 8-ovulato. 

CarissaCarandas. Lin.n.Mant.p.52. TfW. 
Sp. PL 1. p. 1219. Spr. Syst. Veg. 1. 
p.67L Roxb. Cor. PL 1. 1. 77.; Fl.Ind. 
1. p. 687. ; {ed. Car. et Wall.) 2. p. b^ 
Wall. List, n. 1677. 

Echites spinosa. Burm. Fl. Ind.p. 69. 

Lycium Malabaricum, &c. Pluk. Phytp. 
235. ^.305./: 4. 

Carandas. Rumph. Amb. 7. p. 57. 1 25. 
A large Shrub, becoming, when old, a 

small, irregularly^shaped tree. Branches 




JrnT///Mf fm/4V7///j 



ILLUSTRATIONS OP INDIAN BOTANY. 



227 



numerous, dichotomous, divaricating much, 
terete, stiif, glabrous ; branchlets com- 
pressed. Thorns opposite, at the forkings 
of the large and smaller branches ; those 
on the former are once, or sometimes twice 
forked, on the latter usually simple, and 
occasionally wanting : all are very sharp, 
spreading, and glabrous. Stipules none. 
Leaves shortly petioled, opposite, oval, 
obtuse or slightly emarginate, quite entire, 
glabrous, shining, marked with the nerves 
and veins, slightly coriaceous. Peduncles 
terminal, from two to four together, corym- 
bose, about an inch long, glabrous, each 
bearing three, four, or more flowers, on 
simple pedicels or forked partial peduncles; 
pedicels with a minute bractea at their base. 
Calyx five-cleft ; segments triangular, acu- 
minated, about the length of the tube, 
slightly pubescent. Corolla infundibuli- 
fomi, many times longer than the calyx ; 
tuhe greenish-yellow ; throat naked ; limb 
white, five-partite, spreading or slightly 
recurved ; segments oblong, acute, scarcely 
half the length of the tube, pubescent. 
Stamens five, inserted above the middle of 
the tube of the corolla, and contained 
within it ; anthers linear, acuminated, two- 
celled, nearly sessile. Ovary oblong, two- 
celled, with a thickened dissepiment. Ovules 
four in each cell, peltate. Style single, 
filiform, thickened at the apex. Stigma 
dilated at the base, bifid ; divisions linear, 
ciliated at the apex. Fruit a glabrous oval 
berry, about the size, when ripe, of a small 
plum, two-celled; the dissepiment fleshy, 
thick in the middle, and bearing the pla- 
centsB. Seeds from one to four in each 
cell, oval, compressed, peltate, concave on 
the inside, at the middle of which they are 
attached to the partition or dissepiment, 
thin at the edges, destitute of coma. Seed- 
wat thin. Albumen copious, somewhat 
^orny. Radicle superior, cylindrical. Co- 
tyledons roundish, foliaceous. 

In jungles and thickets, usually in good 
Boil. It makes excellent fences. It is fre- 
quent in the northern Circars, where the 
berries are preserved by being boiled in 
Bynip, and then used as dsunsons, for which 
they make a good substitute. It also oc- 



curs in Tanjore, but is less frequent than 
in the alpine districts. 

Tab. XII. Fig. I. Pistil, the Calyx laid open. 
2. Corolla laid open. 3. Section of the Fruit. 4. 
Ditto of Seed. — More or less magnified, 

LOBAXTHUS CUNEATUS. 
Tab. XIII. 

Parasiticus glaber, ramis teretibus, foliis 
alt^mis obovato-cuneatis obtusis in pe- 
tiolum angustatis, pedunculis axillaribus 
brevissimis vel seepius nuUis 4-floris, 
bractea cordato-ovata subovario, calycis 
tubo glabriusciilo dentibus 5-ciliatis, 
corolla cylindracea breviter 5-loba, basin 
versus subincrassata, hinc longitudina- 
liter fissa, lobis linearibus unilateralibus 
reflexis, filamentis 5 ad apicem fere tubi 
corolla adnatis, antheris lineari-oblongis 
erectis, stylo filiformi, bacca oblonga. 
Loranthus cuneatus. Heyne, in Roth, 
Nov, Sp. p. 193. (non WalL, nee De 
Cand.) 
Loranthus montanus. Wight, in Wall.! 

Linn. 6866. 
Loranthus lobeliaeflorus. De Cand. Prod, 

4.J5. 306. 
Loranthus goodeniceflorus. De Cand.? 
Prod. 4. p. S06, 

Parasitic. Stem and branches terete, 
glabrous, of a greyish colour, roughish 
from minute elevated points. Leaves al- 
ternate, obovate, obtuse or occasionally 
very slightly retuse, cuneate at the base, 
aad there tapering into a short petiole, 
glabrous, even the very youngest ones (and 
hence my doubts about the second syno- 
nyme quoted from De Candolle), quite 
entire, coriaceous ; when growing, veiny ; 
when dried the veins are sunk in the 
leaf, and nearly imperceptible. Peduncles 
generally wanting, and then from one to 
three pedicels issue from the axils, each 
one-flowered; sometimes the peduncles, 
although very short, may be observed bear- 
ing two, three, or even four, and very rarely 
five flowers. Bractea solitary, roundish- 
cordate, ovate, concave, obtuse or acute, 
ciliated, closely embracing the base of the 
calyx. Calyx-tube campanulate, generally 
nearly glabrous, but occasionally more or 



228 



REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 



leas pubescent; limb five-clefl, segments 
rounded, ciliated. Corolla gamopetalous, 
tubular^ slightly gibbous at the base, cylin- 
drical upwards, shortly five-cleft, yellowish 
on the outside, the lobes about a sixth of 
the whole length of the corolla, oblong- 
linear, redexed, and pointing all to the 
lower side of the flower, reddish on the 
inside ; the tube is split up, from a little 
above the base to the apex, between the 
superior lobe and one of the lateral ones. 
.Estivation valvular. Stamens five. Fi- 
laments cohering with the tube of the co- 
rolla, and opposite the lobes ; above the 
tube they are free, erect, glabrous. An- 
ihers two-celled, narrow, oblong, erect 
from the apices of the points of the fila- 
ments. Ovary cohering with the calyx- 
tube. Style slender, filiform, protruded, 
a little curved near the apex, glabrous. 
Stigma capitate. Berry oblong, crowned 
with the remains of the limb of the calyx, 
one-celled, one-seeded. Albumen fleshy. 
Radicle superior. 

On the branches of trees in alpine dis- 
tricts, I first found this plant at an eleva- 
tion of between three and four thousand 
feet on mountains near Dindygul. I have 
since met with it much lower on the same 
range, but confined to them. Leschenault, 
however, found it on the Nulgherries. The 
specimens figured are from the village of 
Pathoocottah. Like most Peninsular plants, 
this has several native names, so that it is 
quite unnecessary, generally speaking, to 
quote them in botanical works. De Can- 
dolle, on Leschenault's authority, gives to 
this plant the vernacular name of Vira- 
marum-pila-rivi ; I could mention Cauto- 
velloomechamarum, and several others 
equally barbarous. I may here remark, 
that Leschenault's names are frequently 
not to be depended on ; from his total want 
of knowledge of the Tamul language, he 
was led to mark down the answers to 
his signs or queries as the names; whereas 
the natives mostly told him " I don't know," 
" I cannot tell," " I do not understand," 
" There is none," or made some such re- 
ply, which he fancied were the names of 
the plants. 

(To be continned.) 



REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF 
BRITAIN, AS ILLUSTRATED IN 
MURRAY'S ENCYCLOPiEDIAOF 
GEOGRAPHY. 

Bj H. C. WatsoD, Esq., ^.L.S. 

The publication of the Encyclopedia 
of Geography may be regarded as in some 
measure marking an era for natural and 
geographical science, in Britain, being the 
first geographical work, by a British author, 
in which scientific Natural History occu- 
pies a decidedly prominent place ; while the 
high celebrity, in their respective depart- 
ments, of the individuals whose united 
contributions compose the work, stamp & 
value upon it, certain to insure a wide cir- 
culation, and cause it to be referred to as 
authoritative. Hence it becomes important 
that such a work should be accurate, even 
in its smallest details, and that no merelj 
local peculiarities should tend to mislead 
readers, by bearing the semblance of gene- 
ral laws or facts, applicable to a whole 
country. This consideration may form a 
sufficient apology for the following com- 
ments on some points relating to the dis- 
tribution of plants within Britain, in regard 
to which my own researches and obsenra- 
tions lead to different conclusions, or which 
now require to be modified in consequence 
of recent discoveries, arising out of the 
increased attention lately given to local 
Botany by others. 

Let it not be supposed that I find cause 
to censure the botanical department of the 
work in question, or wish to set up my own 
limited knowledge in opposftion to that 
possessed by the author of such depart- 
ment. On the contrary, I would urge 
every British Botanist carefully to peruse 
the botanical sections, and dare promise 
that they who do so will not feel inclined 
to pronounce their time spent either un- 
profitably or unpleasantly. But all science 
is progressive ; and he who devotes atten- 
tion to any particular branch, may reason- 
ably expect to find something in the views 
of others to be altered or to be added \fi. 
Moreover, it is a much easier matter to 
follow, and to correct in trifles, than \t> 



REMARKS ON THE BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 



229 



lead and to originate ; and were the bota- 
nical sections of the Encyclopaedia of Geo- 
graphy united into a distinct work, such 
work would be a much superior treatise on 
Tegetable geography, to any that has yet 
appeared in our language. 

The title-page of the Encyclopaedia bears 
the date of 1834 ; but from the time re- 
quired to write and print so extensive a 
work, and other circumstances, it will be 
obvious enough that the greater part of it 
must have been written considerably ante- 
rior to such date. This is particularly no- 
ticed, because at intervals, since the autumn 
of 1832, 1 have made public several essays 
or papers on the same department of Bri- 
tish Botany ; but founded on more extended 
observations than had been published pre- 
Tiously ; and it becomes of some interest 
to examine any differences between these 
and the earlier and more local observations 
(by N. J. Winch, Esq., and the Rev. J. 
Farquharson) on which a considerable part 
of the section treating of British Botany, 
in the Encyclopaedia, is founded. 

1429.1 The statement concerning the 
similarity of " the Botany of the different 
parts of the British empire," doubtless is 
intended to apply to the different parts in 
a poUtical sense. Divisions of the surface, 
according to physical geography, present 
very different floras, and a still greater dis- 
similarity in the general physiognomy of 
their vegetation. Thus, of the species 
which are found above 4,000 feet up the 
Scottish mountains, only one-fourth exist 
on the plains of England ; of those above 
2,000 feet, about one -half descend to the 
plains. Again, not one-third of the spe- 
cies extend from the South to the North 
coast of Britain, even on the mainland ; 
wid the extreme islands, as those of the 
English Channel and Shetland, would have 
a much smaller proportion in common. 

1430. As the science of vegetable geo- 
graphy is yet only commencing, it will be 

' These numbers refer to the paragraphs of the En- 
eycIopKdia partionlaHy alluded to in the comments 
here made. It appeared better to follow the order of 
position in the work noticed, althoagh nnavoidablj 
giTing an ahmpt and desultory appearance to remarks 
htrisg reference to selected points only. 



amusing, and not altogether useless, to 
compare the words by which the few writers 
on the distribution of British plants preface 
their statements, as indicating what a little 
is yet accomplished, and how wide a field 
is left open to others. Mr. Winch hopes 
that his " notes may ultimately prove use- 
ful to some Naturalist, who shall dedicate 
his time and abilities to this neglected de- 
partment of British Botany." Mr. Mac- 
gillivray writes, " an attempt to describe 
the vegetation of a particular natural dis- 
trict, may excite persons better qualified 
than I profess to be, to present detached 
pictures of the vegetation of Scotland, from 
which a complete panorama may ultimately 
be constructed." The writer of the pre- 
sent remarks, in his Outlines, proceeds 
" under the impression that little will be 
effectied until there is some general sketch," 
&c. The author, in the Encyclopaedia, 
professes to " endeavour to throw together 
such remarks as may, at some future time, 
lay the foundation for a geographical dis- 
tribution of our vegetables upon a more 
extended scale." However different the 
words, there is a close resemblance in the 
tacit admission by each, that his knowledge 
on the subject is neither so complete nor 
so precise as could be wished, and each 
looks to much future improvement through 
the instrumentality of others. I fear these 
are still substantially correct admissions ; 
but would so far qualify the words of the 
Encyclopsedia as to say, that the contribu- 
tions of the different writers, taken toge- 
ther, Aaw laid the foundation alluded to. 
Many are now diligently raising materials, 
that will gradually become shapely, how- 
ever rough and rude at present, and then 
unite into a symmetrical superstructure. 

But (if a few lines of digression are al- 
lowed me) for what end, some one may ask, 
is this labour to be given ? Why should 
we seek to perfect a kind of knowledge 
having no immediate practical utility ? — ^To 
many there is pleasure in the present pur- 
suit — a pleasure injurious to none ; and the 
facts to be thus brought together will ulti- 
mately lead to general conclusions, likely 
to lend material assistance to Physiologists 



230 REMARKS ON THB BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 

investigatiDg the laws of vegetable deve- nean shrubs rather exist than flourish in 

lopment. These laws, when fully ascer- England ; and others, having more tender 

tained, will enable Man to add greatly to stems, as the Fuchsixis and Pelargoniums, 

the advantages which he now draws from are oflen killed to the ground during win- 

the vegetable world. He may appear ter, in the gardens of Surrey, though their 

" wise in his generation," but he is not roots survive ; as they do more northward, 

wise or beneficial to his race, who professes In sheltered situations, in Surrey, the stems 

to scorn the cultivation of any department of the Fuchsia jand Oleander survive the 

of Natural Science, even in its minor de- winter, 

tails. 1436. On the Continent of Europe, in- 

1431. In reference to this paragraph, I land, vineyards are said to exist in a lati- 

cannot help expressing regret, that in a tude corresponding to the south of Eng- 

section expressly devoted to the natural land. There seems little doubt that the 

geography of Britain, and in which pretty south-eastern counties of England would 

extensive sub-sections are given to Geolo- produce grapes capable of being made into 

gy, Botany, and Zoology, the subject of wine, but they could not be cultivated with 

climate should be utterly passed by; as, success in a pecuniary light. The Maize 

indeed, in other countries also, excepting will ripen seeds in England, but it cannot 

some good introductory remarks on Me- compete profitably with Wheat, 

teorology, with reference to the earth ge- 1440. In looking at the arithmetical 

nerally. It seems strange that meteorolo- tables of British plants, it must be kept in 

gical notices should have been omitted, mind, that not only in Gray's Arrange- 

while matters of secondary interest entered ment, but also in the English Flora, many 

so largely into the plan of the work. What- species are included, which have no admis- 

ever the reason, the geographic Botanist sible claim to be ranked with British plants, 

will regret this defect in a work otherwise Most of such being plants of more southern 

so valuable. or warmer climates, the arithmetical pro- 

1432 — 1434 So far, indeed, as the cU- portions are thereby made to represent a 
mate may be guessed from the vegetation, climate superior to that which actually cha- 
we do find it illustrated in the botanical racterizes Britain. Instead of 1636 (Gray) 
sub-sections ; and with reference to some or 1503 (Smith) species, it may be ques- 
of the remarks on cultivated vegetation, as tioned whether twelve hundred perfectly 
showing the climate of the Channel Isles distinguishable species are found native in 
and " extreme southern coast of England," the British Isles. What is the consequence 
it may be added, that they will be found of this undue swelling of numbers ? Set- 
applicable, partially, to places rather more ting aside its tendency to perplex botanical 
northward than is expressly stated. Thus, students, and to make philosophic Natu- 

the orange ripens fruit against walls in ndists turn in disgust from botanical ( 

North Devon, occasionally protected by conceits?) let the reply be given in the 

matting in severe winters, though it is not words of Professor Henslow, — " it is not 

certain that this protection is absolutely ^po much to say, that there are some genera 

necessary. The Myrtle grows, as a stand- whose species have possibly been multiplied 

ard, in gardens near the north coast of the four-fold beyond the number which they 

same county. It also grows under the reaUy contain. In consequence of this, 

shelter of houses (not trained to their our Flora appears to occupy a much higher 

walls) as far north as Anglesea,^ and bears rank among the Floras of difierent countries 

the open air, against walls, on the inland than it ought to do, and this must lead to 

banks of the Thames, where the winters ^^U erroneous conclusions respecting the 

are more severe. Still, these Mediterra- l&ws which regulate the numerical distri- 
bution of species in different latitudes." 

> And in th« Ule of Bate.— Ed. 1449. Erica ciliaris is now known to 



RBMABKS ON THfi BOTANY OF BRITAIN. 



231 



eiist in Dorsetshire, and a station for it in 
a more northern county has been commu- 
nicated to me, but this is not so satisfacto- 
rily made out as to authorize publication. 
That Erica vagans is limited to Cornwall, 
and Sibthorpia Europ<Ba correctly included 
with the " quite southern plants," we have 
yet no sufficient authority to question, not- 
withstanding several localities have been 
pnbhshed which would contradict either 
statement. The inclusion of Lobelia Dort- 
manna among the quite southern plants is, 
doubtless, a slip of the pen, L, urens be- 
ing intended. 

1450. The list of plants, " which do 
not reach the middle of the kingdom, .and 
fail below the south of Scotland," now re- 
quires modification. Acorus Calamus, 
Orchis pyramidalis, and Fumaria parvi- 
flora, are now known to be Scottish plants. 
Saxifraga Sirculus has also been disco- 
vered in Scotland ; and, together with Cy- 
pripedium Calceolus and Anthericum sero- 
tinum, it should rather be classed with plants 
limited to the middle latitudes of Britain. 
Hippocrepis comosa, Orchis Morio, and 
Hottonia palustris, do reach the north of 
England (Durham, or its borders), and the 
Stratiotes, Butomus, Clematis, &c. are 
said to extend into Scotland ; but there is 
good reason to believe them not indigenous 
there. The very abundant Tetuyrium Sco- 
rodonia^ appears to have slipped in acci- 
dentally for some other plant. Scilla bifo- 
Ua and Vella annua can scarcely be called 
British plants, in any sense. These exam- 
ples will suffice to show how very uncertain 
must yet be our attempts to point out the 
limits to the extension of species, even in 
well-botanized Britain. 

1458, 1459. Very few species (except 
the very local ones) can be exclusively 
referred to the eastern or to the western 
side of England. A line, drawn along the 
western boundaries of Northumberland, 
Yorkshire, Warwickshire, and Hampshire, 
will divide England into eastern and west- 
em halves. By this division, above a 

* For Teiicriwii Searodomia, read Teuerium Scordkm : 
WtthU has Utelj been foand as far north as York- 
iUre, bj Mr. Bowman.— Ed. 



hundred species are Ijmited to the eastern 
counties, and between sixty and seventy 
species are confined to the western coun- 
ties, Wales included therewith. But one 
half of these being peculiar to single coun- 
ties, and the greater part of the rest occur- 
ing in only two or three counties, they 
cannot, with any sense of fitness, be taken 
as illustrations of distribution connected 
with longitude. Omitting such as these, 
and introduced species, we have few left. 
According to the evidence afforded by the 
New Botanist's Guide, out of species ex- 
tending into four or more counties, not ten 
are exclusively western, nor twenty exclu- 
sively eastern species ; and some of these 
extend quite into the midland counties, as 
Oxford and Warwick. A considerable 
number of species, however, are more 
abundant near the eastern or western coasts 
respectively; and some few of them, which 
do cross the middle line, fail to reach the 
opposite coast, as is the case with Pingui- 
cula lusitanica from the west, and probably 
Actinocarpus Damasonium from the east 
coast. With respect to a few of the spe- 
cies mentioned in the Encyclopaedia — Lu- 
zula Forsteri appears to be as frequent in 
the western as in the eastern coimties. 
Lithospermum maritimum is not included 
in Flora Devoniensis ; but the authors of 
that work appear not to have seen Turner 
and Dillwyn's Guide. A remark, no doubt 
intended for Lobelia Dorimanna, as to it 
not being limited to the west of Scotland, 
has been misplaced to Lobelia urens in 
printing. Is not Primula farinosa rather 
an eastern and inland, than a western spe- 
cies ? It is mentioned as " most abundant 
in Cumberland." Doubtless it does occur 
in the county; though I have rambled a 
good deal in the central parts without ever 
seeing a plant of it ; and by some accident 
have omitted it under that county, in the 
New Botanist's Guide. Saxifraga nivalis 
occurs in Wales and (according to Winch) 
Westmoreland, but has it been really found 
in Yorkshire? Silene anglica grows in 
many places along the western coast of 
England, from Cornwall to Lancashire. 
Arenaria tenuifolia appears to be found in 



232 



SEMABKS ON TUB BOTAMY OF BBITA19. 



a greater number of eastern than western 
counties. 

1461, 1462. The first volume of the 
New Botanist's Guide has enabled me to 
make the preceding comments on the lon- 
gitudinal distribution of plants in England, 
by affording a more extensive compilation 
of localities than existed at the time the 
Encyclopaedia was published. The in* 
creased knowledge of local Botany in Scot- 
land will probably induce to some altera- 
tions in the lists for that country, but I 
may freely confess an inability to improve 
these lists until the second volume of that 
Guide is completed. 

1463. Are we entitled to call the Beech, 
the Sycamore, three species of Lime, and 
five species of Elm," aboriginal natives" of 
Britain ? 

1464. Pinus sylvestris is considered as 
" ascending, probably to the height of 
2,500 feet upon the hills, among the north- 
em Grampians." This is an important, 
and, in all probability, a correct statement, 
to which I shall have occasion presently to 
allude. 

1465. The Chestnut is said (by Loudon) 
to ripen fruit ^ by the Firth of Forth; and 
I have been told that the Fig does so in 
Dumfriesshire. The Walnut is firm in ker- 
nel, but does not thoroughly ripen at Con- 
gleton, in Cheshire. 

1470. We come now to the observa- 
tions of Winch (Essay). This author 
considers the Beech (and, apparently, the 
Sycamore also) to be truly native in the 
north of England. See above, 1463. 

1472. Mr. Winch informed me that RAes 
spicatum is extinct, except in gardens. 

1474. The Juniper ascends much higher 
than 1,500 feet in Cumberland. I observed 
it in different places above 2,000 feet, and 
on one hill (Grisedale Pike) it rose above 
2,500 feet. It is very incorrect to call 
Salix reticulata the " usual attendant" of 
Salix herbacea. Few hills of 800 or 900 
yards, in any part of Britain, are without 
Salix herbacea, while the other is probably 

* Lord John Campbell Utelj ihowed me a nomber 
of jouBg Cbestoat plaota which he had raised from 
seed which bad ripened at Ardeocaple, PambartOB- 
shire. — ED. 



limited to the Scottish Higfaknds, and not 
very plentiful there. 

1475. It is stated that, Calhma vulga- 
ris, Erica cinerea, and Erica TetraUx 
ascend to 8,000 feet of elevation, in the 
north of England. Unless this be a mis* 
print (in the original Essay of Winch), it 
is certainly not a common occurrence. I 
believe no hills attain to this height in 
Durham or Northumberland. Most of 
those approaching to it, in Cumberknd, 
were carefully examined in 1833, when, 
contrary to my wishes, I could not find a 
plant of the Calluna so high as 2,500 feet; 
and the two Erica have a still lower limit. 
Had we hills of 4,000 feet in this part of 
England, it is likely that plenty of Heath, 
the Calluna at least, would be found to 
3,000 feet ; for it grows at this elevation in 
Scotland. But small and exposed summits, 
sheep and fire seem to forbid its growth 
now. The discrepancy between Mr. Winch 
and myself on this point, is particularly 
noticed, because I had given the Calhma 
as a test to distinguish certain ascending 
regions of vegetation, the uniformity of 
which would have been more cmnf^ete, 
had thb shrub prevailed on the mountains 
of Cumberland up to 3,000 feet In this 
paragraph of the Encyclopaedia, " 1,000" 
is a misprint for " 100," and " fragrant" is 
probably a typographical improvement for 
" frequent"^ 

1476. Oats are here said to be culti- 
vated up to nearly 2,000 feet. This is not 
at all common in Britain ; indeed^ we sel- 
dom see any cultivation of com above 
1,500 feet, a circumstance depending leas 
upon the absolute elevation, than on the 
physical configuration of the surface, and 
the competition of more favourable situa- 
tions, which yield greater returns for ex- 
penditure. 

1477. I would cordially join in the 
s We aug^t be almost tempted to siippoae% cevipi- 

ncj against Mr. 'Winch's Essaj, on the part of the 
Compositors. I had occasion to qaote his words ahoct 
Vhx EuropMu growing in " sequestered denes." 
Printed in Sootf and, this was converted, moak nation- 
ally, into " sequestrated denes." So, in the wiginsl, 
« Jonons ftotenicas" and " the Narelwort (Cotyledsa 
VmbettiouB") look rerj like intended ii 
npon the real names. 



EEMABKS OM THB BOTANY OF BBITAIIT. 



2S8 



hope that the ReT. Mr. Farquharson should 
continue his inyestigatioDs. They are 
made in the true spirit of philosophical 
observation, directed to practical purposes ; 
and joined to the observations of others, as 
remarked in the Encyclopsdia, they will 
certainly be of much " service in forming 
a complete system of the vegetable geo- 
graphy of these islands." 

1478. It is important, however, to at- 
tend to Mr. Farquharson's description of 
the tract to which they refer (Alford, in 
Aberdeenshire) : — " a table land, elevated 
400 to 600 feet above the sea, studded with 
many irregular ridges and groupes of moun'* 
tains, of different elevations, up to 1,800 
feet from the level of the sea." Such a 
tract is adapted to show the upper limits of 
cultivated vegetation, not rising naturally 
much above 500 or 600 feet ; as also, the 
weeds of cultivated ground, and trees not 
gpreatly exceeding this height. But spe- 
cies, the general line of which runs between 
1,000 and 2,000 feet, will probably yield 
in many places to the depressing effect of 
exposure, and have their proper limits mo* 
dified by the configuration of the surface. 
Of course, the lines of such as usually 
exceed 1,800 feet of elevation, cannot be 
ascertained at all here. Mr. Farquharson's 
remarks being numbered 1, 2, 3, &c. the 
same course is followed below. 

1. It is stated by this gentleman, that 
WTieai has been cultivated at 600 or 650 
feet, but frequently failed to ripen, though 
producing abundant crops when it did ripen, 
in favourable seasons. Winch fixes the 
limit of wheat-fields at 1,000 feet in the 
north of England ; and this grain is culti- 
vated in Cumberland at a height, which I 
estimated to be from 800 to 900. feet A 
statement in the Agricultural Survey of 
Forfarshire, would appear to place the line 
of Wheat on the Grampians, equally high 
«8 in the north of England. Mr. Brand, 
however, has intimated to me his belief 
that the height is over-estimated by 200 
feet, or more ; and it does not appear, from 
the work mentioned, whether it was a suo-> 
cessful experiment to sow Wheat at this 
elevation. I have elsewhere (Outlines, 



1832) expressed my conviction that the 
line of Wheat is usually much below 1,000 
feet in the Highlands, and am glad to see 
it thus confirmed by Mr. Farquharson. 
Possibly Wheat might ripen in favourable 
situations and seasons, even at 1,000 feet ; 
but it could hardly be a safe or economical 
speculation to a farmer. 

3. There are cultivated fields, probably 
of Bigg, above Castleton, in Braemar, 
which is considered to be about 1,100 feet 
(Invercauld Castle, 1070 feet) above the 
sea ; but I cannot state how much higher 
they extend— it may be 300 or 400 feet. 

5. The suggestion that Avena strigosa 
might succeed above 950 feet, is borne out 
by a locality given for it in the British 
Flora, namely, " Dee-side, above Mar- 
Lodge, Aberdeenshire." 

8. Potatoes are here stated often to fail 
in the Highland glens above 950 feet I 
think to have seen them cultivated at 700 
feet in the north of Argyleshire, and at 1,300 
feet in Perthshire. The lines of cultivated 
plants appear to be much more depressed 
in the former county than in Aberdeen- 
shire. 

12. Trifolium pratense and T. repens 
are said to answer well when sown at 950 
feet, and the last to be native even higher. 
Both rise much above this, as indigenous 
plants. The latter I have seen above the 
lake on Ben Lawers, which is somewhere 
stated (by Macculloch, I think,) to be 1,000 
feet below the summit of that hill ; hence, 
3,000 feet above the sea. 

20. Though not prepared to point out 
the exact line of the Oak, I am much in- 
clined to say it will run above 700 feet 
in the latitude of Aberdeenshire. Indeed, 
I find the Oak mentioned in a list of spe- 
cies observed near Castleton, in Braemar, 
though with a suspicion of its being planted 
there. Macgillivray indicates the Oak and 
Ash to commence below Castleton. 

22. Certainly 500 feet "cannot be con- 
sidered as the furthest limit" of Corylus 
Avellana. Probably 1,500 feet is nearer 
the truth.' 

23. The Alnus gbUinosa has about the 
same limit, or may ascend a little higher. 



234 



CONTRIBUTIONS T0WAED8 A FLOBA OF SOUTH AMBBICA. 



24. Pinus sylvestris I have seen to near 
2,300 feet, though quite small ; and, as 
before noticed (1464), its upper line rises 
to an elevation far exceeding any of the 
hills within Mr. Farquharson's district 

25. Betula alba is similarly circum- 
stanced. Though uncommon above 2,000 
feet, its natural line appears to run higher 
than that of the Scotch Fir. 

31. Ulmus montana will grow at twice, 
perhaps thrice, the height of 500 feet ; as, 
indeed, might be conjectured from the 
statement tiiat it " becomes here a fine 
tree." Populus tremula succeeds far above 
the valley of Alford. Mr. Trevelyan ob- 
served it at 1,500 feet in the Isle of Mull ; 
and I estimate it to be still higher in 
Braemar. 

36. The natural line of Rubus IcUbus 
exceeds that of Corylus AveUana, Perhaps 
it may attain 2,000 feet, though I cannot 
affirm that it does so. 

37. Cytiaus scoparius flowers at 1,500 
or 1,600 feet, in Braemar, and grows yet 
higher, even to 1,800 or 1,900 feet. 

38. UlexEurop<Bus occurs in a few places 
about Castleton, at 1,200 or 1,300 feet, but 
does not appear to be indigenous there. 
In England it exceeds the line of cultiva- 
tion. 

39. The upper line o^Lonicera Peri- 
clymenum corresponds to that of the Cory- 
lus or Alnus, 

With regard to Mr. Farquharson's con- 
cluding remarks, containing some valuable 
illustrations of the influence of physical 
agents on vegetation, I must take the li- 
berty of questioning the supposition " that 
exposure does not modify the attainable 
elevation of the herbaceous and annual 
tribes." The statement is somewhat start- 
ling, and assuredly conflicts with my own 
observations made in other places ; yet I 
can quite agree with Mr. Farquharson that 
the influence of exposure is much greater 
on trees and shrubs than on herbaceous 
species. This is partly explained by the 
circumstance, that slight inequalities of 
surface may counterbalance, in some mea- 
sure, the ill eflect of an exposed summit 
or declivity, so far as small plants are con- 



cerned, though yielding no protection to an 
Oak or a Pine. Moreover, plants may be 
over-sheltered as well as imder-sheltered ; 
and hence we often see alpine plants, in- 
stead of others, within deep valleys or 
glens, the walls of which shut out many 
hours of sunshine. The influence of situ- 
ation on the growth of plants is so complex 
an inquiry, calling for such an exact esti- 
mate of many opposing or counterbalancing 
circumstances, that it might well supply 
materials for a life of observation. A stone 
or brick lying on the ground, may deter- 
mine the torpidity or vegetation of plants 
near to it, for many days during winter, 
and their life or death during the heats of 
summer. 

Before concluding, I beg to add, that 
Mr. Farquharson's observations bear in 
themselves the impress of accuracy, and 
are doubtless strictly applicable to the par- 
ticular district illustrated by them. My 
additions and comments only go to prove 
that in other situations, more favourable to 
the ascent of plants, several of the species 
do rise higher than they are observed to 
grow in Alford. Indeed, Mr. Farquharson 
remarks on this being the case with the 
Birch and Fir. Other persons, enjoying 
better opportunities for such investigations, 
may find some of them higher than thej 
have been noted by myself. 

H. C. Watson. 

Thames Ditton, Dec, 1835. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA 
AND THE ISLANDS OF THE 
PACIFIC. 

Bj W. J. Hooker, LL.D. and 6. A. W. Anott, Eiq. 
A.M. F.R.S.E. 

(Contmuedfromp. 111.; 

Since the publication of our last Me- 
moir on the " Botany of extra-tropical 
South America," we have had the pleasure 
of receiving three additional collections; 
the first gathered by M. Isabelle, at Rio 
Grande do Sul, in S. Brazil, and which we 
owe to the kindness of M. Delessert ; the 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOW^lRDfl A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 235 

second, a small but very interesting one, specimens are consequently trifling. I find 
for which we are indebted to our friend, much benefit from having numbered those 
B. D. Greene, Esq., consisting of speci- which I sent you three years ago, and I 
mens from the southern provinces of Chili, wish it had been done at first, and more 
chiefly in Araucania, made by J. N. Rey- correctly. I have therefore numbered these 
nolds, Esq., author of the " Voyage of the now transmitted, with the exception of the 
United States* Frigate, Potomac;** and Grasses, which though interesting to some, 
from whom we further expect the account possess few charms for me. Those now 
of his " Travels through the Republic of sent are principally collected in the vast 
Chili and the Araucanian and Indian plains which lay on our route, where no- 
Territories to the South,** The third col- thing but Grass was to be met with. I have 
lection just alluded to, was derived from taken the liberty of troubling you with a 
Mr. Tweedie, and was made in Tucuman, box of seeds ; being from a strange coun- 
a country extending from lat. 22. to 33. 10. try, they may be in request for your Bota- 
8. bounded on the west by the Andes of nic Garden. They are mostly new articles 
Chili, scarcely, if ever, before, visiteS by from the Upper Provinces. In the box, 
any Naturalist. So little, indeed, is known with some other odd things, are two papers 
of that province, that Mr. Tweedie's letter of seeds of the Urtica family ; one I have 
to me, giving an account, very brief indeed, marked U. mq/estica ; it is a tree, with 
of his journey, may not be unacceptable to immensely large foliage, which I found in 
our readers. It is dated Buenos Ayres, a thick moist wood, going up the first ridge 
Sept 29, 1835. of the Cordillera ; the other is a very sin- 

(coPY.) gular and showy plant, which I found also 

Buenos Ajres, Sept. 29, 1835. in the warm moist forests of Brazil : I con- 
" On my arrival from the interior, on the sider them both as curious and interesting 
2nd instant, I found your's accompanying plants, and which I hope may succeed, 
the books, awaiting me, and again your's of The tree species gives a large branched 
the 22nd June, accompanying Mr. Field- cluster, of a lemon-colour, but it contained 
ing's of the 3rd July, by our last packet of very little seed ; and I only met with one 
the 17th instant ; all of which I shall en- plant of it. In the fine mountain forests 
deavour to answer to the best of my power, of Tucuman, I saw some beautiful and 
You herewith will receive the few things I strange trees ; but nothing like the fine 
have collected in my journey through the varieties to be met with on the coast of 
Frorinceso^SantaFe, Mendoza,St.Jago South Brazil. I met with a countryman 
del Esterro, and Tucuman, You will find from Perth, who was an officer in Beres- 
it a very deficient collection to what might ford's army, and was sent up there with 
be expected after a journey of twelve other prisoners. He remained, got married 
hundred miles. My principal design in to a native, and has a large and beautiful 
going to Tucuman was to collect seeds, wooded estate. He gave me a horse, and 
in that reported fine woody country. On we set out together for two days to visit a 
leaving this, on the 2nd March, with a branch of the snowy Cordilleras. We took 
troop of seventeen carts, I was told by most of the first day to climb the first ele- 
the owner, that forty to fifty days was vation, though not exceeding 3,000 feet 
the usual time occupied in completing the above the plain. We then came to a seem- 
journey, in place of which we were eighty- ing flat, but on crossing it, about nine miles 
four days — nearly two months too late for broad, found it considerably undulated with 
seeds. In these upper Provinces no rain little hills and valleys, the high ground 
falls in the winter season, so that, as in some covered with coarse grass of the same 
of my former travels, we suffered every species as on the plains, but completely 
privation that a severe drought could pro- withered with dry hard frost ; the hollows 
ducc ; my collections of seeds, plants, and furnished with the same species of trees as 



236 



CONTRIBUTIONS T0WABD8 A FLORA OF SOUTH AMBRICA. 



on the first ridge, but what were trees are 
now shrubs; on coming to the bottom of 
the second, or main snowy ridge, we found 
nothing strange — stunted grass and some 
mosses destitute of fructification, nearly 
covered with sphnters of soil blue, some- 
what slaty rock, and melting snow ; nothing 
to be seen ; this soon sickened us of our 
climbing, so we retired to a Pongho for 
the night ; next day we explored the woods 
a little better before returning to my friend's 
house, but met with very little. He has 
promised to collect me all the seeds of the 
principal trees, as they come in season. 
In going to those strange places, particu- 
larly in warm climates, where vegetation 
changes so fast, nothing can be got in short 
visits. A whole year is necessary to ob- 
serve and collect the productions, as they 
come in season. I am truly sorry that as 
yet I am unable to send you either those 
insects or birds you want. The Prussian 
woman who collects them, as I told you, 
went up the Parana, collecting, more than 
a year ago, and has not yet returned to 
Buenos Ayres. I called on the House of 
Ludovic and Co., who are her friends, and 
they tell me they hear she died at Corri- 
entes; but do not believe the report, as 
their correspondent there, to whom she was 
recommended, does not mention it; they 
think she has gone into the Province of 
Paraguay, and an acquaintance of mine 
from Corrientes says he saw her there last 
summer, wading to the armpits in the lakes 
among the weeds, collecting insects, and 
in a dangerous place, where alligators are 
so numerous that none of the natives dare 
venture there. Sometimes a few of these 
things are brought here from Brazil by the 
French, but being common articles, and 
sold very high, I do not like to purchase, 
and suspect you must be in possession of 
them, as Brazilian articles of that nature 
are so frequently brought to the market. 
My orders from London are to send from 
this country t but not from Brazils, as they 
are in abundance. I have not yet deter- 
mined what route to take next ; I wish to 
go rather further into the Missions, but this 
is difficult, as there is little communication. 



Perhaps I shall pay another visit to the 
Brazil coast, into the hilly province of St 
Paul's, where I have not yet been. 

(Signed) J. Tweedie." 
The collection which was the result of 
this journey, though by no means what it 
would have been under more favourable 
circumstances, yet contains many excellent 
plants ; and among them a charming spe- 
cimen of a plant very nearly allied to the 
curious Aphyteia of Southern Africa, of 
which we before possessed only some frag- 
ments gathered by Dr. GDlies. Our adrice 
to Mr. Tweedie has been, that he should 
follow up his intention of exploring the 
coast of Brazil, and especially the hilly 
district of St. PauPs. 

Trie. V. — Vernonie^. — Less, Syn. 
;>. 126. 

SUB-TRIB. I. — ^VERNONIEiE. — Less. I C. 

870. Q.) Vemonia ericafolia (Hook, et 
Am.) ; fruticosa, ramis angulatis glabri- 
usculis, foliis altemis linearibus acutis, 
subtus tomentosis v. glabris nerve pro- 
minente marginibus reflexis, involucri 
hemisphaerici foliolis acuminatissimis 
tomentosis apice squamosis, pappi serie 
exteriori brevissima sericea. — ^buenos 
Ayres, Tweedie. — 5. foliis capitulisqae 
majoribus. Corrientes, Baird. — NeiAj 
allied to V, ericoides, but the leaflets of 
the involucre are by no means ciliated. 

871. (2.) V. axillaris f Less, in Linnaa, 
V. 4. p, 253.— St. Catharine, S. Brazil, 
Tweedie. — This seems to differ in some 
particulars from Lessing's V. axiUani, 
especially where that author describes 
the glomeruli as spicate : here they form 
a sessile rounded head. The nerves on 
the upper side of the leaf are certainly 
impressed. We possess a Vemonia 
from Rio, gathered by Mr. Douglas, 
precisely according with this, except that 
the nerves are slightly elevated on the 
upper surface, as in V. splendens, Less. 
/. c. 

872. (3.) V. ramiflora, Less, in Linnaa, 
V. 4. p. 255.— St. Catharine, S. Braiil, 
Tweedie, 

873. (4.) V. notata, Less, in Linnaa, r. 
4. p. 256, S. Brazil, Tweedie. 

874. (5.) V. nudijlora, Less, in Linnaa^ 
V. 4.;?.258.— V. angustifolia, Don,MSS. 
(non Mich.) — Common in pasture-fields 
of Rio Grande and Banda Orientale, 
Tweedie. Rio Chorillo, Province of San 
Luis, Dr. Gillies. — This exactly agrees 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



237 



with authentic specimens which we pos- 
sess from Chamisso. 

875. (6.) V. nitidula, Less, in LinruBa, 
t?. 4./?. 260. — This, too, we have been 
able to compare with original specimens 
in our Herbarium. 

876. (7.) V. oligactoides. Less, in Lin- 
n<Ba, V, 4. ». 247. — S. Brazil ? Tweedie, 

877. (8.) V, incana, Less, in Linncsa, 
V, 4. p, 278. — Plains of Entro Rios, near 
the coast of the Paramo. Our specimens 
are too few and too imperfect to enable 
us to be Quite certain of this species. 

878. (9.) F. scorpioidesy Pers. Syn. v. 2. 
p. 404. Less, m Linnaa, v, 4. p. 282. 
Gonyza scorp. Lam. Lepidaploa scorp 
Cass. — Saltz, Herb. Bahice. Compos. 
18. — V. toumefortioides. Less, in Lin- 
msa, V. 4. p. 281. (non Kuntk). — St. 
Catharine, S. Brazil, Tweedie. Uraguay, 
Baird. — We possess copious specimens 
of this species from Rio, gathered by 
the late Mr. Boog, by Mr. Burchell and 
by Mr. Swainson. 

879. (10.) V. ignohilis, Less, in Linnma, 
V. 6./. 658.— Rio Grande, Tweedie.— li 
we are correct in our reference to this 
species, the leaves are sometimes five 
inches long and two broad, very scabrous 
on the upper surface. We have the 
same, or a closely allied species, from 
Rio, with the leaves more downy on the 
upper side, and the pappus more 
tawny. 

880. (11.) V. rubricaulis, Humb. PL 
.JEq. V, 2. p. 66. t. 99. Less, in Linnma, 
V. 4. o. 299. V. linearis, Don, MSS. (not 
Less.) V. salicifolia, Gill. MSS.— 
Buenos Ajres, Tweedie. — Mendoza, Dr. 
Gillies. — This is precisely the same with 
Lessing's plant, from Paraguay, which 
that author refers to the rubricaulis of 
Humboldt and Bonpland, a native of 
New Grenada ; and indeed the figure in 
the Plantes JEquinoctiales, above quot- 
ed, admirably represents some of our 
specimens. The capitula are sometimes 
solitary, axillary, and sessile, as in V. 
sericea; at other times corymbose or 
terminal. 

881. (12.) V. Sellouni, Less, in Linnaa, 
V. 4.p. 304. — Rocky hills of Rio Jaquery, 
Tweedie. 

882. (13.) V. sericea, Rich.—Ker, Bot. 
Reg. t. 622. Less, in Linncea, v. 4. p. 
295. — 0. foliis minus sericeis. V. acu- 
tifolia. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3062. Less, 
in Linn<sa, v. 6. p. 663.— i3. South Bra- 
zil, Tweedie. — There can be no doubt 
but that V. acutifolia. Hook., as that 
author himself suspected, is only a slight 



var. of V. sericea, a very common spe- 
cies in Brazil, especially about Kio 
Janeiro. 

883. (14.) V. Chamissonis, Less, in Linn. 
V. 4. p. 304.— St. Catharine, S. Brazil, 
Tweedie. — Salzman's " Compos. 39," of 
his Herb. Bahia, seems very nearly al- 
lied to this, but the leaves are broader, 
the nerves less crowded, the involucre 
much less downy, and the pappus is 
pure white. 

884. (15.) V. megapotamica, Spreng. — 
Less, in Linmsa, v. 4. p. 368. — -Dry 
knolls about Porto Alegre, S. Brazil, 
Tweedie. — 0. foliis latioribus obtusiori- 
busque. Porto Alegre, Tweedie. Pro- 
vince of Rio Grande do Sul, S. Brazil. 
M. Isabelle, in Herb, nostr, — Our var. 
tt. precisely accords with specimens sent 
us by Chamisso : our /?. only differs in 
its broader and more obtuse leaves. 

885. (16.) V.Jexuosa, Sims, Bot. Mag. 
t. 24/7. Less, in Linncea, v. ^.v. 311. 
— Banda Orientale, Tweedie. — To the 
following specimens in our Herbarium, 
we dare scarcely venture to ^ve names, 
partly because of their paucity and im- 
perfect state, and partly because of their 
close affinity with the present species, 
which is precisely that of Lessing ; and 
from this they thus chiefly differ ; 

A. CapituJis paulo majoribus subglo- 
meratis. — Saint Lucie, S. Brazil, 
Tweedie. 

B. Capitulisduplo triple ve majoribus. 
— W oods and fields of Banda Ori- 
entale, Rio Grande, and Rio Jac- 
query, Tweedie. 

c. Capitulis duplo majoribus in ra- 

mos elongatos remotis. — ^Maldonado, 

Tweedie. 
D. Capitulis parvis remotis in ramos 

erectis. — Via Monte, S. Brazil, 

Tweedie, 

886. (17.) V. Platensis, Less, in Lin- 
ncea, v. 4. p. 312. Conyza Plat., Spr. 
Maldonado, Rio Jacquery and Salto, S. 
Brazil, Tweedie. — Very nearly allied to 
V. flexuosa, but a taller and stouter 
plant ; very leafy to the base of its in- 
florescence, and even among the flowers. 

887. (18.) V. linearifolia, Less, in Lin- 
mea, v. 4j). 287. — Maldonado and Monte 
Video, Tweedie. 

888. (19.) y. moUissima, Don, MSS.; 
lanata, foliis lanceolatis acutis integerri- 
mis, capitulis corymbosis, involucri 
squamis lanceolatis uncinato-recurvatis. 
Don. — Pampas of Mendoza. Dr. Gil- 
lies. — Whole plant exceedingly hoary, 
especially the stem and under side of the 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



leaves, which latter are distinctly penni- 
nerved. The specimens are not in full 
flower. — 0. foliis superae glabris. — Pam- 
pas of Buenos Ayres and Santa Fe^ 
Tweedie (n. 1108). This is probably 
the perfect state of the plant, the young 
specimens of Dr. Gillies not having lost 
the down on the upper side of their leaves. 
It is a fine and very distinct plant ; the 
under side of the foliage always clothed 
with dense white wool. 

(20.) V.pyrifolia, Don, MSS,; fo- 
liis petiolatis elliptico-oblongis argute 
serrulatis subtus ramisque tomentosis, 
capitulis paniculatis, involucri squamis 
obtusis, pappo simplici. Don. — Dr, 
Gillies. — This we have not seen, nor 
does its author mention its locality. 



SUB-TRIB. II. — ELEPHANTOFODEiE. 

Less. Syn.p, 149. 

890. (1.) Elephantopsis quadrijlorus, 
Less, in Linnaa, v. i.p. 322. — Elephan- 
topus angustifolius, Sw. — Rio Grande, 
Tweedie. 

891. (1.) Elephantopus Carolinianns, 
Willi Less. — Coast of South Brazil, 
frequent, Tweedie. 

Trie. VI. — EuPATORiACEiE. Less. Syn. 
p. 154. 

SUB-TRIB. I. — ALOMIEiE. Less, 

892. (1.) Alomia spildnthoides, Don, 
MSS.; foliis lanceolatis, involucris pe- 
dunculisque pubescentibus. — Between 
Casa Blanca and Valparaiso, Chili, and 
Saladillo, Province of Cordova, Dr. Gil- 
lies. Buenos Ayres, Uraguay, and fre- 
quent in standing pools on the coast of 
La Plata, bearing fragrantly scented 
flowers, Tweedie. — Three to five feet 
high. Leaves three to five inches long, 
lanceolate, coarsely serrated, petioled. 
The branches of the style of the outer 
flowers are freouently completely peta- 
loid, all trace of the stigma being lost, 
and a strong nerve, branched at the apex, 
passing through the middle. Anthers 
always included. Ovary obovato-ob- 
long, downy ; epigynous disk very pro- 
minent, with a depression at the top. 

SUB-TRIB. II. — AOERATE-ffi. Less. 

893. (1.) Stevia lanceolata (Hook, et 
Am.) ; ubicjue pubescens, foliis lanceo- 
latis trinerviis sub-serratis basi in petio- 
lum brevem attenuatis, corymbis fasti- 
giatis, pappi aristis tribus longitudine 
corollee paleisque tribus brevibus. — S. 



puberula, Don, MSS. (nan Hook.) — 
Andes of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. 

894. (2.) S. multiaristaia, Spreng.; ubi- 
que pubescens, foliis linearibus obtusis 
integerrimis, corymbis fastigiatis, pappo 
multiaristato, aristis coroUam paulo ex- 
cedentibus. — S. tenuifolia, Don, MSS. 
— Abundant about Maldonado and clay 
banks at Buenos Ayres and N. Patago- 
nia, Dr. Gillies. Tweedie. — Cordillera 
of Mendoza, Dr. Gillies. — ^There can, I 
think, scarcely'be a doubt of this being 
the S. multiaristaia, from the same 
country, of Sprengel, although the cha- 
racter difiers in some slight particulars. 
We possess the same plant from Dr. 
Baldwin's Herbarium, also from Maldo- 
nado, marked, " Kleinia suffhiticosa" 

895. (3.) S. laxa (Hook, et Am.); 
pubescenti - hirsuta, foliis lineari-lan- 
ceolatis integerrimis basi obscure tri- 
nerviis, corymbis laxis, pappo multiaris- 
tato, aristis corollam paulo excedentibus. 
— Uraguay and Buenos Ayres, Tweedie. 
— ^Very nearly allied to the last, and 
probably a luxuriant variety of it. 

896. (4.) S. aristata (Don MSS.)\ 
pubescenti-hirsuta, foliis lato- lanceolatis 
serratis infeme attenuatis trinerviis, co- 
rymbis laxis, pappo multiaristato co- 
rollam excedente. — Buenos Ayres, Dr. 
Gillies. — In this the leaves are distinctly 
serrated all round; and some of the 
lower ones are three -fourths of an inch 
broad. 

897. (b.) S. breviarisiata (Hook, et 
Am.); glabriuscula, foliis ovatis s. 
ovato-lanceolatis trinerviis grosse obtuse 
serratis in petiolum attenuatis, corymbis 
densis, involucre pubescenti - viscoso, 
pappi aristis 3 subulatis brevissimis. — 
Woods of Tucuman, plentiful, Tweedie. 
— Apparently a tall plant, and herba- 
ceous : some of the leaves two inches 
long, including the petiole. Pappus very 
short, of three subulate glabrous awns. 

\. (6.) S. gratioloides (Hook, et Am.); 
parva, glabriuscula, foliis subcordato- 
ovatis crassiusculis trinerviis sessilibus 
grosse serratis, corymbolaxo, pedunculis 
subunifloris. — Rio Grande do Sul, 
Tweedie. — This is a small plant, and 
very distinct from all our other species. 
)9. (7.) S. congesta (Hook, et Am.); 
elabriuscula, caule suffruticoso infeme 
denudato, foliis densis obovato - lan- 
ceolatis subintegerrimis crassiusculis 
obsolete trinerviis, ^orymbo sessili mul- 
tifloro congesto, pappo multiaristato 
corollam eequante. — Maldonado, and 
high grounds of the Rio Jacquery, 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



239 



Tweedie. — This species is remarkable 
for its dense foliage, and crowded 
sessile corymbs of flowers. The leaflets 
of the involucre are also singularly 
obtuse. 

900. (8.) 5. hirsuta (Hook, et Am.); 
pilis longis crispatis hirsuta, foliis densis 
lanceolatis crassiusculis subtrinerviis 
crenato-serratis, corymbis densis mul- 
tifloris, pappo multiaristato coroUam 
excedente. — Buenos Ayres and Banda 
Orientale, Tweedie, — In this the leaves 
are distinctly serrated, and the calycine 
leaflets are acute. 

901. (9.) S, tenuis (Hook, et Am.); 
caule tenui pubescenti - hirsuto, foliis 
rhombeo-ovatis trinerviis membranaceis 
glabris breviter petiolatis grosse serratis, 
corymbis paucifloris laxis, involucri 
ibliolis acutis glabriusculis, pappo mul- 
tiaristato coroUse vix longitudine. — ^Rio 
Grande, Tweedie, — This is quite an 
herbaceous plant; the two preceding 
ones are suflruticose. 

902. (10.) Ageratum conyzoides, L. — 
St. Catharine, S. Brazil, and woods of 
Rio Saladillo, Tweedie (n. 1248). 

SUB-TRIB. III. — EUPATORIEiE. LeSS, 

* Involucri multiflorifoliolisplurimis. 

903. (1.) Eupatorium squarrulosum 
(Hook, et Am.) ; hirsuto-tomentosum, 
foliis oppositis ovatis grosse serratis tri- 
nerviis, corymbis terminalibus densis, 
involucri cylindracei foliolis ovatis arete 
imbricatis ciliatis striatis apicibus to- 
mentosis obtusis squarrosis, flosculis 
numerosis vix involucrumexcedentibus. 
— 0, foliis latioribus obtusis minus 
pubescentibus. — Banda Orientale to the 
Rio Grande do Sul, Tweedie. M. 
IsabeUe. 

904. (2.) E. hirsutum (Hook, et Arn.) ; 
pilis laxis articulatis crispatis hirsutum, 
foliis oppositis brevissime petiolatis 
cordato-ovatis subacuminatis grosse in- 
ciso-serratis trinerviis reticulatis supra 
scabris, corymbis terminalibus densis, 
involucris brevi - cylindraceis, foliolis 
ovatis subarcte imbricatis striatis nitidis, 
apicibus obtusis erectis pilosis, capitulis 
glome ratis. — &, pilis foliomm rarioribus, 
pedunculis eloneatis. — Banda Orientale 
and Rio Grande do Sul, Tweedie, — 
Habit of E, ageratoides ; but the in- 
volucre is quite different, formed of 
broad, blunt, rather compactly imbri- 
cated, striated scales, densely hairy at 
their apices. The hairs on the leaves, 
and stem, and peduncles are long, 



patent, crisped, copiously jointed ; those 
of the upper side of the leaf, especially 
near the margin, set on a little bulb or 
tubercle, which occasions a roughness 
that is wanting on the underside. In the 
var. |5. the leaves are less hairy and 
narrower (but equally rough), and the 
peduncles of the partial corymbs are 
considerably elongated. In the only 
specimens we possess, the leaves too 
are altemate, but they are probably 
only flowering branches. 

905. (3.) E, bracteatum (Hook, et Am.); 
pubescenti - scabrum, foliis oppositis 
subsessilibus cordatis crassiusculis cre- 
nato-serratis rugosis trinerviis subtus 
tomentosis venis reticulatis prominen- 
tibus, corymbis densis, involucris sub- 
cylindraceis basi insigniter longeque 
attenuatis in pedicellos arete bracteatos, 
foliolis ovatis obtusis striatis apicibus 
erectis tomentosis, capitulis multifloris. 
— Banda Orientale, Tweedie, — This is 
remarkable for the closely imbricated 
scales of the pedicels, gradually be- 
coming larger and insensibly, as it were, 
passing into the scales of the involucre. 
There is an odorous resin which exudes 
and concretes on the branches of this 
plant. 

906. (4.) E, congestum (Hook. et. Am.) ; 
pubescenti - scabmm, foliis oppositis 
subsessilibus cordato-ovatis crassiusculis 
crenato- serratis rugosis trinerviis subtus 
tomentosis venis reticulatis prominen- 
tibus, corymbis parvis densis, involucris 
brevi-cylindraceisbasi obtusis sessilibus, 
foliolis ovatis obtusis striatis apicibus 
erectis pubescenti-tomentosis, capitulis 
glomeratis multifloris. — Banda Ori- 
entale, Tweedie, — In size and foliage 
this is nearly allied to the preceding. 

907. (5.) E. suhhastatum (Hook, et 
Am.) ; pubescenti-scabrum, foliis alter- 
nis oppositisque plerumque erectis sub- 
hastato - lanceolatis ovatisque brevi - 
acuminatis grosse serratis sessilibus 
subtus prsecipue rugosis tomentosis, 
corymbis densis, involucris brevi-cy- 
lindraceis, foliolis ovatis obtusis striatis 
apicibus erectis pubescentibus, capi- 
tulis glomeratis multifloris. — E. teucrii- 
folium, Don, MSS. (non WUld.),— 
Mendoza, Dr, Gillies. From Buenos 
Ayres to Rio Grande do Sul, and at 
Cordova, Tweedie, M, IsabeUe, 

908. (6.) E. concinnum (Hook, et Arn.); 
pubescenti - hirsutum, foliis oppositis 
lanceolatis acutis subpetiolatis trmerviis 
inciso-serratis subtus impresso-puncta- 
tis, corymbis laxis, involucri cylindracei 
foliolis arete imbricatis striatis exterio- 



240 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



hbus minohbus ovatis acutis apice 
incrasaatis pubescentibus, interionbus 
longioribus obtusissimis glaberrimis 
membranaceis albidis. — Banda Orien- 
tale and Rio Grande, Tweedie. 

909. (7.) JS. affine (Hook, et Am.); 
pubescent! - hirsutum, foliis oppositis 
lanceolatis acuminatis inciso - serratis 
brevi - petiolatis trinenriis subtus im- 
presso-punctatis, corymbis laziusculis, 
involucri cylindracei ioliolis arete imbri- 
catisstriatis omnibus obtusis apice incras- 
satis pubescentibus. — Rio Grande, in- 
terior of Entro Rios, and woods of 
Tucumanand Cordova (n. 1778 — 1780), 
Tweedie. — Differing considerably in the 
involucre from the preceding, but much 
resembling it in the foliage. 

910. (a) A. elliplicum (Hook, et Am.) ; 
glabriusculum, foliis oppositis elliptico- 
lanceolatis serratis trinerviis subtus im- 
presso-punctatis, corymbis densis glo- 
meratis, involucri brevi - cylindracei 
nitidi foliolis subarcte imbricatis striatis 
apicibus acutiusculis incrassatis sub- 
pubescentibus. — Rio Grande do Sul, 
Tweedie. 

911. (9.) E, conyzoides f ^labrum, foliis 
oppositis rhombeo - ovatis acuminatis 
petiolatis subcoriaceis inciso - serratis 
trinerviis reticulatis marginibus tenui- 
peflexis subtus obscure impresso-punc- 
tatis, corymbis laxis, involucri cylin- 
dracei foliolis arete imbricatis ovatis 
obtusis striatis glabris, capitulis pedi- 
cellatis multifloris. — E. conyzoides, 
Vahl. — Banda Orientale, Tweedie. — 
We possess the same species from Rio, 
with rather narrower leaves ; but whether 
it be the E. conyzoides of Vahl, we are 
unable to satisfy ourselves. 

912. (10 ) E, ciliatum (Hook, et Am.) ; 
foliis oppositis ovatis petiolatis mem- 
branaceis utrinque acuminatis trinerviis 
reticulatis remote serratis supra gla- 
briusculis subtus pubescentibus im- 
punctatis, corymbis laxis, involucri 
cylindracei foliolis arete imbricatis 
ovatis obtusis striatis glabris margi- 
nibus ciliatis, capitulis pedicellatis mul- 
tifloris. — Buenos Ayres, Tweedie, — 
Allied to the last, but quite different in 
its foliage, and in the beautifully ciliated 
leaflets to the involucre. 

913. (11.) E, pedunculosum (Hook, et 
Am.) ; pubescenti-hirsutum, foliis op- 
positis ovato- lanceolatis trinerviis ob- 
tusis subtus tomentosis impresso-punc- 
tatis, paniculis foliosis laxis, involucri 
cylindracei foliolis arete imbricatis ovatis 
obtusis striatis elabris marginibus cili- 
atis, capitulis sublonge pedicellatis mul- 



tifloris. — Rio Grande do Sul, Tweedie. 
— Leaves smaller than the last, more i 
rigid, and more downy; and the in- 
florescence considerably different. 

*• Involucri subpaiLciflori foliolis paucis, 

914. (12.) E. hBte-virens (Hook, et Am.); 
ramOsum, glabrum, foliis oppositis lan- 
ceolatis utrinque acuminatis grosse acute 
serratis brevissime petiolatis subtus pal- 
lidioribus reticulatis, capitulis glome- 
ratim corymbosis, pedimculis pubes- 
centibus, involucri foliolis linearibos 
apicibus diaphanis obtusis ciliatis. — 
Porto Alem, Rio Grande do Sul, &c., 
S. Brazil, Tweedie, 

915. (13.) J5^.jDaraflfoxwm(Hook.et Am.); 
fmticosum, glabriusculum, ramis elon- 
gatis erectis, foliis numerosis fasciculatis 
nneari - lanceolatis inciso - pinnatifidis, 
panicula elongata densissima foliosa, ca- 
pitulis par vis, involucri foliolis laxis uni- 
serialibus linearibus acutis, styli ramis 
clavatis glabris. — Valparaiso, Dr. Gil- 
lies ; Bridges (n. 52.)/ Cuming {n. 
337.) — This is a very peculiar plant, and 
cannot be confounded with any other 
species of the genus. The achenium is 
black ; the pappus rough. 

916. (14.) E. buniifolium (Hook, et 
Am.); fruticosum, elaberrimum, foliis 

^ decomposito-pinnatindis, laciniis linea- 
ribus, panicula elongata densa foliosa, 
capitulis cylindraceis, involucri foliolis 
acutis, styli ramis longissimis. — ^Woods 
of Tucuman, rare, Iweedie (n. 1128). 
— Inflorescence somewhat resembling 
the preceding ; but the leaves more like 
the following. 

917. (15.) E, QeratophyUum (Hook, et 
Am.) ; fruticosum, pubescens, foliis 
decomposito-pinnatifidis, laciniis linea- 
ribus, cymis densis globosis, capitulis 
ovatis, involucri foliolis obtusissimis 
albis tomentosis. — Saladillo of Diego 
Ruiz, and woods and fields of Cordova, 
in vast abundance, Tweedie (n. 1232, 
1292, 1291).— Flowers pink (Tweedie), 
appearing white when dry. 

918. (16.) E. decipiens (Hook, et Arn.); 
fruticosum, tenui-pubescens, foliis dense 
fasciculatis ovato-rhombeis subcamosis 
crenatis, panicula elongata densissime j 
foliosa, involucri uniserialis foliolis bre- 
vibus linearibus obtusis pubescentibus, 
styli ramis clavatis. — Coquimbo, Ma- 
crae ; Cuming (n. 907, not injl.) — ^A 
no less remarkable species than the three 
preceding ; in its inflorescence approach- 
mg nearest to E. paradoxum. Achenia 
brown, angled ; pappus tawny. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



^l 



919. (17.) E. virgaium (Don MSS.); 
fruticosum glabrum, ramis erectis, foliis 
rigidis linearibus integris pinnatifidisque, 
paniculis laxis foliosis, pedunculis pedi- 
cellisque ^acilibus, involucris oblongis 
pluhserialibus 5 — 6>floris foliolis ob- 
longis imbricatis subnitidis glaberrimis. 
— ^Mendoza, valleys near Villa Vicenzia, 
Acjuadita, Province of St. Luis, Dr. 
Gillies ; called Chilca by the natives. 



Uraguay, Tweedie. 
20. (18.)~ 



9^' 



920. (18.) E, tremulum (Hook, et Am.); 
fruticosum glabnim, foliis oppositis Ian- 
ceolatis trinerviis reticulatis brevi-pe- 
tiolatis acute serratis subtus punctatis, 
panicula laxa, pedunculis pedicellisque 
gracilibus, involucris oblongs subpluri- 
serialibus 5 — 6-floris foliolis oblongis 
imbricatis subnitidis glaberrimis. — a, 
foliis anguste lineari - acuminatis. — 
Buenos Ayres and shores of the Parano, 
Tweedie. — B. foliis latioribus subellip- 
ticis. — Coast of Lagoa, Tweedie, 

921. (19.) E,fvXvum, (Hook, et Am.); 
herbaceum glabrum, ramis flexuosis 
angulatis, foliis oppositis brevi-petiolatis 
obtusis inciso - serratis, panicula sub- 
corymbosa, pedunculis pedicellisque pu- 
bescentibus, involucri foliolis subunise- 
rialibus lineari-oblongis striatis glabris, 

ippo fulvo. — ^Rio Grande, Tweedie. 
(20.) E. elongatum (Hook, et 
Arn.) ; herbaceum glabrum, foliis oppo- 
sitis V. alternis lanceolatis oblongis obo- 
vatisve integris vel irregulariter serratis 
in petiolum brevem attenuatis obtusis 
d-nerviis subtus minute impresso-punc- 
tatis, corymbis densis, ramis valde 
elongatis subaphyllis terminantibus, pe- 
dunculis pedicellisque pubescentibus, 
involucri ^labri foliolis subbi-triseria- 
libus extenoribus parvis pubescentibus 
interioribus linearibus glaberrimis. — 
Rio Grande do Sul, and woods of 
Lagoa, S. Brazil, Tweedie. — This ap- 
pears to be a tall-growing species, with 
very long, almost naked branches, which 
bear the rather small but dense corymb 
of flowers. 

923. (21.) E. Nummularia (Hook, et 
Am.); suffruticosum, ramis peduncu- 
lisque pubescentibus, foliis oppositis 
orbicularibus elevatis sessilibus, basi 
cordatis coriaceis glabris subquinque- 
nerviis, corymbo denso, involucri glabri 
ovati foliolis subbi-triserialibus exte- 
rioribus parvis acutis interioribus ob- 
longis obtusis apice ciliatis. — Rio 
Grande, Tweedie. — A very distinct and 
well marked species. 

924. (22.) E. viscidum (Hook, et Am.) ; 

VOL. I. 



sufihiticosum viscidi-pubescens, foliis 
oppositis ovatis acuminatis membrana- 
ceis trinerviis serratis sublonge petio- 
latis, subtus nervis vix elevatis minute 
reticulatis, corymbis densis, involucri 
glaberrimi subcylindracei foliolis sub- 
multiserialibus striatis ovatis interais 
oblongis obtusis. — El Aquadita, province 
of San Luis, Dr. Gillies. — Leaves 3 — 4 
inches long, including the petiole. The 
species is allied to the following, but 
very distinct. 

925. (23.) E. reiiculaium, Hook, et Am. 
in ^oL of Beech. Voy.y.l. ». 29.— 
Valparaiso, Mamies ; bridges hi. 192^; 
Cuming (n. 650); Mr, Cruckshanxs, 
Quintero, Dr. Gillies. Coquimbo, 
Macrae. — In this the leaves are penni- 
nerved ; very strongly reticulated, like 
those of the Sage ; the veins on the 
underside very prominent. The hair 
of the pappus is a little dilated at the 
base. Leaflets of the involucre all 
acute, purple. 

926. (24.) E. acuminatum (Hook, et 
Am.) ; suflruticosum, ramis angulatis, 
petiolis pedunculis pedicellisque pubes- 
centibus, foliis oppositis brevi-petiolatis 
lanceolatis longe acuminatis glabris pen- 
ninerviis serratis, subtus pallidioribus 
obscure reticulatis venis vix elevatis, 
corymbo denso, involucri glabri sub- 
cylindracei foliolis subpluriserialibus ob- 
tusis, infimis elon^tis minute eroso- 
ciliatis. — Rio Grande, Tweedie. — Habit 
of E. reticulatum, but difierent in the 
leaves and involucres. 

927. (25.) R Paranense (Hook, et 
Am.); suflruticosum, ramis pedunculis 
pedicellisque dense pubescentibus, foliis 
petiolatis oppositis ovato - lanceolatis 
acuminatis subtrinerviis serratis supra 
scabris subtus pubescenti - tomentosis 
reticulatim venosis, corymbo denso, in- 
volucri pubescentis subcylindracei fo- 
liolis subpauciserialibus striatis obtusis, 
exterioribus ovatis minoribus, interiori- 
bus oblongs. — Marshes of the Parana, 
and about JBuenos Avres, Tweedie. 

928. (26.) E. pallidum (Hook, et Am.) ; 
fruticosum, ramis pedunculis pedicel- 
lisque incano-pubescentibus, foliis op- 
positis deltoideo- ovatis acutis serratis 
basi trinerviis supra -glabriusculis subtus 
pubescenti-tomentosis, corymbo densis- 
simo pallido, involucri subovalis tomen- 
tosi foliolis subpauciserialibus striatis 
obtusis, ext. ovatis, int. oblongis. — 
Uraguay, and Arroy del Medio of Cor- 
dova, (n. 1300), Tweedie. — 0, foliis 
deltoideis. — Buenos Ajrres and San 

Q 



242 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



Isedro, Tweedie. — y. ? foliis lanceolatis. 
— Rio Grande, Tweedie, — Very fra- 
grant. 

929. (27.) B. ? patens (Don MSS.)/ suf- 
fruticosam valde ramosum, pedunculis 
ramisc^ue junioribus pubescentibus, foliis 
oppositis ovato - oblongis subtrinerviis 
inciso-pinnatifidis, capitulis glomeratis 
in ramis brevibus patentibus oppositis 
foliosis, involucri oblongi pubescentis 
foliolis pauciserialibus obtusiusculissub- 
striatis. — El Aquadita, province of San 
Luis, Dr. Gillies. Rio Jersero and 
Rio Pitambalo, Tweedie, — An MikanicB 
species ? 

930. r28.) E. Tweedieanum (Hook, et 
Am.) ; fruticosum parvum undique pu- 
bescens vel glabrum, ramis an&;ulatis, 
foliis sublonge petiolatis oblongo-lanceo- 
latis obtusis integerrimis vel subsinuatis, 
C3rmis densis glomeratis, involucri sub- 
hemispheerici pubescentis foliolis sub- 
pauciserialibus striatis obtusis, styli 
ramis clavatis. — ^Uraguay, Porto Alegre 
and Rio Grande, Tweedie. 

931. r29.) K liguUefolium (Hook, et 
Am.); fmticosura, ramis pedunculis pe- 
dicellisque pubescentibus, foliis crebris 
lineari - ligulatis uninerviis patentibus 
subcamosis punctatis farinosis farina de- 
cidua, corymbo denso ramosissimo, in- 
volucri dense pubescentissubovalis folio- 
lis obtusis. — Kio Grande and Jacquery, 
Tweedie. A most distinct and peculiar 
species. 

932. (30.) E. spathulatum (Hook, et 
Am.); suffruticosum, foliis numerosis 
alternis (minoribusque axillaribus), spa- 
tbulatis integerrimis utrinque albo-to- 
mentosis, corymbis terminalibus foliosis, 
capitulis glomeratis, involucri albo-to- 
mentosi foliolis oblongis obtusis, pappo 
purpureo-fusco. — Rio Grande. — M. Isa- 
oeue. — Remarkable for the numerous, 
spathulate, white, woolly leaves. 

933. ^31.) E.l calyculatum (Wodk. et 
Am.); fruticosum supeme dense pu- 
bescenti-hirsutum, foliis subfasciculatis 
linearibus acutis subcamosis glabris 
uninerviis impresso-punctatis glabris, 
coiymbo laxiusculo, capitulis subglome- 
ratis, involucri tomentosi foliolis laxis 
pauci-serialibus lanceolatis acuminatis 
longitudine aequalibus, pappo basi latiori 
subpaleaceo. — Sandy places at Mal- 
donado and Monte Video, frequent, 
Tweedie. — The large acuminated nearly 
equal leaflets of the involucre give a very 
remarkable appearance to this plant, which 
may perhaps constitute a distinct genus. 

934. (32.) E. lanigerum (Hook, et Am.) ; 



herbaceum? pubescenti - hirtum, foliis 
alternis rhombeo - ovatis lanceolati&ve 
acutis grosse serratis basi in petiolom 
alatum longe attenuatis trinerviis subtus 
magis hirsutis, corymbo denso, capitulis 
glomeratis, involucri pubescentis hemi- 
spbserici foliolis pauciserialibus lineari- 
oblongis apicibus obtusis dense lanatis. 
— Rio Grande and Cordova, Tweedie (n. 
1298). 0. minor; foliis angustioribus. 
Cordova (n. 1298 and 1281), Tweedie. 
— Allied m general appearance to tbe 
N. American E. ieucriifolium, but the 
leaves and involucre are considenblj 
different. 

935. (33.) E. trisectum (Hook et Am.); 
herbaceum elatum pubescens, foliis op- 
positis ternatim sectis segmentis ovato- 
acuminatis inciso-serratis supremis mi- 
noribus subintegris, corymbo denso, 
capitulis glomeratis; involucri ovalis 
glabriuscuh foliolis pauciserialibus ob- 
tusissimis membranaceis obsolete striatis. 
— Valparaiso, Bridges. — Of this most 
distinct species we have only once re- 
ceived a specimen, and that unaccom- 
panied by any number. 

936. (Si.) Etanacetifolium (GilimS.)] 
herbaceum elatum hirsuto-scabriusca- 
lum, foliis bipinnatifidis incisis inferne 
in petiolum alatum longe attenuatis, 
laciniis lato-oblongis, corymbis deose 
glomeratis, involucri pubescentis bemi- 
sphserici foliolis pauciserialibus cunea- 
tis(!) apicibus dilatatis diaphanis.— ^ 
subplumosum, Don, MSS. — El Rio 
Quarto, province of Cordova, Dr. Gillies. 
Tweedie (n. 1297)— Banda Orientale, 
Tweedie. 

937. (35.) E. scandens (Link, not Linn.); 
scandens herbaceum, caule pedunculis 
pedicellisque pubescentibus, ioliis oppo- 
sitis sublonge petiolatis cordatis serratis 
glabris basi triplinerviis, corymbo denso, 
involucri pauciflori subuniserialis foliolis 
oblongis acutis viridibus dorso pubes- 
centibus, pappo fulvo. — Lago de los 
Patos, S. Brazil, Tweedie, who describes 
it as a coarse climbing herbaceous plant. 
The leaves can scarcely be called " reni- 
form," otherwise it would agree pretty 
well with the very imperfect character 
of E. scandens, Link, ^ven in Sprengel, 
and of which the native country is un- 
k no wn. — 0. fol iis hastato - coroatis.-;- 
Marshy woods of the Parana, Tweedie. 
Both the states of this plant (if indeed 
they be varieties), but especiaJly the ?. 
may with equal propriety be referred to 
Mikania. 

938. (36.) E. populifoHum (Hook. •> 



CONTBIBUTIONS XOWAEDB ^ FX.ORA OF SOUTH AMERICA. 



243 



Am.); herbaceum pubescenti-^landulo- 
sum, foliis oppositis longe petiolatis cor- 
datis crenato-setratis, corymbo dense, 
inrolucri hemisphcBrici foliolis pauci- 
senalibus acuininatis striatis intimis ap- 
pendicibuB pulcherrime lanosis coloratis. 
— ^Banda Orientale and Pampas of Bue- 
nos Ajres, St. Jago, and Tucuman (n. 
1299.) Tweedie. — The large poplar- 
Bbaped leaves, and singular woolly ap- 
pendages at the extremity of the inner 
leaflets of the involucre of a delicate 
purplish rose-colour, rarely white, will 
reaaily distinguish this species. 

989. ("37.) E, Candolleanum (Hook, et 
Am.); herbaceum elatum pubescens, 
caule angulato, foliis oppositis longe 
petiolatis ovatis lanceolatis subhastatisve 
crenatis obtusis v. acuminatis subtriner- 
viis, cymis densis capitulis glomeratis, 
iiivolucri pubescenti-hispidi hemisphae- 
rici folioUs pauciserialibus multifloris 
omnibus acuminatis. — Woods on the 
Uraguav, Rio Jacquery, Rio Grande,. 
&c. m S. Brazil, frequent, and very va- 
riable, Tweedie. 

WO. (38.) JE. glechonophyllum, Less, in 
Linnmay o. 6. p, 105. — £. ageratoides ? 
Hook, et Am, in BoL of Beech. Voy. 
^ot Linn.y Valparaiso, Mr. Menzies. 
Chamisso (in Hero, nostr.). Mr. Cruck- 
shanks, Mr. Graham, Bridges (n. 
193). C^mtn^ (n. 652 and 830). Lay 
ana CoUie. Araucania, Capt. Rey- 
nolds (n. 18). — &. minor. L. gracile, 
Don, MSS. (not Kunih.). Pampas of 
Buenos Ayres, Dr. Gillies. — This spe- 
cies has many points in common with 
E. ageratoides ; but it is shrubby at the 
base> the leaves are smaller and thinner, 
and their petioles extremely slender. 
The flowers are very similar. 

941. (39.) E. sulcatum (Hook, et Am.); 
herbaceum glabrum, caule ramisque 
sulcatis nitidis crassiusculis, foliis oppo- 
sitis breve petiolatis lanceolatis trinerviis, 
corymbis densis, involucri subcylindra- 
cei subuniserialis foliolis lineari-lanceo- 
latis acutis, pappo fulvo. — S. Brazil. 
Tweedie. 

942. (40.) E. Donianum (Hook, et Am.) ; 
hispidum herbaceum elatum, foliis re- 
motis lanceolatis inciso-serratis integer- 
rimisque, capitulis corymbosis magriis, 
involucri pubescenti-hispidi hemisphae- 
rici foliolis 8ub-3— 4-8erialibus ovato- 
lanceolatis acutis subeequalibus, pappo 
fulvo, styli ramis longissimis pctaloideis. 
— E. macrocephalum, Don, MSS. (not 
Less.?'). — Leptostelma Donianum, GiU. 
JtfiSiS.-^Melinquecito, Pampas of Buenos 
Ayres, Dr. iSiUies. Maldonado and 



Rio Grande and Cordova (n. 1106). 
Tweedie.— &. corymbis paucifloris, S. 
Brazil, Tweedie. — Lessing's E. macro- 
cephalum is a Mexican plant; but he 
observes in a note, that the same species 
has been discovered in Brazil, by Sellow 
and Beyrich ; so that notwithstanding 
some discrepancies in the description, 
our plant may be the same. — Lower 
leaves broader and deeply serrated, ac- 
cording to Mr. Tweedie. 

943. (41.) E. rufidulum (Hook, et Am.) ; 
herbaceum elatum supeme caule ramis- 
que ubique pilis fermgineis crispatis 
tectum, foliis oppositis late ovatis sub- 
sessilibus grosse crenato-serratis, sub- 
trinerviis glabri8(nervis subtusexceptis), 
capitulis magnis glomeratis subumbella- 
tis, involucri hemisphsBrici glabri foliolis 
subpauciserialibus ovato-ellipticis lajvi- 
bus, pappo albo. — Rio Grande do Sul, 
Tweedie. — Allied to the last, but consi- 
derably different in the leaves and pubes- 

- cence, and in the colour of the pappus. 

944. (1.) Mikaniasericea (Hook, et Am.); 
scandens, foliis lato-lanceolatis acumi- 
natis integerrimis petiolatis supra sca- 
brisdensissime strigoso-sericeis, panicula 
subcymosa. — St. Catharine, S. Brazil, 
Tweedie. 

945. (2.) M. periplocifolia (Hook, et 
Am.); scandens pubescens, foliis pro- 
funde subsagittato-cordalis acuminatis 
angulatis, cymis glomeratis, pedunculo 
longitudine foliorum. — Marshes about 
Buenos Ayres and Rio Grande, Tweedie. 

946. (3.) M. scandens, Willd.— Buenos 
Ayres, Tweedie. — &. cymis diphyllis, 
foliis angulato-serratis. Rio Jersero and 
Rio Pitambalo (n. 1285). — y. foliis in- 
tegerrimis, pappo breviori. — Woods of 
Tucuman, Tweedie (1188). An species 
distincta? Tweedie. 

947. (4.) M. pubescens, Nutt. — Hedges 
of Tucuman (n. 1287). Tweedie.— This 
scarcely differs from var. /9. of our M. 
scandens, except in the very downy 
leaves, especially their under side. 



948. (5.) if. ghmerata, Spr. Syst. Ve; 
V. 8. p. "^' ^ « . . -^ . 
Tweedie, 



V. 8. p. 421.— St, Catharine, BrazJ 



.f; 



949. (6.) M. involucraia (Hook, et Am.); 
scandens, glabra, foliis cordatis acutis 
integerrimis, cymis pedunculatis, capi- 
tulis glomeratis bracteis magnis ovalibus 
membranaceis, pappo fulvo. — St. Catha- 
rine, S. Brazil, Tweedie. — The flowers 
are here entirely concealed by the large 
involucrated bractese. Pappus in a dou- 
ble row. 

950. (7.) M. suhcrenata (Hook, et Am.) ; 
' scandens, glabenimay foliis subcoriaceis 



244 



ON THE CJLSCARILLAS OF CUCUERO AND HUANUCO. 



cordatis acutis vel brevi-acuminatis sub- 
coriaceis d-nerviis sinu profundo lobis 
rotundatis crenato-repandis, cymis longe 
pedunculatis subpaniculatis aphyllis, in- 
volucre oblongo glabro. — Woods of Tu- 
cuman, Tweedie (n, 1189). — This is 
probably a recordea species ; but all of 
the genus are so imperfectly described^ 
that we cannot satisfactorily refer it to 
any. We possess the same, or a closely 
allied species, from Trinidad. It is 
common about Tucuman ; where, with 
other species, it is called Barha del 
Monte, Tw, 

951. ^8.) M, urtic€Bfolia (Hook, et Am.) ; 
scanaens piloso-hispida, foliis ovatis acu* 
minatis incisi-serratis nervis subtus his- 
pid issimis, corymbis densis, pedunculis 
foliosis, involucre cylindraceo. — Woods 
of Tucuman, and also cultivated in the 
gardens, on account of its agreeable 
scent, the flowers smelling like a well- 
ripened Peach, Tweedie (n. 1286). — 
Flowers large, crowded. Pappus tawny. 

952. (9.) M. ? trinervis (Hook, et Arn.) ; 
scanaens, ^laberrima, foliis elliptico- 
ovatis obtusis petiolatis trinerviis integer- 
rimis, paniculis laxis terminalibus, pappo 
e pilis clavatis serrulatis. — St. Catharine, 
S. Brazil, Tweedie. 

SUB-TRIB. IV. — TUSSILAGINE^. LesS. 

963. (1.) Adenocaulon Chilense, Poep. 
— Less, in LinncBa, v, 6. p. 107. — Shady 
woods in the Andes, province of Valdi- 
via. Bridges (n. 573). 



ON THE CASCARILLAS OF CU- 
CHERO AND HUANUCO. 

(Extracted from Dr. Poeppig's " Reise in Chili, 
Pera, und tuf dem Amazonensiroiue.") 

Next in order and importance to the 
Coca,^ the Fever Bark (Cascarilla) claims 
a place, as being the cause of the coloni- 
zation of Chinchao's and Cuchero's wild 
and forest-covered mountains. The intro- 
duction of the very lucrative traffic com- 
menced about 1785; for notwithstanding 
the high price that the bark fetched at 
Loxa, no one, for years, thought of pursu- 
ing a similar profitable trade in the well- 
known Cinchona of Huanuco. Shortly, 
however, after its conamencement, the ori- 
ginal proprietors, who were active Spani- 

I See p. 161 of this Journal. 



ards from the old country, became so 
wealthy, that they found numerous imi- 
tators, who not being possessed of land, 
were obliged to make distant excursions, 
partly in the wild woods on the other side 
the river, within reach of the independent 
Indian people, and partly in the humid and 
hot forests of the Lower Missions (at Cbi- 
coplayo and Pampa hermosa) where they 
found an inferior but more easily attainable 
kind of bark. These poor and unprinci- 
pled speculators, less interested in the real 
welfare of the trade than those individuals 
who possessed large Cinchona woods of 
their own (at Cuchero, Pillao, and Cassapi), 
were guilty of great deception, and fre- 
quently sold an adulterated and inferior 
article. Various kinds of Fever barb 
came into the market from the proyinces 
north of Huanuco, under the name of the * 
true Huanuco bark; and thus the pur- 
chasers in Europe became distrustful of 
them, and declared them to be of indiffer- 
ent quality, a character which they by no 
means deserve; my experiments on nume- 
rous kinds which I have collected and 
compared, proving them to possess, in the 
highest degree, all the medicinal virtues of 
this tribe. At the breaking out of the 
Revolution, when the union with the mo- 
ther-country was long interrupted, the 
emigration of many of these proprietors, 
and the want of capital in others, proved 
highly detrimental to the trade in bark: 
no new individuals came forward to sap- 
port the commerce with Spain and the few 
foreign merchants who resided at Lima were 
too ignorant of the nature of the business 
to venture upon making any extensire 
purchases. Thus the produce at Huanuco 
accumulated upon the owners' hands to 
their great loss, and the old and expen- 
enced bark-collectors having dispersed for 
want of employment, the trade has fallen 
into abeyance ever since the year 1815. 
Many have been the endeavours made by 
the present proprietors of Cassapi, Cuchero, 
and Pampayaco, to revive a business which 
promises to be so profitable to themselves, 
for the rest of fifteen years which the tree? 
have enjoyed, has caused them to grow » 



ON THE CA8CABILLAS OF CTTCHBRO AND HUANUCO. 



245 



luxuriantly, that it is expected the first 
year's produce might, with great ease, 
amount to 12,000 arrobas (in value about 
60,000 pes. dur.). During the war, the 
bark obtained from the yungas or mode- 
rately elevated mountain- forests of Bolivia, 
became an article of commerce, finding its 
way into Europe by Arica. It is called 
CalisaycL, an erroneous name, destitute of 
any meaning, and which ought to be spelt 
ColHsallOy as its etymology is " Colla,** 
which signifies remedy, and " Salla,** rocky 
ground. Like the Cinchona of the lower 
Peruvian provinces, the Bolivian tree affects 
the stony hills, and there exclusively pro- 
duces a good and powerful bark. Perhaps 
it is the accession of foreign capital, and 
not the superior quality of the article itself, 
which induces the merchants of Lima, 
many of whom are mainly dependent on 
Arica, to recommend and patronize exclu- 
sively the Calisaya, while they refuse to 
vend the bark of Huanuco. It is impossi- 
ble at present to obtain an accurate account 
of the number of arrobas of the latter, 
which in more prosperous times used to 
be transmitted to Lima, as much of it was 
purchased by small and inferior specu- 
lators, who declined any connexion with 
the large proprietors at Huanuco. Some 
old citizens of that place, who were in- 
debted to the bark trade for their wealth, 
have stated to me that about 24,000 arrobas 
(of 25 Spanish lbs.), may have been ex- 
ported from the province in the best years ; 
and that estimable person, Don Jose £s- 
pinosa, who formerly occupied the first 
rank in this class, adds, that the speculators, 
who, possessing no landed property, ram- 
bled in the woods to collect the article, 
seldom obtained more than 300 or 400 
arrobas each ; whilst the proprietors of large 
haciendas, who, naturally enough, permit- 
ted no stranger to fell and strip the Cin- 
chonas in their woods, frequently accumu- 
lated, according to the size of their dis- 
tricts, from 2,000 to 3,000 arrobas a- 
piece. Cuchero can boast of the greatest 
abundance of these trees, and one of its 
former proprietors, Don Jose Bidurrezaga, 
was enabled to procure from his woods, 



6,000 arrobas, which, at the common price, 
produced more than 90,000 pes. dur. At 
present this trade may be considered ex- 
tinct in the province of Huanuco, for 
scarcely 50 arrobas find their way to Lima, 
in small quantities, and are there used for 
mixing with the inferior Bolivian sorts, or 
added to improve the flavour of the best 
Truxillo kinds, which occur in very small 
quantities in commerce, and may be con- 
sidered as the very worst article of all. 

When the great haciendas were searched 
for the Fever Bark, the business was con- 
ducted systematically, as it might have 
been in the forests of Europe. The first 
point was to obtain an accurate knowledge 
of the place, by separating the whole into 
different depattments. Remote excursions 
were not undertaken, as the workmen 
always saw the buildings of the hacienda 
so near as to enable them to return within 
a few hours; and the whole employment 
was only pursued occasionally. The man- 
ner of proceeding was altogether difierent 
when the speculator, who had no land of 
his own, was obliged to search for bark 
on the high mountains on the other side of 
the Huallaga, and at the sources of Tulu- 
mayo. The people employed were indi- 
viduals residing near the Cinchona districts, 
who, being much too proud for daily 
agricultural toil, assume to themselves the 
title of Cascarilleros, or bark - collectors ; 
and considering themselves to belong to a 
much higher station than the peon, or day 
labourer, claim privileges above the latter, 
and make their own terms with the mana- 
ger of a party. A contract is generally 
entered into, and the Cascarillero receives, 
in conformity with a system equally disad- 
vantageous to both parties, and only to be 
explained from the scantiness of the po- 
pulation, a credit of sixty to one hundred 
pes., which he gambles away generally in 
brandy, seldom taking useful articles in 
return. The very best provisions and im- 
plements are also provided at the expense 
of the person who engages the party ; and 
the company, consisting of ten or more 
individuals, then start, well armed, for the 
forest, pressing forwards on foot, and en- 



246 



OV THE CAftCAIlI'LLUL6 Ot O^CHEBO AND HUAmrCO. 



countering very great obstructions in those 
districts where no one can claim the land 
as their own, and where the bark-trees vce 
abundant. There they erect some very 
simple huts, and engage also a number of 
common day-labourers, besides the proper 
Cascarilleros, partly to enable them to levd 
the rough ground over the excessively 
stony mountains on which the bark is con- 
veyed from the forest, and partly to supfdy 
them, from time to time, with needful 
provisions. Not satisfied with those trees 
which stand singly, the produce of which, 
indeed, would hardly repay the heavy ex- 
pense incurred, the Cascarilleros eagerly 
look out for the groups (manchas), where 
the Cinchonas are found growing together. 
For this purpose they either ascend the 
top of a high rock or lofty tree, experience, 
and a sharp sight, enabling them to detect 
the clusters of Cinchonas at a great dis- 
tance by their dark hue; and, on sunny 
days, by the reflection of light from their 
leaves, which shine very conspicuously 
even far in the heart of these interminable 
forests. The Indian, with unerring in- 
stinct, now constitutes himself the leader 
of the whites, and leads them for many 
leagues through the forests, to the desired 
groupe of Cikchonas ; though, perhaps, at 
every step it has been necessary to clear 
the way with the forest axe. When a por- 
tion of the trees have been stripped of 
their bark, which, in a successful year, 
would amount to fifty arrobas from a 
single cluster of Cinchonas, the whole 
quantity is divided into bundles, weighing, 
in the moist state, about three arrobas 
each, and laid on the backs of the Indians; 
who, thus loaded, wind their way through 
the trackless forests, and arrive in a sur- 
prisingly short time at the nearest inha- 
bited spot. There the proper inspector 
waits for them, to attend in person to the 
important business of drying the bark, 
which could not have been successfully 
performed in the shady forests. Every 
tiling depends on the result of this opera- 
tion ; for the article that has once become 
mouldy, loses its colour, and no art can 
restore it so perfectly as to hide this 



damage from the eyes of the experieaoed 
purchaser. For each arroba thus delivered 
of the green bark, called 7iw>fe, the tmdw- 
taker places two reals to the account of the 
Cascarillero ; but as in good and productive 
spots the industrious woikman may easily 
strip off from eight to ten arrobas in a day, 
the profit to him amounts to more tkan 
two pesos. Undoubtedly, the individnd 
who is at the head of such a company 
must possess a considerable capital; but 
then the advantage is more than propor- 
tionably large and certain : for, even then, 
the arroba of good bark, including its 
conveyance to Huanuco, fetched the veiy 
highest price of seven pesos, though being 
gathered at great distances, and on the 
wildest mountains^ the difficulty of convey- 
ance, on the backs of the Indians, added 
greatly to the expenses. To the pro- 
prietors of Cassapi and Cuchero, whose 
bails was gathered immediately close to 
their dwellings, and could be carried by 
mules, the arroba cost from three to foor 
pesos; whilst its price, at Lima, was 
always from sixteen to twenty pesos. And 
though recent trials have proved that little 
more than twelve pesos would be got at 
Huanuco, yet the expenses are so much 
lessened by the fall in the price of aH im- 
plements, aud the increase of labourer, 
yet there still must remain a considerable 
profit for the speculator. The value of 
goods in Lima has hitherto been somevhflt 
variable, and continues subject, at the 
present time, to unlocked for fluctuations; 
still the contractor in the interior was litde 
affected by such causes, a stipulation 
having been previously made for the price 
on delivery of his goods. Nor did the 
merchant, in Lima, suffer materially from 
the diminution of a few dollars in selhng 
the bark ; as even, when at the lowest, a 
clear profit always remained for him of 
several pesos on each arroba. It was only 
at great distances from the place of its 
growth, and in the hands of ignorant 
people, who were deceived by a bad arti- 
cle, imported from the warm vallies, or the 
Montaiia Real, that the bark trade was a 
perilous speculation, and one which some- 



ON THE CASCARILLA8 OF CUCUERO AND HUANUCO. 



247 



tunes ixiTolved those who pursued it in 
very serious losses. Doubtless, a revival 
of the commerce in Huanuco bark would 
prove greatly advantageous to that pro- 
rince, and a constant supply in the market 
might thus be ensured, particularly if go- 
vernment, by instituting and enforcing 
such precautionary laws as have existed for 
upwards of a century in Loxa, would pre- 
vent the unprincipled adulteration of this 
valuable article by the petty collectors. A 
little circumspection on the part of the Cas- 
carillero would prevent injury to the Cin- 
chona trees, the final extirpation of which 
has been prognosticated by those indi- 
viduals who are ignorant of the nature of 
the tiee.^ It is only needful to take the 
precaution of cutting down the stem close 
Co the root to insure its springing up again. 
In the mild districts, as about Cuchero, 

1 UlloB^see Notio. Secret, p. 572) thoug;ht that 
the Cinchonas woald soon be exterminated, and pro- 
posed, bj legal methods, to prevent this evil. Coo- 
damine, in his Mtmoire »ur VArhre du Quinquiaat 
entertains the same fear, and, perhaps, on just 
grounds, if the neighbourhood of Loxa were alone 
considered ; for there they pursae a diflerent method 
of obtaining the baric than iu the province of Hna- 
BQCO, baring the trank as it stands instead of felling 
it. In all such cases, decay spreads in the tropical 
woods with incredible rapidity, and myriads of in- 
sects, which lodge in the dead tronk, accomplish 
speedilj the destrncUon of its otherwise sound root. 
So great is the vital power in most tropical trees, that, 
unless erery unfayorable canse seems leagued against 
it, the rapidity of after-growth will soon compensate 
for the injury that was inflicted, ar.d the soand part 
throws off the injured portions ; as in a healthy sub- 
ject a wound is speedily and effectually healed. If 
the Tegetation in these countries were not more 
▼igoroas than in the North, it must soon yield to the 
dispropoiiiooately greater causes of decay. The 
boned wood, in which the soil has been so heated 
that it is impossible for several days to walk there. 
speedilj reassumes a verdant though varied aspect ; 
the stones may have been calcined by the intensity of 
the flames, yet will the charred stems spring ap 
again, to the astonishment of all beholders, and even 
become arrayed with such delicate plants as might 
well be supposed incapable of resuscitation after 
vndergoing this literally fiery ordeal. Thus have I 
•seeo the most lovely Orehidea, the TilUmdnoM, and a 
hemtitvl MaxWaria (M. bkolor, Fl. Perav.;, grow- 
ing on the ground, near Pampayaon, in large clumps, 
resembling the richest Mosaic pavement, and clothing 
^e very aoil over which the forest -fires had re- 
cently 



this vegetative process takes place so ra- 
pidly that, in six years, the young stems 
may be felled again; while in the colder 
region of Puna and the Ceja forests, 
where the most powerful Cinchona grows, 
twenty years are required. 

The Peruvians, though much visited by 
Endemic Tertian, are strongly prejudiced 
against the use of bark ; and while its vir- 
tues were known in Europe, and appre- 
ciated even by the Indians, who dilated on 
them to Condamine, the white people at 
Quito, as well as those who were natives of 
the country, aver, that it is only in the 
colder northern regions that the exhibition 
of Cinchona bark can be useful. They 
class it among the heating kind of remedies 
(Muj/ calientes), and obstinately persist 
in an opinion derived, perhaps, from the 
old Arabic physicians, who, in Spain and 
Portugal, divided all medicines, food, and 
drinks, into the cold and hot kinds. Here, 
where " inflammation of the blood" is emi- 
nently dreaded, and the patient applies 
himself to thin his coagulated juices by all 
possible methods, it cannot be supposed 
that bark finds much favour, when, even in 
Europe, the admixture of Epsom salts is 
sometimes needful to correct the obstruc- 
tions to which its injudicious use has given 
rise. 

I may state, that having been severely 
attacked with Tertian fever, when at a dis- 
tance from medical aid, and destitute of 
every other remedy, I used the green bark 
of the Cinchona with the happiest effect ; 
stripping it freshly from the trunks which 
grew within a hundred yards distance. 
Though exhausted by the fatigues and 
privations incidental on a residence for 
eight months in the forest, I cured myself, 
at three different intervals, by the ap- 
plication of this unadulterated remedy, 
combined with copious doses of Epsom 
salts ; and never could I again behold, 
without a feeUng of gratitude and pleasure, 
the beneficent Cinchonas, whose noble 
reddish flowers appear in January, in such 
quantities as to render the tops of the trees 
conspicuous from a great distance. 



248 



ON THE CASCARILLAS OF CCCHERO AND HUANt^CO. 



The Fever Bark of Cuchero, or 
HuANuco Bark of Commerce. 

The principal districts of the bark col- 
lectors are situated on what is called the 
Montana de Huanuco, that is in the woods, 
which, commencing near Ceja in the 
province of Guamalies, stretch isastward 
through the northern part of Huanuco, 
and especially abound in the Quebrado of 
Chinchao ; also filling the valleys of the 
mountains of Muna, Acomayo, and Pana- 
taguas, and losing themselves probably 
near the Rio Pachitea. The Cascarilleros 
of Huanuco range through the eastern 
side of the Andes in that province, and 
skirting the Rio Monzon, reap a rich har- 
vest in the valley of Huallaga, and in the 
extraordinarily deep valleys and defiles, 
such as the Quebradas of Chinchao and 
Cassapi, which every where intersect and 
divide the country in this direction. Be- 
yond the bounds that I have stated, the 
Cinchona trees grow in such a shrubby 
state that their bark, though powerful in 
quality, is unsuited for the purposes of 
commerce ; and to the north of the Hual- 
laga again, where the valleys are close and 
warm, its virtues are so deteriorated, as 
either to be entirely rejected by the mer- 
chants in Lima, or to fetch only a very 
inferior price, as it is easily distinguish- 
able from the true Huanuco bark. The 
same species of Cinchona is so much af- 
fected by a subalpine situation and warm 
temperature as to produce an entirely dif- 
ferent bark, a fact which I have verified 
by numerous experiments. The habit of 
the tree, too, is materially changed. All 
this is quite contrary to the opinion of 
Condamine, who makes the extraordinary 
assertion that the barks of the warm dis- 
tricts are the most powerful, while he vir- 
tually contradicts himself by stating, a few 
pages farther on, that the Cinchona from 
Jaen de Bracomoros was so bad that its 
very name condemned and rendered it 
unsaleable in Panama. The environs of 
Jaen are very low, being stated by Hum- 
boldt as having about the same altitude 



and temperature as the lower Huallaga, and 
to this day its produce is considered of as 
inferior quality as what comes from Mayo- 
bamba, Chacapoyas, and Lamas. The small 
quantities of bark that are obtainable on the 
Jalcas, at considerable elevations, are sent 
to Truxillo, the natural port for the pro- 
duce of this district, and bear a fair cha- 
racter, though the trade is only occasionaL 
The bark from Mayobaraba is very small, 
and gathered from the Cascarilla loba, 
which, even about Cuchero, possesses but 
little efficacy, and in the warmer atmos- 
phere of I^a3^as is entirely inert It was 
with these descriptions of bark that the 
cunning Peruvians deceived the rash and 
eager people from Brazil, who, who after 
having expelled the Spaniards, hoped to 
realize and possess some of the fabled 
treasures of Peru, by making extensive 
commercial enterprizes to Ytirimagnas and 
Mayobamba. No wonder that the specu- 
lators of Para cursed the Peruvian bark 
trade (see Martins' Travels, vol. HI. 
p. 1178.), for the article that I found lying 
unsold at Para was the very worst that 
could be sent from Peru. Even now, the 
ignorance and grasping disposition of the 
first Brazilian speculators are the subject of 
ridicule at Mayobamba ; and in Yurimag- 
nas many hundred-weight of bad bark still 
lies rotting, to the ruin of the Sub-Prefect 
of that province, who, having the first time 
shipped off a large cargo of this worth- 
less article, hoped to have accomplished 
the deception again, with equal success. 
Barks from the territory of the Upper 
Huallaga have never found their way to 
the Brazils on the Maranon, for any com- 
munication between Cuchero and Taba- 
tinga is impossible and never existed; 
besides which, the commerce in Huanuco 
had even ceased before the Brazilians had 
permission to come to Maynas. In the 
province of Para, even under the flourish- 
ing state of trade, there are strong preju- 
dices against the sale of Peruvian fever 
bark, for the better kinds had never been 
sent there. Thus the produce of the 
Montana of Huanuco has always been 



ON THB CA8CAHILLAS OF CUCHBRO AND HUANUCO. 



249 



transmitted to Lima^ and thence to Eu- 
rope by Cape Horn, and never took the 
imaginary way of the river Maranon. 

In the Cinchona forests of Huanuco, the 
collectors were very attentive even to va- 
riations arising from locality. Thus they 
gathered the bark only from trees which 
grew on steep declivities or mountain-tops, 
rejecting the finest trunks that stood col- 
lected in promising groups, (manchas,) 
where the soil appeared moist and the air 
warm and deficient in proper ventillation. 
For this reason the price of the produce va- 
ried considerably even in small districts, that 
rind being most costly which was obtained 
from the coldest and most elevated spots. 
The provinces of Conchuros and Guama- 
lies abound in forests of Cinchonas ; near 
the viUages of Cayambe and Pillao, and in 
Cuchero and Cassapi, and on the moun- 
tains of Panataguas and Pampayaco, the 
very best kinds are procured. That from 
Pozuzo is small and inferior; while the 
bark of the Cctscarilla hoja de Oliva, 
which grows only in small quantities near 
San Rafael, is considered the finest of all. 
With the exception of some few hacien- 
das, all the above-mentioned countries, 
which teem with Cinchona trees, belong 
to no individual in particular; and it is 
the same with the unappropriated wilds of 
the Huallaga, which are uninhabited, and 
protected by no fort or government defence. 
Every one has a right to collect there, and 
it does not seem as if a single regulation 
of any kind existed with reference to the 
Casc€urillas. 

In the month of April the preparations 
for an expedition commence, and in May 
the people start for the forest, whence the 
last green bales are transmitted home in 
November. They fell the tree close to 
the root, sparing those trunks which ap- 
pear too young (jpalos verdes), as, till they 
have attained maturity, the bark is of no 
value. The next process is to divide 
(trozar) the stems into pieces of uniform 
length,' rejecting only the very smallest 
branches. With a peculiar kind of knife, 
made for the purpose, the bark is cut 
lengthwise, and a certain degree of prac- 



tice is necessary to perform this operation 
properly, so as to remove the rind without 
injuring the wood or severing any of the 
fibres. With the same instrument they 
take off the stripes (lorvjosy of the bark, as 
broad as possible, but this, however, is not 
done for three or four days after the tree 
is felled, as, before that time, the moisture 
that exists between the cuticle and the 
wood would prevent the bark from sever- 
ing into such large pieces as fetch the 
highest price. A worse consequence en- 
sues from stripping the stems off too 
quickly, as then the thin grey or blackish 
epidermis shivers off, and from the pre- 
sence of this outward rind, covered with 
many Cryptogamia, the value of the bark, 
in the European market, is mainly esti- 
mated. The English purchasers in parti- 
cular, held the notion that the bark was 
most powerful according as its epidermis 
was covered with spots. 

On the celerity with which the article is 
dried depends the price which it com- 
mands; but there are few instances where 
prejudice is so powerful as in the trade of 
the Cinchonas. ' In the dense forests it is 
impossible to perform this operation pro- 
perly, and therefore the bundles of green 
bark are despatched, with all speed, to the 
nearest inhabited place, where the person 
appointed to take the charge of them is 
stationed. Without any preparation, they 
are laid in a spot exposed to the full action 
of the sun, the greatest care being requi- 
site to protect them from wet, as even a few 
hours* dew falling on the half-dried bark 
will give to the cinnamon-brown interior of 
the finest sort a blackish appearance, and 
lessen its value about one half. The 
quickness of the drying, and the general 
excellence of the article are indicated by 
the pieces being rolled up into several 
spiral windings, which form so solid a cy- 
linder as to exhibit no cavity (canuto) 
within : but such portions are rarely seen 
unfractured in Europe. The Cinchona 
Barks are no less sensible of atmospheric 
moisture than the Coca which I formerly 
described, so that the collectors always 
hasten to send them to the dry climate of 



sso 



ON THE CA8CARILLA6 OF CUCHEBO ANP HUANUCO. 



the Andes, or the principal towns. An 
unavoidable loss, however, henee accrues ; 
for however perfectly the bark may have 
been dried in the woody region, it still loses 
in three or four days after its arrival in 
Huanuco, twelve to fifteen per cent on its 
weight. The packages are made up into 
bales of four or five arrobas each, and with 
the greatest possible care, in order that the 
beautiful canes of two feet long, into which 
the bark was coiled on the Montana, may 
not be broken in the carriage. Trailing 
plants (bejucos) are used to tie up the 
bundles, and when they arrive in Lima 
they are undone, and sorted into lengths of 
different pieces, previously to dispatching 
them in chests to Europe. The trade in 
Huanuco bark was very brisk twenty years 
ago at Lima, and the article went to the 
Spanish market under the name of Casca- 
riila roxa, without being confounded with 
the Cortex Chinee ruber as it is called by 
us. The barks from the districts of the 
Lower Huallaga, of Huambo and Chacha- 
poyas, &c. are on the other hand, very 
little prized in Cadiz, and called Casca- 
riUa arollada. 

As to the various species of trees that 
produce the barks, and the different quali- 
ties of the article itself, much prejudice 
prevails, not only in Europe, but also in 
Peru, as even Condamine, in his Journal 
d'un Voyage a VEquateur, published at 
Paris in 1751, vol. i. p. 38, has noticed. 
Many species are entirely rejected, and 
others, without cause, considered pecu- 
liarly fine, and the Botanist sees, with sur- 
prise, how the natives, without any visible 
character, still separate the same well- 
marked species into numerous different 
ones, and give corresponding and different 
names to the produce. A single species. 
Cinchona glandulifera, of Ruiz and Pa- 
von, has three appellations, though scarce- 
ly the least trace of a variety can be de- 
tected, on the strictest botanical examina- 
tion. There is also an opinion prevalent 
in Peru, that it is only the bark of stems 
and lower branches which possesses me- 
dical virtues, and that the slender quills 
(canutillos) which were long sought for in 



preference by the English trade, are far 
less valuable in pharmacy. 

With the hope of throwing light on the 
subject of the different kinds of Huanuco 
bark, and of ascertaining their botanical 
affinities, I have dried and prepared with 
the utmost care, a great quantity of these 
apparent or reputed species that grow 
about Pampayaco, having mj-aelf stripped 
off the barks, and after subjecting them to 
the proper process, sent large quantities 
of the several sorts to Europe. What I 
therefore here state is the result of my ex- 
periments in Peru, and of the comparisons 
which I have instituted respecting them 
since my return to Europe. 

The Officinal barks, growing in the 
vicinity of Cuchero, are as follows:— 

1. Cascarilla Negrilla, which is obtain- 
ed from the Cinchona glandulifera, R. and 
P., is esteemed the finest kind. The tree 
inhabits only the higher mountains, and is 
scarcer than the other species: its trunk 
twelve to fifteen feet, and on the cold 
summits of the mountains attains only the 
stature of a bush ; when it yields so little 
bark that only five or six pounds, on an 
average can be expected from a single 
tree. The Peruvians distinguish this bark 
by its generally blackish upper skin, which 
is only here and there interrupted bysmaD 
grey-green spots when in a fresh state. 
The common people consider these ap- 
pearances as an integral part of the bark, 
and look upon it as the more valuable, if 
beneath the larger spots there appears a 
black shining velvety substance, dispersed 
in ovals, of some lines broad (this proba- 
bly arises from the presence of some spe- 
cies of BgssusJ. The quality of this bark 
is also attested, according to the state- 
ments of the Cascarilleros, by its exhibiting 
a glossy, shining, almost roziny fracture: 
its colour withinside should also be that of 
a ripe orange, with a light transition to a 
fiery brown. The canutos in this kind of 
bark are likewise much thinner and le« 
woody than in the following. In the month 
of February the forests are perfumed with j 
the strong scent of its blossoms. 

2. Cascarilla provinciana yegrilh 



ON THB CAI^CARILLAS OF CUCHBtlO AND HUANUCO. 



251 



(C. glanduliferiB, R. & P. varietasj. This 
is likewise a fine sort, and the produce of 
the same tree, of which the bark differs 
according to its different habitat. On the 
high mountains this species yields the Cos- 
cariUa Negrilla and the present sort in the 
wBrraer vaUies. In external appearance 
these barks are much alike, the inside be- 
ing of a less fiery and fainter colour, and 
more verging on cinttamon brown in the 
second kind. Neither for the European 
trade, nor in medical use, are these dis- 
tinctions, however, of any importance. 

3. Cascarilla provinciana. {Cinchona 
micrantha. R. & P. Varietas, a. flor. ex- 
ttts roseis. 0. flor. extus albidis). The tree 
is of considerable circumference, it flowers 
in February, and frequently yields eight to 
ten arrobas of dry bark, which differs from 
ftat of Huanuco by the strikingly whitish 
colour and greater roughness of the sur- 
f^t. It is likewise thicker and more 
woody, the fracture is more fibrous, and 
the colour of a bright cinnamon brown. 
Three kinds are known in trade. 

4. Paia de Grallinazo, This name is 
applied to the barks which are peeled from 
the young and upper branches of the fore- 
going species. Formerly the foreign mer- 
chants were prejudiced in its favor, and 
considered this as a flhe sort, contrary to 
the opinion generally received in Peru. 
Probably the thinness and less woody tex- 
tnre of the rind, with the difficulty of pro- 
curing it in large quantities, occasioned the 
former idea. Its name, which signifies 
Claw of the Black Vulture (VuUur Aura, 
linn.) arises from the blackish and radiatted 
appearance caused by some species of 
Grapkis, which generally grows upon it: 
the Pata de Gallareta mentioned by Ruiz 
and Pavon, is the produce of the Cinchona 
oimta of the JFTora Peruviana, vol. ii. 
p. 52, which does not grow about Cuchero 
and differs from the present. 

5. Cascarilla hqja de Oliva. (^Cinchona 
nUida, R. et P.?) This kind of bark is 
only known in small quantities, and is not 
regularly collected. It resembles the 
finest kinds of Loxa bark, and excels them 



in theresinois and astringent flavour. The 
tree itself, which is unknown to me, grows 
only upon the coldest mountains, and is 
said to have a stem scarcely eight feet high, 
straight, and producing very little bark, 
but which is so highly esteemed that the 
viceroy and correjedores purchase it all, to 
send as presents to the king and the 
grandees of Spain, so that it is never seen 
in commerce. The flower is of a bright 
red, covered with a white tomentum with- 
inside, and it expands in May. This lat- 
ter circumstance coincides with a Cinchona 
which I found in April, 1830, on the Cues* 
ta de Carpis, growing as a very small tree, 
the Cinchona heterophylla, (Ruiz,) a spe- 
cies distinguished by its pendent flowers, 
but which may perhaps prove only a va- 
riety of C.pubescens, Vahl, (D, C, Prodr. 
vol. iv. p. 353.) 

6. Cascarilla boba colorada, (Cinchona 
purpurea, R. and P.) — ^A tree of con- 
siderable elevation and circumference, by 
which alone it might be discriminated 
from the allied species of Cinchona, as 
well as by its very large and membra- 
naceous leaves, which are covered on the 
underside with broad, prominent, violet- 
coloured veins, that are so numerous in 
the young state as to give their own hue to 
the entire leaf The bark, inti fresh state, 
is extremely bitter, and may probably be 
found useful for making cheap decoctions, 
as it can be sold at a very low price. It is 
not now universally collected, but for- 
merly served for occasionally adulterating 
the better liinds ; an imposition, however, 
that was easily detected. According to 
Gobel, it is not quite certain whether the 
Cascarilla boba is not also sometimes ob- 
tained from the Cinchona cordifolia, Mute, 
and the C. macrocarpa, Vahl. 

7. Corteza del AzaJiar, (Cinchona 
Tnagnifolia, JR. and P.)— A yery stately 
tree, with unusually large white flowers, 
diffusing a most delightful scent, like that 
of orange blossoms. To this bark is never 
applied the name of Cascarilla, that is. 
Fever Bark, in its strict sense, as the ig- 
norant observer does not consider the 



262 



ON THB CA.8CABtLLA8 OF CUCHBRO AND HUANUCO. 



Azahar to be a Cinchona. It is like^ ex- 
cept the stem, a young oak, with bark four 
or five lines thick, and woody ; which, for 
the latter reason, does not roll itself into 
tubes, possesses little astringency, and is 
never gathered for sale : still it is said to 
be applied to officinal uses occasionally in 
Europe, and is mixed in small quantities 
for the purpose of adulteration with the 
finer kinds. 

For the following observations on the 
above-mentioned barks, which, in Peru, 
are regarded as articles of commerce, I 
am indebted to M. Reichel, apothecary at 
Hohenstein, in Saxony, who himself pos- 
sesses one of the richest collections of 
Cinchona in Germany, and has also com- 
pared my samples with those in the great 
collection (considered to be complete) of 
M. Von Bergen, in Hamburg. — " All the 
barks transmitted to me by M. Poeppig, 
appear to be peculiarly well preserved, 
and not at all chafed ; they are also in large 
quantities, and unusually fresh-looking, so 
as to present a series of very instructive 
forms, which it was not easy at first sight 
to identify with the very shattered and 
rubbed articles which are generally seen in 
commerce. 

" I. Cascarilla negrilla. — Of this kind 
there are most rich specimens, a foot long, 
and from one-half to three-fourths of an 
inch in diameter, nearly straight through- 
out, all doubly rolled; the outer surface 
very rough, covered with many oblique 
furrows ; and the colour varying from slate 
to ash, and even reddish grey, clothed with 
many white Lichens and Cryptogamia ; on 
the smooth inside are many tender fibres, 
and the colour is cinnamon. The bark is 
hard, its fracture nearly straight and resi- 
nous; the smell resembling tan, and 
musty ; the taste an acid, astringent, and 
abiding bitter. The appearance, as well 
as other characters, and particularly a 
comparison with the original specimens of 
M. Bergan, leave no doubt that this bark 
is equal to the finest sort from Loxa. It 
formerly came, though rarely, and in small 
pieces, among the Lima barks. The de- 



coction is of a peculiarly beautiful reddish 
yellow ; and when tried with the tests of 
oxyde of iron, oxalic and emetic tartar, 
proves its quality to be the very best 

"II. CascariUa provinciana : the Hu- 
anuco bark of commerce exactly corre- 
sponds with the bark so named in the 
Bergen collection : most of the pieces are 
a foot and a half to two feet long, and from 
three - fourths to an inch in diameter; 
every tube spiral, a character universally 
found in all the young barks from Hua- 
nuco; the external rind and alburnum 
firmly attached together; the outside 
abimdantly covered with white spots and 
little Cryptogamia. The taste, which is at 
first acid, afterwards becomes a powerful 
and enduring bitter. The peculiar trans- 
verse chinks of the Huanuco bark exist 
here in great numbers. The decoction was 
a beautiful red brown ; and when exhibited 
with the before-mentioned tests, proved 
the quality to be that of the inferior Loxa 
kind. 

"III. PtUadeGallinazo, Evidently the 
bark of younger branches of the preceding, 
with which it eminently agrees. None of 
the specimens exceed a foot in length, and 
an inch in thickness, and their decoction 
resembles the last. This kind formed a 
small portion of the so-called 'Lima bark' 
of commerce. 

" IV. CascariUa boba ; the Huamala | 
Bark of Trade ; existing in large quantities, 
but chiefly very young barks ; on part of 
which the wart-like elevations were want- 
ing. The peculiar longitudinal wrinkles 
which distinguish the Huamala bark above 
all others, abound here. In the younger 
specimens, the colour verges upon fawn- 
grey- white on the older samples, which are 
covered with nmnerous wart-like elevations^ 
there are so many brown spots as to give | 
the whole a peculiarly russet hue. All the | 
portions are covered with white spots, but | 
no perfect Lichen could be discerned, ex- 
cept small specimens of Usnea Cinchona- 
rum. The canes ore from one and a half 
to two and a quarter feet long, and from a 
quarter to one inch thick, with a slightly 



DE8CBIPTI0N OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



253 



acid taste, that after long chewing turns to 
a predominating bitter. After the decoc- 
tion had cooled, its colour became like 
yellow loam, and tried with the former 
agents, displayed the same properties as 
the much-used, but very inferior China 
bark." 

About Cuchero, the Cinchona rosea of 
Ruiz and Pavon occurs not unfrequently ; 
it is a highly beautiful tree, which in its 
size and mode of ramification may be justly 
compared with the white Beech of Europe, 
adorned in July with innumerable pale 
▼iolet flowers, and in its growth, circum- 
ference of stem, and great hardness of 
wood, differs greatly from all the other 
Cinchonas, the trunk seldom exceeding 
from six to twelve inches in diameter. Its 
name of Pah de San Juan refers to the 
flowering season. Of the bark no use is 
made, for no one supposes it to belong to 
the Cinchonas; but there can be little 
doubt that their peculiar properties would 
be found, on examination, to exist in the 
thin and smooth bark of its riper branches. 

In the adulteration of the superior sorts 
of bark (a very common practice), the bark 
of the Azahar, described above, was chiefly 
employed. It however bore too much re- 
semblance to Oak-bark, and was so heavy 
and easily distinguishable by its very sharp 
and disagreeably bitter flavour from the 
fine aromatic taste of the genuine kind, 
that the imposition could not prevail to a 
very great extent. The bark of the Lu- 
cumo, perhaps a species of Achras or Cer- 
vantesia, was similarly employed, but it 
had too foreign an appearance to be mixed 
in any great quantity, and the same may 
be said of the Lluto, a new species of 
Clusia, which is a beautiful tree, with large 
white flowers. By many, however, it has 
been denied that this latter bark is mixed 
with the Cinchonas. 

Extracts of the bark were for a long 
time made on the spot, and generally sent 
to Spain ; and in Loxa this business was 
carried on for more than a century, as stated 
by Condamine. After the decline of the 
Bark trade in Huanuco, an English mer- 
chant in Cuchero attempted to make money 



by preparing a large quantity of the ex- 
tract ; but his article met with a bad sale 
in Englcuid, where the Quinine was already 
extensively imported. Samples of it, how- 
ever, that had been preserved in the damp 
primitive forests, by enclosure in leaden 
boxes, were examined by competent judges 
in Germany, and pronounced to be of ex- 
cellent quality, and possessing an aroma 
very superior to the extract made in Eu- 
rope from the dried bark. 

The Cryptogamia on the barks of Cu- 
chero, besides many undescribed species, 
are, 1. On Cascarilla provinciana-— -4*te- 
risca cinchonarum, Graphis svhcurva, G, 
CascarillcB, and G, hyssiseda ; Lecanora 
paUido-Jlava, Verrucaria parasema, and 
of the larger lichens only the Usnea cin- 
chonarum. — 2. On Cascarilla Negrilla — 
Lecanora punicea, Lecidea gnsea, Ver- 
rucaria exasperata, Graphis sub-bifida, 
Variolaria microcephala, and Parmelia 
melanoleuca. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN 
PLANTS. 

(Contwuedfromp.\0\,) , :-^i 

TABERNABMONTANA MACROCARFA. 
W.J. 

Foliis ovato-ellipticis basi attenuatis, co- 

rymbis terminalibus dichotomis,folliculis 

maximis subglobosis. 

In the interior of Bencoolen. 

A Tree; branches smooth, somewhat 
compressed in contrary directions between 
each pair of leaves. Leaves opposite, pe- 
tiolate, from elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lan- 
ceolate, tapering to the base, broader above, 
with a short point, very entire, very smooth ; 
nerves transverse, uniting into submarginal 
arches, ten to twelve inches long. Petioles 
embracing the stem, each uniting with the 
base of the opposite one : Peduncles three 
to four, terminal, dividing at their summits 
into dichotomous corymbs. Flowers rather 
large, yellowish. Cali/x five-cleft, erect, 
thick. Corolla much longer than the ca- 
lyx ; tube gibbous, almost globose at the 
base, narrowing upwards ; limb rotate, five- 



254 



DESCSIPTION OF MALAYAK PLANTS. 



parted; segments oblong, oblique. iSto- 
mwa five, within the tube. Ovary double. 
Styles two, shorter than the stamina. 
Stigma small. Follicles two, baccate, as 
ktge as citrons, red, diverging, subglobose, 
exuding a milky juice when cut, with a 
lidge eHong the middle, and one at each 
side, which unite in a short blunt point, 
one-celled, many-seeded; the cell is re- 
curved into the form of a crescent Seeds 
contained in red fleshy arils or lobules, 
which are angled by mutual compression, 
oblong, chrysaloid, hollowed on the one 
side with incurved rounded edges, convex 
on the other, and longitudinally corrugated. 
Embryo contained in a conform aUntmen ; 
cotyledons flat, round, cordate; radicle 
centripetal, cylindrical, longer than the co* 
tyledons. 

FAORiEA CARNOSA. W. J. 

Foliis subrotundo-ovatis mucronatis camo- 

sis, floribus terminalibus solitariis. 

In the neighbourhood of Bencoolen. 

A parasitic Shrub growing on trees, with 
smooth greyish bark, and somewhat dicho- 
tomous branches. Leaves opposite, petio- 
late, subrotund with a short reflexed point, 
entire with reflexed margins, very smooth, 
thick, and fleshy. Petioles compressed, 
embracing the braAcb, and furnished with 
an intrapetiolar ligule or stipule. Floyyers 
terminal, solitary, nearly sessile, embraced 
at the base by a few sheathing bracts. Ca- 
lyx five -parted. Corolla of a dull yellow- 
ish-white colour; tube about four inches 
long, expanding into a five-parted limb. 
Stamina five, rising a little above the tube ; 
anthers large. Style little more than half 
the length of the tube. Stigma four-lobed. 
Berry as large as a small eg'g, seated on 
the persistent calyx, ovate, rather pointed, 
two-celled, many-seeded ; seeds nidulant. 

Obs. This is the fiflh species of Fagcea 
that I have met with in the Malay islands ; 
the others have been already described in 
Roxburgh's Flora Indica. The F. race- 
mosa grows to be a small tree, and the F. 
volubilis, doubtfully proposed by Dr. Wal- 
\ich as a distinct species, is the same plant. 
The JP. auricukUa is a large shrub, and 



ftx)m the size of its flowers is the moet I 
splendid of the genus. I originally met 
with it at Singapore, but have since foimd 
it also at Tappanuly ; the following parti- 
culars may be added to the description 
given by Dr. Wallich : 

F. auriculata. Flowers terminal, ge- 
nerally three, rarely five, on short pediceb, 
each embraced by four opposite calyculate 
bracts, of which the outer two are the 
smallest. Corolla very large, yellowish- 
white. Stamina inserted near the bottom 
of the tube. Stigma large and flattenei 
Ovary two- celled, polysporous ; the edges 
of the placentflB revolute. Fruit as large 
as a duck's egg, acuminated by part of the 
persistent style ; seeds numerous, nidulant. 

IXORA NERIIFOLIA. W, J, 

Foliis linearibus acuminati^glabris, corym- 

bis terminalibus. 

Bunga Saluang, Malay. Native df the 
west coast of Sumatra. 

A Shrub, with round smooth branches. 
Leaves opposite, short-pettoled, linear, ta- 
pering to the point, acute, about nine inches 
long, by little more than half an inch broad, 
entire, with revolute edges, very smooth. 
Stipules interpetiolar, subulate, longer than 
the petioles. Corymbs terminal, erect, tri- 
chotomous. Flowers red. Bracts amtlll» 
acute. Calyx small, four-toothed. Corel* 
la; tube long, slender; limb spreading, 
four-parted, segments lanceolate, acute. 
Stamina four, alternate with the lacinie of 
the corolla. Style a little longer than the 
tube. Stigma clavate. Fruit a berry. 

Obs. The long narrow leaves readily 
distinguish this species ; it is a handsome, 
delicate shrub. 

LECANANTHUS. W, J, 

Pentandria Monogynia. — ^Nat Ord. 

RUBIACE^. JuSS. 

Ca/yx campanulatus, ampliatus, colora- 
tus, irregulariter divisus. Corolla tube 
brevi, limbo 5-partito. Ovarium bilocu- 
lare^ polysporum, placentis centralibuB 
connexis. Stylus bifidus. Stigmata % 
linearia crassa. — Frulext jlorihus cap* 



DBSCRI7TI0N OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



255 



^0^ involucratis ierminalibus, mstivatUme 
rtahatd. 

LBCANANTHUS ERUBESCENS. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

A small erect Shrub ; stem four-sided, 
two of the angles acute. Leaves opposite, 
ahort-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, acute at 
both ends, rather attenuated to the point, 
entire, smooth; about eight inches long. 
Stipules interpetiolar, large, ligulate, cari- 
nate towards the base. Flowers pale red, 
densely aggregated within the hypocrateri- 
Ibnn cup of the involucre, forming a head 
which is terminal, nearly sessile, and turned 
backwards. Involucre monophyllous, en- 
tire. Pedicels none. Calyx superior, co- 
loured, tomentose, thick and fleshy, much 
wider than the corolla, expanding into from 
two to four irregular, unequal, obtuse lobes; 
the calyces of the outer flowers are oflen 
BO much produced on one side as to seem 
bilabiate. Corolla, tube short, segments 
five, acute, thick. ./Estivation valvate. 
Stamina five, inserted on the tube ; anthers 
luge. ' Ovary crowned with a prominent 
oectarial ring, two-celled, polysporous; 
oTula arranged round central, semicylin- 
diical placente. Style bifid. Stigmata 
two, thick and linear. 

PSILOBIUM. TV. J. 

Pentandbia Monooynia.— Nat. Ord. 

RUBIACEiE. JUSS. 

Calyx patens, 5-partitus. Corolla tubo 
brevi, limbo 5-partito. Stamina basi co- 
roll© inserts. Stigma clavatum, 10-ala- 
turn, exsertum. Fructus cylindricus, sili- 
qmefonnis, foliolis calycinis persistentibus 
ooronatus, bilocularis, polyspermus. Se- 
fft^na duplici serie axi affixa. — Fruticosa, 
pedunculis axillaribus paucifloris, estiva- 
ti(nte valvatd. 

PSIXOBIUM nutans. W. J. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

Stem erect, four-sided, with rounded 
ao^es. Leaves opposite, petiolate, lan- 
ceolate, attenuated to both ends, acute, 
entire, smooth. Stipules interpetiolar, 
twad, acuminate, carinate. Peduncles 



axillary, drooping, bearing from three to 
sixjlowers. Bracts forming a kind of in- 
volucre at the base of the very short pedi- 
cels. Calyx superior, very large, composed 
of five leaflets or very deep segments, 
which are veined with red. Stamina five ; 
filaments short ; anthers long, erect. Style 
short. Stigma long, exsert, oblong-ovate, 
longitudinally ten-winged, the'five alternate 
wings smaller. Fruit long, cylindrical, 
siliquose, crowned with the large persistent 
calyx, two-celled, many-seeded ; seeds ar- 
ranged in a double series in each cell. 

OPHIORRHIZA HETEROPHYLLA. W. J, 

Foliis oppositis subrotundo-ovatis, altero 

nano. 

Found in the interior of Bencoolen. 

This species is readily distinguished by 
the peculiarity of one of the opposite leaves 
being always dwarf or abortive ; the other 
is subrotund-ovate, with a bluntish acumen^ 
smooth, pale, and whitish beneath. The 
stem is erect and tomentose. Flowers in 
a small terminal cyme. Capsule compress- 
ed, obcordate. 

QUERCUS RACEMOSA. W. J, 

Foliis lato-lanceolaiis integerrimis glaber* 
rimis, spicis masculis paniculatis, iructi« 
bus spicatis nuce umbiUcaio-depreesft, 
calyci fructds tuberculato. 
Punning-- Punning btmkus, Malay. Na- 
tive of Sumatra. 

A large Tree, with brownish bari. 
Branches smooth. Leaves alternate, short 
petioled, ovate -lanceolate, acuminate, atte- 
nuated to the petiole, very entire, very 
smooth, nerves well marked, and reddish 
beneath, six to eight inches long. Stipules 
small, linear. Male spikes numerous, pa- 
nicled, terminal, and from the axils of the 
upper leaves, which are crowded round the 
thickened extremity of the branch, slender, 
hoary ;^t^7er^ sessile, aggregated. Female 
spikes at first terminal, becoming afterwards 
lateral by the shooting up of the branch ; 
flowers numerous, dense, sessile. Male : 
Calyx six-parted, segments acute. Sta^ 
mina fifteen to twenty. The centre of the 
flower is occupied by a densely villous disk. 



S56 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



Female : Calyx rugose^ turbinate, umbi- 
licate. Ovary three to five-celled, each 
cell containing two ovula attached by a 
thread to its summit. Acorns large, de- 
pressed, umbilicate, with a short macro. 
Cup flat, embracing the nut for about half 
its height, nearly an inch in diameter, 
rough with angular imbricated tubercles, 
which are laige towards the base, and be- 
come small towards the edge. 

Obs. This is a very splendid species 
from the great size of its racemes and 
acorns. Punning -punning is the generic 
appellation of the Oaks in Malay ; in the 
Rejang dialect they are called Pasang. 

QUBRCUS URCE0LARI8. W, J. 

Foliis elliptico-oblongis acumfne gracili 
integerrimis glaberrimis, fru6tibus spi- 
catis, calyce fructus subhemisphnrico 
limbo patente. 
Native of Sumatra. 

A Tree with rough bark. Leaves alter- 
nate, petiolate, elliptic-oblong, terminated 
by- a long, slender acumen, very entire, 
smooth^ coriaceous, pale beneath ; eight to 
nine inches long. Fruit on lateral racemes. 
Acorns rounded and flattened at top, um- 
bilicate in the centre, and mucronate with 
the three short, persistent styles, rather 
perpendicular at the sides, half embraced 
by the calyx, which is cup-shaped, marked 
on the outer surface with small, acute, scaly 
points, concentrically arranged, and whose 
margin expands into a spreading, nearly 
entire, waved limb. The ovary is three- 
celled, each cell containing two ovula, and 
is lodged in the bottom of the large funnel- 
shaped calyx. The acorn contains a sin- 
gle exalbuminous seed, placed a little 
obliquely. 

Obs. The spreading limb of the cups 
forms a good distinctive character, and 
renders this a very remarkable and curious 
species. 

ARECA TIGILLARIA. W, J, 

Frondibus pinnatis, foliolis acutis, spadici- 
bus ramosis, flore unico femineo inter 
duos masculos, fructibus globosis. 
Nihong, Malay. 



Abundant in Sumatra and the Malay 
Islands, where it is much used in the con- 
struction of houses, &c. 

Trunk erect, generally thicker than that 
of the common Pisang (Areca Catechu) 
armed, particijdarly on the lower part, with 
straight, slender, flattened spines. Fronds 
pinnate ; leaflets linear, acuminate, reflexed 
at the edges so as to make the upper sur- 
face convex, smooth, with a few brownish 
scales on the middle nerve of the younger 
ones i they diminish in size to the top of 
the frond, and the last two are partly united 
at their base. Stipes of the frond scaly 
while young, compressed, grooved above. 
The sheaths armed like the trunk. Spadix 
within the sheath of the frond, embracing 
the stem, flattened at the base, much 
branched ; flower bearing branchlets about 
two feet long, drooping, the lower ones 
three to four together, the uppermost soli- 
tary or in pairs. Spathe single, completely 
inclosing the spadix before expansion, 
compressed, two-edged, deciduous, partial 
spathes none. Flowers sessile, one female 
between two males ; the latter considerably 
the largest, and deciduous. Male herma- 
phrodite. Perianth six-parted, the outer 
leaflets small, the inner much longer, and 
acuminated with fine points. Stamina six; 
anthers sagittate. Ovary small, surmount- 
ed by three linear styles. Female Peri- 
anth six-parted ; leaflets nearly equal, 
rounder and shorter than those of the male. 
Stamina none. Stigmas three. Fruit 
globose, about the size of a carabine bullet, 
of a deep purple colour' when ripe, with a 
glaucous tint, containing under a reddish 
pulp a single smooth, globular nut. Nut 
one-seeded, having a thickened whitish 
scar on the side, and a small areola at the 
base, opposite to the embryo. Seed solid ; 
albumen runcinated ; embryo basilar, short, 
cylindrical, obtuse. 

Obs. This differs from the common 
Areca in the disposition of the flowers on 
the spadices, and in having the nut con- 
tained under a pulpy and not a fibrous 
covering. In A. Catechu the ovary is 
likewise monosporous. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



257 



ENCHIDIUM. W. J. 

MONCECIA MONADELPHIA. — Nat Ord. 

EUPHORBIACEiE. JuSS. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla 5-partita. 
Nedarium glaDdulse decern. Mas. Jila- 
mentum colimmare, 10-antherifenim ; an- 
therisradiatiinpatentibus. Fem. Ovarium 
Irilobum. Styli 3. Stigmata 6. — Floras 
masculi et/eminei in eadem spied. 

BNCHIDIUM VERTICILLATUM. W. J. 

Arbor spiculanim. Rumph. Amb. III. p. 

167. t 106. 
, Not unfrequent on hills in Sumatra and 
the Malay Islands. 

A large Shrub; I have not, however, met 
with any that had attained so great a size as 
mentioned by Rumphius. The leaves are 
vranged in a kind of irregular verticils at 
different distances along the branches, as 
exhibited in the figure quoted; on the 
young shoots they are sometimes irregularly 
disposed along the whole length ; they are 
petiolate, lanceolate, acuminate, very en- 
tire, very smooth, firm and somewhat lea- 
thery, of various length, generally about 
six inches long by two and a half broad. 
Petioles from one to two inches and a half 
long, flattened above, striated. Spikes 
from among the upper verticils of leaves, 
bearing both male and female flowers, the 
former lowermost, all pedicellate. Calyx 
five parted. Corolla purple towards the 
centre, five-parted, furnished with ten cal- 
lous nectaries or glands at the base. In 
the male the filament is columnar, bearing 
ten anthers, which diverge in a radiated 
circle round the summit. The female has 
a three-lobed ovary, surmounted by three 
ftyles, with bifid stigmata, 

Obs. There can be little doubt of the 
identity of this plant with Rumphius's Ar- 
bor spicularum, of which he says he was 
never able to procure the flower. I have 
seen great numbers of these plants in the 
wood, but only once was successful in 
observing the blossoms, and have never met 
with the fruit. As the spike, however, for- 
tunately contained both male and female 
flowers, its characters have been sufficiently 

VOL, I. 



determined to assign its proper place. It 
comes nearest to Cluytia, but differs in the 
corolla, and in having ten anthers with fila- 
ments united into a central column. Both 
its fructification and habit appear to distin- 
guish it from all the present genera of the 
Euphorbiaceous family. 

ANTIDESMA FRUTESCENS. W.J. 

Frutescens, foliis oblongo-ovalibus basi 
rotundatis supra glabris, racemis termi- 
nalibus et axillaribus subpaniculatis ge- 
minis solitariisque, nectarii gland ulis 
quinis cum staminibus alternantibus. 
Bencoolen. 

A small dioecious Shrub, not exceeding 
a few feet in height. Branchlets tomentose. 
Leaves alternate, petiolate, oblong-oval, 
rounded, and sometimes subcordate at the 
base, acute, sometimes terminated by a 
short mucro or awn, entire, smooth above, 
subtomentose beneath, chiefly on the 
nerves ; three inches long. Stipules long, 
subulate, acute. Racemes axillary and 
terminal, geminate and solitary, somewhat 
panicled, tomentose ; when geminate, the 
outer raceme is simple, and the inner 
branched; male racemes generally longer 
than the leiLves, female ones shorter. Pe- 
dicels solitary. Bracts shorter than the 
pedicels. Male: Calyx five-parted, to- 
mentose. Nectary of five, yellow, pilose 
glands, alternating with the stamina. Sta- 
mina five ; ^laments much longer than the 
calyx ; anthers bifid ; cells bursting trans- 
versely on the summits of the lobes. Pis-^ 
til abortive, pilose. Female : Perianth 
five-parted. Ovary superior, villous, ob- 
long-ovate, compressed, one-celled, vesi- 
cular, containing two ovula, which are 
attached close together to one side near the 
top, and hang forward into the cell, which 
is in great part empty and inflated. Styles 
two, one often bifid. Drupe subglobose, 
purplish, about the size of a pepper-corn ; 
nut one to two-seeded. 

Obs. It has considerable resemblance 
to Roxburgh's A. pubescens ; that, how- 
ever, is a tree, while this is a small shrub. 
The most important difference appears to 
be in the nectary of the male flower. 



258 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



8ALACIA. Linn. 
This genus seems to require a little elu- 
cidation. It was originally referred to 
Gj/nandria, the fleshy nectary on which 
the stamina are inserted having been mis- 
taken for the germen, and the real ovary, 
on account of its smallness, having escaped 
the observation of Linneus and Loureiro. 
This circumstance is now, I believe, gene- 
rally admitted; there can therefore be no 
doubt of the identity of Roxburgh's Johnia 
with Salacia, and his J. salacioides agrees 
so well with S. Chinensis, particularly in 
having entire leaves, that it is questionable 
whether they are not the same, for it is to 
be observed, that in most of the species the 
leaves are only subopposite, and may occa- 
sionally on the same tree be found both 
opposite and alternate. Tonsella prinoides, 
Wiild. Act. Acad. Nat. Berol. IV. is also 
without doubt a true species of Salacia; if 
it be not in fact the same plant as the 
Johnia Coromandeliana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 
I. p. 178. Calypso salacioides of Aubert 
du Petit Thouars agrees exactly with these 
in the structure of the flower, but differs 
in having many-seeded berries. Some of 
the species of Tonsella appear likewise to 
have polyspermous fruit ; but those which 
have definite seeds are probably true spe- 
cies of Salacia, It may be questioned 
whether the distinction, founded on the 
number of seeds, be really of generic va- 
lue where the agreement is so exact in all 
other respects ; especially if it should be 
found that a gradation exists from the one 
to the other in the fruit of the different 
species. This, however, can only be de- 
termined by an accurate examination of 
the ovaries and fruit of the various plants 
at present ranged under Tonsella, In the 
natural arrangement, Salacia undoubtedly 
bears the greatest affinity to Hippocratea, 
it being scarcely possible to distinguish the 
two genera when only in flower. It also 
agrees in many particulars with the Celas^ 
trintB, but differs in having exalbuminous 
seeds. The union of the Hippocrataceoi 
and CelastriruB has, however, been sug- 
gested by Mr, Brown, in his remarks on 
the Botany of Terra Australis. Under the 



above view the genus will be characterized 
as follows. — Calyx inferus^ 5-fidus. CaroQa 
5-petala. Stamina 3, disco camosa inserta. 
Ovarium 3-loculare, loculis 1 — ^2-spoTi8, 
ovulis axi affixis. Bacca 1 — 3-spenna. 

Frutices vel arbuscul®, /o/iw subopposi- 
lis simplicibus, 

I have met with two species in Sumatra, 
one with anthers sessile on tlie nectary, 
which agrees very nearly both with S. Chi- 
nensis and Roxburgh's J, salacioides; the 
other with anthers supported on filaments, 
and nearly related to J. Coromandeliana, 
Roxb. 

VITIS RACBMIFERA. W, J. 

Tetrandra, foliis quinatis, foliolis spines- 
centi-serratis subtus incanis, cirrhis op- 
positifoliis racemiferis, racemis composi- 
tis longissimis, baccis dispermis. 
Akar Charicun, or Bayur Akar, Malay. 
Native of Sumatra. 

A large, strong, woody climber. Branches 
round, villous. Leaves alternate, quinate ; 
leajlets pedicellate, oblong-obovate, acute, 
subspinoso-serrate, the Serratures being 
formed by the spLnescent termination of the 
nerves, smooth above, hoary beneath, fire- 
quently with a ferruginous shade. Petioles 
villous. Cirrhi opposed to the leaves, veiy 
long, simple or bifid ; when bifid, one branch 
becomes the peduncle. Racemes very 
long, compound, consisting of numerous 
densely-flowered racemuli, inserted on a 
peduncle formed of (he thickened tendril 
The whole raceme is often a foot aiul a 
half in length. Peduncles femiginoudy 
villous. Flowers sessile on the partial 
peduncles, small, green. Calyx minute, 
embracing the base of the corolla, quadri- 
dentate. Corolla deeply four-parted. Sta- 
mina four ; anthers yellow. Otary sur- 
rounded by a fleshy ring, tetrasporoitt. 
Style scarce any. Stigma thick. Berry 
of the shape of an olive, and nearly as 
large, purple, juicy, two-seeded. 

Obs. This would be a species of Cissus, 
according to the Linncean division; but that 
genus has now been united to ViHs by Mi. 
Brown, as they differ in nothing but flic 
number of parts. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



259 



RHOPALA OVATA. W.J, 

Foliis subscssilibus ovatis utrinque acutis 
integerrimis, pedicellis brevissimis cum 
calycibus ovariisque levissime tomen- 
toflis. 

Found at Tappanuly. 
A small Tree. Leaves alternate and 
opposite, almost lessile, broad, oVate, acute, 
sometimes acuminate, entire with revolute 
edges, very smooth, nerves distinct; ten 
inches long by six broad. Petiole none, 
Hive the thickened base of the middle 
nerve. Racemes below the leaves from 
former axils. Pedicels two-flowered; a 
bract at the base of each, and at the sub- 
dirisions. Perianth, together with the 
pedicels, slightly tomentose or nearly 
amooth. Nectarial scales four. 

LINOCIERA ODORATA. W. J. 
DiANDRIA MONOGYNIA. — Nat. Od. 

Olein^. 

Foliis lanceolatis utrinque acutis glaberri- 

ihis, paniculis axillaribus foliis brevio- 

ribus. 

At Natal, and on Pulo Mosella. 

A large Shrub, with subdichotomous 
branches. Leaves subopposite, short pe- 
tioled, oblong-lanceolate, acute at both 
ends, entire, smooth, and coriaceous ; four 
to five inches long. Panicles axillary, op- 
posite, much shorter than the leaves ; pe^ 
duTicles opposite, three to five-flowered. 
Flowers subsessile, fragrant. Bracts small, 
oblong. Calyx four-parted. Corolla white, 
almost four-petaled ; petals long, linear, 
united in pairs by means of the filaments, 
slightly cohering at the other divisions. 
Stamina two ; anthers large, emarginate 
at the apex. Ovary two-celled, each cell 
containing two linear pendulous parallel 
ovula. Style scarce any. Stigma bifid. 



In point of interest, the "Third" Memoir, 
as it ia called, of Mr. Jack, far exceeds the 
previous ones, as it contains that gentle- 
man's account made from recent specimens, 
of the most wonderful of all plants, the 



Haffiesia Titan (R. Amoldi, Br.) ; Dry- 
obaianops Camphora, which yields the 
Camphor of Sumatra, the most precious 
and costly of all the Camphors ; the Sagus 
UBvis of Rumphius, which affords the Sago 
of Sumatra and Malacca; the Stagmaria 
vemiciflua, from which the lacquer or var- 
nish, so highly prized and so successfully 
employed by the Japanese, is prepared ; 
and lastly, four species of that highly cu- 
rious genus. Nepenthes (Pitcher-plant), of 
which two are entirely new. I have rea- 
son to think that the present Memoir is 
very little known in this country, as I have 
never seen it quoted, nor met with any 
copy but that which has been kindly lent 
me by the mother of its lamented author. 
This number of the Malayan Miscellany is 
without date, and only bears the title 
"Appendix. Descriptions of Malayan 
Plants, by William Jack. No. 3." 

RAFFLESIA. W. J. 

DicEciA Gynandria. 

Perianthium monophyllum ventricoso- 
campanulatum, fauce coarctata nectario 
annulari incumbente coronata, limbo 5- 
partito subreflexo, laciniis rotundatis ; Co- 
lumna fructiflcationis maxima, crassa, 
stigmate truncato coronata, disco processi- 
bus pluribus comiculatis echinato. 

Mas. Anther<B numerosee, globose, ses- 
siles, sub stigmate in orbem dispositse, apice 
poro umbilicatse, substantia cellulosa. 

Fbm. Semina minuta, nidulantia in 
substantia rimosa baseos columnsB, cui an- 
therse deficiunt. 

Herba parasitica aphylla,fioregiganteo. 

RAFFLESIA TITAN. 

Sumatran name, Peliman Sikuddi, or 
Devil's Siri-box. 

Native of the forests in the interior of 
Sumatra, particularly those of Passummah 
Ulu Manna, where it was first discovered 
by Sir T. S. Raffles, on his journey into 
that country in 1818. 

This gigantic flower is parasitic on the 
lower stems and roots of the Cissus an- 
gustifolia, Roxb. It appears at first in the 



2m 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



form, of a small round knob, which gradu- 
ally increases in size. The Jhwer-bud is 
invested by numerous membranaceous 
sheaths, which surround it in successive 
layers, and expand as the bud enlarges, 
until at length they merely form a cup 
round its base. These sheaths or bracts 
are large, round, concave, of a firm mem- 
branaceous consistence, and of a brown 
colour. The bud, before expansion, is 
depressed, round, with five obscure angles, 
nearly a foot in diameter, and of a deep 
dusky red. The flower, when fully ex- 
panded, is in point of size, the wonder of 
the vegetable kingdom, its breadth across 
from the tip of the one petal to the tip of 
the other, being little short of three feet. 
The cup may be estimated capable of con- 
taining twelve pints, and the weight of the 
whole is from twelve to fifteen pounds. 
The inside of the cup is of an intense pur- 
ple, and more or less densely villous, with 
sofl flexible spines of the same colour ; 
towards the mouth it is marked with nu- 
merous depressed spots of the purest white, 
contrasting strongly with the purple of the 
surrounding substance, which is consider- 
ably elevated on their lower side. The 
petals are of a brick red, with numerous 
pustular spots of a lighter colour. The 
whole substance of the flower is not less 
than half an inch thick, and of a firm fleshy 
consistence. It soon after expansion be- 
gins to give out a smell of decaying animal 
matter. The perianth is cyathiform, nar- 
rowed at the mouth, which is further con- 
tracted by a nectarial ring which surrounds 
it, leaning inwards. The limb is five-part- 
ed, somewhat reflexed, but turning upwards 
again at the point; the lobes subrotund 
and thick. In the centre of the cup rises 
a thick column, truncate and nearly flat on 
the top. At its base is a prominent ring 
or cord, and another a little above, both 
homogeneous in substance with the column. 
The summit of the column or stigma is a 
flat disk, about six inches in diameter, from 
which rise from forty to sixty comiculate 
processes, nearly erect, but diverging a 
little from the centre; the upper edge is 
thin, and rises up like the rim of a salver ; 



the lower edge is incumbent and somewhat 
re volute. The sides of the column are 
angular. 

In the male, the stamina are arranged 
in a circle under the lower edge of the 
stigma, by which they are concealed. Each 
stamen is lodged in a proper hollow, sepa- 
rated from the next by a process of the 
revolute edge. Filamenit none. Anthers 
sessile, globular, about the size of a pea, 
dark-coloured, attached to the lower surface 
of the stigma. They have a white depressed 
spot on the summit, in the centre of which 
is a pore or foramen for the emission of the 
pollen. The whole substance is spongy 
and cellular. 

In the female, the column is precisely 
similar, but wants the anthers and their 
hollows. In the centre its substance is 
full of irregular fissures, on the surface of 
which numerous minute seeds are observed. 
The fruit never bursts ; but the whole plant 
gradually rots away, and the seeds mix with 
the putrid mass. 

Such are the characters of this very ex- 
traordinary vegetable, which appears to 
have little aflinity with any other, and to 
be as unique in its mode of fructification 
as in size. 

It was, as already mentioned, first dis- 
covered by Sir Stamford Raffles, in the 
forests of Passummah Ulu Manna, and the 
specimens were forwarded by him to Eng- 
land in 1818. In the following year, nu- 
merous additional specimens were procured 
from various parts of the country, and an 
opportunity aflbrded for more minute exa- 
mination, the particulars of which are con- 
tained in the foregoing short account The 
greater part of these specimens have been 
transmitted to England, together with the 
observations made on the recent plants. 
Some time after their despatch, a letter was 
received from Sir Joseph Banks, acknow- 
ledging the receipt of the first specimens, 
which had all proved to be males, and sug- 
gesting the probability of the plant being 
parasitic, a conjecture which had, during 
the interim, been ascertained to be correct 
by investigation on the spot. 



.XIV 







Swtm Sff 



DBtCAIPTIOK OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 261 

It will perhaps not be unacceptable to count of our many interesting discoveries 

our readers, if I here subjoin some extracts from the hand of Dr. Arnold. At the pe- 

&om the admirable history of the male riod of his death he had not done much ; 

plant in the 13th volume of the Transac- all was arrangement for extensive acquire* 

tions of the LinnsBan Society, and a very ments in every branch of Natural History, 

reduced figure of it, done from the same I shall go on with the collections as well 

work, together with some account of a se- as I can, and hereafler communicate with 

cond species, discovered by Dr. Blume, you respecting them, and in the mean time 

and published in his rare and costly work, content myself with giving you the best 

the Flora JatkB, account I am able of the largest and most 

The accounts that first reached England magnificent flower, which, so far as we 

of the Rafflesia, were communicated in a know, has yet been described. Fortunately 

letter to the late Sir Joseph Banks, extracts I have found part of a letter from poor 

from which Mr. Brown has published, of Arnold to some unknown friend, written 

Sumatra, with the following remarks : — while he was on board ship, and a short 

'' This gigantic flower, which forms the time before his death, from which the fol- 

subject of the present communication, was lowing is an extract — 
discovered in 1818, on Sir Stamford's first " After giving an account of our journey 

journey from Bencoolen into the interior, io Passummah, he thus proceeds — 
In that journey he was accompanied by a " ' But here (at Pulo Lebbar, on the 

Naturalist of great zeal and acquirements. Manna River, two days' journey inland of 

the late Dr. Joseph Arnold, a member of Manna) I rejoice to tell you I happened to 

this Society, from whose researches, aided meet with what I consider as the greatest 

by the friendship and influence of the go- prodigy of the vegetable world. I had 

vemor, in an island so favourably situated ventured some way from the party, when 

and so imperfectly explored as Sumatra, one of the Malay servants came running 

the greatest expectations had been formed, to me with wonder in his eyes, and seiid. 

Bat these expectations were never to be '' Come with me. Sir, come ! a flower, very 

realized ; for the same letter which gave large, beautiful, wonderful !" I immedi- 

the account of the gigantic flower, brought ately went with the man about a hundred 

also the intelligence of Dr. Arnold's death, yards in the jungle, and he pointed to a 

" As in this letter many important parti- flower growing close to the ground under 

culars are stated, respecting the plant which the bushes, which was truly astonishing. 

I am about to describe, and a just tribute My first impulse was to cut it up and carry 

is paid to the merits of the Naturalist by it to the hut. I therefore seized the Ma- 

whom it was discovered, I shall introduce lay's parang, (a sort of instrument like a 

my account by the following extract : — woodman's chopping hook,) and finding 

BeoeooleD, Aog. 1818. that it sprang from a small root which ran 

" You will lament to hear that we have horizontally, (about as large as two fingers 

lost Dr. Arnold : he fell a sacrifice to his or a little more,) I soon detached it and 

exertions on my first tour into the interior, removed it to our hut. To tell you the 

and died of fever about a fortnight ago. truth, had I been alone, and had there 

''It is impossible I can do justice to his been no witnesses, I should, I think, have 

memory by any feeble encomiums I may been fearful of mentioning the dimensions 

pass on his character ; he was in every of this flower, so much does it exceed 

thing what he should have been, devoted every flower I have ever seen or heard of; 

to science and the acquisition of knowledge, but I had Sir Stamford and Lady Raflles 

and aiming only at usefulness. with me, and a Mr. Palsgrave, a respecta- 

" I had hoped, instead of the melancholy ble man, resident at Manna, who, though 

event I have now to communicate, that we equally astonished with myself, yet are 

should have been able to send you an ac* able to testify as to the truth. 



262 DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 

'"The whole flower was of a very thick large germen contaisied; pnhapB there 
substance, the petals and nectary being but might be concealed anthers withis it* 
in few places less than a quarter of an inch " ' It was not examined on the spot, ss 
thick, and in some places three quarters of it was intended to preeenre it in spirits and 
an inch ; the substance of it was very sue- examine it at more leisure ; but fmm ths 
culent. When I first saw it, a swarm of neglect of the persoDS to whom it wnn en- 
flies were hovering over the mouth of the trusted, the petals were destroyed b/ in* 
nectary, and apparently laying their eggs sects, the only part that retained its form 
in the substance of it. It had precisely being the pistil, which was put in epiiils 



the smell of tainted beef. The calyx con- along with two large buds of the 

sisted of several roundish dark-brown con- flower, which I found attached to the same 

cave leaves, which seemed to be indefinite root ; each of these is about as large as 

in number, and were unequal in size, two fists. 

There were five petals attached to the nee- " ' There were no leaves or branches to 
tary, which were thick and covered with this plant ; so that it is probaUe that te 
protuberances of a yellowish- white, vary- stems bearing leaves issue forth at a differ- 
ing in size, the interstices being of a brick- ent period of the year. The soil where 
red colour. The nectarium was cyathiform, this plant grew was very rich, and oovered 
becoming narrower towards the top. The with the excrement of ele{^iants. 
centreof the nectarium gave rise to a large "'A guide from the interior of the 
pistil, which I can hardly describe, at the country said, that such flowers were rare, 
top of which were about twenty processes, but that he had seen several, and thai ths 
somewhat curved and sharp at the end, natives call them Kr&huL 
resembling a cow's horns : there were as " ' I have now nearly finished a ooloursd 
many smaller very short processes. A little drawing of it on as large drawing-paper as 
more than half way down, a brown cord, I could procure, but it is still consideraUy 
about the size of common whip-cord, but under the natural size ; and I propone also 
quite smooth, surrounded what perhaps is to make another drawing of the pistil rt- 
the germen, and a little below it was ano- moved from the nectarium. 
ther cord, somewhat moniliform. " ' I have now, I believe, given you as 

"'Now for the dimensions, which are detailed an account of this prodigious plant 
the most astonishing part of the flower. It as the subject admits of; indeed it is aU I 
measured a full yard across ; the petals, know of it. I would draw your attention^ 
which were subrotund, being twelve inches however, to the very great porosity of the 
from the base to the apex, and it being root, to which the buds are attached.' " 
about a foot from the insertion of the one The specimens sent proved to be vuie, 
petal to the opposite one ; Sir Stamford, and the drawing alluded to, engraved kx 
Lady Raffles, and myself, taking immediate Mr. Brown's paper, is here copied (Tab. 
measures to be accurate in this respect, by XIY.), together with sections, showing the 
pinning four large sheets of paper together, situation of the anthers and their structure, 
and cutting them to the precise size of the The following is Mr. Brown's generic dia- 
flower. The nectarium, in the opinion of racter, derived from the first speciBims 
all of us, would hold twelve pints, and the that were sent over : — *' Perianihium mo- 
weight of this prodigy we calculated to be nophyllum, coloratum ; tttbo venliicoso ; 
fifteen pounds. corona faucis annulari, indivisa ; Ivmh 

" ' I have said nothing about the sta- quinquepartito, mquali. — ^MjlS. Columns 

mina ; in fact, I am not certain of the part (indusa) ; KjiAo apicii rechnato, a«btiis 

I ought to call stamina. If the moniliform simplici serie polyandro ; disco processibuB 

cord surroundii^ the base of the pistil (concentricis) tecto. Antkerm aeasiles, 

were sessile anthers, it must be a polyan- subglobosw, o^uloseB, p«ro apk»s dehis- 

drous plant ; but I am uncertain what the centes. — FniC. Some *' additional ohser- 



DESCftlPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



263 



vatioas" to Mr. Brown'^ p«p9r contain n 
letter from Mr. Jack to Sir Stamford Raf- 
fles, detailing the discovery of the female 
flower by that gentleman, as related 
above. The species Mr. Brown names 
Amoldii, in compliment to Dr. Arnold. 
A second species, R. Borsfieldih Mr. 
Brown mentions as having been found by 
Dr. Horsfield, in Java: the two spedea, 
however, at present, are only to be distin- 
guished by the great difference in the sise 
of the flowers : those of the one, R. Ar* 
noldii, being nearly three feet, of the other 
hardly three inches, in diameter. — Their 
place in the Nat System Mr. Brown con- 
siders to be near Asarine^ or Passijhrem. 

Tab. XfV. Fig. I. Flowen of KagUna ArnoldH, 
Br. (H. noHf Jack,) aooompaiiied bj a scale of feet 
to (ire an idea of its oat. siae. 2. Portions of tbe 
ColumB, to show the sitnation of the Anthers, ahoat 
tkrae-fevrths of the nat. sice. S. Anther — magnified 
three diameters. 4. TraosTerse sectioo of ditto— all 
taken from Mr. Francis Baner's splMidid figures in 
the Iiumasan Transactions. 

A third species has been detected by 
Dr. Blume, in Nousa Kambangan, a small 
island dependent on Java, situated at the 
mouth of the river. He had at first some 
buds only brought to him, which, from 
their structure, he judged might belong to 
a species oi Raffiesia ; but till he went 
and gathered specimens himself, in the 
island where alone it is said to grow, he 
had no idea of the real nature of the plant 
it wa8 in November, 1824, that he visited 
the spot, where, he says, in the account 
published in the " Batavian Courant, for 
March, 1825, ** It was upon the declivities 
of some limestone hills, densdy covered 
with entangled and creeping shrubs, that 
the * Patma,' as it is called by the natives, 
was to be found. One of the guides stop- 
ped from time to time, and having looked 
attentively at the shrubs, he suddenly 
pointed to a branch on which grew one 
plant. It was instantly ciit down, and 
proved to be a species of Cisms,^ known 

■ This is a different apeeies from that on which 
Rif/kma ArwolM is a parasite ; — C. acarwsa, Bl. n. tp, ; 
" foUia pedatis triphjilis coriaoeis glahris, foliolis 
eUiptico-oblongis, basi inKqnali-rotundatis apioe oh- 
tvsinsoalis et grosse serratis serratnris apice scariosis, 
eaale nieoao.*' 



to the natives by the name of Walieran, 
the blossoms of which, however, I could 
not procure. All the guides now strove to 
earn the reward which I offered for a cer- 
tain number of these vegetables, and a few 
minutes had scarcely elapsed when a little 
bud was found growing out of the exposed 
root of the Cissus, lying upon the ground, 
and which had rather the appearance of an 
excrescence of the root itself than any natu- 
ral production. Two buds more were soon 
after brought me in different stages of 
growth : and indeed it was an astonishing 
sight, which I shall never forget, when 
I beheld a large flower-bud, resembling a 
Cabbage-head, and very near its expansion 
— for the outer red-brown scales surround- 
ing the perianth lay loosely over each other, 
so that the upper part of the perianth, ex- 
ternally of a flesh-colour, was exposed to 
view. 

On another root of the Vine, I perceiv- 
ed, to my joy, a fully expanded flower of 
this wonderful plant, having a diameter of 
two feet, while within, the great column, 
beset with raised points, attracted the eye 
by its vivid carmine-red colour. 

These specimens were afterwards figured 
and described in the Flora JaviB, where 
the author assigns to Raffiena and his 
nearly allied genus Brugmansia, a new 
Order, Rhizanthe-b, with the following 
character. — Flowers perfect, or by abor- 
tion dieecious. Perianth superior, simple, 
deeply divided, with an imbricated or in- 
duplicate estivation. Anthers several, 
affixed in a simple series to the central 
column, inverted (posticcB), opening with 
one or two pores at the apex. Pseudocar- 
pium{Peridium, Sporangium,hmk,), one- 
celled; receptacles (placenttB) numerous, 
parietal, densely covered with minute sport 
(sporidia, Link), which are internally ca- 
pillaceo-cellular. — Veqbtation : Plants 
between fleshy and cellular, subglobose, 
parasitic, arising from beneath the bark of 
the roots of other plants, destitute of root, 
stem, and leaves, consisting of a solitary 
flower, surrounded by scales." 

This Order Dr. Blume is inclined to place 
among the higher orders of Acotyledonous 



•2G4 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



or Crjptogamic plants.^ His species be 
calls " jR. Patma ; perianthio intus nudo, 
columnee processibus rectiusculis." His 
figure we have here copied. 

Tab. XV. Pig. 1. Rafiesia Paima, with t scale of 
feet iadtcating \\^ oat. size. 2. Section of the same, 
the opper part of the Periaath beings remoTed, show- 
ing the situatioD of the Anthers ander the margin of 
the Column, and the '* paeudocarpmm*' in the centre of 
the sobslauce, filled with spores. 9. Portion of the 
inner lining of the pseadocarp with its spores— s%iUly 
magnijisd. 4. Solitaiy Spore 



DBY0BALAN0P8. Gitrtn, 
MONADELPHIA PoLYANDRIA. 

Calyx monophyllus, quinquepartitus, 
laciniis lineari-lanceolatis, patentibus. Co- 
rolla pentapetala, petalis basi junctis ovato- 
lanceolatis, calyce longioribus. Stamina 
plurima, monadelpha, hypogyna, longitu- 
dine fere calycis, conni ventia ; filamenta in 
annulum brevem coolita; antheree supra 
tubum filamentoram subsessiles, longae, 
linearos, acutce, mucrone membranaceo, 
biloculares. Ovarium ovatum, stylo acu- 
minatum, superum, triloculare, loculis dis- 
poris. Stylus filiformis, staminibus longior. 
Stigma capitatum. Capsula calyci gran- 
defacto insidena et cincta laciniis ejusdem 
in alas spatulatas foliaceas erecto-patentes 
mutatis, unilocularis, trivalvis, monosper- 

» " Plante siugalanss,'* he shjs, " vel miranda po- 
tins regni Tegetabilis monstra, qaibus becce farailia 
componitur, in biTio quasi CotyUdomas inter atque 
Acotyiedtmeas positse, atrasque videntnr conoectere. 
£ plaotis qaidem oelinlaribas maxima cam fnngis 
gaadent afiinitate, qnippe qaie tam radioe, caale fo- 
liisqae destitaontnr, turn modo prorsus simili evol- 
vnntar. Uti enim fungi oomplures, e. g. inter Conio' 
mycos genera BoeMtelia, Rebent., ^ddimm, Pers., 
UatUagOf Gmel., etc, in plaotis viTis sub epidermide 
oriuntur, quae tum intermescit, et tandem disrnpta in- 
Tolucri instar remnnet, ita pacto fere eodem Bkixan- 
tkea, e cortice rndicnm alienamm prognatie, Titam 
earnodem evolutione sua perturbant, id quod ex per- 
mutala vasornm directione, atque e snbstantiie corti- 
calis tumore luce clarius patet. Verum licet BhUan- 
thea bacce rntione pTuriroum cum fnngis exbibeaot 
nnalogi, altiore tamen evolotionis gradn ab iisdem 
recedunt, plantamm perfecliorum magis absolutam 
mutuando formam. Namque non solum inTolucrum 
coroUinum antherasqne polliniferas, sed et textum 
cellulosum multo perfectiorem, quam in fungis, in ip- 
ris ohserrare licet, quocirca ipsissimus R. Brown, 
Botanicorum nostri acTi facile princeps, RqgUnam in 
Dicotyledonds numerare minime dubius, proxime Pas- 
siforeeu vel AsttrineM collocandam putavit.*' 



ma. Semen embiyone exalbuminosa, io^ 
yerso, cotyledonibus inequalibus, chiysa- 
loideo-contortuplicatis. 

DRTOBALANOPS CAMPHORA. CoM. 

Kapur Bams, Malay. 

Specimens in flower were sent by Mr. 
Prince, from Tapanooly, to Sir T. S. Raffles, 
in 1819, from which the above generic de- 
scription is taken. 1 have since had an 
opportunity of seeing these noble trees in 
their native forests, but not at the time of 
flowering, and 1 am informed that they do 
not bear above once in three or four yeaia. 
Mr. Colebrooke's description in the Asiatic 
Researches, of the tree and fruit, is so com- 
plete, that I cannot do better than copy it 

" Trunk arboreous. Bark brownisL 
Leaves superior alternate, inferior ones 
opposite ; elliptic, obtusely acuminate, pa- 
rallel-veined, entire, smooth; three to seven 
inches long, one to two broad. Psliole 
short. Stipules in pairs, subulate, cadu- 
cous. Perianth one-leaved, five-parted, 
persistent. Capsule superior, ovate, woody, 
fibrous, finely streaked with longitudinal 
furrows, embraced at the base by the caly- 
cine hemispherical cup, and surrounded by 
its enlarged leaflets, which are converted 
into large, foliaceous, spatulaie, rigid, refiex 
wings, one-celled, three-valved. Seed so- ; 
litary, conform to the cavity of the capsule. 
Integument simple, thin, membranaceous, 
thickened along one side, and thence pene- 
trating to the axis, and continued between 
the interior fold of the cotyledons. Peri- 
sperm none. Embryo conform to the seed, 
inverse, milk-white. Cotyledons two, un- 
equal; a/moTuf fleshy thick, chrysaloid con- 
tortuplicate ; the exterior one laiger, 
convolute, and cherishing the interior one, 
smooth without, wrinkled within ; the in- 
terior one much smaller, wrinkled on both 
sides, uniform or round, cordate (as is the 
exterior one, if its folds be expanded). ' 
Plumule simple, conical, two-leaved. Ra- 
dicle near the summit towards the back, 
columnar, a little curved, and ending in ft 
short conical lip; ascending. As. Res. 
XII. p. 539." 

To this accurate and ample description, 



Sr/i/r t'f Teei 



xv 




'- ^I^^^Jj/^'f^'7 ^f^lf7/M\.i^M 



Swan JV 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



265 



I can only add the particulars which the 
examination of flowering specim'ens has 
enabled me to supply. The flowers are 
terminal and axillary, forming a kind of 
panicle at the extremity of the branches. 
The corolla is five-petaled^ longer than the 
calyx, the petals ovate-lanceolate, and in 
some degree adnate or connected together 
at the base. The stamina are numerous, 
and have their filaments united into a ring, 
in which particular it diflers from the ge- 
nera most nearly related to it. The an- 
thers are nearly sessile on the tube of the 
filaments, conniving into a conical head 
round the style, and terminating in acute, 
membranaceous points. The ovary is 
three-celled, containing two ovula in each 
cell. The style is longer than the stamina, 
and crowned by a capitate stigma. 

In Sumatra the Camphor-trees are con- 
fined to the country of the Battas, which 
extends about a degree and a half imme- 
diately to the North of the Equator. They 
are also found in Borneo in nearly the same 
parallel of latitude, and I have reason to 
believe that there are some in the neigh- 
bourhood of Singapore and Johore. This 
valuable tree is not known to exist in any 
other part of the world, and on this account, 
as well as the difficulty of obtaining its 
produce, this kind of Camphor bears an 
exorbitant price. It is all carried to China, 
where it sells for about twelve times as 
much as that of Japan. 

This Camphor is found in a concrete 
state, occupying cavities and fissures in the 
heart of the tree. In order to obtain it, 
the tree is felled and split into lengths, to 
allow of the extraction of the crystallized 
masses. The same trees yield both the 
concrete substance and an. oil, which is 
supposed to be the first stage of the form- 
ation of the Camphor. The Sumatran 
Camphor is little known in Europe, and it 
would perhaps deserve examination to as- 
certain how far its properties differ from 
those of the common kind. It appears to 
be less volatile, and its odour is not so dif- 
fusive. A quantity of it has been recently 
forwarded to Sir E. Home, for the purpose 
of experiment. 



For the natural affinities and a more de« 
tailed account of the method of procuring 
the Camphor,* I may refer to the able paper 

* The followisg particalart concerning the extrac- 
tion of the Camphor, were communicated hj Mr. 
Prince, Resident at Tapanoofyf to Dr. Roxbnrgb, and 
are extracted from the 12th vol. of the Asiatic Re- 
searches above referred to : — 

" This tree grows spontaneoasly in the forests ; and 
is to be found in abondanoe from the back of Ayer 
Bomgey, as far north as Baeongan, a distance of two 
hundred and 6ftj miles. It maj be classed among 
the tallest and largest trees that grow on this coast ; 
several within daily view measuring six or seven feet 
diameter. Before it acquires such dimensions, its 
age is conjectured to be verj considerable ; but it will 
produce Camphor at a much earlier period, when the 
tree does not exceed two and two feet and a half in 
diameter. The same tree which jields the Oil would 
have afforded CmapAor, if unmolested ; the former 
being supposed to be the first stage of the latter's 
forming, and is consequentlj found in jounger trees. 
The natives have no certain means of ascertaining the 
tree which produces either the one or the other ; al- 
though there are some men, styled Toongoo Ngr Cey- 
pooTt who pretend to that knowledge ; but they cannot 
give any reasons for their judgment, beyond favoura- 
ble dreams, which superstition has rendered infallible : 
and it must be admitted that the success of this de- 
scription of people, in discovering and procaring, is 
greater than the majority of those who go in search of 
the Camphor; the distinction may have arisen from 
the peculiar favour of fortnoe to some individnals over 
others, as in most other circumstances of life, firom 
whence they have acquired a celebrity, otherwise they 
could give some rational explanation of their superior 
success. Both OH and Camphor are found in the heart 
of the tree, occupying a vacuum which, in others is 
freqnently filled with pitch ; but it does not extend to 
the whole length ; on the contrary, they are found in 
small portions, of a foot, and a foot and a half long, at 
certain distances. The method of extracting the Oil 
is merely by making a deep incision with a bUGong or 
Malag axe, in the tree, aboat fourteen or eighteen feet 
from the ground, till near the heart, where a deeper 
incision is made with a small aperture ; and the Oil, 
if any in the tree, immediately gushes out, and is re- 
ceived in bamboos, or any other utensil better approved 
of ; in this manner, a party proceeds through the woods 
wounding the Camphor-trees till they attain their ob- 
ject. The Camphor is procured in pretty nearly the 
same way. The trees are cut to the heart about the 
same height from the ground as in the former instance, 
till the Camphor is seen ; hundreds may be thus muti- 
lated before the sooght-for tree is discovered ; when 
attained, it is felled, and out in junks of a fathom 
long, which are again split, and the Camphor is found 
in the heart, occupying a space in circumference of 
the thickness of a man's arm. The produce of a 
middling-sized tree is about eight China catties, or 
nearly eleven pounds, and of a large one, double that 
quantity. The Camphor thus found is called Se Tan- 
tong. It is often the case that the trees which have 



a66 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



already qaotad. It belongB to* the same 
natural family with Dipterocarpus, Sho* 
rea, &c. 

SAOnS LAVIS. 

Hexandria Monooynia. 
Frondibus inermibus pinnatis, apadicibua 

alterne ramosis, floribus singule squam» 

binis, hennaphroditis, fructibus subglo- 

bosis. 
Sagus l»vi«, No. 4. Rumph. Amb. I. 

p. 76. 

Rambiya, Malay. 

This valuable Tret rises to the height 
of about twenty feet, and is generally sur- 
rounded by numerous smaller and younger 
plants which spring up around it afler the 
manner of the Plantain {Musa sapienium). 
The stem, which is about as thick As that 
of the Cocoa-nut tree, is annulated by the 
▼estiges of the fallen leaves, and the upper 
part is commonly invested with their with- 
ered sheaths. The leaves resemble those 
of the Cocoa, but grow more erect, and 
are much more persistent, so that the fo- 
liage has not the same tufled appearance, 
but has more of the graceful ascending 
curve of that of the Saguems Rumphii : 
they are pinnate, unarmed; the leaflets 
linear, acute, carinate, and smooth. The 
tree is from fifteen to twenty years in com- 
ing to maturity, the fructification then ap- 
pears, and it soon after decays and dies. 
The inflorescence is terminal ; several spa^ 
dices rise from the summit of the stem, 
inveloped in sheaths at their joints, and 
alternately branched. It is on these branches 
that the fiowers and fruii are produce4» 
and they are generally from five to eight 
inches in length. They are of a brown 
colour, and closely imbricated with broad 
scariose scales, within which is a quantity 
of dense ferruginous wool, in which the 
minute flowers are imbedded and com- 
pletely concealed. Each scale supports 
two flowers, which are hemu^hrodite, and 

been oat, and left aUiidiiig in tlitt state, wUl prodac* 
Cam^kar in seTea or eight jean after, which is dia- 
tinguiahed bj the name of Oogwr, but it inferior in 
•ppearanoe, thoogb of the aame qnaUtj. The sorta of 
Campkor caUed UUjf undfaot, are Uie sorapinga of the 
wood that sarroonds it. 



scarcely larger than a grain of tuniep^fleed. ' 
The Perianth is six-heaved, of which three 
are interior, the leaflets nearly equal. SU* 
mina six;fllaments very short; anthers 
oblong, two'celled. Ovaria three, con- 
nected together in the middle, each mono- | 
sporous. Style none. Stigma small. Fntii | 
single, nearly globular, somewhat depresied 
at the summit, but with a short, acute, ma- 
cro or point in the centre ; it is covered 
with scales which are imbricated from the 
top to the bottom* and are shining, of a 
greenish straw-colour, of a rhomboidal 
shape, and with a longitudinal furrow down 
their middle. Below the scales, the rind 
is of a spongy consistence, and the fruit 
contains a single seed, of rather an irregu- 
lar shape, and having the umbilicus situated 
laterally a little above the base of the fruit 
The progress of the fruit to maturity is 
very slow, and is said, according to the best 
information I can obtain, to occupy about 
three years from the first appearing of the 
spadices to the final ripening of the iriiit* 
During the period of inflorescence, the 
branches of the spadiz are brown, and ap- 
parently quite bare. Afterwards a number 
of small green knobs appear above the 
brown scales, which go on enlarging, till 
they at length acquire the sixe of a small 
apple. But few fruit come to maturity ea 
each branch. 

In habit and character this tree reoedes 
considerably from the (rue Palmdi, lis 
propagation by radical shoots, exactly in 
the same manner as the conmion cultivated 
Plantain* is peculiar, and is not observed 
in the true Palms. The terminal inflores- 
cence and death of the tree after fructifi- 
cation, is another peculiarity. It is allied 
to Calami^ by its retroversely imbricated 
fruit 

This species of Sago is abundant in 
many parts of Sumatra and at Malacca, and 
is employed in the preparation of Sago for 
food. Considerable quantities are made at 
the Poggy Islands lying 00" the west ooart 
of Sumatra, where it in fact finrms the prin- 
cipal food of the inhabitants. The Sago 
of Siak is remarkably fine, and is also, I 
believe, the produce of this species. At 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



2«7 



the Mcduccas the spinous sort is consider- 
ed superior to this, but I am doubtful whe- 
ther it exists in Sumatra. For making the 
Sago, the tree must be out before fructifi- 
cation commences, as it then becomes hard 
and dry. The process of making it has 
beeii so often described, that it is needless 
to repeat it here. 

staomaria. w. j, 
Pbntandria Trigynia. 

Calyx inferus, tubulosus, deciduus, ore 
irregulariter ruptus. Corolla pentapetala, 
petalis stipiti germinis insertis. Stamina 
quinque, petalis allema, filamentis longitu- 
dine fere corollsB ; antheris oblongis. Ova- 
rium trilobum, lobis monosporis, 1 — 2 
sspe abortivis. Styli 1 — 3 ex apicibus 
loborum ovarii staminibus breviores. Stig- 
mata obtusa. Bacca reniformis, hinc sul- 
cata, cortice varicose, monosperma. Semen 
exalbuminosum; embryone erecto, pseudo- 
monocotyledoneo, fissura laterali ; radicula 
incurva. 

Arbor succo resinoso causiico scaiens, 
foliis simplicibus exstipularibus, floribus 
paniculatis. 

This genus is nearly related to Rhus, 
but is distinguished by the following parti- 
culars. The petals and stamina are both 
inserted on the stipes of the ovary, which 
is not surrounded by a nectarial ring, as in 
Rhus, and is three-lobed when perfect. 
The styles are inserted on the lobes of the 
ovary, and do not spring from one point. 
Their number depends on tiie number of 
perfect lobes of the germen, and it is most 
common to find only one. The calyx is 
tubular, deciduous, and bursts irregularly. 
The structure of the fhiit is also different, 
the seed not being here contained in a nut, 
and having the embryo erect, not inverse, 
as in Rhus. 

On all these accounts, added to the dif- 
ference of habit, particularly in having 
simple leaves, I have little hesitation in 
considering it as a distinct genus. 

STAQMARIA VERNICIFLUA. TT. J, 

Arbor vemicis. Rumph, Amb. IL p. 
259. /. 86. 

Kayo Rangas, Malay. 



Native of the Eastern Islands ; it does 
not appear to be abundant in Sumatra, but 
occurs occasionally in the neighbourhood 
of rivers, as at Nattal and Moco-Moco. 

This tree grows to a considerable size ; 
the branches and branchlets are smooth, 
round, and marked with small dots. Leaves 
alternate or scattered, petiolate, elliptico« 
lanceolate, about eight inches long, subat- 
tenuate to the base, rather acute, sometimes 
obtuse, or even retuse at the point, very 
entire, very smooth, firm, and Alining, with 
lucid nerves. Petioles about an inch long, 
flattened above ; stipules none. Panicles 
axillary, on rather long peduncles, flowers 
numerous, pedicellate, white, having rather 
a narcotic smell. Calyx tubular^ decidu* 
ous, bursting into two or three irregulat 
segments. Corolla much longer than the 
calyx, spreading, somewhat reflex, &vm^ 
petaled; petals oblong, rather obtuse» 
adnata at the base to the c(dumn which 
supports the ovary. Stamina five, insert'* 
ed on the same column above the petals, 
alternating with them, and nearly of the* 
same lengi]i;JUaments thread -shaped; on-* 
thers short, oblong, two-celled; ovary on 
a pedicel or column, sometimes three* 
lobed, but more frequently there is only 
one distinct lobe, whose position on the 
pedicel is rendered oblique by the abortion 
of the other two ; each lobe containB a 
single ovulum attached to the inner angle. 
Styles crowmng the lobes of the ovary, 
from one to three, according to the number 
of perfect ovaries or lobes, shorter than 
the stamina. Stigmata obtuse. Berry as 
large as a fresh walnut, reniform or some* 
what spher<^dal, but rather inr^^ar in 
shape, generally furrowed on one side ; the 
rind is rough and brownish, of a spongy 
texture, often exhibiting on the surface the 
appearance of varicose veins, and when 
cut, exudes an acrid juice ; it contains a 
single seed, similar in form to the fruit, 
and equally abounding with a coixosivB 
gum or resin. Emhryo exalbuininoa% 
erect. Cotyledons united, having a fissure 
on one side; radicle at the base of the 
fruit, short, incurved upon the cotyledons 
at the lower part of the fissure. 



268 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



Obs. The wood of this tree is of a fine 
dark colour towards the centre, and lighter 
coloured near the circumference. The 
bark exudes a resin which is extremely 
acrid, and, applied to the skin, causes ex- 
coriation and blistersi The people consi- 
der it dangerous to handle any part of the 
tree, and even to sit or sleep under its 
shade. This resin, on exposure to the air, 
soon assumes a black colour, and becomes 
hard; it is collected and employed as a 
▼amish, and sells for this purpose at a high 
price. According to Rumphius, it is this 
tree which yields the so much celebrated 
Japan lacquer or varnish, and he considers 
it the same with that of Siam and Tonquin. 
Loureiro, however, who had better oppor* 
tunities of observing the latter, represents 
the varnish of those countries as the pro- 
duce of a different tree, which he has de- 
scribed under the name of Augia. The 
Wiush of Siam and Cochinchina is pro- 
bably the best; but that of Celebes and 
Java, which is the produce of this tree, is 
also employed for the same purposes, and 
cannot be much inferior, since it bears as 
high a price, and according to Rumphius, 
higher. The process of obtaining and 
using it is thus given by Rumphius: — 
" The exhalations of this tree are consi- 
dered noxious, and the people of Macassar 
and other parts of Celebes in particular, 
entertain such dread of it, that they dare 
not remain long under it, much less repose 
beneath its shade ; they say that whoever 
receives the droppings from it, will have 
his body swell and be affected with malig- 
nant sores. As, however, it furnishes the 
so celebrated varnish, other people boldly 
repair to this tree, particularly the Chinese 
and Tonkinese, who employ great precau- 
tions in collecting the resin, which is ac- 
complished in the following manner. A 
number of Chinese proceed, about evening, 
to the place where the trees grow, which 
is always at a distance from the resort of 
men or animals, each selects a few, and 
inserts into the trunks two pieces of bam- 
boo, sharpened at their points, in such a 
manner as to penetrate the bark in a some- 
what oblique direction. These remain all 



night, and are extracted before sun-rise the 
next morning, the trees yielding no juice 
during the day. The resin is found in 
greater or less quantity according to the 
richness or poorness of the soil, and ia 
obtained only at certain seasons of the 
year, particularly about the time of flow- 
erings The people who collect it unite the 
produce of their labour, and afterwards 
make an equal division of the whole, on 
which account this resin maintains a high 
price, a single pikul (containing a hundred 
catties) selling, in those provinces of China 
which do not possess this tree, for two or 
three hundred dollars; in Tonkin and 
Camboja, however, it may be had for thirty, 
fifty, or sixty dollars. It is a custom among 
the Chinese, when they approach this tree, 
first to rub its truink lightly, before insert- 
ing the bamboos, wishing by this to show 
that they are not afraid, for they say that 
timid persons will sooner feel its noxious 
effects than those who are bold and fear- 
less. 

** The resin is prepared for varnish in 
the following way : — To one pound of resin 
add an equal weight of the oil of Tang-jhu, 
which is a Chinese tree related to the 
Boonga Tanjong [Mimusops Elengi], from 
whose fruit a red transparent oil is prepar- 
ed, resembling our Linseed Oil: others 
put one pound of oil to three of the resin, 
which are gently heated together, and noake 
a very black varnish. If, however, to one 
pound of resin, two poimds of oil be add- 
ed, a varnish of a brownish yellow, and 
sometimes of a straw-colour, is produced, 
with which wood is lightly done over, to 
bring out the grain and veins. Moreover, 
if while the varnish is heated, red lead, 
powdered galls, or other dry pigments be 
added, it gives the same colour to the work 
upon which it is employed. This liquid 
varnish ought to be covered with water to 
prevent its becoming hard. The articles \ 
to which the varnish is applied must always 
be placed in a cool and moist place to dry, 
which they do slowly ; but when once 
hardened, the varnish never becomes soft 
again, except by the suffusion of iiot water, 
which oflen dissolves it. 



DESCRIPTION OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 



269 



" The Chinese carry this prepared resin 
in large pots from Siam and Camboja to 
Japan, where it is disposed of to gfeat 
profit. 

" The Japanese are the most skilful in 
preparing and ornamenting all kinds of 
wooden articles with this varnish, of which 
thev annually use large quantities, and 
their black lacquered works are dispersed, 
on account of their elegance, to all parts 
of the world." 

Loureiro says, that the black lacquer is 
produced by the varnish in its natural state, 
unmixed with any foreign ingredient, and 
that it is only for producing red and other 
colours that pigments are added. He gives 
his Augia as a native of China, Cochin- 
china, Camboja, and Siam; Rumphius' 
tree is a native of Java, Celebes, Bali, and 
other parts of the Archipelago. 

Under the article Sanga, in the Ency- 
clopedie Methodique, a part of Rumphius' 
account of this tree is given, but by a sin- 
gular mistake of the reference to the plate, 
it is conjectured to be a species of Her- 
nandia, an error which the slightest atten- 
tion to the terms of the description ought 
to have prevented. In the first volume of 
the same work, the Arbor vemicis is made 
a species of Terminalia, under the specific 
appellation of T, Vernix, and the supposi- 
tion has not been rejected by later authors. 
It is needless to add, that it has not the 
least relation to Terminalia. 

NEPENTHES. 
DlCECIA MONADELPHIA. 

Char. £ss, Mas. Calyx 4-partitus. 
Corolla nulla. Filamentum columnare. 
Antherm in globum corapactae. 

Fem. Calyx et corolla maris. Stigma 
sessile, 4-lobum, Capsula supera, 4-val- 
vis, 4-locularis, polysperma. Semina line- 
aria, paleacea. 

Char, Gen, Calyx coriaceus, profunde 
4-partitus, patens. 

Mas. Filamentum columnare, erectum, 
cylindricum, calyce paullo brevius. An- 
iher<B plures, lutes, biloculares, in globum 
compactse. 



Fem. Ovartnm superum oblongum te- 
tragonum. Stylus nullus. Stigma pelta- 
tlim, 4-lobum. Capsula oblonga, utrinque 
attenuata, 4-angularis, lateribus sulcatis, 
4-locularis, 4-valvis, valvis medio septife- 
ris. PlacentcB nullae, praeter dissepimenta. 
Semina immerosa., inclusa, tunica membra- 
nacea rufescente utrinque elongata acuta. 
Albumen oblongum, embryone terete mo- 
Qocotyledone longitudine fere albuminis. 

Folia apice in cirrhum umiferum pro- 
ducta, Racemiprimo terminales, demum, 
crescente caiUe, laierales et oppositifolii. 

This remarkable genus ofiers little affi- 
nity with any other, and its place in the 
natural arrangement is undetermined. No- 
thing can exceed the sportive variety which 
nature has displayed in the adornment of 
these singular plants. Their chief pecu- 
liarity is the urn-shaped appendage to the 
leaf, ihe use and purpose of which it is not 
easy to discover. Some Naturalists, who 
think it necessary in all cases to give an 
answer to the question of " cui bono," 
have expatiated, with more imagination 
than truth, on the benevolent provision of 
these vegetable fountains for the refresh- 
ment of the thirsty traveller in tropical re- 
gions. Into this field of speculation it is 
unnecessary to enter, or to detail the su- 
perstitious ideas entertained respecting 
them, by the ruder inhabitants of the coun- 
tries in which they grow. 

The tendril hangs from the extremity of 
the leaf, frequently twisting itself round 
Kome neighbouring twig, and dilates at its 
extremity into an urn, which turns upwards 
in such a manner as always to preserve its 
perpendicularity. These urns vary in form 
in the difierent species, and are frequently 
tinted with the most beautiful colours. 
Some are long and tubular, and others are 
variously dilated or inflated. They are 
not, however, quite cylindrical, being all 
more or less flattened anteriorly, and some 
species being there furnished with two 
membranaceous wings or fringes. The 
bottom of the urns is beautifully and finely 
punctate on the inner surface, apparently 
by ducts or vessels, from which the water 
is secreted. The margin is fincty and re- 



270 DESCHIPTIOM OF MALAYAN PLANTS. 

gularly striated, and generally ifaore highly apex ; they tetminatc in larger, ventricose, 
coloured than the rest of the urn ; it turns and highly coloured a»eidia or urns, fringed 
inwards, and forms a peculiar inverted rim, alortg the anterior angles with two mem- 
which is denticulate at the edge, in a man- branaceous fimbriate wings, somewhat Con- 
ner corresponding to the striBB. By this tracted at the mouth, which opens obliquely, 
peculiar inversion, it becomes impossible rising much higher, and slightly recurved 
entirely to empty the cup of its water by behind, where the operculum is inserted, 
holding it downwards, and it also forms a The tendrils of the upper leaves are twist- 
kind of trap for whatever enters from with- ed into one or two spires at the middle, 
out, as ingress proves easier than regress, and terminate in long ascending funnel- 
owing to the row of teeth just mentioned, shaped urns, flattened anterioriy but not 
Which oppose themselves to it. The cups, winged, and gracefully turned at the mouth 
in consequence, are almost always found like an antique vase or urn. Both have 
full of insects that have been lured into the the inverted margin beautifully and deli- 
toil, and paid the fbrfeit of their curiosity, cately striated, and variegated with parallel 
While young, the mouth of the cup is stripes of purple, crimson, and yellow, 
closed by an operculum or lid, attached by The opercula are incumbent, membranace- 
a kind of hinge to the posterior angle, ous, ovate, marked with two principal lon- 
which opens at a certain stage, and never gitudinal nerves, and cuspidate behind the 
closes again. The young cups are about hinge. The Tocemes are at first terminal, 
half-full of a pure, limpid, and almost ^^t the stem begins, after a time, to shoot 
tasteless fluid, but after the opening of the beyond them, and they become lateral, and 
operculum it soon becomes polluted with ^^ always opposed to a leaf which differs 
foreign matter. It has been stated that from the others in being sessile, and its 
the lid shuts every night to supply the cirrhus never having an urn at its extre- 
waste of fluid during the preceding day, taiiy. The />e^iceZf are one-flowered, 
but a very little observation shows this to Male. Calyx deeply four-parted, to- 
be a mistake. Tlie Malay name of the oftentose on the outer surface, smooth, red, 
genus is Priolera, or KacKongbtuh, which ai*d punctate on the inner, segments ob- 
signifles the Monkey-cup. long, obtuse, reflex. Corolla none. The 

stamineou» column (columna staminea) 

NBPBNiJHBr fliUPPLESiAWA. W. J. central, erect, thick, red. Anthers numer- 

Foliis petiolatis, ascidiis inferiorum ventri- ous, yellow, contorted into a round terminal 

coso-campanulatis aiitice membranaceo- head. 

alatis, superiorum infundibuliformibus Female. Calyx as in the male. Ota- 
nudls, omnium ore pulcherrime striato rium superior, oblong, four-sided, erect, 
obliquo postice assurgente. Style none. Stigma sessile, peltate, four- 
Native of the forests of the island of lobed. 6'ap«<fe oblong, somewhat curved, 
Singapore. four-angled, deeply furrowed at the sides. 
The Root is fibrous. Stem ascending four-celled, four-valved, the valves septi- 
at the base, becoming erect, and supporting ferous in the middle, many-seeded. Seeds 
itself on the neighbouring trees ; the young long, linear, membranaceous, and acute at 
parts covered with a deciduous tomentum both ends, arranged longitudinally, and 
or down. The leaves are alternate, petio- affixed by the base to the partitions, 
late, the lower ones crowded and lanceolate, Obs. This is the largest and most mag- 
the upper ones more remote and oblong ; nificent species of the genus, being adorned 
the adult leaves are smooth ; all are entire, with two kinds of urns, both elegant in 
hkve inconspicuous lateral nerves, and the their forms, and brilliant in their colouring, 
nuddle one elongated into an urn-bearing^ It was first discovered with the following 
tendril. The Cirrhi of the lower leaves species in the forests of Singapore by Sir 
are not twisted, but hang straight from the T. Stamford Raffles, Lieut-Governor of 



DESCRIPTION OP MALAYAN PLANTS. 



271 



Sumatra, when he established a Btitish 
Colony on that island, in February, 1819. 
To him, therefore, it is justly dedicated. 

NBPENTHB8 AMPULLARIA. W,J, 

Caule basi repente surculos urniferos pro- 
mente demum erecto foliifero, cirrhis 
foliorum muticis, ascidiis petiolatis con- 
fertis inflatis antice membranaceo-alatis, 
ore coarctato subrotundo striato, oper^ 
culo lanceolato reflexo postice tricuspide. 
Found along with the preceding in the 
forests of Singapore, also at Rhio, on the 
island of Bintang. 

Root fibrous. Stem rfepent at the base, 
becoming erect, and supporting itself on 
the neighbouring trees, round, covered 
with a deciduous ferruginous down, urn- 
bearing at the base, and leaf-bearing above. 
The um-bearing shoots or suckers are short 
and spring from the repent part of the 
stem; they are entirely sheathed by the 
crowded petioles of the urns, which are 
dilated and amplexicaul at the base. The 
urns or ascidia are supported on short 
straight petioles; they are erect, ovate, 
inflated, green and spotted with purple, 
furnished anteriorly with two longitudinal, 
membranaceous, fimbriated wings ; mouth 
somewhat contracted, striated, of a uniform 
yellowish green colour, and nearly round, 
the inverted margin being prolonged fur- 
ther into the interior of the cup than in 
the other species. The Operculum is lan- 
ceolate-oblong, generally reflexed, tricus- 
pid behind the hinge. It opens at an early 
stage, and as the urn enlarges, it becomes 
much too small to reclose it. The leaves 
come on the erect part of the stem, and 
are alternate, subpetiolate, lanceolate, from 
eight to twelve inches in length, very en- 
tire, somewhat reflex at the margin, smooth 
above, covered with a ferruginous tomen- 
tum beneath, particularly on the nerves, 
terminating at the apex in a tendril, which 
is generally thickened and revolute at the 
extremity ; the lower ones have sometimes 
urns similar to those at the base of the 
stem. The Racemes are at first terminal, 
and afterwards, as in the other species, la- 
tend and oppositifolious, erect, pyramidal. 



many-flowered; the lower pedioels three 
to four-flowered, the upper one-flowered. 
The Bracts are linear, acute, and villous 
like the raceme. 

Malb. Calyx four-parted, flat> ferru- 
ginoualy tomentose without, green and 
smooth within, segments ovate, rather 
acute, two opposite ones larger. Corolla 
none. Stamineous column central, erect, 
nearly as long as the calyx. Anthers about 
eight, yellow, two-celled, compacted into 
a globular head. 

FbMalb. Calyx the same as in the 
male. Ovarium superior, oblong, erect, 
four-sided. Style none. Stigma peltate, 
four-lobed. Capsule oblong, narrow at 
both ends, four-angled, four-celled, four- 
valved, many-seeded, valves septiferous. 
Seeds linear, paleaceous, 

Obs. This species diflers strikingly in 
habit from the others, in having the urns 
crowded near the surface of Uie ground. 
They are also veiy different in shape, be- 
ing somewhat of the form and si2e of an 
egg, inflated like a bladder, and the mem- 
brane thinner and mont delicate than in 
the other specioB. The inverted rim ib 
broad, a»d projects far into the cavity of 
the cup, forming a trap in which numbers 
of flies and insects are takeli. 

KEFENTHBB PHTLLAMPHOBA. 

Foliis petiolatis oblongis, asddiis midis 
basi subventricosis crassiusculiB, supeme 
citius marcescentibus, ore striato de- 
presso, racemis longissimis, pedicellis 
imifloris. 
Cantharifera. Rumpk. Amb, V, t 59. 
Phyllamphora mirabilis. Lour, Fl. Cock, 
p. 606, 

Abundant in moist places and ravines in 
the neighbourhood of Bencoolen and otlier 
parts of the West coast of Sumatra* 

It is a larger and stronger plant than the 
N. distillaioria, and has the striated mar- 
gins of the urns flattened, depressed^ and 
more everted. 

NEPENTHB8 DISTILLATOBIA. 

Foliis sessilibus amplexicaulibuS, asoidiis 
infundibuliformibus nudis, ore striato. - » 



272 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. 



At Singapore, Malacca, &c. 

Poiret seems to have fallen into an error 
in describing the urns of this species as 
having smooth margins {Ency. Meth. IL 
p. 459.), I have never met with any that 
were not striated, though they are less re- 
markably so than in the other species. 

Bencoolen, August, 1820. 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN'S 
LAND. 

From Coll€otioM tent by R. W. Lawrence, RoQald 

Gann, and Tbomsi Scott, E»qrs. 
(CoiUmuedfhmp.SSSof the Journal of Botany.) 

In the Journal above mentioned, I spoke 
with peculiar satisfaction of two gentlemen, 
resident in Van Diemen's Land, R. W. 
Lawrence, and Ronald Gunn, Esqrs., who 
were devoting their leisure time most zea- 
lously towards obtaining a knowledge of the 
National History, and especially of the Bo- 
tany of that distant and most interesting 
portion of Australia; and I also prefaced 
the first memoir which I published on their 
discoveries, with an account of an excur- 
sion made to the Western Mountains ofVan 
Diemen's Land by the latter of these gen- 
tlemen. Litde did I think that at the very 
time I was preparing his MSS. for the 
press, not only himself, at the early age of 
twenty-six, but his wife, were both, in the 
short space of a fortnight, suddenly removed 
from all sublunary enjoyments. The intel- 
ligence was communicated to me in the 
following extract of a letter from Mr. R. 
Gunn, bearing date "Launceston, Van 
Diemen's Land, November 15, 1833. 

" It is with feelings of the deepest regret 
I have to communicate to you the death of 
our mutual friend, Mr. R. W. Lawrence. 
This melancholy event took place at For- 
mosa, on the night of the 18th October last, 
the day on whioh he had attained his twen- 
ty-sixth year, and the first anniversary day 
of his marriage. Twelve months ago poor 
Lawrence married a young and highly 
amiable lady, with whom he lived in the 
most happy state it is possible for mortals 



to enjoy in this world ; and on 2nd Sept 
last, I left them, after a short visit, both in 
the enjoyment of excellent health ; next 
day Mrs. Lawrence was safely delivered of 
a daughter, but from delicacy of constitu- 
tion, or too sudden an exposure after her 
confinement, she was in a few days seized 
with a fever which terminated fatally with- 
in a month — fatally to Lawrence's happi- 
ness and peace. After her funeral I brought 
him into town with me, and amused him 
in various ways, and he spoke with great 
pleasure of the satisfaction you had ex- 
pressed in your last letter, relative to his 
collections, and your intention of publish- 
ing them. On 8th October, I accompanied 
him some miles out of town on his return, 
and many arrangements for the future were 
made; but in a few days after, he was found 
apparently sleeping in his bed, having been 
carried off in a fit of apoplexy. Within 
one fortnight he and his wife were buried! 
You must excuse my enlarging upon this 
melancholy subject : — I was. I may almost 
say, his only friend on earth, and we were 
brothers to each other — our pursuits and 
feelings alike; and it will be long ere I 
shall be able to fill the blank his death has 
made. I owe much to his memory, as he 
led me to commence the study of Botany, 
in which I have spent many happy hours, 
and yet look forward to years of pleasure 
in the same pursuit. His loss to you will 
also be most severe, as he was years a-head 
of me, in experience, both of Botany and 
the localities of the plants of Van Diemen's 
Land. I can only, however, promise to do 
all lean, and trust time will improve me/' 
As much as possible, Mr. Gunn has ex- 
erted himself to fill up the loss occasioned 
by the death of his lamented friend ; and 
the close of the last year brought me an- 
other beautiful and extensive collection 
from him, an account of which, together 
with the remainder of those previously sent, 
it will be no less my pleasure than my dutj 
to lay before the public. The present col- 
' lection contains some additional species, 
belonging to the Orders already treated of 
in the Journal above quoted, together with 
others, which have enabled me to offer 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 



273 



some corrections or alterations in those 
already described. These I shall notice in 
the first instance. 

RANUNCULACEiE. JuSS. 

1. Clematis hlanda, Hook, 1. c. p. 241. — 
Leaflets yar3ring much in size, from 
three-fourths of an inch to three inches. 
Fruit with long awns, copiously silky. 
In a richer soil, the leaflets are much 
elongated, and frequently deeply laci- 
niated, the segments pointing upwards, 
the flowers twice and thrice as large, so 
that I can hardly conceive a more de- 
sirable plant for cultivation in our gar- 
dens. A species apparently distinct, but 
allied to this, is sent by Mr. Gunn, with 
leaves two to four inches long, ovate and 
lanceolate, simple or ternately divided, 
distinctly toothed at the margin, purple 
beneath. Unfortunately, the flowers are 
as yet unknown. 
2. C. gentianoides, De Cand. — Beautiful 
specimens of this are now sent by Mr, 
Gunn, with fruit — ^the awns are long and 
very silky. 

6. 'RsoLxmcxAviS glabrifoliiis, Hook, I.e. p. 
243. — fi, gracilior; petiolis elongatis, 
foliorum segmentis longioribus magisque 
acuminatis. 

This species is a very remarkable one. 
Its roots are fibrous, but a main fibre often 
bears a tuber, and this sends out a runner 
which throws up a new plant. The carpels 
arq nearly globose, wrinkled, longer than 
the beak or persistent style, which is sud- 
denly curved upwards or inwards. Some- 
times the leaves^ under a microscope, are 
seen to bear a few scattered hairs. 

7. R. leptocaulis, Hook, 1. c. p. 244.— 
Add, Mr, Gunn (n. 444.)— This often 
grows in a tufted manner, with many 
spreading stems. It inhabits swampy 
places. 

8. R. scapigeruSf Hook, 1. c. p. 244. — 
Beautiful specimens of this most distinct 
plant are now sent from Deloraine, thir- 
ty-five miles west from Launceston. The 
beak and margin of the carpels are deep 
purple. 



DILLENIACEiE. D C. 

2. (bis.y Pleurandra hirsuia, n. sp. — 
foliis linearibus acutis marginibus revo- 
lutis (sed non ad costam attingentibus) 
sericeo-hirsutis, floribus axillaribus ses- 
silibus solitariis, calycibus totis dense 
sericeis. Mr, Gunn (n. 445.) — Gathered 
on dry hills, near Hobart Town, by Mr. 
Backhouse. — A dwarf plant resembling 
P. densiflora ; but the leaves and flow- 
ers are smaller and more silky; the 
flowers are solitary, and the calyx is 
very silky. 

4. P. ovata, De Cand, 1. c. p. 246.— Add 
Mr, Gunn, {n, 183.) and Port Arthur, 
Mr, Backhouse, 

CRUCIFERiE. JUSS. 

2. Cardamina tenuifolia, Hook. 1. c. p. 247. 
— Specimens of this are sent by Mr, Gunn, 
(n, 447.) two feet in height, and showing 
that the leaflets of the radical leaves are 
ovate, or round and petiolate. 

3. (bis?) C. heterophylla, n. sp. — ^glabra, 
foliis radicalibus sublonge petiolatis, ex- 
timis cordatis integris, integerhmis reli- 
quis pinnatisectis segmentis remotis 
ovato-cordatis perpaucis sinuato-dentatis 
terminali maximo, caulinis 1 — 2 pinnati- 
fidis laciniis linearibus, corymbis pauci- 
floris, siliquis erectis linearibus gracilli- 
mis, stigmate sessili. 
Wet places, Mr. Gunn, (n. 446.) Four 

to six inches high. Flowers rather large, 

white.2 

3. (ter,) C. nivea, n. sp. — glabra, foliis 
interrupte pinnatisectis, segmentis nume- 
rosis ovatis cordatisque sinuato-dentatis 
basi angustatis in rachidem decurrenti- 

» Those mirked •'6m,'* " /«r," or with an (•), 
are Additional species. 

* Nearly allied to this is a N. Holland species, 
which J have already mentioned onder C. tenuifolia in 
theBot. Joarnal, and which may be thus distinguished : 
C. lUackia, n. sp. — glabra, foliis omnibus pinnati-seo- 
tis radioalinm segmentis pancis cordalo- rotund atis 
sinuato-dentatis, terminali majori, oanlinornm 1—2 
segmentis linearibus, corymbis multifloris, siliquis 
erectis linearibus gracillimis, rostro attenuato. 

Hab. Road to Bathnrst and Clarence's hilly range. 
Mr.A.Ctamingham. Bankji of tie Macquarrie. Mr, 
Fr«er .—rFlowcrs, large, lilac. 
S 



274 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN'S LANB. 



bus, caulinis segmentis paucioribus an- 
gustioribus, supremis linearibus integrifi« 
corjmbo multiBoro, siliquis (immaturis) 
linearibus, rostro attenuato. Mr. Gunn. 
(n. 401.) A tall (one to two feet high) 
and rather stout plant, remarkable for the 
copious segments of the leaves, which 
are alternately larger and smaller, and 
occupy almost the whole rachis. The 
flowers are large, pure white. Pods im- 
mature, but decidedly rostrate. 
1.* Coronopus didyma, Sm. — Senebiera 
pinnatifida, D C. — &, incisa, D, C. — 
Waste ground, common, Mr. Gunn. 
(n. 645.) 

VIOLARIEiE. D C, 

3. (^w.) Viola Sieberi, caulibus stoloni- 
feris densis, foliis fasciculatis obovatis 
cuneatis seu rhombeis crenato-serratis 
longe petiolatis, stipulis lanceolatis sub- 
dentatis, peduncuUs folio sub breviori- 
bus. — ^V. spathulata. Sieber, Fl. Nov. 
Holl n 426. (not WUld) Mr. Gunn 
(n. 95 X) very properly looks upon this 
as distinct from V. hederacea : it is how- 
ever probably the V. hederacea, &., foliis 
basi subcuneatis, of Labill. and De Can- 
doUe. Our plant is scarcely two inches 
high, densely tufted, bearing short stolo- 
nes and numerous flowers nestled among 
the leaves. 

1.* Hymenanthera angustifolia, Br. in 
De Cand. Prodr. v. 1. p. 315, Mr.Gunn, 
1835. (n. lost.) — A very harsh-looking 
shrub, with virgate branches, and quite 
entire evergreen leaves, exceedingly dif- 
ferent from the H. dentata, BoL Mag, 
t. 3168. 

DROSRRACEiE. D C. 

To the Genus Drosera I have now the 
pleasure of adding two more species, na- 
tives of Van Diemen's Land. 
2. (6w.) Drosera lunata, Buck, in De 
Cand., Prodr. v. 1. p. 319.— Well dis- 
tinguished from D. peltata by the en- 
tirely glabrous calyx. If our plant be 
the same as the Indian one, the species 
has pink flowers, and the roots often bear 
a solitary tuber, as large as a small 



hasel-nut. The radical leaves, both in 
this and in Z>. peltaia, are not peltate, 
but inserted by the maigin to the petiole 
and are reniformi-cordate. Some of the 
specimens are branched, and twelve or 
fourteen inches long. 

2. (ter.) D. Menziesii, Br. in De Cand., 
Prodr. V. 1. p. 319. 
Mr. Gunn, (n. 449.) :^-discovered by 

Mr. Backhouse, at Swan Port, on the East 

coast of Van Diemen's Land. 

POLYOALBJI. Just. 

3.* Comasperma calymega — LabilL Nov. 

Holl. V. 2. p. 159. 

Port Arthur. Mr. Backhouse.— A small 
species, well figured by Labillardiere, ex- 
cept that the figure represents a midhb, 
which is not apparent. The leaves are of 
a thick texture, very glossy. Flowers in 
a small, elongated, dense raceme. Cor. 
deep blue. 

TRBMANDRBA. Br. 

Mr. Gunn observes with regard to his 
Nos. 21 and 193, included under Tetra- 
theca pilosa, LabilL 1. c. p. 248, (by mis- 
take marked n. sp.,) that the two plants 
come from two different localities; «. 21 
being found at Launceston ; n. 193 in the 
western parts, where the climate is much 
colder. But I can see no difierence be- 
tween them, except in the greater or less 
degree of hairiness or hispidity. Indeed, 
from the numerous specimens with which 
this liberal friend has fevoured me, I am 
more than ever satisfied, that the three 
varieties I have indicated, deserve no 
higher rank : and it is even probable that 
the T. erice^olia of Sieber is not really 
distinct from it. Nothing can exceed the 
beauty of some of our specimens, loaded 
as the branches are with the deep and 
bright rose-coloured blossoms, nuu-ked with 
the dark eye formed by the stamens. I 
shoiild observe, that the specimen of n. 193^ 
now sent by Mr. Gunn (from the Hamp- 
shire Hills), is far more hispid than that 
what came before under the same number. 



COKTtllBtJTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIEMEN's LAND. 



275 



PiTTOSPOREifi. Br, 
1. BiUardiera scandens, Salisb. ; 1. c. p. 
249, should be altered to B, mutabilis, 
the fruit being oblong, and quite gla- 
brous. 

To B. longiflora, may be added, as a 
eynonym, B, owilis, Lindl. Bot Reg. t. 
1719. — ^The flowers are very variable in 
siM ; some of Mr, CruniCs specimens being 
twice as large as others. The species is 
readily distinguished, both from B. scan- 
dent and B. mutabilis, by its almost en- 
tirely glabrous leaves, globose fruit, and 
the straight obtuse petals. 
1. Bursaria spinosa, 1. c. p. 249. — Mr. 
Gunn observes that the plant does bear 
spines, not unfrequently ; so that it only 
appears to differ in its muoh larger size 
from the N. Holland plant. No. " 115" 
of Mr. Gunn, should, I believe, have 
been gi^en as No. 15. 
1. Pittosporum bicolor, 1. c. p. 246, is ga- 
thered by Mr. Gunn, on the Hampshire 
Hills. 
2.* P. procunibens, n. sp.--^pumilam gla- 
brum, rtamis procumbentibus, foliis spar- 
sis erecto-patentibus oblongis mucro- 
natis Isevibus marginibus revolutis, flori- 
bos terminalibus subeessilibus, petalis 
acuminatis rectis. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 151.) — A dwarf spreading 
Bhrub, scarcely a span across: its wiry 
branches clothed with copious foliage. 
Peduncle short, terminal. Sepals subu- 
late, almost as long as the straight petals. 
&♦ P. nanum, n. sp. — ^pumilimi erectum ? 
pabescenti-scabrum, foliis sparsis erecto- 
pelentibuB lineari-lanceolatis mucronatis 
marginibus revolutis, floribus terminali- 
bus aggregatis, pedunculis flore longiori- 
bus, petalis acuminatis rectis. 
Mr. Gunn (n. 617.) — Discovered by Mr. 
Backhattse, but the locality is not men- 
tioned. 

1. Linum angv^tifolium, 1. c. p. 249. — 
Under this should have been given, Mr, 
Gunn (n, 71.), who finds it on the Hamp- 
shire Hills. 
8.» Stellaria ,/2accu/a, n. sp. — caule elon- 
gate debili ramoso nitido glabro, foliis 
ovato-lanceolatifl acutissimis ciliatis in 



petiolum brevem attenuatis, pedunculis 
axillaribus solitariis folio tef longioribus, 
petalis bipartitis sepalis glabris uninei- 
viis marginibus albidis longioribus. 
Mr, Gunn (n. 450.) — Nearly alUed to 
S. media ; but it is a much larger plant, 
from one to two feet in length, less succu- 
lent The stems are very glossy, and de- 
stitute of the alternate hairy hne which so 
beautifully marks our European plant ; the 
flowers are much larger, and the peduncle 
much longer. It bears flowers nearly the 
whole length of the stem. 
4.* S. multiflora, n. sp, — glaberrima, cau- 
libus e basi ramosissima decumbentibus, 
foliis sessilibus lanceolatis acutissimis 
basi coadunatis, pedunculis terminalibus 
axillaribusque (ex omni nodo) solitariis 
erectis foliorum longitudine, sepalis lan- 
ceolatis acuminatissimis obsolete 3-ner- 
vibus, petalis deficientibus. 
Mr. Gunn (n. 451.) — A small plant, 
branching excessively from the root, and 
decumbent : very distinct from any species 
with which I am acquainted. Every pair 
of leaves produces a flower, for the whole 
length of the stem and branches. The 
petals seem to be wanting in all the flowers. 
Capsule ovate, as long as the calyx, split- 
ting at the apex into six revolute teeth. 
Seeds globose, beautifully dotted and 
tuberculated in lines. 

1. Cem&imm vulgatum, L. — Sent with- 
out number or particular habitat An 
introduced plant, probably. 

BOMBACEA. Kunth. 

1. Plagianthus sidoides, Hook, in Bot. 

Mag. t. 3396.— Sida discolor. Hook Lc. 

p. 250. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 452.), who remarks on it, 
that it ''flowers in March and April, a most 
unusual season for the blossoming of plants 
in Van Diemen's Lend." The great simi- 
larity in the foliage and inflorescence of 
this with' those of Sida pulckella, led 
me at first to refer it to that genus. It 
has now flowered in the Glasgow Botanic 
Garden, and I have no doubt of its belong- 
ing to the little-known genus Plagianthus, 
of which the only two species we are 



276 



CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A FLORA OF VAN DIBMBN'S LAND. 



acquainted with, are figured in the Bot. 32. S. ;'' and from King George's Sound, 
Mag. (the P. divariccUus, at t 3271.) gathered by Mr. Baxter. 



BUTTNERIACEiE. Br. 

!.♦ Lasiopetalum discolor, n. sp. — foliis 
breviter petiolatLs cordato-ovatis obtu- 
sissimis supra pubescentibus subtus 
albo-tomentosLs, ramis petiolis calyci- 
busque ferrugineo - tomentosis, cymis 
parvis capitatis. 
Mr. Gunn (n. 551.) — Discovered by 

Mr. Backhouse, on Prince Seal Island, 

Basse's Straits. 

HYPERICEiB. JtlSS. 

1. Hypericum involuium, Chois. — Hook. 
1. c. p. 251.— Add. Mr. Gunn (n. 73.) 

GERANIACEiE. JuSS. 

2. Geranium joarv^rum, Willd. — Hook. 
I c— Add Mr. Gunn (n. 453.) 

OXALIDEiE. D C. 

2.* Oxalis IcLctea, n. sp. — ^acaulis parce 

pilosa, foliis longe petiolatis tematis, 

foliqlis obcordatis utrinque lasvibus, 

scapo petiolis sublongiore supra medium 

bibracteolato unifloro, ilore erecto. 

Mr, Gunn (n. 370.) — Good specimens 

of this, together with the remarks of Mr. 

Gunn, have satisfied me that it is quite 

distinct from O. macrophylla (with which 

I had confounded it). It is more allied to 

O. acetosella. 

ZYGOPHYLLEiE. Br. 

I*. Zygophylluin Billardieri, De Cand. 

Prodr. V. 1. p. 705. 

Flinders' Island, Basse's Straits. Mr. 
Backhouse. Mr. Gunn*s collection (n. 
552.) — A most distinct species, of which 
the flowers were unknown to its only de- 
scriber. Prof. De Candolle. These are 
octandroua, with four petals, and eight 
stamens. The fruit is exactly cuneate, 
deflexed, flattened, with two broad wings 
on each side. The plant is perhaps not 
uncommon in N. Holland. I possess spe- 
cimens gathered by Mr. Cunningham, on 
" alluvial banks of the Erskine River, lat 



BUTACEiE. JusS, 

2. Correea virens, Sm. Ex. Bot v. 2. p. 72. 
Hook. 1. c. p. 253. — ^By mistake, this was 

' marked n. sp. in the former paper; on 
Mr. Gunn's plant. 

3. C. Backhousiana, Hook. 1. c. p. 253^ 
Of this most distinct species, other spe- 
cimens are now sent by Mr. Gunn («. 
456.) from Woolworth, N. W. comer of 
the island ; and one of the V. D. L. 
Go/s Establishments. These show that 
the leaves are sometimes impreaso-punc- 
tate on the upper side; and that Mr. 
Cunningham's plant, found at Hobart 
Town and Marquarrie Harbour, is the 
same. 

4. (bis.) C.ferruginea, n. sp. — foliis erec- 
tis? ovali-lanceolatis obtusissimis in 
petiolum attenuatis integerrimis supra 
viridibus glaberrimis lievibus impresso- 
punctatis subtus stellato-tomentosis ier- 
rugineis, floribus 1 — 3 terminalibus 
cylindraceis pendulis, dentibus caly- 
cinis acutis, staminibus longe exsertis. 
— C. ferrugine, Gunn MSS. 

Mr. Gunn (n. 557.) — This handsome 
species is sent by Mr. Gunn, with the 
name (^hitherto unpublished, as far as I 
know) offerruginea attached to it, which 
is here retained. The leaves are the 
largest of any of the species, often two 
inches and more in length, always acute, 
or attenuated at the base, the underside 
copiously clothed with stellated rusty 
tomentum, marked with deeper coloured 
dots. The flowers are longer, and much 
more slender than in C Backhousiana 
(next to which species it should be placed), 
and the stamens are much exserted. The 
young shoots are very red. 
1. Phebalium retusum, Hook. 1. c. p. 254. 
— Copious specimens of this plant from 
Mr. Gunn (n. 455.) exhibit all the cha- 
racters of the species, and prove that 
it is truly distinct from the following. 
It is \ety abundant ,pn the banks of the 
South Esk, near Launceston, growing 
six or seven and more feet high. Mr. 



ON tHE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 



277 



Backhouse also finds it at Prosser's 
River, on the East coast. 
2. (Ins.) P. Billardieri, Adr. Juss.— P. 
eUBagnifoUum, Sieb. Fl. Nov. Holl. — 
Eriostemon squammeum. Labill. Nov. 
Holl. v.l.p. 141. 

Mr, Gunn (n. 454.) — ^This is the true 
plant of LabiUardiere, whose original spe- 
cimen is from Van Diemen*s Land. The 
New Holland state of it, which M. Sieber 
has published, under the name of P. elceag- 
nifolium, and which Mr. Cunningham finds 
in the Blue Mountains, has the corymbs 
with more flowers, and of a smaller size ; 
the underside of the leaves, too, is whiter 
and more silvery. 

1. Boronia tetrathecoideSf Pers. — B. hys- 
sopifolia, Sieb. and Hook. 1. c. p. 255. 
Mr, Gunn (n. 458.) — This is very near 
B. pilonema of Lab. but in that the 
flower is always terminal (here constantly 
lateral), and the filaments are naked. 

3. B. variabilis. Hook. 1. c. p. 255. — 
The last collection received from Mr. 
Gunn, so rich in good specimens, ena- 
bles me to correct my ideas respecting 
B. variahilis, and to refer the varieties 
a. and y. to B. tetrandra, Labill., not- 
withstanding the flowers are octandrous. 
The name of variabilis will be confined 
to the var. /3., which has the leaves very 
generally bipinnate, the leaflets oblan- 
ceolate or cuneate, entire or trifid, 
marked with evident glandular dots. 
The branches have two opposite lines of 
hairs. A species nearly allied to this is 
the B. anethifolia ofCunningham's MSS., 
found by that enterprising Naturalist, on 
the West branches of Hunter's River, 
and in Wellington Valley; but the stems 
are remarkably angular, the leaflets 
acute, the flowers more numerous on the 
peduncle. 

4. B. tetrandra, Labill, Nov. Holl. v. I. 
p. 125. (sed in nostr. exampl. floribus 
semper octandris). — B, variabilis, a. 
Hook. I. 0. 

RHAMNEiE. Br. 

3. Pomaderris *racemosa, Hook. 1. c. p. 

256.— Mr. Gunn (n. 461.) 
3. (bis.) P. obovata, n, sp. — ^foliii obovattt 



retusis integerrimis marginibus revolutis 
supra fiudis subtus albo - fuscescenti - la- 
natis, floribus glome rato-capitatis sessili- 
bus bracteatis terminalibus foliosis, peta- 
lis cucullatis patentibus. 
Mr. Gunn (n. 460.) — Discovered by 
Mr. Backhouse, at Meredith River, Swan 
Port, E. coast This is still more nearly 
allied to P. betulina (Cunn. in Bot. Mag. 
t. 3212.) than is our P. racemosa ; but the 
leaves are decidedly obovate, and the flow- 
ers are not apetalous. 

(To be c«ntinaed.) 



ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, 
CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI ; 

Extracted from » Memoir, entitled, '* Observfttions oo 
the CukhmckkUi, and its use ks ■ reniedj in tbo 
disorder called Mai de San Lazaro, or Cocobay. Bj 
Edward Nathaniel Bancroft, M. D., Fellow 
of tbe Rojal College of Pbjsicians, London." 

(Rend before iht CoOege of Phyakiaus and Surgemu of 
Jamaiea, on the I9th January, 1835. j 

(I had already seen some notice of the 
powerful effects of the roots of this plant, 
in our Journals ; and on the 19th of the 
present month, Feb. 1836, I had the plea- 
sure of receiving the following letter from 
Dr. Bancroft; accompanied by the pamphlet 
there alluded to ; and by specimens of the 
root, with its leaves and flowers, dried with- 
out pressure, but in a sufficiently perfect 
state to enable me to determine the spe* 
cies in the most satisfactory manner. 

'* Kingston. Jamaica, Deo. 29, 1835. 

" My Dear Sir, — I am very sorry that 
indifferent health and a great want of lei- 
sure have so long suspended my commu- 
nication with you, for I have frequently 
wished to lay before you such information 
as seemed to me novel, and which I there- 
fore hoped might prove worthy of your 
attention. I have lately been induced to 
write and publish a memoir on a plant, 
called Cuichunchulli, whose botanical his- 
tory had been hitherto unknown: — it is 
found in Quito, near the foot of the great 
volcano of Chimborazo, and is only recently 
come into notice, from its supposed viitues 
as a remedy for that horrible disease, too 
frequent in tropical regions, the Mai de 



278 



ON THB MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 



San Lazaro, the Elephantiasis or Satyri- 
asis of the Greeks. After various endea- 
vours, and as many delays, I finally 
succeeded in obtaining samples of the 
plant, which enabled me to ascertain its 
characters, and at the request of several 
persons here, I have published these, to- 
gether with such observations on its medi- 
cinal powers, as I had either witnessed 
myself or collected from others. I forward 
to you a copy of my paper on the subject, 
printed in tlie last number of the Jamaica 
Physical Journal, and enclose with it some 
of the best specimens of the plant that I 
have received from Riobamba, together 
with its seeds ; believing that you will not 
be displeased at being made acquainted 
with a new plant, which may hereafter 
prove highly valuable to the human race. 
Should you do me the favour to examine 
the plant, and to compare your results 
with my description, I trust you will be so 
kind as to correct whatever you may find 
defective in the latter; and in case you 
should feel disposed to give a figure of it 
in the Botanical Magazine, I send you a 
magnified drawing of the flower, which I 
made, partly from my own examination, 
and partly from Signer Marcacci's account 
of it, as seen by him, which, he said, repre- 
sented correctly the colours and bearing of 
the flowers." 

(Signed) " E. N. Bancroft." 
Dr. Bancroft has great merit in endea- 
vouring to ascertain the real properties of 
this plant, and for taking so much pains to 
separate the truth from those false state- 
ments which have undoubtedly been given 
through ignorance or fraud. I shall omit 
the accounts of the particular effects pro- 
duced by this medicine upon the patient, 
which are more suited to a Medical than a 
Botanical Journal ; and, with regard to the 
plant itself, I have only to observe, that 
after comparing it carefully with Hum- 
boldt's full description, drawn up from 
original Colombian specimens of lonidium 
parviflorum. Vent. {Viola parviflora, of 
Mutis and Linnseus) received from Mutis 
himself, with the excellent figure and de- 
scription given by St. Hilaire, in his 



"PlarUes UsueOes des BraziUens, t 90,*^ 
and with my own specimens from the North 
of Chili (Conception), mentioned in the 
Botany ofCapt. Beechey*s Voyage ; I hs^ve 
no hesitation in pronouncing it to be the 
same. It is the MaytensiUo of JFeuiUe, 
Fl. Chil V. 3, p. 41, t. 28, a name, with 
the exception of the first letter, which is 
perhaps an error in the orthography, evi- 
dently identical with that which is applied 
to our plant ; and that author observes of 
it, that the root is similar to that of fyec^t- 
cuanha in shape, and employed ia lieu of 
Senna, it being considered one of the most 
sovereign purgatives of the country. Cava- 
nilles (Icones, v. 6. p. 21) has noticed it, ^ 
having been found at Montevideo^ in Quito, 
and in Chili; thus it appears to have a 
most extensive range on the Southern Con- 
tinent of the new world. St. Hilaire is of 
opinion that the lonidium gluHnosum of 
Ventenat, a native of Buenos Ayr^s, should 
be united with it ; and the Z microphyllum 
of Humboldt scarcely appears to differ from 
it, except in all the leaves being opposite. 
Dr. Bancroft is disposed to consider the 
CuichunckuJli a species distinct {tompaT- 
viflorunif chiefly on account of the sup- 
posed absence of the two nectariferous 
scales : but although th^y are yery minute, 
they are unquestionably present, exactly as 
in / parviflorum, situated at the base of 
stamens, between them and the lower lip. 
He proposes that it should have been called 
/. Marcudi, in honour of M. Jean Batiste 
Marcucci, a French gentleman, whose in- 
defatigable exertions, as mentioned below, 
undertaken, in order to procure the Cui- 
chunchiUi, certainly entitle him to such a 
distinction.) 

''The attention of the pubUc," Dr. Ban- 
croft observes, " throughout Colombia, has 
lately been excited by accounts published 
in various Journals, relative to a plant 
named CuichunchulU,^ which is stated to 

> ThU 11 the nearest approach than can be made in 
Spanish orthography to the proper, t. e. the ImAm, 
mode of prononnoiog the word : bat it is faaltj in the 
pennltimate sjllable. li should be sounded as con- 
sisting of fiye ijllabljes, and apeH, for Bnglish pro- 
nnnoiation Coo-jf-rApOfiv'op/'jfe; for French Cmt-f' 
lcAoime-4fomlK ; and for Italian Cm-y-amrifm^s^ 






ON THt MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 



?79 



haYe afforded great benefit in the disorder 
Uiere usually called Mai de San Lazaro, 
and here Cocobay, and even to have effected 
its cure. As this is one of the most deplo- 
rable diseases that can affect the human 
firame, I am persuaded that no apology will 
be requisite for bringing forward some au- 
thentic reports on the subject, together 
with such additional information, concern- 
ing both the plant itself, whose Botanical 
characters I have been able to ascertain, 
and its properties, as it has been in my 
power to collect from different quarters, or 
by personal observation. 

''It appears that a Jesuit of Quito, 
named Velasco, a native of Riobamba, in 
that province, whence he was afterwards 
expelled with the rest of his brethren, and 
permitted to retire into Italy, had occupied 
himself with writing a history of Quito, 
which the unremitting persecution kept up 
against the whole Order, finally deterred 
him from making public. At his death, 
Che work fell into the hands of his executor, 
another Jesuit, whence it passed into those 
of Don Modesto Larrea,^ a Colombian, who 
obanced to be in Italy, and who carried it 
back with him to Quito." The following 
passage relates to the plant now under con- 
sideration : — 

" Cuichunchulli, a name j signifying in 
the language of the Incas, bowels of a 
Guinea Pig, Tripa de Cut/, resembles a 
small, whitish, slender nerve, destitute of 
leaf, which rises from beneath stones, and 
fastens itself to their surface. Scarcely any 
plant is more potent. Its virtues, though 
long familiar to the Indians, were unknown 
to the Spaniards, till 1754, when an Indian 
revealed them as a singular favor to a lay 
Jesuit, then suffering under confirmed 
heprosj (^Elephdntiasis tuberculata,) with 
all the symptoms and appearance of a Lazar, 
and pronounced inia hopeless state by the 
physicians. He gave him half a drachm 
of the nerve-like filament, ground and 
mixed with wine, but warned him first to 

1 This gentleman, anerwards Vice President of the 
State of the Bqaator, is particularlj mentioned in the 
I«te Colonel HalFs Jonrnal. See p{>. 67, and 70, of 
tfa« preaent TOt. of this Work. 



receive the Sacraments. Its operation was 
attended with extreme agony during twen- 
ty-four hours, when the surface of his body 
became clean and dry. A few days ader, 
he began to cast his skin piecemeal, and 
and recovered perfectly. Of all which, 
says Velasco, " I was an eye-witness in 
the city of Cuenca.' " 

" The above statement having been ex- 
tracted, and published by a Newspaper 
printed at Bogota, in 1829, it came to the 
knowledge of a practitioner at Maracaybo, 
Senor Manuel de Arocha, whose desire to 
make trial of the Cuichunchulli induced 
him to beg the assistance of many friends to 
procure it for him ; in which he succeeded, 
in consequence of accidentally applying 
to a Colonel Casanova, one of whose own 
relatives was afflicted with this disease, the 
Mai de San Lazaro, Immediately on re- 
ceiving the Cuichunchulli, Senor de Aroche 
commenced by trying it on a person of co- 
lour, named Puche, long and dreadfully 
afflicted with this disorder, and afterwards 
administered it to Don Angel Casanova, 
keeping an accurate and detailed journal of 
the principal occurrences which he ob- 
served in each case. An authentic copy 
of this document, drawn up and signed by 
this practitioner, is now before me, from 
which it appears that in both instances the 
exhibition of the remedy was discontinued 
from the whole stock having been expend- 
ed, a portion having been generously spared 
by Senor de Casanova to a young lady, 
named Maria Antonio Macpherson, living 
in Caracas, and similarly affected with the 
Mai de San Lazaro, In all these in- 
stances, though the trial of the Cuichun- 
chulli was cut short from the insufficiency 
of the supply, the effects were more or less 
beneficilal, and highly so, both as regarded 
Puche, and Miss Macpherson. That they, 
however, fell so far short of the extraordi- 
nary cure performed in the case pf the 
Jesuit, may be partly accounted for by the 
circumstance that possibly the plant used 
by the latter might not be exactly identical 
with the Cuichunchulli. Velasco could 
have possessed no great knowledge of 
plants, else he would at once have j)cr- 



2S0 



OS THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHTTLLr. 



ceived that the nerve-Uke filaments which 
the Indian succeeded in making him beUeve 
to be the entire plant, were roots only, and 
therefore " without any leaves." This was 
doubtless a deception resorted to for the 
purpose of preventing the Jesuit from dis- 
covering the real plant ; for it has been the 
constant practice of the aborigines, and 
is so, as I am assured, till the present day, to 
enwrap in mystery and concealment every 
vegetable or other production of their 
country, which they believe to possess 
particular uses or virtues. It may also be 
matter of question, whether the cure of 
a disease of four years standing, accompa- 
nied by the foulest ulcers, could possibly 
be effected in a few days by a single dose 
of any medicine, however potent; and 
though the good father declares that he 
was an eye-witness of it, yet when we come 
to consider the dreadfully contagious na- 
ture of Leprosy, it seems hardly probable 
that Velasco would run the risk of person- 
ally visiting and watching the lay brother 
while in so advanced a stage of that loath- 
some complaint. The Indian would, of 
course, magnify the virtues of his specific, 
and the rapidity of the cure ; and Velasco, 
who saw the amendment in the patient's 
state, would, without any other intention 
than that of recording the virtues of the 
plant, promulgate, unintentionally, a highly 
exaggerated account. 

" To return, however, to my more im- 
mediate narrative. M. Marcucci, a French 
gentleman, resident at Maracaybo, having 
heard of Puche's improved condition, and 
verified it by personal and frequent inspec- 
tion, was so much struck by the virtues of 
the Cuichwnchulli, that not apparently 
aware of its weaker influence in the case 
of Senor Casanova, and hoping to benefit 
mankind in general, and to derive some per- 
sonal advantage for the support of his own 
large iamily, he at once made up his mind 
to go in search of the plant that produced 
it. As no vessel then offered for Jamaica, 
he had, in January, 1834, to go coastwise 
to Sasarida in Coro, to Rio Hache, and to 
Aruba, in order to reach this island, whence 
he soon proceeded to Chagre and Panama. 



There, after a long detention, and in de- 
spair of a direct opportunity for Guajaquil, 
he was forced to embark in small coasting 
vessels, going occasionally in directions 
very different from his own, being almost 
always exposed to great privations, to per- 
sonal hardships, and frequently to the 
various perils that attend this sort of navi- 
gation. At length, when M. Marcucci 
succeeded in reaching the coast of the 
Equatorial State, he found the country ao 
involved in civil war, as completely frus- 
trated his attempts to penetrate into the 
interior, the hostile parties taking him for 
a spy, and compelling him to retrace his 
steps towards the sea. In the end, unable 
to overcome the obstacles that met him 
every where in that distracted country, he 
resolved to make a wide circuit by way of 
Peru, and finding an American whaler at 
Tumbez, bound to Payta, he went on board, 
and on landing there, proceeded to Puira, 
travelling for many days over the heated 
sands ; and thence, crossing the Province 
of Loxa, he was enabled to enter the State of 
the Equator, by roads almost impassable ; 
over mountains of astonishing elevation, 
and extremely cold temperatures; living 
for a month on the food of savages, and 
halting in Indian huts, which swarm with 
vermin, from which no precautions can 
preserve the traveller. Thus harassed, and 
bruised withal by the fall of his horse, 
while descending an unusually steep and 
slippery path, he arrived at Cuenca, where 
his first care was to inform himself as to 
the CuichunchuUi, Indians were presently 
brought him, who assured him that they 
knew the plant perfectly, and brought him 
specimens of it, which many trials of its 
effects upon himself, proved to be perfectly 
inert. All his researches in the deserts of 
Pasul and Tzincocha, &c., which consumed 
much time, and occasioned great fatigue, 
were equally fruitless, and the poor man was 
returning homeward in deep affiction at the 
total failure of his enterprize, when he had 
the satisfaction of learning that Senor Bor- 
rero, the Postmaster-General of the Dis- 
trict, who resided at Cuenca, had recently 
administered a medicine bearing the same 



ON THE MEDICINAL PLANT, CALLED CUICHUNCHULLI. 



281 



name, to a son and daughter of his own, 
who had been suffering severely with le- 
prosy for five or six years. Upon this, M. 
Marcucci waited on that gentleman, who 
informed him that he had tried, without 
success, the Cuichunchulli, obtained both 
in that neighbourhood, and in the colder 
district of Canar ; but that his children had 
derived the greatest benefit from some 
which was brought from Riobamba, in 
the province of Chimborazo. In both the 
individuals, sensation has been restored in 
the diseased parts ; the ulcers have healed, 
and the joints are become flexible, great 
improvement having also taken place in 
their general health. M. Marcucci satisfied 
himself, by personal inspection, that these 
patients had derived very considerable ad- 
vantage from the exhibition of the Cui- 
chunchulli, though traces still remained in 
their countenances of the frightful malady 
with which they had been stricken. 

Possessed of the above highly valuable 
information, M. Marcucci made immediate 
preparation for visiting Riobamba; and 
though first delayed by the progress of the 
Revolutionary army, and subsequently 
compelled to make his weary way over 
chains of mountains covered with eternal 
snow, through dark, miry, and dismal 
forests, obliged to climb almost inaccessible 
heights, the descents of which often me- 
naced him with a broken neck, he suc- 
ceeded in reaching Riobamba, a small 
town at the foot of the great volcano of 
Chimborazo. In his way he met with one 
poor woman, whose suflerings had been 
much alleviated by the use of the Chim- 
borazo plant, which her excessive poverty 
alone prevented her from obtaining in such 
quantities as might effect a perfect cure. 
A comparison of the foliage, &c. of the 
plant which she showed him, proved it to 
be identical with that which had produced 
such benefit on Senor Borrero's children. 

While in Riobamba, M. Marcucci re- 
ceived all necessary information respecting 
the plant he was seeking, from the parties 
who procured it for Senor Borrero, as well 
as from the Indians ; and he collected some 
quantity of it, which was precious to him. 



though trifling in amount when compared 
with the expense, trouble, hazard, and 
fatigue that he had incurred for its ac' 
quisition. A longer stay at Riobamba 
would, he believes, have enabled him to 
obtain much more ; but, during the whole 
thirty-three days which he passed there, he 
Buffered from severe attacks of intermittent 
fever, and was obliged to return to Guaya- 
quil, where he embarked for Payta, thence 
to Panama, and then came hither. Shortly 
after his arrival, he did me the favour to 
place a portion of CuichunchuUi in my 
hands, requesting me to administer it in 
cases of the Mai de San Lazaro, in order 
to ascertain its medicinal powers ; and he 
likewise, at my request, sent me an account 
of his voyage, from which I have extracted 
the foregoing particulars. 

M. Marcucci being anxious that my 
trials of his plant should be made as soon 
as possible, his stay in Jamaica being 
limited, I commenced by administering it 
to five of the most diseased Lazars in the 
Cocobay Asylum, and afterwards to two 
other patients, a mulatto woman and a 
white man. I must premise, that the 
quantity of the dried plant which I re- 
ceived, when reduced to powder, did not 
exceed eleven or twelve ounces ; that, to 
make it go further, I had the stems and 
leaves ground up with the roots (though I 
have since thought it possible that the me- 
dicinal properties may reside in the roots 
alone); and also that, in consequence 
of M. Marcucci's being obliged to embark 
sooner than he expected for Maracaybo, 
when he took the remainder of the Cui- 
chunchulli away with him, my trials of 
it were necessarily put a stop to, long ere 
they could be fairly deemed to have 
had sufiicient time to produce their full 
results. 

In every one of the patients whom I 
treated with CuichunchuUi, an improve- 
ment in their condition was almost imme- 
diately evident; the sensations of heat, 
and painful tension, which always accom- 
pany this direful disease, gave place, more 
or less, to general ease and comfort ; their 
limbs became lighter and more flexible. 



262 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



and the sense of touch was partially re-* 
stored, so that some could handle a knife 
and fork, or work with a needle, and walk 
much faster than they had been able to do 
before. In none, however, did the prompt 
curative effects take place which were ob- 
served in Miss Macpherson and in Puche. 
The cure might be said to have only 
begun ; still it was an inexpressible satis- 
faction to perceive, that in one of the most 
obstinate and loathsome of maladies, any 
sensible amendment, such as that acknow- 
ledged by the six patients now under con- 
sideration, could be effected during the 
only five weeks that they took the Cui- 
chunchulli. I may also state, that, to put 
its remedial powers to the most decided 
test, I abstained from administering every 
other medicine at the same time ; and that 
the excessively poor diet which the Laxars 
receive, being only the same with the food 
allowed to persons confined in the House of 
Correction, was also unfavourable to their 
recovery. The case of my white patient 
remains to be mentioned; and here I am 
sorry to say, that the CuichunchuUi pro- 
duced no sensible benefit whatever, though 
my interest in the individual led me to con- 
tinue it for a longer period, and to administer 
it in larger quantities than to any of the 
others. Sometimes, indeed, he said that 
he thought himself rather better, but that 
brther reflection speedily dispelled the 
agreeable illusion. In this instance, there- 
fore. the plant in question has completely 
ftiled ; but this failure may only serve to 
confirm the general rule, that no medicine 
is equally effective in all cases. 

E. N. Bancroft. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

(Cwtimtedjrom p. 226.; 

berkelbt'8 fungi. 

We are happy to announce the appear- 
ance of the first part of specimens of 
'* British Fungi,'' of the Rev. If, J, 
Berkeley, As stated elsewhere, this work 
is to be considered as illustrative of, and 
supplementary to, the Second Part of the 



FifUi Voluma of the English Fhra. AB 
information, therefore, as to the character 
and synonyms of the species, is to be 
sought in that work. Occasion, however, 
will be taken of communicating any fiir* 
ther information, which may be deemed 
requisite, or of correcting any errors into 
which the author may have fallen, as the 
different species are published: and new 
species, or such as may occur subsequently 
to the completion of the English Hon, 
will be accompanied by their specific cha- 
racters; and, where such exist, by their 
more prominent synonyms. 

1. Agaricus cristaius. Bolt — 2. jL 
CossuSf Sow. — 3. A. biennius, Fr.— 4. A. 
JUtccidus, Sow.— 5. A. nelmlaris, Batiich. 
— 6. A. odorus. Bull — 7. A. porrmis^ Fr. 
— 8. A, cameus. Bull. — 9. A. undatus. 
Berk.— 10. A. ramealis, Bull. — 11. A. 
epiphyUug, Pers. — 12. A. polygrammut. 
Bull.— 13.^. Fibula, Bull, and y. Stoartm, 
Fr. — ^14 A. pyxidaius, BuU. — 15u -4. pur- 
purcucens, A. and S. (callochrous, Fr.). 
16. A. adipoius, Batsch. — 17. A. squar- 
rosus, Mull.— 18. A. mollis, SchoBff.— la 
Merulius Corium, Fr. — 20. ITielephora 
byssoides, Pers. — ^21. T. laciescens. Berk. 
—22. T. comedens, Nees.— 2a Typhula 
phacarhiza, Fr. (on Sclerotium scuieUa- 
turn, and, in some copies, also on S. com- 
planaiurn), — ^24 T. eryihropus, Fr. — 2b. 
Pistillaria quisquiliaris, Fr. — 26. Cemm- 
gium quercinum, Fr. — 27. Sclerotium 
sctUellahan, A. and S. — ^38. A, saUcinum, 
DC— 29. Sphasria Prunasiri, Pers.— 
30. S. Jibrosa, Pers.— 31. S. leucosioma, 
Pers.— 32. S. Dothidea, b, Rosm, Moug. 
— 33. S.JUicina, Fr. — 34 S. paniherina. 
Berk. n. jp.— 35. S. Junci, Fr.— 36. & 
Jimbriata, Pers. — 37. S, Lirella, Moug. 
and Nest.— 38. S. Gnomon, Tode.— 39. & 
brunneola, Fr.— 40. Phoma FSistuia, Fr. 
—41. Asteroma reticukUum, Berk. (Do- 
thidea reticulata, Fr.). — 42. A, Cratmgi, 
Berk. (Actinonema Cratmqi, Pers.). — 43. 
Rhytisma salicinum, Fr. — 44. Phacidium 
carbonaceum, Fr.— 45. P. Lauro-cerasi, 
Desm. — 46. Leptostroma Spirem, Fr. — 
47. PerichiBna popuUna, Fi. — 48, Las- 
iobotrys Lonicerm, K«e.*^9. Chafomium 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



283 



eltUum, Kze. — 50, StUbumpiliforme, Pers. 
— 51. Pachnocybe stdmlcUa, Berk. (Peri' 
cania subulata, Nees). — 52. P. albida, 
Berk. (Sporocybe albida, Ft.), — 53. Bo- 
trytis effUsa, Grev. — 54. Epochnium furt" 
fforum, Fr. — 55. Fiuisporium Buxi, Fr. 
— 56. Pnlonia rosea. Berk. — 57. Pucdnia 
JBuUaria, Lk. — 58. CEcidium cancellaium, 
Pars.— 59. Uredo Iridis, Dub.— 60. U. 
Beta, LL 

WEBB*S AND BERTHOLOT'S NATURAL 
HISTORY OF THB CANARY I8LE8. 

A highly interesting work, as regards 
the Natural History and Botany, in par- 
ticular, of the Canary Isles, -is announced, 
the result of the researches of P, Barker 
Webb, Esq. and M. Sabin Bertkoht, in 
that celebrated region. It is entitled 

" HiSTOIRB NaTURELLB DBS CANA- 
RIES." The two first numbers of this 
work are now before us; and we shall 
take an early opportunity of showing the 
value we set upon it, by offering some 
extracts to our readers ; and, in the mean 
time, shall lay before them some account 
of the nature and extent of the publica- 
tion, as derived from the Prospectus issued 
in Paris by the editor, M, Bethun. 

The Canary Islands have often attracted 
the attention of Naturalists, on account of 
the productions of their soil ; but though 
these islands have been visited, at various 
periods, by learned travellers, they have 
never been studied in a general point of 
view. Teneriffe has ever been the chief 
attraction to scientific individuals ; its cen- 
tral situation, its importance, the advan- 
tages which the roadstead of St Croix 
offers to European vessels, all these cir- 
cumstances have rendered it a halting 
point, and are the causes why the other 
spots of this Archipelago have been ne- 
glected. Messrs. Webb and Bertholot 
have proposed to fill up this gap by the 
publication of a Natural History of the 
Canary Islands : part of their work is the 
result of ten years' assiduous observation ; 
and two successive years of excursions 
throughout the isles of this groupe, have 
enabled them to collect and study in detail 



the productions of the three kingdoms 
of nature. We proceed to give an ana- 
lysis of their labours. 

M. Sabin Bertholot arrived at Teneriffe 
towards the close of 1819 ; ever since this 
period, his numerous exploratory visits to 
the different districts of thatisland, and his 
first expedition to that of Canaria, per- 
mitted him to collect abundant materials. 
During his long stay, the local authorities 
were able to appreciate all the interest 
that would thus accrue to their countiy; 
while his intimate acquaintance with the 
principal inhabitants, and the general 
good-will that was felt towards him, had 
accustomed him to regard the Canaries aa 
his adopted land. Having been requested 
to superintend the college, founded at 
Orotava, and employed by the Marquis 
Villanueva del Prado, (the originator of 
the acclimatization Garden,) to inspect the 
process of cultivation adopted in this fine 
establishment, he endeavoured to show 
himself worthy of this double mark of con- 
fidence. But some regulations that were 
set on foot, by a party inimical to all know- 
ledge, caused the suppression of the col- 
lege to which M. Bertholot was appointed 
director; and an ill-disposed jealousy,, 
which frustrated all his efforts, compelled 
him to abandon the gardens which he had 
striven to render useful towards the pro- 
motion of Horticultural Botany. From 
that period, the garden at Orotava haa 
been wholly neglected ; and our French 
Naturalist resumed his researches with 
still greater activity than before, and 
found, in his studies, that charm and con- 
solation which the acquisition of knowledge 
alone can bestow. The desire of commu- 
nicating information respecting a country 
which he had investigated in every di- 
rection, and of presenting, in one great 
picture, its general history, had occupied 
him a long time, when, in 1828, a for- 
tunate circumstance afforded him the 
means of realising his plans by uniting his 
observations to those of an able fellow- 
labourer P. Barker Webb, Esq., long known 
by his acquirements in Natural History, 
and by his extensive journeys and sci- 



2S4 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



entific researches, arrived in the Canaries : 
their intimacy commenced from that period. 
Tenerifie was explored anew ; and then, 
during two following years, the principal 
islands of this Archipelago were suc- 
cessively visited. Rich in numerous col- 
lections, and in the drawings of every kind 
which they executed, these two travellers 
returned to Europe towards the close 
of 1830; and the three next years having 
been devoted to uniting and coalescing 
their materials, the publication is to be 
immediately commenced. 

After noticing the nature of the His- 
torical Introduction, the Geography, Geo- 
logy, and Zoology of the Canary Islands, 
the Editor proceeds to the department 
of their 

BOTANY. 

Placed on the confines of the temperate 
tone, the Canary Islands possess a peculiar 
Flora : in this latitude, the greater number 
of the plants assume already a different 
aspect and character ; the species are more 
developed, woody, and often even arbo- 
rescent; and some are single types of 
certain genera, which have hitherto been 
only seen in these islands. The assem- 
blage of all these peculiarly Canary 
Island plants, on the limited spot which 
produces them, renders this country a real 
region of Botany. Among these varied 
vegetable forms, there are some which 
combine the Flora of this Archipelago 
with that of the Atlantic countries, and 
especially with Western Africa: others, 
again, which, by their aspect or generic 
affinity, approach the inter-tropical plants ; 
while a certain number, belonging to the 
species of Southern Europe, unite this 
vegetation with that of the Mediterra- 
nean shores. These various considera- 
tions render the Botanical Geography of 
these islands highly interesting, and point 
out the Canaries as one of those favoured 
spots on the globe where science can 
pursue a series of observations with the 
greatest chance of success. The different 
stations which the plants occupy, the kind 
of affinity which seems to unite some spe- 



cies, and the insulated habitats that others 
affect ; the difference of the soil, exposure 
and the height at which they grow, are all 
so many considerations which swell the 
importance of the study, when, after 
having investigated in detail the scattered 
vegetation of this Archipelago, it becomes 
desirable to catch a general view of its 
distribution. 

MM. Webb and Bertholot have in- 
vestigated all the principal islands of the 
groupe, under the several relations thai we 
have now indicated ; and the number of 
species that have rewarded their long 
excursions, much exceeds the five hundred 
and thirty-fiv6 which M. Von Buch had 
named as the sum total of the Flora of the 
Canaries. Our two Botanists have brought 
Kw&y about one thousand flowering plants, 
besides a large collection of Cryptogamia ; 
and of this number, more than one hun- 
and fifty species are either entirely new, or 
very little known. Such results are a 
manifest proof of the perseverance of their 
researches, especially when it is considered 
that several excellent Botanists were in 
the field before them: among whom was 
Masson, one of the most active of col- 
lectors ; Broussonet, so well known for the 
services he rendered to science ; M. Bory 
de St Vincent, whose name is his suffi- 
cient eulogium; and Christian Smith, 
whose untimely death all Phytologists 
have had reason to deplore. 

MM. Webb and Bertholot have spared 
no labour to render this portion of their 
labours worthy of the science to which 
they are so peculiarly partial. The species 
which compose their collections have been 
determined and classed, by a reference to 
the best sources; in order to ascertain 
exactly all that had been published by 
their predecessors, and to decide on the 
validity of their discoveries. The text of 
the phytographic portion, already in a state 
of considerable forwardness, will be in 
Latin, on the model of Humboldt and 
Bonpland's fine works (Nova Genera el 
Species'), and of that which M. Auguste de 
St. Hilaire is now publishing (Flora Bra- 
silitc Meridionalis), and the form will be 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



285 



the same: more than two hundred plates 
will accompany this text, and present, not 
only line-engravings of all the new species, 
but also of those which have never before 
been figured. M. Heyland, whose style 
has been formed at Geneva, under the 
inspection of the learned Professor De 
CandoUe, has been employed on the 
designs, and the details which belong 
to them : one of the most skilful engravers 
in Paris, M. Vielle, is now working upon 
them. This rich collection, on which the 
authors have lavished all their cares, will 
place the figures of the Canary Flora in 
the rank of the finest works that have ever 
been published in this style. 

The Phytostatic department, which is 
to form the introduction of the Flora, is 
nearly complete ; the Geography of Botany 
is there treated in detail; the general 
aspect of the vegetation, the distribution of 
plants over the soils, according to the situ- 
ations and heights which they severally 
affect; their affinity in form and number 
with the Floras of other lands, are so many 
important questions which the authors 
have especially laboured to unfold. This 
first part will, offer all the interest of 
novelty, and will be adorned with beautiful 
designs; executed from nature by M. J. 
"Williams, and lithographed by M. de St. 
Aulaire, whose skilful crayon is now in 
eminent request for all scientific works of 
this kind. These plates will consist of 
several Phjrtostatic views, displaying, the 
aspect of the vegetation at different 
heights. Thus a glance at this fine Atlas, 
will afford a general idea of the geo- 
graphical distribution of vegetation in 
these mountainous isles; and display the 
several stations where they are united, by 
rising, in imagination, from the sea-shores 
to the most commanding summits. To these 
varied scenes will be added the " facies" 
of the plants ; that external physiognomy 
which is embraced at a glance, and which 
is marked in broad characters. In this 
respect our two Botanists have the merit 
of opening a new path for future travellers. 
M. Martins, in his work on Brazil, had al- 
ready showed all the advantages that may 



be derived from representations of the ge- 
neral habit in the Palm Tribes, where the 
great dimensions of the foliage, and the 
display of the floral parts, require extreme 
reduction in the figures, and MM. Webb 
and Bertholot have now done the same 
with the woody Dicotyledones. We may 
be allowed to hope that this happy innova- 
tion will find many imitators among bota- 
nical draughtsmen; for that loveliest of 
sciences will thus be rendered more attrac- 
tive ; and perhaps, in favour of such a pictu- 
resque department, the minutiae of details, 
the dryness of diagnoses and of nomencla- 
ture, with its fatiguing list of synonyms, 
may yet obtain mercy in the eyes of the 
merely superficial observer. 

belanoer's travels. 

M. Belanger is publishing, at Paris, 
in one volume, 8vo., with an Atlas of sixty 
plates, in 4to., the botanical part of his 
" Voyage aux Indes Orientales, par le 
Nord de V Europe, les Provinces du Can- 
case, la Georgie, VArmSnie, et la Perse, 
pendant les annees, 1825 — lS29incliLsivesJ' 
— The announcement tells us that *'M. 
Belanger, who for a period of ten years 
had studied Botany, paid, as might natu- 
rally be expected, particular attention to 
this important department of Natural Sci- 
ence during his travels. The value of his 
collections may be estimated by the variety 
of countries which he visited, while the 
report made by M. Mirbel on this subject, 
leaves no room for doubt. Persia, especi- 
ally, which no Naturalist had so extensively 
explored, confers a superiority on his Her- 
barium there collected over those of Tour- 
nefort, Olivier, and Michaux. The gum- 
bearing Astragali, the UmbelltfercB, which 
yield Assqfoetida and Gum Ammoniac, 
and the different species of CucurbfUace€B 
and of Vines, have afforded matter for nu- 
merous observations. Nearly four thousand 
species are the fruit of M. Belanger's re- 
searches in India and Pegu ; this rich col- 
lection, moreover, contains, among a host 
of curious species, many officinal plants, 
to the study of which our Naturalist has 



286 



BOTANICAL INFOHMATION. 



«Ter pecijdiarly attached himself. In fine, 
the Herbarium, including the result of hiB 
researches in the Isles of Java, of Bourbon, 
and the Mauritius, with the Cape of Good 
Hope and St Helena, contains five thou- 
sand four hundred different kinds, of which 
from a thousand to twelve hundred at least 
may be reckoned as new. To each speci- 
men are appended the names which the 
plant receives in the different countries 
where it grows, with notes on its height, 
appearance, the colour of its flowers, and 
frequently the structure of its fruit, includ- 
ing those characters which are apt to dis- 
appear in the process of drying; finally, 
all that information which can convey a 
knowledge of the useful or noxious quali- 
ties of the particular vegetable, or the su- 
perstitious ideas attached to it, have been 
carefully collected by this Botanist. 

M. Belai^r reserves for himself the 
publication of this department, with the 
exception of some families, which he has 
confided for examination and analysis to 
M. Guillcmin, Member of the Society of 
Natural History. 

The new species, alone, will be described 
in detail, while complete enumerations, in 
the form of a catalogue of the different 
kinds gathered in each country, will convey 
an idea of their respective Floras, and 
afford materials for a general sketch of the 
Botanical Geography of Asia, which M. 
Belanger means to prefix to the second 
part of the scientific publication ; he will 
also append an Essay on the officinal plants 
of India and Pegu. 

M. Belanger's travels will be highly in- 
teresting, as communicating information 
upon the manners, customs, and institu- 
tions of the people who inhabit the various 
regions of the vast Indian Empire. Few 
individuals have traversed such a vast ex- 
tent of country, and visited more varied 
and highly interesting districts ; and fewer 
still, it must be confessed, have been placed 
in circumstances which admitted of their 
deriving so much advantage from their 
travels. Commissioned by Government to 
establish at Pondichery a Botanic Garden, 
designed to be the dep6t for the vegetable 



riches of Hindostan, M. Belanger started 
from Paris in 1825, accompanying the 
Viscount Desbassayns de Richemont, Ad- 
ministrator general of the French settle- 
ments in India, who was to proceed over 
land to his destination, and who was en- 
trusted with a mission to the court of Pe^ 
sia. This expedition, which had not, so 
far as we are aware, been undertaken bj 
any French traveller during several cento- 
ries, may be considered as forming an 
epoch in the history of the present, and 
becomes the more interesting, as the offi- 
cial situation of M. Desbassayns has placed 
it in M. Belanger's power to record a 
number of curious facts, which no other 
circumstances could have enabled him to 
collect 

Our travellers, after quitting France, 
crossed Germany, Poland, and the aoutii 
of Russia, as far as the river Don ; thence 
they traversed a part of Circassia and the 
highest chain of the Caucasus, and de- 
scended in the beginning of April, into 
Georgia. It is impossible even to glance 
here at all the fatigue and danger which 
they endured upon the snow ; their adven- 
tures on the frozen sea of Azof are parti- 
cularly striking; in short, this, the best 
known part of their whole route, has stiD 
afforded M. Belanger an opportunity to 
make so many striking and novel remaifa, 
that this portion of the narrative will per- 
haps be read with the most interest of all. 
After a short stay at Tifliz, during which 
many valuable documents were compiJed 
on the political and conomercial state of 
Georgia, they resumed their route, on the 
15th of April, and reached the Persian 
frontier on the 20th. From North to South 
they traversed all the western part of this 
vast country, successively visiting Erivan, 
Tauris, Teheran, Ispahan, and Bushir, and 
in each of these cities, M. Belanger noted 
every thing that appeared worthy of record, 
especially directing his attention to those 
points which had seemed to escape his 
predecessors. The topographical differ 
ences between the several provinces^ the 
aspect, manners, customs, and aituatioB of 
their respective tubes, and aH the delaik 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



287 



that could be obUined with regard to the 
fveeent state of commerce, agriculture, and 
aits in this empire, find a place in M. Be- 
ianger's Journal. The facilities afforded 
by Viscount Deebassayns' mission for cul* 
tivating a knowledge of the higher popu- 
iataon of Persia, opened to M. Belanger 
nan J channels for ascertaining their con- 
dition as to morals and education^ as well 
as the most curious details respecting the 
oourt of Prince Abbas Mirza, and that of 
Teheran, with the ceremonies and customs 
obaenred in the reception of the Envoys of 
foreign powers ; that of M. the Viscount 
Desbassayns being described by him with 
all the truth and vividness of a first im- 
presflion. 

M. Belanger arrived in Persia at the very 
time when the first discussions arose be- 
tween this empire and Russia, and he has 
collected all the facts which could elucidate 
the motives for the war which afterwards 
broke out between these two powers. His 
Journal contains a faithful transcript of the 
local difficulties that the travellers encoun- 
tered, the alarming situations in which they 
were frequently placed; but this darker 
part of the picture is relieved by numerous 
anecdotes relative to the Persian Ambas- 
sadors whom they met, and the private 
history of several individuals whom M. 
Belanger, in his capacity of a physician, 
was privileged to visit within the precincts 
of the harems. No less curious and valu- 
able are the details that M. Belanger pos- 
sesses respecting the character of the 
present Shah and his future successor, 
whom Europe now looks to as the only in- 
dividual apparently capable of raising to 
its due rank among the nations the great 
empire of Persia. 

During the whole of his stay in this 
country, M. Belanger bestowed much at- 
tention on its Zoology and Botany, and the 
collections made by him in these depart- 
ments are the more valuable, as hardly any 
traveller has ever explored it so fully. He 
eq>ecially devoted himself to collecting 
such facts as elucidate the botanical geo- 
graf^y of this country, based on the geo- 
logical formation of its soil, and modified 



by its diversity of latitude and elevation : 
he also investigated the agricultural pro- 
cesses pursued in Persia, and their inge- 
nious system of irrigation; and lastly, 
profiting by the reputation which he ac- 
quired from his cures of several simple 
diseases, he ascertained the mode of treat- 
ment commonly pursued in Persia. 

Towards the end of September, 1825, 
M. Belanger, still accompanying Viscount 
Desbassayns, quitted Persia, and embarked 
in an Arab vessel, at Bushir, collecting 
much information in his passage down the 
Persian Gulf, on its navigation and com- 
merce. When arrived at Bombay, he avail- 
ed himself of the friendly feeling manifested 
by Governor Elphinstone, to obtain many 
valuable documents respecting this Presi- 
dency, and especially upon the Honourable 
Company's policy. There also he made 
many additions to his zoological and bota- 
nical treasures, and procured several valu- 
able statements on the v^etation of this 
country, which might serve as a continua- 
tion to his Ohieroations on the Geograpk^ 
of Plants. The Malabar coast then claimed 
his attention for three months, and rewarded 
his researches with much valuable inform- 
ation, especially as respects Mahe, one of 
our settlements in that district. 

In March, 1826, crossing the Western 
Ghauts in their highest part, be entered 
Mysore, that former scene of the glories of 
Tippoo Saib and his father, and which, as 
the centre of Mussulman power in the Pe- 
ninsula, still preserves some vestiges of 
ancient Indian independence, and is thus 
calculated to excite the curiosity of the 
intelligent traveller. It may be readily 
conceived that M. Belanger made diligent 
use of the time which he spent in Seringa- 
patam and Benghalore, in obtaining all the 
information possible on the present state 
of this portion of Hindostan. Thence, 
returning by the Eastern Ghauts, our tra- 
veller reached Pondichery, the ultimate 
object of this first journey. The intentions 
of Government in sending him thither 
claimed his first attention during a sojourn 
of nearly a year in this colony ; but though 
the establishment of the king's garden pc- 



288 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



cupied the greatest part of his time, his 
leisure moments were profitably spent in 
compiling such documents respecting Pon- 
dichery and our other Indian settlements, 
as we hope will enable us finally to esti- 
mate their real importance to France. 

Pondichery being, so to speak, the me- 
tropolis of Christianity in the Peninsula, 
it presents the greatest advantages for as- 
certaining the real state, as to character 
and morals, of this class of the population 
of India ; and it is likewise in this colony 
that we can most justly appreciate the la- 
bours of the French missionaries to effect 
the conversion and preserve the true faith 
in the hearts of the natives. Thrice, dur- 
ing the year 1827, M. Belanger visited the 
Camatic, the coast of Coromandel, and 
Madras ; verifying, during these excursions, 
his former ideas, with regard to the caste, 
manners, &c. of the different tribes who 
inhabit this presidency. Towards the close 
of that year he explored Lower Bengal, 
especially near Calcutta and Chandemagor, 
giving especial attention to the different 
public establishmente in these cities. 

Here M. Belanger's travels in India 
closed ; and when we take a summary view 
of the result of his labours, we see him 
rich in large botanical and zoological col- 
lections ; in observations on the vegetation 
and products of this vast country ; in do- 
cuments of the highest interest respecting 
the commerce and political organization of 
the three presidencies which compose the 
Company's possessions ; and upon the wise 
and political system of administration pur- 
sued by the British towards the Indians, 
and the establishments founded for their 
benefit ; upon the industry, manners, usages, 
and religious ceremonies of the numerous 
castes which make up the Indian popula- 
tions of those parts which he visited ; upon 
the situation of this Peninsula, as compared 
with what it was, under the sway of the 
Rajahs, &c. &c. and finally, our traveller 
possesses portfolios, filled with drawings, 
representing what description is inade- 
quate to convey, and vocabularies on the 
languages of this country. 

Pegu was next visited by M. Belanger, 



a country in which no Naturalist, save Dr. 
Wallich, who devoted himself to its Botany, 
had preceded him. The state of this na- 
tion and of Birmah, as to religion and ge- 
neral customs, especially as contrasted with 
Bengal, attracted his particular attention, 
the late war that had raged there affording 
many facilities for investigations in the 
Birmese empire. 

In 1828, M. Belanger embarked for the 
Islands of Sunda, where he carefully ex- 
plored Pulo-Merak, the island which lies 
next to Java ; the environs of Batavia, and 
the district of Buitenzor. Many birds, in- 
sects, moUusca, and a fine Herbarium re- 
warded his researches ; nor did the statis- 
tics and commerce of these settlements 
escape his notice, but he made such in- 
quiries into the actual state of the Dutch 
possessions, and the customs of the Dutch 
and Javanese, as are likely to prove of high 
interest to these colonies. After revisiting 
Pondichery, M. Belanger, on his return to 
France, explored the Islands of Mauritius 
and Bourbon, with the Cape of Good Hope, 
and arrived in his native land, after nearly 
five years of absence. 

Four Fasciculi of the '* Partie Bota- 
nique*' of the work are now before us, with 
neatly engraved plates ; but we regret to 
say, that the figures of the Mosses are not 
executed with that degree of accuracy 
which such subjects require, and which 
they deserve. 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE 
NORTH OF ENGLAND. 

Bj Joseph Wood», Esq., F.L.S. 

My dear Sir, — It is possible that the fol. 
lowing memoranda of a botanical tour, made 
this year (1835) in the North of England, 
may interest some of your readers ; espe- 
cially if any of them i.ave the intention of 
following a part of the same route. If you 
think this will be the case, you are perfectly 
welcome to publish them. I have only to 
remark, that the plants enumerated are 
such as catch the attention of a Botanist 
from the South of England. Had I visited 
these counties from the North, I should 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



289 



probably have passed oyer many which now 
%are in my lists, and should have added 
others which are less familiar to the Scottish 
Botanist, though frequent in the South- 
east of England. 

The first locality I had to examine, was 
Leckby or Lakeby Carr. This lies about 
seven miles from Borough Bridge, and not 
much less from Thirsk. The intermediate 
village of Topclifie ofiers the best station 
from which to visit it. I went in the stage 
from Borough Bridge to Topclifie, and 
walked from the latter place, a distance of 
hardly two miles. A gravel-pit on the left 
invited me out of the road, and I passed 
through it to a very pleasant little bank of 
wood, rising from the Ure, where I observ- 
ed Ophrys Nidus Avis, and Paris quadri- 
foHa, The south-country Botanist will 
also be gratified by finding Campanula 
lattfolia, but at this period (19th June) it 
was not in flower. Returning to the road, 
we pass by a moist meadow, which appears 
to have no outlet for the water. This 
abounds with Carex carta, and, in a ditch 
at the lowest part of the meadow, there 
were a few plants o£ Lysimachia thysiflora, 
Leckby Carr, which is not far from this, 
occupies a similar, but much larger hollow, 
without any outlet, where the drainage of 
the surrounding land originally formed a 
small pool, the memory of which seems to 
be preserved in the name of the neighbour- 
ing hamlet, Leckby or Lakeby, now con- 
verted into a peat moss. In a little pond 
near the entrance, there was a small quan- 
tity of the JLysimachia in flower, and it 
was much more plentiful in a ditch which 
crosses the bog, near where, at the south- 
em extremity, it curves a little to the 
West. The plant is scattered pretty abund- 
antly along the margin of the bog ; but it 
was only in these two places that I saw it 
in blossom. Apparently there was not else- 
where a sufficient quantity of moisture, 
for, in consequence of the dryness of the 
season, the morass was traversable in all 
directions, almost without wetting one's 
shoes; and it was perhaps also owing to 
this circumstance, that I was unable to 
discover a single plant of the Scheuchze- 

TGI.. I. 



ria, though I spent an hour and a half in 
searching for it in a very limited space to- 
wards the southern end of the bog ; the 
precise spot where my friend Mr. Dalton 
had found it on more than one occasion in 
the greatest abundance. Arundo Caia- 
magrostis and Drosera Anglica are both 
plentiful, but I was too early for the flower. 
Drosera rotundifolia also abounds, but I 
saw no plant of D. longifolia. Mr. W. 
Wilson {Hooker's British Flora, ed. S.p. 
151) has established an excellent charac- 
ter between the latter and D, Anglica; but 
the size, colour, and tall scapes of the last- 
mentioned species, render it very easily 
distinguishable at first sight. Vaccinium 
Oxycoccos grows in great quantity, and it 
showed abundance of flowers and of un- 
ripe fruit. The fruit is said to be very 
good, as well as plentiful, in the Carr, a 
proof that this plant does not require 
springy ground, or any change of water to 
make it flourish. I observed a good deal 
of Carex Jiliformis, and Carex carta oc- 
curs also in this station. 

I returned to Topclifie and continued 
my walk to Thirsk the same evening, and 
the next morning proceeded to the hospi- 
table residence of the Rev. James Dalton, 
at Croft. Chrysosplenium altemifolium is 
plentiful in this neighbourhood, but I was 
too late for it, and as much too early for 
the flowers of Cladium Mariscus, which 
grows at Hell Kettles. These kettles are 
two connected pools in a flat meadow, 
crossed by the foot-path from Croft to 
Darlington. They are said to have been 
formed suddenly by the spontaneous sink- 
ing of the ground, about the end of the 
fifteenth century, and to be unfathomable. 
A small stream issues from them ; they are 
very cold, and emit, at times, a sulphureous 
smell. To get Ribes petranim, you must 
cross the bridge from Croft, and descend 
for about a furlong on the left bank of the 
Tees. There are only four or five bushes 
of it, and of course it was out of flower ; 
but there was unripe fruit, which, however, 
it is very difficult to preserve in drying. If 
quite ripe, it would be impossible to pre- 
serve it, so as to retain any vestige of its 

T 



290 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NOBTH OF BNaiANE. 



original form or structure, on which ac- 
count, as well as the tendency of ripe fruit 
of any sort to separate itself from the stalk, 
the Botanist will in general do well to con- 
tent himself with that which is not quite 
mature ; but he will not do well, if, because 
Linnaeus has founded his principal divisions 
on the flower, he should neglect the fruit 
altogether. Rosa Doniana grows at the 
top of a woody bank a little above Crofl. 
on the Yorkshire side of the river; and 
near Halnaby, on the same side, there is a 
small strip of boggy ground, mostly co- 
vered with brush- wood, on the lefl hand of 
the road from Croft, which affords Ranun- 
culus Lingua, and a Carex, which is per- 
haps a small variety of C, panicukUa, but 
not forming dense tufls, and therefore in 
some degree approaching to C, teretius- 
cula. The beak also is not abrupt, as de- 
scribed in C. paniculata, but tapers gra- 
dually from the fruit. Hooker (^Brit. Fl. 
ed, 3. p, 395) mentions a continental spe- 
cies, C. paradoxa, which is intermediate 
between these two. That species, however, 
is described as forming very large and 
dense tufls, (see Gaudin, FL Helv, 6. 43) 
and therefore can have nothing to do with 
this plant Some difficulty has arisen from 
the figure of C teretiuscula in English 
Botany, where the scales are altogether 
brown, whereas, according to Gaudin, I. c. 
the scales of C. teretiuscula in a young 
state have uniformly a whitish border. In 
my plant they have a pretty wide scariose 
margin. I gathered in the same place an 
Eriophorum, somewhat resembling E, pu- 
bescens, and having, like that, a short, close 
down on the spike-stalk. It is remarkable 
for its very slender, almost capillary leaves, 
and the naked upper part of the culm. The 
seeds are linear, not, as in E, pubescens, 
obovate. They are slightly attenuate at 
the base, and of a very pale colour. This 
appears to me to be the E. gracile of Roth 
and of Gaudin ; and, judging from the de- 
scription, I should say also of Smith ; but 
the only British specimen in the Herbarium 
of the latter, though too young for absolute 
decision, appears to be different. It is 
probably the same as that to which the 



name has been applied of late by Britiah 
Botanists, a plant with smooth spike-stalks 
and elliptic seeds, at least such has been 
the case, so far as I have had the opportu- 
nity of examining them, and in these par- 
ticulars and in ^e general appearance of 
the plant, it is more nearly allied to E. on- 
gustifolium than to E. pmhescena. Ths 
Herbarium of Sir J. E. Smith contains two 
other specimens, with the name of E. gru' 
die: one from Schrader, marked in the 
writing of that Botanist " E. triquetrttm, 
Hoppe, Germany." In this, if carefully 
examined, the spike-stalks are found to be 
pubescent, the seeds are pale and linear* 
oblong rather than linear The other is a 
Lapland specimen from Wahlenberg; a 
stouter plant, more leafy at the base* and 
with an obviously pubescent spike-stalk. 
Another Lapland specimen,in the posaessioa 
of Mr. Borrer, gives the idea of a slender 
plant, with a nearly naked, lengthened 
culm. It has pubescent spike-stalks, and 
Oblong seeds, much like those of Schrader's 
specimen. In my younger days I had al- 
ways considered as E. polystachyon the 
plant which I am now instructed to caU 
E. pubescens, and I have still no concep- 
tion of what is meant by E, polystachyon 
in the English Flora, which I think is not 
that of any other work, and which seems 
distinguished by no marked character from 
E, angustifolium. If indeed we are to 
understand by the expression " leaves flat," 
that they are not any where channelled, it 
is a circumstance I have never met with in 
any species of Eriophorum, and may pos- 
sibly be a good distinction. My plant 
grew within the water of a little pool, aiid 
in the same neighbourhood was a consi- 
derable quantity of Pyrola rotundtfoUot 
but hardly yet in flower. 

On the 23rd June I went to Durham, to 
meet Mr. J. Jansen, and we proceeded on 
the 24th to Sunderland, where, in spite of 
the continued rain, we rambled over the 
ballast- hills, but without finding any thing. 
A considerable portion of these is now co- 
vered by cottages. Ballast-hillsplantswhich 
succeed in establishing themselves, as X^n- 
diumDraba atSwansea, and Trifolium std- 



BfOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



?91 



Iddini Hi SibOT^^m, are interesting from that 
cii^umstance ; for the causes which render 
some plants of easy naturalization, while 
others, apparently equally well suited to 
the climate, and with as abundant means 
of propagation, invariably die off, are still 
very obscure : but a chance plant or two, 
of which the seeds have been accidentally 
brought over, and which neither spread by 
their roots nor ripen their seeds, are of 
little consequence. On the next morning 
we went to Castle Eden, and the weather 
at last began to improve, though still cloudy 
and so cold that we found fires lighted for 
us as a matter of course in the bed-rooms. 
The Dean or Dene, for I know not which 
way it should be spelt, is a romantic narrow 
valley, frequently bordered with rocks and 
almost every where covered with woods. 
Th^re is a road through the greater part of 
if, quite down to the sea-shore ; but the 
lower part exhibits, for the most part, steep 
gravelly banks instead of the perpendicular 
limestone rocks which diversify and adorn 
the upper. I had been directed to seek for 
the Cypripedium Calceolus on the top of 
a steep rocky bank, opposite to an insulated 
rock, on each side of which the road pass- 
ed, but we could find no such rock, and our 
search for the Cypripedium was in vain. 
The plant suffers from the unceasing rapacity 
of gardeners. Yet it does not bear a high 
price, and I suppose from this circumstance 
it is propagated without much difficulty; 
but, at least in the gardens about London, 
it rarely flowers. I believe that in some 
places in the North of England, it is not 
only increased without difficulty, but also 
blooms freely. The Dene offered to us 
Geranium sylvaticum, Melica nutans, 
RtUms saxatilis, Geum rivale, Trollius 
Europceus, Vicia sylvaiica, and other 
plants of the North of England. Festuca 
rubra grows in the sand on the sea-shore. 
Pyrola rotundifolia is also abundant, 
chiefly in the northern branch. Carex 
fulva inhabits springy ground towards the 
sea-shore. This species, with C. distans, C, 
binervis, and C. laevigata, form a groupe, 
of which it is not very easy to catch the 
8|)ecific characters, and perhaps we may 



add to these C. speirostachya and pluBo- 
stachya of the English Flora, The want 
of an awn to the scales of the fertile cat- 
kins is pointed out by Sir J. E. Smith as 
an important difference between C. fulva 
and C. distans ; C. binervis, C, Icevigaia, 
and C. phcBostachya have also pointed 
scales, but C speirostachya is in that re- 
spect like C. fulva. The nearly smooth 
leaves, smooth fruit, and the membranous 
edges of the orifice of the beak in the first 
mentioned species, seem to form the only 
differences. My plant has the leaves 
smooth at the base, but rough with fine 
prickle -like serratures in the upper part on 
the keel and on the margin, especially on 
their strictly triangular ends. The fruit is 
smooth, except on the beak, whose edges 
are between rough and pubescent. The 
membrane of the orifice of the beak is very 
striking, on these specimens from C. Eden 
Dean ; but it seems to be always present, 
though not always equally conspicuous, in 
C.fulta. I gathered here also a variety 
of C. sylvaiica with compound spikes. 
There are some other little woody hollows, 
apparently similar to this of Castle Eden, 
but on a smaller scale, between the road 
and the shore. We had no time to visit 
any of them. 

From Castle Eden we went to Helmesly. 
Crossing on foot the range of the Black 
Hambledon Hills into Bilsdale, at a part 
marked on Crutchley's large map of Eng- 
land, Carleton Bank, an irregular wood 
above Stokesley, partly opening into a com- 
mon, and with a good deal of springy 
ground, invited our researches, but did not 
reward them ; nor were we more success- 
ful on some crags of a coarse sandstone 
near the summit. Keeping to the west of 
the road, we had the pleasure of finding 
among the young plantations near the top 
of the hill, the Trientalis Europcea scat- 
tered among the heath and fern in tolerable 
abundance, and just in flower. At Helmes- 
ly we heard again of Cypripedium Calce- 
olus, and a gardener, who confessed that 
he had taken up all the roots he could see, 
conducted us to the spot where it used to 
grow, which is a limestone bank near the 



292 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



head of the western branch of the little 
valley which penetrates the hills just be- 
hind Helmesly. Hellehorus viridis is 
found abundantly about this spot, and we 
observed Ophrys muscifera and Epipactis 
laiifolia, but no trace of the Cypripedium, 
except the hole from which the last speci- 
men was dug on the 15th of May, 1834, at 
which time the flowers were not expanded. 
The said gardener had first seen it on the 
19th of May, 1828, when it was in full 
bloom, and had taken up five roots. We 
threatened him with an act of parliament, 
made expressly to hang him, but he did 
not appear so much alarmed as we could 
have wished. This little glen unites with 
another, watered by a little stream called 
the Dark Gill, which is said to abound in 
Ferns, and this is certainly the fact, but they 
are only the common sorts, and no trace of 
Onoclea sensibilis, of which one tuft is 
said to have been found somewhere on the 
moors near Helmesly. We observed Po- 
lypodium Dryopteris, and a large variety 
of Aspidium Felix fcBmina, and I think 
nothing else worth notice; lower down, 
after the union of the streams, we noticed 
Primula farinosa, Eriophorum pubescens, 
and Epipactis palusti-is. There are nu- 
merous glens about Helmesly, some enter- 
ing the hills on the North of the broad 
and beautiful valley in which the town is 
situated. Others on the South, in what 
our informant assured us was a soil of quite 
a different nature : all rough and woody, 
and in appearance tempting to the Botanist, 
but we were not able to examine them. 
Ophrys muscifera grows in several places ; 
O. apifera on the magnificent terrace above 
Rivaulx Abbey, where the plants are care- 
fully preserved ; Serapias ensifolia in the 
woods in the same neighbourhood, and also 
Ribes alpinum, and Blysmus compressus 
in a springy piece of ground near Rivaulx 
Abbey, and in other places. Passing from 
Helmesly to Thirsk, we took Gormire Pool 
in the way, which, like Leckby Carr, occu- 
pies a hollow without an outlet. Here we 
were much gratified in meeting with Lysi- 
mcLchia thyrsiflora in considerable abund- 
ance, and with a Potamogeton, which I 



believe to be P, lanceolaium, but without 
any floating leaves. According to the ob- 
servations of Mr. Wilson, as recorded in 
the British Flora, this ought not to take 
place in stagnant water, but I believe that 
in an early stage both this and P. hetero- 
phyllum are frequently without floating 
leaves, in whatever situation they are found. 
Potamogeton is one of those genera where 
the desire of Botanists to clear up the ob- 
scurities of plants, which had previously 
claimed little attention, has induced them 
to multiply the species beyond what nature 
sanctions. 

My companion left me at Thirsk, and I 
again (29th June) hunted in Leckby Carr 
for the Scheuchzcria, without any better 
success than on the former occasion. 
Arundo Calamagrostis had made some 
progress, but was not yet in flower. Dro^ 
sera Anglica remained nearly in the same 
state. Vaccinium Oxycoccos no longer 
presented such a multitude of blossoms. I 
extended ray walk to Thornton Bridge, 
where I found Rumex aquaticus oi British 
Flora, The plants here had a broad bushy 
panicle, something like that of R. alpinus, 
which attracted my attention ; but after- 
wards, at Barnard Castle and other parts of 
Teesdale, I gathered what is seemingly the 
same plant, with the panicle much more 
like its common appearance in Rumez 
crispus, and differing from this in little 
but the want of any bead upon the valves^ 
R. crispus itself seems to vary much in 
this respect. On the sea-shore I usually 
find it with distinct and nearly equal beads 
on each valve on a large portion of the 
flowers (not on all), while in its more com- 
mon appearance, as observed in the British 
Flora, it is usual to find a fully-formed 
bead only on one valve. 

After again experiencing the hospitality 
of my excellent friend Mr. Dalton, I pro- 
ceeded to Barnard Castle, and on the 2nd 
of July walked down the valley of the Tees 
to considerably below Egglestone Abbey. 
The river runs nearly in a straight channel 
between limestone rocks, on which Gali- 
um horeale grows very abundantly, as 
does also Salix tenuifolia, or perhaps ra- 



BOTANICAL BXCUBSION IK THE NORTH OP ENGLAND. 293 

ther S. Weigeliana, if the species be in- far as Winch Bridge. The Sanguisorba 
deed different. Hieracium murorum, officinalis is plentiful here, as it is indeed 
Afyrrkis odorata, Elymus EuroptBus, and throughout the North of England. Jb/y- 
Carex syhatica, with compound spikes, gonum viviparum is exceedingly abund- 
occur in this spot. PotentiUa rupeslris is ant, while Bistorta (here much the rarer 
also said to grow here, but I searched for plant) only occurs near Winch Bridge. I 
it in vain. I proceeded to Greta Bridge, gathered also on the banks of the river, 
and walked thence up the very wild and nearMiddleton, 7%a/ic^rMm7na;W, J[fe/a?n- 
romantic glen of the Greta. Epilobium pyrumsylvaticum, Hieracium cerinthoides 
angustifolium, Cnicus heterophyllus, and (only one plant), and one or two plants of 
Asplenium viride, were the only plants Bartsia alpina. On the basaltic rocks, at 
which occurred to me as at all rare. On Winch Bridge, we got also PotentiUa al- 
the 3rd I walked up Deepdale, where the pestris, Festuca vivipara, and Habenaria 
scenery is very pleasant, but less bold and albida. PotentiUa fruticosa is also very 
romantic than that on the Greta ; and I plentiful among these rocks, and the pro- 
here found the same plants, with the addi- fusion of its bright yellow flowers added 
tion of Hahenaria viridis. After getting greatly to the charms of the scene. How 
into the moors, I descended towards Co- far the PotentiUa alpestris is distinct from 
tiierstone, gathering Sedum viUosum in P- vema, I will not attempt to decide; 
plenty a little aj^ove West Briscoe ; and but the appearance is different, and its 
afterwards ascended for five or six miles mode of growth much more loose and 
the valley of the Baulder, to find the place straggling. Under Festuca vimpara I 
where this brook is joined by another, think we usually include varieties both of 
called the Black Beek. I thought I had F, ovina and of F. duriuscula; but the 
reached the spot, but aflerwards had reason plant at Winch Bridge is exclusively the 
to believe myself mistaken : I certainly F. ovina. Winch Bridge is a suspended 
did not find the Saxifraga Hirculus, which foot-bridge of iron, which shakes under 
was the object of this walk. the tread. The old bridge was of wood, 

I slept at a comfortable little public house and very picturesque, but so ill supported 
at Cotherstone, a very pleasant place, and that it tipt' on one side as a person was 
with high bold woody banks on the oppo- going over it, not very long ago, and this 
site side of the Tees, which, however, I did accident seems to have determined the 
not visit, but had a very pleasant ramble erection of the present structure. 
on the Yorkshire side to Egglestone bridge, Pinckney's occupations would not per- 
and thence to Middleton, finding for the mit him to act as guide to the Saxifraga 
greater part of the way a footpath through Hirculus, so after getting from him the 
the meadows, one of the delightful circum- best account I could of its exact position, 
stances of an English walk. I have not I set off alone to look after it. He de- 
mentioned in these latter walks, Scirpus scribed it as a black shaking bog, a little 
pauciflorus, Blysmus compressus, Car ex South of the Baulder, and not far from a 
dioica, or Primula farinosa, all of which hill called Shackleborough. I found, in 
are common in springy ground throughout such a situation, and about half or three 
this part of the country. Ribes petrcBum quarters of a mile from the place where 
I observed not far from Egglestone bridge, the Black Beek joins the Baulder, a boggy 
and Salix tenuifolia, or what I suppose to piece of ground, shaking in parts, but whe- 
be such, continues frequent on the banks ther this was the spot meant I do not know, 
of the river. as I could detect no trace of the S. Hircu- 

I found a young man at Middleton (G. lus. If any decent public house could be 
Pinckney, jun.) who knows something of found between Bowes and Brough, it would 
Botany, and we walked together through probably be a better station from which to 
the meadows on the banks of the Tees, as hunt for this scarce plant than Middleton 



294 



BOTANICAL EXCUS8I0N IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



or Cotherstone, as its habitat cannot be far 
from the dividing ridge of the forest of 
Stanmoor, which separates the waters of 
the Eden from those which fall into the 
Tees. On the 7th I walked up Hudcope- 
head in the rain, to search for the Listera 
cordata, which I did not find. Ribus Cha- 
nuemorus was in great quantity, but quite 
out of flower, and showing very little ap- 
pearance of fruit. Yet the fruit is said to 
be gathered by the children, and brought 
down to Middleton for sale in considerable 
quantity. In the evening I went to High 
Force, a waterfall of the River Tees, near 
which there is a little inn ; the new high 
road to Glasgow is expected to pass this 
way. It rained heavily, and was very cold 
and windy, and continued so all night In 
the morning the scanty stream which, only 
the evening before, lefl, at the fall, the 
gpreater part of its bed uncovered, was 
changed into a magnificent and foaming 
torrent, which I could contemplate as I 
lay in my bed. 

It held up a little in the morning, and I 
continued my walk. I had been told at 
Middleton that I should find it not difficult 
to ' step t' Tees* at almost any point, but 
after the rain of last night not only the 
Tees, but many of the brooks which run 
into it were impassable. This added con- 
siderably to the length of my walk. Widdy 
bank is a broken earthy bank of the Tees, 
enriched with Kobresia caricina, Carex 
dioica, C. capillaris, Tofieldia palustris, 
JSabenaria albida, Habenaria viridis, 
Geniiana verna, Barisia alpina, and 
Equisetum variegalum, a noble harvest for 
a space not a quarter of a mile long or a 
hundred yards wide. On Falcon Clint, 
and Whinstone Crag, higher up the river, 
I observed Asplenium viride, Hieracium 
maculatum? and Saxifraga hypnoides. 
The Saxifraga ctBspitosa has been stated 
to grow here, but it is, I think, generally 
acknowledged to be an error. Osmunda 
Lunaria I gathered near Caldron Snout, 
another cascade on the Tees, and in such 
weather as this a very fine one. The water 
does not fall at once over a perpendicular 
precipice^ as at the High Force, but rushes 



among broken rocks down a steep descent 
I here crossed the river, and afterwards the 
Maize Beek, which joins it just below Cal- 
dron Snout, in order to ascend Cronklej 
Fell, where I found Cistus marifoUus or 
canus (for I confess myself unable to dis- 
tinguish them), Hippocrepis comosa, Are- 
naria verna, and Dryas octopeiala ; bat 
the cold and wet were great discourago- 
ments to my botanical exertions. JEighteeft 
sheep which we saw dead, or dying, on the 
mountain, attested the severity of the wea- 
ther during the last twenty-four houi& 

I slept at Birkdale. The hamlet consists 
of only two or three cottages, and there is 
no public house : but I was hospitably re- 
ceived, and made very comfortable at a 
farm-house, where they have a room piin- 
cipally for the reception of the sportsmen 
who frequent these desolate moorlands. 
MicklefeU, on the Yorkshire side of the 
Maize Beek, which here divides the coun- 
ties, seemed to me much more lofty than 
Cronkley Fell, and, if the guides at the 
Cumberland lakes do not make a mistake, 
it forms a very distinguishable object from 
their mountains. On the 9th there seemed 
to be no hope of better weather, I there- 
fore walked to Appleby. About half waj 
between Birkdale and Dufson I passed ofer 
some craggy ground, with bold rocks rising 
above me, and apparently a considerable 
precipice beneath, where I observed seve- 
ral of the plants of the preceding day, such 
as Saxifraga hypnoides and Arenam 
verna, and which I could be well content 
to visit in better weather, but the soaking 
rain and thick mist rendered it almost im- 
possible to understand my position, or to 
examine its Botany. Rubus Chanumom 
I observed in several places. These moor^ 
comprising the forests of Stainmoor, Lone, 
and Milboum, and a great extent of countiy 
North from Cross Fell to Aldstone Moor, 
form probably the most extensive and de- 
solate tract of heath and bog to be found 
in South Britain. At Appleby I found an 
excellent inn, which was a great comfort, : 
wet and tired as I was, and the next mom- 
ing walked to Penrith. No plant at aH | 
rare occurred in the way, and not even any 



BOTANICAL BXCtJBSION IN THE NOBTH OF ENGLAND. 



295 



vegetable peculiar to the North, unless, 
perhaps, we may so account the Sycamore, 
The soil is every where a red sandstone. 
Here and there the scenery is beautiful, 
especially on the banks of the Emont, 
where the ruins of Brougham Castle afford 
a picturesque object ; and from most points 
of the road, the distant mountains of the 
Lakes form a noble boundary. Of these 
Saddleback stands conspicuous, both by its 
apparent size, its detached position, and the 
boldness and irregularity of its form. 

Some apparent improvement in the wea- 
ther induced me, on the 11th, to make a 
second approach to Cross Fell (I had in- 
tended to walk there from Birkdale), but 
the evening was again wet and dismal, and 
the 12th was no better. Mr. Salkeld's 
pastures, mentioned in the Botanist's Guide 
as the station of several rare plants, are at 
a iarm called Ranbeck, which is situated 
to the East, and not to the North of Kirk- 
land, as marked in Crutchley's large map 
of England. A limestone hill, to the North 
of Kirkland, gave me Osmunda Lunaria, 
Opkioglossum vulgatum, Habenaria vtri- 
dis, Cistus Helianthemum, and Anthyllis 
mdneraria, Rosa villosa, in the form of 
22. mollis of English Botany, occurs oc- 
casionally, but the variety where the calyx 
divisions are not quite entire, is much more 
common, and I confess myself unable to 
draw any line between this and R. scabri- 
tiscula, or between scabriuscula' &nd to- 
mentosa. The short straight stems of R. 
vittosa gradually pass, through the inter- 
mediate state of R, scabriuscula, into the 
long and gracefully bending shoots of R. 
tomentosa, and a similar gradation takes 
place in the straightness of the prickles, 
and in the simpleness of the segments of 
the calyx. Veronica spicata and montana, 
Scirpus sylvaticus, Agrostis spica-venti, 
Sesleria ccerulea, Arundo Calamagrostis, 
Gentiana campestris, Andromeda polifo- 
lia, PotentUla vema, Trollius Buropceus, 
Tklaspi alpestre, Arabis stricta, Erodium 
mosckatum, Geranium phdeum, G, Pyre- 
naicum, Orobus sylvaticus, Orchis usiu- 
lata, Listera cordata, are all mentioned as 
growing in this neighbourhood ; but I saw 



none of them ; partly, no doubt, because 
I was too late in the season, partly because 
I did not visit the precise situations in 
which they are found, and because the 
thick mist and heavy rain damped my ex- 
ertions, and prevented me from observing 
the best places : but some are probably 
inserted by mistake. Arabis hirsuta grows 
here and there in several spots, and we 
have examples elsewhere that this has been 
mistaken for Arabis stricta, G. Pyrenai- 
cum is a plant which occurs in several 
places, in the neighbourhood of towns, 
especially in a light but fertile soil, and it 
seems to be increasing, but I doubt if it be 
any where an original plant of the country. 
Myosotis ccespitosa is the common Scorpion 
Grass of the springy ground in this part. 
Sedum villosum I observed about Blencarn, 
and Pteris crispa (the first time I met with 
it in this excursion) on the grit rocks of 
some of the lower offsets of Cross Fell. 

On the 13th, the wet still continuing, 
I returned to Penrith, without having ac- 
complished my object in the ascent of 
Cross Fell, and on the 14th, on a dull and 
threatening, but not absolutely wet day, 
proceeded to Keswick. Mr. Wright con- 
ducted me to a station where we found 
Pyrola media and secunda at the upper 
part of the woods, but below the precipi- 
tous part of Wallow Crag. On the 15th 
the morning was wet, but I afterwards went 
with the same guide to look afler some 
plants of the neighbourhood, viz. Atha" 
mania Meum, which we did not find ; but 
of which I have a specimen gathered by 
Mr. Otley, in the meadows behind the vi- 
carage. A Campanula, not yet in flower, 
but which appears to be C, rapunculoides, 
a Rosa, imagined to be cinnamonea, but 
which is, I think, R. Pennsylvanica, of 
which there are two or three bushes in a 
hedge dividing two meadows in the flat 
ground on the borders of the Derwent, a 
Lysimachia, supposed to be X. punctata, 
but which is certainly only Z. vulgaris,^ 
and Rosa gracilis, which is still found 

> The Rer. Mr. Dalton writes to me that L. pmu" 
tata has been again foand in the oeighboarboiDd of 
Darlington, in a new itation, and not where Robion 
once found a tingle plant. 



2d6 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



about four miles and a half from Keswick, 
on the road to Lorton, where I first ob- 
served it, thirty-five years ago. It exists 
only in one spot, and according to Mr. 
Wright, is not to be found any where else 
in the neighbourhood. 

On the 16th I ascended Helvellyn by 
Fisher Place Gill, This little stream de- 
scends in the lower part of its course 
through a very confined rocky ravine, or- 
namented here and there with a few bushes, 
and forming several pretty cascades. Here 
is found Pyrola secunda, which is lost in 
Ashness Gill, the place to which Hutton 
used to conduct the Botanisis who applied 
to him. Above this confined part of the 
stream, we found Listera cordata and Jun- 
cus triglumisy and a Pinguicula, which 
is perhaps grandi/lora. The flower is very 
much larger than in the common appear- 
ance of P. vulgaris, and the border is 
abundantly veiny, but the corolla is not 
"nearly regular," as described by Sir J. E. 
Smith, nor are the lateral lobes truncated, 
or the lower one notched, as pointed out 
by Dr, Hooker, though the lower division 
does appear somewhat retuse. Many of my 
Yorkshire specimens, which have no pre- 
tensions to be called P. grandiflora, have 
the corolla veined, and the leaves are more 
or less veined in all of them. In the fresh 
plant the veins of the corolla are wide and 
indistinct ; in drying they shrink and be- 
come more definite. From the top of Hel- 
vellyn we descended to Striden Edge, 
where we found Cerastium alpinum, Rho- 
diola rosea, in perfection, Saxifraga hyp- 
noides, var. platypetaUi, Oxyria renifor- 
mis, and other mountain plants, but I added 
nothing to what I had gathered there on a 
former occasion, unless, perhaps, a species 
of Hieracium, not quite in flower, which 
I have not yet been able to determine. 

The 17th was very wet, and I went to 
Whitehaven, thinking I might have better 
weather, when a little away from the moun- 
tains. The following morning, however, 
was still rainy, and I scrambled on the sea 
banks towards St. Bees'head, among the 
high grass and bushes, loaded with water. 
I found nothing but Vicia sylvatica, 



AspUnium marinum, and Hahenana 
viridis. 

On the 20th, after a wet night, the wea- 
ther cleared up, and I went in the Carlisle 
stage to Flimsby, where I found Sisym- 
brium Monetise (Brassica, Br. Fl.). Mr. 
Otley has since told me that he got Litho- 
spermum maritimum in the same neigh- 
bourhood, on the outside of a little patch of 
cultivated land, between the road and the 
sea, almost the only part of the coast which 
I did not examine. My chief object in 
this excursion was to seek for Geraman 
striatum, of which Mr. Wright had shown 
me specimens, gathered on the sandy 
ground near the sea, where he had found 
it mixed with G, sanguineum, Mr. 
Wright had accompanied me part of the 
way to Whitehaven, and then left me to 
visit a daughter who was unwell, in the 
neighbourhood of Ennerdale. Being nearer 
to the mountains, the weather had been 
heavier with him than at Whitehaven, and 
I did not see him again till the evening of 
the 18th, after which he returned to his 
daughter, leaving his box with me. He 
was to have met the stage on the 20th, and 
to accompany me to Flimsby, and I brought 
his box with me to Workington, and there 
left it, since he did not arrive in time. I 
met him in returning from Flimsby towards 
Workington, and we proceeded to hunt for 
the plant, according to the memorandum 
he made when he first met with it, vix.— 
" Opposite the first gate after the road has 
turned from the valley of the Derwent to 
follow the coast towards Maryport" I 
mention all these circumstances, because 
as the plant has not hitherto been admitted 
into the British Flora, and the station is 
such as hardly to permit the possibility of 
its being an accidental escape from a gar- 
den, some persons might, from what fol- 
lows, imagine that Wright had brought it 
to the spot, and I wish to show how ex- 
tremely difficult, if not impossible, it would i 
have been for him to do so, even if he | 
were a man capable of attempting such « 
deception, which I am persuaded that he 
is not. After some time spent in the search, 
he called me, and I saw him standing with 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NORTH OF ENGLAND. 



2S7 



a plant of the species in question in his 
hand. It had been growing on the edge 
of a rabbit-hole, and had been undermined 
by those creatures, so that when he placed 
bis foot upon the plant, which he did with- 
out seeing it, the ground had given way, 
and it had become detached from the earth, 
or rather sand, in which it grew. The 
specimen was somewhat faded, but not 
more than some of the Geranium sangui- 
neum in the neighbourhood under similar 
circumstances, and very far from what it 
must have been, had it Iain four days in an 
almost empty vasculum, or had been 
brought without a box for a distance of 
eight or ten miles that morning. We saw 
no more of it, either in this station or in 
another at a little distance, which Wright 
had also noted. The shore south of Work- 
ington gave us nothing. 

On the 21st we set off by seven, in a 
miserable " conveyance," to Ravenglass, 
where we found nothing but Centunculus 
minimus, and a minute variety o^Erythrma 
IcUifolia, hunting in vain for Sisymbrium 
Monense and Lithospermum maritimum, 
both of which, I think, I had found in that 
neighbourhood on a former occasion. The 
next day we walked over Muncaster Fell, 
which is of granite, crossed the Mite by a 
deserted farm-house, and visited Wastdale 
Screes. My active and energetic compa- 
nion descended one of the ravines quite 
to the shores of Wastwater. I went 
about half way, and then finding the de- 
scent become more and more difficult, I 
re-ascended, but not in the same line, and 
in so doing got into a narrow clefl of the 
rock with a stream running down it, which 
I should have thought a most excellent 
position for alpine plants, but I found no- 
thing there but Saxifraga stellaris and S, 
aizoides, Oxyria reniformis and other 
species, peculiar indeed to our moun- 
tains, but on them very commonly met 
with ; Saxifraga oppositifolia grows in 
several places, but of course it was out of 
flower, and S. hypnoides and Asplenium 
viride. The next day we went up Haller 
Gill, hoping to find something on the de- 



composing granite into which it penetrates. 
We then again visited the Screes, and my 
enterprising companion again descended, 
while I contented myself with going down 
from the summit in several places for a 
short distance, for nearly their whole length. 
I had gathered, some years before, the 
PotentiUafruticosa in such a position, but 
I could this time see nothing of it. There 
is a piece of boggy ground between the 
two summits of the Screes ; and where a 
little stream draws from this, we have an 
easy descent among the rocks for a short 
distance, and this spot, I think, unites all 
the species that either Mr. Wright or my- 
self observed on the mountain. Asple- 
nium septentrionale, said to grow here, 
we could not detect, but the bank is 
so continually giving way, that its present 
condition hardly gives us any power of. 
tracing the past, or indicating future habi- 
tats. Mr. Wright found the remains of an 
iron-work on the descent, which he attri- 
butes to the Romans. It was marked by 
something of an artificial platform, which 
had lasted through all the changes of the 
mountain, by a quantity of Scorus, and by 
a vein of beautiful mammillated iron ore in 
the neighbourhood. It is to be noted that 
these falls of the mountain, which are now 
so frequent, only began in the early part 
of the last century. A few years ago, the 
movement was so considerable, that for 
some days the mountain seemed to be on 
fire from the smoke or dust ascending from 
it, and the outlet from the lake being stop- 
ped up, the meadows above it were over- 
flowed, till a channel was dug for the dis- 
charge of the water. 

On. the 24th we ascended Seafell Pikes, 
the highest mountain in England, 3,166 
feet above the sea. It consists of green- 
stone, which seems to split readily into 
fragments, but not to decompose into a 
good soil, so that the upper part of the 
mountain is covered with loose stones, and 
neither these nor the crags a little lower 
down, nourish any rare plants. Indeed 
there is little vegetation of any sort. From 
this excursion I returned to Keswick, and 



296 



BOTAinCAL EXCUBSION IN THE NOBTH OF ENGLAND. 



botanised in its neighbourhood withotit 
much success. Juncus filiformis is not 
now to be found at the landing-place, but 
is abundant a little more to the right, on 
some flat marshy ground, and on the shores 
of a neighbouring peninsula. I ascended 
Saddle Back ; and a ridge, called the Sharp 
Edge, with almost perpendicular crags 
facing the North, moist and abounding in 
vegetation, seemed to promise a tolerable 
harvest, but though I ascended the edge, en- 
tering from timte to time among the rocks on 
the northern face, and Mr. Wright scaled the 
crags, we found nothing. Hardly any, even 
of the common mountain plants, gtow there; 
and if any one should write an account of 
the Botany of Saddle Back, it must be, not of 
the plants which it possesses, but of those 
in which it is remarkably deficient. On 
the 28th I went to Wythbum, where there 
is a very comfortable public house, gather- 
ing Imperatoria OHruthium by the way, 
and on the 29th again ascended Helvellyn, 
but not to the highest point. I descended 
and again ascended the projecting part of 
the mountain, which is, I believe, called 
Sunday Crags, observing there most of the 
plants which I had met with before on 
these mountains, and lower down, in de- 
scending towards Grisedale, I added to my 
list Thalictrum alpinum and Silene acau- 
Ks in some very rough ground. I slept at 
Patterdale, and walked the next day to 
Penrith. 

From this account, it would appear, that 
the mountains about the lakes of Cumber- 
land and Westmoreland, offer by no means 
a rich harvest to the Botanist, but it is well 
sometimes to know what places are unpro- 
ductive, in order not to lose time in re- 
examining what has been already examined 
in vain. The points to which I would 
chiefly direct the attention of the future 
tourist, are some micaceous rocks on the 
North side of Skiddaw, at about half the 
ascent. These, so far as I know, have ne- 
ver been well explored, and they are said 
to be the only micaceous rocks in the dis- 
tricty and as a micaceous soil is among the 
best for Botany, it is very probable that 



tliey may contain some rare plants. Next 
to these, in point of interest, is the district 
about Helvellyn and to the South and South- 
east of that mountain, lying between the 
roads from Wythbum to Ambleside, and 
from Ambleside to Patterdale. The small 
part that I visited of this tract was certainly 
the richest of any which I encountered 
among the lakes this year, and my memorj 
of what I found on a fonner visit, to &e 
left of the last-mentioned road, confirms 
me in this opinion. Perhaps the moun- 
tains above Coniston might be visited with 
advantage, and also those to the right of 
the road, over Kirkstone from Ambleside 
to Patterdale. JEpilMum alstnifolium is 
abundant about the head of Kentmer and 
of Long Heddale. Salix herbacea and 
some other plants are said to grow wi^ 
uncommon luxuriance on Red Pike ; while 
Dale Head, above Crummock Water, is 
the station assigned by Hudson for the 
HxercLcium Auricula^ a plant which seems 
not to have been found in Britain by any 
body else. The station is not qmte cor- 
rectly given in the books, as Dale Head is 
near a mountain called Grasmer or Gras- 
moor, and not near the lake called Gras- 
mere. One of my objects in examining 
so carefully Wastdale Screes, was to find 
the Epimedium alpinum, recently said to 
have been discovered there, among bram- 
bles. There are no brambles on the upper 
part of the mountain, and therefore if the 
Epimedium grow there at all, it must be 
in all probability, at the foot of the rocks, 
and at the head of the sloping shivery bank 
which descends from them into the lake; 
a part very difficult of access, on account 
of the loose and yielding materials of which 
that bank is composed. Mr. Wright finds 
Epimedium alpinum in deep boggy woods 
at Brayton. At Mugdock (in Scotland) it 
has established itself on the wall of the old 
garden of the castle. It seems hardly pro- 
bable that so scarce a plant should be so 
little nice in the choice of its ppsition. I 
know not its exact situation in the coun- 
tries where it is more plentiful. It does 
not occur in the Flora of Switzerland; 



ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN THB PBBUYIAN AN PBS. 



399 



Daby says^ *' in umbroHs et dnanetis 
wunUanis Alpium et Vogesorum," In 
Germany it is only mentioned as growing 
in Camiola. Pollini speaks of it as not 
rare in the Tyrol and the North of Italy, 
"ta sylvis et dumetis coUinis" and the 
hills of this district are not generally bog- 
gy. If an English ][dant at all, I should 
rather have expected to see it on the warm 
hills of the South, than in the wet and cokl 
of the North. 

From Penrith I again went to Blencam, 
and this time succeeded in ascending Cross 
Fell. The highest brow of the mountain 
is a bank of loose grit stones. The sum* 
mit is cushioned with Trichostomum tanu" 
ffinosumj Nardus stricta, Festuca ovina, 
and Affrostis vulgaris, are the Grasses 
which chiefly grow between the cushions. 
The highest and most plentiful springs are 
towards the East and South-east, where the 
view stretches over the upper part of Teea- 
dale, a dreary region; indeed, from this 
eminence, on three sides of us, we see no» 
thing but a dismal prospect of moor and 
bog. I found Epilobivm alsinifolit^m, but 
in small quantity^ and a few other plants, 
such as Rhodiola rosea, Draba iiwana, a 

Hieradum /, Galium pusillum, Cys- 

tea fragUis, and Asplenium viride, all on 
some limestone rocks at the head of the 
little Gill which separates Cross Fell from 
Dun Fell, and Cumberland from West- 
moreland. I would recommend any Bo- 
tanist wishing to ascend the mountain to 
take this gill as his guide. I returned by 
Culgaith. The moor, mentioned as the 
station of two or three plants in the Bo- 
tanist's Guide, is a nearly level tract of 
barren soil, which has been inclosed, but 
for the most part not cultivated. 

I must here end my journal, for the 
slight view I allowed myself of Scottish 
Botany will have no interest, because it 
decides nothing, and I believe the only 
new habitat I observed of plants already 
known, is the station of the Saxifraga 
caspOosa of English Botanists, among the 
rocks near the summit of Ben Nevis. 



SOME ACCOUNT OF THE VOL- 
CANO AND VALLEY OF ANTU- 
CO, IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 

Translated firom Pr. Poeppig's Travela. 
Thb valley of Antuco, containing the 
highest inhabited place of the Southern 
Andes, extends from East to West, and 
is about seven German miles long, of 
inconsiderable breadth throughout^ and 
divided into two nearly equal parts by 
the River Laxa. At its lower extremity, 
a low chain of mountains separates it from 
the Plains of Yumbel and Los Angelos, at 
the East it suddenly rises and becomes 
narrow, and in this direction is almost 
perfectly closed by the broad foot of the 
Volcano, so that between it and the line 
of mountains opposite, there is only space 
for the rapid river and a narrow pass, 
through which access is obtained into the 
Indian Country. The ground, in many 
places, would not repay the trouble of 
cultivating it, as it resembles the dry bed 
of a river» aiKl is covered with volcanic 
stones ; but the sides of the mountain and 
the plain that stretches at the foot of then^ 
maintain their character for great fertility. 
Sometimes these terrsice-lLke platforms rise 
one above another, as natural meadows in 
the midst of mountain woods, their luxu-* 
riant vegetation attesting the depth of the 
soil. Every where, brooks run down from 
the mountains, of which the lovely green 
peaks are over-topped by stiU loftier sum-' 
mits, covered with eternal snow. The 
mountains are so high, even in the ic^r 
n^diate vicinity of the village, that the 
bold brow of the Pico de Pilque is ixgly 
attainable by several hours' ascent, while' 
further up the valley they rise to even more 
gigantic elevations, till at last, the indented 
Gletschen, the Silla Velludo, and the black 
cone of the volcano of Antuco, close this 
extraordinary coup dwil. The sitiiation 
of the village itself is most picturesque, 
being perched on a lofty ascent, whose top 
is ornamented with beautiful Beech woods. 
In a dear summer morning, the Natu* 
ralist, unaided by any kind of road, ex* 
plores these elevated situationa with the 



300 



ACCOUNT OF AKTVCO IN TUB PERUVIAN ANDfiS. 



keenest delight, and when fatigued with col • 
lecting the immense variety of alpine plants 
that abound here, he may recline under 
the shade of enormous trees, and refresh 
himself with the contemplation of the 
splendid prospect of the snowy Andes. 
The invigorating pureness of the atmo- 
sphere gives a keen zest to his enjoyment, 
and takes away the feeling of weariness. 
But still the most noble and ever-varying 
object in the landscape is the Volcano, 
which, but a few hours distant from the 
village, rises almost every where open to 
the view, clear of the neighbouring moun- 
tains. The eye can never be tired of 
watching the various appearances that it 
presents, as these are diversified by the 
light that breaks upon it in different direc- 
tions, and as the external phenomena be- 
tray the violent action that takes place 
within. 

Sometimes a volume of the blackest 
smoke darts upwards from its crater, from 
which the ignited masses are propelled as 
by the force of a cannon, and with the 
greatest rapidity, into the calm blue sky: 
at other times this mass curls quietly up, 
the calm white clouds resting on the mouth 
of the volcano, and attesting its internal 
repose. The aspect of this mountain is 
ever new, but at no time perhaps so 
interesting as when the sun rises behind 
it, gilding its regular outline, or when 
the evening beams yet linger on its sum- 
mit, long ajfler they have quitted the valley 
of Antuco. Even when storms sweep 
round its foot, and the atmosphere remains 
calm on the low ground, the view is still 
interesting and glorious. As though it had 
victoriously struggled against the envious 
barrier, its top bursts through the clouds, 
and while they form a dense fearful va- 
poury circle around it, the cone appears 
distinctly outlined on the deep blue back- 
ground, its every indentation defined with 
the most perfect clearness. At night, the 
fiery glow that constantly hovers above the 
mouth, reveals it through a sky heavy with 
snow and hail. The middle of siunmer, 
indeed, dissolves the snowy mantle that 
winter had lefl, and black and solemn, it 



closes the back-ground of the pleasing 
green alpine landscape; but the passing 
storm that does not so much as extend to 
the valley, robes the volcano, even daring 
the warm month of January, with a white 
garment, enabling the votary of nature to 
observe the peculiar phenomena which 
internal heat produces on this elevated 
mountain. Late in the evening, when the 
last moment of day-light has faded, the 
glowing lava stream becomes graduaUy 
visible ; at first a single red point appears 
to kindle, followed speedily by another 
and another, till a running fire is seen in 
long stripes, branched or undivided, and 
stretching from the crater, conveying con- 
tinually fresh streams of lava to its foot, 
and illuminating the country for full twenty 
miles around, till the more powerful influ- 
ence of the sun's light seems gradually to 
quench this brilliant exhibition, and restores 
the mountain to blackness and to gloom. 
— ^At seasons when the air is free from 
vapour, as in November and December, a 
truly magnificent spectacle may be occa- 
sionally beheld. If a slight storm has 
sprinkled the volcano with pure fresh snov, 
and the full moon has risen, a fourfold 
light may be seen playing on the crater, 
in the most singular manner. Whilst the 
moon defines its outline accurately, and 
the last lingering sun-beams light up the 
surface, the tranquil lustre of the glow 
that rises above the mouth, unites with the 
glowing lava to light up the dark western 
side. And if, at the same time, some light 
fieecy clouds should skim over the top, 
such a scene presents itself as no words 
can describe, nor could the pencil of the 
most experienced and daring artist portray, 
for whatever of grand and beautiful can be 
produced by the light of the moon, the re- 
flection of the snow, the volcanic blaze; 
and the evening sun, are here united in 
one sublime whole. 

Our excursion over hill and dale, in this 
unknown country of Alps, conunenced on 
the third day. Six horses were gradually 
purchased of these wine-loving Indians, 
and the keep of them costs nothing at 
Antuco, where meadows of perpetual vcr- 



ACCOUNT OF ANTUCO IN THE PERUVIAN ANDES. 



801 



dure cover the hills. Our expeditions led 
to such considerable distanceSi and were 
accomplished, for the sake of saving time, 
with so much celerity, that the poor ani- 
mals were frequently much fatigued, and 
we were thus often compelled to exchange 
our moiutain- climbing, for visits to more 
distant, though less inaccessible places. But 
these exertions, which never produced any 
painfully fatiguing results in such an atmo- 
sphere, were rewarded, besides the tempo- 
rary and present enjoyment, with the attain- 
ment of very phoice collections. Most of the 
plantswhich we found are nondescripts, and 
their singular forms will prove as interest- 
ing to the systematic Botanist, as to the 
Botanical geographer, who is justified in 
drawing from them many new inferences as 
to the range of individual families. The 
most beautiful spot is the Pico de Pilque, 
in the lower part of the valley. The first 
portion of its side is hardly attained when 
you come to meadows, where the prevail- 
ing herbaceous plants exhibit the general 
appearance of alpine vegetation, combined 
with the large foliage and brilliant colours 
that characterize a tropical growth. The 
magnificent forms of the OrchidetB, few 
of which are seen in northern Chili, were 
to me most attractive. One, which the 
people of Antuco call Wood-Lily , {Azii- 
zena del Campo, Gavilea odoratissima, 
n, sp!) always grows in great profusion. 
The scape, five feet high, is covered for 
half its length, with golden-yellow flowers, 
of which the violet scent is diffused to 
a considerable distance. In drier spots 
grows another species, of which the flow- 
ers are above two inches across, and the 
white petals of the calyx are covered 
with a reticulation of green veins, and 
have a strong smell of Vanilla ; whilst a 
third kind, with green flowers veined with 
black, possesses the odour of the common 
Garden Lack. Other Orchideous plants, 
with magnificent golden-coloured blossoms, 
more or less perfumed, frequently but a 
span high, but with very large foliage, 
inhabit only the highest summits of the 
Andes. Many occur solely at the margin 
of the barren lava that borders the river in 



the low valley, and flourish on the very 
driest spots alone, which is quite contrary 
to the habit of their congeners in other 
parts of the world, and if they are less 
splendid than the species just described, 
they yet excel all the native plants of 
this same family. ^ On ascending the still 
higher parts of the mountain, the number 
of unknown plants increases. In the same 
situations with the very beautiful myrtle- 
leaved Beech, (^Fagus Dombeyi of Mirbel,) 
grows the undescribed Beech of the upper 
Andes, with several kinds of Podocarpus, 
a second new species of which bears some 
resemblance to the broad-leaved Cypresses 
of North America. On the margins of the 
forest grow Hieracia, Gerania, and many 
sorts of Trefoil, Vetch, and Laihyrus, as 
if to recall the far distant scenes of our 
North-eastern native land, while the greater 
proximity of the singular continent of New 
Holland is indicated by individuals of the 
Protea family, and LeguminoscB with 
curiously formed fruit. The great affinity 
between this Flora and that of the extreme 
point of South America, appears in the 
presence of a white, woolly Senecio and 
some Gnaphalia ; while in the large-flow- 
ered Zoran/Aw* there exists a similarity to 
the singular Misodendrons, (which have no 
right to be placed in the same family, and 
are called by the Chilians, on account of 
the peculiar fibrous appendage that sur- 
rounds their seeds, AngeVs Beard;) and 
finally, in the lofly climbing plant with 
woody stems, (Comidia integerrima of 
Hooker,) which resembles the Viburnum, 
we recognize the vicinity of the Tropical 
Flora of South America. Species of Ber- 
beris, from the berries of which the Indians 
prepare an intoxicating drink; Echites, 
with blue flowers, whose roots afford the 

1 The Orchidta which I foand on the Andes of An- 
taco, and whioh I described, together with some others, 
in a periodica] work ( Fragmentam Sjnops. Phanerog. 
Chilens. Lips. 183*^, p. 13, et seq.^ are the following. 
ChhrtBa spmiosOf Cmridi/lora, C. grandijlora, C. cam- 
pegtris, C, eylindristackjfat C. ckrysantka, C, nmdilalna, 
C. dee^nent, C, a^jnna, C. indaa, all these are new 
species ; GaviUa Uucantka, G. odoratiasima and G. acu- 
Hflora, this is a new genas. Aiona ylanditUfera, and 
A.parv^ora; HtAtnaria p u mila , and Pogoma Utra- 
phgUa* fi. ap. 



309 



ACCOtJNf OP Al/rtJCO IN t«fi PElTtJVrAN AKl>E9. 



fiafiv^e a kind of OMifif ; sev^Tftl ^n^Tnon^ 
and LocLSCLs, of the branching kind, fat 
more dreadfully stinging than arc the nu- 
mei^oQS and comparatively disregarded and 
innocaotm Nettles of the hotter American 
districts, Daphnes and dwarf EscaUonias 
dorroimd the traveller as he emerges from 
the higfier woods. Then comes a new zone 
of this abundant vegetation, while a glance 
down the giddy steep enables the Naturalist 
to descry, even by the different shades of 
green, the separate regions of plants which 
he has passed, and which no where rise 
with greater regularity and more accurate- 
ly defined, than they do in these Andes. 
A new zone then commences, which 
might be imagined similar to those 
fegiontf of the mountains in Northern 
Europe, if the mild air, the deep blue 
sky over head, and, between the thick wo- 
ven trees that cover the ground, levelled 
by the witttet's storms, the violet Amaryllis 
and variously tinted Alstrcemerias, did not 
severally appear to dispel the delusion in 
which the wanderer may have indulged. 
It is a work of no small labour to force 
one's way through the tangled growth, that 
insidioualy envelopes many a sharp stone 
and many a deep cleft; but no danger is 
here to be apprehended from poisonous 
snakes, gigantic stinging ants, or any of 
those numberless tribes of noxious animals 
which inhabit tropical climes; as none of 
them exist in this highly favoured region. 
Now the last shrub is passed, and the 
ground becomes more stony, while the 
increasing purity and coldness of the air 
cause every respiration to be drawn with 
a sensation of positive delight. Fresh 
treasures here burst upon the view, and 
reward the adventurous mountaineer, who 
is often compelled to relieve his full heart 
by uttering loud shouts of joy, to which 
his faithful dog, the sole companion and 
witness of his delight, responds by many a 
yelp of exultation, and by rolling on the 
snow and playing sundry fantastic gambols. 
It were useless labour to attempt enume- 
rating here, the individual plants that are 
successively seen when climbing the high- 
est ridges of these rocks; and, I may only 



merilaon thuft no Naturalist can imagine tte 
alpine Flora of the South of ChiK, to be s6 
beautiful to the sight, and so attractive to 
the scientific observer, as it actually is. 
All that the Cape of Good Hope and New 
Holland can exhibit in their arborescent 
flowers, which without attaining the gigantic 
growth of tropical forests, are yet inexpressi- 
bly charming, — all that the alpine produc- 
tions of Europe can present, in their minia- 
ture forms, and myriads of small leaves, may 
be found happily blended in the plants of 
these Andes. As erery where in Chili, the 
Componto! prevail ; and you can hardly re- 
cover from the surprise of seeing numerous 
Senecios, exhibiting their golden blossoms 
among their snowy white or grey leaves, 
when you stumble on blue Perezias and 
low shrubs of the Amellus, which bear, 
united, the foliage of the Rosemary and 
the starry blossoms of the Aster, together 
with the reddish Lasiotrhiza and the moss- 
like Nassauviot species of a genus that is 
confined to the extneme southern part 
of South America, and of which three 
forms are here seen. It is singular to ob- 
serve how the individuals of such families 
as do not, in general, affect the cold air of 
the Ai)des, grow amongst the beautiful 
plants just mentioned. Co^^'a-like bushes 
not a foot high, adorned with large golden 
clusters of flowers, EscaUonias, Cynan- 
chum, Colletias, and a little green hyacinth- 
like plant; these advance to the line of 
perpetual snow, where first appears that 
singular Violet, which bears its leaves in 
the regular star-like manner of a Semper- 
tnvum. Still higher, but not, therefore, 
beyond the limits of phanerogamic vege- 
tation, the rocks are adorned with several 
Cryptogamia, among which the skilful 
Botanist will descry new genera, of 
Ferns that never exhibit their beautiful 
leaves otherwise than coiled over each 
other, and which flourish in the deepest 
clefls. At last, the summit of the lofty 
Pico is won, and the collector, laden with 
abundant treasures, rests on its broad flat top, 
which, though utterly destitute of vegetation, 
yet awakens fresh interest in his mind, for 
where accidental fissures occur in the wea- 



ACCOUNT OP A.NTXTCO IN TBI PIKUTIAN ANDES. 



808 



ther^worn stones^ he may find Pistacite of 
the most beautiful colours^ and black kinds 
of yitrified substance that have been pro* 
dneed by a far more intense volcanic ac« 
tion, thousands of years ago, and which 
some unknown cause has collected at this 
extraordinary elevation* 

Notwithstanding its vicinity to the clouds, 
this mountain is not so utterly destitute of 
subjects of the animal kingdom, as are 
many lower mountains of the northern 
provinces, and though the insects do not 
buzz about here, as in the meadows and 
woods of the lower regions, many Beetles 
may be found, creeping among the stones, 
or feeding on the Alpine |dants. Golden 
green Cetonias, ddrk blue Curculios, and 
Cieindelas, which dart on rapid wing, 
like white sparks on the air, and are 
very difficult to be captured, live both in 
the neighbourhood of the snow, and in 
the woody regions; and the laigest of 
the Chilian Beetles may also be caught, 
especially a Lticanus, that grows to the 
length of four inches. No small Birds are 
seen here, but instead of them there are 
great numbers of Condors, which circle 
around the lonely wanderer, with such 
boldness, or such rage, probably excited 
by the vicinity of their nests, that the very 
strokes of their wings may be felt in the air 
on his face. On my frequent ascents of 
the Pico de Pilque, I was obliged to take 
pistols with me, to scare away a couple of 
these birds, which wheeled continually 
around me when I drew near the top, and 
particularly aimed at attacking my dog, 
which courageously endeavoured to main* 
tain an unequal war. Difficult as it is to 
shoot a Condor, except by hitting it on the 
beak, I fired several times unsuccessfully 
at these gigantic birds, but at length drove 
them away, which permitted me, with my 
feithful companion, to renew the investi- 
gation of this wonderful spot Vast and 
Qnintemipted is the view that is obtained 
from this mountain, and if the eye does not 
rest upon a country, where man mingles 
the thousand marks of his industry with 
the simplicity of nature, yet is the sight far 
less painful than what is often presented 



by South America: A hope, a persuasion 
rather, takes possession of the mind, that 
the beautiful tracts that are hence descried, 

of which the distant horizon alone bounds 

« 

the view, will, in less than half a century, 
support an industrious population, and that 
the solemn silence of teeming nature, which 
none but the poet would desire should re- 
main unbroken, will ere long yield to the 
busy exertions of a happy population. 
Westward lie the plains that, commencing 
at the foot of the foremost Andes, stretch 
almost to the sea, and are only traversed by 
low mountains, and watered by the Biobio, 
the Laxa, and Duquero, streams which en- 
sure numerous advantages to the future 
inhabitants of these regicms, and are well 
appreciated by those who fix their habita- 
tion in Chili's northern half. Close to the 
spectator rise the mountains, clothed with 
luxuriant forests, down whose every side 
trickle numerous rivulets which fertilize 
the vallies, and render artificial irrigation 
unnecessary. The eye rests on the only 
inhabited spot, the little village of Antuco, 
whose dwellings look like the work of 
children's hands, and is nearly lost in the 
valley. Northward are the gigantic moun- 
tains of the Cordillera of Chillon. Widely 
different is the scene that opens towards 
the East Calm in majestic repose, and 
deceptively near, appears the broad black 
volcano, which terminates the prospect. 
Dense pillars of smoke burst from its 
mouth, and its loud peals of thunder seem 
as if they would even threaten its very sta- 
bility. Thus is every thing united that can 
render the prospect attractive and pleasing, 
grand and ajvftd. Every fresh visit ren- 
ders the Naturalist more reluctant to quit 
this fascinating scene, and to mingle again 
with every-day life and its bustling con- 
cerns, while the solitary hours that he has 
passed here abundantly reward those in- 
conveniences, and privations, and fatigues 
to which he is eminently exposed, and 
linger on his recollection, with an almost 
sacred tenacity, long after the ocean has 
reconveyed him to his native and far dis- 
tant country. 



304 



ILLUSTRATIONS OP INDIAN BOTANY. 



ILLUSTRATIONS OF INDIAN BO- 
TANY. 

Bj Dr. Wight, and O. A. W. Arnott, Esq. 

(CoHiiMuedfivM j». 228.; 

INDIQOFBRA TRITA. 

(Ta*. XVI.) 

Herbacea ▼. suffruticosa erecta rigida pu- 
be appressa canescens, foliis piimatim 
trifoliolatisi foliolis ovalibus oblongisve 
macronatis, racemis sesailibus folionim 
loDgitudine multifloris, floribus parvis 
superioribus deciduis, segmentis caly- 
cinis longis Bubulatis« leguminibus re- 
flezis patentibusve arete approximatis ad 
basin rachidifi 4-angulatis strictis rigidis 
cuspidatis, seminibus numerous (6—10) 
tetragonis utrinque truncatis. Wight et 
Am. Fl Penins, Ind. 
Indigofera trita, Linn. SuppL p. 335. De 
Cand, Prodr. v. 2. p. 232. Roxb, Fl. 
Ind. V. 3. p. 871. E. I. C. Mus. t 379. 
WaUich, Cat. n. 5449. Wight, Cat. 
n. 856, 857, 858. 
I. cinerea, Willd. Sp, H. v. 2. p. 1235. 
De Cand. I. c. Spr. Syst. Veget. 
V. 3. p. 274. Roxb. Fl. Ind. v. 3. 
JO. 372. RlC.Mus.tm). 
I. canescens, Lam. Enc. Meth. v. 3. p. 251. 
De Cand. I c. p. 224. Wall Cat. n. 
5448. 
I. hedysaroides. Lam, I. c. p. 250. De 

Cand. I. c. p. 232. Spr. I. c. p. 275. 
I. arcuata, Willd. I, c.p. 1228. De Cand. 

Lc. 
I. armata. Wall. Cat. n. 5453. 
I. rigida, Willd. Enum.p. 280. De Cand. 
Lc p. 224. 

Stems suifruticosei erect, flexuose, round- 
ed, glabrous, and branchingbelow, but near- 
ly simple, irregularly angled, and hispid 
towards the extremities. Leaves temate, 
petioled; petioles almost an inch long, fur- 
rowed above, and, like the elliptic, mucro- 
nate, retuse leaflets, hispid and canescent. 
Leaflets whiter below than above. Sti- 
pules short, filiform, subulate. Racemes 
axillary, generally longer than the peti- 
oles, or even than the leaves, but that the 
upper flowers prove abortive, and then the 
extremity of the rachis withers and falls 



away. Calyx 5-cleft; divisions 61ifonii, 
hairy, persistent. Corolla: VexiUumeTed, 
keel spurred and elastic at the base. Le- 
gume 4-sided, 4-angled, the upper and 
lower ones keeled, hispid, terminating in 
a sharp spinous process, pointing down- 
wards : the back of the legume curved, so 
as to resemble, while attached to the plant, 
an inverted arch. Seeds numerous, sepa- 
rated by partitions, truncated at boHi end^ 
black. 

Indigofera trita is usually found in laige 
patches in pastures, flowering and ripening 
its seeds during the cool season, where it 
proves a troublesome weed in consequence 
of the spinous points of its legumes, which 
are strong enough to inflict wounds, nei- 
ther deep indeed, nor dangerous, but which 
cause considerable pain at the time. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

We are requested to give publici^to 
the following notice respecting a new Bo- 
tanical Society, which has lately been 
formed in Edinbui^h. The names of the 
chief office-bearers are sufficient, alone, to 
confer respectability on the Institution, 
and we heartily wish it may be productiTe 
of all the good to Science, which its found- 
ers anticipate. Assuredly, in no pert of 
the kingdom, is such a Society so likely 
to succeed and flourish as in Edinburgh, 
where the school of Botany, as connected 
with the University, is so extensive, where 
the country is eminently interesting, no less 
for the variety and rarity of its vegetable 
productions, as for the almost classical cele- 
brity of many of its localities, and aboreall, 
where the estimable character, and ardent 
enthusiasm of the Professor of Botany, 
have contributed so greatly to render the 
study attractive. Scarcely a summer has 
passed of late, that has not been marked 
with the addition of some new or exceed- 
ingly rare plant to the Scottish Flora, by a 
band of Edinburgh Naturalists, who have 
made excursions under the guidance oi 
Dr. Graham. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



305 



BOTANICAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH. 

" Dr. Graham has been elected Presi- 
dent, and Drs, Greville and Balfour Vice- 
Presidents of the Society for the present 
year. 

" The advancement of Botanical Science 
is the object of this Society. Its opera- 
tions will, for some time, be confined prin- 
cipally to the holding of periodical meet- 
ings, to correspondence, to the formation 
of an Herbarium, and the interchange of 
specimens. The last is a new feature in 
the constitution of such a Society, and 
will be conducted by a Committee, in ac- 
cordance with certain rules, embodied in 
the laws. The desiderata of Botanists, all 
over the kingdom, will be supplied as far 
as possible, from the Society's duplicates, 
and individuals will thus secure the impor- 
tant advantages of exchanging the vegetable 
productions of their respective districts, for 
those of others, more remotely situated. 
The benefits resulting to Scienxje, as well 
as individuals, by this arrangement, will, 
it is hoped, be considerable; especially in 
regard to the geographical distribution of 
plants in the British Islands, and in the 
formation of local Floras. The Society, 
besides, contemplates an extension of this 
plan, by promoting an exchange of speci- 
mens with Botanists in other parts of the 
world. 

" The Members will be divided inlo the 
following Classes: — Resident, Non-resi- 
dent, Foreign, and Associate. Any person 
desiring to become a non-resident member, 
must be recommended by two individuals, 
belonging to some Scientific or Literary 
Society, and pay a contribution of two 
guineas, which, without any additional ex- 
pense, will entitle him, so long as he con- 
tinues annually to* send specimens to the 
society, to a participation in its duplicates. 
To become a foreign member, it is neces- 
sary to transmit five hundred specimens, 
including, at least, one hundred species, 
or a botanical work, of which the candi- 
date is himself the author; the former al- 
ternative only entitling him to a share in 
thr» society's duplicates. To continue to 
L. I. 



participate in these duplicates, he must 
aflerwards contribute, annually, three hun- 
dred specimens, containing at least fifty 
species. 

'* The Flora of Edinburgh, which is par- 
ticularly rich, will afford a constant supply 
of valuable duplicates, and others will be re- 
gularly obtained from other parts of Scot- 
land, especially the rarer alpine species. 

" Local Secretaries will be appointed in 
different parts of the kingdom. In the 
mean time, communications are to be ad- 
dressed (postage paid) to the Secretary, 
W. H. Campbell, Esq., 21, Society, Brown 
Square, Edinburgh.'' 

Intelligence has been lately received 
from Mr. Mathews, who was in Chaca- 
poyas, at the date of his last letter, which 
was addressed to John Mac Lean, Esq., of 
Lima, 27th September, 1835. He de- 
scribes himself as having made very con- 
siderable collections of Birds and Plants, 
and as having prepared many drawings ; 
all which were ready to be sent to this 
country: but the state of affairs in the 
districts between Lima and Chacapovas 
was such, that he had not ventured to dis- 
patch them to the coast. It will be seen 
fronf our notice respecting Mr. Mathews, 
at page 19 of this volume, that this inde- 
fatigable collector has thus followed up the 
intentions there expressed of returning to 
Chacapoyas, where a previous visit of two 
months served to assure him that a great 
deal more was to be done in the way of 
Botany than could possibly be accomplish- 
ed in that space of time. 

We are indebted to a friend, who has 
lately visited Paris, for some interesting 
particulars respecting the progress of Bo- 
tany in France. The greatest change ob- 
servable since this gentleman's last visit 
to Paris, about three or four years ago, is 
in the activity of the present administra- 
tion of the Museum of the Jardin du 
Roi, M. Adrian de Jussieu, M. Adolphe 
Browgniart, and their coadjutors, M. Guil- 
lemin and M. Decaisne, are all young and 
zealous as well as excellent Botanists, and 
u 



906 



BOTAHtCAL INFORMATION. 



have made considerable progress in the 
putting into accessible and useful order 
the rich materials the Museum already 
possesses, and the administration generally 
is making considerable exertions towards 
increasing the collections. Their plan is 
to have a general herbarium, as complete 
in species, and in habitats as possible, and 
besides that, to have separate geographical 
herbaria. What duplicates may remain, 
are reserved for the purpose of making ex- 
changes. M. de Jussieu, by an active 
correspondence with collectors, as well as 
by a tour he made last year, in the south- 
em departments, has succeeded in forming 
a very rich and complete French herbarium 
—a matter certainly of the first importance 
in a national collection. The additions to 
the general herbarium are not so great as 
might have been, had the fund at the dis- 
posal of the Museum been more consider- 
able ; yet very important ones have lately 
been made, amongst which you are already 
acquainted with Jacquemont's Cashmire 
and Himalayan collection, and much is 
expected from Le Prieur's Guiana expe- 
dition. The latter collector was formerly 
with Perrottet, in .^Equinoctial Africa, and 
has since been sent out by the Parisian 
Geographical Society, to French Guyana, 
to explore the affluents of the Oyapook, on 
a mission, and with means, very similar 
to those entrusted to Schomburgk by us. 
With regard to Botany, he is to send his 
specimens to the Museum and to M. De- 
lessert. Some have been already received, 
many of them valuable species, but mostly 
not so well dried as might have been wished. 
Unfortunately his health is impaired so 
much as to give serious fears that he will 
be unable to fulfil all the objects of his 
mission. 

Baron Benjamin Delessort continues, and 
indeed has lately much increased, the en- 
couragement he gives to Botany, and to 
botanical collectors. Besides subscribing 
to all English and German expeditions, 
which appear deserving of encouragement, 
he zealously promotes several French un- 
dertakings of the same nature. Perrottet, 
who was with Le Prieur, in Senegambia, 



has been appointed to the situation of Di- 
rector of the Botanical Garden of Pondi- 
chery, in lieu of Belanger, who some 
years ago, returned to this country; bat 
as this Botanical Garden can scarcely be 
said to exist, Perrottet is earning his 
salary by plantations, and other improve- 
ments of the kind about the town, and by 
botanical excursions in the surroundiag 
country, from whence he has already trans- 
mitted to Baron Delessert, a considerable 
collection, richer in the number and quality 
of its specimens, than in any novelty of 
species, which are, of course, the same as 
those we usually receive from the Coro- 
mandcl Coast. 

M. Picard, a young man who has already 
made some good collections in the South 
of Spain and other parts of the Mediter- 
ranean, is about to sail for Gabon, on the 
Coast of Senegambia, from whence he wiU 
transmit to Delessert the dried plants he 
may collect. 

M. Adolphe Delessert, a nephew of the 
Baron, accompanied Perrottet to Pondi- 
chery, and from thence has made a voyage 
to Singapore, Penang, Batavia and Borneo, 
and on his return to Madras has trans- 
mitted, besides a large quantity of birds, 
(Zoology being his special pursuit,) se- 
veral plants which he collected for his 
uncle. 

M. B. Delessert himself is continuing 
his Icones Selects ; several of the plates of 
the third volume, engraved by Plee, under 
the immediate superintendence and editor- 
ship of Guillemin, are already finished and 
the work is now rapidly proceeding with. 

M. Adolphe Gay is actively collecting 
in South Chili, chiefly in Valdivia. 

M. Coquebert de Montbret, a nephew of 
the traveller of the same name, who died 
in the Egyptian expedijtion, has lately re- 
turned from a most interesting journey. 
He went from Constantinople over the 
Bithynian Olympus, and across the chain 
of the Taurus to Aleppo; thence up the Eu- 
phrates nearly to its source, and across to 
Trebizonde, from whence, nearly by the 
same route, he returned to Aleppo. He had 
with him M. Auber, who, during a part of 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



307 



the time, made an excursion by himself to 
North Syria, and formed a very valuable 
botanical collection. 

M. Adr. de Jussieu is about to print his 
Memoir on the MalpighiacecB, on which he 
has been some time engaged. 

Great improvements have been made 
lately in the Jardin des Plantes, under the 
able direction of M. Mirbel. Of the range 
of houses, there are to be two pavilions, 
^of which one is nearly completed,) for 
Palms, almost cubical, and forty feet in 
height, their whole sides, front, and roof, 
are of glass: thus giving them a very 
light appearance. The boxes in which the 
Palms are planted, are placed in a pit 
eight or nine feet deep, in which they are 
so raised that the top of the box is on a 
level with the floor of the house, which 
makes them look remarkably well. The 
houses are heated with steam. M. Mirbel, 
who is so zealous in furthering the interests 
of the garden, is also still much occupied 
with physiological researches, -and has 
lately been engaged in examining the 
Gingko in a state of germination, from 
seeds which ripened at Montpellier, where 
they have both sexes of the plant. 

D. Moore, Esq., who has been some time 
engaged in examining the botanical pro- 
ductions of the county of Londonderry, 
for a work which is to form part of the 
" Statistical Account of the Ordnance Sur- 
vey of Ireland," has been rewarded by the 
discovery of many rarities, of which some 
are quite novel to the Flora of the sister 
kingdom, and one is altogether new to 
the British Isles, the CarexBuxbaumii of 
Wahlenberg, which was detected on an 
Island of Lough Neagh. The nearest affi- 
nity of this plant is with the very scarce 
C. iomentosa ; but Mr. Moore and Mr. 
Mackay at once correctly distinguished it 
from that species, by the less downy and 
longer fruit; the strongly mucronate scales, 
and above all, the absence of a wholly 
male spikelet ; the base of the upper female 
spikelet being alone furnished with male 
flowers. It will rank next to C. Vahllii, 
and indeed, together with it and (7. atrata, 



should form a separate section, distin- 
guished by the circumstance above men- 
tioned, of the upper spike being andro- 
g3rnous; — male below, and stigmas three. 
The character may be thus rendered. 
Carex Buxbaumii; spicis sub 4 sessilibus 
approximatis oblongis, terminali cmdro- 
gyna, squamis ovato-lanceolatis longe 
(masculinis brevi) cuspidatis, capsulis 
ellipticis substipitatis leviter pubescenti- 
busobtusis bicuspidatis, bracteis foliaceis 
vix caulem superantibus, vaginis nullis. 
— C Buxbaumii, Wahl Act. Holm, /. 
803. p. 163. Fl Lapp. p. 244. Fl. 
Dau. t. 1406. Mackay, FL Hib. ined. 
— C. polygama, Schkuhr, Caric. tab, G. 
g.f. 76. 

Hab. One of the small Islands of 
Lough Neagh, County Derry, D. Moore, 
Esq, 

The Hieracia of our country need a 
thorough revision ; though I fear that the 
many-leaved and many-flowered ones are 
so extremely variable, that it will be no easy 
task, with the best materials, to determine 
them satisfactorily. I had, myself, been 
led to doubt if the real H. Sabatidum 
was a native of this country, from the cir- 
cumstance of the figure in English Botany 
not exactly according with my continental 
specimens: but, in this opinion, I be- 
lieve, I am mistaken; for I have lately 
received many specimens, which I am 
satisfied are the true Sabaudum; as, for 
example, from near Leamington, Warwick- 
shire, Dr, Lloyd, County Derry, Ireland, 
Mr. D. Moore, Richmond, Yorkshire, 
Mr. J, Ward, Near Warrington, Mr, W, 
Wilson, Near Nottingham, Dr, Howitt, 
with more entire leaves; and elsewhere. 
But these specimens have, in several in- 
stances, been accompanied by others, which 
I have been quite unable to name satis- 
factorily. On a wall, by Leamington, 
Dr. Lloyd finds an Hieracium, with nar- 
row leaves, and more numerous flowers 
than in the true JI, Sabaudum; thus being 
identical with my Loch Rannoch specimens 
of what i have called H, denticulatum, 
in the British Flora, the very station of 



306 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



Smith's denticulatum of English Botany 
(ff, pmnanthoides of the same author in 
Fl. Britannica). My If. pnenanthoides, 
(Brit. Fl. ed. 3. p. 352,) which I believe to 
be the same with that of Eng. Bot. t. 22::5, 
again, scarcely differs from H. Sabaudum, 
except in the softer texture of its leaves, 
and more glandular calyx. May not these 
three be referable to one and the same? 
The authors of the " Compendium Flora 
Germania," Bluff and Fingerhuth, say 
of ff. Sabaudum, " Planta yalde varians, 
caule nunc humili subsimplici, nunc al- 
tissimo apicem versus magis minusve co- 
rymboso, foliis longioribus brevioribus, 
angustioribus latioribus, profunde den- 
tatis aut integerrimis, dentibus nunc basi 
nunc in medio majoribus, aut omnibus sub- 
equalibus. Periclinii (Involucri) foliola 
nigricantia, pilis paucis hinc inde glandu- 
liferis adspersa." 

Mr. Moore has observed that Scirpus 
Savii is very abundant in the county of 
Derry, and probably throughout Ireland ; 
and he confirms a remark I have already 
made in this Journal, respecting its occu- 
pying nearly the same range as Pinguicu- 
la Lusitanica. He finds both growing 
together in various places. 

A new station has been discovered for 
the Veronica Buxbaumii, by Miss Anna 
Gurney, who has observed it for some 
years under a sunny wall at Syderstrand, 
between Cromer and Trimingham, Norfolk. 
This year, (1836,) its large and brilliant 
blossoms were in perfection on the 18th of 
March. 

Mr. Gay, of Paris, after a careful ex- 
amination of the plants of M. Durieu, and 
especially of those common to the summits 
of the peaks of Arvas, and of Canellas, 
mentioned at p. 216 of this Journal, has 
been kind enough, through Mr. P.B.Webb, 
to suggest the following corrections; 

The Leontodon, without name, is L, 
squamosum, Lam.^Apargia a^ina, Willd.) 
Juniperus depressa, is J. nana, Willd. 
<— y. communis, var. 

Agrostis rubra, is A, alpina, Scop. 
Agrostis Asturica, is A. capillaris, L. 



Aira Asturica, is A.Jlexuosa, L. 

Bunium Bulbocastanum, is B. denu" 
datum, D C. 

Silene geniculata, Lag,, is S. ciliata^ 
Pourr. 

In the collection of M. Durieu, are about 
fifty species of great interest, " mes quinze 
demiers jours," says M. Gay, " avec lea 
nuits, ont ete employes a les determiner." 



EXTRACT OF A LETTER FROM 
M. SPANOGHE, THE DUTCH RE- 
SIDENT AT COUPANG, RELAT- 
ING TO THE NATURAL HISTO- 
RY OF THE ISLAND OF TIMOR? 
WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF 
THE UPAS TREE, DISCOVERED 
THERE BY THAT GENTLEMAN. 

M. Spanoghe, during a long stay in the 
Island of Java, is well known to have de- 
voted a great deal of time to the investi- 
gation of its Natural History, and, we be- 
lieve, has sent very considerable collections 
to his native country. Since then, he has 
been appointed to the Presidency or Go- 
vernorship of Coupang, the Dutch settle- 
ment of Timor, and has there equally fur- 
thered the cause of Natural History, and 
dispatched to Holland a very valuable 
Herbarium, which will doubtless afford 
Dr. Blume many interesting subjects for 
his forthcoming " Rumphia,'* announced at 
p. 81, of our present volume. In the mean 
time, whateverconcerns the Natural History 
of the Island in question cannot fail to be 
read with interest : and, in a letter lately 
received from him, which bears date "Cou- 
pang, 28th September, 1834," Mr. Spa- 
noghe observes ; 

" The soil of Timor is not very favour- 
able for Ferns, or any other Cryptogamia, 
being too dry, and the limestone formation, 
thus producing very few of those plants, 
which delight in a moist soil, such as the 
OrchidecB, and many others. These Is- 
lands are also quite destitute of plants be- 
longing to the following orders : viz., Dil- 
leniace(B,Magnoliacem, Berberidece, Poqta- 



KAT0RAL HISTOHY OP TIMOR. 



309 



^Deracem, Bixineiae, Acerin<e, Eleagne<B, 
StyracecB, PlantaginetB, CunonicetB, Va- 
lerianecB, Saxifrage(B, MelastomaceeB, O- 
punliiB, and Conifer^e. The general aspect 
of vegetation here, is very different from 
. that of Java, though, upon examination, I 
find many plants, which are common both 
to that island, and to all India. The 
soil and productions of Timor, however, 
bear more analogy to those of the Isle 
of France and of Bourbon, than any other 
places. 

Timor produces only one Eucalyptus, 
which is a lofty Tree with a white shining 
bark ; and also Leucadendron viridiflora, 
but no other plants which grow in New 
Holland, or Australia. The Sandal Wood 
is the spontaneous productions of our hills, 
but is not to be found on any of the neigh- 
bouring islands, except Sandal Wood Is- 
land. The Tamarind Tree, several species 
o{ Imja and Acaciay, Dorassus flabellifor' 
mis, and Eucalyptus alba, being among 
the largest trees, and conspicuous from a 
distance, give a peculiar character to the 
dry rocky hills of Timor. This island can- 
not boast of its spices; a solitary species 
of toild pepper, one wild Myristica, and 
a Litscca, are all that are found here. Na- 
ture seems to have assigned a certain and 
limited range to all useful plants, and the 
Sandal Wood appears to be allotted to 
Timor ; still this country possesses a very 
fine Flora, and its soil is not unsuited to 
many of the most useful vegetable pro- 
ductions, as we have Potatoes, all kinds of 
Yams, Wheat, Rice, Indian Corn, every 
sort of culinary herbs, and very good Coffee: 
the beans of the latter being somewhat of 
the Bourbon kind. Of the eatable fruits 
that grow in Java, we have very few ; no 
Mangosteen, Doe, Ramboetan, nor Pine 
Apple, but a great variety of Oranges, and 
of the Cucurbitaceous fruits. We miss 
here, also, the poisonous milky plants, so 
common in the Islands of Sunda, and it is 
a very singular, as well as a favourable 
circumstance, that Timor and the adja- 
cent Islands, are entirely exempt from all 
noxious animals, as Snakes. There are 
no Tigers or any other beast of prey, and 



we are not endangered by the presence 
of the Elephant, or Rhinoceros, in our 
woods, where the largest creature is a 
species of Sfag, with some wild Hogs, and 
a kind of Monkey, which is found in Java, 
and elsewhere. 

As to its Birds, Timor seems to occupy 
a middle rank between New Holland and 
the Islands of Sunda, more species of Psit- 
tacus being found with us, than in the latter 
regions, while the same may be said of 
those birds which feed on insects, as the 
many kinds of JVdgtail and others, which 
are all different in colour and size, and a 
similar remark holds good of the genus 
Passer. Neither Peacock nor Pheasant 
is seen here, but a very rare kind of bird 
appears to be peculiar to one of the is- 
lands of this groupe, namely, Semao, and 
will probably prove a new genus of the 
Gallinacece. Its native name is Poklaka; 
it lays its Q'^^ on the ground, covering it 
afterwards with earth ; the egg is as large 
as that of a goose, and the bird itself, the 
size of a New Guinea Fowl. 

As for Minerals, Timor has been long 
known to afford gold and copper, and I 
expect that it will turn out to be a fine field 
for the Mineralogist. Its hills would be 
called by the Geologist, a transition for- 
mcUion, as evidenced by the conglomerate 
sandstone, and its primitive hills consist 
of schistus and porphyry, the gold being 
found in the first, while the porphyry pro- 
duces copper. Neither of these valuable 
metals exists, however, in such quantities . 
as to repay the expences of mining. The 
rocks along the coast are of the limestone 
formation, and of much more recent date 
than the central parts of the island ; the 
same limestone exists on the coasts of 
the other islands between us and Java, 
and in those nearer Timor, as Semao, 
Rotte, &c., which exhibit evident marks 
of their still being under the agency of a 
submarine Volcano. 

J. B. Spanoghe. 

Since the above was written, I made a 
trip to the interior, leaving my parcel at 
Coupang, to be forwarded by the first ship, 



310 



ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREE. 



but no opportunity having occurred, I found 
my letter as I left it, and now add, for your 
information, that I met with several trees 
growing on the hills, which, had I not 
seen fruit and flower of them, I would have 
taken for a species of Ficus, But to my 
astonishment, I found them, on a closer 
examination, to resemble the Antiaris, and 
to be very similar in every respect to the well 
known species. A, toxicaria. I never saw 
the Upas Tree myself, and the drawing 
that had been shown me, was without its 
fruit. But what surprises me most is, that 
the milk of my plant, which coincides, 
in every point, with the description of 
Horsfield, seems not to be poisonous at 
all, at least when unmixed and fresh, for 
I have tried and made several experiments 
with it on animal life, and have admin- 
istered it internally, to monkies, fowls, 
&c., without any effect. 

I am very happy to have met with a good 
opportunity of forwarding you some of the 
fruit, and the male flowers of this dubious 
plant, in spirits, with some other seeds, 
which, I trust, will reach you in safety. 
You will oblige me by giving me your 
opinion on this plant, which for the pre- 
sent I call Antiaris dubia, Rumphius's 
description of the seeds of the Macassar 
Upas, corresponds very well with my sam- 
ples." 

" Coupang, Nov. 6, 1834. 

I need scarcely say that so interesting a 
plant as that now mentioned, immediately 
atti-acted my attention; and the result of 
my examination, together with the most 
authentic particulars relative to the nature 
of this celebrated poison, are here sub- 
joined. 

ON THE UPAS ANTIAR, OR "POISON TREE 

OF JAVA," FROM THE ISLAND OF TIMOR. 

(Tab. XVII.) 

ANTIARIS. Lesch. 

Ord. Nat. IJRTiCEiE, inter Brosimum et 
Olmediam, — Syst. Linn. Mon»cia 
Tetrandria. 

Char. Gen. Masc. Involtccrum multi- 



florum peltatum disco floribus iectunL 
Calyx tetraphyllus. Siam, 4. 
FiEM. Involucrum urceolatum, uniflorum, 
squamosum. Cal. o. Ovarium cum in- 
volucro cohsrens, uniovulatum, ovulo 
pendulo. Stylus bipartitus. Drupa ex 
involucro aucto fonnata. Semen exal- 
buminosum. Embryonis radicula su- 
pera. Br. (jpauds verbis muf) 
Antiaris toxicaria; foliis pubescentibus, 
involucris parce squamosis, squamis ob- 
soletis glabriusculis. Tab. XVII. 
Antiaris toxicaria. Lesch. Ann. du Mus. 

V. 16.p.459. ^. 22. 
Antiaris dubia. Spanoghe, MSS. 

Hab. Java. Mountain woods of Timor, 
near Coupang. M.Spanoghe. — Fl. Sept 
Descr. a tree of considerable height 
Leaves deciduous, oblong-oval, sometimes 
approaching to ovate, shortly acuminate, 
entire, downy, reticulated, especially be- 
neath, where they are slightly ferruginous, 
with the nerves prominent : their length is 
from three to five inches, the base is sli^t- 
ly cordate, and oblique : petiole 3—4 lines 
long. Flower monoecious. Masc. Re- 
ceptacle, a flattish, peltate, fleshy, some- 
what quadrangular disk, at first plane, a 
little convex above, slightly convex be- 
neath, and there marked with a few smaU 
tuberculiform scales, the margins cre- 
nate ; at length the sides bend back, and 
the disk becomes prominent. PeduncU 
solitary or two to four together, arising from 
the axils of the leaves. The whole surface 
of the disk is crowded with mode flowen, 
each consisting of four erect, obovate, or 
fiumost spathulate scales, remarkably in- 
curved, almost cucullate at the apex, a 
little irregular, but not ciliated at the mar- 
gin, each sheltering an inverted yellov 
stamen, of an oblong form, of two longi- 
tudinal cells ; filament almost none. Fam, 
solitary in the axils of the leaves below 
the male flowers. Peduncle thickish. In- 
volucre ovate, or almost urceolate, marked 
with a few raised points, or small scales, 
the mouth acute, obscurely toothed, scarce- 
ly multifld. Ovary of the same shape, 
incorporated with the involucre, 1 -celled, 
with an inverted ovule. StyU bipartite, 



TABXVn 







v,r 



ACCOUNT OF THB UPAS TBBB. 



311 



branches subulate. Fruii a drupe of an 
oval form, velvety, the outside formed by 
the adnate involucre, marked with a few 
indistinct scales of a purple colour : Nut 
large, oval ; the testa crustaceous, dark 
brown, containing the large embryo, des- 
titute of albumen. Chtyledons large. Ra- 
dicle superior. 

Tab. XVII. Fig. 1. 1. Receptacles of male flowers, 
tGgkiljf wuffnified, 2. Single flower from tbe re- 
eeptaele. 3. Female inToIaere, ineluding its flower, 
with the two cells, tuU, sise. 4. Section of ditto, 
mmfmifitd. 5. Section of tbe frait, showing the 
Not with tbe Embrjo, nai, tixe. 

Such is the account I have been able to 
draw up, from the drawing and notes sent 
to me by M. Spanoghe, aided by flowers, 
male and female, and perfect fruit, pre- 
served in spirits. I confess, I at first en- 
tertained doubts, whether I ought not to 
refer this plant to the Antiaris macro- 
phyUa of Mr. Brown, described by him, 
and found on the North coast of New Hol- 
land, rather than to the Javanese A. toxi- 
caria. In the form and size of its leaf, it 
agrees best with the former; while in the 
flowers and fruit, it has the most entire ac- 
cordance with the latter : and even in re- 
gard to the foliage, I have only to remark, 
that the leaves are larger, and less obtuse, 
than in the figure given by Leschenault. 
Mr. Brown describes the leaves as " gla- 
berrima," in Leschenault's and our plant 
they are rough with pubescence, both above 
and beneath : while, in Mr. Brown's plant, 
the involucres, both male and female, and 
the apex of the fruit, are far more scaly, 
and strongly ciliated, and, as well as the 
calycine leaflets, even villous. There is, 
then, I am persuaded, every reason to be- 
lieve our species to be the same with the 
famous " Poison Upa^ of Java" to which 
Mr. Brown's Antiaris is also very closely 
allied. 

Not only was the Poison Upas clearly 
defined by M. Leschenault, but to him we 
are indebted for the first authentic account 
of its history and properties ; and as these 
are little known to the English reader, I 
shall offer no apology for making the fol- 
lowing extracts from that gentleman's high- 



ly interesting memoir, published in the 
16th volume of the Annales du Museum 
d'Histoire Naturelle, p. 459, &c. 

" In equatorial regions, the juices of 
plants, being continually, as it were, dis- 
tilled by the effects of their never-checked 
vegetation, possess much stronger pro- 
perties than those of temperate countries, 
and in both beneficial and noxious plants 
they are more powerful. This fact is proved 
by the great number of valuable productions 
which we are obliged, at great cost, to 
procure from hot climates, for our use 
both in the arts and medicine. If some 
of these products can be replaced by ana- 
logous vegetables, Rowing in our own re- 
gions, the quality of the latter is sure to 
be very inferior, and their eflBicacy much 
less considerable. 

" It cannot admit of doubt that those ve- 
getables which have been selected by the 
inhabitants of the places where they grow, 
for the purpose of poisoning their arrows, 
must be eminently virulent: but these 
poisons, which often minister to the cru- 
elty and cowardice of those who employ 
them, are concealed in different forms in 
their respective plants, various processes 
being used to extract them. Man, who ever 
avails himself of all the means that can 
add to his power, seems to have detected 
this fatal secret of nature almost every 
where, and to have increased its effects 
in many different ways, both by the sub- 
stances that he has added to augment the 
activity of these poisons, and by the man- 
ner in which he has employed them. 

'* The use of poisoned arrows may be 
traced back to very remote antiquity ; the 
Gauls employed them, but only in the 
chase ; while the Scythians and Brach- 
mans attacked the Macedonians with them. 
Still, universal as is the use of these wea- 
pons in the hot regions of both hemi- 
spheres, our European travellers, either 
deceived by the natives who always make 
a great secret of these direful preparations, 
or careless about obtaining the necessary 
details, have hitherto given but very vague 
and uncertain information, either as to the 
effects of these poisons, or the plants which 



312 



ACCOUNT OF THE UPA8 TREE. 



produce them. The savages of Surinam 
imbue their darts with the poisonous juice 
of a large tree, but the very ^enus of this 
tree is unknown ; the Ahouaignuecu,^ the 
Plana or Curara,^ and the JVborara,^ 
which grows on the banks of the Ama* 
zon's river, respectively serve the native 
of America for the same purpose ; but no 
description has ever been given of these 
plants. 

" M. de la Condamine, in his account of 
his journey, speaks somewhat in detail of 
the poison prepared by the Ticunas, into 
the composition of which, he assures us, 
that more than thirty kinds of roots and 
vegetables, especially several climbing 
plants, are made to enter, and which is 
extensively used upon the shores of the 
Amazon river; but he affords no informa- 
tion as to what any of these plants are. 

" The famous poison employed by the 
Indians of the Molucca Archipelago, and of 
the Islands of Sunda, known by the names 
of Ipo or Upas, (both signifying vegetable 
poison, in the native language,) has speci- 
ally excited the curiosity of Europeans, 
because of the marvellous and exaggerated 
accounts with which the natives of those 
countries have delighted in ornamenting 
their narrations. These popular stories 
have been collected and confidently re- 
peated by travellers, whose excellent ob- 
servations and lengthened labours have 
entitled them to credit. The indefatigable 
Rumphius names the tree which yields the 
Ipo, Arbor Toxicaria. He has repeated 
all that was told him by the aborigines and 
given an imperfect description and figure 
of the tree, from a branch and one of the 
fruits, which had been sent him. I have 
every reason to believe, that he has been 
deceived, at least, as to the authenticity of 
the fruit, which certainly was not produced 
by the tree which yields the poison in 
question. 

" The Naturalists of Europe, unwilling to 
give credence to the numerous fables pro- 
mulgated on the subject, desired to ascer- 
tain, correctly, the nature of these poisons ; 

> See the Supplement of the Dictionary of Science, 
Oder the head of poisoned arrows. 



but SO strict is the secresy preserved on 
the subject by the natives, that the re- 
searches made at Java, and elsewhere, 
proved fruitless, as they only refuted the 
idle tales that had been spread, without 
eliciting any real facts. When I started 
for my voyage of discovery in Australia, 
the learned and estimable Professor, M. 
dc Jussieu, urged me, in case I should 
land at Java, to obtain all possible infor- 
mation on this point, and my own wishes 
being equally strong, and seconded by 
fortunate circumstances, the perseverance 
with which I pursued the subject was 
finally crowned with a success which en- 
ables me now to speak positively about it. 

" I have obtained, not only the two kinds 
of poison or Upas, which are collected and 
prepared in Java ; but those also of the 
Islands of Borneo, and Macassar, and have 
brought a large quantity of them to Europe, 
with which my friend, M. Delille, the Phy- 
sician and Botanist to the Egyptian expe- 
dition, and M. Magendie, have made many 
interesting experiments, displaying the ac- 
tivity and peculiar mode of operation of 
these poisons on the animal economy. 
These experiments, performed with great 
dexterity and care, have formed the sub- 
ject of two memoirs, read at the Institute, 
and of a dissertation by M. Delille, pre- 
sented to, and adopted by, the Faculty of 
Medicine, at Paris. 

" I now proceed to give the history of 
these poisons, with the manner of their 
preparation, and a description of the plants 
which afford them. 

" It was at Sumanap, in the Island of 
Madura, that I obtained the poison that is 
called Ipo in the Island of Borneo. A 
boat arriving from this country, had on 
board one of those men who live in the 
interior of the mountains, and who are 
called Orang-daias: these people are 
easily known, because they all tattoo their 
arms with a blue substance, which I be- 
lieve to be Indigo. They alone, in the 
whole Island, possess the secret of those 
plants which furnish the Ijpo, and the man- 
ner of preparing it, and they carefully pre- 
serve it rolled up in the leaves of the Palm 



ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS THEE. 



313 



Tree. The Orang-daias, whether to check 
the curiosity of strangers, or to magnify the 
interest which always attaches to those who 
have performed a hazardous enterprisci talk 
a great deal of the dangers that are incurred 
in obtaining the Ipo; he, whom I saw, 
carried an air-tube armed with a dart, and 
a small quiver full of poisoned arrows, the 
most usual weapons of these people, whe- 
ther for the chase or in war ; these I pur- 
chased from him, as well as three rolls of 
Ipo, concerning the collecting and pre- 
paring of which he gave me no rational 
information. The only positive statement 
that he made, and of which I afterwards 
ascertained the truth, was that this drug 
was compounded with the juice of very 
large climbing plants. The arrows made 
by the Orang-daias, are formed of strips of 
cleft Bamboo, about eight inches long, and 
very thin ; the top is furnished with a bit 
of pith, very like that of the Elder, which 
serves to expel the dart from the air-tube 
by means of the breath. Those arrows which 
are used in hunting, have their tips shaped 
like the head of a lance, and imbued with 
Ipo; those intended for war, are furnished 
with a little shark's tooth, or a small cop- 
per blade, which is lightly inserted into 
the dart, and fastened there by the gummy 
resin of the Ipo ; the warmth of the blood 
dissolving this substance, the point re- 
mains sticking in the wound after the 
arrow has been extracted, and the poison 
mingling with the blood causes speedy 
dissolution. I made several experiments 
with the little arrows dipped in Ipo, upon 
chickens and a dog, the former expired 
in from one to three minutes, according 
to the quantity of poison infused into the 
wound ; the dog lived for eight minutes, the 
arrow having been driven for half an inch 
into the thigh, and allowed to remain there ; 
all these animals died in violent convulsive 
tetanus, which threw them on their backs, 
and came on at intervals. 

" The Orang-daias showed me the^ man- 
ner in which the Ipo is moistened and ap- 
plied to the arrows. He took the root of 
a species of Menispermum, called by the 



Malays, Touba; and expressed the juice, 
which he mixed with the Ipo, and then 
added to it the root oiDioscorea triphylla, 
putting them together into an iron pot with 
some water, over a fire ; he made a small 
hole in the lid of the pot to permit the ex- 
cape of the ste&um, in the vapour of which 
he softened the Ipo, and spread it over the 
arrows: this was the mode always employ- 
ed, he said, in his country, as it revived 
and added new virus to the poison. 

'' The Macassar poison, also named Ipo, 
was brought me by my friend M. Carrega, 
the captain of a vessel in the Dutch ser- 
vice, on his return from a voyage to that 
country. He learned that it was a gum- 
resin, flowing from a large tree, to which 
was added the juice of the root oiAmomum 
Zerumbet, called by the Malays Lampo- 
uiang; other particulars that he gave me 
proved, however, that this poison was not 
similar to the Javanese, of which I am 
going to speak. 

" There are two species, known by the 
name of Upas, with which the inhabitants, 
principally of the Eastern part, imbue their 
little bamboo arrows, which they fling with 
the sarbacane, or air-tube, and of which 
they make use in the chase: they also mix 
up the Upas with rice, or with fruit, and 
make a bait of it, which they administer to 
various animals, and which quickly de- 
stroys life : the flesh of the creatures thus 
killed, or which die of the poisoned ar- 
rows, is not at all affected, and it is 
only necessary to remove those portions 
with which the poison has come into im- 
mediate contact. The plants which pro- 
duce these two noxious drugs grow only 
in the province of Bagnia- Vangni; one is 
called Upas Antiar, the other Upas Tieute; 
the latter, the produce of a kind of Vine, 
(^Strychnos Tieute,') which grows in the 
woods, is much the most virulent, and the 
least generally known, because the natives 
keep the mode of its preparation a strict 
secret among themselves, and this process 
is much more comphcated than in the case 
of the Upas Antiar. M. Deschamps, Na- 
turalist of the expedition commanded by 



S14 



ACCOUNT OP THE VPJlS TRB£. 



OeHeral d'Entreoadteaux, observed and as- 
certained the tree which affords the t/ptis 
Antiar at Java, and has giren some in- 
formation in the first volume of Travels 
respecting it, which is correct, so far as it 
goes, but is deficient in details. M. Des- 
champs states, with truth, that the Java- 
nese make a secret of its preparation, and 
confesses that he has been unable to find 
it out. For some time ailer I arrived in 
Java, my enquiries were equally unsuc- 
eessful; at Batavia and Samarang, I learn- 
ed absolutely nothing respecting it, for 
I only heard some ridiculous stories, which 
I abstain from repeating. At Soura-carta, 
1^ residence of the Emperor of Java, I 
was told that the Upas grew in the pro- 
vince of Bagnia-Vangni, a place which I 
visited in the close of July, 1805. A Ja- 
vanese, whom I took into my service, and 
who killed birds for me with the arrows 
steeped in Upas Antiar, pointed out to 
me the tree which afforded this poison, 
and taught me the mode of its preparation 
by doing it in my sight. 

"The Upa» Antiar is prepared with the 
gum-resin which flows from a very large 
tree, from incisions made in its trunk. The 
preparation of this poison is done cold, in 
an earthen jar ; to the gum-resin are added 
the seeds of Capsicum fruticosum, Pepper, 
Garhc, the roots of Kcempferia Galangas, 
and those of Costus Arabicus; all these 
bruised substances being slowly mingled 
together, except the Capsicum seeds, which 
aife hastily thrust, one by one, to the bot- 
tom with a small wooden skewer: each 
seed causes a slight fermentation, and then 
rises to the surface, when it is taken out 
and another put in, to the number of eight 
or ten, when the process is complete. The 
effects of the Upas Antiar on the animal 
system are less speedy than those of Upas 
Tieute, nor is its mode of preparation the 
same. A small water-fowl, which was 
scratched on the thigh with a dait, dipped 
in this newly- prepared poison, died at the 
end of three minutes ; it had a strong con- 
vulsion when in the act of expiring, and 
the contents of the stomach came out at 



the beak. An Azurin, a peculiar bird of 
this country died in the same space of 
time and with similar symptoms. With all 
the animals poisoned by the Upas Antiar, 
there were violent evacuations, both up- 
wards and downwards, generally green and 
frothy. M. Delille, to whom I gave a laige 
quantity of this substance, has made, with 
his usual sagacity, a great number of ex- 
periments, which all produced the same 
results, and proved this poison to operate at 
first as a vomit and cathartic, and then to 
affect the brain, and disturb its functions, 
causing death with tetanic convulsions. 
The Ipo of Macassar acts in a similar man- 
ner, and, from the accounts given to M. 
Carrega, is also the product of a large tree, 
and obtained by incision, which identity 
of circumstances and name, together with 
the similarity of the climates where they 
grow, give ground for believing it to be 
identical with the Upas Antiar, The same 
reasoning holds good of the Ipo from Bor- 
neo, which is the juice of large climbers, 
and acts like the Upas Tieute, which if 
resembles also in its intensely bitter flavour. 
I therefore believe the substance to be the 
same, though its mode of preparation is 
different. In Java, the prepared poison 
resembles thick and very brown molasses, 
and is contained in small bamboo tubes, 
such as that which I obtained. That from 
Borneo, on the contrary, is concrete, and 
kept in palm-leaves ; its dry consistency is 
obtained by being mixed and braided up 
with a kind of earth . Having dissolved some 
of the Ipo from Borneo in water, a brown 
and friable substance was precipitated, 
which afler having been washed in several 
waters and dried, possessed only a slightly 
bitter flavour. 

" The Javanese arrows are different from 
those which are used by the inhabitants 
of Borneo. The end, instead of being 
shaped like the head q( a lance, is so veiy 
slender and elongaj|i, that it breaks very 
readily, and remains imbedded in the 
wound, and as M. Delille has correctly 
observed, the smaller the opening, the 
more dangerous it is, because, when the 



ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREB. 



815 



laceration is considerable, the heemorrhage 
that follows frequently carries away the 
virus, which it gradually dissolves, and 
either weakens or totally destroys its 
effect 

*'The Javanese state that sea-salt, taken 
in large quantities, is an antidote to this 
poison ; but my own experiments, as well 
as the subsequent ones made by M. Delille, 
seem to prove that this remedy is almost 
entirely, if not quite, ineflScient, and only 
increases the sufferings of the victim. 

" I noticed myself, and M. Delille has 
confirmed this observation, that the liquid 
poison, introduced into a wound, is much 
less virulent than when it has dried upon 
the instrument which inflicts the incision. 
Probably the fluid state causes it to mix 
readily, and to be carried away by the 
blood which flows out; whereas, in the 
other case, it is gradually absorbed while 
it dissolves. In the serous cavities and the 
digestive organs absorption is quickly ef- 
fected, though the Upas may be mingled 
with a large quantity of water, or mixed as 
a liquid in food. 

" I proceed to describe the Upa^ Antiar 
Tree. It is monsecious, and belongs to a 
new genus, which I have called Aniiaris 
toxicaria ; it is very lofty, and I invariably 
found it growing in fertile spots, surround- 
ed by a profusion of vegetables, which 
seemed to be entirely uninjured by its 
proximity. The trunk is straight, and fur- 
nished with excrescences at the base like 
that of Canarium commune. Its bark is 
whitish and smooth, and the wood white ; 
the leaves fall off before the blossoms ap- 
pear, and do not shoot again till the male 
flowers are over, and the fecundation of 
the germen is effected : they are oval, co- 
riaceous, generally crisped, pale green, and 
of a dry consistency, rough to the touch, 
and covered with little short and harsh 
hairs. The foliage of the very young 
plants of Antiaris is different from that of 
the full-grown trees ; each leaf is about 
six inches in length, almost sessile, sHghtly 
spathulate in shape, a little toothed at the 
margin, and less harsh than in the old in- 
dividuals. The juice of the tree is very 
clammy, and of a bitter flavour ; that which 



exudes from the young branches is white, 
while what flows from the trunk is yellow* 
ish, and abundantly follows any incision 
made in the bark. 

" The vapours of this juice, like those 
which are developed by several Shumachs 
and Euphorbias, and the American Man- 
chineel, are dangerous, and particularly so 
to some persons, whose skin or constitution 
is peculiarly apt to absorb these emana- 
tions, while others are not affected by them, 
as was proved by the following event : — 

" The tree which afforded the specimens 
of the Upa^ poison and of the inflorescence 
which I brought home, was more than 100 
feet high, with a trunk about 18 feet in 
circumference near the base. A Javanese 
whom I commissioned to bring me down 
some flowering branches of this tree, was 
obliged to make notches in it to enable him 
to climb ; but he had hardly got up so high 
as 25 feet from the ground, when he proved 
ill, and was compelled to descend. He be- 
came swollen, and continued sick for several 
days, suffering with vertigo, nausea, and 
vomiting; while another Javanese, who 
climbed to the very top and brought what 
I wanted, was in no way incommoded. 
Having aflterwards caused one of these 
trees, which was four feet in circumference, 
to be felled, I walked among its broken 
branches, and my face and hands were 
sprinkled with the gum-resin which drop* 
ped upon me, and I was not at all affected ; 
it is true that I took the precaution of 
washing myself immediately. The vicinity 
of the Antiar is not injurious to animals; 
I have seen lizards and insects upon its 
trunk, and birds perched upon the 
branches."* 

1 Not 80 according to tlie old€r writers on the Upa$, 
" Fierce iu dread silence on tbe blasted heath 
Fell Upas sits, tbe bjdra-tree of death. 
Lo ! from one root, tbe envenomed soil below, 
A thousand Tegetative serpents grow ; 
In shining raja the scalj monster spreads 
O'er ten aqaare leagues his far-diverging heads ; 
Or in one trank eatwists his tangled form. 
Looks o'er tbe cloods and hisses in tbe storm. 
Steeped in fell poison, as his sharp teeth part, 
A thousand tongues in quick Tibration dart ; 
Snatch the pnmd eagle towering o'er the heathy 
Or poonce the lion, as he stalks beneath ; 
Or strew, as marshall'd hosts contend in vain, 
With baman skeletous tbe whitened plain/' 



S16 



ACCOUNT OF THE UPAS TREfi. 



A short extract from Dr. Horsfield's ac- 
count of the Upas, given in the Memoir of 
Sir Stamford Raffles, may be interesting. 
" This tree is one of the largest in the fo- 
rests of Java ; the stem is cylindrical and 
perpendicular, rising, completely naked, to 
the height of 60, 70, or even 80 feet. 
Near the surface of the ground it spreads 
obliquely, dividing into numerous broad 
excrescences or appendages ; it is covered 
with a whitish bark ; close to the ground 
this bark is, in old trees, more than an inch 
thick, and upon being wounded, yields 
plentifully the milky juice from which the 
celebrated poison is prepared. The sap is 
contained in the tree-bark or cortex. The 
inner bark or liber of young trees is em- 
ployed by the poorer class of people in 
making a coarse stuff which they wear 
when working in the fields; but persons 
clad in this dress, on being exposed to the 
rain, are affected with an intolerable itch- 
ing, which renders their flimsy ccn'ering 
almost insupportable. The deleterious 
quality of the poison resides in the gum ; 
the preparation of a poison from which is 
an exclusive art of the inhabitants at the 
eastern extremity of the island. 

" In clearing new grounds near the tree, 
the inhabitants do not like to approach it, 
as they dread the cutaneous eruption which 
it is known to produce when newly cut 
down. But except when the trunk is ex- 
tensively wounded, or when it is felled, by 
which a large portion of the juice is disen- 
gaged, the effluvium of which, mixing with 
the atmosphere, affects the persons exposed 
to it with the symptoms just mentioned, 
the tree may be approached and ascended 
like the common trees of the forest. Like 
all others in its neighbourhood, it is sur- 
rounded with shrubs and plants. 

" One of the regents had caps or bon- 
nets prepared from the inner bark, which 
were stiffened in the usual manner with 
rice-water, and handsomely painted, for the 
purpose of decorating his attendants ; but 
they all refused to wear them, asserting 
that they would cause their hair to fall off. 

" The following is a description of the 
mode of preparing this poison. 'About 
eight ounces of the juice from the tree, 



which had been collected during the pre* 
ceding evening, and preserved in a joint of 
bamboo, was carefully strained in a bovrl. 
The sap of the following substances, which 
had been finely grated and bruised, was 
then expressed, and poured into it, viz. — 
Aruin,Amomum, Common Onion, and Gar- 
lic, of each about half a drachm ; the same 
quantity of finely-powdered Black Pepper 
was then added, and the mixture stirred. 
A single seed of Capsicum f rut icosum was 
then placed on the fluid, in the middle of 
the bowl : the seed began to reel round 
rapidly, now forming a regular circle, then 
darting towards the margin of the cup, 
with a perceptible commotion on the sur- 
face of the liquor, which continued for one 
minute. Being completely at rest, the 
same quantity of Pepper was again added, 
and another seed of the Capsicum laid on, 
as before ; a similar commotion took place 
in the fluid, but in a less degree, and the 
seed was carried round with diminished 
rapidity. The addition of the same quan- 
tity of Pepper was made a third time, when 
a seed of the Capsicum being carefully 
placed in the centre of the fluid, it remained 
quiet, forming a regular circle in the fluid, 
resembling the halo of the moon. This is 
the sign that the preparation of the poison 
is complete." 

Sir S. Raffles states that, " the common 
train of symptoms is a trembling of the 
extremities, restlessness, erection of the 
hair, affection of the bowels, drooping and 
faintness, slight spasms and convulsions, 
hasty breathing, an increased flow of saliva, 
spasmodic contractions of the pectoral and 
abdominal muscles, retching, vomiting, 
great agony, laborious respiration, violent 
and repeated convulsions, and death. 

" The action of the Upas is chiefly di- 
rected to the vascular system. The volume 
of the blood is accumulated in a prsetema- 
tural degree in the large vessels of the 
thorax. 

" The circulation appears to be abstract- 
ed from the extremities and thrown upon 
the viscera near its source, the lungs being, 
in particular, stimulated to excessive exer- 
tions. The vital viscera are oppressed by 
an intolerable load, which produces the 



IMPBOVBD METHOD OV TRANSPORTING LIYINO PLANTS. 



317 



S3nnptoins above described, while in the 
extremities a proportionate degree of torpor 
takes place, accompanied by tremors, shiv- 
erings, and convulsions. 

. *' The natives of Macassar, Borneo, and 
the Eastern Islands, when they employ this 
poison, make use of an arrow of bamboo, 
(to the end of which they attach a shark's 
tooth,) which they throw from a blow-tube 
or sompit 

"The Upas appears to affect different 
quadrupeds with nearly equal force, pro- 
portionate in some degree to their size and 
disposition ; and a man who was acciden- 
tally wounded by an arrow poisoned with 
it, in the elbow, died in half an hour with 
similar symptoms to those observed in 
animals." 



LETTER FROM N. B. WARD, ESQ. 
TO DR, HOOKER, ON THE 
SUBJECT OF HIS IMPROVED 
METHOD OF TRANSPORTING 
LIVING PLANTS. 

Wellolose Sqaare, Jan. 13tb, 1836. 

Mt dear Sir, 

I HAVE lately heard that you wish for 
some information respecting my new me- 
thod of growing plants without open expo- 
sure to air. As I do not intend to publish 
at present a detailed account, and as much 
misrepresentation exists upon the subject, 
I feel great pleasure in furnishing you with 
the principal facts, of which you may make 
any use you please. 

The depressing influence of the air of 
large towns upon vegetation, had, for many 
years, engaged my attention. 

The science of Botany, in consequence 
of the perusal of the works of the immor- 
tal Linnseus, had occupied me from my 
youth up, and the earliest object of my 
ambition was to possess an old waU, co- 
vered with ferns and mosses. Compelled 
by circumstances to live surrounded by, 
and enveloped in, the smoke of numerous 
manufactories, all my endeavours to keep 
my favourites alive, proved sooner or later 
unavailing. I was led, however, to reflect 
a little more deeply upon the subject, in 



consequence of a simple incident, which 
occurred about seven or eight years ago. 
I had buried the chrysalis of a Sphynx in 
some moist mould, which was contained in 
a wide-mouthed glass bottle, covered with 
a lid. In watching the bottle from day to 
day, I observed that the moisture which 
during the heat of the day arose from the 
mould, condensed on the internal surface 
of the glass, and returned from whence it 
came, thus keeping the ^mould always 
equally moist. About a week prior to the 
final change of the insect, a seedling Fern 
and Grass made their appearance upon the 
surface of the mould. 

Afler I had secured my insect, I was 
anxious to watch the development of these 
plants in such a confined situation, and ac- 
cordingly placed the bottle outside my 
study window. The plants continued to 
grow, and turned out to be the Poa annua 
and Nephrodium Filix mas, I now com- 
menced a series of experiments upon other 
plants, principally Ferns, selecting those 
that were most difEcult of culture, such as 
Hymenophyllunit &c. My method of pro- 
ceeding was as follows : — Keeping nature 
always in view, I endeavoured to imitate 
the natural condition of the plants as much 
as possible, as regarded the exposure to 
light, solar heat, moisture, &c. Thus, if 
Ferns were the subject of experiment, they 
were planted in the mould most congenial 
to them, well watered, but all the super- 
fluous water allowed to drain off, and then 
placed in a situation having a northern 
aspect. If, on the contrary, I wished to 
grow Cacti, they were planted in a mixture 
of loam and sand, suspended from the roof 
of the case, and fully exposed to solar 
heat. Upon this part of the subject I need 
not, however, dilate any further, and will 
therefore confine myself to the resjilts ob- 
tained. 

1st, That the depressing influence of the 
air of large towns upon vegetation depends 
almost entirely upon the fuliginous matter 
with which such an atmosphere is impreg- 
nated, and which produces the same effect 
upon the leaves of plants as upon the lungs 
of animals. 



318 



IMPROVED METHOD OF TBANSPOBTINO LIVING PLANTS. 



2ndly, That, owing to the quiet state of 
the atmosphere surrounding the plants in 
my inclosed cases, the plants, like human 
beings, will bear extremes of heat and of 
cold, which under ordinary circumstances 
would be fatal to them. It is well known, 
from the experiments of Sir C. Blagden, 
and others, that man will bear great degrees 
of heat with impunity, provided the atmo-* 
sphere be undisturbed, and it is equally a 
matter of fact, that the extremest cold of 
the Arctic Regions produces no bad effect, 
when the air is quite still. Mr. King, who 
has recently returned from Capt. Back's 
Expedition, informed me that the greatest 
degree of cold he experienced was nearly 
70° below zero ; that no inconvenience was 
felt at that low temperature, owing to the 
perfectly calm state, of the air ; but that if 
the wind arose, although the thermometer 
would likewise rapidly rise with the wind, 
the cold then became insupportable. 

These facts I have proved in the one case, 
by the exposure to sun of Hymenophyl- 
lum and Trichomanes; and in the other by 
growing without heat, Aspidium molle, 
Phoenix dactylifera, Rhapisjlahelliformis, 
Dendrobium pulchellum, Mammiliaria te- 
nuis, &c. &c. 

3rdly, That owing to the prevention of 
the escape of the moisture contained with- 
in the cases, plants will grow for many 
months, and even for years, without requir- 
ing fresh supplies of water. Thus, in the 
first experiment, the Poa and Nephrodium 
grew for four years, without one drop of 
water having been given to them during 
that period, and would, I believe, have 
grown as many more, had they not acci- 
dentally perished in consequence of the 
rusting of the tin lid covering the bottle, 
and the admission of rain-water. 

4thly, That the degree of development 
to which the plants attain, depend mainly, 
cecteris paribus, upon the volume of air 
contained within the case, and upon the 
quantity of light and solar heat received 
by the plants. Thus to revert to the first 
experiment. The Poa and Nephrodium, 
being contained within a small bottle — the 
one flowered but once during its confine- 



ment, while the other did not produce any 
capsules. iBoth Ferns and Grasses, in my 
larger cases, flower and fruit well. PhtB- 
nog amous plants, for instance, such as Ipo- 
nuea Quamoclit and coccinea, will not 
flower in a case exposed to the North, 
while in the same case, fully exposed to 
the South, these very plants come up from 
seed, and flower very well. 

To sum up all, in every place where 
there is light, even in the centre of the 
most crowded and smoky cities, plants of 
almost every family may be grown, and 
particularly those which have heretofore 
been found the most difficult to cultivate. 
I have now, in a wide -mouthed bottle, 
simply and loosely covered with a tin lid, 
the following plants: — HymenophyUvm 
Tunbridgense and Wilsoni, TrichoTnanes 
brevisetum, Hookeria lucens, and other 
Mosses, Jungermannia juniperina and 
reptans, &c. &c. These plants have been 
inclosed for twelve months, and are grow- 
ing most vigorously, although they have 
not once been watered during that period. 
In my other cases, the Ferns, Palms, Or- 
chide(B, Grasses, many Monocotyledonous 
plants belonging to the families of Scita- 
minea, Bromeliacea, &c. &c. grow very 
well ; while, on the contrary, the continued 
humid state of the atmosphere is unfavour- 
able to the development of the flowers of 
most of the Exogenous plants, excepting 
those which naturally grow in moist and 
shady situations, the Linnaa borealis, for 
instance, which I have had for more than 
two years, and which flowered twice last 
year in a situation where, without my pro- 
tecting cases, the London Pride {Saxi- 
fraga umbrosa) ceases to exist after twelve 
or eighteen months. 

This method will, I believe, assist the 
physiological Botanist in solving some 
points of great importance, connected with 
vegetation in general, such as the agency 
of various soils, the quantum of air neces- 
sary for the development of various tribes 
of plants, &c. &c.; and I shall be delighted 
in seeing the subject taken up by those 
who, with far greater knowledge than I 
possess, have likewise better opportunities 



IMPROVED MBTHOD OF THANSPORTINO LIYITHQ PLANTS. 



319 



of prosecuting these interesting inquiries. 
Occupied, as I have unceasingly been for 
the last twenty years, with the harassing 
details of general medical practice, and 
living constantly in town, I find it impossi« 
ble to do all that I wish, nor could I have 
gone on thus far, but for the unbounded 
liberality of Messrs. Loddiges, who from 
their ample stores, have most kindly fur- 
nished me with every plant I desired for 
the purposes of experiment. 

I come now to the most important ap- 
plication of the above facts : that of the 
conveyance of plants upon long voyages. 
Reflecting upon the causes of the failure 
attending such conveyance, arising chiefly 
from deficiency or redundancy of water, 
from the spray of the sea, or from the want 
of light in protecting them from the spray, 
it was, of course, evident that my new me- 
thod offered a ready means of obviating all 
these difficulties, and in the beginning of 
June, 1833, I filled two cases with Ferns, 
Grasses, &c , and sent them to Sydney un- 
der the care of my zealous friend, Captain 
Mallard, copies of whose letters I have en- 
closed. 

The cases were refilled at Sydney, in 
the month of February, 1834, the ther- 
mometer then Jpeing between 90^ and lOO*. 
In their passage to England, they encoun- 
tered very varying temperatures. . The 
thermometer fell to 20® in rounding Cape 
Horn, and the decks were covered a foot 
deep with snow. In crossing the line the 
thermometer rose to 120^ and fell to 40® 
on their arrival in the British channel, in 
the beginning of November, eight months 
after they were enclosed. These plants 
were not once watered during their voy- 
age, received no protection by day or by 
night, but were yet taken out at Loddiges' 
in the most healthy and vigorous condition. 
The plants chiefly consisted of Ferns, among 
them Gleichenia rnicrophylla never before 
introduced alive, and the Hymenophyllum 
TunbridgcTise, Several plants of Ca^icoma 
gerrcUa had come up from seed during the 
voyage, and were in a very healthy state. 
As this experiment was made chiefly with 
Ferm, I will briefly give you an account 



of one other experiment, in which plants 
of a higher order of development were the 
subject of trial. Ibrahim Pacha being de- 
sirous to obtain useful and ornamental 
plants for his garden near Cairo, and at 
Damascus, commissioned his agents in this 
country to send them. I was requested by 
his agents to select them, and they were 
sent out in August, 1834, in the Nile 
Steamer, to Alexandria. They were about 
two months on their passage, and I have 
enclosed a copy of the letter from Mr. 
Traill, his gardener, giving an account of 
their condition when he received them; 
and have likewise sent you a list of the 
plants, which were contained in the Egyp- 
tian cases. I have, as yet, received no 
account of the Syrian plants. Various 
other trials have been made to other parts 
of the world, as Calcutta, Para, &c. &c., 
and with the same success. 

I feel well assured that this method of 
importing plants would likewise be ex- 
tremely useful in the introduction of many 
of the lower but most interesting tribes of 
animals, which have never yet been seen 
alive in this country. 

In reply to an inquiry that was address- 
ed to Mr. Ward, as to the adviseability of 
a collector's taking glazed boxes to Brazil, 
Mr. Ward thus writes. " I should ima- 
gine that these may be easily procured at 
Rio, and various other places; but if glass 
cannot be obtained, or is very dear, then 
a number of small panes might be carried, 
for use, as occasion requires. 

" It may be as well to state, once for all, 
that the success of my plan is in exact 
proportion to the admission of light to all 
parts of the growing plants, and to the due 
regulation of the humidity of the mould 
wherein they grow. It is safer, in all in- 
stances, to give rather too little than too 
much water. If Ferns, for example, are 
the subject of experiment, they should be 
planted in the soil most congenial to them, 
well watered, but all the superfluous fluid 
allowed to drain ofl*, before the case is fi- 
nally closed; while on the other hand, suc- 
culent plants should be set in dry sand. I 
need not, however, dilate upon this, any 



320 



IMPROVED METHOD OF TRANSPORTING LIVING PLANTS. 



further than by observing that the natural 
condition of the species should be imitated, 
as far as possible, except in the free ex- 
posure to air. The Cacti travel best, 
"when packed in fine and dry sand. All 
vegetable matters, used as package, are 
very injurious. 

" You ask how the tropical Orchidem 
may be best conveyed : — most certainly in 
the glazed cases : I believe, that, thus se- 
cured, ninety-five out of every hundred 
may be imported in a vigorous state from 
any part of the world, provided the voyage 
does not exceed eight or ten months in 
duration. 

** In all instances, the plants require 
no attention during the voyage; the sole 
care requisite being to keep them in the 
light. 

" You next enquire, what plan I would 
suggest, where glazed boxes are not pro- 
curable, and here I must give you higher 
authority than my own, that of Messrs. 
Loddiges, who find the means adopted by 
your American correspondent, the most 
eligible, viz., that of packing them in mo- 
derately moist Sphagna: — ^always except- 
ing the succulent plants. 

" Would it not be advisable to direct the 
attention of your collector, particularly, to 
the introduction of such plants as have 
never yet been seen alive in this country, 
owing to the impossibility of importing 
them in the old method ? Every species 
of Jh'cAo wan^j and Hymenophyllum might 
thus become inmates of our stoves, as well 
as a number of other interesting plants, 
which possess oily nuts or seeds, that 
quickly lose their germinating property, 
after they are ripe. These seeds might 
be sown in the mould among the other 
plants, and would come up during the 
voyage. All the Pabns, the Bertholle- 
tia, ike, would succeed admirably in this 
way. 

" I may remark, that there is one point, 
upon which misconception exists very 
generally, even among well informed men. 
Because my cases are made quite tight, it 
is imagined, that the plants contained in 
them receive no change of air. Now, it 



must be obvious to every one who reflects 
for an instant on the subject, that owing 
to the expansibility of the air by heat, 
there must, with every change of tempe- 
rature, be a corresponding change in the 
volume of air contained within the cases. 
Without such a variation, the plants would, 
in all probability, soon perish." 

N. B. Ward. 



NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BAL- 
SAMINE^. 

Bj G. A.W. Arnott. Esq. A.M. F.R.S.E. &c. &c. 

The following new species of Balsam- 
nea*, are nearly all in the herbaria of Dr. 
Graham and Dr. Hooker, sent from Cey- 
lon, and collected there by Col. andJMrs. 
Walker. In addition to these, Linnaeus 
described, from Hermanns' herbarium, /. 
comuta, which appears to be the wild 
form of /. Balsamina, I. oppositifolia, and 
/. triflora, which has now been referred to 
Hydrocera of Blume. De Candolle, de- 
scribes L Leschenaltii, and states that 
Leschenault found it in Ceylon, but the 
specimens given by that Botanist to Dr. 
Wallich, were from the Niejgherries in the 
peninsula of India. M. Macrae appears to 
have founds also, /. scapigera, on rocks 
near Kandy. Of these, there are common 
both to Ceylon and the Peninsula, only five, 
Hydrocera tri/lora, Impatiens Balsamina, 
I. grandis, I. scapigera, and / oppositifo- 
lia; Hydrocera trijlora, and /. Balsamina 
are found, also, elsewhere in India. There 
are thus, assuming the Peninsular species 
to have been all described by Dr. Wight 
and myself, (bat I believe, that Dr. W. has 
discovered some additional new ones since 
his return to the East,) thirty-nine species 
known to both, of which sixteen are pe- 
culiar to Ceylon, and eighteen to the Pe- 
ninsula, or rather, I ought to say, seven- 
teen, because although I.fasciculaia has 
not been found in Ceylon, it has been in 
Silhet. This is the more remarkable, 
since almost all those that occur in the 
Peninsula have been met with in the 




^ /////f//rwj /w^/V 



NEW SPECIES OP INDIAN BALSAMIXE.E. 



321 



mountainous districts in the South, and it 
might thence have been inferred that the 
Ceyloneae species were the same : besides, 
several of those from Ceylon are so very 
similar to the species from the Peninsula, 
that at first sight they might have been 
supposed identical, but considerable differ- 
ences are soon found to exist in the shape 
of the petals and spur. Thus, /. rosmari- 
nifolia of Ceylon has quite the aspect of 
the narrow-leaved forms of Lfasciculdta, 
but its spur is short, while in the other it 
is very long: /. gibhosa has the habit' of 
/. Leschenaultii, but no spur ; /. appen- 
diculata that of /. umbellata, but also dif- 
fering widely by the spur. 

To the Ceylon species I have added a 
new one from the Peninsula, which appears 
to have been collected and mixed with 
/. latifolia, and consequently omitted in 
the Prodr. Fl. Penins. I have likewise 
altered slightly the character of /. sea- 
briuscula, in consequence of a specimen I 
have seen in Sir W. J. Hooker's herbarium ; 
and perhaps that of /. Kleinii ought to be 
also modified, as I have lately received 
specimens from Cannanore, on the Mala- 
bar coast, collected by Ensign Campbell, 
which differ slightly from those in Dr. 
Wallich's and Dr. Wight's collections, but 
not so much so perhaps as to enable them 
to rank as a distinct species. 

In drawing up the following specific 
characters, I have still adopted the same 
language as in the Prodr. Fl. Penins., 1. 
p. 135 ; that is, I have called the anterior 
petalum of Roeper (in the Linnsea, ix. 
p. 121, tab. 1.) a posterior sepal, and his 
four lateral petals two two-lobed ones : 
but it is but justice to my friend the Pro- 
fessor at BMe, to confess that he has now 
80 well elucidated his theory of the struc- 
ture of the flowers of this family, which I 
certainly did not formerly understand in 
the way he intended, that it might be 
better at once to follow his views. 

IMPATIENS. Linn, 

\ Foliis alternis, pedicellis axillaribus 

unifloris solitariis vel pluribus, 

1. I. gibbosa (Am.) ; erecta ramosa glabra 



vel ad apicem pilis sulphureis nitentibus 
fragilibusadspersa, foliis breviterpetiola- 
tis alternis ovato-oblongis acuminatis basi 
cuneatis crenulato-serratis basi vel ad pc- 
tioli apicem biglandulosis, pedicellis sub- 
binis folium subsequantibus, sepalis late- 
ralibus lanceolatis anteriore basi gibboso 
ecalcarato vel obscure apiculato duplo 
brevioribus, posteriore petala subse- 
quante, petalis ad medium bifidis lobo 
anteriore obovali^ posteriore oblongo et 
pauUum breviore, capsula sulphureo-pu- 
bescenti. — In Zeylanae montibus. 

Habitus fere I. brevicornuj cui maxime 
affinis, at foliis adultis longioribus, 2J — 
3 poll, longis, calcare capsulaque differt. 

2. I. brevicornu (Am.) ; erecta ramosa 
glabra, ramis herbaceis, foliis alternis 
petiolatis oblongo-ellipticis acuminatis 
basi integerrimis et cuneatim acuminatis 
sursum serratis, serraturis incurvis setu- 
ligeris, petiolis apice biglandulosis, pedi- 
cellis binis vel solitariis folio brevioribus, 
sepalis lateralibus oblongo-lanceolatis 
parvulis cseteris breviter cuspidatis, cal- 
care arcuato conico acuto floribus multo 
breviore, capsulis (parvis) ovato-oblon- 
gis basi apice acuminatis glabris. — In 
Zeylana. 

Species affinis / Leschenaultii, at 
calcare perbrevi facile distinguenda. Fo- 
lia subpollicaria. 

3. I. leptopoda (Am.) ; herbacea subramosa 
demum glabra, parte novella capsulaque 
pilis brevibus fragilibus nitidis' sulphu- 
reis tectis, foliis ovato -lanceolatis acu- 
minatis mucronato-serratis basi in peti- 
olum eglandulosum cuneatim attenuatis, 
serraturis inferioribus glanduloso-seti- 
feris, pedicellis subsolitariis gracilibus 
folio brevioribus, sepalis lateralibus 
alabastro dimidio brevioribus, caeferis 
petalis obcordato-bilobis brevioribus, 
calcare filiformi gracili pendulo flore 
explanato subduplo longiore, capsula 
oblonga utrinque attenuata. — InZeylanee 
montibus ad alt. 6000 ped. 

4. I. cuspidata (Wight et Am.); erecta 
glabra herbacea parce ramosa, foliis 
alternis longe petiolatis membranaceis 
oblongo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 



322 



NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BAL8AMINBJE. 



crenato-serratis, serraturis inferioribus 
petiolisque ranter setigeria, nervis sub- 
tus sparsim fulvo-pubescentibus, pedi- 
cellis solitariis binisve gracilibus folio 
subdimidio brevioribus fructiferis etiam 
erectis, sepalis lateralibus e basi brevi 
ovata longe subulatis anteriore rotundato 
subdimidio brevioribus, caeteris concavis 
apice longe subulato-cuspidatis, poste- 
riore late ovali petala eequante, calcare 
filiformi (lore explanato longiore apicem 
versus crassiore, petalonim lobo poste- 
riore inconspicuo anteriore obovato, cap- 
sula oblongo-lanceolata basi apice atte- 
nuata glabra. — Wight, cat, no, 2242. In 
Peninsulse australioribus I. O. montibus. 
Species hsecce cum /. latifolia habitu 
satis conveniens revere est distinctissima 
ac propius J. LeschenauUii coUocanda. 
Folia tres pollices longa vel paullo lon- 
giora. Exempla duo tantum vidi mini- 
meque completa: petala videntur integra. 

6. I. bipartita (Arn.) ; glabra herbacea^ 
foliis altemis rigidulis breviuscule petio- 
latis anguste lanceolatis basi apice longe 
attenuatis crenato-serratis, serraturis in- 
ferioribus petiolisque rariter setigeris, 
nervis subtus glabris, pedicellis solita- 
riis binisve foliorum fere longitudine, 
sepalis lateralibus longe lanceolato-su- 
bulatis anteriore brevioribus, posteriore 
suborbiculari petalis eequali dorso medio 
aculeato-cuspidato, anteriore subulato- 
cuspidato infundibuliformi in calcar fili- 
forme flore explanato longius apicem 
versus crassius subiter contracto, petalis 
profunde bilobis, lobis oblongis obtusis 
anteriore paullo breviore augustioreque, 
fructu oblongo-lanceolato utrinque atte- 
nuato glabro. — In Zeylana, ad alt. 
5000— 6000 ped. 

Nimis forsan afBnis /. cuspidata, at 
folia augustiora crassiora nervis subtus 
glaberrimis, pedicelli longiores, flores 
paullum majores, et petala profunde 
bifida. 

6. I.^cac/a(Arn.); glabra herbacea, foliis 
altemis tenuiter membranaceis longe pe- 
tiolatis elliptico-oblongis acuminatis basi 
in petiolum attenuatis crenato-serratis, 
petiolis parce glanduloso-setigeris, pedi- 



cellis solitariis binisve fiHiformibas fdio 
brevioribus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo- 
lanceolatis anteriore plus duplo biBvio- 
ribus posteriore petalis siibsequali, cal- 
care filiformi medio crassiore apice atte- 
nuato flore subduplo longiore, capsula 
elliptico-oblonga basi et apice attenuate 
glabra. — In Zeylana. 

7. I. Henslowiana (Am.) ; erecta, caule 
basi glabriusculo, foliis altemis subop- 
positisve membranaceis sparsim pilosis 
oblongo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 
serratis, serraturis setigeris, pedicellis 
subbiniselongatis folium subsequantibus, 
sepalis lateralibus ovads anterius sequan- 
tibus hirsutis, posteriore trilobo petalis 
paullo breviore, calcare subulate petalis 
subcequibilobis duplo longiore, capsula 
oblonga utrinque acuta articulatim pilo> 
sa.— In Ze jlana ad alt. 6000 ped. 

Affinis /. latifolia ob folia superiora 
subopposita, at revere / scahriuscidm, 
a qua calcare mox distinguenda, pro- 
pinquior. 

8. I. scabriuscula (Heyne) erecta subra- 
mosa, caule superne hirto-pubescente, 
foliis altemis obovatis lanceolatisve basi 
in petiolum breviusculum pubescentem 
cuneatim attenuatis cuspidato serratis 
supra glabriusculis subtus parce pilosis, 
pedicellis binis pluribusve dense pubes- 
centibus folio multo brevioribus, sepalis 
anteriore posterioreque dense femigineo- 
pubescentibus illo gibbo ecalcarato. — 
Heyne in Roxh,fl, Ind. (ed. Wall,) 2. 
p. 464 ; Wight et Am. Prod, JL P^ 
I, 0,1. p. 136. — In Mysore ? Heyne, 

9. I. glandulifera (Am.) ; caule erecto 
elato ramoso glabro, foliis altemis (adultis 
magnis) longe petiolatis ovali-lanceolatis 
acuminatis basi attenuatis argute et 
approximatim senatis subciliatis subtus 
ad nervos venasque parce breve-pilosis 
cceteroquin utrinque glabris, petido 
preecipue ad basin crebre glanduloso, 
pedicellis plurimis aggregatis petiole 
adulto multo brevioribus, sepalis late- 
ralibus auguste oblongis anteriore 3 — 4- 
plo longioribus caeteris petala supenuiti- 
bus apice cuspidato-acuminatis, anteriore 
late infundibuliformi in calcar incunruoi 



NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BALSAMINE^. 



323 



apioe incrasaatttm sepalo duplo brevius 
sulHter angustato, capsula oblonga de- 
mum glabriuscula. — In Zeylansa ad alt. 
4000 ped. 

Species ab omnibus mibi cognitis dis- 
tinctissima. Adsunt formee dusB, nescio 
an sintTarietates, an sintexeadem radice : 
una, alabastro ovarioque fere glabriuscu- 
lis; altera^ alabastro ovarioque dense 
puberulis, flore explanato fructuque gla- 
brescentibus. — " Caulis 10 — 12 pedalis. 
Folia adulta 16-pollicaria, petiolo 10- 
poUicari, juniora cum petiolo subtripoUi- 
caria^ oblongo-lanoeolata. Petioli, folio- 
rum costa^ pedunculique coccinei. Sepala 
coccinea, petala flava." — D. Walker. 

\ 2. FoliU allemis, pedunculis fiores 
pluTes gerenttbus, 

10. I. appendiculata (Am.); herbacea 
pusilla simplex, foliis ad apicem caulis 
approximatis membranaceis longe peti- 
olatis ovalibus vd ovali-lanceolatis supra 
pilis brevibus sparsis subtus glaberrimis 
parce crenatis serratisve, pedunculis 
•longatis apice racemum contractum 
subumbelliformem gerentibus; bracteis 
persistentibus, pedicellis filiformibus, se- 
palis lateralibus oblongis ceeteris pauUo 
brevioribus, posteriore basi gibboso pe- 
talis minore, anteriore calcarato, calcare 
flore multo breviore curvato inflato- 
tuboloso dein subiter angustato et 
summo apice incrassato, petalorum lobis 
anterioribus porrectis, capsida oblonga 
basi apice attemiata glabra. — «; foliis ob- 
longo-lfitnceolatis acuminatis basi sensim 
attenuatis serratis, pedunculis folia su- 
perantibus. — 9\ foliis ovalibus obtusi- 
uBcttlis basi acutis crenatis, pedunculis 
folio brevioribus. — In Zeylanee monti- 
boa. 

Species quam maxime affinis I. urn- 
bettaUB Hejmei, at calcare brevi mox 
distinguenda. 

11. I. subcordata (Am) ; erecta glabra, 
Ibliis longe petiolatis subcordato-ovatis 
crenato-serratis tenuiter membranaceis, 
petiolis eglandulosis, pedunculis axilla- 
ribus folio brevioribus apice subumbel- 
latim plurifloris, pedicellis gracilibus, 
aepalis lateralibus oblongis acuminatis 



majusculis, posteriore petalis minore, 
calcare filiformi flore subdupio longiore, 
capsula ovata acuminata glabra. — In 
montibus Zeylanse: (vidi tantummodo 
exemplum unicum, in herb. Hookeri, 
floribus exsiccatione ? albis). 

12. I. linearis (Am.) ; glaberrima, radice 
repente, foliis crassiusculis versus apicem 
caulis erecti bumilis approximatis sub- 
sessilibus late linearibus apice acumina- 
tis versus basin angustatis subtus palli- 
dis distanter denticulato-serratis, pedun- 
culis elongatis folia subaequantibus vel 
superantibus apice subiunbellatim sub- 
5-floris, bracteis persistenlibus ovato-lan- 
ceolatis apice subulatis, pedicellis filifor- 
mibus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo-lan- 
ceolatis anteriori calcarato subsequalibus, 
posteriore petalis breviore, calcare brevi- 
ter inflato-tubuloso dein subiter angus- 
tato apice obtuso flore multo breviore, 
petal, lobo posteriore parvo anteriore 
magno obovato unguiculato, capsula ova- 
ta basi apice acuta glabra. In adscensu 
montis " Adam's Peak" Zeylanee. 

Species insignis, ad /. acuminaiam 
Benth. in Wall. Cat. n. 4754, quodam- 
modo accedens : aflinis est etiam I./asci- 
culatte quibusdam varietatibus ob folia 
et petalomm structuram. Caulis 4 — 10- 
pollicaris. Calcar fere omnino ut in /. 
appendiculata. 

It is probable that /. repens, Moon's Cat. 
Ceyl. pi. p. 18, belongs to this; but as no 
characters are published, it is impossible to 
refer to any of his species with certainty. 

13. I. comigera (Am.) ; erecta glaberrima, 
foliis alternis versus apicem caulis ap- 
proximatis breviter petiolatis anguste ob- 
longo-lanceolatis basi apice attenuatis 
crenato-serratis subtus plumbeis, petiolo 
eglanduloso, pedunculo foliis breviore 
apice racemum brevem gerente, bracteis 
ovalibus acutis persistentibus, pedicellis 
gracilibus, sepalis lateralibus ovatis bre- 
vibus, anteriore infundibuliformi in cal- 
car apice sursum uncinatum sensim at- 
tenuate. — In adscensu montis " Adam's 
Peak" Zeylanse. 

Caulis pedalis. Fiores albi, penduli, 
in exemplis suppetentibus vix explanati ; 
at petala vix ultra sepalum anterius pro- 



324 



NEW SPECIES OF INDIAN BALSAMINEiC. 



ducta videntur, dum ejus os sepalo pos- structure of the petals, which can only be 

teriore fere clauditur; calcar, cum sepali properly determined from living materials, 

parte infundibuliformi, flore duplo Ion- or better dried specimens than I have yet 

gius est, et 8 — 9 lineas longum. seen : thus the Ceylon one appears to have 

The anterior sepal and spur bear, in mini- the petals and posterior sepal nearly of a 

ature, an exact resemblance to a cow's horn, size, and the former curled on the margin 

14. I. Hookeriana (Am.) ; erecta elata as in /. Hookeriana ; in Heyne's plant, 

glabra, foliis altemis longe petiolatis the sepal appears considerably smtUler than 

ovalibus basi apice acutis acuminatisve the petals, which in the dried state do not 

crenato-serratis, petiolis apice biglandu- seem at all waved : in both, the petals are 

losis, pedunculis folio paullo breviori- nearly equally two-lobed. In the Penin- 

bus apice pedi cellos erectos filiformes sular plant the glands are situated a little 

3 — 6 umbellatira gerentibus, bracteis from the apex of the petiole : in the Cey- 

deciduis, sepalis lateralibus oblongo-lan- Ion one, at the apex, as in J. Hookeriana. 



ceolatis anteriore late conico mox in 
calcar subulatum flore duplo longius 
sursum circa florem incurvatum duplo 
brevioribus, posteriore petala subsequan- 
te, petalorum lobis late obovatis margine 
undulatis anteriore pauUum longiore, cap- 
sula oblonga utrinque acuta glabra. — 
Circa Rambodde et Maturattee Zey- 
lanse, ad alt. 5000 ped. 

Valde affinis sequent!, at flore paul- 

lum minore, sepalis lateralibus augusti- 

oribus, et anteriore in calcar duos poll. 

longum multo magis subiter augustatum, 

baud longe infundibuliforme. Petala 

sepalum anterius subtriplo superant. 

Candida et sanguineo-guttata. 

I have some hesitation whether /. bt- 

glandulosa, Moon's CatCeyl. pi. p. 18, may 

not belong to this: the glands are very 

conspicuous, but it is more probable that 

he would have derived its name from the 

size of the flower. 

16. I. grandis (Heyne) ; erecta elata gla- 
bra, foliis longe petiolatis ovatis ovali- 
busque acuminatis crenato-serratis, peti- 
olis prope apicem biglandulosis, pedun- 
culis folio brevioribus apice 2 — 4 pedi- 
cellos elongatos erectos umbellatos ge- 
rentibus, bracteis ovalibus acutis, sepalis 
lateralibus ovatis anteriore infundibuli- 
formi sensim in calcar conico-subulatum 
pendulum medio sursu.-n arcuatum atte- 
nuato triplo brevioribus. 
The above character agrees with a spe- 
cimen from the mountains of Ceylon, col- 
lected by Colonel Walker, as well as with 
those from Heyne's herbarium ; but it 
is possible that difierences exist in the 



16. I. Walkeri(Uoo]L. MSS.); erecte gla- 
bra subramosa, foliis longe petiolatis ob- 
longo-lanceolatisbasi apice attenuatisser- 
ratis, serraturis setigeris, petiolis eglan- 
dulosis, pedunculis versus caulis apicem 
axillaribus folia subsequantibus apice 
racemoso-plurifloris, racemo subcorym- 
biformi, bracteis persistentibus, pedi- 
cellis gracilibus elongatis erectis, sepalis 
lateralibus deltoideo - ovatis, anteriore 
adscendenti ventricoso - infundibulifor- 
mi in calcar coniqp-subulatum incur- 
vum subiter attenuate ore contracto cum 
calcare petalis profunde bilobis subtri- 
plo longiore, capsula glabra utrinque at- 
tenuata.— (Tab. XVIII.)— In sylvis in- 
ter Rambodda et Neuri-EUia, Zey- 
lanse. 

Flores cocci nei, in siccis fulvo-auran- 
tiaci, sepalis lateralibus viridibus. 

17. I. ehngaia (Am) ; simplex glabra, 
foliis longiuscule petiolatis oblongo vel 
ovato-lanceolatis basi apice acuminatis 
crassiusculis argute serratis subtus pal- 
lidis, petiolo eglanduloso, racemis longe 
pedunculatis elongatis multifloris laxis, 
bracteis subpersistentibus oblongo- 
lanceolatis reflexis, pedicellis filifbr- 
mibus patentibus, sepalis lateralibus late 
ovatis acuminatis anteriore brevioribus^ 
posteriore petalis subduplo minore, cal- 
care flliformi sursum curvato, petalis 
subceque bilobis, capsula ovata acumi- 
nata glabra. In adscensu montis 
" Adam's Peak" Zeylane. 

Racemi cum pedunculo 7-12 poll 
longi, flores pallide rosei. Affinis qno- 
dammodo /. insigni DC, cui tamen 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 



325 



folia subsessilia glandulis binis substi- 
pitata^ et caulis multo altior robust!- 
orque. 

Perhaps J. serrata of Moon's Cat. CeyL 
pl. p. 18, is the same as this ; it was like- 
wise found on Adam's Peak. When I 
compare this plant with /. insignis, I mean 
that described by De Candolle, and figured 
by Dr.Wallich in his PI. As. Rar. 11. 1. 194; 
for there seems to be some confusion amoiig 
the specimens distributed by the latter 
Botanist : that which both Sir W. J. Hooker 
and I received under n. 4766 (/. insignis) 
of his catalogue is totally distinct, and ap- 
parently /. discolor, D C. ; while on the 
other hand /. Jurpia, Ham. Wall. Cat. n. 
4761, is the true /. insignis, 
18. I. acatt/t>(Arn.) ; glabra, foliis radicali- 
bus petiolo elongate sublongioribus el- 
liptico-ovatis obtusiusculis basi retusis 
crenato-serratjs subtus pallidis, scapo 
foliis longiore apice racemose- multifloro, 
bracteis persistentibus, pedicellis gracili- 
bus solitariis patentibus secundis, sepalis 
lateralibus ovatis acuminatis, calcare 
adscendente gracili attenuate floribus 
ezplanatis 4 — 5-plo longioribus, peta- 
lorum lobo anteriore porrecto, capsula 
oblonga glabra. — In Zeylanae montibus. 
Ab L scapigera Heynei, inter alia, fo- 
liorum forma facile distioguenda. 
The root appears bulbous, so that this 
may be /. buldosa, Moon. Cat. CeyL pi. p. 

18, although Dr. Wight and I, in the 
Prod. Fl. Penins., were more disposed to 
refer that synonyme to /. scapigera. 

\ 8. Foliis oppositis, pedicellis axillari- 
bus unifloris solitariis aut pluribus, 

19. I. rosmarinifolia (Retz) : caule erecto 
simpliciusculo, foliis oppositis sessilibus 
crassiusculis (superioribus saltem) an- 
guste linearibus apice attenuatis basi sub- 
cordatis spinuloso-serratis subtus pallidis, 
pedicellis solitariis binisve folio duplo 
brevioribus, sepalis lateralibus oblongo- 
lanceolatis cseteris subaequalibus, pos- 
teriore petalis triple breviore, calcare 
conico incurve sepalis subduplo breviore, 
petalorum lobo posteriore parve anteri- 
ore oblongo longiuscule unguiculalo, 
capsula glabra oblonga utrinque attenu 



ata. Retz, Obs, 5. p. 29; DC. Prod. 1. 
p. 686. — In Zeylanee montibus. 

Facies omnino I. fasciculata Lam. 
(Z heterophyUa, Wall.) formee augusti- 
folise, at flores multo minores et calcar 
breve. 

On the specimens we have seen all the 
leaves are narrow-linear, while /. rosmari' 
nifolia has been described with the lower 
ones broad and short; en this account I 
felt disposed to consider it distinct, and 
proposed the name / concinna, but I am 
now satisfied that the leaves may vary as 
much here as in its ally above mentioned. 
20. I. Kleinii (Wight et Am.)— ? ; foliis 
suprti fere glabris, ex oblongis vel ellip- 
ticis et acutiusculis in obovata, majori- 
bus quam in forma antehac descripta, 
poUicaribus, superioribus subsessilibus, 
prope basin utrinque glandulis 1 — 2 mag- 
nis instructis. — AdCannanore ; D. Camp- 
bell. 



BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 

ALGiG DANMONIENSES. 

By some untoward circumstances, our 
3rd vol. of the beautiful " Alg^e Danmo- 
nienses, or dried specimens of Marine 
Plants, principally collected in Devon- 
shire, by Mary Wyatt," has only at length 
reached us, and we hasten to lay before 
the public a brief notice of its contents, 
which are no less interesting than those of 
the preceding Numbers. No. 101. Cys- 
toseira granulata. 102. Fucus canalicu' 
latus. 103. Fucus tuberculatus. 104. 
Sporochnus pedunculatus. 105. Spo- 
rochnus villosus. 106. Furcellaria fas- 
tigiata. 107. Nitophyllum lacerahcm. 
108. Rhodomenia polycarpa. 109. Rho- 
domenia Palmetia. 110. Rhodomenia pal- 
mata. 111. Rhodomenia subfusca. 112. 
Rhodomela pinastroides. 113. Laurencia 
pinnaiifida, 114. Chylocladia ovalis. 115. 
Gigartina erecta. 116. Gigartina plicata. 
117. Chondrus mammillosus. 118. Chon- 
drus crispus. 119. Chondrus crispus, 
narrow var. 120. Chondrus Norvegicus. 
121. Chondrus Brodiaei, var. B. 122. 
SphtBrococcus coronopifolius. 123. Grate- 
loupia Jilicina. 124. Chcetophora Wiggii. 



326 BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 



125. Halymenia ligulata. 126. CateiDella 
Opuntia, 127. Codium adkeerens, Ag. 
(Hook. Joum. of Bot. p. 805; a recent 
addition to our Flora made by Mre. Grif- 
fiths, but] it is of very rare occurrence). 
128. Bryopsis plumosa, 129. Ectocar- 
pus littoralis. 130. Ectocarpus Merten- 
sit (extremely rare). 131. Myrsoirichia 
clav<Bfor7fit8, (Harv. in Hook. Journal of 
Bot. p. 300, tab. 138, a late discovery of Mrs. 
Griffiths, at Torquay). 132. Polysiphonia 
frutxcuhsa, 133. Pohjsiphoniaurceolaia. 
134. Polysiphonia Agardhiana, 135. 
Polysiphonia nigrescens. 186. Polysi- 
phonia Jibrillosa. 137. Griffithsia setacea. 
138. Calithamnion Plumula. 139. Ca* 
lithamnion lanosum, 140. Calithamnion 
polyspennum, 141. Calilhamnion tetri- 
cum, 142. Conferva implexa. 143. Con- 
ferva glomerata, 144. Conferva dijffusa. 
145. Conferva rectangularis, 146. Con- 
ferva uncialis (Harv. in Hook. Journal of 
Bot. p. 304) ; lately discovered by Mrs. 
Griffiths, at Torquay). 147. Lynghya 
mq/uscula. 148. Mesogloia coccinea (very 
rare). 149. Corynepkora marina. 150. 
Schizonema comoides. 151. Schizonema 
Smithii. 

Many persons who take an interest in 
this charming publication, having express- 
ed a desire to possess a '* Manual of the 
British Marine Algee,** it is our intention 
to prepare such ft work shortly, and we 
should be thankful to receive specimens of 
new or rare species from any part of our 
coasts, as well as information respecting 
unpublished localities of the scarce kinds. 
The descriptions will be written entirely 
in English, and all unnecessary technical 
terms will be avoided. — ^Ed. 

Our valued friend, Mr. Edward Forster, 
thus writes to us : — " My dear Sir, Know- 
ing your readiness to correct errors, I 
trouble you with the following two observa- 
tions, which are at your service if you like 
to make use of them for the "Companion 
to the Botanical Magazine." 

In your British Flora, ed. 3. p. 206, you 
appear to be under an impression that 
Silene patens, E. Bot. Suppl. 2748 (Si- 
lene IlalicaJ is identical with Silene nu- 



tans, 0, Sm. Engl. Flora; a statement 
which originates probaUy in a leaiark 
among the Errata and observations at the 
end of the Supplement, '* There is in Bfr. 
Sowerby's Herbarium a Bpedmen of Si- 
lens patens gathered at Dover by Edwaril 
Forster Esq., in 1822.'' Well assured 
that I had only found there Silene us* 
tans, with the leaves broader than on the 
Nottingham plant, I was much surprised 
at this statement, and immediately request- 
ed our friend Mr. J. D. C. Sowerby, to 
permit me to examine the iqpeciaien alluded 
to. On inspection, the coronary appen- 
dages to the petals, always absent in jS*. 
Italica, appear visible ; nor are the ger- 
mens sitting on an elevated column. These 
characters sufficiently prove that it is only 
the variety of S, nutans, midlaken by 
Hudson for Cucubalus viscoeus, {Lychnis 
major noctiflora Dubrensis perennis^ New- 
ton in Raii Syn. ed. 2. 211), and by no 
means S. Italica, the British authority for 
which rests solely on Mr. Peete, who as- 
serts that the specimen in his garden, from 
which the drawing was made for the Sup- 
plement, was introduced by himself from 
Dover, where he gathered it, in 1825.- The 
reference to Hudson oij^t to have been 
omitted. » 

Lunularia crudata, which is become a 
most destructive weed in garden pots in 
the neighbourhood of London, I fomd 
truly indigenous many years since, in great 
abundance on Sand Cliff, between BoxhiB 
and Betch worth, Surry, as well as on rodes 
at East Grimstead, Sussex. I suspect it is 
not rare. It will be well figured witii Dr. 
Taylor's paper on Marchantia, in the next 
Part of the Linnsean Transactions.*' 



SOME ACCOUNT OF A BOTANICAL 
EXCURSION, MADE IN THE 
NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURT- 
ALLAM, AND IN THE ADJA- 
CENT MOUNTAINS. 

By Robert Wight, M.D.P.L.S. 
Commmnoaied m a leUmr to Dr. 6BEVTU.B. 

The indefatigable exertions and litemiy 
labours of three of the most inteUigent Bo- 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THB NSIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 



327 



tanists of our day, Dr. Wallich, Dr. Wight, 
and Mr. Royle, in furthering the course of 
Indian Botany, have thrown a new light 
upon the Natural History of our widely- 
extended Asiatic possessions, and have 
been the means of making known a vast 
quantity of useful plants, which cannot fail 
to be of the greatest importance to the 
world in general, and to the East India 
Company in particular. 

Each of the above-mentioned gentlemen 
has been placed under circumstances in 
India, the best calculated for the purpose 
of exploring a wide extent of country. To 
Dr. Wight has been assigned, as it were, 
the yast southern Peninsula of India ; to 
Dr. Wallich, Hindostan, Sylhet, &c., while 
lus extended joumies to the Himalaya 
Mountains, and his present one to Assam 
with the view of establishing the cultiva- 
tion of the Tea-plant, embrace such a field 
as no one before him ever had the privi- 
lege of exploring; and to Mr. Royle, the 
northern and most mountainous provinces 
of India, or indeed of the whole world, with 
the vegetation of which he is now making 
us familiar. Dr. Wight, after completing, 
in conjunction with his friend Mr. Amott, 
the firet volume of the Flora of the Penin- 
sula of British India, has returned to that 
country, and is now (1836) stationed at 
Palamcottah of Tinevelly, in the south of 
the Peninsula. The visit to Courtallam, 
here described by him, was a professional 
one, which necessarily prevented him from 
devoting his whole time to the Botanical 
investigation of the district. — Ed. 



Courtallam, or Kootallum, as it is usually 
pronounced, is a very inconsiderable vil* 
lage, situated in N. Lat. 9^, and £. Long. 
77^ 26', near the foot of tho range of 
mountains which traverses the Peninsula 
from North to South. At this part, the 
range seems to retire towards the West, 
forming, as it were, a small recess sur- 
rounded on three sides by hills, which near 
Courtallam undergo a considerable dimi- 
nution in their height, and are, besides, 
divided by a deep but narrow pass, lead- 
ing directly across to the Malabar coast. 



Owing to this break, and diminution in 
height, part of the western monsoon passes 
over in the form of thick clouds, frequenl 
showers of rain, and very strong westerly 
winds. The united influence of these 
causes reduces the temperature of this spot 
from 10 to 15 degrees below that of the 
surrounding country. This of itself would 
be sufficient to attract visitors during the 
hot months of June, July, and August; 
but there are other inducements of a not 
less enticing description. There all is green 
and lively, when the plain below is burnt 
up, and scarcely a blade of grass to be 
seen ; the scenery is rich and varied, and 
enlivened by a series of beautiful cascades, 
the fall of the lowest of which, though 
200 feet in height, is so broken in the 
descent as to be a favorite bathing place, 
where the visitors enjoy a shower-bath on 
the most magnificent scale. The surround- 
ing scenery is, I think, the richest I have 
anywhere seen in India. You are aware 
that I am no painter ; you must not there- 
fore be disappointed if I fail in present- 
ing to your mind's eye such a landscape 
as now offers itself to mine. I shall, how- 
ever, with the aid of Geology, make the 
attempt. The hills here are all trap, pre- 
senting the characteristic features of that 
class of rocks, such as sharp broken ridges, 
high peaks, and nearly perpendicular sides, 
traversed by deep ravines and chasms, 
down which the mountain streams tumble 
with noisy impetuosity. The shelving and 
less steep flanks of these hills are covered 
with a loose, red, and very fertile soil, 
formed partly of disintegrated rock, partly 
of decayed vegetable matter. These shelves 
and slopes are densely clothed with a ve- 
getation highly varied, and of truly tropical 
luxuriance, the whole presenting to the 
view a mixture of delicate verdure, dark 
forests, and black, almost perpendicular, 
naked clifis, forming together, a rare com- 
bination of beauty and grandeur. The 
narrow glen along which the principal 
stream pursues its rapid course, looks 
almost as if excavated from the solid rocks, 
as its sides, at some places, are close to 
the water's edge and nearly perpendicular ; 



328 BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 



at Others, however, they open into small 
amphitheatres covered with deep and very 
fertile soil. On these favoured spots, are 
cultivated some of the most esteemed ve- 
getable products of the East, such as 
Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Coffee, Sfc; the two 
last are of excellent quality and in consider- 
able quantity. The woods on either side 
which shelter these gardens are generally 
composed of fine large trees, mixed with 
numerous smaller ones, bound together by 
a profusion of twining shrubs. Under the 
shade grow a great variety of ScitaminecB, 
among which, Cardamoms, Arrow-root, 
Ginger, and Turmeric may be mentioned, 
several species of Pepper, and three or 
fo\iT of Peperomia ; some curious Urticeous 
plants, a species of Dorstenia, four or five 
Begonias, that very curious plant Brag an' 
tia (or Trimereza), many OrchidecB, Aspho- 
delete, Aroidem, and Ferns in great profusion. 
Among the trees I found several Annona- 
cecB, a large arboreous Phoberos, several 
arborescent Leguminosce, a number of Ru- 
biacete, one of the most interesting of which 
I considered the Morinda umbellata, climb- 
ing, as it does, to the tops of the highest 
trees. Two species of Myristica I was en- 
abled to distinguish by the mace only, the 
trees being so large that I could not obtain 
specimens. Menispermace<B^ontid. Here 
I saw for the first time, Cocculus macrocar^ 
pus, a powerful twiner. The stems and larger 
branches are at this season covered with loads 
of fruit, hanging in large clusters, vying with 
grapes in size, and most enticing to look at, 
being covered with a fine white bloom. I 
also found what appears to me a new 
species of Clypea, the male plant only ; the 
flowers are collected into flat dense heads, 
somewhat resembling a Dorstenia, hence 
the temporary name I have given it, until 
the discovery of the female flowers shall 
determine whether it is new or not. 

I have no room to say more concerning 
the inexhaustible treasures of this matchless 
glen, for if I do, I fear there will be little 
space led for an account of the excursion 
to " Botany Peak,'* the main object of my 
letter, and were I to fill three other sheets 
in expatiating on its Flora, I should still 



fall short in adequately pourtraying its 
merits as a botanical garden, for such I 
consider its most appropriate designation. 

The hill occupying the south-east point 
of the recess of Courtallam is the loftiest 
of this part of the range, the highest peak 
of which, my companions humorously de- 
signated, in honour of the collections of the 
day. Botany Peak. It is distant about three 
miles from the houses of the Europeans. 
About six, A.M. we left home, and rode to 
the foot of it. At seven we commenced 
the ascent, carrying a barometer, provisions 
for the day, two large botanical boxes, and 
sundry quires of paper. The Europeans, 
three in number, were armed with double- 
barrelled fowling pieces loaded with ball, 
in case of accidents, as it was rumoured 
that there was an elephant in the way. 
Thi^ we did not believe, but were afterwards 
convinced of the truth of the report, by 
seeing his foot-marks, though not the 
animal himself. About nine we arrived on 
the bank of a small stream, half way up ; 
and this being the only one we had to cross 
in the ascent, we stopped and breakfasted. 
There I found several plants new to me, 
and saw growing for the first time the RHms 
decipiens. It is a tall handsome tree : one 
I measured was nearly 40 feet long ; it had 
been blown down, but not so as to stop its 
growth, and was not at this time in flower. 
The Plantain was also growing wild, 
along with a species of Maranta. I like- 
wise found a Labiate plant, apparently 
of the genus Lamium. A few other plants 
were picked up at this place, and added to 
a considerable number gathered in the 
previous ascent. Having refreshed and 
rested ourselves, we pushed on with all 
possible speed, to leave ourselves more 
time to accomplish the steeper and more 
difficult part of the ascent which was still 
before us. For nearly a quarter of a mile 
from the stream, we passed over a piece 
of cleared land, where some of the com- 
moner cerealia are cultivated, and which 
at this time was covered with /'a4rpa/ttm 
frumentaceum ; among which I found 
two species of Torenia, T. Asiatica, and 
another very handsome, large-flowered 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 329 



species ; also a ma^ificent Lobelia, appa- 
rently intermediate between L. nicotiaruB- 
folia, and L, excelsa, but not in a good 
state for preservation. On leaving this 
green spot, we entered a deep and dark 
wood, forming a belt of uncertain length, 
but nearly a mile in breadth, composed of 
a great variety of stately trees, mixed with 
many smaller ones, and under-shrubs of 
every description. Among the herbaceous 
plants, growing under the shade, is the 
Cardamom and several other species of 
<SctVamme<e, a great voiieij o^ Arums, some 
of them very handsome, two or three species 
oi Didymocarpe<B, and many highly curious 
Orchidete, one of which grows like a moss 
on the moist rocks^ a shrubby Ckloranthus 
in great abundance, and several Ferns. The 
trees I am not so well prepared to specify, 
as they were difficult to get at, and required 
more time than could be spared ; but I 
obtained specimens of one or two Anno- 
nace<B, and of a variety of shrubby as well 
as herbaceous Rubiacece. I picked up one 
or two of the fruit of a very large Nut- 
meg-tree, much resembling (in fruit) 
the aromatic nutmeg, both in size and in 
the kind of mace which covers the nut. To 
have got specimens of the tree, we must 
have cut it down, which would have been 
a week's work. I protracted my stay in 
this forest to the utmost, both in ascending 
and descending, and then left it with 
regret, wishing that I could have devoted 
a month to the examination of the plants 
growing on this spot, and satisfied that I 
should still have left much for future in- 
vestigators. On quitting the forest, the hill 
became very steep, and so thickly covered 
with bamboos, that we had the greatest 
difficulty in making our way through them, 
though much more pliable and innocuous 
than those of the plain. About twelve, we 
reached the first halting place, familiarly 
known by the name of Hatfield's Peak, 
from a gentleman of that name who had 
formerly visited it Here we rested ; set 
up the barometer, which indicated a height 
of about 3,600 feet above the sea, and 
made some rough trigonometrical experi- 
ments to determine the heights of neigh- 



bouring peaks. In the mean time I occupied 
myself in examining the Flora, and was 
fortunate in adding a few good plants to my 
collections, among the most interesting of 
which was one agreeing in habit with 
Crassula, but differing in the flower; a 
Euphorbiaceous shrub, apparently a new 
genus ; a most beautiful Phillyrea ? but 
not in fruit ; and an Acacia f certainly 
new to me, but neither in flower nor fruit. 
At this height, we met with many young 
plants of Caryota urens, but none of con- 
siderable size, which surprised me. Here 
the Bentinckia abounds, setting at defiance 
the almost hurricane blasts that sweep the 
hills at this season, rising above all the 
plants by which it is surrounded, and pro- 
ducing and ripening its panicles of shining, 
black, desirable-looking, but most austere 
berries, in as great profusion as in the 
most sheltered valley. The Eu phorbiaceous 
plant is characterized by a large 5-parted 
calyx, 5 minute petals, attached to the 
inner edge of a large cup-shaped toms. 
Male Jlowers ; stamens 5, the Jilamenis 
embracing a sterile 3-cleft style : Female 
flowers ; stamens 0, styles 3, the stigmas 
2-cleft, ovary closely embraced at the base 
by the toriLS, 3-celled, with 2 pendulous 
ovules in each, without the interposition of 
a car un cuius as in Savia ? It is a small 
shrub with alternate leaves and flow- 
ers on a rather long thick peduncle, like 
those of Erythroxylon. Should an exami- 
nation of the fruit prove this to be a new 
genus, I propose calling it Macroclinia on 
account of its peculiar torus. On the most 
exposed part of a narrow ridge leading to 
Hatfield's Peak, we came upon the lair of 
a wild hog. It resembled a hay stack in 
miniature, made up of tufts of grass heaped 
one above another, and apparently brought 
from some distance, as there was no marks 
of the grass being dug round the place. 
These tufts were so nicely adjusted as to 
bid defiance to the wind, which for months 
at this season blows almost a hurricane at 
this place. It was not however proof against 
the ruthless hands of man, for it was 
speedily broken into in search of pigs ; but 
none were found. Leaving two of my 



330 BOTANICAL BXCUBSION IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF COURTALLAM. 



coUectora, xmder the shelter of some bushes, 
to transfer the plants collected from the 
boxes to paper, we pushed on to our final 
destination, the highest point of the moun- 
tain, which we reached a little after one 
o'clock, and ascertained the elevation by 
barometrical measurement to be 4,350 feet 
above the level of the sea. This was by 
hx the most difficult part of the ascent, on 
account of its steepness, the broken cha- 
racter of the ground, and the closeness of 
the bamboos. We found ourselves en- 
veloped in cloads and misty although a 
bright sun was shining below. The ther- 
mometer fell from 75 degrees, the usual 
height on the plain, to 60 : the barometer 
to 25.800. The few trees that are scattered 
about here, are stunted in their growth and 
enveloped in a thick coating of lichens. 
Had time permitted, and locomotion been 
easier, I should have tried to ascertain 
what they were ; but the bamboos were so 
close that we were obliged to cut our way, 
and to clear a spot in order to set up the 
barometer. The bamboos had undergone 
a similar change to the trees, for in place 
of fine, tall, tapering plants, not unlike 
clumsy fishing-rods, they had acquired the 
appearance and name of reeds. A species 
of Oxalis is very abundant among them, 
but whether an alpine variety of O. sen- 
sitiva, or a distinct species, remains to be 
determined. It differs greatly in habit, in 
having a long branched stem, each branch 
being terminated by a tufl of leaves and 
flowers^ like those of O. sensitiva, but it 
is less sensitive, which may be owing to 
the lower temperature of its place of 
growth. The Bamboo among which it 
grows is peculiar and so far as I have been 
able to discover, a nondescript species, 
which, however, I cannot adequately de- 
scribe, for want of the parts of fructifica- 
tion. It is a tall, straight, nearly branch- 
less, reed-like plant, attaining in sheltered 
situations a height of between twenty and 
thirty feet, with a slender, smooth, hollow 
stem, very firm and ligneous below ; the 
leaves lanceolate, sheathing, confined to 
the extremities of the shoots, and furnished 
with a short but distinct petiole : in size 



these leaves greatly exceed tlu)8e of all tiie 
other bamboos I have seen in this country, 
the larger ones being from eight to ten 
inches long and from two to three broad, 
tapering at both ends. Altogether they are 
so like those used by the Chinese in pack- 
ing tea, except in being less coriaceous, 
that I am inclined to consider our plant, if 
not^ identical, a very nearly allied species, 
perhaps a variety, the difference depending 
on situation. 

Having at length accomplished the main 
object of our journey, we commenced the 
descent ; the first part of which was per- 
formed as rapidly as the close growth of 
the Bamboos, or Reeds, as they are usuaUy 
called, and the broken nature of the ground, 
would permit. Although much botanizing 
was out of the question, I got a few plants 
which I had overlooked in the ascent ; but 
upon re-entering the forest, I took the 
liberty of dropping behind my companions, 
who were not botanists, and enjoyed such 
an hour's herborising as rarely falls to the 
lot of even the most enthusiastic indivi- 
duals ; to the dismay however of my friends, 
who at length fancying that I had lost my 
way or been attacked by wild beasts, or a 
score of other things all equally near the 
truth, set up such a shouting as to leave 
me no alternative but to rejoin them, which 
I did with great regret: I had however 
again filled my boxes and formed a lai^ge 
parcel besides. I could not but lament my 
inabihty to spend several days in that noble 
forest, and not at one season, but every 
season in the year, if the climate would 
permit it To go there for one day only, 
is extremely tantalizing, as one is lost and 
perplexed by the endless variety of forma 
at once presented to the eye. FrcHn the 
time of our leaving the wood the descent 
was so very rapid, that we had all re- 
mounted our horses before five o'clock, and 
in little more than half an hour were 
enjoying ourselves in the shower bath. 

I must now endeavour to give you some 
idea of the richness of the Flora of these 
hills, deduced from the observations of 
this excursion only, as it would take up 
too much time to go over my herbarium to 



BOTANICAL EXCURSION IN THE NEIGHBOUBHOOD OF COURTALLAM. S31 



arrive at & mdte Mtisfactory feault My 
yisii to Courtallatn was a professiotial one, 
and extended to eight days only ; those of 
my arrival and departure included. In 
that time I made five excursions, none ex- 
ceeding one fourth of the distance of that 
which I have above described, and return- 
ed to Palamcottah with species belonging 
to about eighty Natural Orders, exclusive 
of about fifly species still undetermined, 
and of a great number of plants lost in 
the drying from having run short of paper. 
Hie number of species of which I have 
actually got specimens, considerably ex- 
ceeds three hundred ; I cannot say how 
many were lost. Besides these, no speci- 
mens were gathered of a large proportion 
of the high trees, which we had time nei- 
ther to cut down HOT climb ; but several of 
^em were ascertained from the fallen fruit 
to be new. The more common plants, of 
which I already possessed specimens, or 
could easily obtain at any other time, w^re 
altogether rejected, making a total of pro- 
bably not fewer than five hundred species 
seen in flower or fruit, in the short space 
of five days, and at a rather unfavourable 
season of the year. These numbers afford 
data, from which I think we may safely 
infer, that a very small portion of these 
hills, say twenty miles square, possesses a 
Flora of probably little short of fifteen hun- 
dred species of vascular plants, including 
Ferns in the wider sense of the term ; and 
if the field be extended to the higher hills 
to the North and South-west, I have no 
doubt that five hundred more may be 
added. I say five hundred, for the hills 
alluded to rise more than fifteen hundred 
feet above the one we ascended ; a height 
at which an almost new Flora presents itself. 
If there is any truth in this calculation, it 
follows that on this mere speck of ground, 
there is aFlora exceeding the phoenogamous 
Flora of the whole of the British Islands, 
and nearly equalling in amount the number 
of species described in Roxburgh*s Flora 
Indica. Surely, if ever a country deserved 
the scrutinizing search of an able and dili- 
gent Sotamist, it is this. So satisfied am I 



on this point> that I have now three native 
collectors employed here. It is true, I do 
not expect much from their exertions, aa 
natives are always timid explorers of the 
jungle, unless led by an European^ when 
they will cheerfully follow; but, as the 
field in itself is one of the richest I know, 
i send them to it, as one from which I 
have the best chance of procuring valuable 
additions to my already extensive collec- 
tions, and one which my other occupations 
do not permit me to investigate by my own 
exertions. 

As this letter greatly exceeds its antici* 
pated limits, I must conclude with the 
hope that my unfavorable expectations re- 
specting the success of my collectors, may 
not be realized. 

I remain, &c. 

P. S. 4th September, 1835. 

There being no ships about to sail when 
I finished the preceding communication, I 
kept it open, in case anything additional 
should occur to be added. And it so hap- 
pened, that my services being required a 
second time at Courtallam, I availed my- 
self of the opportunity to make several 
excursions, by which I have nearly dou- 
bled my collections, and added a great 
many new plants. Among them may be 
mentioned several AnnonacetB, five oar six 
handsome Balsams, one so very <;unoitt 
and distinct, that I propose to constitute it 
a new genus, under some such name as 
Koryanthus, in allusion to the helmet 
formed by the two upper sepals. Two or 
three very remarkable MelastomacecB will 
form, I believe, a novel and very distinct 
genus. I have also a very fine new Cero- 
pegia ; two undescribed species of Dxdy- 
fnocarp&BR, cone of them I think, constitut- 
ing a distinct genus, allied to the Wu^enia 
of Wallich'fl Tent, Fl Nepal. ,• a gieat va- 
riety ^^ OrchddetB,' a number ofAraidets, 
among whioh is an enormous JPaiho&, amd 
two or three genera quite new to me. Of the 
Bcemboo, I found flowemng specimens, but 
not in a very good «ta(te, and several Oo" 
rices which I have not seen before ; ^and 



332 



VEQKTATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



lastly; a very curious species of Phallus, 
decorated with a wide loosely pendulous 
net hanging from the inside of the hood, 
reaching to the ground and covering the 
stem like a veil, (P. Damonum, Hook. BoL 
of Beech, Voy. v, 1. p, 78. 120.) The result 
of this second excursion more than con* 
firms my previous calculation of the riches 
of these hills, in distinct vegetable forms. 
I am now disposed to think that two thou- 
sand species may be found within the li* 
mits assigned above to fifteen hundred. 
I have come to this conclusion, from having 
extended my excursion on one occasion to 
a more distant part of the hills, and found 
many more new plants than on any former 
day. Hitherto) I had explored only the 
northern slopes ; but on this last occasion 
I examined the southern side, and certainly 
paid for my temerity by having to stay in 
the jungle all night, having gone too far 
and lost my way in returning home. I was, 
however, well repaid for my privations by 
an unusiially large harvest of good things. 
The hills here are not like those of Clova, 
for you can rarely see a hundred yards 
before you, on account of jimgle. I have 
re-examined the Macroclinia, and suspect 
it is too closely allied to Savia to be se- 
parated ; differing only in having the fila- 
ments united into a tube the whole length 
of the styles, and in the want of the fleshy 
mass to which, in Savia, the ovules are 
attached.— R. W. 



VEGETATION OF THE CANARY 
ISLANDS. 

Wb promised, in a late niunber of this 
journal, to offer to our readers some ex- 
tracts from the early Livraisons of Messrs. 
Webb and Berthelot's Natural History of 
the Canary Isles. We now redeem that 
pledge, and we think we cannot present a 
fairer specimen of the work nor a more 
instructive portion than the very first 
Chapter. 



ON THE GENERAL ASPECT OP YBOBTA- 
TION IN THE CANARY ISLANDS. 

'* I hATe Men Natare in minj purU of the Torrid 
Zone wearing e more rich end mejeetio espect than 
here ; hat after having aarrejed the shores of the 
Oronoco, the Cordilleras of Pern, and the lorelj 
▼allies of Mexico, I mnst declare that I aever 
beheld a riew which oonld be considered more 
attractive, more varied and more harmonioas, owing 
to the distribntion of its masses of verdore and its 
rocks . ' *^HvmboUi. 

The Canary Islands, from their prox- 
imity to the Tropics, are situated in the 
most favored latitude possible, as regards 
vegetation: their climate partaking both 
of the energy of the Torrid and the fresh- 
ness of the Temperate Zones. The heat 
of the sun is combined with the most active 
principles to fertilize a soil which would 
otherwise have been condemned, by vol- 
canic agency, to utter sterility; peculiar 
circumstances call newgerms into existence, 
and the virgin soil having first produced a 
peculiar Flora, is afterwards endowed, by 
the influences of climate, with the plants of 
both hemispheres, that become naturalized 
there. Those aboriginal species which 
grow spontaneously in these Atlantic 
Islands belong mostly to European genera, 
but they are of longer duration, and are 
more woody, frequently even arborescent. 
There are some others, also, which wear 
other forms and a different aspect ; many 
being single types of genera to which there 
is nothing analogous, as Visnea, Phyllis, 
Bosea, Drusa, Plocama, Canarina, &c. ; 
while others, again, constitute groupes of 
species, distinguished by a general resem- 
blance and a remarkable character, as the 
Sempermva, Bystropogojts, Echiums, &c. 
Among these varied vegetables, some are 
marked with an African character, while 
others, though fewer in number, eadiibit 
some resemblance to the productions of 
America; the larger Euphorbias, the 
Palms, the Zygophylla, Aizoons, and 
Kleinias belonging to the former class, and 
the Laurels, Ardisias, Bcehmerias, Drusa, 
and several kinds of Ferns, to the latter. 
Thus the Flora of the Canaries seems to 
prove the migration of the plants from our 



VEGETATION OP THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



333 



temperate countries to intratropical regions; 
and whether we consider the number of 
local species, the novelty of their forms, or 
the singularity of their appearance, cha- 
racters that belong to the great mass of 
prevailing plants, it must be confessed that 
in all these respects the Botany of the 
Archipelago of the Canaries well merits 
the title of a Region. The different sta- 
tions occupied by these vegetables, the 
sort of sociability which seems to unite 
some, with the solitariness that others 
affect, are so many considerations that 
give interest to research, when after having 
examined the several groupes in detail, we 
would pass on to the order of their distri- 
bution. " The Floras of Islands," as is 
well remarked by the illustrious Genevese 
Professor, De Candolle, " possess an emi- 
nent degree of interest, both by the pecu- 
liarities that they present and because the 
task being of a limited extent, it can be 
performed with the greater precision." The 
truth of this observation has been impressed 
upon our minds when investigating the 
Canaries, where we have been enabled to 
ascertain many points during our partial 
excursions which would have certainly es- 
caped us on a continent, the greater space 
rendering such results impossible to be 
obtained. 

The disparities existing in the vegetable 
distribution of each island, and arising 
from accidental circumstances of soil, ex- 
posure and temperature, have multiplied 
the contrasts and produced- remarkable 
changes in the Geographical arrangement. 
From these differences have resulted almost 
as many distinct Floras as there are islands, 
each possessing some species peculiar to 
itself, while the mass of plants on each, 
though consisting of such individuals as 
may be common to all parts of the Archi- 
pelago, never exists in similar proportions. 
Thus, for instance, Alegranza, Montana- 
Clara, Graciosa and the other desert islets 
situated to the North of Lancerotta, abound 
in species of Chenopodium and PolycarpcBa, 
mingled with several other plants of the 
maritime region. When landing on these 
insulated rocks, nothing appears which may 



call to mind the vegetation of the other 
islands; the Euphorbia of the Canaries, and 
its congeners, the Plocama, Kleinias and 
PrenaTiMcj, being replaced by large bushes 
ofAtriplex, Salicomia, SucBdaond Salsola, 
with other alkaline plants growing under 
their shadow. 

The plants that we gathered on the Islet 
of Graciosa, on the 5th of June 1829, are 
given in a list at the end of this chapter, 
arranged according to their degree of fre- 
quency. This miniature Flora, consisting 
of twenty-nine species, presents the follow- 
ing peculiarities.-' There are 7 ChenopodetB, 
5 Leguminos(B, 3 Plumbaginece, 2 Poly- 
carpe<E,2 Maniagine<B ; ofLiliaceiB, Grd- 
minetB, JSuphorbiacete, Boraginem, Cary- 
ophylle<B, Composit<B, Geraniacece, Cisti- 
nets, and Frankeniace^e, one of each. 

The Atriplex Halimus, a large-leaved 
variety, not seen on the other islands ; Sa- 
licomia fruiicosa, found also on the coast 
of Lancerotta, opposite Qraciosa ; Atriplex 
glatica, Salsola vermiculata and Sucsda 
fruticosa, all much more numerous on this 
islet than in the rest of the Archipelago, 
compose the chief vegetation of this rock. 

Statice pruimosa, first found byM. De- 
lille in Egypt, grows also at Alegranza, 
Statice puherula (nob.). Reseda chrystaJ- 
lina (nob.). Ononis ochreata (nob.), and 
Ononis pendnla, are four extremely rare 
species, which we saw nowhere else than 
in a single spot of the island Lancerotta, 
while Ononis hebecarpa (nob.) is quite 
confined to Graciosa. 

Finally, a single kind of Euphorbia 
(E. piscatorid) very frequent on the other 
islands, grows on «this rock, almost con- 
cealed by the Chenopodia, Thus in twenty- 
six species, from ten to twelve are quite 
peculiar to this locality, while the others, 
though common to the rest of the groupe, 
display themselves in a different proportion. 
The species are mostly herbaceous and 
creep among the more woody kinds. 

Now, if we bear in mind the number of 
peculiar species and the disparity that exists 
in their numerical proportion from that of 
the other islands, we may easily perceive 
that vegetation must bear a different aspect 



834 



TBOBTATION OF THB CA^NAftY ISLANDS. 



in Graciosay since the plants that most 
abound in them, are altogether wanting 
here. 

At Laneerotta and Fortaventura, vege- 
tation begins to extend on a larger scale ; 
sandy districts and rast plains call to mind 
the Saharas of Western Africa, and some 
of those plants which grow on the edge of 
the desert ; the shifting of the soil is very 
frequent, and the species that are seen in 
the rest of the Archipelago, grow in the 
▼allies and the intersecting ravines. The 
Euphorbias are numerous and with them 
the Composite and shrubby Ckmvolvulacea, 
Ocmyza sericea, Prenanthes pinncUa and 
P. arhorea, Convolvuhn floridus and C 
iooparius. Some stunted Heath, Erica 
arborea and Myrica Faya, hidden in the 
sinuosities of the mountains, or buffeted 
by the winds on their barren summits, re- 
call that ever-green region that forms the 
ehief decoration of the lollier islands of 
that groupe. Still, notwithstanding these 
generalities, Laneerotta and Fortaventura 
poasees likewise their peculiar plants, and 
three kinds of trees. Palm, Pistachio, 
and Tamarisk, are much more numerous 
on these islands than the others. At Lan- 
eerotta the Date Palms (Phanix dactyli-^ 
f&ra) abound in the district of Haria; at 
Fortaventura, this species, mingled with 
Pistachio Trees (Pistacia Ailantica) 
fringes the narrow valley of Rio Palma, 
one of the most remarkable spots in the 
CSanaries, and which still preserves all its 
originality. The TaTnarisk {Tamarix Ca* 
nariensisj clothes the swampy plains of 
Grand-TaTE^al, and is slso seen on the 
coast of the Greater Canary, in the vicin- 
ity of Maspaloma ; these shrubs there find- 
ing a similar soil, with an analogous expo- 
sore and temperature, and where sheltered 
by the denes they increase on the edges of 
the lagoons. 

Among the pecnliaj species, the follow- 
ing are confined to Laneerotta and Forta- 
ventura : Ruta braeteosa, Arenaria pro- 
cumbens (Vahl), Linaria heterophylia, 
(Schousb.) Sonchus divaricaius, Reseda 
subulaia, and R. chrystallina (nob.). Me- 
Hca ciUata, Thymus origanoides (nob.). 



Borrera AtlarUica, Ferula communis f a 
new species of Gnaphalium, Ononis he- 
becarpa (nob.), HeUotropium Europmum, 
Statice puberula (nob.), S, pruinosa 
(Delille), and Lotus trigonelloides (nob.). 
It is only upon Fortaventura that HeUo- 
tropium Niloticum has yet been gathered. 
Argemone Afexicana and Scrophularia 
arguta appear at wide intervals ; we can 
scarcely, indeed, point out three stations 
in the whole Archipelago for these two 
plants. 

The more we advance towards the cen- 
tre of the Archipelago, the richer does the 
Flora become in Canarian species. This 
vegetation has its laws and distribution. 
When ascending the sides of the moun- 
tains, we pass successively through different 
climates, in each region there being some 
plants that abound according to the vari- 
ous degrees of elevation and advantages 
of exposure. The nemoral species, the 
Pines, the Cytisus, and Adenocarpon, 
with the vegetables of those high summits 
and elevated table-lands that Laneerotta 
and Fortaventura do not possess, swell the 
groupes of plants that inhabit the vari- 
ous heights. Along the shores, the tem- 
perature is similar to that of Mauritania, 
the coolness that the frequent mists main- 
tain is delightfully felt in the Ixturel Fo- 
rests and adjacent ravines, wliile, above 
these spots, the air becomes more and 
more rarified, and the earth, almost bars 
of soil, produces very different plants. 
The presence or absence of the sun occa- 
sions the most striking atmospheric varia- 
tions; by day the dryness of the air is 
most perceptible, and the heat almost saf- 
focating, while the night, on the contrary, 
is damp and cold. Finally, on the loftiest 
peaks, the snows that aoeumulate during 
the stormy season, call to mind the chilly 
North, and the wintiy aspect of our own 
alpine regions. Thus, does the aspect of 
the landscape perpetually change, a fev 
hours sufficing to traverse all climates, and 
without requiring to visit distant latitudes; 
every step seems equivalent to a degree. 

Still, even in this Western Grroupe of 
the Canaries, which the learned Broussonet 



YEQETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



335 



distinguished from that of the East, because 
of the dissimilarity of their vegetation; 
the geographical formation and nature of 
the soil appear as if combined to isolate 
certain plants. A new species of a Cape 
Genus (Manulea Canariensis nob.), has 
established itself in the extinct crater of 
Bandama, while Commelina Canariensis 
affects solely the brink of rivulets in the 
environs of Ciudad and of Terror. At 
Palma, the Umbilicus JBieylandii, (nob.) 
inhabits exclusively the Pine Woods of 
Barlovento ; Sempervivum Goochia (nob.) 
shews itself only in the ravines of the East 
coast ; while Bethencourtia Palmensis lies 
hid in the immense depths of the Caldera. 
These peculiarities are still more striking 
at Teneriffe : the Siaiice arborea, whose 
existence had been only known from a few 
plants of it cultivated in the garden of 
Oratava, grows nowhere but on the rocks 
of Burgado. Another Statice (S, imbri- 
cata, nob.) is confined to a desert islet, si- 
tuated opposite Garachico ; while Gymno- 
carpum decandrum, that highly curious 
individual of the Paronychieis, first detect- 
ed by Forsk'al in Egjrpt, makes its appear- 
ance on the scoriae of the promontory of 
Aguja. The existence of this latter plant 
in the Canaries was first ascertained by 
us; we were also the first to gather on 
these islands Statice pruinosa, Traganum 
nudatum, &c., &c. ; and the statement 
advanced by M. Decaisne, in his Flora 
of Mount Sinai, that M. Von Buch had 
included these species in his catalogue, 
is doubtless incorrect. It is the same with 
many other plants whose several habitats 
are widely separated, or which are only 
found in a single spot. Among the latter, 
we may mention that EupJiorbia aphylla, 
though common in the Canaries, at Tene- 
nffe grows only near Buenavista ; Echium 
simplex^ Lavatera pJuenicea and Pteroce- 
phcdus virens (nob.) are known solely to 
the shepherds of Baxamar ; Reseda scopa- 
ria inhabits exclusively the Point of Teno 
and the islet of the Great Canary ; Pista- 
da Lentiscus, though very frequent in the 
latter island, has never been seen in Tene- 
riffe, and CneoTum pulverulentum, again, 
so abundant in Teneriffe, does not grow at 



Palma. Examples of this kind might be 
easily multiplied, as will be seen in the 
general and comparative statement that 
we shall give of the Flora of each 
island. 

The existence of these plants in such 
single stations, is as inexplicable as the 
similar instances which we shall relate re- 
specting the forest-trees: these facts of 
vegetable distribution (epirreologie) are 
doubtless influenced by external circum- 
stances, and the different kinds of circum- 
ambient medium in which they are placed. 
The illustrious Ramond meditated fre- 
quently on the mystery involved in the 
original dissemination of vegetables. When 
scaling the lofly and steep peaks of the 
Pyrenees, he was surprised both at the 
existence of some plants which he had not 
expected to see, and at the absence of 
others that he had confidently looked to 
have found there. "Nature," says he, 
" seems alternately indifferent to similarity 
of stations, and to the wide distance that di- 
vides them ; sometimes uniting in parallel 
climates the productions of the most widely 
severed lands, and sometimes refusing this 
conformity of vegetation to those regions 
which seem to possess in common eveiy 
characteristic of soil and of temperature." 
The laws of the distribution of germs over 
the surface of our globe can alone afford 
any explanation of these whimsical anoma- 
lies ; but these laws are attributable to the 
first causes by which nature secretly works; 
the latter, again, are concealed from us, and 
it may be as long, perhaps, ere we shall be 
enabled to solve the mystery of these spon- 
taneous creations, as to ascertain the rules 
for their fixedness, or their migration. Vain- 
ly might we strive to explain these great 
problems : the creation of plants on the earth 
was anterior to that of man, and to pry into 
times of which there exist no annals, could 
only lead to vague hypothesis. We prefer 
stating facts to dwelling on theories which 
must remain after all absolutely destitute 
of proof, and will therefore proceed to give 
an idea of that vegetable distribution which 
peculiarly claims our attention in the Ca- 
nary Isles. 

The amount of plants found on each is- 



336 



VEGETATION OF THE CANARY I8LA.NDS. 



land is not equally distributed; the combi- 
nation or insulation of the groupes in the 
different stations that intervene between 
the shore and the mountain-tops, depend- 
ing considerably on the configuration of 
the ground, and the altitude of the moun- 
tains. In order to explain these changes, 
we will first give a general idea of the ve- 
getation in the Western part of the Archi- 
pelago, and state how it is diffused over 
the soil, noting the transitions of form 
through which it passes, the different cha- 
racters that it affects, and the aspect which 
it gives to the landscape. Taking Tene- 
riffe, the most central and at the same time 
the most elevated island of the groupe, 
for a type of that geographical topogra- 
phy which is repeated, so to speak, to 
a greater or less extent on the adjacent 
islands, we will point out those analogies 
and those differences, which to ourselves 
have appeared most worthy of observa- 
tion. 

The coast of Teneriffe, like that of Ca- 
naria, Palma, Gomera, and the Isle de Fer, 
rises like a bulwark of cliffs, in sheer 
steeps, nearly from the water's edges, ex- 
hibiting in all directions, a wall of basalt 
edged by a very narrow strand. The 
plants of this maritime region take root in 
the cliffs, clothing their sides and the small 
platforms which surmount them. They 
are mostly fleshy-leaved species, which de- 
rive their chief nourishment from the at- 
mospheric vapors, and the emanations of 
the sea-breeze. Such a soil, indeed, can 
only produce those succulent plants which 
inhabit the sea-coast. The species vary 
according to the sites which they occupy, 
some growing on the blocks of the cliff, 
and belonging to the Chenopodem, Ficoi- 
de<B, EuphorhicB, and CrassulacetB, &c. ; 
while others, as Zygophyllum Fontanesii, 
(nob.), Picridium Tingitanum, Astydamia 
Canartensis, Crithmum maritimum, Con- 
yza sericea, Statice imbricala, (nob.) and 
S. pectinata, Frankenia pulverulenta, 
&c., &c.; may be seen on the very strand, 
where they are frequently washed by the 
waves. 

The plants of the flat shores are some- 
times diffused over the slopes of the val- 



lies and in the interior of the ravines. Ex- 
posure frequently accounts for these anom- 
alies; the air being charged with saline 
emanations, may, according to the forma- 
tion of the coast, which offers a free pas- 
sage to the sea-breeze, give birth, even at 
some distance from the shores, to those 
plants which require carbonate of soda. 
Still these plants cannot exist very far from 
the sea, their organization demanding a 
warm temperature where evaporation goes 
on quickly, for which reason they are only 
seen in low situations. Higher again, 
where frequent rain dispels the saline prin- 
ciples of the soil, a different tribe of vege- 
tables appears, and though their structure 
may be succulent, as the Semperviva, still 
chemical analysis will prove that it is car- 
bonate of potass, and not carbonate of 
soda, that they afford. Being endowed 
with strong powers of absorption, the 
Semperviva, a very numerous family in 
the Canary Isles, grow upon old walls, in 
the interstices of rocks, upon.the most pre- 
cipitous cliffs, and wherever the surface is 
such as that humidity lodges, without re- 
maining there long. 

Above these cliffs, the ground spreads 
out into a kind of primary platform, rising 
again towards the centre of the island into 
eminences, which are rent by ravines, and 
separated by intervening vallies. The vege- 
tation that is disseminated over these 
slopes assumes an African character, and 
is remarkable for the prevalence of bare 
and tortuous trunks, and fleshy glaucous 
foliage. Here the Canary Island Euphor- 
bia prevails, its large bushes frequently 
sheltering the lesser vegetables that are 
thinly scattered over the volcanic soil ; the 
flowery branches of Kleinias, I^ocama, 
and Echium arborescens waving over the 
massy Euphorbias, while Periphcas and 
Rubias twine into an impenetrable trellis- 
work. The glaucous verdure of these dif- 
ferent plants produces no effect except 
in the mass, where those species whose 
leaves exhibit a brighter hue of green, 
contrast very pleasingly with the grey hue 
of the landscape ; generally speaking, how- 
ever, the plants are little seen, compared 
with the masses of tufa and of calcined 



YEQETA.TK)N OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



337 



locks. Among the species that generally 
inhabit these situations, are Convolvulus 
Jloridus, Jasminum odorcUissimum, Pren- 
anthes arborea and P, pinncUa, Messer- 
Mehmidia fndicoaa, Cneorum pulverulen- 
turn, JEchium giganieum, Rumex Luna- 
ria, Euphorbia piscatoria, Physalis arts- 
tola, &c. 

In the Tallies of the coast on the con- 
trary^ indigenous vegetation seems to de- 
rive a new impulse from the vicinity of 
cultivation, and the wild plants to lose 
their nature in the midst of agricultural 
progress. There the hand of man is every 
where seen, and the aspect of the country 
is materially changed, recalling at one and 
the same 'time the wild champaign-land of 
Europe, with its orchards and vineyards, 
the lovely spots of tropical regions adorn- 
ed with brilliant verdure, the Oases of the 
desert with their Palm Trees and springs, 
and finally that indigenous vegetation 
which it is vainly attempted to overcome, 
but which is continually producing its Eu- 
phorlnas and other native plants. Thus, 
we continually behold the foreign species 
that have been naturalized, growing inter- 
mingled with the spontaneous productions 
of the soil; Date, Papaw Trees, Orange, 
Peach, and Banana, those numerous exo- 
tics that have been introduced from time 
to time, are associated with Dragon Trees, 
Bosea, and Ardisia. Two trees belonging 
to the primitive forests, the Arbutus and 
laurel, contribute their foliage towards 
these varied groupes, while Agaves and No- 
pals (the Cochineal, Cactus or Indian Fig) 
weave themselves into thick hedges, over 
which the Drusa and Canarina entwine ; 
the natural produce of the soil frequently 
succeeding in frustrating the labors of the 
cultivator, and resuming possession of its 
ancient domain. 

Among the vallies, and on some portions 
of the shores, are districts where the nature 
of the soil effectually secures the primitive 
vegetation from agricultural invasion. Such 
are those barren spots which lie between 
the sea strand and the cultivated parts, and 
those fields of lava that surround the cones 
where the eruptions have taken place. To 



the former, the name of Toscala is given 
wherever volcanic tufaforms its basis, and the 
second kind of districts are called Malpais, 
Examples of both may be seen in Tene- 
riffe, near Teno, in the vicinity of Sainte 
Croix, and in the vallies of Guimar and 
Orotava, and still more decidedly towards 
the North of the island, at the Point del 
Hidalgo, where the maritime hillocks are 
covered with species of Artemisia, Laven- 
der, and Thyme, with other aromatic 
plants, most of them being woody and 
having ashy grey foliage. Among these 
are Artemisia argentea, Lavandula pin- 
nata, Sideritis Canariensis, Thymic Ca- 
lamintha, and T Teneriffis, Plantago ar- 
borescens, Stachys Canariensis, &c. 

The uncultivated part of the valley of 
Guimar mentioned above, offers one of the 
best types of the vegetation peculiar to the 
Toscalas; there we found Notoceras Cana- 
riensis, Gnaphalium cauliflorum, Buph- 
tkalmum sericeum, Fagonia Cretica, Ai- 
zoon Canariense, Saccharum Teneriffae, 
Linaria scoparia and L. Elatine, Teu- 
crium pseudo-iva, Plantago Coronopus, 
Micropus pygmtBus, &c. In the same lo- 
cality first appear Prenanthes spinosa and 
Cneorum pulverulentum, both of which oc- 
cur far more abundantly in the southern 
district of the island, where they grow 
together with Zygophyllum Fontanesii 
(nob.). Euphorbia balsamifera, Aloe vul- 
garis and Justicia hyssopifolia. 

On the Malpais the following plants are 
combined with some of those already men- 
tioned; PolycarpcBa gnaphalodes, Achy- 
ranthes argentea. Paronychia Canarien- 
sis, Salvia jEgyptiaca, Asparagus umbel- 
latus, Forskdleafruticosa, Echium acule- 
atum, Frankenia ericcefolia, Rumex spi- 
nosus, Bupthalmum maritimum, Lycium 
Afrum, Datura Stramonium, and D, Me- 
tel, Hyoscyamus Canariensis, Mesembry- 
anihemum nodiflorum and M, chrystalli- 
num, (which latter plant has been natu- 
ralized in these regions) ; and then come 
the Euphorbias with the greater proportion 
of those woody species that accompany 
them. 

In the Great Canaria, the peninsula of 
Y 



33S 



VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



La Isleta presents also some analogous 
plants, amongst which, the Euphorbias 
and their allies invariably prevail. This 
peninsula, originally thrown up by furious 
subterranean fires, bears all the marks of 
volcanic origin; it is united to the Great 
Canaria by the isthmus of Guanartema; 
and many volcanic cones whose bases are 
encumbered by vitrified masses, rise above 
this devastated soil. 

When nature had resumed its calm. La 
Isleta became a revered spot, which the 
superstitious terror of the inhabitants con- 
verted into a kind of Morai. Heaps of 
scoriae, piled in the form of tumuli, enclose 
the corpses of these islanders, and occupy 
the centre of the field of partially decom- 
posed lava : there vegetation has begun to 
establish itself, and plants may be seen to 
spring from among the tombs. So singu- 
lar and extraordinary is this spot, that no- 
thing can be compared to it. The dead, 
interred in extinct craters, — the dust of an 
exterminated population mingling with vol- 
canic ashes; and, above the vestiges of 
these two kinds of desolation, nature fulfiU- 
ingher purpose and fertilizing the ruins with 
new productions: such is the picture which 
La Isleta presents to view ! Large bushes 
of leafless Euphorbias, E. Canariensis 
and E, aphylla, spread like candelabra 
above these sepulchres, their crimson blos- 
soms looking like burning lights, the Ploc- 
amas, with their drooping branches, resem- 
ble our Weeping Willow, while the Orix- 
ama, (Cneorilm pulverulentum) a tere- 
binthaceous plant, still employed for the 
purpose of embalming, mingles its silvery 
boughs with the warm tints of that soil 
where the aborigines of the island repose. 
Among a great variety of plants, such as 
Heliotropium erosum*, Reseda scoparia*, 
Chenopodium ambrosioides, Forskdlea 
fruticosa, Buphthalmum stenophyllum*, 
Aizoon Canariense, Masembryanthemum 
nodiflorum, Beta maritima, Zygophyllum 
Fontanesii^ (nob.) and PrenarUhes spi- 
nosa*, we may specially remark Physalis 
aristata, Conyza sericea and C dichotoma 
as peculiarly abundant in this locality, as 
well as Convolvulus scoparius, the rose- 



like scent of whose wood causes it to be 
particularly, esteemed. 

With the exception of those species 
marked above with an asterisk (and which 
are replaced by Echium CLCuleatum, 
Frankenia corymbosa, Messerschmidia 
fruticosa, Physalis somnifera and Glau- 
cium fiavum), the greatest part of the 
plants of La Isleta are found in similar 
situations of volcanic desolation at Palma. 
There, too, at Fuente Blanca and on the 
Malpais of Tazacorta and the craggy 
rocks of the eastern coast, vegetation has 
succeeded in establishing itself, on a soil 
originally devastated by volcanic agency. 

But without descending to minute detail, 
we will continue to take TenerifTe as the 
type of that geographical distribution which 
is every where obvious. 

The towns and villages of the coast, and 
those situated on the first level above the 
cliffs which border the shore, possess like- 
wise their own Flora, interspersed, however, 
with several species that have been already 
named. The following plants, AchyroMthes 
nivea, Euphorbia Peplus, Senebiera di- 
dyma, Lappago racemosa, Aristida aeru' 
lescens, Datura Stramonium, Erigeron 
Canadense and E, viscosum, Urtica urens, 
Forskdleafruticosa, Hyoscyamus Canari- 
ensis, Parietaria Judaica and OxaHs 
comiculata may be seen springing up in 
the interstices of the pavement and the 
less frequented streets ; while in the town 
of Orotava, Solanum pseudO'Capsicum, 
Chelidonium majus and Viokt odorata 
grow all along the causeways, and many of 
the roofs of old buDdings and the edges of 
walls are thus adorned. In Laguna, this 
town-flora is peculiarly remarkable. Among 
the plants of its streets we may mention Ra- 
nunculus parvifloncs and R. muricatus, 
Solanum nigrum, Lamarckia aurea, Mai- 
va parviflora, Thlaspi Bursapasioris, Po- 
lygonum aviculare and Trifolium subter- 
raneum. The species which grow against 
the walls and on the roofs are Sonchtu 
congestus, Sempervivumurbicum,S. Cana- 
riense and jS. cUchotomum, Geranium 
Roberlianum, TTielygonum Oynocrambe, 
Hedera Canariensis, Campanula hbel- 



VEGETATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



339 



ioides, Asplenium palmaium, Cyathea 
fragilis and Davallia Canariensis. To 
these may be added Kleinia neriifolia and 
PrenarUhes pinnata, which occasionally 
show themselves on the walls of such 
gardens as have a southern exposure, 
together with a few other species, common 
to most maritime towns. 

Generally speaking, those towns which 
are situated on the sea-shore, possess some 
sporadic species, either accidentally intro- 
duced by importation, or produced by local 
circumstances. Thxx.s Argemone Mexicana 
grows no where but on the volcanic soil of 
the town of Garachico and in the vicinity 
of the port of Arecifa on the Island of 
Lancerotta ; of Scrophularia arguia the 
same nmy nearly be said ; but the amount 
of species diffused over the towns situated 
at a distance from the coast is very much 
greater. La Laguna, that antient capital 
of Teneriffe, built by Alonzo de Lugo, the 
conqueror, on the outskirts of the forests, 
and at an elevation of 1722 feet above the 
level of the sea, enjoys a temperature 
which is peculiarly favorable for the de- 
velopment of urban or town plants. Several 
gothic dwellings, erected towards the con- 
clusion of the Idth century, present a most 
singular appearance. These old buildings 
are clothed with Ferns and Semperviva, 
the heraldry above their gates is overgrown 
with moss, while this vegetation, clinging 
even to more modern edifices, imparts an 
air of antiquity which is peculiarly pleasing 
to the admirers of the romantic. Still, as 
M. Bory de St. Vincent observes, such a 
growth in a town gives but a poor idea of 
its population and activity to those indi- 
viduals who may visit it for the first time, 
and who, being no Botanists, regard it as 
any thing but an ornament All along the 
common roads, we meet with many of those 
plants which affect the edges of paths and 
the shelter of hedges. These are Urtica 
mortfolia, Galium Aparine, Daphne Cni- 
drum, Hypericum Canariense and H. 
grandtfoUum, Cineraria Tussilaginis, 
Carduus clavulaius, Jtubus fruiicosus, 
Rubia fruticoaa, Canarina Campanula, 
Begonia verrucosa, Arum Dracunculus 



and A.Arisarum. tiXid Delphinium Staphy- 
sagria. 

Nature, ever varied in her productions, 
has diffused them everywhere, on the wave- 
buffetted rocks, upon buildings, by the 
sides of roads, among ruins, and even upon 
the monuments of the human race ; and the 
germs, thus distributed, always propagate 
themselves in similar situations. Thus the 
moist walls of the city of Lugo are clad 
with a peculiar and continually renewed 
vegetation; while the Colisseum has its 
Roman plants, that for many centuries, have 
been reproduced from the dust of ruins. 

If we compare those city or urban plants, 
just enumerated, with the Flora of the 
Colisaeum, (see Sebastiani's-CriMTn^. Plant, 
spent, nascent, in Amphith, Flavii; Rom. 
1815,) we shall see that about half the 
number are common to the towns of 
Teneriffe and to the ruins of antient Rome ; 
and most of the other species, noticed at 
Orotava and La Laguna, have their repre- 
sentatives in individuals of the same genera 
at the Colisseum. Still, notwithstanding 
these points of resemblance, the vegetation 
of Rome does not bear the same aspect as 
that of Laguna ; those plants which clothe 
the antient manorial residences of the old 
capital of Teneriffe and even extend to its 
modem buildings, not growing on the 
houses in Rome, where the climate is much 
drier than that of La Laguna. Those which 
have established themselves on the Coli- 
seeum are almost entirely such herbaceous 
species as may generally be seen among 
rubbish, and which spring up among these 
extensive ruins as they might do on a cal- 
careous hill. The Soncha and Semperviva 
of the city of Lugo are, on the contrary, of 
shrubby growth, they overtop the other 
urban species and excel all the similar pro- 
ductions of Europe in their lofty growth 
and the beauty of their flowers. 

In the ravines of Teneriffe, vegetation 
appears under a fresher and more varied 
aspect; these defiles commence in the 
primary slopes of the central mountains 
and intersect the steeps that descend 
towards the coast. They are distinguished 
in this country, BsValliesoT BisBarrancos 
> 



340 



VEOETATION OP THE CANABY ISLANDS. 



according as their opposite sides are more 
or less apart from each other. Sometimes 
dry, sometimes watered by rivulets, these 
ravines continually present the most pic- 
turesque appearance ; here the flat platform- 
like portions of the mountain close up the 
bottom of Thalweg, and suddenly interrupt 
its slope, when the lofty torrent, dashing 
over this interruption, falls in a cascade and 
works for itself deep hollows, all round 
which grow those plants which love a damp 
situation. Here we may meet with Scirpus 
globiferuSt Caladium nymphte^olium, 
Scrophularia beionicctfolia, Equisetum 
elongaium, &c. ; while many of the plants of 
Southern Europe also affect these localities, 
as the very rare Typha angustifolia, 
Mentha st/lvestris, Nasturtium officinale, 
Apiumgraveoiens, Arum Dracunculus, &c . ; 
and the Potamogeton Canariensis may be 
seen floating upon the stagnant waters. 

Further on, portions of rock, severed 
from the neighbouring heights, form new 
obstacles to the coiirse of the stream, and 
divide the volume of it. In proportion as 
we advance in these ravines, we find them 
becoming continually narrower, and pre- 
senting, in some places, lofty steep sides of 
extraordinary elevation. A vigorous vege- 
tation adorns these basaltic walls, the clefts 
are filled with the penetrating roots of 
plants, and numerous different species, 
clinging to the rocks, adorn them with their 
blossoms : they fringe the narrow margins, 
are collected in masses on the level layers, 
and border the mountain-torrents; there 
we find those plants which eminently de- 
light in shelter, the Canary Island Willow 
(Salix Canariensis) with beautiful pink 
catkins, Solanum Nava (nob.), the stems 
of which are climbing, B<Bhmeria rubra, 
and Poterium caudatum, with feathery 
branches, together with many other rare 
species. The principal plants of the ra- 
vines are Adiantum reniforme, Anthemis 
revoluta, Asparagus scoparius, Athamanta 
cerviariafolia, Bosea Yervamora, Bupleu- 
rum salicifolium, Campylanlhus salsoloi* 
des, Carlowizia salicifolia, Cheiranihus 
mutabilis, Crambe strigosa, Dactylis 
Sinithii, Digitaria Canariensis, Ferula 



glauca, Galium Neesianum, Gymnogram- 
ma attrea, Justicia hyssopifolia, Latan- 
dula abrotanoides and L. pinnaCa, Orchis 
tridactylites (nob.), Peucedanum auretan, 
Phyllis Nobla, Ranunculus cortus€Bfblius, 
Rhamnus crenulatus, Ruia pinnata, Si^ 
symbrium millefolium, Stachys Canarien- 
sis, Tanacetum Canariejtse, and Teucrium 
helerophyllum, together with many species 
of the genera Bystropogon, Cineraria, 
Convolvulus, Conyza, Echium, Hyperi- 
cum, Lotus, Pyrethrum, Sideritis, Sem- 
pervivum, Sonchus, &c. 

Several causes concur to collect a great 
variety of plants in these situations, shel- 
tered from the African winds, and protected 
by the lofty cliffs that rise on either hand 
of these deep gorges from the heat of the 
sun, the trickling springs and mountain- 
torrents keep up the requisite degree of 
humidity, so that the plants of the ravines 
may immediately be distinguished from all 
others by their superior verdure and fresh- 
ness, especially from those of the coast. 

The most remarkable ravines in Tene- 
riffe are those of Badajos, in the valley of 
Guimar, and of Llarena, in that of Orota- 
va, those of Tamadaya and Injlemo, in 
the southern district of the island, and 
Barranco hondo and Acentejo, on the op- 
posite coast The ravine o{ ^Badajos is 
bounded towards the West by the mountains 
of Ladera de Guimar, and in the opposite 
direction by the shifting soil of the valley. 
When this gorge is entered, we see its 
craggy sides, covered with plants, rising 
upwards of 800 feet above the torrent, of 
which it is necessary to climb the banks. 
A plate of this extraordinary ravine will be 
given in our Atlas, engraved by M. St Au- 
laire, after an original design made by our 
friend J. J. Williams. 

In the Great Canaria, the ravines are 
modified by the structure of the country, 
and no longer appear like those of Tene- 
riffe in the form of long crevices radiating 
from the centre of the island towards its 
circumference ; their torrents roll in the 
bottom of wide valleys, the bottom is less 
inclosed, and their general slope not so 
much interrupted. Hence arise a more 



YEaBTAXION 0? TH« CANARY INLANDS. 34] 

umform soil, greater fftcility of cultivation HecUhs, Hex, Visnea, and Arbuttis, name- 
aad a very evident diminution in the num- ly Erica arborea. Hex Perado, and /. 
ber of indigenous plants. Canariensis, Visnea Mocanera, Arbutus 

In the island of Palma, again, the ravines Canariensis, Rhamnus glandulosus, Ce- 
resume the character of those in Tenerifife, lastrus cassinoides, Mj/rsine Canariensis, 
they have steep-peaked sides, frequently and Olea excelsa. Next afler the Laurels, 
so close to one another that the shrubs Heaths and Ilex, the Ardisia excelsa, Ce- 
which wave from the opposite edges, form rasus Hixa, Viburnum rugosum, wadMi/ri- 
a twined roof of foliage above the stream ca Fay a are the most abundant species; 
that flows below. The great ravine de las Bmhmeria rubra, and Pittosporum carta- 
Augustias is eminently worthy of notice, ceum are very rare. Among the nemoral 
as it opens into the CaJdera and the Bar- plants, the Convolvulus of the Canaries 
raneos of the eastern coast, and it afforded twines like a vine to the very top of the 
«s the foUowing new species: — Sempervi- highest trees, while the beautiful Anemone- 
«ttm Goochim (nob.), Cytisus splendens leaved Geranium inhabits the vicinity of 
(nob.), C.Jilipes (nob.), and C. stenopetalus the springs ; Ruscus androgynus surrounds 
(nob.), Lotus eriophthalmus (nob.), and the old trunks, and a multitude of Ferns 
Phagnalon umbelliforme (nob.). display in all directions their graceful fronds. 

Towards their entrance, the productions The following plants, whose specific names 
of the ravines resemble those of the sea- sufficiently denote their origin, grow like- 
shore, and at their upper extremity are wise in the forest region — Digitalis Cana- 
identical with the growth of the forests, riensis, Hedera Canariensis, Smilax Ca- 
Thus, ascending to the higher parts of the nariensis, Bystropogon Canariense, Ge- 
island through these long defiles, we reach nista Canariensis, Dracocephalum Cana^ 
the region of the Woods. There vegetation riense, Asplenium Canariense, DavaUia 
becomes more compact, the trees, closely Canariensis, Trichomanes Canariense, 
pressed together, almost exclude the rays Astrodontium Canariense, Bryum Cana- 
of the sun, and by their sheltering branches riense, 

and foliage protect the growth of many After traversing these primitive woods, 
nemoral plants, to whose existence a damp we come to wasted plains, where vegeta- 
situation and some depth of rich soil, are tion, if allowed to proceed uninterruptedly, 
essential. When viewed with an eye to will finally restore the original aspect of 
the picturesque, the Canary Island forests the country. First, groupes of young 
must excite the admiration of all those who Laurels and Fayas may be seen springing 
visit them; but it is not our present intention up again among the Heaths; then the lat- 
thus to consider them, as they occupy a most ter, becoming more numerous, forbid the 
important station in the Flora of these cli- growth of any other plant; but when we 
mates, so that we mean to reserve to a fu- proceed towards the higher region, these 
ture chapter our observations on the group- bushes, growing thinner and thinner, are 
ing of the forest species, and the different almost lost among the species of CwfriJ and 
changes that have taken place in these of Pteris. At the elevation of 3,600 feet, 
primitive woods, and shall confine our- the stunted wood finally disappears, and 
selves, at the present time, to pointing out the Cistus vaginatus reigns alone, spread- 
the principal trees and most remarkable ing in large masses as far as the boundary 
plants. of the Pine Woods. 

The Laurels prevail over all the other In general aspect and form, the Pine of 
species; they are four in number, iawrw^ the Canary Islands considerably resem- 
Canariensis (nob.), L. Indica, L, Barbu- bles the European species, the fir-woods 
sano, and Ferscsa fietens : these grow in calling to mind the alpine foreste of our 
groupes, mingled with trees, arborescent native land. Beneath these gigantic trees. 



312 



VEQETATION OF THK CANARY ISLANDS. 



the soil is dry, and possesses little sub- 
stance, while the number of nemoral plants 
becomes very limited : the principal among 
these few, are — Helianthemum guttcUum, 
Asphodelus ramosus. Thymus Calaminiha, 
Lotus angustifolius, Pteris aguilina, Eri* 
geron viscosum, and a stunted state of 
Hypericum grandifolium. ' The JPine- 
Drees grow upon the steepest slopes, and 
cover the more elevated descents of the 
mountainsL They are rarely seen to crown 
the table-lands which intervene among the 
crests ; the edge of the chain which sur- 
rounds the Peak ofT^neriffe appears arid and 
naked, such at least is the appearance from 
afar of its towering heights whose lofti- 
est peaks attain a height of 9,000 feet ; but 
when we actually reach these frowning 
rocks, the traveUer is amazed to detect 
there several vegetables which he had seen 
absolutely no where else. It is necessary 
to scale the precipitous steeps of the 
Sombrerito to gather the Carlina xeran- 
themoides, Cheiranthus scopcarius, Pimpi- 
nella Cumbrm, or Plantago Teydea (nob.). 
The Tolpis lagopoda, Bethencouriia Pal- 
mensis, and Thymus Benthamii (nob.) are 
confined to the Peak of Almendro ; a sin- 
gle shrub, known to the shepherds by the 
name of Pimientero de la Cumbre, which 
is Rhamnus coriaceus, grows solely on the 
summit of Guaxara; some stunted Junipers 
(Juniperus Cedrus, nob.) crown the cone 
of Cedro ; the Rose of Armida {Rosa Ar- 
midcB, nob.), and a beautiful variety of the 
Pyrus Aria inhabit exclusively two spots, 
considerably apart from each other, the 
mountain of Rosal and that part of the 
chain of Canadas called Tiro del Guanche. 
All these plants, insulated on these volca- 
nic ridges, vegetate there for centuries 
without propagating themselves on the ad- 
jacent Peaks. M. Mirbel has similarly 
had occasion to remark different instances 
of isolation, and has alluded to them in 
one of his finest works. " Mountainous 
countries," he says, " possess many species 
of limited or solitary habitats, which con- 
fine themselves to the heights, and are 
never found on the plains. Thus we see 
the Pyrenees, Alps, and Apennines pos- 



sessing each its own Flora, while several 
of the individual mountains on these lofty 
chains nourish their peculiar species, which 
we mig^t fruitlessly seek for in the sur- 
rounding districts." 

When traversing the great circus of the 
Canadas to reach the Teyda, the eye ex- 
tends in all directions over sheets of tufa 
and torrents of vitrified lava. The Teyda, 
whose summit commands all the surround- 
ing heights, rises like an immense dome 
above this disturbed soil ; and yet this re- 
gion, desolate as is its aspect, possesses 
also its peculiar plants. As soon as the 
steeps of the encircling mountains are 
passed, we behold, in all the wildneas of 
nature, an aspect of vegetation which would 
lose all its originality if transplanted else- 
where. The shrubby Leguminosm prevail 
in this district, which has been laid waste 
by successive volcanic eruptions. Cydsus 
proliferus is the first shrub which offers 
itself to view before we enter the goiges 
of the Canadas ; but when the central pla- 
teau is once reached, at an elevation of 
7,000 feet, the Adenocarpus frankenioides, 
and then the Cytisus nubigenus, the former 
alone at first, and then both mingled toge- 
ther, obtain sole possession of the soil. 
The Cytisus, called by the natives Relama, 
prefers the volcanic tufa. The other stony 
substances are not, however, destitute of 
vegetation, many solitary species being 
found on the ancient beds of lava, as Sha- 
pontium Canariense (of Dec. MSS.) which 
grows on the small table-land of Masca ; 
Chrysanthemum Broussonetii in the defile 
of Canada blanca, Echium Auberianum 
(nob.), Polycarp<Ba arisiata, Scrophula- 
ria glabrcUa, Nepeta Teydete (nob.), &c. 
on the piled-up scoriae at the base of the 
Teyda. As soon as we begin to scale the 
heights of this Peak, so celebrated in the 
accounts given by former travellers, two 
species of different genera, much alike in 
the form of their foliage, and perfume of 
their blossoms, a Violet and a Campion 
(Silene nocteolens, nob., and Viola chei- 
ranthtfoUa) suddenly make their appear- 
ance among the masses of pumice. 

The Retamas become rarer, and finally 



VBGBTATION OF THE CANARY ISLANDS. 



84a 



disappear at the height of 8,670 feet; but 
the Violet continues to brave the barren- 
ness of the soil and the drought of the air, 
those sudden atmospheric changes that are 
frequently exhibited in the sphere of re- 
action of which the Peak is the centre, 
not appearing to affect its growth; it is 
even found above Altavista, nor is it till 
you reach the small table-land of the Ram- 
bleta that it ceases to be seen. Beyond 
this latter station, the Flowering Plants 
totally fail, the volcano seems to forbid all 
vegetation, a few lichens alone tinging its 
summit ; while, at the edge of the crater, 
acme minute Mosses ( Weissea vertidllata, 
var,, which is seen at 11,424 feet above 
the level of the sea), spring up in the cre- 
vices whence the warm vapours continually 
exhale. 

Afler this general sketch of the Distri- 
bution of Plants over the lofly region of 
Teneriffe, if we give a glance at the cor- 
responding stations on the adjacent islands, 
we shall perceive that vegetation there 
changes its aspect and becomes modified 
according to the height of the mountains 
and the nature of the country. Thus, the 
loftiest summits of the Great Canaria only 
attaining 5,842 feet, that is, about half the 
elevation of the central mountains of Te- 
neriffe, neither the Adenocarpus nor the 
Cytisus of the Peak is to be seen. Still, 
the summits of Canaria, though destitute 
of arborescent vegetables, do possess their 
alpine plants, which are the representatives 
of those already enumerated as growing 
above the fir-woods of the other island. 
Two LMcUoi and one of the shrubby Le- 
guminoscB (^Saturefa tenuis and S, lunata, 
and Genista macrophylld) grow on the 
ridges of the SauciUo, whose greatest 
height is 5,306 feet; while, towards the 
Valley of Tiraxana, the Ridge of Manza* 
ntlla has afforded us also three new spe- 
cies, JPrenanthes pendula (nob.), Sature* 
ja helianthemifolia (nob.), and another 
climbing plant, which will probably be 
found to belong to the Apoct/nece. 

Palma has presented us with similar ob- 
servations. According to Mr. Von Buch's 
calculations, the loftiest part of this island 



attains a height of 7,234 feet ; at this ele- 
vation in Teneriffe, we have already passed 
the limits of the Adenocarptts, and entered 
upon the region of the Cytisus of the Peak, 
yet Palma only possesses the former ; its 
soil, both with respect to configuration 
and nature, by diminishing the influence of 
height, preventing the development of the 
latter species. The interior slopes of the 
mountains of Palma form, towards the cen- 
tre of the island, the circumference of a 
primitive crater. When on reaching the 
brink of this fearful gulf, the eye glances 
with alarm down a depth of 4,500 feet, we 
may behold ancient forests starting from 
the enormous crevices which furrow the 
sides of the mountain, while not a shrub 
can be seen on the barren ridges that sur- 
round it. This higher region has an en- 
tirely peculiar character; it is not, as in 
Teneriffe, an immense circus, chieHy occu- 
pied by Cytisus, and where the decompo- 
sition of volcanic tufa is favourable to ve- 
getation ; but instead of a central platform 
surrounded by mountains in ruin, a differ- 
ent formation appears, the rocks of Palma 
being of basalt, while those of Teneriffe 
are trachytic. Huge masses of basalt lie 
severed in great blocks, and frowning peaks 
bristle the mountain-tops, and seem actu- 
ally suspended over the abyss. On reach- 
ing these summits, where the compactness 
of the soil limits the growth of the Adeno- 
carpus, and entirely excludes the Cytisus, 
we may find, all along the perilous mar- 
gins, several species that never appear in 
lower stations ; these are the Arahis albida 
of Caucasus, a shrubby variety of De Can- 
dolle's Cerastium strictum, and Viola 
Palmensis, which here takes the place of 
the Viola cheiranthifolia of the Peak of 
Teyda. Thus the spots that appear most 
utterly barren, oflen present the Botanist 
with his most valued acquisitions. 

The observations that may be deduced 
from the distribution of plants over the 
Archipelago of the Canaries, rest upon a 
body of highly interesting facts. And when 
in investigating the islands in question, we 
scrutinize the different stations which these 
plants occupy, we might say, in observing 



844 



CA.TALOQUB OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOB 



the choice of localities, that a sort of in- 
stinct seems to have led these genns to the 
very spots the most entirely favourable to 
their development. 



CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS 
FOUND ON TIMOR AND THE 
NEIGHBOURING ISLANDS. 

(CommaBicated by M. Spanoohe.) 

Ranunculaceje. 
Clematis biiemata, D C. 



DC. 



/ 



Leschenauliiana, D C. 

smiladna, Bl. 

ANONACEiE. 

Anona squamosa, Linn. ) ^^^ cuttis.) 

reticulata, Linn. 3 

Uvaria velutina, Dunal ! 

glabra. Span. 

Unona odorata, Dunal I 

. hamata, Dunal! 

? leptopetala, D C. 

Guatteria rufa, Dunal ! 

MENISPERMACBiE. 

Cocculus Japonicus, var, Timoriensis, D C. 

•populifolius, D C. 

glaucus, DC. 

lepto stachyus, D C. 

bra^hystachyus, D C. 

Crucifebjb. 

Sinapis nigra, Linn., var. rupestris, Span. 
Timoriana, D C. 

Capparideje. 
Gynandropsisj>entojDAy/Za, DC. 
Polanisia viscosa, D C. 
Cadaba capparoides, D C. 
Capparis Mariana, Jacq. 

dealbata, D C. 

■ pvhiflora ? DC. 

. VolkamericBl DC. 

trapeziflora. Span. 

sepiaria, Linn., var. glabrata, 



ViOLABIXA. 

lom^ojafruUiscens. 

PoLYOALBiB. 

Polygala rufa, Span. 
^— *— humilis. Span. 

Cabtophtllbjb. 
Bergia ammannioides. Roth. 

Malyace^. 

Malva Timoriensis, D C. 

ruderalis, BL 

horrida, Span. 

Urena Lappago, Smith. 
Lebretonia? cernua. Span. 
Hibiscus Lampas, Cav. 
tubulosus, Cav. 

Timoriensis, D C. 

Jiculneus, Linn. 

Eosa sinensis, Linn, (in hortis.) 

pruriens, Roxb. 

Suraitensis, Linn. 

vilifolius, Linn. 

PseudO'Abelmoschus, BL 

• PseudO'palmaius, Span. 

velutinus, DC. 

ph€eniceus, Willd. an var. f 

digiiatus, Cav. 

tiliaceus, Linn., var. integiifolia. 



'Roxburghii? DC. 
- nigricans, Span. 



Gossypium arboreum, Linn, (in cultisS) 
Sida ocuto, Burm. 

rhomboidea, Roxb. 

retusa, Linn. 

humilis, Willd. txir. veronicsfolia. 

Lam. 

rotundifolia ? Cav. 

Javensis, Cav. 

elongataf BL et var. diversifMa, 

Span. 

subcordaia. Span. 

Timoriensis, D C. 

cistiflora, BL 

Abutilon, Linn. 

Asiatica, Linn. 

populifolia. Lam. 

paucifoUa, D C. 

BoMBACEiB. 

Helicteres grewurfolia, D C. 
microcarpa, Span. 



AND THB NBIOHBOURINO ISLANDS. 



845 



Bombaz Malabaricum, D C. 
Eriodendron anfractuosum, D C. (incuUis.) 



\ 



BTTTNBRIACBiB. 



aranthes corymbosa ? Bl. 
Siercnlih populifolia, DC. 

cordcUa? Bl. 

foBtida, Linn. 

Theobroma Cacao, Linn, (in hortis.) 
Abroma mollis, D C. 

fastuosa, Brown. 

Byttneria^/^accic^a, Span. 
Kleinhovia Hospita, Linn. 
Melochia acutangula, Span. 
Riedleia HlicBfolia, D C. 

corchorifolia, D C. 

Melhania? sicUeflora? Span. 

TiLIACBiB. 

Corchonis oliioritis, Linn. 
TiiumteiiA procumbens f Font. 

subotbiculata, D C. 

graveolens, Bl. 

Grewia salutaris, Span. 

pilosa, Lam., 

muUiflora, Juas. 

tomentosa, Juss. 

El^ocabpb^. 

Elseocarpus angustifolius ? Bl. 
cyancBus, Sims c^ De Cand. 

OLACINBiE. 

Olax imbricata, Roxb. 
Ximenia loranthifolia, Span. 

AUBANTIACBiB. 

Tripbasia monophylla, D C. 

trifoliata, D C. 

Limonia acidissima. 
Murraya paniculata. 

heptaphylla, Span. 

Clausena excavata, Burm. 
Micromelum pvhescens 1 BL 
Sclerostylis pentaphylla, Bl. 
.£gle Marmelos, Corr. 
Citrus auran^vm, mult. var. 
■ JDecumana. 



GUTTIFBBA. 

Garcinia eUiptica, D C. 
Galophyllum Inophyllum, 

HlFPOCRATBACBil. 

Hippocratea Indica ? WiUd. 

rigida, Span. 

■ cassinoides, D C. 

pauciflora, D C. 

Salacia/>n7iou3^f, DC. 

MALPIGHIACEiB. 

Hiptage irialata, Span. 
Banisteria dichotoma, Linn. 
Timorierms, D C. 

SAPINDACEiB. 

Cardiospennum Halicacahum, Linn. 
Sapindus salicifolius, D C. 
rubiginosus, Roxb. 



fraxinifolius, D C. 

Atalaya bijuga, Span. 
Schmidelia Bantamensis f BL 

Timoriensis, D C. 

Tina rupestris, Bl. 
Melicocca tr^uga, Juss. 
Dodonsea ^vnnanntana^ D C. 

MELIACBiB. 

Melia composita, WiUd. 
Turrsea pmnoto, Span. 
Cedrela/e6rj^M^a, Bl. 
Aphanamixis Blumei, Span. 
Didymocheton nu^an^, K. 
Carapa Moluccensis, Lam. 

Ampblidb^. 

Cissus quadrangularis, Linn. 

/ncfica, Waid. 

adnata, Roxb. 

Blumeana, Span. 

aculeata, Span. 

Timoriensis, D C. 

crenata, Vabl. 

■ IcBvigata, Bl. 

Ampelopsis Indica, BL 
Leea rt^a, Bl. ? 
-^ AtWa, Horsf. 



346 



CATALOOUB OF THB PLANT8 FOUND ON TIMOR 



BALSAMINEiE. 

Balsamina mxnutiflora, Span. 

OxALIDBf. 

Bilimbi, Linn. J ^ '^ 

RUTACBA. 

Evodia CKcedens ? Bl. 

ZYOOPHTLLBiB. 

Tribulus terestris, LimL wir. Moluccensis, 
BL 

CBLABTRINBiB. 

CelsgtniH paniculattis, WiUd 

Rhamnejb. 
Zisyphus celtidtfolia, D C. 

Jlmoriensis, D C. 

rotundala, D C. 

Ceanothus pubiflorus, D C. 
Ventilago Madaraspatana ? Gaertn. 
Gouania tUurfolia, Lam. 

MauritiaTia ? Lam. 

Actageton sarmentosum, Bl. 

Tbbebinthacba. 
Holigarna longtfolia, Rozb. 
Mangifera Indica, Linn. 

glaucal Bl. 

Pistacia oieo^a, Lour. 
Spondias mangifera. Pen. 
Icica? Timoriensis, DC. 
Canarium cammune, Linn, (m ctiftw.) 

Pimela, Koen. 

Garuga /?mnato, Roxb. 
Cnestis peniapkylla, Span. 
Brucea Sumatrana, Roxb. 

Leguminobje. 

Crotalaria labumifolia, Linn. 

junceal Linn. 

coltUeoides, Lam. 

Indigofera tinctoria (in cultit.) 

Timoriensis, D C. 

LeschenavUii, D C. 

viscosa, Lam. 

linifolia, Retz. 

■ canescens, Lam. 

cordifolia, Roth. 



Indigofera glandulosa, Willd. 
Tephroflia sericea f 

Timoriensis, DC. 

Lonchocarpus ? fruHcosus, Span. 
Sesbania triflora, Span. 

Agati grandiflora, 
Zomia gibbosa, Span. 

graminea, Span. 

Stylosanthes aprica. Span. 
iEschynomene cUropurpurea, Span. 

TtTnoriaTta. 

Lourea ohcordata, Deav. 
Uraria comosa, D C. 

crinita, Desv. 

lagopodioides, D C. 

Nicholsonia oxalidifolia, Span. 
Desmodium aurictUatum, D C. 
Timoriense, 

— — lattfolium, D C. 



umheUatum, D C. 
- macu2a^m, D C. 
> lineatum, Span. 



Flemingia strobol^era, Ait. 

lineata, Roxb. 

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius, D C. 

vaginalis, D C. 

Abrus |>recatonW, Linn. 
Rhynchoaia sericea. Span. 
rhombifoUa, D C. 

do t?ar. Timorienaia. 

DC. 

Teramnus uncinahts, SwarU. 
DoUchos 07;a«. Linn. ) ^ •„ ^^^^ ^ 

Sinensis, Lmn. 3 

/b6irfM*, Willd. 

Lablab vulgaris, Savi. (in ctt£^.) 
Pachjrrhizus angulcUus, Rich. 
CanaTalia ro^ea, Svartz. 

macharaides, D C. 

Mucuna /)rvrien«, D C. 

giganiea, D C. 

CajanusTtavu^. 
ErjTthrina Indica, Lam. 
Pongamia glabra, Vent 
Dalbergia 2¥morienm, D C. 

repens. Span. 

elliptica. Span. 

Pterocarpus Indians, 
Entada PurstBtha, D C. 

monostachya, D C. 

Inga moniliformiSf D C. 



AKD THB NEIOHBOUBIKQ tSLANDft. 



347 



Inga biglobosa, Willd. 

- pterocarpa, D C. 
' Timoriana, D C. 

umbelkUa, WUld. 

Desmanthus acinaciformis, Span. 

trispermus, Span. 

Adenanthera glauca, Span. 
Acacia laxiflora, D G. 

Famesiana, var. peduncukUa, 

WiUd. 

Lehbeckoides, D C. 

VLorimgSi polygama, DC. 
Guilandina Bonduc, minus, D C. 
Qesalpinia Sappan, Linn. 

panicuUUa, Desv. 

Ki Laroe, Span. 

Poinciana j7u/cA«mma, Linn. 
Mezoneurum^/a6rum, Deaf. 

scandens, et var, inermia. 

Span. 

Tamarindus /nested, Linn. 
Cassia Fistula, Linn. 

Javanica, Linn. 

Timoriensis, D C. 

Tora, Linn. 

angustissima, 

occidentalis ; var. aristata, Coll. 

airomrida. Span. 

Cynometra cauUflora, Linn. 

byuga, Span. 

Banhinia tenuis, Span. 

Timoriensis, Span. 

purpurea, Linn. 

CoMBBBTACBiE. 

Qaisqnalis Indica, Linn. 

Terminalia Moluccana, Lam. (tn cuUis.) 

intermedia, Span. 

Santalace^. 
Santalum myrtifolium, Linn. 

Thymelace^. 
Daphne tenuiflora, Span. 
Dais octandra, Willd. 

LOBANTHBJE. 

Loranthus triftorus, Span. 

prtelongus, BL 

fuscus, Bl. 

Viscum orientate, Willd. 



RUBIACBJE. 

Bigelovia stricta, Spreng. 
Polyozus octtmtna^a, Bl. 
Ixora coccinea, Bl. 
Pavetta odorata, Bl. 

■ sylvatica, Bl. 

■ paludosa, Bl. 
Psychotria parrt/2ora, Span. 

rostrata, Bl. 

Psederia/o^^uia, Linn. 
Gonotheca Blumei, D C. 
Oldenlandia ramosa, Roxb. 
Ophiorrhiza rugosa. Wall. 

Randia mocuAito, Span, et var. nitida, 

Span. 
Dentella r^en«, Forst. 
Guettarda speciosa, Linn. 
Timonia Rumpkii, D C. 
Morinda citrifolia, Linn. 
Nauclea glabra, Roxb. 

lanceolata, (?) 

macrophyUa, Bl. 

sericea, Span. 



glandulifsra. Span. 

Stbtchnbjb. 

Strychnos colubrina, Linn. 
Fagnea tetragona, Span. 
Anasser Rumphii, Span. 

Apoctnea. 

Carissa Carandas, Linn. 
Tabernsmontana heterophyUa, Span. 
Cerbera OdoUam, Gsertn. 
Rauwolfia Sumatrana, Jack. 
Vinca ro«ea, Linn, (tn horiis.) 
Plumeria acuminata, Dryand. 
Altonia scholaris, R. Br. 

sericea, Bl. 

Vallaris jier^u&iria, Burm. (m hortis.) 
Helygia «7avanica f Bl. 
Nerium? Jaspideum, Span. 
? macroca77>um, Span. 

AsCLBPIADEiE. 

Calotropis gigantea, R Br. 
Pergularia odoratissima, Smith. 
Dischidia nummularia, R. Br. 
cockleaia, Bl. 



348 



CATALOGUB OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR 



ESENACEiB. 

Diospyros maritima ! Bl., et. var. minor^ 

Span. 
dioica, Span. 

microcarpa, Span. 

Sapotk^. 
Mimusops obtusifoliat Linn, (in hortis.) 

calyptranihifolia, Span. 

Achras Sapota, Linn, (in cuUis,) 

Jasmines. 
Jasminum Sambac, Linn, (in hortis.) 

— -— ^ elongatum, Linn. fil. 

scandens, Vahl. 

MYRSINBiE. 

Ardisidt, paniculalat Bl. 
iEgiceras minus, Pers. 

SOLANACEiS. 

Lycopersicum Hurnboldiii, Dun. 
Solanum verbascifolium, Linn. 

Irongum, Poir. 

• pseudO'Saponaceum, BL 

Datura Metel, Linn. 
Capsicum/riife^ccTW, Linn. 

fastigiatum, Bl. 

Phy8alisj75etufo-an^tt&z/a, Bl. 
Nicotiana Chinensis ? (in cuUis.) 

LOBELIACE^. 

Lobelia Zeylanica, Pers. 
ScsYoU JEon%p«», Vahl. 

CoVVOLYULACBiK. 

Convolvulus jwiru^^fonw, Vahl. 

Porana volubilis^ Linn, iwr . ^vrmmmana, 

Bl. 
Evolvulus kirsutus? Lam. «< «ar. fan- 

ced^Uus, Span. 

-pumilus, Span. 

Ipomsea Quamaclii, Linn, (m Aon^w.) 

, /?ai»icu&ito, R. Br. 

Pes Tigridis, Linn. 

. vitifotia, Bl. 

hederacea, Linn. 

capillata, Span. 

. 71i7itore9uu, Bl. 

Bona NoXt Lian. 



— BcUcUas, Poir. (»n cuUis.) 

— ochroleuca. Span. 

— rcpcTw, Roth. var. 

— anceps, Vahl. 

— reptans, Poir. 

— seiosa, Bl. 

— pulchra, BL 

— tVuuamf, Bl. 

— speciosa, Linn. fil. 

— trichotosa, Bl. 

— verrucosa, Bl. 

— 6i/J<ia, Vahl., var. 

— nywphecBfolia, Bl. 

— maritima, R. Br. 

— Jilicaulis, Bl. 

— pumila, Span. 



NYCTAGINBiE. 

Boerhaavia diffusa, Linn. 

angustifolia. Span. 

mmu^^ro. Span. 

Pisonia Limonella, Bl. 

. excelsa ? Bl. 

a^, Span. 

Plumbaginb^. 
Plumbago auriculata, (flor. albo.) 

Primulacba. 
Epithema sazatile, Bl. 

RHINAKTUEiB. 

Buchnera nigr9sc0ns. Span. 

SCEOPHULARINEiE. 

Buddlea acvmtn^Wma .' Bl. 
Gratiola veronicafolia, Linn. 
HarpefTtes spathulata, Bl. 

BiGNONIACBJE. 

Spathodea rostrata. Span. 
Millingtonia dubiosa. Span. 
Bignonia/ndica, Linn.(Calo8anthea/n<fica, 

Bl.) 

Sesames. 
Sesamum Indicum, Linn. 
Josephinia Celebica, BL 

Vebbbvacejs. 
Clerodendron inerme, Gertn. 



AND THE NEIGHBOURIICO ISLANDS. 



349 



Clerodendrum mctcropkyllum, Bl. 

Vitex leucoxylon f et mr. albiflora, Span. 

trifoliata, Linn. 

Negundo, Linn. 

Premna irUegrifolia, Linn. 

parasitica, Bl. 

Callicarpa cana^ Linn. 

Tectona ^ranrfw, Linn.fil. (ex Java aUatd) 
Avicennia alba, BL 
Lippia nodiflora. Rich. 

ACANTHACBiB. 

Justicia hicalycukuta, Yahl. 
picta, Linn. 

na^t/to, Linn. 

Gendarv^sa^ Linn. 

Barleria Prixmitis, Linn. 
Thunbergia Javanica, Gertn. fil. 
Acanthus ilicifolius, Linn. 
Nomaphila corymbosa, Bl. 
Hegrophila diffarmis 1 Bl. 
Strobilanthes involucrata, Bl. 

arborea, Span. 

Lepidagathes pa rr^ora, Bl. 
Ruellia rejyens, Linn. 
? suaveolens. Span. 

Labiatajb. 

Nepeta disticha, Linn. 
Bystropogon graveolens ? Bl. 
Leonunis Sibiricus, Linn. 
Phlomis Chinensis, Retz. 
Ocymum polystachium, Linn. 
Plectranthus bicolor. 

Gentianba. 
Mitrasaeme trinervis. Span. 

BOBAQINE^. 

Ehretia lucida. Span. 
Ck)rdia Rumphii, Bl. 

T^TWorienw, Span. 

Toumefortia argentea, Linn. 

ietrandra, var. hirsuta, Bl. 

Tiaridium Indicum, Lehm. 

EniCBiB. 
Bseobotrys virgata, Bl. 

ABALIACBiC. 

Sciodaphyllum verticillatum, Span. 



Panax scuteUarioides, Reinwdt (in fiartis.) 

Umbellipe&uB. 

Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Linn. 

Composite. 

Elephantopus scaber, 

Sphaeranthus ) doubtful whether new, or 

— -^ f described species. 

Vemonia parv^ra, Reinwdt. 

• linifolia, Bl. 

Conyza balsamifera, Linn. 

lacera, Burm. 

pubigera, Linn. 

Lavenia macrophylla, var. repens, Bl. 
Cacalia sarmentosa, Bl. 

sonchifolia, Linn. 

sagiUata, Willd. 

Verbesina biflora, Linn. 

urtiaefolia, Bl. 

Eclipta undulata, Willd. 
Chrysanthemum Indicum, Linn, (in hortis,) 
Cotula Maderaspatana. 

PABSIFLORBiB. 

Passiflora ? TYmonana, Span. 
Modecca corc^j/b/ta .? Bl. 

PAPAYACBiR. 

Carica Papaya, Linn. 

CUCUBBITACBJS. 

Bryonia scahrelta, Linn, fik 
Momordica Charantia, Linn. 

bicolor, Bl. 

LuflkycB^icfa, Cav. 
Cucumis 3fe/b, Linn. 

satitms, Linn. 

Cucurbita idokUricaj Willd. 

hispida, Thunb. 

farinosa, Bl. 

dtruUus, Linn. 

acutangula, Bl. 

Trichosanthes tricuspidata, Lour. 

Mtbtacejb. 

Myrtus macrophylla, Spr. 

Javanica, Spr. 

densi/lora, Bl. 

obtusissima, Bl. 



£»^enta,Linn. 



Calyptranthes Jambolana, Willd. 



350 



CATALOGUE OF THE PLANTS FOUND ON TIMOR, kc. 



Peidinm pomiferum, Linn. 
Perigara alcUa, Span. 

ghbosa, Span. 

Barringtonia speciosa, Linn. fil. 

spicaia, Bl. 

Punica Granatum, Linn. 
Melaleuca viridiflora ? Smith. 
Eucalyptus alba, Reinwdt. 

Rhizophobba. 

Rhizophora apiculaia, Bl. 
Bruguiera Rheedii, Bl. 

Salicariba. 
LagerstroBmia^rt&uncfa, Jack. 
Lawsonia inermis, Linn. 
Gryptotheca dichotoma, Bl. 

apetala, Bl. 

^emphis acidula, Font 
hyihTum punctaium, Span. 

Onagbariba. 
Jussieua suffiruticosa, Linn. 
■■ fluvialis, Bl. 

PORTULACEJB. 

Portulaca meridiana, Linn. 
TmxiihemA polyandrum, Bl. 

GBA88ULACB.fi. 

Galanchoe tpaiulata, D C. 

FlCOIDB.fi. 

Sphenoclea Zeylanica, Gsrtn. 

Urticb^. 
Geltis orierUalis, Linn. 

Ambcinensis, Willd. 

Timarenni, Span. 

Moms Indica, Linn« 
Epicarpurus orientalis, Bl. 
Trophis spinosa, Roxb. 
Urtica sanguinea, Bl. 

cinerascens, Bl. 

glomerata, Klein. 

Procrisybrmtrfo/a, Span. 
Ficus Benjamina, Linn. 

subcordata, Bl. 

lutescens, Bl. 

(The other species of Ficus are not men- 
tioned here, not knowing whether they are 
known or unknown species, which Mr. 
£lume must determine). 



POLTGONEfi. 

Polygonum oryzetum, Bl. 

Chenopodejs. 
Basellaa/&a,.Pluk. 

AlCARANTHACBiB. 

AmartJithuB polysiachyus ? Willd. 

spinosus, Linn. 

retrqflexus, Linn. 

Doehringia Indica f Rets. 
Ptilotus amabilis, Span. 
Celosia argentea, Linn. 

cristata, Linn. 

Tryphera j:>roi/rato, Bl. 
Cyathulajoro^^rotoy Bl. 
Oomphrena globosa, Linn, (in horiis.) 
— ■^— lanuginosa, Span. 

LAUBINB.fi. 

Litsea Tunoriana, Span. 

MTRISTICBfi. 

Myristica glauca ? Bl. 

EuPHORBIACBfi. 

Fluggea Javanica, Bl. 
Glochidion arboreseens, Bl. 

-^ obscurum, Bl. 

Cicca nodiflara. Lam. 
Melanthesa rv6ra, Bl. 

rhamnoides, Bl. 

Phyllanthus ancqps, Vahl. 

Niruri, Linn. 

Groton denticulaium, Bl. 

pauciflorum, Span. 

baliospermum. Span. 

Erythrocarpus glomeratus, Bl. 

spicatus, Bl. 

Godieum variegatum, Bl. 
Rottlera tiluBfolia, Bl. 
muUiglandulosa, Bl. 



panictUataf Juss. 

Adelia Ttmortana, Span. 

? scandens, Span. 

Gonceveiba Javanensis, Bl. 

Erythrochilus Indicus, Reinwt. 

Janipha Manifiot, Kunth, ^«x Java t9i/ro- 



ACCOUNT OP THE ARA<UCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 



351 



Jatropha muUifida, Linn, (in hortis.J 

Curcas, Linn. . 

Aleurites Moluccana, Willd. 
Ricinus communis, Linn. 
Mappa Javanicus, Juss. fil. 
Acalypha Indica, Linn. 

hispida, Willd. 

Euphorbia nereifolia, Linn. 

kBvigata, Vahl. 

rentformis f Bl. 

serrulata, Reinwt. 

thymifolia, Linn. 

Plukenetia volnbilis, Willd. 
Qeidion Javanicum, Bl. 

PiPEBACEiE. 

Piper Betel, Linn, (in cuUis.) 

Siriboa, Linn, (in cuUis.) 

coccineum, Span. 

ARlSTOLOCHIBiE. 

Aristolochia (acuminata. Lam. 
Thcca, palmata, Bl. 
pinnatifida, Forst. 

AsPABAGEiE. 

Curculigo orchioides, Roxb. 

Smilacejb. 

Smilax Zeylanica, Linn. 
perfolicUa, Lour. 

Dl08C0BE£. 

Dio9Corea saliva, Linn. 

acnleala, Linn. 

kirsuta, Bl. 

bulbifera, Linn. 

AMARYLLIDEiE. 

Chnum Asiaiicum, 
Damasonium Indicum, Willd. 

SciTAMINEiE. 

Canna Indica, Linn. 
Curcuma /bn^a, Linn. 

Zerumhet, Roxb. 

Zingiber ^m^ncanum, Bl. 

ABOIDEiB. 

Arum Irilbbalum, Pers. 
Pothos macropkylla ? 



Obchidbjb. 
Malazis c«mtta, Willd. 
Grammatopbyllum?jE>t«&Arum, Span. 
Habenaria StLsanms, Bl. 

comuta, Span. 

— — - mutica, Span. 

PALMiE. 

Cocos nucifera, Linn. 
Areca Caiechu, Willd. 
Aringa saccharifera, Reinwt. 
Bora8SU8,^2a^i/z/brmtf, Linn. 
Corypha umbraculifera, Lam. 

FiLICEB. 

Acrostichum speciosum, Willd. 

inaqualis, Willd. 

Niphobolus vartW ? Kaulf. 
Polypodium longissimum, Bl. 

quercifolium, Linn. 

Aspidium t^ni^um, Swartz. 

■ Amhoinense, Willd. 

ensifolium, Schkuhr. 

florigerum, Bl. 

Aspleniiun humile, Bl. 
Diplazium marginatum, Bl. 
Adiantum lunuUUum, Burm. 
Dayallia|>a/en^, Sw. tar. tenuis ? Bl. 
biserrata, Bl. 

Pteris vitlata, Linn. 
co*/ato, Willd. 



• normalis ? Don. 



Lycopodium circincde, Linn. 
Lygodium circinnalum, Sw. 
Ophioglossum ovatum, Sw. 
Ceratopteris Ihaliclroides, Brongn. 



ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA 
IMBRICATA OF CHILL 

From Dr.Poeppig's Travels io Soath America. 

The Araucaria, a tree that affords to 
the Indians of the Patagonian Andes a 
great part of their food, will not grow on 
the low lands, and it also preserves an 
accurately defined boundary with respect 
to its northern limits. When transplanted 
into many parts of the Province of Con- 
cepcion, it exhibits a sickly and deteriorated 
appearance, and vegetates so reluctantly 



352 ACCOUNT OF THE ARi.0CABIA IMBRICATA OF CHIU. 

that from man/ fiesh seeds which were forests and uninhabited defiles of the 
sown in Talcahuano, only two sprung up, mountains, is mostly unacquainted with 
which shortly afterwards decayed. An them and cannot even aid the stranger by 
alpine atmosphere and a severer clionate his descriptions. Thus the difficulty and 
than can be expected in the lower tracts of delay, consequent on procuring a g^uide, 
the country and, alMrve all, a stony soil, often compel him to go alone. But if he 
seem to be indispensable to its growth, be expert and accustomed to hardships, 
In the immediate neighbourhood of Antuco and is acquainted widi the peculiarities of 
not a single tree of ^ravcana can be seen, the country, so as to embolden him to 
and it requires a fatiguing excursion to venture on such an expedition, then the 
gratify the Naturalist's desire to behold a sense of independence and of increased 
wood of these truly regal trees. Between self-confidence, arising from his success, 
Antuco and the Fort of Trun Leuvu, runs will soon make him forget all the dis- 
a narrow valley, which being short and full agreeable feelings that first assailed him 
of a dense undergrowth, suddenly ascends on his solitaiy journey. That he mig^t 
and is connected with the defile through suffer a lingering death and expire of 
which the Rucue flows, a narrow arch starvation in places where no one could 
arising in its middle. A brook that runs seek for him, or, seeking, would not find 
at the bottom. Quillay Leuvu (the river of him,— that his return maybe prevented by 
the Quillayas) gives its name. Accompa- causes such as these, are thoughts that 
nied by a jolly countryman, who had known i^ust not dwell upon his mind and which 
better times, (for the Antucanos used to indeed seldom come across the traveMer 
possess large herds,) and who could give when he, with great danger, attains the 
me accurate information about the moun- sununit of a lofty and hitherto unviaited 
tains, I travelled this road, which is now rock, or finds his exertions repaid by the 
nearly forgotten and has been untrodden harvest of new and beautiful things that 
for many years. The thick vegetation pre- surround him in a deep and dark defile, 
vented us firom penetrating into the valley shut out from the sight of all mankind, 
on horseback, and we therefore resolved, ^At the lower end of the valley which I 
being each of us furnished with a woollen have described, a fire bad been raging^ 
coverlet and some povisions, to proceed and all the trees stood without bark, the 
on foot. Such are the hindrances which greater part even with half-charred stems. 
everjTwhere impede the progress of those The wood itself is much altered by such a 
strangers, who, impelled either by scientific circumstance; for while its colour and 
motives or by mere curiosity, quit the compactness are improved for the pur- 
few roads which connect the rare inhabited poses of manufacture, it becomes useless 
spots in the Andes. In America the col- for fuel and receives the name of BeiUn 
lector does not obtain his treasures so (Madera apeUinada), Forest conflagra- 
readily as in Europe ; labours and dangers tions often oocuc» from unknown causes, 
hero unknown there attend the acquisition even in the uninhabited districts of the 
of perhaps only a few insignificant plants. Andes, and consume every thing, up to 
All around the small villages or the solitary the elevation where the Chilian Knee- 
hut in which the traveller may have taken wood and the dwarf Beech Tree grov, 
up his abode, stretches a wilderness, near the limits of perpetual snow. After 
destitute of inhabitants, through which such fires, the forest never again throws up 
nothing but an accurate knowledge of the lofty stems, but produces only a thick 
localities can enable him to find his way, underwood that envelopes and destroys the 
or lead him to a path which may extricate higher trees that may have escaped. It is 
him from his difficulties. The native, most curious to observe the new and 
whom his occupation seldom induces to peculiar vegetation that in all parts of 
quit the immediate vicinity of his residence, America succeeds such an occurrence. In 
and who feels no curiosity to visit the Pennsylvania the few forests that have 



ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCABIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI, 353 

hitherto escaped the ravages of the axe and you may chance to receive a smart blow. 

of fire, resemble a park, being quite free Every where, from the sea to the Upper 

from shrubs ; but scarcely has the' tract Andes, these trees seem to find a suitable 

been burned, when a Rhododendron, be- habitat, but near the snow-line they dwin- 

fore unseen, shoots up, particularly on the die to mere shrubs, between which it is 

lofty mountains, which presents indeed a with great difficulty you can force a path, 

lovely spectacle, being loaded with flowers, and not without many a fall, as the feet 

but forms an impenetrable thicket. In easily slip on their smooth stems, which 

places where not a single tree has escaped stretch at length along the ground. This 

the devouring element arises a bushy Oak, plant is no less useful to the Chileno than 

the Scrub Oak (Quercus ilicifolia), im- is the Bamboo to the native of Asia, many 

peding the progress of the hunter, and parts of his house consist of the Colligua- 

proving the greatest enemy to the farmer, ja. But the detriment this plant occasions 

as its roots run deep and throw up new is almost still greater when it has migrated 

shoots so readily, that it is almost impossi- into a field newly prepared for cultivation, 

ble to eradicate it. In the warmer tracts for after the burning of the primitive fo- 

of this part of the world, the consequences rests, living roots still remain, and in the 

are still more apparent. The formidable first spring, the stems of this grass rapidly 

stinging Tree-NeUle ( Urtica baccifera, spring up between the young seed, and, as 

Linn.), the ugly species of Psychotria and autumn draws on, prevent the harvest. It 

Piper, presently occupy the bounds of the is hardly possible to succeed in extirpating 

woods in Cuba, and where cultivation is the root, for where the smallest portion re- 

not promptly and speedily employed, an mains, there is a bud for a fresh brood, 

impenetrable mass of crooked-thomed with which it requires continual labour to 

Smilaces, Iponusas, and other climbing combat. The numerous fallen trunks 

plants soon occupy the soil. How similar obliged us to take circuitous ways over the 

causes are seen to operate on the vegetable pathless steep mountain-sides. Still, many 

kingdom in the Andes of Peru, and in the beautiful plants rewarded this exertion, the 

primitive forests of Maynas, I shall here- beautiful Tropmolum (T, speciosissimum, 

after take occasion to mention. Poepp.), with many other very remarkable 

In Chili such burned places soon pre- plants, grew there ; as Myrius bullata, M. 

sent the powerfully-stinging Loasas, with chrysocarpa, Perezia prenanthoides, Se- 

erect or cUmbing stems, followed by shrubs necio ohscurus, Sida steUigera, Gerardia 

whose seeds are prickly, and attach them- Chilensis, Dichroma pallens, and D. al- 

selves to every surrounding object, -4c«- pinum, all new species : these present 

nas, Uhcinias, and many others: shortly themselves abundantly over the shady 

after, the Colliguqfa gets a footing, an bushes, and, with their red purple flowers, 

arborescent grass which characterizes the render themselves conspicuous from a great 

districts of Chili, as does the Bamboo the distance. 

warm climes of Asia, and as the endless Towards the evening we had ascended 
confusion of climbing jSc/mo^ distinguishes the moderately high ridges that form the 
the tropical parts of America. The stems back-ground of the valley ; and the dense 
of the Colliguqfa shoot up in great num- crown that was seen above these, from afar, 
bers from their creeping roots, and in a rich bad indicated our near approach to the de- 
soil attain an elevation of twelve to eighteen sired aim, and added new vigour to our 
feet, tufted, for their whole length, with exertions. When we arrived at the first 
succulent green leaves, and covered with Araucarias, the sun had just set, still some 
so hard a polished yellow bark as resists time remained for their examination, 
the knife: they are, moreover, extremely What tfirst struck our attention, were the 
elastic, and by incautiously bending them, thick roots of these trees, which lie spread 

VOL. I. z 



354 ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 

over the stony and nearly naked soil, like hundred nuts in a day, it is easily seen thai 
gigantic serpents, two or three feet in thick- eighteen Araucarias will maintain a single 
ness : they are clothed with a rough bark, person for a whole year. The kernel, which 
similar to that which invests the loAy pillar- is the shape of an Almond, but double the 
like trunks, of from filly to a hundred feet size, is surrounded with a coriaceous mem- 
in height. The crown of foliage occupies brane that is easily removed ; though re- 
only about the upper quarter of the stem, lishing when prepared, it is not easily 
and resembles a large depressed cone. The digestible, and containing but a small 
lower branches, eight or twelve in number, quantity of oil, is apt to cause disorders in 
form a circle round the trunk ; they dimi- the stomach with those who are not accus- 
nish till there are but four or six in a ring, tomed to this diet. When the scarcely- 
and are of most regular formation, all mature seeds are dried.in the sun, a sugary 
spreading out horizontally, and bending substance exudes, which appears to reside 
upwards only at their tips. They are chiefly in the embryo. The Indians eat 
thickly invested with leaves, that cover them, either fresh, boiled, or roasted, and 
them like scales, and are sharp-pointed, the latter mode of cooking gives them a 
above an inch broad, and of such a hard flavour something like a Chestnut. For 
and woody texture, that it requires a sharp winter's use they are dried, after being 
knife to sever them from the parent branch, boiled, and the women prepare a kind of 
The general aspect of the Araucaria is flour and pastry from them. The collect- 
most striking and peculiar, though it un- ing these fruits would be attended with 
deniably bears a distant family-likeness to great labour, if it were always necessary to 
the Pines of our country. Its fruits, placed climb the gigantic trunks : but as soon as 
at the ends of the boughs, are of a regu- the kernels are ripe, towards the end of 
larly globular form, as large as a man's March, the cones drop off of themselves, 
head, and consist of beautifully imbricated and shedding their contents on the ground, 
scales that cover the seeds, which are the scatter liberally a boon, which nothing but 
most important part of this truly noble the Little Parrot (Psittacus chora^us, 
tree. The Araucaria is the Palm of those Mol.) and a species of Cherry-Finch divide 
Indians who inhabit the Chilian Andes, with the Indians. In the vast forests, of a 
from lat. 37® to 48®, yielding to these no- day's journey in extent, that are formed by 
made nations a vegetable sustenance that these trees in the districts of Pehuenches 
is found in the greater plenty, the more and Huilliches, the fruits lie in such plenty 
they recede from the whites, and the more on the ground, that but a very small part 
difficult they find it to obtain com by com- of them can be consumed. In former 
merce. Such is the extent of the Arauca- times, a great quantity came to Concepcion 
ria forests (Pinares), and the amazing and Valdivia, by trading with the Indians, 
quantity of nutritious seeds that each full- and thence they found their way to Valpa- 
grown tree produces, that the Indians are raise and Lima, but now they are seldom 
ever secure from want, and even the dis- seen any where near the coast, or they are 
cord that prevails frequently among the too old to be palatable. The reason why 
different hordes does not prevent the quiet all the seeds of Arancaria that hitherto 
collection of this kind of harvest. A sin- were sent to Europe did not vegetate, is 
gle fruit (cabeza, "a head,") contains be- because the collectors did not procure them 
tween two and three hundred kernels, and from the Indian country, but bought them 
there are frequently twenty or thirty fruits in the market at Valparaiso, where they are 
on one stem. And as even a hearty eater offered for sale boiled and dried. My ex- 
among the Indians, except he should be cursion to Quillay-Leuvu obtained for me 
wholly deprived of every other kind of fresh seeds of the Araucaria, which readi- 
sustenance, cannot consume more than two ed Germany in October, 1829, being seven 



ACCOUNT OF THE ARAUCARIA IMBRICATA OF CHILI. 



355 



months after they were ripe» and being 
sowed immediately, the period was just 
that of the Chilian spring. Of some hun- 
dreds, about thirty came up, but ignorance 
of the true climate, which led to the error 
of placing the young plants in a hot-house, 
killed the greater part during the first year. 
To my great satisfaction, however, about 
six individual plants have been preserved 
in different places, and they are, to the best 
of my belief, the only ones in Europe.^ The 
specimen in the Botanic Garden at Leipzic 
flourishes beautifully, it is about twenty 
inches high, and already bears four long 
branches in whorls. The wood of the 
Araucaria is red where it has been affect- 
ed by the forest fires ; but otherwise it is 
white, and, towards the centre of the stem, 
bri^t yellow. It yields to none in hard- 
ness and solidity, and might prove valua- 
ble for many uses, if the places of growth 
of the tree were less inaccessible. For 
ship-building it would be useful, but is 
much too heavy for masts. If a branch be 
scratched, or the scales of an unripe fruit 
be broken, a thick milky juice immediately 
exudes, that soon changes to a yellowish 
resin, of which the smell is agreeable, and 
which is considered by the Chilians as 
possessing such medicinal virtues, that it 
cures the most violent rheumatic head- 
aches, when applied to the spot where the 
pcdn is felt. 

The Araucaria forest of Antuco is the 
most northerly that is known in Chili, so 
that the boundary of this king of all the 
extratropical American Trees, may be es- 
timated at 36^ south latitude. The ex- 
treme southern limit is not so clearly 
ascertained, which is not surprizing, when 
we consider how little, comparatively, is 
known of western Patagonia ; it seems 
probable, however, that it does not stretch 
fiu- beyond lat. 46^ Between Antuco and 
Valdivia this tree only grows among the 
Andes, and as the Indians assert, solely on 

> Manjwere raised preTioas to this period, bj Mr. 
Mnmy, at the Glasgow Botanic Garden, from seeds 
seat bjr Mr. Cmekshaoks, from Chili. 



their western declivities, and no where 
lower than from 1,500 to 2,000 feet below 
the snow-line, up to which they frequently 
reach. Further to the South, the Arauca- 
ria appears at a lower elevation, and in the 
country of the Cuncos and about Osomo 
is said to occur on mountains of a very 
moderate altitude near the sea. The Cor- 
covado, a mountain that rises opposite 
Chiloe, is said to be studded, from its foot 
to the snow-line, with large groupes of 
these beautiful trees. Of all other vege- 
tation, the Araucaria forests are as bare 
as the Pine-woods, offering but few plants 
which can interest the Botanist. Steep 
rocky ridges, where there is no water, are 
its favourite habitat. We were obliged to 
seek this needful article at a considerable 
distance from our bivouac ; but, our frugal 
supper not requiring much cooking, we 
soon stretched ourselves on the hard rock 
to sleep, under the lullaby of a storm, to 
which the lofly summits above us imparted 
the most singular tones. All of us who 
had been accustomed to such primitive 
beds might have rested well enough, if a 
fog had-not descended upon us about mid- 
night, which was so dense, as nearly to 
extinguish our fire. Matters became still 
worse, when violent thunder and hail ap- 
prized us that not even a forest of Arauca- 
rias could shelter the traveller from the 
wrath of the Cordillera.^ We all trembled ; 
my companions, however, chiefly from 
fear and superstition, though the tempera- 
ture was sufficiently low to occasion a 
shudder in thinly-clad travellers. The 
anxiously looked for morning brought a 
brighter sky, and the means of kindling a 
cheerful and genial fire. A young man, 
who had joined us the preceding day, suc- 
ceeded (by means of his lasso, which he 
threw over one of the lowest branches) in 
ascending a tree, from which he brought 
down many branches, loaded with their 
truly colossal fruit, which have since arrived 
safely in Germany. 

s See Colonel HaU's Travels in the Qoitenian An- 
des. 



356 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE.E, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULABIACBJE. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREiE, 
A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIA- 
CEiE. 

Bjr George Bentham, Esq., F.L.S. 

The materials from which the subjoined 
paper has been taken, are chiefly two ex- 
tensive collections of South African Scro- 
phulariacese, the one transmitted to me for 
examination, by Messrs. Ecklon and Zey- 
her, from their own Herbarium, the other 
being a complete set of Mr. Drege's Scro- 
phulariaceae presented to me by Mr. Ernest 
Meyer, of Koenigsberg. For the genus 
Buchnera I have also been furnished with 
several notes by Mr. Brown, who has kind- 
ly allowed me to examine that genus in his 
New Holland Herbarium, and has present- 
ed me with specimens of most of the spe- 
cies, and Mr. Allan Cunningham has en- 
trusted me with the whole of his collection 
of the same genus. I have also availed 
myself of the Herbaria of Linnceus, of the 
British Museum, of Sir W. J. Hooker, of 
Dr. Lindley, as well as of my own, and 
have thus verified most of the published 
species, with the exception of Humboldt's 
and some of Sello's South American ones. 

My chief difficulty has been in the de- 
termining Thunberg's species. It is indeed 
true, as remarked by Mr. E. Meyer, that 
his descriptions, when given in detail, are 
better than he is usually given credit for, 
but so large a number are so vaguely de- 
scribed, without attention to the important 
characters derived from the flower, that 
their identity with specimens before us 
must be matter of conjecture, until they 
can be compared with his Herbarium. In 
quoting this author, the work I have made 
use of is Scbultes's edition of his Flora 
Capensis, published at Stuttgard, in 1823. 

Three Linnaean genera, Buchnera, Eri- 
nus, and Manulea, have been included in 
the tribe of Buchnereco, and appear to have 
been considered by many authors as so 
many common receptacles for all Scrophu- 
lariacese with slender tubes to the corolla 
and plane lobes to its limb ; the scabrous 
species, which dry black, being referred to 
Buchnera, and the remainder to Erinus 
or Manulea, according to whether the lobes 



of the corolla were supposed to be bifid or 
entire. 

The character originally given by Lin- 
n«us to Buchnera (Hort. Cliff. 501), ap- 
pears to have been framed from the species 
which he afterwards (Spec. PI. ed. 1. 630.) 
removed to Erinus, under the name of E. 
Jfricanus, and, in his Genera Plantarum, 
he modified the character of Bttchnera so 
as to make it applicable to his B. Asiaiica, 
and it is from the set of plants designated 
by him under this name that the chief 
points of his subsequent descriptions are 
taken. In his Systema Naturae, however, 
apparently by some error, he has exchanged 
the characters of Buchnera and Erinus, 
which error Willdenow has copied without 
perceiving that he thus gives to Buchnera 
a character applicable to only a small por- 
tion of the species he includes in it, and 
which these possess in common with the 
greater number of his Erini; and to Erinus 
one which is at complete variance with 
every one of the species. 

Eleven years, however, previous to the 
publication of the 3rd vol. of Willdenow's 
Species, Jussieu had already (Gen. F\. p. 
100,) so modified the character ofBuchnera 
as to make it comprehend, though some- 
what vaguely, those two series of plants, 
of which the B. Americana and B, Asia- 
iica may be considered as the types, in 
which he was followed by Lamarck, Per- 
soon, and other French Botanists ; but none 
of them followed it up by any examination 
of the heterogeneous species usually enu- 
merated under the generic name. Brown 
first (Prod. Fl. Nov. Hoi. 293) distinguish- 
ed these two series as sections oi Buchnera, 
giving to the whole genus and to each sec- 
tion definite and comprehensive characters 
which could thenceforth leave no doubt as 
to their limits. 

With regard to Erinus, Linn»us, as 
also Jussieu and their immediate followers 
took their character and descriptions from 
the E, alpinus (which it now appears must 
be removed from the tribe) enumerating^ 
however, as species, more or less of the 
South African Buchnerea. WOldenow, 
as has been said, continued to join them. 



BYK0PSI8 OF THE BUCHNEREiE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



357 



following Linnseus's mistake in giving to 
the group part of the character of another 
genus, and Persoon, in a manner very un- 
usual to the author of the Enchiridion, 
contrived to add to the blunder a portion 
of Linneeus's previous descriptions, so as 
to make up a character contradictory to 
itself. Other writers have usually copied 
Linneeus, Jussieu, Willdenow, or Persoon, 
until Don (Sw. Brit. Fl. Gard. 2nd Ser. 3. 
t. 239) confined the genus Erinus to the 
E, alpinus, and established a new one 
under the name o{ Nycterinia for the E, 
lychnidea, Linn., with a very detailed cha- 
racter which unfortunately disagrees in 
many material points with two of the four 
species he refers to it. 

Manuka of lannseus was originally es- 
tablished for the if*. Ckeiranthtcs, and has 
been so characterised by almost all subse- 
quent authors as to be applicable only to 
that species and one or two others with 
subulate lobes to the corolla, although they 
all of them refer to it many plants that have 
oblong, obovate, or even emarginate lobes. 
Bergius, however, imder the name of Ne- 
mia had given a rather more general cha- 
racter, applicable at least to the two species 
he enumerates, an example in which to 
this day he does not appear to have been 
followed 

The great affinity between Buchnera, 
Mantdea, and the Cape Erini, has been 
frequently observed, and Don proposed to 
consider them as a tribe, of which I pub- 
lished a character in the Botanical Register 
for July, 1835, at the same time that Don 
gave a nearly similar but more detailed and 
confined one in Jamieson's Journal for the 
same month. It appears, however, from a 
further examination of the few species we 
formerly possessed, and of the large num- 
ber of new ones now before me, that we 
had neither of us given sufficient latitude 
to the variations in the form of the corolla, 
nor attached sufficient importance to the 
positive character derived from the unilo- 
cular anthers, and that we had both of us 
included genera which ought to be remov- 
ed to other tribes. I am also still of opi- 
nion that the calyx, placentation, and seeds 



as described by Don, ought not to form 
part of the essential character of the 
tribe. 

The BuchneretB, as I should now pro- 
pose to circumscribe them, are essentially 
distinguished from Hemimeride<B by the 
want of any glandular concavities or spur 
at the base of the corolla, from Aniirr- 
hinefB by the valvular dehiscence of 
the capsule (when not fleshy) and the 
unilocular anthers, from Salpiglossidem 
and DigitalecB by the ascendent stamina 
and constantly unilocular anthers, from 
GratiolecB andGerardiea by the unilocular 
anthers alone, from Rhinanthete by the 
latter character and by the upper lip of 
the corolla (when bilabiate) not being* con- 
cave, from VeronicecB by the stamina al- 
most constantly didynamous, or if dian- 
drous, with the anthers approximate, and 
from Buddleiecs by the same character, as 
also by the corolla, which is always penta- 
merous or irregv^ar. 

The only tribe between which and the 
BuchnerecB it is difficult to draw a definite 
line is that of the VerbascetB. Generally 
speaking, the rotate or short-tubed corolla 
of the latter tribe, removes it widely from 
the BuchnerecB, which have usually a re- 
markably slender, long tube, but the old 
Buchnera viscosa (my Sphenandrd) has 
precisely the corolla and anthers of Nefflea, 
whilst on the other hand, there is a gradual 
change in the form of the corolla which ren- 
ders it impossible to remove it from those old 
ManulecB which I have placed in my genus 
Chcsnostoma ; in habit it is as near to the 
one as to the other. As its stamina are 
slightly ascending, and not declinate, as 
they had at first appeared to me, I have 
preferred retaining it amongst Buchnereoi 
to removing it to Verlmsce<B, as I had pro- 
posed in Lindley's Natural System, 2nd 
edit. p. 292. 

The essential character of BuchneretB 
may therefore be thus stated : — 

CoroUcB limbus b-fdus vel in<Bqualiter 
4'/idus, inierdum biUibiatus, laciniis om- 
nibus plants. Stamina adscendentia, di- 
dynama, vel rarius 2 approximaiq. An- 
thercB uniloculares. Capsula bivalvis, val- 



358 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERBiE, ▲ TRIBE OP SCROPHULARIACE^. 



vulis integris bifidisve, rarissime carnosa 
indehiscens. To this might be added, 
StyltLs apice integer, stigmaie simplici; 
which appears to be universal in the 
tribe. 

With this character the genera Srinus, 
(us confined to B. alpinus,) Sutera, and 
Sophronanthe, which I have enumerated in 
Lindley's Natural System as belonging to 
Buchnere<B, would be removed to Graiio- 
leoc on account of their bilocular parallel- 
celled anthers, and Escohedia, which Don 
includes in his list, would remain in Gerar- 
diecB, where I placed it in my Synopsis of 
that tribe, p. 202 of this " Companion." 

The BuchnerecB thus circumscribed are 
readily divisible into two very distinct 
groups : the Eubuchnerece, in which the 
valves of the capsule are entire, with a 
loculicidal dehiscence, and the Manulece, 
in which they are more or less bifid and 
septicidal. The former contain a set of 
plants which are usually jrigid, more or less 
scabrous, and almost always dry black; 
the Manulem, if hairy, are generally glu- 
tinous, seldom scabrous, and comparatively 
few of them dry black. 

The JEubuchnerecB consist chiefly of the 
genus Buchnera as limited by Brown, 
but whose sections I should propose to 
adopt as genera, the difference in the struc- 
ture of the corolla being connected with a 
considerable difference in habit. It is for 
the first of these sections, containing the 
species with straight-tubed hypocrateriform 
corollas, that I should propose to retain 
the Linneean name in preference to that of 
Piripea, given by Aublet to one of the 
species, as the plants of this section are 
perhaps the most universally known, and 
being the most numerous, there would thus 
be the fewest published names to change. 
Amongst the species contained in Mr. 
Brown's second section, having an incurved 
tube with a bilabiate limb, is the plant 
published by Dupetit-Thouars, under the 
name of Campuleia, and Mr. Brown has 
ascertained that another species (probably 
B. hirsuta, Wall.) is the Striga of Lou- 
reiro, which that author erroneously de- 
scribed as diandrous, with an unilocular 



capsule. The latter name being the oldest, 
is the one I have adopted. 

Buchnera, thus limited, would contain, 
besides the several Australian species of 
Brown's first section, and the East Indian 
ones of the section Piripea enumerated in 
my Scrophularines Indies, all the American 
Buchneras and five species now first de- 
scribed. Striga would include Brown's 
two Australian species, the East Indian 
species of the section Campuleia d my 
ScrophularinesB Indies, the two species of 
Thonning's described by Schumacher, and 
three new ones. 

To these genera I have to add two new 
ones, Rhamphicarpa, distinguished chiefly 
by the oblique capsule, containing the Ge- 
rardia tubulosa, Linn., and two unpublish- 
ed species ; and Cycnium, a MSS. name of 
Mr. E. Meyer's, under which I have joined 
two South African plants intermediate in 
some respects between the Bttchnerete and 
the Gerardiea. In the one, C, adonense, 
the capsule appears to be fleshy and inde- 
hiscent, the flower is that of an Escabedia, 
but unfortunately in all the specimens I 
possess, the stamina are eaten away by in- 
sects ; the other, C, racemosum, has a much 
shorter-tubed corolla, and the capsule is 
not yet formed in the specimens before 
me, but the stamina are perfect and pre- 
cisely those of the BuchnerecB; and the 
remarkable calyx in both species has in- 
duced me to join them, taking the generic 
character from the one or the other accord- 
ing as I have been able to examine them. 
If I am wrong, it will be for future Bo- 
tanists to correct my error from more per- 
fect specimens. 

The group of Manulea, which are all 
South African, has been usually considered 
as containing two genera : the Cc^ Erini 
or Nycterinia, with bifid lobes to the co- 
rolla, and Manulea, with entire lobes, a 
distinction which however is not practically 
followed up, for the Erinus fragrant, Ait, 
and E. tristis, Thunb., have the lobes en- 
tire, or nearly so, nor is it at all conform- 
able to habit ; besides, there are so many 
species in which the lobes are so slightly 
emarginate as to render it impossible to 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE^, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



359 



determine to which group they should be 
referred, that I have attached little or no 
importance to that character. At the same 
time the species now known consist of seve- 
ral groups really very different from each 
other in appearance, and I have therefore 
sought to divide them upon other principles. 

The calyx has afforded the first charac- 
ters. In some it is tubular, shortly divided 
into five teeth, disposed in two lips, which, 
as the capsule swells, are split nearly or 
quite to the base. In the others the five 
divisions are from the first flowering equally 
split to below the middle. This distinction 
appears also to be universally accompanied 
by another circumstance, that in the former 
group the withered corolla remains even 
at the maturity of the capsule, whilst in 
the other it falls off long before. 

The first of these groups again contains 
two series of plants, too different in habit 
to be united into one genus, and the sta- 
mina have furnished a good character. In 
the one which contains most of the Cape 
Erini, and for which I have therefore re- 
tained Don's name of Nycterinia, the up- 
per pair of stamina are inclosed in the tube 
with oblong-linear anthers, and the lower 
pair are placed at the mouth with shorter 
ovate anthers, sometimes sterile or entirely 
wanting. In the other series, which I have 
named Polycarena, from the number of 
small heads in which the flowers are usu- 
ally collected, the anthers are all similar 
to each other, and appear at the mouth of 
the tube, or are quite exserted. 

Nycterinia will naturally follow imme- 
diately afler the Eubuchnerecs. Like them, 
many of the species dry black, and the 
valves of the capsule, although bifid, are 
olWn coriaceous. The tube of the corolla 
is always long, and the inflorescence spi- 
cate. The limb of the corolla is sometimes 
deeply bifid, sometimes entire, thus sepa- 
rating the species into two sections, too 
closely allied in all other characters as well 
as in habit to be considered as distinct ge- 
nera. To the first section I have referred 
JErintis maritimus, lychnideus, africanus, 
and selaginoides, Thunb., E, capensis, 
Linn., (which is probably E. (Bthiopicus, 



Thunb.), and five new species, to the second 
Manulea divaricata, Thunb., and probably 
also Erintu mUosus, Thunb., with two new 
species. 

Polycarena, with the calyx and persist- 
ent corolla of Nycterinia has a very differ- 
ent habit. It consists of low-growing an- 
nuals, the flowers are often very small, 
collected into heads which afterwards 
lengthen out into spikes, and the flowers, 
in the dry state at least, are yellow or 
whitish, without ever turning black. The 
floral leaf adheres to the very short pedi- 
cel, or even to the calyx, as in Phyllopo- 
dium. In the Polycarena capensis and 
gilioides, the tube of the corolla is elon- 
gated, but the habit and stamina suffici- 
ently distinguish them from Nycterinia. 

To Polycarena I refer the Manulea 
plantaginea, capillaris and cethiopica of 
Thunberg, which appears different from 
the Euchnera athiopica of Linnaeus, and 
the Buchnera capensis, Linn., or Manulea 
capensis, Thunb., with four new species. 

The second group of Manulea, or those 
with a regular bifid calyx and a corolla al- 
most always deciduous, may also be sub- 
divided according to whether the stamina 
be exserted with uniform anthers, or in- 
cluded, two of them at least, within the 
tube of the corolla with dissimilar anthers. 
Amongst those which have the exserted 
stamina, the Buchnera viscosa, Linn., (to 
which I refer the Manulea ccerulea, Thunb.) 
must stand alone, on account of its rotate 
corolla. It forms my genus Sphenandra. 
The remaining species form two groupes so 
very different in habit, that although the 
characters are not so positive as could be 
wished, I have adopted them as separate 
genera. 

The one which I have called PhyUopo- 
dium, is closely allied to the small-flowered 
PolycarencB, and indeed is scarcely to be 
distinguished, but by the equally five-clefl 
calyx and more deciduous corolla. Like 
in Polycarena, the floral leaf adheres to 
the pedicel (usually very short) ,so as to 
appear to proceed from its apex, whence 
the generic name. This character and the 
minute corolla, besides the habit, alone 



330 



SYMOPilS OF THE BUCHN£RE.£, 1. TUIBE OF SCBOPUULAEIACEiE. 



distinguish the genua from CluBnostoma, 
In appearance some species come so near 
to the Selagines as only to be known from 
them by an inspection of the ovarium or 
fruit, on which account there is much doubt 
about the old species. I have, however, 
determined with tolerable certainty, as 
species of Phyllopodium, the Manulea 
cuneifolia, capitata and heterophyUa of 
Linn, and Thunb., and added three new 
species. 

Next to Phyllopodium and Sphenandra, 
I should place Chcmostoma, which like 
them has exserted anthers, but has a co- 
rolla contracted at the base into a tube 
which is often elongated, and always cam- 
panulate or infundibuliform at the orifice. 
In this respect Chcenostoma differs also 
from the Manulea with included stamina, 
and it is most readily distinguished from 
Phyllopodium by the floral leaves, which 
do not adhere to the pedicel. It includes 
the Manulea lintfolia, integrifolia, revo- 
luta, cephalotes, cordata, and hispida of 
Thunb., which last is the M. oppositiflora 
Vent, with the Buchnera telhiopica, 
Linn., Bud foBtida, Andr. (Manulea foBtida 
and altemifolia, Pers.), and seventeen 
species which I have not been able to refer 
to any published descriptions. 

The remaining ManukcB, with a five-cleft 
cal3rz, deciduous corolla, and included dis- 
similar anthers, again comprehend two 
groups different in habit but difficult to 
characterize, at least from dried specimens. 
To the first of them I have given the name 
of Lyperia, partly because it contains the 
Erinus tristis, and other species with that 
peculiar-coloured flower, and partly because 
the corolla almost constantly, and often the 
whole plant dry black ; on which account 
no doubt it is that they seem to have been 
as often referred to Erinus as to Manulea, 
It is characterized chiefly by the two upper 
lobes of the limb of the corolla forming a 
sort of upper lip, and the tube being more 
or less gibbous or incurved near the apex, 
and usually viscous. In the true Manu- 
lea^, on the contrary, the lobes of the co- 
rolla are equal and equidistant, or the four 
upper ones are rather longer and more 



joined than the lower one (whence the 
name Manulea), the tube is straighter and 
either downy or glabrous. In inflorescence 
they are very different; in Lyperia the 
pedicels are constantly uniflorous and ax- 
illary, or if racemose or spicate, they have 
leafy bmctes at the base, whilst the flowers 
of Manulea usually form a compound ra- 
ceme with many-flowered peduncles, or if 
the raceme is simple the bractee are very 
minute. In Lyperia, moreover, the flow- 
ers are never of that bright orange-red 
which is the usual colour in Manulea. In 
both genera the tube of the corolla is long 
and slender, the orifice not dilated, and the 
lobes of the limb vary from entire to emar- 
ginate, and even bifid. 

To Lyperia may be referred the Erinus 
simplex, incisus, and tristis, Thunb., the 
E.fragrans, Ait., the Manulea micro- 
phylla, argentea, pinnaiifida, Thunb., 
Buchnera pedunculata, Andr., Man. viola' 
cea. Link, which appears to be the Erinus 
patens, Thunb., and sixteen species, which 
I believe to be hitherto unpublished. Ma- 
nulea, as above defined, would be limited, 
among published species, to the M. incana, 
tomentosa,cheiranihus,thyrsi/lora, corym- 
bosa, altissima and ncbra of linn, and 
Thunb., the M. angustifolia. Link, being 
referable to M. rubra, and M. rhynchan- 
tha to M, cheiranthus. I have, in addition 
to these, now described twenty new spe- 
cies. 

Of the remaining Buchnerea of authors, 
Erinus tomeniosus, Thunb., Manulea an- 
tirrhinoides, virgata and hirta, Linn, or 
Thunb., and Manulea crystallina,Weiian., 
are evidently either Lyperi4B or Chtenos- 
tomaia, but I cannot recognize them in 
any of the specimens before me ; Buch- 
nera canadensis, and Erinus Peruvianus 
and laciniatus, Linn., have already been 
referred to Verbena, Bxid Buchnera grandi- 
fiora, Linn, to Escobedia, Buchnera cemua, 
cuneifolia ^xA pinnaiifida form a Selagine- 
ous genus to which Mr. £. Meyer has given 
the MSS. name of Chascanum; Buchn. 
cordifolia, Linn., is Streptium asperum, 
Roxb., and Erinus Africanus, Schum. PI. 
Guin. 278, (excl. Syn. omn.^ is evidently 



TJB.J1X. 




SYNOPSIS OF THB DUCHNEREJE^ A TBIBE OF SCROPHULABIACE^. 



361 



a Herpestis, and probably H. Mon* 
niera. 

In their geographical distribution^ the 
BuchneretB are all extra-europ©an. The 
genus Striga extends over the southern 
portion of Africa and Asia to North Aus- 
tralia on the one hand^ and to South China 
on the other ; Buchnera, within the same 
limits in the Old World, is found in the 
New World East of the Andes from the 
United States to the Rio Grande ; Rham- 
phicarpa is South and Tropical African 
with one species extending into East India, 
Cycnium and the whole of the Manule<B 
are South African, and, as far as hitherto 
known, extra-tropical. 

CONSPECTUS OF THE OBNEEA. 

* CapsukB valvulm integrts. 

1. Strioa. Corolla tubus abrupte in- 
curvus, limbus bilabiatus. 

2. BucHNEEA. Calyx breviter tubulo- 
sus 5-dentatus. Corolla hypocrateriformis. 
Capsula recta. 

8. Rhamphicabpa. Calyx campanu- 
latus 5-fidus. Corolla hypocrateriformis. 
Capsula oblique rostrata. 

4. Cycnium. Calyx longe tubulosus 
foliaceus. CbroZ/a hypocrateriformis. Cap- 
sula recta, camosa. 

** CapsulcB valvuks bifidm. 

6. Nyctebinia. Calyx bilabiatus. 
Stamina 2 inclusa, antheris oblongo-line- 
aribus, 2 subexserta, antheris brevibus vel 
abortiva. 

6. Polycabena. Calyx bilabiatus. 
Antherts omnes exsert® consimiles. 

7. Phyllopodium. Calyx 5-fidu8. 
Anthera omnes exsertse consimiles. J9rac- 
ietB pedicello adnatse. 

8. Sphenandba. Calyx 5-fidus. An- 
thers consimiles exsertse. Corolla rotata. 

9. Chjsnostoma. Calyx 5'Mus, An- 
ther<8 exserts consimiles. Bractea a pedi- 
cello hberse. Corolla campanulata vel in- 
fundibuliformis. 

10. Lypebia. Calyx 5-fidus. An- 
thercB 2 inclusee oblongo-lineares, 2 ad 
faucem vel inclusse breves. CotoWb tubus 
apice gibbus vel incurvus, limbo subbila- 
biato. Pedunculi axillares vel in racemis 
vel spicis foliaceo-bracteatis dispositi. 



11. Manulea. Calyx 5-fidus. An- 
thera 2 inclussB longiores, 2 ad faucem 
vel inclusee breves. Corolke tubus rectus, 
limbus subsqualis. JRacemus nudus ss- 
pius compositus. 

I. Stbioa. Lour. 

Buchneree sp., Linn, et Auct — Campu- 
leia, Dup. Thou, Gen. nSt, Mad. 

Calyx breviter tubulosus, costis 5 — 16 
elevatisstriatus, inter costas membranaceus, 
apice 5-dentatus vel semi-5-fidus, dentibus 
scepius subulato-acuminatis ; rarius abortu 
4-dentatus. Corolla tubus tenuis, ad medi- 
um vel seepius supra medium abrupte incur- 
vus, limbus bilabiatus, labio superiore ssepi- 
us breviore integro emarginato vel bifido, 
inferiore trifido. Stamina didynama tubo 
inclusa. Capsula recta, valvidis subcoria- 
ceis integris, matuntate elastice dehiscen- 
tibus, medio septifehs. Herbie Africans 
vel Asiatics scahrm, siccitate scspius nigri- 
cantes, interdum more Orobanchidum pa- 
rasiiiccB. Folia infima opposita, superiora 
altema, nunc squamteformia, scEpius line* 
aria, integerrima vel rarissime pauciden- 
taia,floralia conformia gradatim minora. 
Flores axillares solitarii sessiles, in spicas 
terminates dispositi, stepius minute bibrac- 
teati. 

* Folia squarruBformia. 

1. S. orobanchioides, glabra, ramosa, 
foliis minutis squamsformibus, floralibus 
lanceolatis calyce brevioribus. Tab. XIX. 

Buchnera orobanchioides, Br. Bndl. in 
Bot. Zeit. 1832. 2. 388. t 2.—Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 40. 

Buchnera hydrabadensis, Roth. Nov. Pi. 
Spec. 292. 

Buchnera gesnenoides, Willd. Spec. PL 
3.338. 

Orobanche Indica, Spreng. Syst 2. 817. 
non Roxb. 

Hab. Senegambia, Endlicher, Abys- 
sinia, Brown, South-East Africa from 
Steenboksvlakte in the district of Uiten- 
hage, Ecklon, to Delagoa Bay, Forbes, 
East Indian Peninsula, Wight, %lc., and 
plains as far as Saharunpur, Royle. (v. s.) 

I here copy Dr. Wight's description 
made from living specimens, observing 
only that I find the calyx as oflen unequally 



362 SYNOPSIS OP THE BUCHNEREiE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.E. 



five-cleft, as figured in the plate (which is 
presumed by Dr. Wight to have been an 
error in his draughtsman) as four-cleft, as 
mentioned in the description : — 

" Parasitic, from three to eight inches 
high. Root tuberous, about the size of a 
walnut. Stem none, unless the unbranch- 
ed portion of the scape can be so called. 
Scape simple at the base, and furnished 
with scattered scales, branched upwards, 
and furnished with a few distant opposite 
scales or bracteas: the whole is covered 
with short stiff hairs. Scales and bracteas 
lanceolate. Flowers sessile, surrounded 
with three bracteas. Calyx shortly hairy, 
four-cleft; segments lanceolate, with a 
broad daik line or nerve running from the 
apex of each down to the base of the ca- 
lyx-tube. Corolla glabrous, of a pale se- 
pia-tint, hypocrateriform ; tube three times 
the length of the calyx, slender, arched 
near the top : limb five-partite ; the lowest 
segment the largest, and with the two late- 
ral ones obovate and slighUy retuse ; the 
two upper recurved smaller than the others, 
oblong obtuse. Stamens four, inserted 
above the middle of the tube, two of them 
a litUe longer than the others, all glabrous. 
Ovary ovate, slightly compressed, ovules 
very numerous. Style slender, straightish, 
a little shorter than the tube of the corolla, 
persistent. Stigma simple, thickened. 
Capsule ovate, slightly compressed, two- 
valved, loculicidal. Seeds minute, oval, 
slightly pitted. 

" This I first found on low hills at Pa- 
laveram, near Madras, parasitic on the roots 
of Lepidagathis cristata, I afterwards ga- 
thered it in a similar soil and situation near 
Madura, but did not ascertain the plant on 
which it grew. The specimens figured are 
from hills in the Salem district." 

Tab. XIX. Fig. I. Cal^x laid open to show the 
Pistil. 2. Corolla laid open, showing the Stamens. 
S. Section of the Ovary .-^magmJUd, 

** Folia elongata. Calyces b-striati. 
Corolla versus apicem incurva, 

2. S, humifusa, prostrata, scabra, foliis 
obovato-oblongis obtusis, spicis brevibus 
paucifloris, calycibus 5-striatis .?, corolla 
tubo glabro. 



Browallia humifusa, ForsL FL JEg, 
Arab. 12. 

Buchnera humifusa, Vahl. Symb. 3. 81. 

Has. Mountains of Hadje, in Arabia, 
Forskahl (v. s, in Herb. Banks,) 

From the very imperfect specimen in the 
Banksian Herbarium, I have not been able 
to ascertain whether the calyx is in fact 
five-ribbed, but the form of the leaves and 
procumbent stem will readily distinguish it 
from all others. 

3. S, parviflora, pusilla, scaberrima, 
foliis linearibus integerrimis strictis, caly- 
cibus 5-8triatis, coroUc pubescentis labio 
superiore integro inferiore vix duplo bre- 
viore. 

Buchnera parviflora, Br, Prod, 294. 

Hab. Australia, Keppel Bay on the 
East Coast, Broitm, (v, s,) 

A small plant, but little branched ; flow- 
ers smaller than in any other species. 

4. S, aspera, foliis linearibus integerri- 
mis strictis ramisque calloso-tuberculosis et 
pilis patentibus rigidis ciliolatis, calycibus 
5-striatis, corollis glabris tubo elongato 
tenui, labio superiore emarginato inferiore 
duplo breviore. 

Euphrasia aspera, Willd, Spec. 3. 197. 

Buchnera aspera, Schum. Beskr. PL 
Guin, 280. 

Hab. Western Tropical Africa, Guinea, 
Willdenow, Ningo,* Thonning, Cape Coast, 
Herb. Banks, (v, s.) 

The Banksian specimen is more branchy 
than described by Schumacher, and the 
flowers are not so large as in Glechoma, 
yet I have no doubt it is the same species. 
It closely resembles S, parviflora, but dif- 
fers in the corolla, which is twice as large, 
and in the more regular and greater hispi- 
dity of the plant. 

6. S. curviflora, scaberrima, foliis elon- 
gato-linearibus integerrimis subpatentibus, 
calycibus 6-striatis, corollse tubo pubes- 
cente, labio superiore retuso inferiore tri- 
partite ter breviore. 

Buchnera curviflora, Br. I Prod. 294. 

Hab. Australia, on the North coast, 
Brovm, (y. *.) 

Allied in habit to S. euphrasioides and 
coccinea, diflers from the former by the 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEBBiE, A TBIBB OF SCEOPHULABIACBiE. 



363 



oalyXf from the latter by both calyx and 
corolla. 

6. S. mukiflara, scabra, ramosissima; 
foliis elongato-linearibus patentibus, spicis 
elongatis laxis, calycibus 5-coatatiSj corol- 
lis glabris^ labio superiore bifido inferiore 
tripartito panim breviore. 

Has. Australia, on the islands West 
of Goulbum Island, North coast, A. Cun- 
ningham, (v, s,) 

Distinct both in the long almost decum- 
bent habit, and in the form of the flower, 
which is about the size of that of jS^. coc- 
dnea, 

7. S. dens^ra, humilis, glabriuscula, 
scaberrima, foliis lanceolato-linearibus sub- 
squarrosis, floribus densis approximatis, 
calycibus ovatis 5-striatis, coroUis glabris, 
labio superiore emarginato inferiore bis 
terve breviore. 

Buchnera asiatica, VahL Symb. S. 61. ? 
Linn,! Spec, 879, ex parte, 

Buchnera densiflora, Benth, Scroph. 
Ind. 41. 

Has. East Indian Peninsula, Heyne, 
&c., and plains of India as far as Saharun- 
pur, Royle. (v. s,) 

A small rigid plant, three to five inches 
high, and but little branched ; in some re- 
spects resembling S, Thunbergii, Flowers 
smaller, the lobes of the limb shorter and 
broader. It differs also from that species 
in the remarkably patent, often recurved 
leaves. 

8. S. Thunbergii, hispido-scabra, stricta, 
subsimplex, foliis lanceolate - linearibus 
erectis, floralibus lanceolatis adpressis 
nervo subtus margineque ciliato-hispidis, 
spica dense, calycibus 5-striatis, coroUee 
tubo pubescente apice recurvo inflate, limbi 
labiis parum insequalibus lobis oblongis. 

Buchnera asiatica, Linn.! Spec, 879, 
ex parte. 

Buchnera bilabiata, Thunb. Fl, Cap. 465. 

Buchnera linearifolia, Schum, Beskr. 
PI, Guin, 279. ? 

B. grandiflora. 

Had. Extratropical South Africa, in 
the district of Uitenhage, and in Cafferland 
and Tambukiland, Eclclon, Drege, &c. in 
the valley of Frideriksberg, in Guinea, 



Thanning ? — 0. in Cafferland, Drege, 
Ecklon, (y. s,) 

Taller and more erect than S. deutiflora, 
it is easily distinguished by its imbricate 
floral leaves, and the remarkably dilated 
apex of the tube of the corolla. The flower 
varies much in size, being from six io eight 
or ten lines in length. I have very little 
doubt that Tbonning's plant is the same 
species, for though the pubescence of the 
plant is not absolutely appressed, it may 
be said to be so in coinparison to that of 
B. aspera, 

*♦• Folia elongata. Calyx 10 — 16- 
striatiLS, Corolla versus apicem incurva. 

9. S, elegans, hirsuto-scaberrima, stric- 
ta, subsimplex, foliis lanceolato-linearibus 
erectis subadpressis hispidis, floralibus 
coneimilibus calyces eequantibus, calycibus 
lO-striatis, coroUfe tubo pubescente, limbi 
lobis oblongis labio superiore bifido infe- 
riore parum breviore. 

Hab. Southern extratropical A£rica, 
Herb, Hooker, Cafferland, Drege. (v. s.) 

Stature and habit nearly that of S. Thun- 
bergii 0, but less rigid, the flowers rather 
larger, and like S, lutea, the whole plant 
is very hairy, and scarcely turns black in 
drying. 

10. S. lutea, (Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 22 ?) 
hirsuto-scaberrima, foliis elongato-lineari- 
bus patentibus inferioribus lanceolatis, spi- 
cis elongatis, calycibus 10 — 15-striati8, 
corollsB luteee tubo glabro, limbi lobis obo- 
vatis, labio superiore emarginato inferiore 
duplo breviore. 

Buchnera hirsuta. Wall. — Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 41. 

B. asiatica, Linn, Spec. 879, ex parte, 

Hab. East Indian Peninsula, Wight, 
Bengal, Wallich, Saharunpur, Royle, 
Macao, Herb. Banks.? and Canton, 
Loureiro ? (v, s,) 

Habit lax and branching, or, when 
young, more rigid and simple, seldom 
turning black when dry, height from six 
inches to a foot 

11. S. ph(Bnicea, humilis, villosa, sca- 
berrima, foliislanceolatis obtusis patentibus, 
spicis densis, calycibus lO-striatis, corollis 
phseniceis glabris, limbi lobis obovatis, la- 



364 



8YN0P8I6 OF THE BUCHNBRSJB, A T&IBfi OP 8CR0PHULARIACBJE. 



bio superiore emarginato infenore duplo 

breviore. 

Buchneraphsenicea, Wall Benih. /.c.41. 
Hab. East Indian Peninsula, (v. «.) 
Very near S, lutea, from which it may 

not be really distinct, although it appears 

so from dried specimens, and is said to 

have a red flower. 

12. S. coccinea, glabriuscula, scabra, 
foliis elongato-linearibus, calycibus oblon- 
gis lO-striatis, spicis laxis, corollis cocci- 
neis glabris, limbi lobis oboTatis, labio su- 
periore emarginato inferiore duplo breviore. 

Campuleia coccinea. Hook,! Exot, Fl, 
3. t 203. 

Buchn. coccinea, Benth, Scroph. Ind, 40. 

B. asiatica, Linn,/ Spec. 879, ex parte. 

Hab. Tropical Africa and Southern 
Asia: Sierra Leone, Herb, Banks., Caf- 
ferland, near Port Natal and Omcomas, 
Drege, Mozambique, Forbes, Mauritius, 
Teyhir, East Indian Peninsula, Heyne, 
Macao, Herb. Banks. ? (v. s.) 

This comes nearest the laxer specimens 
of S. lutea, but is much more glabrous, 
and usually dries black. I am doubtful 
whether the Macao specimens in the Bank- 
aian Herbarium (which appear to be the 
same as those described by Loureiro) be- 
long to this species, or to the S, lutea, as 
they are in some measure intermediate, 
and the colour of the flower described by 
Loureiro as yellow, appears red from the 
dried specimens. 

This species has been supposed by 
Hooker to be the one described by Dupe- 
tit-Thouars as parasitical. From the dried 
specimens it has less of that appearance than 
the S. lutea, and especially the S. Thun- 
bergii, which latter has also red flowers. 

13. S. glahrata, glabriuscula, scabra, 
foliis elongato-linearibus, calycibus oblon- 
gis 10 — 15-8triatis, spica tenui, corollis 
(csrulescentibus ?) glabris, limbi lobis 
oblongis, labio superiore emarginato infe- 
riore duplo breviore. 

Buchnera asiatica, Benih. Scroph. Ind. 
40. Linn. Spec. 879 ex parte. 

Hab. East India, Nepal, and moun- 
tains of Ava, Wallich, dso in the Penin- 
sula? (v. s.) 



Much more slender than any of the pre- 
ceding, it evidently comes near the S. eu- 
phrasioides, but differs in its glabrous 
corolla. The flowers are said to be bluish, 
they dry nearly of the colour of those of jS. 
euphrasioides. I had originally considered 
this to be the one Linnaeus had specially in 
view in describing his B. asiatica, but I 
find from his herbarium that he applied that 
name to all the Strig^e he was acquainted 
with, I have therefore thought it adviaeable, 
in removing the present species to the genus 
Striga, to alter its specific name. 

14. S. euphrasioides, glabriuscula, sca- 
bra, foliis elongato-linearibus integerrimis 
paucidentatisque, calycibus oblongis sub- 
15-striati8, coroUse tubo pubescente. 

Buchnera euphrasioides, VaM, Symb. 
3.81. 

Buchnera angustifolia, Don. Prod. FL 
Nep. 91. 

Buchnera asiatica, Linn. Spec. 879. 
ex parte. 

Hab. East India from the Peninsula 
to the mountains of the North, Wight, 
WaUich, Royle, ^c. (v. s.) 

Distinguished from all the preceding 
ones of this section by the pubescent corolla, 
and long striated calyx. 

15. S. Masuria, elata, scaberrima, foliis 
integerrimis linearibus appressis strictis, 
calycibus sub-15-8triatis elongatis, corolle 
tubo elongate tenuiter pubescente limbo 
amplo. 

Buchnera Masuria, Hamilton, Benth. 
Scroph. Ind. 41. 

Hab. East India; mountains of Mo- 
rang, Hamilton, Prome, •WaUich. (p. s.) 

Flowers twice as large as in & euphra- 
sioides. 

16. S. Forbesii, elata, scaberrima, pu- 
bescens, foliis lineari-lanceolatis dentatis, 
calycibus profunde fissis lO-striatis laciniis 
linearibus foliaceis, coroUse tubo elongato 
tenuiter pubescente versus apicem incurvo. 

0. grandiflora. 

Hab. Madagascar and Mozambique, 
Forbes, (v. s.) 

Near S. Masuria, but less rigid and the 
leaves broader. Calyx seven to eight lines 
long. Corolla about the size of that of S. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEBEJB^ A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEA. 365 

Masuria and in the var. 6, nearly as large'as Has. Tropical Brazil. Sello. 

in Rhainphicarpa tubiflora, 2. J9. palustris (Spreng. Syst. 2. 805)^ 

**♦* Corolla ad medium abrupte in- scabra, subglabra, caule tenui subramoso, 
curva, foliis anguste lineahbus integerrimis vel 

17. S. kermonthica, pilosiuscula, sea- infimis parvis obovatis, spica laxa pauci- 
bra, foliis linearibus, floralibus lanceolatis flora^ bracteis lanceolato-linearibus^ corol* 
ciliatis, calycibus 5-8triatis, corolle tubo lae tubo calyce subduplo longiore, calyce 
glabriusculo ad medium incurvo, limbo fnictifero recto, 
amplo. Piripea palustris. AubL PL Guian. 2. 

Buchnera hermonthica, Del Fl, jEgypt 628. 1 253. 

Hab. Western Africa, Upper Egypt, Hab. Guiana. Avhlet, Leprieur, (y. s.) 
near Silsileh, Jordan, Mozambique, For- 3. B. elongata (Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 
bes. (v. s.) 2. 1061), strigoso-scabra, caule subsimplici 

A handsome species above a foot high l>asi folioso, foliis oblongis integerrimis, 

with a long spike of large red flowers. superioribus linearibus, spica laxa pauci- 

II. Buchnera. Linn, flora, corollsBtubocalyce subduplo longiore, 

Piripea. Aubl. PL Guian. '^^^ fnictifero recto 

Ca/yibrevitertubulosus obscure 10-ner- B-V^^o^SchlecJU. Linna>aS.^. 
Tius, apice breviter S-dentatus. CotoIUb , ^ab. Central and South Amen«i: 
hypocrateriformis tubus tenuis exaertus, J^"'^' J'^T'' ^^JT' ^T^*/ 
rectus vel parum incurvus, Umbus pa- ^"'^^^ ^^1*^% "»! ^^'j ^f^' 
tens subaqualis 5-fidu8, laciniis oblongis SeUo;^.o Grande, ^eedte^v. s.) 
vel obovatis. Stamina didynama, tube J- ^"^"^ (»'• ^^-J^)' ^f^"' 
inclusa. Cqp«*fa recta yalvulissubcoria- »ubglabra, caule tenm subramoso. folus 
ceis integris. maturitate elastice dehiscen- '^^S^ ^f ««"!>"» mtegerrums. spicu laxi. 
tibus, medio septiferis. Herb« ^/rican*, uscuhs, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis cxUatui. 
A^iatica^. velAmericaruB, s<epius scoJbrm, f""*!^ P"'" tubogracih calyce subduplo 

.... , . v^i- ;^r.,-,„ ^^ lonefiore, calyce fnictifero vix incurve. 

siccUale nigncantes. Folia tnferiora op- "o ' ^ ,>.t _xi. ^ n 

,. j: 1 ^ Hab. Australia : North coast, Broton, 

posxta, suprema altema, tnfima laiiora " • r / \ 
saq>edentaia. superiora angtuHora remota ^- Cunningham, {y. s.) 
plerumque integerrima ; floralia bract&B- 1° Mr. Brown's specimens the calyx is 
formia, saspissime calyce breviora. Flores slightly pubescent, in Mr. Cunningham's it is 
tolUarii. sessiles, bibracteati, in spicam glabrodsandtheflowersare more numerous. 
terminalemdisposUi. 5. A /tWam (Br. Prod. 293), scabra, 

• Spica rara vel densa.nonimbricata. fol"s oblongis, supenonbus Imeanbus 

Obs. The species of this division, with o^tusis integerrimis, spica rara, bracteis 
the exception ofthe.B.>«cfia distinguished inferioribus linearibus supenonbus ovato- 
by its peculiar habit, £. hispida by its lanceolatis, calycibus pubescentibus vix 
long hairs, and B. macrantha by its flowers, incurvis, corolte tubo breviter exserto. 
are all so much alike, and run into one an- Hab. Australia: Carpentaria, Br. (v. *.) 
other by a series of characters so minute or 6. B. pubescens. scabra, foliis infenor- 
vague, that, had I been better acquainted ib"8 oblongis supenonbus Imeanbus om- 
with the American species and possessed nibu3integerrimisobtusi8,spicismulUflons, 
more numerous specimens, I should have bracteis ovato-lanceolatis subciliatis, caly- 
been much disposed to have considered cibus pubescentibus subincurvis fnictifens 
them as mere varieties of each other. ore obliquis, corollas tubo breviter exserto. 

1. B.juncea (Cham, et Schlecht. Lin- Hab. Australia: Marshy lands on the 
nsa, 2. 690) caule simplici junceo foliis Endeavour River, North coast, A. Cun- 
quadrifariisadpressi8ve8tito,paniculabre- n»»^*<"»- ("•'•) . ,„ „ , ^-v 
vicontractateminali. 7. B. ramomnma (Br. Prod. 295.) 



366 



SYNOPSIS OP THE BUCHNBRB^, A TRIBB OP SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



scabra, ramosa, foliis rameis integerrimis 
lineari-lanceolatis, spicis elongatis multi- 
floris, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis subciliatis, 
corollie tube calyce florilero incunro plus 
dimidio longiore apice piloso^hispido, ca- 
lyce fnictifero rectiusculo. 

Hab. Australia: East coast (Thirsty 
Sound), jR. Brown ; York Sound North 
coast. A, Cunningham, (y. s.) 

8. B. dura, glabra vel basi hispidula, 
caule subramoso foliis in6inis obovatis 
superioribus oblongis integerrimis supre- 
mis linearibus, spica apice condensata mul- 
tiilora, bracteis orato-lanoeolatis subciliatis, 
corolle tubo exserto, capsula calycem fruc- 
tiferum rectum subsquante. 

Hab. Eztratropieal South Africa: 
Eastern districts^ Uitenhage, Gafferland, 
JScklon, Drege, (v. #.) 

9. B, glahruta, glabra vel basi yix 
hispidula, caulibus erectis subsiroplicibus, 
foliis inferioribus late obovatis superioribus 
hnearibus oblongisve, spica condensata 
brevi, bracteis ovato-lanceolatis, coroUos 
tubo ezsertO; capsula calyce recto dimidio 
longiore. 

Hab. Eztratropieal South Africa: 
Herh, Hooker; Cape district near Ron- 
debosch, Ecklon. Katberg, Drege? , (v. s.) 

10. B, gracilis (Br. Prod. 293), caule 
simplici glabro, foliis inferioribus obovatis 
superioribus oblongis omnibus obtusis 
integris, spica rara, bracteis ciliatis calyce 
dimidio brevioribus, capsule apice ex- 
serto. 

Hab. Australia, near Port Jackson, H. 
Broum. (v. s.) 

11. B, asperata (Br.' Prod. 294), sea- 
berrima, foliis inferioribus lanceolato-ob- 
longis paucidentatis, superioribus lineari- 
lanceolatis integerrimis, bracteis lanceolato- 
ovatis calyce duplo brevioribus, calycibus 
fructiferis apice obliquis, capsulis inclusis. 

angustifolia. 

Hab. Australia : North coast, R.Brovm, 
^.Goulbum Island,.^. Cunningham, (v.s.) 

12. B. urtic(Bfblia (Br. Prod. 293), sea- 
bra, glabriuscula vel pubescens, foliis infimis 
approximatis oblongis obtusis mediisque 
dentatis lanceolatis distantibus, spica laxa, 



bracteis lanceolatis ciliatis calyce breviori- 
bus, corollfB tubo calyce subduplo longiore, 
capsulee apice ezserto. 

Hab. Australia: Port Curtis, East coast, 
a, Brovm, (c. #.) 

13. B, hispida (Hamilt. in Don. Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 91.), pilis longia hispida, subsim- 
plex, basi foliosa, foliis oblongis subdentaXis^ 
superioribus linearibus, spica laxa multi- 
flora, coroUe tubo vix exserto. 

Hab. Gambia, Herb. Hooker. Moun- 
tains of East India, WaUich, JRayle, S^c., 
(V, s,) 

14 J9. .^mmcona (Linn. Spec. 879), pi- 
loso-hispida, scaberrima vel demum glabra- 
ta, caule subsimplicibasi folioso, foliis oblon- 
gis lanceolatisve subdentatis, superioribus 
linearibus, spica laxiuacula, corolla tubo 
calyce subduplo longiore, calyce fructifero 
recto. 

Hab. North America : Southern States 
to Saint Louis, Drummond; Mexico and 
Panama, (v, s.) 

The specimens from each locality in the 
United States differ from each other almost 
as much as the so called species of South 
America and other countries, but it would 
require much better materials than I possess 
to determine the value of these differences. 

15. B, macrantha, pubescenti-scabrs, 
foliis lanceolatis subdentatis remotis, spica 
laxiuscula, corollsB tubo hirsuto calyce 
quintuple longiore. 

Hab. SierraLeone. Herb. Banks, (v,s.) 
Habit nearly that of B. americana, but 
very different in its flowers. Calyx cover- 
ed with glutinous hairs. Corolla above an 
inch long, lobes of the limb large and broad. 
Obs, I have not seen the eleven following 
species but they are all said to be scarcely 
distinguishable from B. elongata, and 
probably form one species with that and B. 
americana. 

16. B. pusiUa (Humb. et Kunth, Nov. 
Gen. et Sp. Am. 2. 340.) "hispido-scabra. 
caule subsimplici teretiusculo, foliis sub- 
oppositis inferioribus obovatis oblongis su- 
perioribus linearibus integerrimis uniner- 
viis, spica solitaria, calyce tubo corollc 
breviore et capsulam superante." 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNBBE-fi, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



367 



Hab. New Granada. Humboldt. 

17. B. dtsHeha (Humb. et Kunth, L c), 
*' hispido-Bcabra, caule ramose subtetra- 
gono, foliis suboppositis linearibus integer- 
rimus uninerviis, spica solitaria disticha, 
calyce tubum coroUe sequante." 

Hab. Santa Fe de Bogota ? Humboldt. 

18. B. Umgifolia (Humb. et Kunth, 
1. c.) " glabriuBcula, caule ramoso tereti 
scabriusculo, foliis inferioribus oppositis 
anguste linearibus elongatis integerrimis 
trinerviis calloso-exasperatis, spica soli- 
taria, calyce tubo corollce breviore." 

Hab. With the preceding one, Hum- 
boldt. 

19. B. lUhospermifolia (Humb. et 
Kunth, 1. c. 341), " hispido-scabra, caule 
simplici teretiusculo supeme subtrigono, 
foliis inferioribus suboppositis linearibus 
subintegerrimis trinerviis, spicis solitariis, 
calyce corolla triplo breviore capsulam 
subaequante." 

Hab. On the Magdalen and in the 
plains of Bogota, Humboldt. 

20. B. temifolia (Humb. et Kunth, 
I. c.) " hispido-scabra, caule simplici tri- 
gono, foliis inferioribus ternis lanceolato- 
linearibus apicem versus remote serratis 
trinerviis, spica solitaria, tubo corolls caly- 
cem paulo superante." 

Hab. With the preceding species ? 
Humboldt. 

21. B. virgata (Humboldt et Kunth, 
L c. 342), "hispido-scabra, caule basi ra- 
moso, ramis virgatis subtetragonis, foliis 
oppositis lanceolato-linearibus integerrimis 
trinerviis, spicis paniculatis, calyce tubo 
corolla dimidio breviore capsulam duplo 
Buperante." 

Hab. New Andalusia, Humboldt. 

22. B, rosea (Humb. et Kunth, 1. c), 
" hispido-scabra, caulibus subcsspitosis 
simpUcibus teretiusculis, foliis inferioribus 
oppositis lanceolatis obtusiusculis apice 
subdentatis trinerviis, spicis compluribus 
congestis.'' 

Hab. Caraccas, Humboldt. 

23. B. macrocarpa (Humb. et Kunth, 
1. c), *' hispido-scabra, caule simplici tere- 
tiusculo, foliis inferioribus oppositis lan- 



ceolatis acutis basi angustatis apicem versus 
remote dentatis, spica solitaria, calyce tubo 
corolls capsulaque breviore/' 

Hab. New Andalusia ? Humboldt. 

24. B, ameihystina (Cham, et Schlecht. 
Linnsea, 2. 588.), " caule simplici infeme 
folioso, spicalaza pauciflora,bractea externa 
ovata acuta, calycis dentibus brevibus sub- 
cequalibus." 

Hab. Tropical Brazil, Sello. 

25. B. lobelioides, (Cham, et Schlecht. 
1. c. 589,) " caule simplici infeme folioso, 
spica laxa multiflora, bractea externa Ian- 
ceolata acutissima, calycis dentibus iiue- 
qualibus, anticis duobus majoribus." 

Hab. Tropical Brazil, Selio. 

26. J?. /avan«^u/acea(Cham.et Schlecht. 
L c), " caule simplici infeme folioso, foliis 
integerrimis subplicato-nervosis, spica den- 
siaora." 

Hab. Tropical Brazil, Selio. 

** Spica densa, imbricata, tetragona. 

27. B. stricta, glabriuscula, foliis line* 
aribus erectis strictis, spica tetragona im* 
bricata subglabra, bracteis ovato-lanceola- 
tis acutis nudis calycem sequantibus. 

Hab. China, Lord Mulgrave, in Herb. 
Banks, (v.s.) 

This species has not the large lower 
leaves of the three following; the stem is 
simple, about eight or nine inches high. 

2!8. B. cruciata (Hamilt. in Don. Prod. 
Fl. Nep. 91.), pubescens, foUis radicalibus 
obovatis, caulinis inferioribus oblongis su- 
perioribus linearibus, spica tetragona im- 
bricata pubescente, bracteis ovatis ciliatis 
calyce brevioribus. 

Hab. Mountains of Nepal and Prome, 
Wallich. (v. s.) 

Stem and leaves of B. hispida. Spike 
conical scarcely an inch long, at the matu- 
rity of the fruit about four or five lines in 
diameter. Calyx nearly cylindrical. 

29. B. ietrasticha ( Wall. — Benth. 
Scroph, Ind. 41.) pubescens vel glabrius- 
cula, elata, foliis oblongis lanceolatisve ob- 
tusis integerrimis, spica tetragona imbricata 
villosa, bracteis lato-ovatis calycem sequan- 
tibus. 

Hab. Burma, Wallich. (y. a.) 



368 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEBBiG, A TBIBB OP SCBOPHULABIACEA. 



Stems two feet high. Leaves numerous. 
Spikes two inches long very densely im- 
bricated, when in fruit seven or eight lines 
in diameter. Calyx very much depressed. 

30. B, tetragona (Br. Prod. 293.), gla- 
bra, elata, foliis oblongis lanceolatisve pau- 
cidentatis, spica tetragona imbricata glabra, 
bracteis lato-ovatis calycem superantibus. 

Hab. Australia: North coast, jR.J?rovny 
Goulburn Island, A, Cunningham, (r. s.) 

Differs from B. teirasticha (besides its 
smoothness) in the spike much less densely 
imbricate, and the leaves more distant on 
the stem. 

III. Rhamphicabpa. 

Calyx campanulatus, quinquefidus. Co- 
roUa tubo tenui longe exserto, limbo patente 
5-partito, laciniis obovatis subeequalibus. 
Stamina didynama, tubo inclusa. Capsula 
oblique mucronata vel rostrata, valvulis 
coriaceis integris. Herbs erecUs ramose, 
siccitate nigricantes, glabrm. Folia infe- 
riora opposita, superiora aUema, angusta, 
integra vel pinnatisecta, Flores breviter 
pedunculati, racemosi, sapius ehracteaii, 

1. R, longiflora, foliis pinnatisectis an- 
guste linearibus, corollie tubo recto limbo 
pluries longiore, capsule rostro subrecurvo. 

Buchnera longiflora, Wight, MSS. 

Had. Senegal (Isle of St. Louis), Le- 
prieur. East Indian Peninsula, Wight. 
Mountains of North India, Jaquemont. 
(V. s.) 

A small erect annual, very branchy, gla- 
brous. Segments of the leaves few and 
distant, smooth. Peduncles usually shorter 
than the calyx and naked, sometimes longer 
with a pair of bractes. Calyx deeply cleft, 
with long subulate segments, lanceolate 
at the base. Corolla white (drying bluish), 
tube an inch and a half long, lobes of the 
limb short, broad, truncate or emarginate. 

2. R. tvbulosa, foliis lanceolato-lineari- 
bus, integris, coroUae limbo tubo subincur- 
vo parum breviore, capsulis truncatis rostro 
brevi. 

Gerardia tubulosa, Linn, Suppl, 279. 

Hab. Extratropical South Africa : East- 
em portion of the Uitenhage district, Eck- 
Ion, Drege, 8^c. (y. s.) 



Whole plant glabrous. Stems erect a 
foot or more high, but little branched, 
smooth. Leaves smooth or slightly rough, 
narrowed at both ends, nearly all opposite. 
Peduncles rather longer than the calyx. 
Corolla white, dr3ring bluish; tube an inch 
long, slightly curved about the middle, lobes 
ofthe limb entire, obovate. Divisions of the 
calyx lanceolate about as long as the tube. 

3. R. curoiflora, foliis lanceolato-linea- 
ribus integris, corolle limbo tubo incurvo 
vix breviore, capsulis acinaciformibus. 

Hab. Madagascar and Mozambique. 
Forbes, (v. s,) 

Habit of R, tubulosa. Leaves narrower, 
divisions of the calyx longer, tube of the 
corolla more curved, with a larger limb. 
Capsule very oblique. 

IV. Cycnium. E. Meyer, MSS, 

Calyx basi bibracteatus, longe tubulosus, 
apice 5-Mus. CorolLs tubo cylindrico 
recto, limbo patente profunde 5-fido laciniis 
ovatis integris. Stamina tubo inclusa di- 
dynama. Capsula camosa, indehiscens(?) 
— Herbee Austro-AfricandB rigicUe scabr^ 
siccitate nigricantes. Folia opposita vel 
superiora aliema, grosse dentaia, Flores 
axiUares vel racemosi, 

1 C. adonense (E. Meyer, MSS.), caule 
procumbente, foliis ovatis oblongisve, fio- 
ribus sessilibus axillaribus, coroUae tubo 
calyce plus duplo longiore. 

Hab. Addo country, in the Uitenhage 
district, Drege, also in Ecklon's collection 
and the Linnaean Herbarium, (v. s.) 

All covered with very rigid short hair& 
Leaves sessile wedge-shaped atthebase,Ca- 
lyx above an inch long, open at the base as 
the capsule swells, divisions leafy three to 
four lines long. Corolla white, tube two and 
a half inches long, limb flat an inch and a 
half in diameter. Capsule oval, half an inch 
long, with very numerous seeds. 

2. C. racemosum, caule erecto, foliis 
lanceolatis, floribus pedunculatis racemosis, 
corollae tubo calycem vix lequante. 

Hab. Near Siloh on the Klipplaat river, 
on the eastern side ofthe Witsenberg, in 
Tambukiland, Ecklon. (v, s.) 

In habit somewhat resembling the Me- 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE^, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACE.C. 



369 



Ictsma scahra, or Rhamphicarpa tubulosa. 
Stem a foot high^ nearly simple^ scabrous. 
Leaves IJ — 2 inches long, with few teeth, 
contracted at the base, nearly all alternate. 
Pedicels short, bractes linear. Tube of the 
calyx 9 — 10 inches long, striated ; lobes of 
the limb lanceolato-subulate. Limb of the 
corolla 1 1 inch diameter. Anthers attached 
by their centre, pointed at the upper end. 
I have not seen the capsule, but from the 
appearance of the ovary it is probably fleshy. 

V. Nycterinia. Don. 

Erini sp., Linn, et AucL 

Calyx ovato-tubulosus, breviter 5-den- 
tatus, bilabiatus vel bipartitus. Corolla 
persistens, tubo elongato basi demum fisso, 
■ fauce sequali ssepe hispida, limbo patente 
Bubcequaliter 5-partito, laciniis bifidis in- 
tegrisve. Stamina didynama, superiora 
tubo inclusa antheris oblongis erectis, infe- 
riora ad faucem inserta antheris minoribus 
transversis ssepe sterilibus, nunc omnino 
abortiva. Capsula coriacea vel membra- 
nacea valvulis apice bifidis. Herbse suf- 
fruticesve Austro-Africana plus miniLsve 
viscosa siccitate scepe nigricantia. Folia 
tTifima opposita, superiora altema scepius 
patLcidentata, floralia scepius minora in- 
tegra calyce adpressa vel interdum adnata. 
Flores sessiles interrupte vel dense spicati. 

* Corolla lacini6B bifidcB, tubus tenuiter 
pubescens. Folia oblonga linearia vel 
lanceolata, 

1. N. coriacea, sufFruticosa, foliis flora- 
libus late lanceolatis obtusis dentatis crassis 
coriaceis villosis calyces coriaceos villosos 
duplo superantibus, spica elongata. 

Hab. Mountains near Cape Town, 
EckUm. (y. s.) 

Although the single specimen I have 
seen is but imperfect, yet it is evidently a 
very distinct species. In habit it comes 
near iV. divaricata but is much larger and 
more rigid, and has the flowers oiN. spath- 
(icea. Capsule larger than in any other 
species, and almost woody. 

2. N. spathacea, suflhiticosa, erecta, 
foliis obovato- vel oblongo-spathulatis infi- 
mis trinerviis, floralibus amplexicaulibus 
late lanceolatis oblongisve obtusis subinte- 
gerrimis uninerviis, omnibus coriaceis mar- 

TOL. I. 



gine et ad nervos pubescentibus caeterum 
glabris, spica elongata, calycibus elongatis 
folio florali parum brevioribus. 

Hab. Tambiikiland near Silo East of the 
Winterberg and on the Katriviersberg, Eck- 
Ion. At the top of the Witberg, Drege.(v.s,) 

Branches simple about a foot high, rigid, 
Floral leaves spathiform, near an inch long, 
and apparently coloured, but drying black 
like the rest of the plant. Spike much 
lengthened after flowering. Tube of the 
corolla above an inch and a half long. 

3. iV. maritima, suffruticosa erecta 
subglabra, foliis lanceolatis oblongisve ob- 
tusis subintegerrimis, floralibus late lance- 
olatis calyce parum superantibus omnibus 
subcoriaceis glabris, spica elongata densa 
multiflora. 

Erinus maritimus, Linn. — Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 4.14:. 

Hab. Uitenhage district. Sea coast near 
Zeekoe river Thunb., near Kachu, Drege. 
(v.s.) 

Near N. spaihacea but taller. The leaves 
of the central stem are numerous and close 
and the spike long and thick. The lateral 
branches, when they exist, are more slender, 
with few leaves and flowers. This may 
possibly be a mere variety of N, lychnidea, 

4. N, lychnidea (Don. in Sw. Brit. Fl. 
Gard. 2nd Ser. 8. t. 239.), suflhiticosa, ramis 
adpresse villosis, foliis oblongo-linearibus 
paucidentatis integerrimisque uninerviis 
glabriusculis, floralibus amplexicaulibus 
late lanceolatis oblongisve obtusis pauci- 
dentatis integerrimisque, margine nervisque 
ciliatis, spica elongata, calycibus folio florali 
brevioribus. 

Erinus lychnidea, Linn. Suppl. 287 ? 
Willd. Spec. 3. a33, non Thunb.— Bot. 
Mag. 51, t. 2604.— Bot. Reg. 9. t. 748. 

Hab. Probably along the sea coast : in 
Ecklon's, Forbes's, and other collections. 
In the Amaponda country between the 
rivers Umtenda and Umzimcoolu, Drege. 
(y. s.) 

Branches usually decumbent at the base. 
Leaves more or less fleshy, the larger ones 
almost always toothed. Drege's specimens 
have the leaves rather less toothed, but in 
other respects resemble the N. lychnidea, 
though gathered so far to the eastward. 
2 A - 



370 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEBEJE, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULABIACEiE. 



The Erinus lychnidea, Linn, has been re- 
ferred to the LyperiafragTOM, on account 
of the figure of Burmamn quoted by him, 
but his phrase applies rather to this plant. 
5. N, capensis, herbacea, dura, caule 
erecto adpresse villoso, foliis inferioribus 
lanceolads, superioribus vel omnibus linea- 
ribus paucidentatis integerrimiBTe uniner- 
yiis, margine nenroque plerumque ciliatis, 
floralibus oblongo-lanceolatifl integerrimis 
calyces vix superantibus, spica oblonga. 
Erinus capensis. Linn. Mant. 252. 
Erinus sthiopicus. TTiunb. Fl. Cap. 473. 
m. kirsuia, ramis villosioribus, foliis u- 
trinque hirsutis. 
B. glabriuscula. 

y. foliosa, foliis minoribos crebris, spica 
pauciflora. 

I. tenuifolia, foliis anguste linearibuagla- 
brioribus. 

Has. Hills and plains from the Cape 
to Fort Beaufort in the Neutral territory, 
Eckhn, Drege, ^c, also northward in Na- 
maqualand and New Hantam, Drege (v.s.) 
Apparently a common species, chiefly dis- 
tinguished from N. lychnidea by its herba- 
ceous probably annual root, upright stems, 
and smaller leaves. Spikes usually short 
and few flowered, occasionally however the 
central one acquires a considerable length. 
Corolla slender, scarcely an inch and a 
quarter long. 

6. N. longifiora, herbacea, caule ad- 
presse piloso, foliis linearibus pinnatifido- 
dentatis, floralibus lanceolatis dentatis sub- 
viscoso-pubescentibus, spica brevL 

Hab. Kamiesbergen in the North of 
Olanwilliam district, Drege, (y. s.) 

Differs from N. capensis by its deeply 
toothed leaves, from N. denicUa by their 
narrowness, from both by the corolla eigh- 
teen to twenty lines long. 

7. N.dentaia, herbacea, erecta, caule ad- 
presse piloso, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis el- 
lipticisve basi angustatis grosse dentatis se- 
mipinnatifidisve floralibusque lato-lanceola- 
tis viscoso-pubescentibus, spica brevi densa. 

$ humiiis, 

Hab. Mountains near Cape Town and 
Paarl, Ecklon, Drege, 8^c. 0. on the Zwar- 
teberg, Ecklon, andNieuweveld mountains, 
Drege. (v. s.) 



Habit of N, capensis but distinct by its 
broad deeply-toothed leaves, often narrowed 
into a petiole at the base. 

8. N, ovata, sufiBruticosa?, divaricata 
vel procumbens, viscose- villoaa, foliis ovn- 
tis grosse dentatis floralibusque oblongis 
utrinque villosis, spica brevi. 

Hab. Witbeigen in Cafferland, Drege, 
Leaves very obtuse, narrowed at the base, 
spike apparently interrupted. Corolla an 
inch and a half long. A very distinct ipe- 
cies, but of which the specimens are imper- 
fect. 

9. N. pumila, humiiis, ramoaissima, 
foliis oblongo-linearibus profunde et remote 
dentatis, floralibus conformibus calycibus 
duplo terve longioribus basi subdilatatis, 
floribus axillaribus viz spicatis, corolls 
tubo vix pubescente, capsulis ovatis coria- 
ceis. 

Hab. In the Nieuweveld or Kowp, 
Drege. (v. s.) 

A remarkable species with somewhat the 
appearance oiCastiU^aJissifolia, scarcely 
three inches high, drying bladL like the other 
species of the first section. 

** Corolla lacinim bt/uUs, tulms gla- 
ber. Folia spathukUa. 

10. N. selaginoides, humiiis, basi ramo- 
sa, foliis spathulatis floralibus basi dilatatis, 
coroUe fauce pilis rigidis coronata, stami- 
nibus inferioribus abortivis. 

Erinus selaginoides, Thunb. Ft Cap. 475. 

Erinus africanus, Berb. Vh. Itin. 301. 
non Linn. 

a. villosa. 

0. glabra. 

y, parviflora, 

Hab. Sandy plams on the West coast 
from the Cape Flats northward, JScklon, 
Drege, 8fc. 0. on the Olifants and Zwart- 
doom rivers, Drege. y. in JBc&hn's col- 
lection without the locality, (y. sJ) 

A low annual, generally three to five 
inches high, usually covered with spreading 
viscous hairs, and dries less black than the 
species of the first section. Lower leaves 
obovate, upper ones oblong or linear-spa- 
thulate, entire or with very few teeth. Ro- 
ral leaves adhering at the base to the calyx, 
spreading at the top. Flowers rather dis- 
tant especially at the base of the spike. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREiE, A TRIBE OP SCBOPHULARIACE^. 



371 



Calyx and capsules membranous. Corolla 
nine to eleven lines long, or in the var. 0. 
scarcely five lines long and concealed under 
the floral leaves. As there is but a single 
email specimen of this variety, I am unable 
to say whether the small size of the flower 
is accidental or the character of a species. 

11. N. Africana, (Don. in Sw. Br. Fl. 
Gard. 2nd Ser. 3. sub. t. 239.) humilis, basi 
ramosa, foliis obovatis, floralibus oblongo- 
qpathulatis, corollee fauce vix pilosa, stami- 
nibus 4 antheriferis. 

Erinus africanus, Linn, — Thunb. Fl. 
Ccap. 474. 

Hab. Carro and Carroid districts : Hex 
river, Drege, Winterbergen and Sneeu- 
webergen, JScklon, Drege, Hermanns 
Kraal, in Albany, JEcklon. (v. s,) 

Habit of iV. selaginoides. Leaves ra- 
ther more collected at the base of the stem, 
spike more dense with the floral leaves more 
prominent, and readily distinguished by the 
two lower anthers slightly projecting from 
the mouth of the tube. 

*♦♦ CorolUe limbi lacinicB integrcB, tu- 
bo glabra, 

12. N. divaricata, humilis, rigida, basi 
ramosa, pubescenti-hirta, foliis infimis lon- 
ge petiolatis obovatis, superioribus florali- 
busque lanceolatis dentatis, spicis elongatis. 

Manulea divaricata, I7iunb,Fl. Cop. 468. 

Hab. Sandy hills and plains near Cape 
Town, ITiunb. Bcklon, Drege, 8^c. (y. s.) 

A common plant in collections, drying 
black. Corolla slender, about ten lines long. 
Capsules rather coriaceous. 

13. N. pedunctUaris, humilis, basi fo- 
liosa ramosa, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis, 
caulinis paucis lanceolatis subdentatis, spi- 
cis longe pedunculatis capitulaeformibus 
paucifloris. 

a, kirsula 

/5. glabriuscula. 

Hab. Theopolis in Albany, Ecklon, 
0. Haazenkraalsrivier, Drege. (y. j.) 

Leaves nearly all collected at the base 
of the stem. Scapiform branches four to 
MX inches long. Flowers of N. divaricata. 
Capsules somewhat coriaceous. 

14. N. ptLsilla, erecta, subsimplex, fo- 
liis subradicalibus petiolatis late ovatis, 
floralibus oblongo-linearibus spathulatisve, 



iloribus paucis distantibus vel subapprox- 
imatis. 

Hab. Between Hoi river and Micren- 
kasteel, in the North of Clanwilliam district, 
Drege. (y. s.) 

A more slender plant than N, peduncu- 
cularis, and branches not scapiform. Spe- 
cimens in the Linnsean Herbarium, marked 
Buchnera divaricata, appear to belong to 
the species. 

15. N. villosa, caule erecto ramoso 
folioso, foliis oblongo-linearibus obtusis 
subintegerrimis, spicis basi intemiptis apice 
densis. 

Erinus villosus, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 474 ? 

Hab. Haazenkraalsrivier, Drege. (y. s.) 

A taller plant than the three last, and 
scarcely blackens in dr3dng. Capsules al- 
most membranaceous. Stamens all anthe- 
riferous, and included in the tube, as in 
the three last species. 

VI. POLYCARENA. 

Calyx membranaceus, bilabiatus, fructi- 
fer bipartitus. Corolla persistens, tubo 
demum fisso, fauce latiore, limbo patente 
subeequaliter 5-fido. Stamina didynama, 
versus apicem tubi inserta, antheris consi- 
milibus exsertis. Capsula membranacea. 
Herbee Austro-Africance, pusillcB, annua, 
plerumque ramosissimcB, plus minusve vis- 
cos<B, siccitate vix nigricantes. Spicae ter- 
ininales,Jlorifer€B seepe capitat<B,fructife' 
rm interdum elongata. Flores subsessiles. 
Folia ^OTBMei pedicello brevissimo adnata. 

♦ Corolla tubus calyce 2 — 3-j)fore fon- 
gior. 

1. P. capensis, viscoso-pubescens, fo- 
liis linearibus oblongisve integris pauciden- 
tatisque, spicis laxiusculis numerosis co- 
r3rmboso-paniculatis, corollse tubo calyce 
triplo longiore. 

Buchnera capensis, Linn. Mant, 88. 

Manulea capensis, Thunb. Fl. Cap. 467. 

Hab. Cape district, Ecklon, Drege, 
&c. (y. s.) 

A pretty annual, about six inches high, 
with numerous yellow flowers. Tube of 
the corolla half an inch long, limb larger 
than in any of the preceding ones. Cap- 
sule membranaceous. Two at least, and 
generally all four anthers slightly exserted. 



372 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNERE^, A TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACEiE. 



2. P. gilioides, Tiscoso-pubescenSy fo- 
liis linearibus subdentatis^ floralibus caly- 
ces nquantibus, spiels pabescentibus pau- 
cifloris, corollse tubo calyce duplo longiore. 

Hab. Sands near Paarl, Drege, (v. s.) 
Habit nearly that of GUia lacinicUa, 
much more slender than that of P. capen- 
sis, with flowers scarcely half the size. A 
specimen, marked Buchnera capensis, B, in 
the Banksian Herbarium, appears to be 
this species. 

*• Corolla tubus calyce subbrevior. 

3. P. aurea, viscoso-pubescens, foliis 
linearibus integerrimis subdentatisve, flo- 
ralibus lineari-lanceolatis calyces cequanti- 
bus, spicis brevibus densis pubescentibus, 
corollae limbo tubo suo longiore. 

Buchnera aurea, Herb. Banks, MSS. 

Manulea iEthiopica, Thunb. Fl, Cap, 
467 ? excl. Syn, Linn. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, Thorn, in 
Herb. Ifooker, Masson in Herb' Banks, 
(y. 3.) 

Diflers from P. pubescens in its narrow, 
short, erect leaves, and especially in the 
flowers, which are above twice as large. 

4. P. pubescens, erecta, pusilla, visco- 
sa, foliis inferioribus subovatis superioribus 
oblongis linearibusve integerrimis denta- 
tisque, floralibus ovatis lanceolatisve flores 
subaequantibus, bracteis capsulisque pu- 
bescentibus, corollee limbo tubo suo sub- 
oquilongo. 

Hab. Roodesand, Haazenkraalsrivier, 
and Zilverfontein, in Namaqualand, Drege, 
(v.s.) 

Varies in the leaves entire or toothed. 
Spike short and dense. 

5. P. capillaris, glabriuscula, foliis in- 
fimis obovatis oblongisve rameis lineari- 
bus, floralibus linearibus obtusis calycem 
squantibus capsulisque glabris, spicis fruc- 
tiferis laxis. 

Manulea capillaris, Linn. — Thunb. Fl, 
Cap, 468. 

Hab. Cape Flats and Zwarteland, Eck- 
Ion, Drege, &c. (v. s.) 

Six inches high. Branches numerous, 
very slightly pubescent. Calyx about a 
line long. Capsule and ripe calyx longer. 
Flowers small, yellow. Some of Ecklon's 
specimens correspond exactly with Thun- 



berg*s description, others, as also Drege's, 
are more luxuriant, with the flowers more 
distant. 

6. P. rarifiora, tenuiter pubescens, fo- 
liis anguste linearibus subintegerrimis vel 
infimis oblongis, floralibus flores superan- 
tibus, spicis raris paucifloris subglabris, 
corollflB limbo tubo suo breviore. 

Hab. In Ecklon*s collection, without 
a precise locality, (v. *.) 

Near P. capillaris, but leaves narrower, 
and flowers much smaller. Four to six 
inches high, erect, and much branched. 

7. P. plantaginea, erecta, pusilla, vis- 
coso-pubescens, foliis inferioribus obovatis 
superioribus oblongis integerrimis pauci- 
dentatisque, floralibus lanceolatis obtusis 
calyces superantibus, corollae minims lim- 
bo tubo suo breviore. 

Manulea plantaginea, Linn.! — ITiunb. 
Fl. Cap. 469. 

Hab. In rocks at Modderfontein and 
Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, Drege. 
(v.s.) 

Spikes forming small leafy heads with a 
few detached axillary flowers lower down 
the stem. The whole plant is often not 
two inches high, and the flowers the least 
of all the Buchnerese. 

8. P. intertexta, procumbens, viscoso- 
pubescens, foliis petiolatis parvis ovatis 
dentatis pubescentibus, floralibus ovato- 
oblongis obtusis calyces vix superantibus, 
spicis globoso-capitatis subfastigiatis. 

Manulea intertexta, Herb. Banks. MSS. 

Hab. Cape of Good Hope, Masson, 
(v.s.) 

Flowers very small. Leaves deeper 
toothed than in the other species. 

VII. Phyllopodium. 

Calyx suboequaliter 5-partitus, laciniis 
basi margine membranaceo subconnatis. 
Corolla infundibuliformis, tubo calyce bre- 
viore, limbo 5-partito, laciniis integris sub- 
sequalibus. Stamina didynama, exserta, 
antheris inter se consimilibus. Capsula 
membranacea. Herbce Austro-Africanm, 
annua, durtB, plerumque basi procumben- 
tes, rarius erecta, siccitaie sape nigrican- 
tes. Folia fLonliBL pedicello brevissimo ad- 
nata. Flores parva, sessiles, aurantiaci 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREJE, k TRIBE OF SCROPHULAHIACEiE. 



373 



vel sapius asrulescentes vel purpurascen- 
tes? Spic© terminales, scspe capitaia, 
Jruciifera plus minusve elongatcB. 

1. P, cuneifolium, caule pubescenti- 
hirto, foliis inferioribus petiolatis ovatis 
oboyatisve incise - dentatis, superioribus 
oblongo-cuneatis, floralibus vix calyces su- 
perantibus, spicis floriferis capitatis, fructi- 
feris oblongo-cylindricis densis multifloris. 

Manulea cuneifolia, Linn.! — Thunb. 
Fl. Cap. 468. 

Had. Uitenhage district, about Algoa 
Bay, Herb. Hooker, Ecklon, &c. (v. s.) 

Steins, though annual, almost of a woody 
texture. Leaves thickish, glabrous. Di- 
visions of the calyx joined to the middle 
by a membrane. Habit of a Selago. 

2. P. capilatum, caule hirto, foliis ova- 
to-lanceolatis oblongisve hirtis, superiori- 
bus parvis linearibus, floralibus ovato-lan- 
ceolatis hirtis extimis calyces superantibus, 
spicis capitatis subglobosis vel demum ob- 
longis densis multifloris. 

Manulea capitata, Linn, — Thunb» Fl. 
Cap. 469. 

Hab. Western districts: from Cape 
Town to Olifantsrivier in Clanwilliam, 
Thunberg, Ecklon, Drege, &c. (t?. s.) 

More hairy and less branching at the 
summit than P. cuneifolium. Leaves nar- 
rower, less toothed. Spikes very dense, 
and scarcely bigger than a large pea. Ex- 
ternal floral leaves forming a sort of invo- 
lucre to the yoimg heads. Divisions of the 
calyx obtuse, deeply cleft. Corolla minute. 

3. P. heterophyUum, pusillum, hirtum, 
basi ramosum, ramis erectis, foliis inflmis 
petiolatis ovatis subdentatis, superioribus 
paucis linearibus, floralibus lineari-lanceo- 
latis, extimis calyces ciliatos superantibus, 
spicis capitatis fructiferis oblongis laxius- 
culis, staminibus limbo coroUse brevioribus. 

Manulea heterophylla, Linn. — Thunb, 
Fl. Cap. 469. 

Hab. Near the Cape, from Zwarteland 
to Caledon, Thunberg, Ecklon, Drege, 
&c. (v. s.) 

Perhaps a variety of P. capitatum, but 
much more slender, scarcely ever six inches 
high, with looser heads of flowers. Corolla 
apparently yellow. 

4. P. pumilum, erectum, glabriuscu- 



lum, foliis petiolatis ovatis, superioribus 
oblongis, floralibus ovatis obtusissimis pu- 
bescentibus calycem sequantibus, spicis 
capitatis paucifloris, staminibus limbum 
coroUs eequantibus. 

Hab. Groen river in Clanwilliam, 
Drege. (v. s.) 

Slenderer still than the last, with smaller 
heads and rather larger flowers. 

5. P. diffusum, glabriusculum vel vix 
hirtum, ramosissimum, foliis ovatis oblon- 
gisve dentatis basi in petiolum longe an- 
gustatis, floralibus linearibus calyces vix 
superantibus, spicis elongatis laxis. 

Hab. Near Uitenhage, Ecklon. (x>. s.) 
Branches half a foot to near a foot long, 
procumbent. Flowering- spike lax, fruit- 
spike near two inches long, the capsules 
about a line distant from each other. 
Flowers not so minute as in the other 
species. 

6. P. bracteatum, ramosissimum, diflu- 
sum, ramis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis 
ovatis dentatis glabris, floralibus conformi- 
bus, spicis longis floribus omnibus remo- 
tis, calycibus petiolo foliorum floralium vix 
longioribus. 

Hab. Uitenhage district, near Addo 
and £non, Drege, Olifantshoek, Ecklon. 
(V. s.) 

Remarkable for its long lax branches, 
and especially for the broadly-expanded 
limb of the floral leaves. 

Vni. Sphenandra. Benih. 

Calyx 5-partitus. Corolla decidua tubo 
brevissimo, limbo rotato, laciniis 5 rotun- 
datis subeequalibus. Stamina 4, exserta, 
subadscendentia ; antheris cuneatis consi- 
milibus. 

1. S. viscosa (Benth. in Lindl. Nat. 
Syst of Bot. 445.). 

Buchnera viscosa. Ait Hort. Kew. ed. 
1. V. 2. p. S57.—Bot Mag. 7. 217. 

Manulea viscosa, Willd. Enum. Hort. 
Berol 652. 

Manulea cserulea, Thunb, Fl, Cap. 467, 
vix. Linn. 

Hab. Carro desert and carroid districts. 
Common in Cape collections, (v. s.) 

Suffrutex erectus, pedalis, viscoso-pu- 
bescens. Folia pleraque opposita oblongo- 



374 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEBEJE, A TRIBE OF SCEOPHULAEIACE^. 



lanceolata, paucidentata, floralia pedicello 
multo breviora, libera, ovata, integerrima 
acutissima. Calyces hispidi laciniis lan- 
ceolatis. Staminum paria 8ub«equalia. 

IX. CHiENOSTOMA. 

Calyx 5-partitiis. Corolla decidua in- 
fundibuliformis vel hypocrateriformis, ra- 
rius tube brevissimo subcampanulata, fauce 
dilatata, limbo subsequaliter 5-fido, laciniis 
obovatis rotundatisve. Stamina didyna- 
ma, antheris consiroilibus, faucem ©quan- 
tibus vel exsertis. Herb©, suffruticesve 
AustrO'Africana. Folia fere omnia op- 
posita deniata vel rarius integerrima, flo' 
ralia ccmformia vel bracie<^ormia a pedi- 
cello libera. Flores axillares vel racemosi 
longiuscule pedicellali siccitaU non nigri- 
cantes. Capsul® glabra. 

* Corolla tubus vix exsertus vel calyce 
brevior. 

1 . C. rotundifolium, suffruticosum, gla- 
briusculum, foliis parvis petiolatis obo- 
vato-rotundatis inciso-dentatis utrinque vi- 
ridibus crassiusculis, pedicellis axillaribus 
calyce glabro parum longioribus, coroll© 
infundibuliformis tubo calyce breviore. 

Hab. Drege's collection without a 
special locality, (y. s.) 

Branches apparently procumbent Limb 
of the leaves scarcely two to three lines 
long, petiole about two lines. Flowers 
few, small, axillary towards the summit of 
the branches. 

2. C. paucifiorum, suffruticosum, pu- 
bescens, foliis petiolatis obovato-rotundatis 
dentatis utrinque pubescentibus pedicellis 
axillaribus calyce hispido sublongioribus, 
coroU© infundibuliformis tubo calyce bre- 
viore. 

Hab. Nieuweveldsbergen in Beaufort, 
Drege, Krakakamma in Uitenhage, Eck- 
lon. (y. s.) 

Near C. rotundifolium, but flowers at 
least twice the size. Drege's specimens 
are more hairy than Ecklon's. 

3. C. campanulatum, suffrviticpsum, 
villosum, foliis ovatis, dentatis, irp.cemis 
laxis multifloris, calycis hispidi lacinii? li* 
neari-lanceolatis, corolla tubo brevissimo 
subcampanulata calyce subduplo longiore. 

Hab Zuurebergen and Zwartehoog- 



den in Uitenhage and Albany, ^ciioikt 
Drege, on the Key river in Tambukiland, 
Ecklon. (v. s.) 

Leaves about half an inch long, gene- 
raDy irregularly toothed and contracted Bi 
the base. Stamens very unequal in lengOi, 
the longer pair rather shorter than th^ cpr 
roUa, wlxich appears to be blue. EckloD^ 
specimens are imperfect, but appear to 
belong to this species. 

4. C. calycinum, suffruticosum, glabri- 
usculum, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis dentatis 
glabris vel subtus canescentibus, calycia 
glabriusculi laciniis subulatis corolla sub- 
campanulata vix dimidio brevioribus. 

B. lajnflora. 

Hab. In the Amakosa country between 
the rivers Gehau and Bashe, Drege, 0. on 
the river Bashe and Wind vogelberg, Drege, 
(c. #.) 

Habit nearly that of Sphenandra w- 
cosa, but more slender, and flower? mo^ 
numerous. Corolla of C. campanulatum, 
but smaller. In the var. 0. the calyx is 
much smaller, perhaps it may be a distinct 
species. 

5. C. procumbens, suffruticosum, hu- 
mile, ramosissimum, foliis ovali-oblongi^ 
subdentatis obtusis utrinque viridibus 
crassiusculis, racemis paucifloris, pedicel- 
lis calyce longioribus, coroll© infundibuli- 
formis tubo calycem ©quante vel vix su- 
perante. 

Hab. On the Fish river, Drege, (t?. j.} 

Branches apparently prostrate, slightly 

pubescent towards the extremity, the calyx 

has also a few hairs, but the rest of the 

plant is quite glabrous. 

6. C. laxiflorum, suffruticosum, pro- 
cumbens, subcanescens, ramis adscenden- 
tibus fastigiatis, foliis oblongo-ovatis sub- 
dentatis basi longe angustatis planis, race- 
mis laxis, floribus longe pedicellatis, caly- 
cibus glabris vel canescentibus, coroU© in- 
fundibuliformis tubo calycem sequante vel 
vix superante. 

Hab. Near the Keiskamma, Drege. (r. s.) 
It i^ possible this may be $i oiere variety 
of the last species, dependent on the soil 
in which it grew, but the flowers are laiger 
and the appearance so different, that I have 
been unwilling to join them. 



8TK0PSI8 OF THE BUCHKBBBiE^ A T&IBB OF SCBOPHULABfACB.C. 



375 



7. C, halimifolium, suffruticoettin, hu- 
mile, ramis numerosis erectis albidis, foliis 
ovali-obiongis lanceolatisTe subdentatis 
utrinque incanis plants, racemis laxis, flo* 
ribus longe pediceUatia, coroUie ififundibu* 
liformis tmbo calycem equante vel vix 
superante. 

Hab. Karroo desert, near Ghraaireynet, 
Ecklon, Steelkloof, Hamerkuil and plains 
near Aasvogelberg;, Drege. (r. *.) 

Habit of Afanulea incana, but a true 
Chosnostoma, Branches thickly leaved at 
the base. Racemes almost leafless, the 
floral leaves being very small and entire. 

8. C, polyanthum, herbaceum vel suf- 
fruticosum, basiramosissimum, ramis apice 
pubescentibus paniculatis, foliis ovatis 
dentatis basi cimeatis, supremis oblongis, 
glabris vel subtus canescentibus, racemis 
lazis, calycibns hispidis, coroUee infundi- 
buliformis tubo calycem vix superante. 

Hab. On the Zwartkops river in Ui- 
tenhage, Eckkm, Algoa Bay? Herb. 
Hooker, (v. 8.) 

Habit and corolla of C. laziflorum. 
Leaves and calyx of C. campanulatum. 

9. C. pumilum, sufFruticosum, multi- 
caule, glabrum, foliis oblongis superioribus 
linearibus integerhmis paucidentatisque, 
floribus raoemosis, corollce infundibulifor- 
mis tubo calyce vix longiore. 

Hab. In Uitenhage district, Ecklon; 
also in Herb. Hooker and in Drege*s col- 
lection, probably from the neighbourhood 
of Algoa Bay. 

Branches numerous, erect, three to four 
inches high. Leaves slightly revolute on 
the margin. Pedicels longer than calyx, 
which is nearly glabrous. Corolla very 
open, as in all the species of this section. 

10. C. denudaium, suffruticosum, ra- 
mis glabris adscendentibus, foliis distanti- 
bus linearibus integerrimis margine revo- 
lutis glabris, racemis paucifloris, calyce 
hispido coroUe infundibuliformis tubo vix 
breviore. 

Hab. Langekloof, in Creorge district, 
Ecklon, Drige. (y. s.) 

Habit nearly that of Asperula cynan- 
chica. Calyx of C. campanulatum. Co- 
rolla of C. pumilum. Capsule oblong, 
longer than the calyx. 



♦* Corolla tubus calyce bis terve Ion- 
gior. 

11. C retx>luium, suffiruticoeum, cine- 
rasceas vel pubescens, foliis linearibus in- 
tegerrimis margine revolutis, floribus race- 
mosis, pedicellis calyce vix longioribus, 
calycis laciniis linearibus subulatisve, cap- 
sulam ovatam subsequantibus, tubo coroUee 
bis terve brevioribus. 

Manulea revoluta, Thunb. Fl. Cap, 4l&7. 

m. glabriMsculum. 

0. pubescens. 

Hab. Under the Zwartebergen from 
the river Zondereinde to the Gauritz ri- 
ver, Ecklon, Drege, &c., and on the Fish 
river, Dr. Gill, 0. on the Cedarbeigen 
and near Boschkloof, Drege. (v. f.) 

A foot high, very much branched. 

12. C, glabratum, suffruticosum, gla- 
brum, foliis linearibus integerrimis margine 
revolutis, floribus racemosis, pedicellis 
calyce plus duplo longioribus, calycis laci- 
niis lanceolato-subulatis subpubescentibus 
capsula oblonga brevioribus, corollee tubo 
calyce bis terve longiore. 

Hab. Key river in Tambukiland, and 
Kannaland in Zwellendam, Ecklon ; Zwa- 
anepoolspoort and Kendo, Drege. (y. s.) 

Differs from C. linifolium in its narrower 
leaves, longer capsules, and is almost al- 
ways perfectly glabrous. 

13. C. linifolium, suffruticosum, ramis 
apice hirtellis, fohis oblongis lanoeolatis 
linearibusve integerrimis paucidentatisque 
margine subrevolutis hirtis glabriusculisve, 
floribus racemosis, pedicellis calyce plus 
duplo longioribus, calycis laciniis glabris 
vel vix hirtellis linearibus ^capsulam sub- 
superantibus corollsB tubo triple brevio- 
ribus. 

Manulea linifolia, Thunh. Fl. Cap. 466? 

Hab. Mountains of Cape District, near 
Worcester, and near Brackfontein, in Clan- 
wiUiam, Ecklon, Drege, &c. (y. s.) 

Intermediate between C. glabraium and 
dBthiopicum, perhaps a variety of the latter. 

14. C, iBtkiopicum, suffruticosum, ramis 
numerosis floriferis fastigiatis, foliis oblon- 
gis ovatisve paucidentatis glabriusculis, 
racemis brevis laxis subcorymbosis, caly- 
cibus hispidis corollae tubo bis terve bre- 
vioribus. 



376 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNBRE^, A TBIBB OF SCBOPHULAHIACEjE. 



Buchnera sethiopica, Linn,! Mant. 251. 
non Thunb. 

Hab. In the Linnsan and Banksian 
Herbaria, probably from the Gape district 

Intermediate between C. linifoKum and 
fastigiaium. Leaves almost those of C 
integrifolium, 

15. C.fastigiatum, suffinticosum, ra- 
mis numerosis suberectis, foliis lineari-vel 
oblongo-cuneatis apice profunde pauciden- 
tatis, floribus ad apices ramorum capitato- 
racemosis, pedicellis plerisque caljce bre- 
vioribus, calycibus hispidis tubo corolls 
bis tenre brevioribus. 

«. ramis foliis que hirsutis. 

0. glabrcUum. 

Manulea cephalotes, Thunb. Ft Cap, 
470? 

Hab. On the Babylonstorensbergen in 
Caledon, Ecklon, &, on the Klynriviers- 
beige, and near Caledon, in the same dis- 
trict, Ecklon, Drege, (v. *.) 

A low shrub, with leaves very much like 
those of Salvia dentqta, remarkable for 
the compact racemes, consisting of from 
three to seven flowers with very hispid 
calyces. 

16. C subspicahtm, suffiruticosum, gla- 
berrimum, ramis numerosis suberectis, fo- 
liis semiamplexicaulibus oblongis profunde 
paucidentatis, floribus spicato-racemosis, 
calycibus glabris vel brevissime ciliatis 
coroUeB tubo bis tenre brevioribus. 

Hab. In Drege's collection without a 
precise locality, (v. s.) 

Spikes of flowers leafy, about an inch 
long. All the pedicels very much shorter 
than the calyx. 

17. C. marifolium, sufihiticosum, pro- 
cumbens, ramis cano-pubescentibus, foliis 
ovatis crenatis margine subrevolutis subtus 
vel utrinque cano-tomentosis, floribus bre- 
vissime pedicellatis oppositis subracemo- 
sis, corolleB tubo calyce duplo longiore. 

Manulea virgata, ITiunb, H. Cap. 470! 

Hab. Vanstaadensriviersberge in Ui- 
tenhage, Ecklon, Drege, (v. s.) 

Branches long, virgate. Leaves almost 
sessile, and very white, which does not 
agree with Thunberg's description. 

18. C. integrifolium, sufihiticosum laxe 



ramosissimum subglabrum, foliis ovatis 
margine subrevolutis integerrimia pauci- 
dentatisque glabris, floribus axiUaribus 
pedicellatis supehoribus laxe racemosis, 
oorolls tubo tenui calyce triplo longiore. 

Manulea integrifolia, Linn,! — Thunb. 
Fl, Cap.^SlX 

B, parvifolium. 

Hab. Cape district? Serb. Linn., 0. 
on the Tygerbeig, Drege. (v. #.) 

Habit very much that of C. hitpidum, 
but leaves smaller, less toothed, and the 
whole plant nearly or quite glabrous. 

19. C. cuneatum, sufihiticosum, pro- 
cumbens, ramis hirsutis, foliis subsessilibus 
obovato-rotundatis cuneatis inciso-dentatis 
utrinque viridibus hirtis, floribus ad apices 
ramorum axillaribus subracemosiBve, co- 
rolln tubo calyce bis terve longiore. 

Hab. In the Hottentotsholland and 
Palmiethver mountains in Stellenbosch, 
Ecklon. (y. «.) 

Habit nearly that of C. marifoKum, but 
very difierent in leaves and inflofresoence, 
in the latter character, it represents C. his- 
pidum, but is yet more hairy. Leaves as 
broad as long, marked with three to five 
very deep teeth. 

20. C. hispidum, suffinticosum, ramts 
procumbentibus vel divaricatis hirsutis, 
foliis ovatis oblongisve grosse dentatis ban 
angustatis cuneatisve pubescentibusy flori- 
bus axillaribus pedicellatis superioribus 
laxe racemosis, calycibus hirtis coroUe 
tubo ter brevioribus. 

Manulea hispida, Thunb. Fl Cap. 47a 

Manulea oppositiflora, Vent.Jard.Mabn. 
16. /. 15. 

Hab. Near the Cape from whence it Lb 
sent in almost all collections, (v. ^.) 

A very variable plant, especially in the 
degree of hairiness and the size of the 
leaves. 

21. C^ri&UYufum, ramis erectis? pu- 
bescentibus, foliis ovatis grosse dentatis 
basi cuneatis tenuiter pubescentibus^ race- 
mulis subcorymbosis in paniculam termi- 
nalem multiflorem dispositis, calycibus 
breviter pedicellatis hirtis corolls tubo ter 
brevioribus. 

Hab. Port Natal, Drege. (v. s.) 
Leaves nearly those of C. hispidum, but 



SYNOPSIS OP TRB BUCHNBBEA, A TBIBB OP 8CBOPHT7LABIACBi£. 



377 



larger ; flowers also nearly the same, but a 
remarkable species for its size and inflores- 
cence, as well as from its station, far dis- 
tant from that of any other species. 

22. C. cordatum, herbaceum, ramis 
prostratis subradicantibus hirsutis, foliis 
petiolatis ovato-rotundatis dentatis basi 
truncatis cordatisve pubescentibus, floribus 
azillaribns pedicellatis, calycibus hispidis 
corollee tubo vix duplo brevioribus. 

Manxilea cordata, ITiunh. FL Cap, 473. 

/3. hirstUior, 

Hab. Krakakamma and Olifiuitshoek 
in Uitenhage, Bckion, Ruigtevalei, Drege, 
p. on the Witbergen, Drege, (v, s.) 

Remarkable for its long trailing stems as 
well as for the form of the leaves, which 
are about half an inch long and broad. 
Corolla shorter than in C. hispidum. The 
▼ar. /3. may perhaps be a distinct species, 
but the specimens are past flower, and im- 
perfect 

23. C, racemosum, herbaceum ? ramis 
erectis pubescentibus, foliis petiolatis lato- 
ovatis dentatis tenuiter pubescentibus, flo- 
ralibus minimis, floribus longe peduncula- 
tis racemosis, corollee tubo calyce duplo 
longiore. 

Hab. Zuurebergen, Drege. (y. «.) 
Leaves about half an inch or more in 
length, rounded or wedge-shaped at the 
base, floral ones sessile, scarcely two lines 
long. Pedicels spreading, three-fourths of 
an inch long. Calyx nearly glabrous, seg- 
ments unequally cleft, subulate at the end. 

24. C, foBtidum, annuum? erectum, 
ramosum, subglabrum, foliis longe petiola- 
tis ovatis inciso-dentatis, pedunculis axil- 
laribus 1 — 3-floris superioribus subrace- 
mosis, corollee tubo tenui calyce bis terve 
longiore. 

Buchnera foetida, Andr, Bot, Rep, 1 80. 

Manulea fcetida, Pers, Syn, 2, 148. 

Manulea altemifolia, ITorL Par, ! — Pers. 
Syn. 2. 148. 

Hab. Eastern portion of Worcester 
and Clanwillii^n districts, Ecklon, Drege, 
and in many of the older Cape collections. 

(V. #.) 

Leaves from half an inch to an inch 
long. Lower pedicels almost always bear- 
ing a small corymb of about three nearly 



sessile flowers, upper ones often simple, 
forming an irregular leafy raceme. 

25. C, peduncuiosum, herbaceum, ra- 
mosissimum, procumbens, viscoso-pubes- 
cens, foliis petiolatis ovatis inciso-dentatis 
pinnatifidisve, superioribus parvis, pedim- 
culis axillaribus longissimis filiformibus, 
corollee tubo tenui calyce dimidio vel sub- 
duplo longiore, limbo ample. 

Hab. Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, 
Drege, (v, *.) 

Remarkable for its intricate leafy stems, 
its numerous peduncles, often two inches 
long, and for the form of the flower, which, 
as far as can be ascertained from dried 
specimens, appears to be an approach to 
that of Lyperia, The corolla dries yel- 
lowish, with a dark-coloured faux. 

Lyperia. 

Calyx 5-partitus, laciniis linearibussub- 
foliaceis. Corollas deciduee tubus elonga- 
tus, extus viscosus, apice latere superiore 
gibbus vel incurvus, limbus patens, 5-fidu8, 
laciniis in labia 2 approximatis. Stamina 
didynama, inclusa. Herbee, ntffrutices vel 
fruticuli AuatrO'Africana. Folia inferi- 
ora opposita superiora aUema, Integra 
deniata inciso-pinnati/ida vel multifida, 
ad axillas sapefascicidaia. Flores sessi- 
les vel 8€Bpius pediceUaii, axiUares, race' 
most vel spicati, Corollee et interdum iota 
planta siccitate nigricat. Capsules pie- 
rumque exserta, ovoidem vel oblongw,plus 
minusve viacosm, 

* Flores aubsessiles spicaH. 

1. £. Jruiicosum, viscoso-pubescens, 
foliis ovatis oblongis subcordatisve integer- 
rimis paucidentatisque floralibus conformi- 
bus calyces superantibus, capsulis oblongis 
calyces subeequantibus. 

Hab. On the Zwartdoom river in 
Clanwilliam, and Modderfontein and the 
Gariep plains in Namaqualand, Drege; 
also in Captain Paterson's collection, (r. s.) 

More of a shrub than any other species. 
Leaves sessile, varying from three or four 
lines to an inch in length in the diflerent 
specimens, always drying black as well as 
the flowering spikes. 

2. L.amplexicaulis, heThw>Qdi? erecta, 
viscoso-pubescens vel villosa, foliis lato- 



S78 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUGHNEREjE, A TRIBE OF flCROPHULA&IACBiE. 



ovEtis dentatis basi cordato-amplexicMili* 
bus, floralibus subconformibua cslyoes su* 
perantibuSy spicis elongatis multiflaris, 
coroUse tube cal/cem vix supennte limbo 
peorvo. 

Hab. Nunaqualand, Eckhn; Natvoet 
and Grroen river in Clanwilliam, Drige, 

(V.S.) 

Flowering branches about a foot high, 
of which the greater part is occupied by 
the leafy spike. Capsule nearly giabrou^ 
soaroely as long as the calyx. 

3. L. tristis, herbaoea, erecta, visco- 
sisama, foliis infimis petiolatis ovatis ob- 
longisve dentatis incisisque, superioiibns 
oblongo-lmceolatis, flcMtdibus lanceolatis 
integerrimis, sapremis capsulabrevioribus, 
spica florifera densa, fructifera elongata, 
capsulis calyce duplo longioribus. 

Erinustristis^Zmn. — 17iunb.Fl.CapA76, 
Hab. Cape Flats, Zwarteland, and 
northward as far as Brackfontein in Clan- 
William, Eckhn, Drege, &c. (v, s.) 

Stems thick, rigid, often much branched, 
a foot or rather more in height, tube of the 
corolla about an inch long, divisions of the 
limb slightly emarginate. Capsule four to 
^e lines long. 

4. L,fragraiu, suffiruticosa, suberecta, 
▼iscosa, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis apice 
dentatis basi angustatis integerrimis, supe- 
lioribuB angustioribus subintegerrimis, flo- 
ralibus calyce subbrevioribus, spica ^o- 
rifera densa fructifera elongata, capsulis 
calyce vix duplo longioribus. 

Erinus fragrans, Ait, Hort. Kew. ed. 1. 
v.2.p.S57, 

Erinus lychnideus, Thunb, Fl, Ckip, 474? 
eosd. syn. plur. 

Lychnidea villosa, &c., Burnt, PL Afr, 
13. t. 49. f, 4. 

Hab. Cope Flats and Hottentotshol- 
land, JScklon ; Saldanha Bay, in the Cape 
district, Drege, 

Leaves very nimierous at the base of the 
stem, the whole plant is slightly pubescent, 
and dries very black. Burmann's figure is 
a fair representation of it. Capsules four 
to Ave lines long. 

5. L. macrocarpa, suffruticosa ? caule 
glabriusculo, foliis oblongo-linearibus ob- 
tusis integerrimie basi angustatis tenuiter 



pubesoeotibus, floralibuB calyoem seqaan- 
tibus, spica elongata, capsulis calyce sob- 
triplo longioribus. 

Hab. Probably in the Cape distrkt, 
Masson in Herb. Banks^ (y, #.) 

Habit of I*.fragroats, but leav^es entire 
and capsules about an inch long. 

6. I^ timplex, herbaoea, erecta, subsiiii- 
plex, foliis infimis petioktis ovatis subden- 
tatis, superioribus floralibusque oblongia 
lanceolatisve integerrimis, spica elongata, 
capsulis viscoso-pubescentibus calyoem vix 
exoedentibus. 

Erinus simplex, Thunh. Fl Cap, 474! 

Hab. Cape district? FcUerson, te.; 
False Bay, ITiunberg f Kanoo desert, 
JScklon, (v, s,) 

I have seen several specimens, but none 
of them very satis&ctoiy, and I have doubts 
as to their being the same as Thunbeig's 
plant They all differ, however, from the 
three preceding species by the short thick 
capsules, and the flowers, and especially 
the capsules, more distant from each other. 

** Serine, foliis nonfaaciculaiis, fiorir 
bus pedicellaiis racemosis, 

7. L, tenuifiora, pusilla, erecta, tenui- 
ter viscoso-pubescens, foliis oblongis lan- 
ceolatisve integerrimis paucidentatisque, 
pedicellis calyce parum longioribus. 

Hab. Drege*s collection, without the 
precise station, (y, s,) 

Whole plant scarcely four inches high. 
Flowers eight to ten lines long. 

8. L, racemosa, erecta, viscosissima, 
foliis petiolatis ovatis argute dentatis basi 
longe angustatis, floribus pedunculatis ra- 
cemosis, coroUse limbo amplo dimidio tubi 
longiore. 

Hab. In the north of Clanwilliam dis- 
trict, and at the mouth of the Grariep in 
Namaqaaland, Eckhn, Drege, (v. s,") 

About a foot high. Tube of the corolla 
about nine lines long, lobes of the limb 
broad, shortly bifid. 

9. X. glutinosa, herbacea, erecta, vis- 
cosissima, foliis petiolatis ovatis argute 
dentatis basi rotundato-truncatis, floribus 
pedunculatis racemosis, coroUfB limbo di- 
midio tubi breviore. 

Hab. Near the Gariep, Drege. (c. *.) 
Not so tall, and more glutinous than the 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNBREiE, A TBIBB OF SCBOPHULARIACEiE. 



379 



la^t Leaver sl^orter. Corolla zn^ie slen- 
der, with a much smaller limb Caly^ very 
VISCOUS; rather longer than the capsule. 

10. L. violacea, decumbens vel erec- 
tiuscula, glabriuscula, foliis petiolatis ob- 
longis dentatls; floribus paucis subracemo- 
si3| cordis limbo dimidio tubi multo 
breviore, capsula ovata villoma calyce duplo 
longiore. 

Manulea yiolacea, Link, f JSnum. Sort. 
Berol 2. U% 

Erinus patens, Thunb, Fl, Cap. 475 T 

Has. Cultivated in the Berlin Garden 
from Cape seeds. — Hexriver, Drigel (v.s,) 

Branches smooth, about si:^ inches higt^. 
Leaves half an inch long, with a few deep 
teeth. Corolla jseven to eight lines long, 
divisions of the limb entire. Drege's spe- 
cimens are in fruit only, but appear to be* 
long to this plant. Manulea crystallina 
(Weinm. SyU. PI. Soc. Ratisb. 1. 921.) 
must also be very near this species, if not 
the samp. 

•*• Suffrviices vel fruticuU, Folia 
sape ad azillg^ fa^ciculatq.. Pedicelli ax- 
illares vel subracemosi. 

11. X. inwa, suffruticosa, humilis, 
ramosissima, foliis petiolatis obovatis ova- 
tisve inciso-dentatis utrinque ramisque vil- 
losis, floribus paucis subracemosis, coroUse 
tubp calyce sub^extuplo longiore limbo 
brevi. 

Erinus incisus, Thunh, Fl. Cap. 476. 
Hab. Cape district ? Masson in Serb. 
Banks, (y. s.) 

Corolla above an inch long. 

12. L. canescens, suffruticosa, decum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis petiolatis subfas- 
ciculatis oblongis inciso-denti^ti^ ^ubti^s 
vel utrinque incanis, floribus subracemosis, 
racemis paniculatis, pedicellis brevibus ri- 
gidis, corollffi limbo breyi, capsulis calyce 
dimidio longiore. 

Hab. Inundated land on the Gariep, 
Drege. (y. s.) 

Near L. argentea, but branches less di- 
varicate and more rigid, pedicels shorter, 
flowers more numerous and smaller. 

13. L. argentea, suiTruticosa, divari- 
cato-ramosissima, foliis petiplatis subfasci- 
culatis ovatis oblongisve iQcisp-dent^tia 
subtus vel utrinque scabro-pi^bescentibus 



subincanis, pedicellis axill^xibus filiformi^ 
vel supremis subracemosis, coroU^e limbo 
tubo dimidio brev^ore. 

Manulea argentea, Linn.! — JTiunb. Fl- 
Cap. ^72. 

a. foliis subtus albidis. 

ff. foliis utrinqi^e subviridibus. 

y. scabrior foliis obtusioribus. 

Hab. IJitenhage district, from the 
Yanstaadensbprge jto the Boi^iman's river; 
Ecklon, Prege, &c., and on the Umtatai 
in the A^maJkosa country, Drege, (v. ^ .) 

Branches long, with numerous slender 
branchlets. Lower let^ves near half c^n 
inch long, those of the branches smaller. 
Pedicels six to ten lines, corolla five to ^iz 
lines, capsule about one line long. A plant 
very variable in pubescence, and generally 
drying rather blackish, seldom deserving 
the name of argentea. 

14. L. pedunculata, suffruticosa, diva- 
ricato-ramosissima, tenuiter pubescens^ fo^ 
liis petiolatis subfasciculatis obovato-pu- 
neatis inciso-dentatis, pedicellis elongatis 
axillaribus filiformibus, calyce corollee tubo 
3 — 4-plo breviore, coroUsB limbo tubo pa- 
rum breyiore. 

Buchnerfi pedunculata, Andr, Bot. JRep. 

Manulea pedunculata, Pers. Si/n. 2t 184. 

Hab. Raised in gardens, boif^ Q^.pe 
seeds, precise station unknown, (v. s, c.) 

Habit of L. argentea. Resembles ^^ 
L. cuneata, but the leaves are several tipies 
larger, and 8t^l]eed, and the pedicels abpve 
an inch long. 

15. L. phlogiflora, suffruticosa, decum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis fasciculatis petio- 
latis oblongis inciso-dentatis pinnatifidisve 
tenuissime pubescentibus glabrisve, race- 
mis laxis viscoso-pubescentibus, corolliB 
limbo ample laciniis emarginatis tubo eequi- 
longi^. 

Hab. On the l^eiakap^ui^, Drege, (p.s.) 

Differs fro^ fj. argentea chiefly by the 

leaves, which are snialler an4 niore deeply 

toothed, and by the hurge expanded limb 

of the corolla. 

16. L. crq^icaulis, suffruticosa^ basi 
decumbent ramosissima, rf^nis atrictis ri^ 
gidi^ scabris, foliis petiolatis ovatis pinna- 
tisectis segmentis obloiigo-cuneiformib^B 



380 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREiS, A TBIBB OF 8CR0PHULARIACE.C. 



integris 2 — S-fidisve scabris^ racemis stric- 
tis, pedicellis calyce subbrevioribus, co- 
roUee limbo brevi laciniis emarginatis. 

Had. Wildshutsberg and Witbergen, 
Drige, (y, s.) 

From half a foot to a foot high. Dries 
black, and covered with glandular dots 
which become white when dry. 

17. Z. mollis, sufifruticosa, molliter vil- 
losa, ramis elongatis procumbentibus^ fo- 
liis subfasciculatis petiolatis ovatis inciso- 
pinnatifidis pinnatisectisve, laciniis ovatis 
integris incisisve, pedicellis axillaribus fill- 
fonnibus, corollae tubo calyce vix duplo 
longiore. 

Hab. Graham's Town in Albany and 
Zuureberg in Uitenhage, Ecklon, Coles- 
berg, Drige. (r. s.) 

Branches slender. Pedicels eight to ten 
lines long. Ck>rolla four to five lines. 

18. L, filicaulis, suffruticosa, pubes- 
cens, ramis elongatis tenuibus procumben- 
tibus, foliis subfasciculatis petiolatis obo- 
vato -subrotundis inciso-pinnatifidis, laciniis 
obovatis obtusissimis, pedicellis axillaribus 
filiformibus. 

Hab. On the Witbergen, Drege, (t?. s.) 
Although the specimens are past flower, 

they show that the species is distinct from 

the preceding. 

19. Z. j9inna/t/?c^, suffruticosa, decum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis pinnatisectis, seg- 
mentis oblongo-cuneatis integris dentatis 
pinnatifidisve, floribus subracemosis, co- 
roll® tubo calyce 3 — 4-plo longiore. 

Manulea pinnatifida, Linn, — ITiunh, Fl, 
Cap. 473. 

a. canescens, capsulis calyce vix dimidio 
longioribus. 

0. subcanescens, capsulis calyce subdu- 
plo longioribus. 

y, viscoso-pubescens, capsulis calyce 
subduplo longioribus, corollis minoribus. 

1. svbbipinnatisecta, corollis majoribus. 
I. micTophyUa, viscoso-pubescens. 
Hab. Karroo desert and Karroid places, 

from Beaufort to the Fish river, Ecklon, 
Drege, and other collections, (y. s.) 

Evidently a very variable plant, and 
perhaps some of the above varieties may 
be distinct species, but very difficult to 
separate in the dry state. Leaves from. 



three to six lines, segments usually convo- 
lute or conduplicate. Flowers few, pedi- 
cels rather stiff. Tube of the corolla four 
to five lines, limb two to three lines long, 
divisions obtuse or very slightly emaigi- 
nate. 

20. L, muUifida, sufiruticosa, procum- 
bens, ramosissima, foliis subfasciculatis 
bipinnatisectis, segmentis plerisque petio- 
lulatis oblongo-cuneatis integris incisis 
pinnatifidisve, racemis paucifloris, calycis 
laciniis lineari-spathulatis coroUc tubo vix 
dimidio brevioribus. 

Hab. Stembergspniit and Stormbergen, 
Drege. (v. *.) 

Leaves much more divided, and flowers 
much smaller than in L. pinnatifida. 

21. L. foliolosa, fruticosa, divaricato- 
ramosissima, foliis parvis fasciculatis line- 
ari-cuneatis dentatis pinnatifidisve utrinque 
canescentibus, floribus subracemosis co- 
roUe tubo calyce subtriplo longiore. 

Hab. Karroid places, Zwartehopf and 
Langekloof, Ecklon, between the little 
Fish river and Brak river, Drege, and in 
other Uitenhage collections, (v. s.) 

Leaves one to three lines longer, much 
narrower, less cut, and whiter than in L. 
pinnatifida t, which it resembles. 

22. L. cuneata, fruticosa, ramosissima, 
foliis minutis fasciculatis apice bi-triden- 
tatis rarius integerrimis glabriusculis vel 
tenuissime pubescentibus, floribus subra- 
cemosis, coroU© tubo calyce 3— 4-plo lon- 
gioribus. 

Hab. On and near the Gauritz river, 
Drege. (y. s.) 

Leaves intermediate between those of 
L. foliolosa and L. atropurpurea. Differs 
from L. pedunculata by the minute sessile 
leaves and peduncles seldom half an inch 
long. Can it be the wild state of this 
plant ? 

23. L. atropurpurea, fruticosa, ramo- 
sissima, foliis minutis fasciculatis lineari- 
bus integerrimis vel rarius unidentatis, flo- 
ribus subracemosis, corollae tubo calyce 
6 — ^7-plo longiore. 

Manulea atropurpurea. Herb. Banks. 
Hab. Karro and Karroid districts, 
Ecklon, Drege, &c. (r. s.) 
Leaves glabrous or pubescent, one to 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHMERBiE, JL TRIBE OF SCROPHULARIACBJB. 



881 



two lines long. Ck>rolla near an inch long. 
Capsule larger than in the neighbouring 
species. The cultivated specimens only 
differ in their leaves rather longer. 

24. L. aspalathoides, fruticosa, ramo- 
sissima, foliis minutis fasciculatis oblongis 
linearibusve integerrimis, floribus racemo* 
sis^ corollee tubo calyce 2 — 3-plo longiore. 

Hab. Grasrugg and Krakakamma in 
Uitenhage, Ecklon. (v. ^.) 

Leaves smaller than in L, atropurpurea, 
narrower than in L. microphylla, and not 
imbricated. Flowers about half an inch 
long. Branches pubescent. Leaves gla- 
brous. 

25. Z. microphylla, fruticosa, ramosis- 
sima, foliis minutis ovatis integerrimis ad 
axillas fasciculatis, ramulorum juniorum 
quadrifariam imbricatis, floribus versus 
apices ramorum paucis. 

Manulea microphylla, Linn J — Thunb. 
Fl. Cap. 466. 

Hab. Karroid districts, Zwartkops river, 
Echlon, near Garip and between Ado and 
Zondag river, Drege, and other collections. 

V, J.) 

Leaves scarcely half a line long. Flow- 
ers about half an inch. Divisions of the 
limb broad, obovate. 

XI. Manulea. Linn, 

Nemia, Berg. Fl. Cap, 

Calyx 5-partitus, laciniis linearibus su- 
bulatisve. CorotUe deciduee tubus elonga- 
tus, extus glaber vel tomentosus, apice sub- 
rectus, limbo 5-partito eequali vel laciniis 
4 superioribus magis approximatis. Sta- 
mina didynama inclusa. Herbee rariiis 
suffruiices Austro-Africana, Folia siBpe 
ad ixzsincaulis approximaiajloraliaparva 
bractecBformia, Flores racemosi, racemis 
nunc simplicHms nvdis vel minute bracte* 
aiis, nunc compositis pedicellis multifloris, 
CoroUffi sape aurantiaca, siccitate nan nt- 
ffricanles, Capsulae glabra. 

* Pedicelli uniflori. Corolla lacinim 
bifida, obcordata, obovata vel rarius ob- 
longa obtusa. Folia subradicalia, pedun- 
culis scapiformibv^ simplicibus nudis vel 
minute bracteatis apice racemosis. 

1. M? nervosa (E. Meyer, MSS.), 



foliis petiolatis obovato-oblongis ovatisve 
integerrimis glabris, laciniis calycinis lato- 
lanceolatis, coroUoe laciniis latis emargina- 
tis, binis supremis ultra medium connatis 
integerrimis. 

Hab. Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, 
Drege. (v. s.) 

A very distinct species, which ought, 
perhaps, to be considered as forming a 
separate genus. Three to four inches 
high. Calycine segments broader and 
thicker, tube of the corolla shorter, limb 
larger, and less deeply clefl than in any 
other species. 

2. M. silenoides (E. Meyer, MSS.), 
annua, foliis petiolatb ovatis integerrimis 
vel obscure dentatis, laciniis calycinis line- 
aribiis, junioribus basi submembranaceo- 
connexis, fructiferis capsulam superantibus, 
ooroUie laciniis emarginato-bifidis. 

ft minor. E. M. 

Hab. Karakuis, Drege, 0, between 
Micrenkasteel and Zwartdoom river in 
Clanwilliam, and Modderfontein in Nama- 
qualand, Drege. (v. s.) 

Stature of M. nervosa, but much more 
slender. Tube of the corolla longer, limb 
smaller, with narrow segments. 

3. M, androsacea (E. Meyer, MSS.), 
foliis obovato-oblongis glabris integerrimis 
subcrenatisve, pedunculis glabris racemis 
subcapitatis, laciniis calycinis oblongo- 
linearibus glabris capsulam eequantibus, 
corollfB tubo calyce 3— 4-plo longiore, lim- 
bi laciniis obovatis retusis. 

Hab. Sands near Noagas, Dr^^e. (v.^.) 
Rather taller than M. silenoides. Leaves 
rather longer and narrower. Flowers nearly 
sessile, mostly forming a compact head, 
which is sometimes elongated in the man- 
ner often termed proliferous. 

4. M. corymbosa (Thunb. Fl. Cap. 
472.), foliis ovato-oblongis obovatis inte- 
gris dentatisque glabris vel tenuiter pubes- 
centibus, pedunculis scapiformibus inter- 
dum 1 — ^2-foliatis, racemis fructiferis elon- 
gatis, laciniis calycinis linearibus capsula 
longioribus basi margine membranaceo- 
ciliatis, corolle laciniis late obovatis. 

Hab. Cape district, Ecklon, Drege, 
&c. (y. s.) 
From six inches to a foot high. Flowers 



282 SYNOPSIS OP THB BUCHNBRE^ A TRIBE OF 3CROPHULA.RIAC£iE. 

often reflexed. Tube of the eorollft three A very distinct species bj its habit 

lines long, orifice hairy. which is that of Chcenostofna halimii/bUeL 

5. M. aliissima (LinnJ — ^Thunb. FL Galjx three to four lines long, cleft to the 
Cap. 472.), foliis oblongo-ellipticis lanceo- middle only. Divisions of the corolla nar- 
latisve subdentatis tenuiter pubescentibus, row oblong. 

pedunculis longissimis interdum 1 — ^2-fo- 9. 3£, crcusjfoKa, perennis, foliis sub- 
liatis, racemis fructiferis oblongis densis, radicalibus oblongo-ellipticis spathulatisTe 
laciniis calycinia cs^psula longioribus pu- obtuais et obtuse subdentatis utrinque gia- 
bescenii-scabris. berrimis, caulibus subnudis, racemo elon* 
Hab. Cape district, Ecklon, Dregs, gato interrupto, floribus fasciculatis, calycis 
&c. (v. 5.) laciniis membranaceo-connatis apice Ian- 
Peduncles or flowering steins often a ceolato-linearibus capsulam subsquanti- 
foot and a half high, sometimes with one bus, coroUse tubo calyce 2 — 3-plo longiore. 
or two branches. Hab. MoogplatsandWitbeigen, Drege. 

6. M. longtfoHa, foliis oblongo-lance- (o. s,) 

oktis integerrimis vol obscure dentatis Very smooth and almost glaucous. Ya- 

glabriusculis, ramis floriferis elongatis ra- ries in height from three to four inches to 

moais subnudis vel basi paucifoliatis, race- a foot and a half. 

mis fructiferis ebngatis, calycibus brevis- 10. M. juncea, perennis, glaberrima, 

sime pedicellatis, laciniis lanceolatis hispi- glauca, ramis strictis erectis junceis paud- 

dis capsulas subsuperantibus. foliatis, foliis oblongo-linearibus remote 

Hab. Ebenezer, Drege, (v, s.) dentatis pinnatifidis^e superioribus lineari- 

Perhaps a variety of if. altissima, but bus integerrimis, racemo composite brevi 

besides the branched stems, narrow ra- paucifloro, calycis laciniis subulatis capsu- 

cemes, &c., the corolla appears to be much lam subsuperantibus, corolke tubo calyce 

smaller. 4 — 5-plo lon^ore. 

7. M. bellidtfolid, foliis obovatis oblon- Hab. Gutbergen, Drege. (v. #.) 
gisve subcrenatis glabris vel tenuiter pu- Branches above two feet high. Raceme 
bescentibus, racemis fructiferis elongatis two to seven inches long. Calyx slightly 
capsulis remotis, laciniis calycinis lanceo- pubescent Tube of the corolla about half 
latis subglabris, coroUea laciniis oblongo- ^^ ii^ch long. 

ovatis. 11< if. rt^ici^, erecta, scabro-pubescens, 

Hab. Uitenhage district, Katriviersberg ramis divaricatis, foliis lanceolatis inciso- 

Addo and Quaggsvlakte, Ecklon, Klip- dentatis pinnatifidisve, racemis elongatis, 

plaate river, Drege, (v. ^.) floribus subfasciculatis brevissime pedicel- 

• Near M, corymbosa but readily distin- latis, calycis laciniis apice subulatis capsu- 

guished by the calyx. Leaves of Bellis ^ duplo superantibus, corolle tubo calyce 

sylvestris. fix duplo longiore. 

* Thgrsiflora. Racemxcamponti,pedX' Hab. Clanwilliam district: Olifants 

ceaisfasdculcUo-plurifloris. CoroUm loci- river and Brackfontein Ecklon, Wupper- 

niiB xntegerrimtB obtongm obtustB. Caulea thai, Drege, (o. *.) 

itspefoliosi. Stature of M, juncea but branching in 

8. M, incana, (Thunb. Fl. Cap. 468.) the upper part Leaves sessile or embrac- 
suffiruticosa, humilis, ramosisaima, foliis ad ing the stem, often erect with the midrib 
basin ramorum approximatis petiolatis ob- very prominent. Pedicels 1 — 5-flowered. 
longis obtusis apice dentatis basi angustatis Corolla of M. juncea. 

utrinque incanis, ramis floriferis erectis 12. if. cferwyfcra, perennis, ramosa, pu- 

subnudis racemosis, pedunculis brevissi- bescens, foliis caulinis oblongo-lineanbus 

mis 1 — S-floris, calycibus incanis tubo co- subintegerrimis dentatisque, racemis densis 

rollse vix brevioribus. subspicnformibus, calycis laciniis subulatis 

Hab. Near the Cape ? (v. $, in herb, capsulas subsuperantibus, coroDe tubo 

Banks.) crassiusculo. 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHKEREiE, A TRIBE OP SCBOPHULARIACEiE. 



H AB. Clanwilliam district : Olifrnt's ri- 
ver and Brackfontein^ Ecklon, (v. ».) 

Inflorescense of M.juncea, bat different 
in habit and foliage. 

13. M.parmflora^ perennis, caule erec- 
to subramoso paucifoliato pubescente, foliis 
radicalibus oblongo-spathulatis obovatisve, 
cauHnis linearibus integerrimis paudden- 
tatisque, racemis elongatis tennibus multi- 
floris rhachi pubesoenti, calycibus minutis 
kciniis linearibus capsula truncata brevi- 
oribus. 

Hab. Near the Omtata in the Ama- 
ponda country, Drege, (v. s.) 

Near M, rubra and leiosiachys but much 
more slender, and tube of the corolla 
scarcely two lines long. 

14. M. leiostachys, perennis, caule 
erecto basi pubescente, foliis pubescenti- 
bus inferioribus longe petiolatis oblongis 
dentatis, superioribus oblongo-spathulatis 
linearibusve paucidentatis, racemis multi- 
floris elongatis cauleque supeme glaberri- 
mis, calycis laciniis linearibus obtusis cap- 
sula vix brevioribus. 

Hab. Gederbergen in Clanwilliam, and 
Gnadenthal (in Caledon ?), Drege. (o. a!) 

Taller and more erect than M. rubra 
with more numerous and slender flowers, 
and readily distinguished by the glabrous 
almost glaucous surface of the upper part 
of the plant. 

15. M, rubra, (Linn.— Thunb. FL Cap. 
472.) perennis caule erecto vel basi decum- 
bento villoso, foliis oblongo-lanceo]atis den- 
tatis basi angustatis utrinque pubescentibus 
yillosisve, racemo interrupto subramoso, 
calycis laciniis lineari-oblongis obtusis cap- 
sula subdimidio brevioribus, corollis calyce 
3 4 plo longioribus. 

Nemia rubra, Berg. Fl. Cap, 

Manulea angustifolia, Link. Ic. PL Sei, 
7. t 2. opHme, 

Hab. Cape Flats and Downs and Hot- 
tentotshoUand, Ecklon, Drege, S^c. Very 
common in Cape collections, (v. s,) 

Very variable in the number of flowers 
and degree of hairiness. Flowers half an 
inch long or ratlBr shorter. 

16. Jf. obovata, perennis, caule basi 
decumbente pubescente, foliis radicalibus 
ovatis caulinis obovatis oblongisve grosse 



ereiiati» subincisisre utrinque pubesoenti- 
bos, racemo elongato multifloro subramoso, 
calycis laciniis linearibus obtusis capsula 
subbrevioribus^ corollis tubo calyce 2 — 3- 
plo longiore. 

Hab. Algoa Bay, Forbes, Ecklon, (v. s.) 

Varies in the breadth of the leaves. 

Flowers much more numerous than in M. 

rubra, corollas and capsules not half the 

size. 

17. Jf. Umewtota, (Linn.— Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 470.) caule decumbente humili ramoso 
tomentoeo-yiUoso, foHisobovatis oblongisve 
dentatis crassis utrinque dense tomentosis, 
racemo brevi dense, calycis laciniis lanceo- 
lato-linearibus villoso-tomentosis capsulas 
subeequantibus. 

Selago tomentosa, Linn, Spec, 877. 

Manulea tomentosa, Bot. Mag, v. 9. t. 
322 male-'Link et Otto, Ic. H. Sel. 45. t. 
19 bene. 

Hab. Near the Cape and in Hotten- 
totshoUand, Ecklon, Drege, S^c. (v. s.) 

Branches short and rigid, racemes two 
to three inches long. 

18. M. thyrsiflora (Linn.— Thunb. Fl. 
Cap. 471.) caule erecto flexuoso ramoso 
tenuissime pubescente, foliisobovatisgrosse 
dentatis glabriusculis, racemo paniculsBfor- 
mi multifloro, pedunculis laxe cymosis, ca- 
lycis laciniis linearibus, corolla tubo calyce 
3— 4-plo longiore tenui, limbi laciniis ob- 
longo-linearibus obtusis. 

Hab. Cape district, Ecklon, Drege, 
%c. (v. s.) 

Raceme or panicle above half a foot 
long. Lower cymes opposite, upper ones 
alternate, all loosely dichotomous. Corolla 
slender, tube about three lines long. 

19. M, panicukUa, erecta, elata, ramo- 
sa, cano-pubescens, foliis ovatis obovatisve 
grosse crenatis, panicula maxima, racemis 
numerosis basi foliosis elongatis multifloris, 
pedunculis cymosis, calycis laciniis oblon- 
go-linearibus obtusis, coroUse tubo calyce 
triple longiore limbi laciniis ovatis. 

Hab. Stormbergen and near the Krai 
river, Drege, (y, s,) 

Stems thick and hard. Panicle a foot 
long, branches erect, cymes much denser 
than in M, thyrsiflora. 

20. M. turritis (Herb. Banks, MSS.) 



384 



SYNOPSIS OF THE BUCHNEREiE, A TRIBE OP SCBOPHULARIACBiE. 



caule vel ramis erectis ramosis hirsutis, 
foliis petiolatis ovatis oblongisve incise- 
dentatis basi angustatis utrinque hirsutism 
raceme elongate tenui, fleribus fasciculatis, 
calycis laciniis linearibus ebtusis, cerolloe 
tube gracili calyce 5 — 6-ple longiere, laci- 
niis oblenge-linearibus obtusis. 

Hab. Recks of Nieuwekleof, Drege, 
Occurs also in other Cape collections. 
(y. ..) 

Remarkable for the white hairs of the 
stem, racemes and flowers nearly those of 
M. leiostachys but foliage and habit very 
different. It has the appearance of being 
occasionally shrubby at the base. 

♦** Acutiflori, racemis compositis vel 
subsimpHces. Corolla lacinuB omnes vel 
superiores subtilcUo-acuminata. 

21. M. stellcUa, caule adscendente pu- 
bescente parce ramose, foliis petiolatis lato- 
ovatis inciso-serratis pubescentibus, ra- 
ceme elongate cemposito laxo multifloro, 
calycis laciniis lineari-subulatis, corelle 
tube calyce triplo longiore. 

Hab. Mountains of Cape and Worces- 
ter districts. Ecklon, (o. s!) 

An elegant species with slender orange- 
coloured flowers, three to seven on each 
peduncle. 

22. M, exaUata (Herb. Banks, MSS.), 
caule erecto divaricate ramose pubescente, 
foliis petiolatis late ovatis inciso-serratis 
pubescentibus, racemis gracillimis pauci- 
floris interruptis basi foliosis, calycis laci- 
niis lineari-subulatis corolles tube dimidio 
brevioribus. 

Hab. Cape and Clanwilliam districts, 
Olifants river, Brackfontein, and Bergvalei, 
Ecklon, Occurs also in the Banksian her- 
barium, (y.s!) 

Branches slender, peduncles very short, 
1 — 3-flowered, remote. Flowers half as 
large as in M. siellata, 

23. M. cheiranthus (Linn. Mant. 88.) 
foliis subradicalibus ovatis ebovatis oblon- 
gisve, pedunculis scapifermibus erectis sim- 
plicibus, racemis compositis, corollee tube 
vix exserto, limbi laciniis superioribus 
longissime subulatis. 



Nemia cheiranthus. Berg. Fl, Cap. 160. 

Lobelia cheiranthus, Linn, Spec. 131. 

Cheiranthus, &c., Comm, Hort, Amst. 2. 
83. t 42. 

Manulea rhynchantha Link. Enum.Hort. 
Berol. 2. 142.' 

0. floribunda. 

Hab. In various places in the western 
districts from the Cape to the Gariep river 
in Namaqualand. (v. s.) 

It is the great disproportion in length 
of the five divisions of the flower in this 
species, that was the origin of the generic 
name. 

24. M.pusilla (E. Meyer MSS.), foliis 
subradicalibus ebovatis oblongisve subden- 
tatis, pedunculis scapifermibus numerosis 
suberectis, racemis subsimplicibus, ceroUae 
tube vix exserto, laciniis limbi vix iiuequa- 
libus tubo subbrevioribus. 

Hab. Zilverfontein in Namaqualand, 
Drege. (y. s.) 

Very near the last but much smaller 
with very much smaller flowers. 

25. M. gariepina, foliis subradicalibus 
ovatis ebovatis oblongisve, pedunculis sca- 
piformibus erectis subramosis, racemis com- 
positis multifleris, corellse tubo calyce plus 
duple longiore, limbi laciniis ineequalibus. 

Hab. Plains of the Gariep in Nama- 
qualand, Drege. (y. s.) 

This again is near M. cheiranthus^ but 
different in the flowers. In both this and 
the preceding species the lower segments 
are frequently and sometimes perhaps all 
of them obtuse, so as to connect this section 
with the two first. 



Species described by Thunberg not re- 
ferred to any of the above. 

Manulia artirrhineides, Linn. — Thunb. 
Fl. Cap. 469. 

M. virgata, Thunb. I. c. 470. Near M. 
turritis ? 

M. cephalotes, Thunb, I. c, 470. 

M. hirta, Thunb. I. c. 471. 

Erinus tomentosus, Thmnh. I. c. 478. 



END OF THE FIRST VOLUME. 



\ 



J. I