A comparative study of the Bantu and semi-Bantu languages

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY

OF THE

BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK

TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE

BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU

LANGUAGES

BY

SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON

G.C.M.G., K.C.IS., P.Sc. (Canibs.),

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1919

PREFACE

This work on the Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages, of which the first volume is
now published, was commenced about seven years ago, in pursuance of a plan determined
— as related in the text — very much earlier in my life. It was already beginning to be
printed in 19 14, when the War broke out. The effect of the War on the Clarendon
Press, as on most other printing establishments, was greatly to delay the setting up in
type ; at the same time, the indirect results of the War increased the material at my dis-
posal and constrained me to write a longer and more comprehensive work than that
which had been originally contemplated : for the campaigns in Africa took place for the
most part in countries containing Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages, with the result that
many vocabularies were supplied, and thus some languages were brought to light that
were previously unknown.

It has been thought best to publish the first portion of this work on its completion.
The second part, an analysis and comparison of the phonology and word-roots, and
a comparative examination of the syntax of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages,
together with the conclusions to be derived from this evidence, is also finished ; but its
printing and publication must await some relaxation in the present stress.

The work has grown to such dimensions that I have to economize space and paper
as much as possible. Therefore I must ask to be excused from tendering in detail my
thanks and obligations to my numerous helpers, both 'living and dead. In a way, this
acknowledgement is achieved by the very full Bibliography at the end of this volume,
and I trust in that not to have omitted the name of any contributor of information. Of
the personages in the past whose work has prompted this comparative study of two
related language families of Western and Central Africa, there are five whom I should
like specially to mention in a dedicatory sense : the Rev. Sigismund Koelle, the Agent
of the Church of England Missionary Society, who composed the famous Polyglotta
Africana and other studies of African languages at Sierra Leone between 1848 and 1854 ;
Wilhclm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek, the Librarian of the Grey Library at Capetown, the
real originator of Bantu studies ; Edward Stecrc, Bishop of Zanzibar, and author of many
works on the East African Bantu ; the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, of the Baptist Missionary
Society on the Congo ; and A. C. Madan, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford, who
has done so much to increase our knowledge of the East and South-central Bantu
languages and of the Bantu syntax in general. It was mainly due to Mr. Madan's

vi PREFACE

intercession that the present work finally took shape and achieved publication ; and
I have deeply regretted the fact that he has died (August 1917) before he could see
it in a completed form.

I also desire to tender my thanks to the British South Africa Company, Chartered
and Limited, for the efforts made by its London Direction and its employes in South-
central Africa to record hitherto quite unknown languages for the purpose of this book :
and to the F'rench Government and His Majesty's former Ambassador in Paris, Viscount
Bertie of Thame, for the facilities accorded tome in 1 915 to visit the camps and hospitals of
the ' Senegalese ' soldiers in France. This asscmbl^e of negroes from all parts of French
West and West-central Africa was a singularly fortunate circumstance, inasmuch as it
enabled me not only to get an increased acquaintance with the Semi-Bantu languages,
but at the same time to check the accuracy of Sigismund Kocllc's invaluable vocabularies
which were transcribed sixty to seventy years ago at Sierra Leone, from freed slaves
arriving there from all parts of West and Central Africa.

I hope circumstances may permit of this study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu
languages being published in its entirety while I am still able to correct the proofs, and
while most of my numerous helpers are alive to appreciate the results of their collaboration.

H. H. JOHNSTON.

Poling,

April 1919.

LIST OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

PAGE

A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES .... i

CHAPTER n

THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES . 15

CHAPTER HI

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF 366 BANTU AND 87 SEMI-BANTU LAN-
GUAGES AND DIALECTS 39

The Bantu Languages :

Group A. The Nyanza Languages 45

B. The Wunyamvvezi Languages 86

C. The British East Africa Languages 98

D, E. The Kilimanjaro) and Usambara Languages 113

F. The Zangian Languages 129

G. The Usagara-Ugcogo) Languages 141

H, I. The Upper Rufiji and Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma Languages 154

I (cont.), J, K. The Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma. North Ruvuma-North-east Nyasaland. and

Ukinga Languages 169

^ L. The Tanganyika-Bangweulu Languages 184

M. The North-west Nyasa Languages 208

N, O. The Vac)-Ngindco and Mogambique Languages 221

P. The South Nyasaland Languages 236

P (cont.), O. The South Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia-Pungwe-Sabi Languages . 252

Q (cont.), R. The Southern Rhodesia-Pungwe-Sabi and ^engwe-Ronga Languages . 268

R (cont,), S. The ^engwe-Ronga and Becuana-Transvaal Languages .... 281

S (cont.), T. The Becuana-Transvaal and Zulu-Kafir Languages 298

U, V. The West Central Zambezia and Western Zambezia Languages . .... 318

V (cont.), W. The Western Zambezia and North-west Zambezia Languages . . . 333

X. The South-west Africa Languages . 350

Y. The Angola Languages 366

Z. The Kong(u or Westernmost Congoland Languages 378

AA. The South Congoland or Luba-Lunda Languages 394

AA (cont.), BB. The South Congoland and Upper Kwangu Languages . . . .411

BB (cont.), CC. The Upper Kwangco and Kwangco-Kasai Languages .... 427

CC (cont.), DD. The Kwangco-Kasai and Central Congoland (Luafige-L<omami) Languages 439

DD (cont.), The Central Congoland (Luange-Lcomami) Languages 451

DD (c^w/.), Sub-group DD I. The Central Congoland and Manyema Languages . . 462

viii LIST OF CONTENTS

PAGE

DD I {coni.), EE, FF. The Manyema, Middle Ltomami, and Elila-Lmwa-Lualaba (Bulega)

Languages 473

FF(«:<w«/.), GG, HH. The Elila-Lcowa-Lualaba, Ruwenzori-Semliki, and Upper Ituri

Languages 4*^4

HH (cont.), II. The Upper Ituri and Wele-Aruwimi (Ababua) Languages . • 496

JJ. The Aruwimi-Lcomami Languages 509

JJ {cont.), KK. The Aruwimi-Liomami and North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-
groups KK 1, KK 2) 520

KK {cont.). North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-group KK 3) 533

¥iK(cont.). North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-group KK 4) 546

LL. The Kwa-Kasai-Upper COgtowe (Teke) Languages 553

LL {cont.), MM. The Kwa-Kasai-Upper OOgcowe (Teke) and Central a)g(o\ve Languages 565
MM (<r^«/.), NN. The Central OOgcowe and COgtowe-Gaboon Languages . . -578
NN (cont.), 00. The OOgcowe-Gaboon (Mpongwe) and Spanish Guinea-West Cameroons

Languages 5^9

00 (cont.). The Spanish Guinea- West Cameroons Languages (Sub-groups OO I, 00 2,

003,004) 604

00 {cont.). The Spanish Guinea- West Cameroons Languages (Sub-group 00 4 (cont.),

00 5) 618

00 (cont.), PP, OQ. The Spanish Guinea- West Cameroons (Sub-group OO 6), Manen-

guba, and Middle Sanagi Languages ■ 630

RR, SS. The Paiiwe or ' Faiig ' and Kadei-Saiiga-LtDbai Languages .... 642
SS (coni.), TT. The Kadei-Lcobai (Upper Saiiga) Languages and the Fernandian

Language and Dialects 655

The Semi-Bantu Languages :

A. The Cameroons-Cross River Languages (Sub-group A i) 672

A (cont.). The Cameroons-Cross River Languages (Sub-group A I (cont.), Sub-group A 2) 698

B-G The Northern Cross River Basin, Benue, Bauci Languages 716

H, I, J. The Central Nigerian, South-west Tcogcoland, and South Sierra Leone Languages 732

K, L, M, N. The South Guinea, Nalu, North Guinea, and Upper Gambia Languages . 750

CHAPTER IV

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE FOREGOING

VOCABULARIES 773

CHAPTER V
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES . . .785

MAPS

SKETCH MAP OF BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU -AREAS 818

KEY-MAP GIVING NAMES S19

ERRATA ET ADDENDA

The printing of the first portions of this work began in 191 4, and the correction of the proofs was
somewhat interfered with by the author's absence in America, and later on in France. A few errors,
therefore, escaped his notice in the earlier chapters till after the printing-off had taken place ; or some-
times words or phrases became erroneous on the receipt of further information from Africa.

Also, during the printing of this book, much new material has been received, dealing more especially
with the Konjco (No. i) and other Nyanza tongues ; with Taita (14), Nika (16), Caga Dialects (17-17 e),
pambala (19), Zigula (20), Swahili (21-21 g), Pcogorco (28), Kidonde or Kimawanda (33 a), North
Ngindto (55n), Makua (56), North Kuanyama or Humbe (91a), Kuvale (92 bj, OOlundombe (93),
Sumbi (94b), Songto (97), Minungoj (112a), Hcolu (113), Mpama (167), Batende (i68a), and
Kiwumbu (177).

It has been thought more convenient to give the mass of the addenda and corrections at the end of
the Vocabularies, the greater part of which were in print before this additional information was received ;
and only to insert in the preliminary pages a correction of the errata in the earlier work. But readers
specially interested in the languages above cited are advised in studying them not only to take note of
the correction of errata here given, but of the additional information at the end of the book ; and students
who wish to have before their eyes, without turning to the beginning or end of the volume, as complete
a conspectus of the Bantu languages as can be produced at the present time, might insert with the pen
the additions to and corrections of the Vocabularies in the appropriate places.

On pages 3, 5, 6, 13, and 14, and wherever else the word occurs, for 'pojsa' read 'posa'.

On page 7, and wherever else it occurs, for ' Herero' read ' Hererto '.

At the bottom of page 14 should be added this sentence : ' and of the Semi-Bantu of Senegambia and
Nigeria'.

In the foot-note to page 16 a hyphen is missing in ' Tatoga-und-Irakuleute' .

On page 17, in line 5, insert the word ' one ' after ' differing '.

On page 19, line 20, 'preprefix ' must be substituted for 'prefix'. In line 34, instead of ' Class 6,
its plural ', substitute : ' Class 6, apart from being the plural of Class 5 '. In line 37, instead of ' Classes
9 and 10 were', read 'Classes 9 and 10 are'. In line 39, instead of 'Classes 12 and 13 were", read
' Classes 12 and 13 are ', and instead of ' Class 13 (Ka-) could ', read ' Class 13 (Ka-) can '. In line 40,
after ' Class 14 (Bu-) ', change 'was' to 'is'; and in line 41, 'Class 15 was ' should read 'Class 15
(Ku-) is '.

On page 20, in line i , the words ' but was ' should read ' but is '. In Hne 2, ' Class 16 represented '
should be ' Class l6 represents ' ; in line 3, change ' had ' and ' meant * to ' has ' and ' means ' ; in line 4,
change ' existed, were ' into ' exist, are '. In line 5, for the word ' certainly ' read ' first quinary and then '.
In line 1 7, after ' No changes ', insert the words ' in sense '. In line 19, after ' prepositions, and ', insert
the word ' perhaps '.

On page 22, line 5, instead of the words ' The Fula ', read ' The Semi-Bantu, the Fula *, and in line 6,
after ' Wolof ', strike out the following words, ' the Temne '. In the footnote, Hne 7, strike out ' Temne ',
and after ' Bantu ' insert ' Semi-Bantu '. At the end of line 9, instead of ' Sudanese ' read ' Sudanic '.

On page 25, in line 3, after ' fusion ' insert the words ' some of.

On page 26, line 4, instead of ' akin ' read ' related '.

X ■ ERRATA ET ADDENDA

On page 27, in line 4, for ' dates ' read ' date '. At the end of line 14, instead of ' And here ' read
' And hence '. In line 25, instead of Africa has been a long process in unwritten history and cannot be
compressed, &c. ', read ' Africa has not been a long process in unwritten history and can be compressed,
&c. '.

On page 29, at the end of line 5, the letter a should be deleted from ' defecations *, which word should
read ' defections'. In line 33, instead of ' Bantu languages which ' read ' Bantu languages that '.

On page 30, in line 8, the first two equivalerts of ' hair ' should be rendered -wele, -wili, and not
•bele, -bUi. In line 17, among the word-roots for 'blood ' should be inserted -kila (after -rupa).

On page 31 a table is given of the original 19 prefixes of the Bantu languages. It should be premised
that this is the full list of prefixes with concord particles or answering pronouns. But in addition there
are now known to be five or more other prefixes — locatives, or indicative of sex or honorability. These,
however, are without concords.

On page 32, line 4, ' m- before a nasal' should read ' m- before a labial '.

On page 36, in line 9, the simple vowel system of Old Bantu should read : ' — 5, a, e, i, 5, and
perhaps a* — '.

On page 39, in the Title of Chapter III, the number of Bantu languages and dialects should be
enlarged from ' 276 ' to ' 366 ' ; and of Semi-Bantu languages and dialects from ' 24 ' to ' 87 '. Similarly,
on page 42, in the last paragraph but one and in the footnote, the figures 376 (total number of Bantu and
Semi-n.intu languages and dialects) should be changed to ' 366, of which about 360 are illustrated '.

On page 43, n the list of Bantu language Groups, P should stand for 'THE SOUTH NYASA-
LAND LANGUAGES ',Q for 'THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES',
and R for 'THE ^ENGWE-RONGA LANGUAGES'.

On page 44, and paragraph, the Groups of the Semi-Bantu Languages should be rendered thus :
Group A. (S-B.). The Cameroons-Cross River Languages.

B. (S-B.). The Northern Cross River Basin Languages.

C. (S-B.). The South-west Benue Languages.

D. (S-B.). The Southern Benue Languages.

E. (S-B.). The Central Benue Languages.

F. (S-B.). The South-west Bauci Languages.

G. (S-B.). The Central Bauci Languages.

H. (S-B.). The Kaduna Basin (Central Nigeria) Languages.
I. (S-B.). The Tcogioland Languages.

J. (S-B.). The Southern Sierra Leone Languages.

K. (S-B.). The South Guinea Languages.

L. (S-B.). The Nalu Language.

M. (S-B.). The North Guinea Languages.

N. (S-B.). The Upper Gambia Language.
Page 85. In the prefixes, &c., of Lu-Masaba and I.u-konde, among the forms of the sth prefix Ki-
is erroneously given. It should read Ri-.

Page ICO, col. 16, the root for ' Ear ' should read Sikirco.

Page too, cols. 14. 15, 16, opp. ' Fire ', render the words Mwdcn, Moi-tu, Mw-hu as M>odo>, M-5tw,

. ' Frog ', for C-ua read Cua.
. ' Foot ', for Su-aiyo read Lu-aiyo.
' Thorn ', for D-zala-g-umba read Dzala-gumba.
. ' Wood ', the root should be spelt .kuni, -khuni, not •kumi, -khumi.
' Inside ', for -a n-denji read -a n-denyL
Page 113. The alternative name of the principal Caga dialect should be Mcofsi, not Musi.
Page 114, col. 20, opp. 'Bull', for N-jeka read N-jeku.

(Page 140. The concords of the 4th Class of prefixes in Swahili and Swahili dialects should be stated
as mi", -ni, -i-), not (m-, mu-, i-).

Page 153, last paragraph, for ' Lake Manyasa ' read ' Lake Manyara'.

Page 198, col. 17. The word Ily-enza should be opposite ' Egg' and not ' Ear '.

Page 228, col. 54, opp. ' Stone '. for Li-gonga read Li-ganga.

and M^ohea.

Page 1 01, col.

12, opp.

Page 1 01, col.

14, opp.

Page 105, col.

16, opp.

Page 106, col.

J 3. opp.

Page no, col.

14, opp.

Page 5, thirteenth line from bottom of last paragrapn, tor ' l.ewis (irants ' read

Page 6, tenth line from bottom of last paragraph, for ' Ba-yeiyi ' read ' Ba-yeiye '.

Page 7, fifteenth line from top, for •// read -//'.

Page 10, fifteenth line from top, for 'Sudanese' read ' Sudanic ', and tenth line from bottom, for
' C. Hermann ' read ' C. Herrmann '.

Page II, fourteenth line from top, after ' Lutheran ' insert ' pastor and '.

Page 12, twenty-first line from top, for ' Dr. Eduard Sachau ' read ' P. Hendle ' ; and on p. 791, par.
28, instead of ' Prof. ' insert ' P. Hendle, edited by '.

Page 29, one line from bottom, for " two hundred and seventy-six ' read ' three hundred and sixty-six '.

Page 33, three lines from top, for ' consonantal ' read ' substantival '.

Page 37, eight lines from top, after 'twenty-six' insert 'main '.

Page 378, and again on page 803. In the summary of titles at the commencement of the Vocabu-
laries on p 37S, and again in the bibliography on p. 803, Ki-yombe or Ci-luangoj should be numbered
102, Ki-vili or Ki-vumbu or Lu-wumbu (N.Luangco) 103, and Ki-lumbco of Mayiivtha. 103 a, conform-
ably with the Vocabularies.

Page 792, par. 33, delete 'preliminary Corrigenda ct'.

Page 798. In the paragraph numbered 76, the name ' Elmsley ' should be spelt ' Elmslie '.

Page 81 5, twelfth line from bottom, for ' Sengalese ' read ' Senegalese '.

1734 Johnston^ Uaittu.

Sept. 1919, face p. \.

ERRATA ET ADDENDA xi

Page 231, col. 54, opp. ' This, these ', the demonstrative of the i6th Class should read Apa, not (ji)pa
Page 237, col. 61 a, opp. ' Cloth ', for N-garu read N-saru.
Page 315, col. 76, opp. ' Sit, remain, &c. ', instead of -jslaza read -slara.

Page 350. The beginning of 4th footnote should run : ' This language in different dialects is, &'c.\
Page 353, col. 92, opp. ' Fear ', for OOn-uma read COu-uma.
Page 355. In the English column, ' Man, vir.' is missing opp. to Ci)mu-rumendu.
Page 359. The word for ' Nine' in col. 94 is perhaps better spelt £-cia, E-cieha ; and for ' Hundred'
OO'Cita. In col. 92 the roots for ' Hundred ' may be -tyita and Cita, instead of -ta.

Page 365. The last paragraph should read : ' 94. Umbundu is spoken in the Benguela and Bai-
lundio districts of southern Aiigola, north of 14° 30' South latitude, south of the Kuvuj river, and of 11° 30'
South latitude ; and west of the Upper Kwanza river.'

Page 377. The definition of the area of the Kisama language (95) should be limited on the south by
the Kuvo) river.

Page 410. Last paragraph, the close of the definition of the area of 108-108 a should read, ' West of
the Upper Lcomami, south of the Lubefu, and east of the Safikuru '.

Page 553. In list of titles for ' 177. Ki-wumbco' read ' 177. Ki-wumbu ', and Ki-wumbu likewise
on page 564.

Page 606, col. 204, opp. ' Fire ', the figure ' which refers to the footnote should be removed from
li-didi and placed after 'aji're', which concludes the sentence in brackets. And in the answering foot-
note ' Mote-mote ' the two vowels o should be stressed o.

Page 675, opp. ' Child', cols. 230-231, after Ma-nku insert Mu-pie (231).

Page 690, col, 230, 231, opp. 'Nine', the whole passage of equivalents for 'Nine' should be rendered
thus :

Li-vojoj.

Bojoj (230 b, 230 g).
Sipo (230 i).
Vua.

plbco (230 c)-
M-bu, Pfcdoi (230 j).
Bb, Beo> {230 d).
I-fi(23of).
Ve, Be, Bemi.
Tsiaiiuco (231).
Page 696, seventh line from bottom, at the end of line an 'a' should follow ' indicate '.
Page 698, in the list of languages, the line beginning ' (238. Olulciimu. See Appendix, &c.' should
read ' (238. Olulcomo). 238 a. Ikom. See Appendix) '.

Page 705, col. 244, opp. ' Thigh ', U-nau should becorrected to U-na&.

Page 715, third line from bottom, ' Kwoi-Ibco' river should be spelt 'Kwo-Ibai'.

CHAPTER I

A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES

Outside the range of the Semitic and Hamitic families of languages, as represented by Arabic
and Amharic, the first types of African speech to attract the attention of Europeans and to be
written down by them were members of the widespread BANTU group ; an association of tongues
as closely interrelated as clear-cut and unmistakable in their peculiar characteristics as the Aryan,
the Semitic, or the Malay families of speech. The Bantu languages of the central prolongation of
Africa were of course totally unknown to the Graeco-Roman civilization of the Mediterranean, the
cultured minds of which may just have been able to perceive (if they collected and collated the
evidence of travellers) that beside the recognized types of Hamitic and Semitic languages of north
and north-east Africa there were the tongues of the Nilotic negroes, of the Nubians, of the Tibu
(Garamantes), and of the Fula and Wolof negroids on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara and along
the banks of the Senegal river. And although we may assume on fairly sufficient evidence that
the Arabian trading-cities of the Yaman and Hadramaut coasts had founded depots for commerce on
the Equatorial East African littoral as early as the commencement of the Christian Era (if not
before), and had likewise got into touch with the north end of Madagascar and the Komorco Islands,
it is more probable that in those days— eighteen hundred to two thousand years ago — there were no
Bantu-speaking negroes on the east coast of Africa. Consequently, though the merchants of south-
west Arabia, who acted as important intermediaries in the Indian trade with the Roman Empire in
Egypt, may have conveyed slaves from the Zangian coasts and islands to Egyptian slave-markets, it
is doubtful whether these brought with them any Bantu syllables into the medley of tongues talked
in the Mediterranean basin.

But not long after Arab and Bantu first met on the east and south-east littoral of Africa there
seems to have been a greater fusion of interests between them than between Arab and Kushite
(Gala and Somali). The Arabs took up the stock language of the Zangian group somewhere on the
coast between the Pafigani or Rufu river and the Ruvuma and turned it into the Swahili tongue of
commerce that we know so well at the present day— the easiest and most widely spread of the
Bantu languages.

When the Portuguese rounded Cape Verde and reached the mouth of the Congo during the
second half of the fifteenth century, they nowhere found a native language (excepting, of course,
North African Arabic) sufficiently easy of pronunciation or simple in structure to be used as
a medium of instruction and intercommunication, until they reached Bantu Africa. Their
missionaries soon began to learn Kifi-kofigto and a little later the Mbundu speech of Aiigola. Kifi-
kofigo) words are given in Pigafetta's description of the Portuguese Congo explorations published in
1591. Kifi-kofigd) was committed to writing and to print (in the form of a treatise on Christian
doctrine) as early as 1624 by a Jesuit (Portuguese) missionary ; and a Grammar (see Bibliography
in Chapter IV) by an Italian missionary was published at Rome in 1659. Kimbundu of Aiig5la was

1784 B

2 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

illustrated by Italian missionaries in 1642 and 1661 ; and a Grammar of Kimbundu (by Diaz) was
printed at Lisbon in 1697. A study of Luafigu) and Kakoiigco was carried out in the eighteenth
century by French missionaries, such as' the Abbe Proyart.

As early as 1505, but chiefly between the middle of the sixteenth century and 1760, Portuguese
soldier-explorers and missionaries put into their writings numerous phrases of two East African
Bantu tongues: Karana (' Mocaranga ') and Swahili. The amount of the first-named language
which can be gleaned from these early records of Portuguese expeditions in Zambezia and on the
Sufala coast is considerable, and has been conveniently collected for me by Mr. R. W. Hall, the
Warden of Zimbabwe. Though carelessly transcribed by these sixteenth-century Portuguese, with
little regard for grammar or plural prefixes, it is nevertheless easily recognized as Karana and as
I easily translated. It shows such comparatively little difference from the same tongue spoken to-day
after an interval of between four hundred and one hundred and fifty years that we should be puzzled
to account for the rapid formation and divergence of the two hundred and twenty-six distinct
Bantu languages of present times ; did we not remember that the Romance languages were not in
existence in the fourth century of the Christian Era, yet were evolved with all their characteristic
features by the twelfth century ; and that the French and Italian of three hundred and fifty years
ago are not more dissimilar from the speech of to-day than is the tongue of the Rhodesian Mafuna
from the 'Mocaranga' of Monomotapa recorded by the Portuguese sixteenth-century pioneers.

A short list of words of the Komoro Islands Swahili— the dialect of Moihila— was written down
as early as 1626 by Thomas Herbert, an Enghsh traveller who voyaged in that year round the Cape
of Good Hope to Aden and thence to India, whence he returned overland through Persia, Caucasia,
and Russia.' In the eighteenth century the Portuguese traders and officials on the Lower Zambezi
took up the language of Sena and made it a kind of lingua franca in eastern Zambezia under the
name of ' Chicunda '. [This Cikunda speech was the first Bantu language learnt by the English and
Scottish missionaries who followed Livingstone, and a short manual of it was printed by the
Rev. Dr. Robert Laws in 1879 or 1880.] As early as the seventeenth century, the Portuguese, with
Kimbundu and Kipi-kongo) on their Atlantic coast possessions, Cikunda on the Lower Zambezi, the
speech of Tete (Cinyungwe) on the Zambezi of the Cataracts, and the Citoiiga learnt by the Jesuit
missionaries on the Middle Zambezi, had realized the truth about the wide range of the Bantu
languages. In the eighteenth century they repeatedly referred in their writings to the similarity of
speech between Aiigola and Mozambique.

The Dutch explorers, following in the footsteps of the Portuguese along the West African coast,
also began to interest themselves in these harmonious, easily pronounced Bantu languages. Barbot,
' who wrote his Description of Guinea about 1682 (English translation first published in 1732), gave
short vocabularies of Kip-kongoj and of a dialect of north-west Cameroons, probably Barundco.'
Barbot was a Frenchman in the service of the French Royal Company of Africa, but he seems to
have derived much of his information east of Senegal from the Dutch. In the latter half of the
eighteenth century — the period of Cook, of La Perouse, of James Bruce — greater curiosity than ever
before was evinced as to the languages of non-European peoples. The Dutch occupation of Cape
Colony had attracted to South Africa a number of explorers— French, German, and Scottish. The
strange Hottentot speech had already been transcribed to some extent by Wilson in 1691, and
between 1705 and 1713 by Pieter Kolben, the industrious and intelligent Prussian explorer of South

' These words of the ' Mohella ' language recorded by Thomas Herbert do not seem to be met with in
the first (1634) edition of his travels. They were presumably collected in 1626, but were not inserted
into his book until the 1677 edition was produced. He does not give a ' vocabulary ', as stated by
R. N. Gust (Modern Languages of Africa), but a few words, such as Coguo (fowl), Gumbey (ox), Mage
(water), Sinzano (needle), and Buse (goat).

' As regards the words of Barundco said to have been collected by Barbot, I quote from Astley's
Voyages and Travels, '^\:i\i\\%\\iiA.'va. 1746. They are the first five numerals: Mo; Ba ; Malela; Melei;
Malau ; and are attributed to the ' land of Ambozes ' (Ambas Bay).

THE BANTU LANGUAGES 3

Africa. But the Dutch had been slow in coming into contact with the Bantu peoples of South Africa.
To the tribes of stalwart, naked Bantu negroes dwelling on the south and south-east coasts they had
given the name of'Caffer', copying in this the Portuguese who had picked up ' Cafre ' from the
Arabic Kafir (a heathen). Beyond Hottentot- and Bushman-land, in the centre of southernmost
Africa, the Dutch began (about 1779) to be aware that there existed a ' nation ' of tall black negroes
whom they called 'Beetjuaan ' by some corruption of an unidentified native word which has since been
perpetuated as ' Bechuana '. It was made evident by about 1806 that neither ' Beetjuaan ' nor ' Caffer '
spoke anything like Hottentot or Bushman ; and equally clear that many of the Dutch slaves from
Mo9ambique, Scofala, or Angola could make themselves understood by these tall negroes beyond
the Great Fish river or north of the Orange. In 1772 an unnamed French missionary compiled
a Kakofiga)- French dictionary, and in 1776 the first vocabulary of p<osa (Kafir) was printed, in the
work of Andrew Sparrman, a Swede. In 1804 the Portuguese Cannecattim published his Angola
Dictionary. In 1809 Henry Salt, a pioneer diplomatist of the British Government in East Africa,
wrote down vocabularies of Makua, of some Yaco dialect, and of Swahili.'

In 1808 the notable German traveller, Heinrich Lichtenstein, had grasped and expressed the
idea (in a Berlin scientific periodical) that all the southern prolongation of Africa, from the Congo coast
on the north-west, to the Equator on the north-east, was probably the domain of but one language
family— excepting of course the narrow band of Hottentot-Bushman speech from Cape St. Francis
to Cape Frio. [Lichtenstein's Travels in Southern Africa in 180J-6, were published in their English
translation in 1812-15.] The pioneer missionaries of South Africa soon confirmed this theory by
their practical studies, and there were always at hand in those days slaves from the Portuguese
East and West African possessions and from Zanzibar to confirm the idea by contributing
specimens of their more northern forms of Bantu. A vocabulary of the Makua language of Mozam-
bique was, for purposes of comparison, written down from the dictation of a negro slave in Sumatra
by William Marsden, the Orientalist, somewhere about 1778. He himself was an authority on the
Malay language, but he became interested in African philology, and handed his Makua vocabulary
to the scientific members of Captain Tuckey's staflT who accompanied that officer in 1816 in the
attempt to explore the Congo from its mouth up stream. These men went there with the
Bantu theory in their minds, though the comprehensive word ' Bantu ' was not then suggested.
They refer to the existence of this one great family across the southern third of the continent in
their contributions to the Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire (Report on the Tuckey
Expedition) published in i8i8.

Adrien Balbi, in his Atlas ethnographique du Globe, printed at Paris in 1826, precognized the
existence of one great language family over all Africa south of the Equator (exception being taken
for Hottentots and Bushmen). He based this theory on the observations of Moritz Rugendas,
a Bavarian artist who had travelled through eastern Brazil in the early nineteenth century and
had taken down descriptions of West Africa and scraps of speech from negro slaves.'' Douville,

' Henry Salt was sent to convey presents to the Kings of Shoa and Abyssinia in 1809, to detach
Ethiopia as much as possible from French intrigues against Egypt. On his way to Somaliland round the
Cape of Good Hope, he stopped at Mozambique and there wrote down short vocabularies of ' Makooa '
(easily recognizable as Imakua) and ' Monjow ' (a jargon seeming like a mixture of Yaco, Gindto, and
Northern Makua (Medio)). His words of ' Monjow' (re-spelt phonetically) are as follows : Mcalungon
(God); Dyuva (sun); Muezi (moon); Tuundnwa. (stars); Muze (earth); Maiumbi (mountain); Mere
(tree) ; Aumba . . . ? Numba (house) ; Etala (road) ; Meze (water) ; Sieinba (fish) ; Niyati (ox, evidently
buffalo) ; Liguluwe (pig) ; Umpua (dog) ; Itepu (elephant or ivory) ; Nyama (flesh) ; Nune (bird) ;
Eyunda (pigeon); Mulutpuiana (man); Ateate (father); Alumbu (brother); Bo) (sister); Manace
(boy) ; Mutwe (head) ; Humpu (hair) ; Makutwe (ears) ; Unwa (mouth) ; Atigonda (war) ; (jiknazi
(a bow) ; Impamba (arrows) ; LipongU) (spear) ; Uti (gun) ; Jete (salt) ; Jipanje (white) ; Ya-kuswers
(red); -atigu (my). For a description of Salt's Swahili ('Sowauli', 'Sowaiel'), see the Bibliography of
Chapter IV.

' The results of his observations are said to have been published in or concurrently with his Voyage
pittoresqtte et descriptif au Brhil, ? 1824, but I cannot trace them. Rugendas dealt with the languages
of Angola and Mozambique.

B 2

4 . A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

a French traveller in Angola (probably in the interests of the slave trade) who much later became
a secretary of the Paris Geographical Society, published a book on the Congo and Angola in 1832;
and although his records of Bantu languages are very jumbled and full of inaccuracies, still they are
not as apocryphal as they were afterwards esteemed. Douville not only mentions some of the
principal language groups in Angola and the western Congo, but realizes through Portuguese
information the importance of the Luba family beyond.

In the 'forties of the nineteenth century great progress was made in Bantu studies. The
(English) Baptist Mission had been established in Fernando Po, and John Clarke, one of its
missionaries, had already put down on paper information regarding the Fernandian or Bube
language. He also published specimens of 209 African dialects, taken down from the slaves who
were landed at the Admiralty depot at Fernando Po. Although there were very few words of
each language (some are more illustrated than others), yet his hearing was fairly accurate and his
writing phonetically correct. His work has a certain usefulness even at the present day. At this
time also the great Sigismund Koelle, like Krapf and Rebmann, a native of the kingdom of
WOrttemberg, in southern Germany, and a clergyman of the Church of England, was employed by
the Church Missionary Society to watch the interests of the freed slaves landed at Sierra Leone.
He took advantage of this opportunity to collect the materials for his remarkable Polyglotta Africana,
published by the Church Missionary Society in 1854. This work deserves the highest praise, even
in comparison with philological work at the present day. It is the more remarkable, since it was
compiled over sixty years ago. So far as the Bantu languages are concerned, Koelle proves
to be more interesting perhaps than he ever anticipated. He placed on record not only many facts
of Inner African geographj' which were to remain unrealized for several decades longer, but he
wrote down in 1851-2 the speech of Bantu peoples who were not to be actually visited by the white
man till — in some cases— the beginning of the twentieth century. Excepting here and there a few
lapsus calami and errors due to mishearing or misunderstanding, his work is remarkably correct
and also shows that many of the languages transcribed by him have changed but little in the
course of sixty years. Nearly all his Bantu vocabularies are included in the scope of the present
work. Koelle appreciated to the full the fact of the existence of this great family of closely-related
African languages, but preferred to call it the ' South African ' family. He was not sufficiently
acquainted with the structure of Bantu speech to include all his Bantu vocabularies under the same
heading ; several of them appear as ' unclassified ' languages. A few are incorrectly named, but
are easily identified by their affinities and the geographical information he gives as to their position.
Considering the absolute blank of the map of Africa in those days, behind the coastline, his
geographical delimitations of the spheres occupied by the enormous number of languages he tran-
scribed (due to the collation of the information he took down from the freed slaves) is remarkably
accurate, and has been a great help to myself and other recent writers on the Bantu and Semi-Bantu
languages in identifying and locating the forms of speech which he recorded.

Whilst Koelle was working at Sierra Leone and the Baptist missionaries at Fernando Po and
the Cameroons,' the American Board of Foreign Missions was despatching evangelists to settle on

' In referring to the work of the Baptist missionaries in early days in the Cameroons, I must
specially signalize for notice and gratilude on our part the remarkable work achieved by Joseph Merrick,
who- under circumstances of great difficulty printed a dictionary of the Isubu tongue in 1842 and
a Grammatical Note in 1854 ; and of Alfred Saker, who issijed a grammar and vocabulary from his
printing press on the Cameroons estuary, in 1855 •'■^'^ 1862. Merrick's work was the more remarkable
in that he was a negro or mulatto who had received his education chiefly, if not entirely, in the island of
Jamaica. He was one of the early recruits of the Baptist Missionary Society in its desire to establish
civilized settlements for the relief of freed slaves on the coast of Equatorial West Africa. It is difficult,
as one reads Merrick's dictionary of Isubu, to realize that this work was compiled so anciently as the
'forties of the last century and by one who had such slight advantages in the way of education, though he
had evidently made the utmost use of the instruction given him.

THE BANTU LANGUAGES 5

the coast of the Gaboon. Here they not only made the discovery of the Gorilla, but through the
linguistic zeal of the Rev. J. L. Wilson, of Messrs. Preston and Best, and in later days of the Revs.
R. H. Nassau, H. M. Adams, J. Bushnell, and of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Marling, they recorded the
Kele or Kalai, the Mpongwe, the Benga, and the Paiiwe (Fang) languages of French Congo and
Spanish Guinea.

At the same period also— the 'forties and early 'fifties— the German naturalist. Dr. Wilhelm
Peters, of Berlin,' was exploring Portuguese East Africa and writing down words of the Bantu
languages spoken there. And those noteworthy pioneers of East Africa, the missionaries Johann
Ludwig Krapf and Johann Rebmann (both of them natives of Wurttemberg, and, like Koelle, in the
service of the English Church Missionary Society), were revealing the Bantu languages of Equa-
torial East Africa from the Tana river to south-west Nyasaland, either through their travels or by
the interrogation of slaves. Krapf realized the existence of the Bantu family, but called it the
' Nilotic ', and later the ' Orphno-Cushitic ' ; very inappropriate names, considering that the Nile
basin and the Kushite (Gala-Bisharin) race barely come within the Bantu sphere, and that there
exist the well-defined and quite independent families of Nilotic negro and Kushite languages."

Missionaries of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland simultaneously were settled at Old
Calabar on the eastern confines of Southern Nigeria, and were exploring the hinterland up the
Cross river. Though they collected little or nothing in the way of Bantu languages, they were
enabling philologists to define the limits of the Bantu family on the north-west.

In South Africa a great impetus was given in the first half of the nineteenth century to the study
of languages by missionary work and by the explorations of Robert Moffat and David Livingstone.
The first adequate grammar of pwsa (Kafir)' had been published by W. B. Boyce in 1834, and
was succeeded in 1846 by a vocabulary or a short dictionary written by John Ayliffe, and Apple-
yard's Grammar in 1850. Then came Lewis Grant's Zulu Grammar in 1859, and a Zulu Grammar
and Dictionary by the eminent Bishop Colenso. But the great event in the history of Bantu studies
was the appointment in i860 of Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek to be Librarian of the collection
of books presented by Sir George Grey as a public library to Capetown. Bleek was born in 1827
at Berlin, and was a student at Bonn University, where his attention was directed to the arrange-
ment of South African languages and the affinities of Hottentot speech. He published a disserta-
tion in Latin on this subject in 1851, and this attracting the attention of those who were advising
the British Government in regard to the Niger expeditions, he was offered a post on the Niger
in 1854 (in conjunction with Dr. W. A. Baikie) ; but his health prevented his taking up this appoint-
ment. Instead he accompanied Bishop Colenso to Natal, where he began to study the Zulu
language. Moving to Capetown in 1856 his value was at once appreciated by one of the few great
Governors who ever went out to South Africa— Sir George Grey (a man whose services to the
British Empire and the world at large have never yet been sufficiently appreciated). Sir George

' Dr. Peters's travels took place between 1842 and 1848.

" The Rev. Dr. J. L. Krapf issued from the Tubingen University Press (Wiirttemberg) Vocabularies
0/ Six East African Languages in 1850, a Vocabulary of ^ Wakuafi' (Masai) in 1854, and compiled in the
course of many years his Swahili- English Dictionary, which was published in London in 1882. Although
this work is of great interest to students of the origin and affinities of the Swahili dialects, its value is
marred by the author's eccentric orthography and his preference for the Mombasa dialect over that of
Zanzibar. He is also too ready to include as ' Swahili', words really belonging to quite different Bantu
languages spoken in his time by the slaves of the Arab settlers. Krapf also collected materials for a Nika
Dictionary which was afterwards completed under the editorship of the Rev. T. H. Sparshott (1887).

Johann Rebman or Rebmann^both spellings are used by him — one of Krapfs colleagues, had
compiled an interesting study of ' Ki-niassa ' in 1853-5, which was not published till 1877. This was
more or less the Ci-maravi dialect of the widespread Nyanja tongue. Rebmann also contributed to the
above-mentioned Nika Dictionary.

' As already mentioned, the Kafir language was first transcribed in print by Andrew Sparrman in
1776. Sparrman was the naturalist to Captain James Cook's second expedition to the Pacific.

6 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

Grey gave him a post as Government Interpreter at Capetown, which he enlarged into that of
Librarian in i860. As early as 1856, however, Bleek, through studying the vocabularies written
down by Dr. Wilhelm Peters, had not only grasped the unity of the great language family of
Central and South Africa, but had proposed as an appropriate name for it the term BANTU, a term
which he derived from the wellnigh universal word for ' men '.' Bleek considered that, despite
variations in pronunciation, this term was so universal and so characteristic of the languages to
which it belonged in exhibiting the detachable prefix and unchangeable root, that it should preferably
be selected for their universal designation, for the additional reason also of its shortness and easy
pronunciation.

Bleek really laid the foundations of Bantu philology. In 1862 he published at Capetown the
first volume of his Comparative Grammar of the South African Languages, and in 1869 the second
volume (in London). He had previously brought out a handbook of Australian, African, and Poly-
nesian philology between 1858 and 1863, and although his conclusions are too far-fetched, especially
in detail, and are not borne out by a more scientific study of these African and Oceanic forms of
speech, still he detected many an obscure truth or half-truth. In his scheme for the Comparative
Grammar of the South African Languages he hampered himself by attempting to deal with Hottentot
(and no doubt later on, Bushman) as well as with Bantu. As there is no affinity between the two
groups other than that they are both forms of speech uttered by Africans, this was a mistake. His
first volume deals only with phonology, and the second gets no farther than the nouns and their
prefixes. But both volumes opened up as no other work has done, the fascinating interest of the
Bantu languages to philologists, and even to the outside world. It is as easy to trace the affinities
between one Bantu language and another as it is between those of the Aryan groups— perhaps
easier. As a rule they are melodious languages with the phonology of Italian, and as easily pro-
nounced. They are expressive, and compared to most other African speech families, comparatively
simple and logical in their syntax. Bleek adopted an excellent system of orthography, one towards
which we have somewhat reverted of late.

He made the best of the scanty material at his disposal, which was indeed small as compared
with what we have before us at the present day. It consisted of Krapf's, Rebmann's, and Steere's
East African vocabularies of Pojkcomo) (which he used very little), Kamba, Nika, Swahili, and
^ambala; Yao) (collected by Peters and Steere), Makua (Peters), Sena and Tete (Ci-nyungwi) ;
of Tekeza (under which term he meant the Thonga or konga language of Delagoa Bay and
Amatoiigaland), Sesutco, Sexlapi or Secuana; Zulu and Kafir (pcusa) ; of Yeye (Ba-yeiyi), with
references to Rotse or Lui, Ta)ka or Toiiga, Nyefigto, Subia, Lujazi and Ma-ponda, all derived from
Livingstone's MS. vocabularies ; * of Hercro, Ndofiga (Ovambco), Nan<o or Benguela, Angola or
Bunda (properly, Ki-mbundu) ; of Kongto (Kipi-koiigio) ; Mpongwe, Kele (Dikele), Benga, Duala,
Isubu, and Fernandian. Bleek's work, as already stated, did not get bej'ond the noun, its prefixes,
and their concords. But it was of such an illuminating nature that its interest has prompted as
many philologists to work for its completion as writers of fiction have been impelled to finish Edwin
Drood. At any rate, the reading of his two slim volumes in 1883 inspired me with the determination
to write this work now published, and to lose no opportunities for its preparation when my
African travels or researches should enable me to collect material.

' In its fullest form with the preprefix it is Abaniu or Ba,ba.ntu. The singular is Unmntti (archai-
cally, Gumuntu). The root is -ntu, apparently meaning no more than 'object' in its essence, and
deriving its precise and differing interpretations from its prefixes : thus (discounting preprefixes) Mu-ntu
= ' a human being ' ; Ba.-n/u = ' men, people ' ; Ki-ntu or Ka-ntii is ' a thing ', and Bi-ntii or Tu-ntu
' things ' ; Pd-ntu = ' a place ' ; Lu-tttit = ' a quality ' (of some kind) ; and Bu-ntu is ' humanity '.

• Which, scarcely used since, now contribute to the information of the present volume, through the
kindness of lileek's ultimate successor, Dr. L. P^ringuey.

THE BANTU LANGUAGES 7

Bleek divined or actually exposed many of the facts connected with the origin and structure of
the Bantu languages. But from the very insufficient material at his disposal he was led into several
wrong deductions. One of these— evidently a pet theory of his — was in regard to the origin of
a Zulu term for God — Cdmit-kulutikulu, which may (or may not) have been at one time the Zulu
term for this concept. He realized that this word must mean either ' the great, great one ', or ' the
old, old one ' (for -kulu can bear both meanings, even in the same language) ; and seeing the tendencies
of Zulus to ancestor worship and the deification of dead-and-gone notabilities, he thought he found
in this the etymology of the much more widely spread Bantu term for God —Mulungu, — which
he considered to be a contraction oi Cdmii-kulunkulu. As a matter of fact, the two words have no
connexion. Cdmu-ktdunkulu had the interpretation and origin given to it by Bleek, but Mulungu
is really the rain or the sky god, and is derived from a root, -lungn, which is sometimes applied to
the firmament and sometimes (though rarely) to rain (see numerous instances in the East and
Central African vocabularies). Bleek's other error was in regard to the preprefixes or articles and the
concord particles. He noticed that the vowels preposed to the Zulu-Kafir prefixes («mu-, aba-, «li-,
&c.) were detachable from the second syllable, the prefix proper {niu-, ba-, or H-, &c.) : that the
preprefixes had vanished from a good many of the Bantu tongues, but seemed to recur in the con-
cord particles ; yet that these particles, though in general offering considerable resemblance to the
prefix, in some cases exhibited a strange dissimilarity. Thus, for example, the concord particle of
the Ma.- prefix might be sometimes nia- and yet at others ga-, ya-, or a-. The concord particle of
Mil- might be gu-, yu-, or u-. Inasmuch, therefore, as we cannot postulate for the conjoint pre-
fix and preprefix, a mere duplication of similar syllables (we can do so in regard to the majority
in such forms as baba-, biibu-,kiki-, lulu-, Sic), and cannot assume a hypothetical tnumti- for the first
and third, and mama- for the sixth, how are we to explain the dissimilarity between the concord
particle and preprefix, and the prefix itself (often that between mh- and gu-, mi- and gi-, ma- and
ga-) ? Bleek's attempts to do so in paragraphs 407-10, 461-5, and "536 of his second volume do not
hit upon the right explanation. A step nearer in this direction was made by the Rev. F. W. Kolbe
in his Language Study based on Bantu (London : 1888), and perhaps in earlier works dealing with
the Herero language ; but it was reserved for the present writer to find the most reasonable solu-
tion of this enigma, when he studied in 1901 the archaic Bantu languages of the West Elgon district
(see his Uganda Protectorate, vol. ii, pp. 891-2).'

Bishop Edward Steere, who went out to East Africa as a member of the Universities' Mission
in 1865, was a noteworthy pioneer in Bantu philology. He was the first to deal in a practical and
intelligent manner with the Swahili language. His Handbook and Exercises were for twenty or more
years after their first publication in 1875 the generally accepted means of acquiring that tongue,
both for practical use and philological inquiry.^ Steere also was the first to set forth clearly the
features of the Yaco language, of Ngindu), Dzalamoj, the Nyanyembe dialect of Nyamwezi, of ^ambala,
and Makonde. In dealing with Ngindo) and Dzalamo) in 1869 he, at the same time, added a few words
to our very slender knowledge of Ki-afigazija, the language of Great Komoro). This far-outlying
ancient Zafigian ('Swahili') speech, together with the closely allied dialect of Anjuan, had, as
already related, not only been one of the first written of the Bantu languages (by Thomas Herbert
in 1626, in its Mwhila dialect), but had been studied by a Madagascar missionary named Elliott,
and by Dr. Wilhelm Peters in the 'forties,^ and by Hildebrandt in the early 'seventies of the
nineteenth century.

Livingstone's interest in African languages waned somewhat through the pressure of other

' See also p. 361 of the article on the Bantu Languages in vol. iii of the eleventh edition of the Ency-
clopaedia Britannica.

' Later editions have been issued by Mr. A. C. Madan, M.A.
' His work is included in Bleek's Languages of Mozambique.

8 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

cares after his first great journey across the continent. His Zambezi expedition of 1858-63 resulted
— strange to say— in absolutely no additions to our knowledge of the south-east African Bantu
languages ; though it was eventually, through the planting of missionaries in Nyasaland, the cause
of a great advance of Bantu study. Livingstone's last journeys (in which he discovered the great
Lualaba-Congo, crossed and recrossed Taiiganyika, reached Lakes Mweru and Baiigweulu, and
penetrated the Manyuema country into the heart of the Equatorial forest) might have helped philology
but f6r the fact that the vocabularies and language notes which he made in the course of five years
never saw the light. In common with all the rest of his scientific material they were put on one side
by his literary executors and apparently have now been lost. Dr. W. A. Baikie, of Niger fame
(another pioneer of British Empire whose scientific work met with insufficient appreciation from
pietistic minds), collected much linguistic information dealing with the Semi-Bantu languages to the
south of the River Benue, but very little of this material has been saved for our information.

In the middle of the 'seventies the Trans-African journey of Commander V. L. Cameron gave
us (in all probability) the first definite illustration of the Lua (Luba) tongue, and enabled us better
to understand old Portuguese records which suggested the continuity of Bantu speech across the
continent. In 1877 the publication of H. M. Stanley's Through the Dark Continent conferred really
g^eat benefits on students of the Bantu languages ; though I doubt if these were appreciated (except
by Robert Needham Cust), for many years afterwards. Stanley indicated the Bantu character of
the Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika languages, and of those along the course of the Upper and
Western Congo.

Meantime French and French Swiss Protestant missionaries and those of the London Missionary
Society ' had been adding to our knowledge of the Becuana and Rofiga groups of tongues in South
Africa, and the great German explorations of south-central Congoland had begun, together with the
missionarj' settlements in Nyasaland. These last were to produce the brilliant language studies of
Dr. Robert Laws, of David Rufl'ele-Scott, and Alexander Hetherwick, besides the work of
Alexander Riddel, Dr. W. Elmslie, and J. A. Bain, and, farther to the east, the studies of the
northern Makua dialects by Bishop (as he afterwards became) Chauncj' Maples.

Stanley's levin-stroke through the pitchy darkness of unknown Africa had started the opening
up of the Congo from its estuary eastwards. George Grenfell had commenced his career as
missionary-explorer in the Cameroons, and with his noteworthy colleagues, Thomas Comber and
William Holman Bentley, was exploring western Congoland and commencing to note its languages.
Kongo studies had been resumed, indeed, after a blank of nearly seventy years ^ by Dr. Adolf
Bastian, who in 1875 published his work on the Luaiigco coast, which contains a good deal of
interesting information regarding the western Congo and Gaboon languages.

In 1880 the Egyptologist C. R. Lepsius— the inventor likewise of the Standard Alphabet— ^rc-
ceded his Nubische Crammatik by a famous Preface on the Languages of Africa, in which occurs his
definition of Bantu characteristics. But this preface, though remarkable at the period at which it
was written for its extended knowledge, is based on some erroneous conceptions due to the lack of
material for comparison ; and Lepsius's definition of Bantu peculiarities no longer holds good, since
some of these are found to be shared by other African language families.

When the last quarter of the nineteenth century opened, and with it began the tremendous move-
ment of Europe on Africa, the time had arrived, evidently, in which some definite acknowledgement
should be made of the interest offered by Negro languages io the world at large as a field of study.

' The Rev. John Brown's Secwana Dictionary (now in its enlarged 1895 edition) was first published
about 1877.

' The last work on the speech of the estuarine Congo, published under the old Portuguese Roman
Catholic missionary regime, was that of Father Cannecattim in 1809.

THE BANTU LANGUAGES 9

The task of tabulating all the extant information on this subject was undertaken by Robert Needham
Cust, a retired Indian Civil Servant, who in 1883 published his Modern Languages of Africa. It does
not pretend to be more than a history of linguistic research in Africa and a geographical enumer-
ation and allocation of all the then known forms of speech in Africa from north to south, and east
to west. But it is combined with the most extensive bibliography. Little attempt is made to describe
the structure of these different types of speech, but evidence as to their relationships is sometimes
adduced. Yet the work has been of the greatest help to students in many fields of African research,
since its publication, and is still of value for the extent and correctness of its bibliography. It shows,
in fact, a surprising amount of research, and personally I have seldom found any of its references
wrong or misleading.

In 1882 an Italian professor of Palermo, Giacomo de Gregorio, issued a work at Turin entitled
Cenni di Glottologia Bantu, which, however, was little more than an extended review of Bleek's
published writings. In 1884 the present writer had in his book on the River Congo given a little
new information regarding the Bantu languages of western Congoland. In 1885, however, in an
appendix to his account of the Kilimanjaro) Expedition, he advanced slightly the development of
Bantu philologj' by the information there given, and by one or two novel deductions drawn from
the work of earlier writers. During the 'eighties and 'nineties some progress was made in the
enumeration and study of the tongues of south-west Congoland and of eastern and southern Afigola,
through the work of German explorers— A. E. Lux, Otto H. Schutt, Dr. Max Buchner— and
of Portuguese expeditions under Serpa Pinto (1878-80) and Capello and Ivens (1878-85).

Between 1885 and 1888 the present writer investigated and wrote down ten or more of the
Cameroons languages and several of the Semi-Bantu forms of speech on the border-line between the
Cameroons and the Cross river region ; but little of this work has been published before its appear-
ance in this book. During the same period Mr. J. T. Last, once of the Church Missionary Society,
and later, and for long, a Government servant in Zanzibar, earned our gratitude by the printing of
his Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, and by studies of the Kamba and Sagara languages. Mr. Last
collected his information either direct from the natives of the different countries or by interrogating
far-fetched slaves and porters in Arab caravans. The bulk of his work is surprisingly accurate,
considering the difficulties of its transcription. He gave much new information for fixing the East
African boundaries of the Bantu sphere.

Amongst the first Bantu scholars of German South-west Africa were the missionaries or the
sons of missionaries, the Rev. Dr. C. H. Hahn, Theophilus Hahn, the Rev. J. Rath, G. Viehe, Rev.
F. W. Kolbe, and the Rev. H. Brincker; whose studies were published between 1857 and 1891.
The extremely interesting Herero language had been written down as early as 1857 by Dr. C. H.
Hahn. Its characteristics were fully revealed by Rath, Kolbe, Brincker, and others before the
German political occupation of that region.

In the 'seventies and 'eighties Primitive Methodist missionaries (coloured as well as white),
such as William Luddington and Theophilus Parr, and Spanish Dominicans such as Juanola, did
a great deal for the elucidation of the Bantu dialects of Fernando Po. Much of the work of the
Primitive Methodists, however, has not yet been printed, but has been lent to the present writer for
his assistance.

The 'nineties of the last century witnessed a great advance in Bantu studies. The languages
of the Western and Upper Congo were taken in hand scientifically by the British Baptist missionaries
—notably Dr. W. Holman Bentley, Dr. A. B. Sims,' the Revs. W. H. Stapleton- and George

' Dr. Sims did not belong to the British Baptist Mission, though in close relations of comradeship
with its members.

' Stapleton's research work in regard to the tongues of the whole Congo basin might justly be described

10 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

Grenfell (though the work of this last was not revealed till after his death in 1906). Missionaries of
the Congo-Balolo Mission— chiefly Messrs. Eddy, I. and F. T. McKittrick, did good work in con-
nexion with the Lunkundu and Mongco dialects of the Lwlco language. To these workers in a field
of exceptional interest must be added in the first decade of the twentieth century the Revs. John
Whitehead, William Forfeitt, Lawson Forfeitt (at a later date), Robert Glennie, and John Weeks.
Simultaneously, or earlier, the American missionaries were at work in southern Angola, where the
great H^li Chatelain (of Swiss origin) dealt in a masterly way with the Mbundu language and
kindred dialects, and where the Rev. Wesley M. Stover illustrated the Nana) or Umbundu of Bih6.
In central Congoland, the Rev. W. M. Morrison, of the American Presbyterian Mission, gave us
the first satisfactory exposition of the Luba or Lua language. George Grenfell had led the way
(with Stapleton) in defining the northern limit of the Bantu family in the region of the Mubangi
basin. Franz Thonner, a Viennese explorer, followed this up, and in 1899, as well as at later dates,
revealed the existence of parcels of non-Bantu speech as far south as the northern banks of the
Upper Congo. Stapleton, H. M.Stanley, William Forfeitt (especially), and Vice-Consul G. Babing-
ton Michell, carried on this delimitation eastwards and showed us the existence of Sudanese tongues,
like the so-called Bamanga, imbedded in areas of Bantu languages (Archdeacon Farler, of the
Universities' Mission, and A. Downes Shaw, C.M.S., had earlier helped in the laying down of the
northern Bantu limit in East Africa by recording the curious Mbugu of Usambara).

The agents of the London Missionary Society (notably the Revs. J. Griffiths (Ki-lega), David
Picton Jones (Guha and Mambwe),and W. G. Robertson (Bemba)) had opened up to our knowledge
the western and southern Tanganyika tongues, in which direction some additional or parallel
information was obtained by the present writer in 1889. French, Belgian, Dutch, and German
Roman Catholic missionaries, preceded by the explorers A. Marche and the Marquis de Compiegne
in the COgwwe basin (early 'seventies), Monseigneur Le Berre, Fathers Delorme, Dahin, and Reeb,
Lejeune, Alex. Visseq, Butaye, 6m. Cambier, and, above all, De Clercq; ' Gustave de Beerst, P. H.
Trilles, Eugene Hurel, P. Schumacher, I.M.M. van der Burgt, and A. Capus and J. Calloc'h— were
putting down on paper at the same time and thenceforward into the twentieth century the languages
of the Gaboon, of north-west and south-central Congoland, and the region between Tafiganyika and
the Victoria Nyanza. Paul Kollmann, a German official in East Africa, in 1899 published useful
vocabularies of some of the south Victoria Nyanza languages, which were treated more scientifi-
cally at an earlier or a later date by Peres Eugfene Hurel, Loupias, Dufays, Schumacher, Alex.
Arnoux, Menard, and A. Capus, and by Hermann Rehse and Hauptmann C. Hermann. I should
also mention with due acknowledgements the services of Messrs. J. F. Cunningham, J. A. Meldon,
S. Ormsby, and G. A- S. Northcote, of the Uganda Administration, who, between 1899 and 1909,
worked at the recording of Victoria Nyanza and Albert Nyanza dialects as specified in the Bibliography
following my vocabularies. Research of value amongst the (still little-known) tongues of south-east
Africa was being done in the 'nineties and in the early twentieth century by the Swiss or French
Protestant missionaries, Paul Berthoud (who dealt with the ^i-gwamba of the north-east Transvaal),
E. Jacottet (who also gave us our first scientific account of Subia and Luyi, two languages of the
Upper Zambezi), Henri Junod (^i-rofiga and its dialects and folk-lore) ; and by Bishop Smyth
and John Matthews (pilefige or Ciopi), the Revs. Theodor and Paul Schwellnuss (Venda), A. H.

as enormous ; only about a quarter has seen publication. A go,od deal of his work is incorporated in the
present book. The remainder, unfortunately, is scarcely utilizable owing to accidents which attended it
after his death, as we lack the English elucidation of the vocabularies, portions of which also are still
missing.

' Bantu philology owes much to the labours of P^re Auguste De Clercq in south-central Congoland
(the Luba and Kanyoika languages especially), and to P6re J. Calloc'h for his work on the Ifumu or
eastern Teke language and the Sudanese tongues of the western and north-western basin of the
Mubangi.

THE BANTU LANGUAGES n

Hartmann (Mapuna, Karafia), and W. A. Elliott, L.M.S. (Mapuna and pindebele). In northern and
eastern Zambezia' good work was being done ere the close of the nineteenth century by Father J.
Torrend, S.J., in regard to the Ci-tofiga of the Central Zambezi and Cuabco of the Zambezi delta. In
the opening years of the twentieth century Edwin Smith gave a distinct uplift to Bantu studies by the
publication of his Handbook of the lla (^ukulunibwe) Speech. The hnguistic work of the Universities'
Mission between 1890 and 1906 must not pass unacknowledged. In addition to the remarkable
contributions to Bantu hterature made by Mr. A. C. Madan, at one time a lay member of the Mission
(contributions elsewhere enumerated), Archdeacon H. W. Woodward, and the Rev. W. H. Kisbey
added to our knowledge of Zigula (Zanzibar coast), and the Rev. Herbert Barnes illustrated the
Nyanja language of Lake Nyasa in its northern form.

As regards the actual work of Bleek — the general survey of the Bantu tongues — the first forward
step since Bleek's time was taken by Father J. Torrend, S.J., in his Comparative Grammar of the
South African Bantu Languages, originally published in 1891. But the most noteworthy advance on
Bleek was made by a fellow German, Carl Meinhof, a Lutheran missionary, who had probably studied
the Bantu languages for some time before his first noteworthy publication, Grundriss einer Lautlehre
der Bantusprachen, published at Leipzig in 1899, and added to subsequently by his Grundziige einer
vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantusprachen ('Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Bantu
Languages '), besides many articles in German linguistic periodicals, which are referred to by me
elsewhere in this work. One to whom all Bantu students must remain deeply indebted is A. Seidel,
a great German philologist, whose studies of African languages have gone far outside the Bantu field
(as have those of Meinhof), but who, from the early 'nineties onwards, has given to the world
a series of admirable grammars or grammatical sketches, of dictionaries and vocabularies of east,
south-west, and north-west Bantu languages.

Nor in any record of Bantu discovery should the modern Portuguese be left out of account.
Serpa Pinto, Capello, and Ivens, in their works of the 'seventies and 'eighties of the last century
had, as already related, given vocabularies ofAfigola and north-west Zambezia Bantu languages
which have been of assistance to investigators; but in the 'nineties, Henrique de Carvalho pub-
hshed that really important study of the Lunda language which is referred to in the Bibliography ;
and various Portuguese missionaries (especially Ernesto Lecomte and Affonso Maria-Lang) sub-
sequently wrote excellent accounts of the northern members of the Herero group in southern Angola
(Umbundu and Nyaneka).

Bishop Steere had a noteworthy linguistic successor as philologist in a lay member of the
Universities' Mission, Mr. A. C. Madan, who, beginning in the 'nineties with the illustration of
Swahili, has brought out during the last few years works of considerable value, not only of specific
languages such as those of Northern Rhodesia (Seiiga, Bisa, Lala-Lamba, Lenje), but on the structure
and phonology of the Bantu languages in general.

C. W. Hobley, almost the oldest now in seniority of service amongst the British East African
officials, had in 1899 discovered the northernmost colony of the Bantu in eastern Africa — the Konde
orHasa people of North-west Elgon, and had published a short vocabulary of their language in the
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In later years he contributed much information
regarding the speech of the Kavirondco Bantu and of the Basuba (Kcosoava), as well as the Akamba
of British East Africa.

The Luganda language " received its first efficient treatment by a member of the Church

' Into northernmost Zambezia (N. Rhodesia) the widespread Luba language enters, and the Bantu
student was at one time mainly indebted to the missionary C. A. Swan for his knowledge of the southern
Luba speech. Mr. Swan published in 1892 Notes on the Construction of Chiluba. But since then (1909)
we have had the Kiltiba (Sangd) Dictionary of fimile Jenniges.

'^ This Sanskrit of the liantu was, I believe, first put on paper by Stanley in the vocabularies of his

la A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO

Missionary Society, P. J. Pilicington, who was killed in 1898 in the mutiny of the Sudanese soldiers.
Other members of the Church Missionary Society, the Revs. Blackledge, O'Flaherty, Walker,
Hattersley, Purvis, H. E. Madox, and Crabtree,' and Dr. A. R. Cook, from this time onwards pub-
lished works on Luganda, Ru-nyono, and on the interesting Masaba speech of West Elgon
(originally discovered by Hobley). Mrs. Hildegarde Hinde wrote on the Kikuyu and Kamba
languages. A. C. Mollis, Secretary to the British East African Administration during the early
years of the twentieth century, materially helped our comprehension of the different dialects
of Swahili by illustrating them in the Journal of the African Society. Swahili in the later years
of the nineteenth and the commencement of the twentieth century had received additional treat-
ment (additional to the still useful works of Steere and Madan) at the hands of Pere Sacleux
and other French missionaries. Dr. G. C. BQttner, Carl Meinhof, A. Seidel (German philologists),
and the Rev. W. E. Taylor, of the Church Missionary Society, the last-named being a leading
authority on Swahili. [An excellent description of the Giryama dialect of the Nika language had at
an earlier date been published by the same writer (W. E. Taylor).] An adjoining language, the
^ambala, received in 191 1 the amplest treatment from the point of view of scientific philology by the
German missionary, Karl Roehl. In fact, with the uprise of the German power in East Africa went
hand in hand an investigation of the East African languages, chiefly, but not always, by missionaries
Catholic and Protestant : C. Velten (Nyamwezi, Kami, Hehe, Swahili), Ferdinand WOrtz (Pwkojmoj
and Tikuu), Ernst Brutzer (Kamba), A. Worms and M. Klamroth (Dzalamco), Bernhard Krumm
(Matumbi), Fathers Cassian Spiss and Johannes Hafliger (Sutu and Mateiigco), R. Wolif (Kinga),
C. Schumann (Nkonde), Dr. Otto Dempwolff'and Dr. Eduard Sachau (Pcogojru)).

About the middle of the 'nineties, Miss Alice Werner commenced those studies of the Bantu
languages which have made her subsequently so noteworthy, the more so as she writes with equal
facility in German and French, as well as English, and has therefore contributed some of her most
remarkable essays to French and German periodicals. Miss Werner's work in its critical insight
into the structure of a language recalls that of Carl Meinhof, and of an equally great Bantu scholar,
Bernhard Struck, whose illuminating articles have appeared at intervals in German and English
publications during the last ten years. The Rev. W. A. Crabtree has also attracted attention as one
able to deal with the Bantu languages from the general point of view of scientific philology by his
essays in Xhe Journal of the African Society; while from Paris have recently been issued several
notable studies on the Bantu languages by Mile L. Homburger. The most important of these is
her i.tude sur la Phomtique historique du Bantou. Another interesting French contribution to Bantu
literature is from the pen of Captain Avelot. It deals with the little-known OOgcowe and Gaboon
languages, and is entitled Recherches sur I'histoire des migrations dans le bassin de VOgoue (see
Bibliography).

In the South African field there are curious gaps in our knowledge, and much remains to be
done here. Unhappily, whilst we are waiting for it to be done languages and dialects are fading
out of existence in the whirlpool of race movements which is going on. The most interesting of all
the South African languages— Venda of the Northern Transvaal — had still a most imperfect
vocabularj- until the Rev. T. Schwellnuss amplified it in a private communication for my information.
The Kafir-Zulu dialects are insufficiently known, though thanks to the kindness of the Hon. R.
Coryndon of Swaziland, of Lady (Florence) Phillips and their friends, the Swazi dialect has been set

Through the Dark Continent, published in 1878. Probably Burton and Speke had first shown that it was
a Bantu language by their works published in 1859 and 1864. Its general character and affinities were
not however made clear till the publication in 1882 of the Outline Grammar of the Luganda Language of
the Rev. C. T. Wilson, C.M.S.

' For details, see Bibliography. The Rev. W. A. Crabtree has worked on the Masaba dialects, in
addition to Luganda, but his material, if it has been printed, has not come under my notice.

THE BANTU LANGUAGES 13

forth in writing for the purposes of this book. The Zulu language has at last been fully exemplified
in the Zulu-English Dictionary of A. T. Bryant ; a Kaftr {pusa)-English Dictionary was published at
Lovedale Mission in 1899 by the Rev. Albert Kropf; an excellent Kafir (pwsa) Grammar by
I. McLaren in 1906 ; and an exceptionally remarkable WOrterbuch der Sot/to- Sprac/ie {Siid-Afrika),
by K. Endemann (Hamburg, 1911), gives us a full illustration of the Sutco or Sothco speech.

Emin Pasha, when Governor of Equatoria, compiled a number of vocabularies, which, however,
did not do more than assist to limit on the north the extent of the Bantu field ; but when he
returned to take service in German East Africa he inscribed some interesting vocabularies of
the Nyanza and Ituri forest languages, which after long concealment were brought to light and
published recently through the energy of Bernhard Struck. In this connexion, though of much
earlier date, may be mentioned the vocabularies published by Stanley in his Darkest Africa, the
importance of which — scanty as they are— was not appreciated till within the last few years.
Honourable mention should also be made of the work of Father Auguste van Acker in his
Dictionnaire Kitabwa-Fran^ais ei Franfais-Kitabwa, published by the Congo Museum, Tervueren ;
and the sumptuously produced Notes ethnographiques . . . sur les Bushongo, &c., by Emil
Torday and T. Athol Joyce, which includes much linguistic information. Mr. Emil Torday,
within the last fifteen years, has worked hard to place before the world the remarkable culture of
south-central Congoland, and incidentally has collected almost the only information we possess
regarding the curious Bantu languages north-east and north-west of the Luba field, besides
illustrating several dialects of Luba. His researches have even extended as far north as the
Ababua language group on the northern Bantu frontier. His work, published and unpublished,
appears in the vocabularies of the present book.

German work of recent years in the Kamerun Protectorate has scarcely resulted in those great
gains to philological knowledge we had hoped for, seeing what has been accomplished in East and
South-west Africa. The most splendid monument to Teutonic activity in this quarter lies almost
outside the Kamerun region — the Monograph of Giinter Tessmann on the Fang people and their
languages. Die Pangwe is deserving of international recognition (in common with a work by
Dr. Leonhard Schulze, of earlier publication, on Namakwaland). Carl Meinhof, twenty years ago,
collected and published much interesting information on the Bantu languages spoken in the basin
of the Cameroons (Wuri) river (the West Kamerun or Duala group, as it might be called). Father
Haarpaintner gave the first accurate account of the Yaunde speech (northern Pafiwe) ; Fathers G. A.
Adams, P. H. Skolaster, H. Nekes, E. Schuler, H. Dorsch, and Captain Lessner have contributed
valuable information about the tongues of the West Kamerun group between 1898 and 1910. In
addition to their published articles, I am personally indebted to the English naturalist, Mr. Geo. L.
Bates, for six valuable vocabularies of the leading Pariwe or Fang dialects, and for the only
vocabulary extant of the Njiem tongue, which in some way connects the Pafiwe group with the
corrupt Bantu languages of the Kadei-Lobai region. As regards these outlying jargons of the Upper
Safiga, the Kadei, and the western bend of the great Mubangi river, our sole information comes at
present from Mr. Geo. L. Bates, from the German explorer, Strumpell, and from Dr. Outilleau,
a French medical officer who explored in 1910-11 the ethnology of the Sanga and Mubaiigi basins.

Dr. Freiherr von Danckelmann and Dr. E. Zintgraff, in common with Captain Lessner, already
mentioned, contributed much exact geography in map-making to enable us to locate Bantu tribes
and languages in the western Kamerun, especially the invaluable vocabularies of Koelle. It is
largely thanks to them and to Lieutenant Hutter (who with Dr. Hoesemann travelled over the
northern versant of the Cameroons river basin in 1900-4) that we have been able to fix with some
precision the boundary in West Central Africa between Bantu and Semi-Bantu. Several French
officials, notably the administrator Clozel, the explorer-botanist Auguste Chevalier, and the far-
travelled and industrious PereCalloc'h have thrown some light on the structure of these Semi-Bantu

14 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES

languages, south-west of the Central Sudan, between the Mubangi basin and the water-parting
of the Kamerun coast-lands ; and Pfere Calloc'h and Captain M. R. Avelot have added to our know-
ledge of the languages spoken in French Congo and the Gaboon. German explorers have dealt
(slightly) with the interesting Semi-Bantu Bali group, between the Cameroons river and the Upper
Cross river basin ; the English administrator and ethnologist, P. Amaury Talbot, has furnished us
with full information regarding the ' almost- Bantu ' tribes (chiefly the Ekoi) between the Old Calabar
region and the Rumbi mountains, information which has been supplemented recently by Mr. North-
cote Thomas's Specimens of Languages from Southern Nigeria. [In this region also the author of
this book travelled extensively some twenty-six years ago, to collect vocabularies for this Comparative
Study of the Bantu Languages.]

In concluding this historj' of the rise and progress of research into the Bantu speech family,
I may perhaps be permitted to summarize my own credentials as a humble follower of the great
philologists to whose memory my book is dedicated. It was the writings of Richard Burton, more
especially, which first rivetted my attention on this subject. I knew something in general about
the Bantu languages before I set foot in Bantu Africa in the year 1882. In the spring of that year
I accompanied an exploring expedition under the Earl of Mayo, which was to investigate Portuguese
South-west Africa. From Aiigola I proceeded to the River Congo, and with the help of H. M. Stanley
penetrated into the then almost unknown region of the Upper Congo, transcribing languages in
preparation for a continuance of Bleak's unfinished Grammar. In 1884 I learnt more or less
thoroughly the Swahili language at Zanzibar, and shortly afterwards studied the dialects of East
Africa and Kilimanjaro. Between 1885 and 1888 I was Vice-Consul in the Kamerun and Acting
Consul in the adjoining regions of Southern Nigeria, and for three years gave myself up with ever-
growing interest to linguistic studies in those directions, much of the results being privately printed
by the Foreign Office. Between 1889 and 1896 I wrote down vocabularies and grammatical notes
of the leading languages and dialects of eastern Zambezia, Nyasaland, and south Tafiganyika; and
in two visits to South Africa made some acquaintance with piosa and Zulu. From 1899 to 1901
I worked in situ at the Bantu languages of the Uganda Protectorate and the adjoining Congo forest.
In 1904-6 and 1907 I took advantage of visits to West Africa to obtain (through correspondents or
from travelling natives) additional information regarding Kamerun or Luafigo) languages. I had
been asked to contribute the first article on the Bantu languages to the Encyclopaedia Britannica
(tenth edition, 1903), and rewrote and enlarged that article for the eleventh edition. To further
my Bantu studies, I paid several visits to Germany (the goal of all students of Africa before this
unhappy war broke out). But in the pursuit of my investigation of the Bantu languages I have
derived nearly as much information from Paris, Brussels, and Lisbon, as from Berlin, Hamburg,
and Stuttgart. I should mention also that a good deal of my work has been checked in course of
preparation by reference to natives of various parts of Bantu Africa, who, when coming to England,
have been good enough to visit me and supply me with information and criticism. Many of the
vocabularies here printed, though compiled (in some cases before I was born) by other travellers,
have thus been tested by me in England, as well as locally in Africa, and have received in conse-
quence certain corrections, additions, and explanations.

In addition to the Bantu family, I have made some research into the North African dialects of
Arabic and the Berber spoken in Southern Tunis, into Gala and Somali, the Nilotic and Masai tongues
of Equatorial East Africa, the languages of the Central Sudan, of Southern Nigeria, of the Kru coast,
and of the Mandifigiu peoples.

CHAPTER II

THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES

What are the Bantu languages ? And why should they have been preferred as a special
subject of interest in philological research to a degree far exceeding that of other language families
of purely African location ? They constitute a very distinct type of speech which, as contrasted
with others amongst the groups of negro tongues, is remarkable as a rule for the Italian melo-
diousness, simplicity, and frequency of its vowel sounds, and the comparative ease with which
its exemplars can be acquired and spoken by Europeans. The Bantu languages are attractive to
the explorer not only from the harmonious adjustment of vowels and consonants, but from the logic
of their grammatical structure, which, in the majority of these tongues, provides for a wide range
and a nice discrimination in the expression of ideas.

This one negro language family now covers the whole of the southern third of Africa, with the
exception of very small areas in the south-west (still inhabited sparsely by Hottentot and Bushman
tribes) and a few patches of the inner Congo basin. The Hottentot-Bushman region at the present
day is limited to Great Namakwaland and the adjoining districts of Cape Colony and the western
part of the Kalahari Desert, Kacokcoland, south of the River Kunene, and undefined portions of the
plains between the Upper Kunene and the Okavaiigo). With this exception, and the now
Europeanized portion of Cape Colony, Bantu Africa extends from Port Elizabeth and Kaffraria
on the south to Fernando Pd and the vicinity of Old Calabar on the north-west, and to Lamu and
the Tana river on the north-east. There are a few small enclaves of non-Bantu-speaking negroes on
the north banks of the northern Congo, and patches of Hamitic, Nilotic, or unclassified tongues
between the south-east corner of the Victoria Nyanza and Usambara in East Africa. But for these
relics of pre-existing or invasive tongues, it might be said that the whole of this southern third
of Africa contained but one indigenous speech family, the BANTU, and that it was only necessary
to define the northern boundary of its range.^

The northern boundary of the Bantu field is still a little uncertain and not easy to delineate
geographically. It may be said to start on the west coast of Africa in the Bight of Biafra (due
north of the island of Fernando Po), at the mouth of the Rio del Rey in the southern portion of the
Bakasi peninsula, which flanks the estuary of the Old Calabar river. From the eastern bank of the
Rio del Rey the boundary is carried to the Ndiaii river, and thence with zigzags to the western
flanks of the Manefiguba mountains of western Kamerun ; then to the junction of the Sanaga and
Mbam rivers and eastwards to the Lower Kadei, and down stream to its junction with the Safiga ;
from this point again eastwards to the Lobai river and down that stream to near its junction with the
Mubangi. Then the border-line retreats west and south again, but once more makes for the Mubangi

' VVe may suspect that in the Abongoi or Akwa of the Gaboon and the other Pygmy forest negroes
of the Congo basin we have vestiges of peoples only recently converted to a corrupt form of Bantu speech ;
but their jargon is nevertheless of Bantu type.

i6 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

river in its lower course, crossing it above Ibefiga and extending eastwards to the Lower Moiigala,
which it reaches at Lilcimi. Allowing for the enclave of the Sudanic Bondunga or Ndoiiga people
who reach to the banks of the northern Congo at Lisala (near Bwpiotio), the Bantu border-line
may be said to follow the water-parting between the Moiigala-Dua basin and that of the Ebaila, and
then to cut across— east-north-eastward — to the Wele-Mubangi, near the falls of Bango) and the post
of Jabir. Then another loop southward across the Likati and back to the Wele, after which the
border-line declines south-eastwards to the Upper Aruwimi, below the confluence of the Nep<oka).
Thence in little zigzags to the Lindi river, and abruptly west through the dense Congo forest back
to the Congo main stream below the Lindi confluence (some distance west of Stanleyville). Next,
the Congo is followed up stream past Stanleyville ; and then with a western loop for the Sudanic
Bamafiga the Bantu frontier crosses the Lualaba-Congo once more and serpentines eastward to the
extreme Upper Ituri and the south-west coast of the Albert Nyanza. The east coast of the Albert
Nyanza is all Bantu as far north as Maguiigco ; and thence, in a south-easterly direction, the frontier
keeps close to the west bank of the Victoria Nile till it enters the Busioga country near the northern
shores of Lake Victoria. Crossing the Sito river, the Bantu boundary is carried (with an eastern loop)
to the north-west slopes of Mount Elgon. From this point the boundary goes south-east and then
abruptly south-west to the entrance of the Nzoia river into the Victoria Nyanza. The north-eastern
coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza are excluded from the Bantu sphere, and are populated by large
colonies of the Gej^a or Ja-Iuco Nilotic negroes ; but from the southern entrance to Kavirondw Bay the
frontier between Bantu and non-Bantu is carried south-east and south and is determined mainly by
the rise of the lofty Equatorial plateaus. A great wedge of non-Bantu peoples comes from east and
north, and touches the Victoria Nyanza at the head of Speke Gulf. From this point the Bantu border-
line passes southwards in zigzags to the Luwambere river which flows into Lake Eyasi (throwing off
sastward the Uraiigi peninsula of Bantu speech) and skirting Ugfogco attains to the Usagara and Nguru
hills, thence curling east and north to the Rufu river. Crossing the Rufu the northern boundary of
Bantu Africa encloses a north-eastern projection to the western, southern, and eastern flanks of
Kilimanjaro). From eastern Kilimanjaro) the boundary-line returns coastwards, then once more
describes a huge north-western loop up the valley of the Athi river to the Kikuyu country, and north
again to beyond Mount Kenya and the sources of the Tana river. Along the Equatorial coast of
the Indian Ocean there is a narrow strip of Bantu territory northward which includes the Swahili
settlements of Witu, Lamu, and Patta,' and passes up the valley of the Tana river for a considerable
distance. There are runaway, Swahili-speaking slaves on the Juba river, but they do not represent
any ancient extension of Bantu speech in that direction. Yet it is evident that Equatorial Africa was
at one time almost continuously Bantu in speech (save for the enclaves of Hamitic or Sudanic tongues
such as MbuluBge and Mbugu or the click-using Useria and Sandawi) from the east coast of the
Victoria Nyanza to the Indian Ocean ; and that into this Bantu sphere there came, several centuries
ago, hordes of invading Nilotic Masai, Dorcobo), Nandi, and Ja-luo). These invasions reduced the
area of the Bantu languages in Equatorial East Africa to islands and peninsulas.

The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba are, of course, Bantu ; Zanzibar being the metropolis of

' South of this eastern boundary-line between the Victoria Nyanza and the Indian Ocean— a line
which terminates on the sea coast at Kiuiiga in about i° 45' South latitude— there are several islands of
Bantu speech— notably the Sunyu on Lake Natron, the Mbugwe on Lake ^L'^nyara, the Wa-meru
(Caga) on Mount .Meru. Within the eastern Bantu area there are small enclaves of non- Bantu speech
—TAtU^A (Nandi-Nilotic) on Speke Gulf and in eastern Unyamwezi ; Nege, Mbitlunge, and Wasi
(Kushitic-Hamite) ; Sandawi (resembling JJushman) and UsMa ( IVangoinwia), between Unyamwezi
andUgmgoi; and the perhaps ' Sudanic ' Mbugu in a small enclave in'northern Usambara. Besides,
of course, the roving Masai and Donobci). A good deal of light is thrown on this complex ethnographical
question in Ueber die Sprachen der Tatoga-und Iraknleute, "by Bernhard Struck, Berlin, 191 1. [In
Honderabdruck aus ' Das Hochland tier RiesenkraUr ', by Ur. Fritz Jaeger.]

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 17

the great Swahili language. The Komoro) islands — at any rate the Grand Komorto, Mtohila, and
Johanna— come within the Bantu sphere, as their people speak ancient dialects of Swahili.

The importance of this language family to Africa at the present day and in the near future is
unquestionable. Throughout Africa, north of the Bantu border-line, you meet with a bewildering
number of languages widely differing from the other and mutually quite incomprehensible ; and
although there may exist linguae /rancae of Arabic (in its different dialects), of Pigeon-English, Creole-
French, Hausa, or Portuguese, linguistic difficulties are relatively enormous, and have long delayed
missionaries, traders, and representatives of Government from getting into close touch with the
indigenous tribes. Moreover, most of these African languages, north of the Bantu field, are exceed-
ingly difficult to pronounce and to acquire, whereas the leading features of the Bantu tongues are an
Italian-like phonology and a relative simplicity of structure. Further, when once one Bantu
language is acquired it is not very difficult to understand the structure and even the vocabulary of
others. Assuming that a European knows nothing but Kipi-kongu) on the west or Swahili on the
east, he can go far and wide over Bantu Africa with either of these tongues to help him, so universal
in form are many of the word-roots indicating the simple concepts of everyday life. One could
probably select twenty-five words of everyday intercourse which were common (or almost identical
in form) to all the leading Bantu languages of the Cameroons, Congo, Angola, British South Africa,
Portuguese East Africa, German East Africa, and Uganda. If, say, one started (as many an early
pioneer like Livingstone did) with a band of porters or canoemen from the Zambezi, one might go
far and wide to the north, west, and east, and with the slow rates of travel in pre-railway days, find
one's porters accustoming themselves by degrees to the changes of dialect and language, till at
length the caravan arrived at Tafiganyika, the Victoria Nyanza, or the Upper Congo, with its men
still able to ask their way, or to understand the drift of what was said to them. Who that in
earlier days explored Equatorial East Africa or Equatorial West Africa, or the very heart of the
continent, has not realized the shock and interruption in easy relations when his expedition at last
left Bantu Africa and arrived in a district where the languages belonged to another family — Nilotic,
Sudanic, or Nigerian ? How completely at a loss he and his men felt, just as one who had more or
less grasped the principles of the Romance languages of the present day, with no previous know-
ledge of German, would feel on entering Alsace-Lorraine or southern Germany from France or
Switzerland. Though, ol course, the differences would be far greater, since German, after all, is one
of the many Aryan tongues and has an easily recognized community of origin and interrelationship
with the Romance languages.

There is no mistaking a Bantu language for a member of any other African speech family.
A momentary glance at the numerals, at a dozen word-roots with their prefixes or suffixes, deter-
mines the fact whether it is or is not a member of the Bantu family. The phonology also is as
a rule distinctive, though appearances may be deceptive in the case of a few languages of the north-
western part of the Bantu field. The semi-Bantu languages on this north-west borderland have
a vocabulary which contains a greater or smaller amount of Bantu roots, and farther north and west
there are other language families which display obvious resemblances and affinities with what may
have been the Bantu mother tongue ; but outside the Bantu family there is no known speech group
in Africa which displays all the characteristic features of Bantu word-construction and syntax and
at the same time shows unmistakable affinity in word-roots. Curiously enough, there are languages
in southern Kordofan, in Nigeria, at the back of the Gold Coast, or in the Sierra Leone region, the
syntax or construction of which frequently recalls the Bantu idiosyncrasy ; but the word-roots of
the vocabulary would be found wholly dissimilar. Or there are others, again, in West Central

17S« C

i8 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Africa that exhibit a decided likeness to Bantu in their word-roots, j'et in syntax and word-
construction are quite unlike the Bantu.

The following propositions may be laid down to define the special or peculiar features of the
Bantu languages :

(i) The vowels of the Bantu languages are always of the Italian type, and no pure Bantu lan-
guage includes obscure sounds like 6, a, a, and m. Each syllable must end in a vowel, though in
some modern dialects in eastern and western Equatorial Africa, in Congoland, and South Africa,
the terminal vowel may be elided in rapid pronunciation or may be dropped, or absorbed in the
terminal consonant, generally in such cases a guttural or a nasal. No two consonants can come
together without an intervening vowel, except one of them be an aspirate or a nasal (m, n, »), and
no consonant is doubled in pronunciation. Apparent exceptions occur to this last rule where two
nasals, two r's, two d's, or two ^s, come together through the elision of a vowel or a labial, or
where the ordinary aspirate, nasal, or dental is reinforced so that it sounds like a double //, «, or /.

(2) They are agglutinative ' in their construction, the meaning of the root-word being defined
or enlarged and the syntax formed by the addition principally of prefixes, and secondarily of
suffixes added to the root; but no infixes (that -is to say, no mutable syllable) is incorporated into
the middle of the root-word.

(3) The root, excepting very rarely its initial vowel or consonant or its terminal vowel, is
practically unchanging ; though its first or penultimate vowel or consonant may be modified in
pronunciation by the preceding prefix, or the last vowel of the root similarly, by the succeeding
suffix. In the great majority of cases, however, the root-word remains absolutely unchanged
through all syntaxial combinations. It is frequently monosyllabic and very seldom of more than
two syllables in its original and underivative form. But it is impossible to trace back Bantu con-
struction to a monosyllabic basis, as some writers have attempted to do.

(4) Substantives are divided into classes or genders indicated by the pronominal particle
(' prefix ') which precedes the root of the fully-expressed noun.' -These prefixes in an ordinary way
have attributed to them, definitely, either a singular or a plural sense. With the exception of the
abstract prefix Bu- (No. 14), no singular prefix can be used as a plural ; and although the and (Bd-),
the 6th (Ma-), the 8th (Bi-), and the 12th (Tti-) are in some languages used in an honorific or
collective sense, which causes them even to be applied like prefixes of the singular number, this
use is easily traced down from a plural origin. There is a certain degree of correspondence between
the singular and plural prefixes. Thus, No. i prefix (Mu-) takes invariably as a plural the 2nd Bd-
(Wa-, Va,-, A-), though Ba.- may also in the less orthodox languages serve as plural to the singular
of No. 9, or to nouns which have not been endowed with or have dropped their prefix. No. 4 (Mi-)
nearly always serves No. 3 (Mu-) as a plural, though it may also be used with No. 14. No. 8 (Bi-)
is practically the only plural of No. 7 (Ki-). The number of prefixes common to the whole family
is perhaps seventeen, though there may be two other classes, Nos. 18 and 19 (Gu-, sing., Ga-, plural)
which, if they cannot be shown to be ancient variants of Nos. 3 and 6, would raise the total number
to nineteen. These seventeen or nineteen pronominal particles, three of which (15, 16, and 17)

' ' Agglutinative ' is a classifying term which has lost its value ; for all languages are agglutinative in
the sense that as a rule when a concept increases in complexity the word used for it enlarges in volume, the
language being equally agglutinative whether the added syllables are tacked on to either end of the word
or inserted in the middle. Even inflexions were originally due to additional syllables which .iffected and
modified the root vowels by their proximity. To some extent, indeed, the Bantu languages are not
strangers to inflexion. For instance, verbal roots may become ' inflected ' to express changes of tense,
mood, and meaning.

' In numerous Bantu languages certain classes of prefix may fall into desuetude and the root-word
appear without a class-indicator. But in such case the noun's class is always present to the native's mind,
and is indicated by its pronoun and its concord or adjectival particle. Class prefixes in Bantu, after all,
are analogous to our ' class prefixes ' ' he ' and ' she ' in ' he-goat ', ' she-bear '.

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 19

often decay into mere prepositions, are attached as prefixes to the roots of the nouns and verbs.
Other monosyllables may be used as qualifying prefixes before noun-roots— chiefly in a masculine
or feminine or diminutive (' father ' or ' mother ' or ' child ') sense ; but they have no ' concord ', no
distinctive pronominal particle.

(5) Bantu languages are especially characterized by the principle of the concord. In close con-
nexion with the prefixes are similar monosyllables associated with each class of noun, which are
prefixed to the adjective or numeral in correspondence with the noun, or serve the noun in the
sentence as pronoun or as pronominal particle in the verb. They combine with a vowel (most
commonly -a) to form a genitive copula ; and as an identifying suffix or prefix fuse with any interro-
gative, relative, collective, or demonstrative pronoun, with adverbs or prepositions which refer to
the noun they represent. The forms of these concord-particles or pronouns are usually like the
prefix with which they are associated ; yet there is occasionally a dissimilarity showing diversity of
origin.' From these concord-particles seem to have arisen, early in the development of the Bantu
languages, ' preprefixes ', or additionally demonstrative articles (answering somewhat to the English
'the'). These, when definiteness of utterance was desired, preceded the actual prefix.' In the
most archaic forms of Bantu speech these preprefixes are syllables of consonant and vowel identical
with the pronominal concord : thus the full form of the conjoined preprefix and prefix in Class i of
the north-west Elgon dialects is Gii-mu, Gu- being the preprefix oi Mm- in both Classes i and 3.
Ba-ba is the full form of the 2nd Class, and Ga-ma. of the 6th Class. But in all but the most archaic
types of Bantu language, the prefix, if retained at all, is a mere vowel— i/-mu-, ^-ba-, A-ma-, /-mi.

(6) With the aid of these pronominal and adjectival particles a complete ' concord ' is main-
tained between the noun and its dependent adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, pronouns, verbs,
prepositions, and (sometimes) also adverbs.

(7) Suffixes of an adjectival, locative, or prepositional sense may also be applied to nouns, and,
of an adverbial and postpositional quality, to verb-roots.

(8) No sexual gender is directly recognized in the classes or categories represented by the
nineteen prefixes with concord particles, or by the personal pronouns. These last make no
distinction between ' he ' and ' she ', ' they ' (feminine), and ' they ' (masculine). But a distinction of
sex may be conveyed to nouns and adjectives by sex-prefixes and suffixes (usually Na-, Nya-j Se-,
Si-, Sa- ; -kazi and -rume). Of the seventeen or nineteen categories of nouns, the prefixes and con-
cords of Classes i and 2 are chiefly reserved for human beings. Classes 3 and 4 have a great
deal to do with trees, vegetables, and implements (especially of wood), and members of the body.
Class 5 comprises many round things like fruits, eggs, stones, the sun, the eye, a tooth, a horn ;
and is also associated with gigantic objects and augmentatives. Class 6, its plural, has a collective
sense and refers to liquids, assemblages of people, animals, and inanimate objects; Class 7 (plur.
No. 8) indicates tools, furniture, methods, 'kinds of, 'manner of doing things or of speaking';
Classes 9 and 10 were often associated with beasts, birds, reptiles, and fish ; Class 11 {Lu- or
Du-) with ' long things ', rivers, tongues and languages, long stretches of country or ranges of
mountains. Classes 12 and 13 were usually diminutives, but Class 13 (Ka-) could also be given
a specially feminine, tender, and finally honorific sense. Class 14 {Bn-) was generally the prefix of
abstract qualities, answering to our English suffix ' -ness' ; Class 15 was applied specially to certain

' Thus, in many Bantu languages the concord-particle of the ist, 3rd, 4th, 6th, 9th, and loth
prefixes, when it is used in a pronominal rather than adjectival sense, differs totally from the prefix. The
1st prefix is Mu- ; its concord-particle when adjectival is niu-, so also may be its pronoun in the objective
case ; but its pronominal particles in other connexions may be a-, gu-, yu-, ye-, u-, ka-, -kwe, &c. The
6th prefix, J/a-, has an adjectival concord ma-, but a pronominal ji.'a- (ya-, a-).

' Similar ' preprefixes ' are present in the Temne language group of Sierra Leone, that West
African speech family which offers such a strong analogous resemblance in its syntax to Bantu.

20 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

members of the body like ears, anns, and legs, but was mainly associated with ' doing', things, with
verbs as an infinitive, with direction as a locative—' to ' or ' from '. Class i6 represented only ' place ',
' here ', ' on ' ! or had to do with time. Class 17 meant ' in-ness ', ' inside '. Classes 18 and 19, where
they existed, were given the signification of ' great size ', ' unusualness ', ' awfulness '.

(9) Numeration in the original Bantu was certainly decimal. The root lor ten — kitmi— is
virtually common to more than nine-tenths of the Bantu languages, and so in a lesser proportion
are words for ' hundred ' {-kan* or -kdina).

(10) Demonstrative prefixes and pronouns are often preceded by a directive '«-' {m- before
labials) which emphasizes attention. Pronouns in the nominative case always precede the verb-
root and the objective or accusative pronoun ; which last likewise ordinarily takes its place before
the governing verb-root.'

(11) The root-word of the verb, free from prefixed or suffixed particles, is always the 2nd person
singular of the imperative. The sense, application, and complexity of verbal roots as concepts can
be modified, enlarged, affected adverbiallj' in many ways by changing the terminal vowel and
adding suffixes, some of which almost lead to a process of inflexion by the carrying back of their
dominant vowel. In normal Bantu languages verb-roots end in -a. almost invariably. The verb can
be given a passive instead of an active signification by means usually of a suffix. No changes of
the verb-root are attempted at the initial ; but preceding the verb-root come the particles which
indicate tense and mood, the pronouns, prepositions, and the syllables of negation. On the other
hand, adverbial particles and occasionally particles with a relative or ' refer-back ' sense are tacked
on to the termination of the verb-root. Negation is most commonly conveyed by prefixial particles
— Ka-, Sa-, Ta-, Ki-, Si-, or Ti- (or variants of these), but also by negative suffixes or adverbs, and
sometimes (additionally) by changing the terminal -a of the verb-root to -/. With very rare excep-
tions, the prefix which turns the simple verb-root into an infinitive is Ku- (No. 15 prefix).

(12) Prepositions are used, not postpositions ; the only exception to this rule being the locative
'Hi (-nyi, -n, -«) meaning ' in ', which often accompanies the 17th prefix and concord, Mu-. Adverbs,
on the other hand, when not treated as independent qualifying nouns or adjectives are suffixes,
following the verb-roots or pronouns they govern. The most characteristic and widespread of the
Bantu prepositions — in some cases not to be distinguished from Class prefixes- are «a-, ui- (with,
by, and), -a (of), ku- (to), pa- (at, on), and mu- (in).

These twelve groupings ^ of Bantu characteristics must be regarded as defining the features of

' Sometimes in a fuller form (like the French moi) the objective pronoun is placed a/ier the verb in
the corrupt north-west Bantu languages. There is also a doubtful exception in orthodox Bantu to the
rule that the nominative pronoun particle shall precede the verb. This is the instance of the 2nd person
plural of the imperative mood, wherein, in most Bantu languages, the pronoun particle (a very archaic
one in form) -ni, follows the verb-root as a suffix {Pouia ! = love thou ! ; Penda-ni ! — love ye ! ).

' C. R. Lepsius, in his introduction to his Nuhische Cratnmalik (I?erlin, 18S0), also gave at some
length twelve propositions to define the peculiar character of the Bantu language family. These for
a long time were regarded as the standard by which the Bantu features were to be appraised in setting
them apart from other language types. But his definitions are not in all cases accurate, adequate, or
intelligible, when a complete survey of the forty-six Bantu groups is effected — an impossibility in
Lepsius's day. Summarized, Lepsius's propositions were as follows :

(l) The prefixes of the nouns are the most outstanding features in the Bantu languages, and may be
contrasted with the similarly characteristic suffixes of the Hamitic tongues. There are about eight
different prefixes in the singular. [Lepsius was wrong here ; in his own day eleven had been computed;
and even if he had argued that the three Mu- prejixes are to be counted as one — though their concords
show them to be inherently different— we should still be left with nine, twelve being the probable total.'\
They may be most easily compared with the genders or sex class-divisions of the Hamitic ; but the Bantu
prefixes have nothing to do with sex. Oh the other h.nnd, they fall into classes which distinguish
humanity from what is not human— animals, trees and plants, implements, constructions, and other
things, especially everything that is extraordinary, outstanding. Some stress should be laid on the
tendency in the prefixes to distinguish between conscient beings and inconscient things. [This feature
in Bantu is somewhat exaggerated by L.] The meaning of these prefixes, which must once have been

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES ai

nearly all the Bantu languages. But to scarcely one of them cannot some exception be quoted —
solitary or unusual, it may be— if careful research is made. In the same way, though all these

independent root-words, is now no longer to be traced, and this fact alone would imply that the origin of
the Bantu languages goes far back into Time. [The origin, yes j but not necessarily the 7>iigration-
dispersal over Central and South Africa.\

(2) Sex differences appear unimportant to a primitive people, and perhaps from this arises the fact
that in the whole array of negro languages there is no sex discrimination. [An incorrect and over-stated
remark, in view of the indication of sex classification in the pronouns, articles, and concord particles of
the Bofigcu, Bari, Masai, Musgu, and oilier obvious 7tegro languages.^ Lepsius then illustrates the extent
to which sex discrimination penetrates the Hamitic, especially the Kushite group of those tongues.

(3) Outside the limits of the Bantu languages, there exist no class prefixes. [How about Temne ?
There are class prefixes also in other Semi-Ba,ntu tongues not known to Lepsius, like Avativie of
SW. TctigOdland.\ But nominal prefixes, which have lost their original use, are found frequently in the
second zone [/'. e. the Sudan and West Africa], and are also thus characteristic for their origin. [' Her-
kunft ' — all this and much else in Lepsius' s twelve Propositions is very vague and of no clear application
to the definition of Bantu salient features.] These nominal prefixes may be compared with the nominal
suffixes in the Hamitic.

(4) Personal pronouns are prefixed to the verb-root. There are no personal suffixes in Bantu
[Lepsius has overlooked exceptions to this general rule]. This last condition is the opposite of what
occurs in the Hamitic languages wherein personal suffixes permeate the speech.

(5) In his fifth proposition Lepsius defines the principle of the concord. [Not altogether correctly,
for he lays too much stress on the ' euphonic ' and ' alliteration ' theory. Euphony in vowel sympathy and
in initial consonants undoubtedly infiuences the phonetics of the concord-particles, but does not prevent
them sometimes from being dissimilar to the prefixes with which they are associated.] Traces of this
concord or vowel harmony may be met with in certain Sudanese languages (' languages of the second
zone '), sometimes in the noun, occasionally in the conjugation. In the last mentioned it is to be seen in
the south Bantu. Traces of a vowel harmony, which is certainly more euphonic than anything else, since
it arises from the vowel of the word-root, may nevertheless have some ancient connexion with consonantal
alliteration.

(6) In the Bantu languages, owing to the predilection for prefixes, there are no postpositions, only
prepositions. [Incorrect : how about the locatives -m,-Xim, -la?] The Hamitic languages are divided in this
respect : Libyan and Old Egyptian favour prepositions ; Kushite languages employ only postpositions.

(7) The noun in the genitive case in the Bantu languages is placed after its governing noun, and is
linked with the governing noun by a particle which is compounded from the latter's governing noun's
prefix. Here again the practice is dissimilar in the two groups of Hamitic languages : Old Egyptian and
Libyan follow the Bantu method ; the Kushitic tongues place the genitive before the governing noun.

(8) The south Bantu languages arrange the pronouns and the verb so that the nominative comes
first, then the verb, and then the object ; so that the verb comes between subject and object. In the
Hamitic languages it is the rule that the verb either begins the sentence or closes it, so that subject and
object come into immediate contact.

(9) This word-placing in the Bantu is however modified when the object is represented by an
abbreviated pronoun. This is inserted before the verb-root, but after the pronoun of the subject in the
nominative case. The abbreviated pronoun representing the object in the sentence resembles [Lepsius
thinks] an infix. In any case there is no parallel to this arrangement in Hamitic speech.

(10) It is characteristic of the Bantu languages that every syllable should end in a vowel or a nasal
consonant ; a difference without importance. This syllabic character tends through the isolation of the
syllables to give a clearness of expression which does not exist in Hamitic speech.

(11) Associated with this feature is the fact that, in contrast to the terminal enunciation, the initial
utterance of words or syllables in Bantu may be frequently strengthened, particularly by the apposition of
a nasal. Such, as an initial consonant has quite a different meaning and effect to what it would have at
the termination of the word or syllable. While the nasals are of no more importance than other conso-
nants in the final syllable, they are much more potent as an initial sound if followed by another consonant ;
because in such case their tone element is almost equal to a syllable, probably because they are the
remains of an earlier full syllable. [Lepsius' s meaning in this eleventh clause is far from clear, and the
whole proposition is valueless. Perhaps he is alluding to the ' directive n ', frequently referred to in the
present work.]

(12) In his last proposition Lepsius descants on the influence of tones, of intonation in ancient
African forms of speech, employed as in Chinese, Burmese, Siamese, and one or more groups of West
and West Central African languages. He classes intonation as among the characteristics of the Bantu
tongues. [ True, it plays an important role in Secuana and SesutU, and perhaps to a less degree in Zulu-
Kafir. It is also an essential element in the pronunciation of Mpongwe and of the Fang or Panwe lan-
guages of the north-west J- but— as a tneans of discrimination between monosyllabic words — roots worn
down by attrition to a common semblance it is far from being one of the distinctive features of the Bantu
languages

22 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

points taken together constitute — with an array of numerals, pronouns, prepositions, noun-roots,
verb-roots, and syntaxial features held in common— the outstanding marks that distinguish a Bantu
from a non-Bantu language, it must not be supposed that anyone of these qualities or distinctions is
peculiar to the Bantu family. Bantu phonology may be matched in some of the Sudanic tongues,
and even (to a remarkable degree) among the Papuan and Melanesian languages. The Fula, the
Wolof, the Temne, some of the Nilotic tongues and the Hottentot possess the principle of the con-
cord;' in the Fula, in the languages of south Kordofan, of north Togoland, of Sierra Leone, nouns
are ranked in a great variety of classes independent of sexual gender, each class being marked by
a special initial sound, a prefix, or a suffix. Change suffixes into prefixes — a revolution which may
take place somewhat quickly in a language (as witness the difference between Tudor English and
Victorian English)' in the placing of prepositions— and you would have in Fula a form of speech
very reminiscent of the Bantu family. The Bantu languages, therefore, do not strike one as foreign
in their origin to Negro Africa, less so, in fact, than the Fula. Probably the parent speech was
a prefix-using tongue of ' West African ' features spoken originally in the very heart of Africa, some-
where between the basins of the Upper Nile, the Bahr-al-ghazal, the Mubafigi, and the Upper Benue,
one of a chain of similar prefix and concord languages stretching from westernmost Africa to
Kordofan. The first invasive move of the archaic Bantu seems to have been eastward, toward the
Mountain Nile and the Great Lakes. The proto-Bantu folk were certainly once — many centuries
ago— settled in the Nile valley north of the Albert Nyanza. One can trace their place-names still,
in countries long since colonized by Nilotics or Sudanese. In this direction (the south-western
part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) they must have remained till at least as late as three or four
hundred j'ears before Christ — late enough to have been in full possession of goats and oxen and to
have received the domestic fowl ' from Egypt or Abyssinia. Then they embarked on their great
career of conquering and colonizing the southern third of Africa.

' This principle of the concord between the class prefix or termination of substantives and the
adjectives, pronouns, and verbal pronominal particles dependent on them is by no means confined to the
languages of the African negro and negroid. It may, indeed, like so many other ideas, have originated
in Europe or Eurasia, and have spread to Africa. The concord is present in the Aryan tongues (Ilia,
bona femina, &c.), in the Semitic and Hamitic languages. In these last the concord of the genders
extends even to the personal pronoun ' thou ', which is rendered by feminine as well as masculine forms.
In the Bantu, Fula, Temne, and other African ' class ' languages, the classes are many and do not refer
to sexual gender ; in the Dravidian and certain of the Caucasus languages the categories are few, but
likewise have no sexual reference. In the Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic (and Nilotic and some Sudanese)
speech families, the classes may be three — masculine, feminine, and neuter — or merely two : masculine
and feminine.

' Teutonic English, like modern German and Dutch, was largely prefixial in its qualifying preposi-
tions. Our ancestors said ' uprise ', ' uptake ', ' understand ', ' offset ', ' enfold ', where we, especially
during the nineteenth century, would prefer the more analytical locution of ' rise-up ', ' take-up ', ' set-off',
' fold-in ', &c.

' I have employed this argument several times before, and so far it has not been successfully com-
bated : namely, that the great dispersal of the Bantu from their first common area of development in the
very heart of Africa cannot have taken place before they had received the domestic fowl and given it
a well-marked generic name — Z-j/X-;/— which, by the by, is very like the early Persian names for 'fowl'.
Now the fowl was first domesticated from the wild Callus ferrugineiis in India (or from the allied
G. battkiva in Burma), about four thousand years ago. [It reached China as a domestic bird about
1400 B.c] But it was totally unknown to the ancient Egyptians, or to the Greeks before the seventh
century B.C. It did not reach Mesopotamia till about seven hundred years before the Christian Era, nor
Egypt till after the Persian invasion of 525 B.C. Even supposing it spread rapidly up the Nile valley as
a domestic bird, it could hardly have reached Central Africa for another hundred years— if so soon. Con-
sequently for the fowl to have become so well-established amongst the Bantu as to have received a lasting
and almost universal name amongst them, much time is required between the Persian invasion and the
period of the great Bantu migrations : say 300 years. Amongst those negro races which do not speak
Bantu languages, though they may be living in closest proximity to the Bantu, the word for ' fowl ' is quite
different from the Bantu term (though this last may extend to the Semi-Bantu languages). Nor is it likely

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 23

The most archaic Bantu languages at the present day are those of Bunyorio, Bukonjo), Ruanda,
Buganda, the islands of the Victoria Nyanza, and the region of the north-west slopes of Mount
Elgon (Masaba). It is reasonable to suppose that after the Bantu language-type came into existence
— perhaps between the Shari basin and the Bahr-al-ghazal (its nearest relations are found in the
Niger and Cross river basins) — its first great concentration lay in the region of the Great Lakes, in
Equatorial Africa. Here it was shut off for a while from westward extension by the dense wall of
Congoland forest. Southward, down the shores of Tafiganyika and thence south-west and west
across the mountains and plateaus of southern Congoland to the Atlantic ; eastward and south-
eastward to the Indian Ocean and the Zaiigian coasts ; southward across the Zambezi and
Mashonaland to temperate South Africa swept the Bantu invaders, armed, it may be, with novel
iron weapons and led by a Hamiticized aristocracy. They progressed, no doubt, as rapidly as the
Zulu or Basuttti hordes overran Central Africa under the white man's observation in the nineteenth
century. Here our forefathers or contemporaries have been able to testify to the spread of the
Zulu clans and the Zulu tongue from the 35th to the 3rd degree of South latitude in about fifty
years.

The original Bantu invaders found no empty Africa before them. We may be certain from
abundant evidence that Central and South Africa have been inhabited by man for many thousands
of years, and probably by some black-skinned negro — forest negro, Sudanese negro, or Congo
Pygmy — for an indeterminately long period, as far south as the Zambezi river. But South Africa
proper, between the high plateaus of northern Becuanaland and the sea-coast of Cape Colony and
Natal may possibly have been the domain exclusively of the Bushman and of the Hottentot hybrid
down to the first Bantu invasions from across the Zambezi in (at a guess) about 700 a.c. South
Africa then or earlier may have been partially depopulated from some cause — some epidemic of
germ disease. Anciently— thirty, fifty thousand years ago, farther back still, perhaps— there existed
in southernmost Africa a remarkable cave-dwelling type, the ' Strandlooper', whose skull bore less
of a resemblance to the Bushman or the negro than to some round-headed, semi-Caucasian stock of
the Mediterranean. This Strandlooper either co-existed alongside the Bushman or preceded and
was followed by this specialized desert negro. In time the Straridloopers died out, leaving perhaps
some traces of their presence in varied Bushman strains, and bequeathing to the Bushmen their
wonderful gift of drawing and engraving, so reminiscent of the cave and rock pictures of the Solu-
trian and Magdalenian Cave men of Europe or the Palaeolithic and Neolithic nomads of Algeria and
the Sahara.

We may imagine, however, some two thousand years ago, a South Africa beyond the Zambezi
and Kunene rivers given up for a time to the dwarfish, steatopygous, yellow-skinned, click-using
Bushman.

The next disturbing element may have been the Hottentot ; a hybrid between negro and

that the fowl was earlier introduced into East Africa by seafaring Arabs, thus reaching the Bantu home
by another route long anterior to two hundred or three hundred years before Christ. The fowl was
seemingly not introduced from Java or Sumatra into Madagascar by the early Malay colonists of that
island ; but within the Christian Era by the Arabs ; and in Madagascar it bears no native name resembling
the Bantu root-word -kul;u. It may nevertheless be argued that the fowl, like tobacco and the Brazilian
Casarca duck, might have been introduced to the coast regions of Bantu Africa quite recently, long after
all Central and South Africa had been ' Bantu-ized ', and have rapidly spread over the southern third of
the continent, carrying its name with it. I5ut in that case why did not its name similarly reach the negro
languages across the Bantu border-line.' Tobacco and the 'Muscovy' duck are nowhere known by
universal names throughout Bantu Africa, though their Portuguese names of 'Taba' or 'Tabaco', and
' Pato' may still survive here and there and be shared by Sudanic, Nilotic, Nigerian, and Bantu languages.
The Bantu, it is to be noted, have, like the Aryans, remained faithful long after their dispersal to the
word-roots referring to the animals, plants, implements, and abstract concepts known to them in their
original home.

24 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

negroid and some more northern Bushman race, which seems to have migrated from Equatorial
East Africa south-westwards to the Central Zambezi and thence to the Atlantic coast near Walfish
Bay, and on again southwards till the Hottentots entered (what is now) Cape Colony and displaced
the Bushman. Later, it may be, there came other invaders from the north-east, by sea, rather than
by land, the mysterious gold-mining, stone-building, monolith and phallus-worshipping people who
originated the Zimbabwe walls, temples, and emblems. These are amongst the unsolved mysteries
of Africa ; but the most striking of these stone cities, together with this whole impulse and
procedure of gold-mining, most certainly were foreign to the Bantu arts and pursuits. The Bantu
have seldom any word for gold. The tribes oldest in legendary history in South and East Africa use
for gold an Arab word meaning 'moneys'. Zimbabwe and its like originally, perhaps, and cer-
tainly later, early in the Christian Era, became associated with the exploring and trading voyages
of the south Arabians ; and among the early writers of Islamic times there were to be gathered
traditions that when the Arabs first visited the south-east coasts of Africa they found them peopled
with ' Wakwak ' savages, who from the brief allusions made strike one as more like Bushmen than
Bantu. The arrival of the Bantu hordes (the ancestors of the Karaiia; Becuana, Zulu-Kafir,
Mapiigane, and Roiiga peoples), may have been the cause of the abandonment of the stone
fortresses and mining depots by the sea-people whose forerunners designed or built them. After
a time, however, the Arabs got into friendly relations with the Bantu colonizers, who in a much
clumsier fashion imitated their mining and their stone-building. The Arabs, indeed, by their trade,
their influence, and their slave-markets seem to have moulded the conquests of some early Bantu
warrior-chief into that empire of the Mwenemutapa' — Lord of the mine— which the Portuguese
found still a potent state when they reached South-east Africa at the commencement of the sixteenth
century.

The Bantu were quite possibly settled on the more northern coast of the Indian Ocean— the
land of Zanj— at the beginning of the Christian Era. The early Arab traders from Mokha, Aden,
Mokalla, and Maskat cultivated friendly relations with them. A hybrid type sprang up, the Swahili,
or men of the ' Suahil ' (coast-lands). With the aid of the Arab daus (sailing vessels) many of
these Swahili from the land of Zanj or Zafig (the Persian or Arab name for Black man's country, and
the origin of ' Zanzibar ') colonized the Komoro) islands and even reached Madagascar, supplying
the Malagasy dialects with numerous Swahili words.

In the Congo basin the Bantu invaders often appeared as solitary huntsmen, boldly attacking
the big wild beasts with their iron spears. Bantu culture throughout the Congo basin is closely
associated with the iron spear— ^ongu, Kongu, Liangs. They probably found the Congo forests
peopled already with forest negroes speaking tone languages of West African type or with a still
more primitive people, the Congo Pygmies. There would even seem to be portions of the inner-
most Congo basin which the tall Bantu have not yet penetrated and where there are only Pygmies.
On the Northern Congo there still remain patches of non-Bantu territory inhabited by negroes
speaking languages of an as yet unclassified type, vaguely styled ' Sudanic '. Somewhat similar
to these are the Forest Lendu to the west of the Albert Nyanza.

The first great Bantu migrations undoubtedly emanated from the vicinity of the Victoria Nyanza
and north Tanganyika, and were directed round and not through the Congo forests. But in course
of time, the Bantu communities founded in the region of the Albertine Nile and the Nyanzas, or
farther still to the north-west between the sources of the Wele and the Aruwimi, broke through
the wall of forest, and sent streams of migrants across the northern parts of Congoland to the
Gaboon and the Cameroons ; reaching as their final effort the island of Fernando P6, which was not

» Afwette = ■ lord ', ' monarch ' ; MuUpa. = ' mine ', ' digging ', ' excavation ', in the dialects of the
Lower Zambezi. This the Portuguese corrupted into Monomotdpa.

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 25

very anciently severed from a Cameroons promontory by some volcanic rift. Such an east-to-west
propulsion might, in contact with the Nigerian peoples of the Cross river and Benue basins, have
created bj' fusion the Semi-Bantu languages ; and no doubt one or two groups of such arose in this
way and not very anciently. But it is more probable, taking all known facts into account, that
a large section of the Semi-Bantu speech forms is either descended from sisters of the Bantu
parent tongue {born in that central region north of the Benue, east of the Niger, and west of the
Shari river), or has been originated by early, very early, south-westward migrations of the proto-
Bantu before the great eastward move into the Nile basin and before the exact shaping of Bantu
features had taken place.

One is led irresistibly to deduce from the linguistic, ethnological, and anthropological evidence
before us that at some such critical period in their career the negro speakers of the early Bantu
languages were brought under the influence of a semi-Caucasian race from the north or north-east.
Perhaps it was a gradual drifting into Central Africa of Egyptian or Gala adventurers coming up
or across the basin of the Mountain Nile ; an infiltration of a superior type of man rather than
a forceful invasion. Descendants of such ancient civilizers of Central Africa are undoubtedly to be
seen at the present day in the Bahima, Ruhinda, Batutsi aristocracies of the Nyanza regions, the
Mangbettu and Azande 'royal' families of the Nile-Congo water-parting, the Bafi-bupongoj of
central Congoland, the Luba chieftains, and the many handsome-featured pale-skinned castes and
ruling clans in so many of the Bantu peoples. Such good-looking ' negroid ' types may be
encountered among the Zulus, the Becuana, the Hererto, the Alunda, Baluba, Manyuema, and the
northern Congo riverain tribes, the Fang peoples, and the Duala of the Cameroons. Livingstone,
Burton, Stanley, as well as later travellers, were all struck with the Egyptian-like features of the
aristocratic families in the big Bantu states and kingdoms or among the warlike tribes of Central
Africa, Similar aristocracies were noted by the pioneer missionaries and traders in southernmost
Africa.

The Bantu-speaking peoples of Africa, it might be here stated, do not constitute a race apart
from other negroes or offer any homogeneity of physical type. But on the whole they represent
so much the average negro type that ' Bantu ' is still in favour as a physical definition among crani-
ologists. In reality, they are just fifty millions of negroes whose speech belongs to one of the
many language families of 'negro type; only in this case the language family instead of being
confined in its range to a hundred villages or two hundred square miles, is spread over the southern
third of Africa— say over 3,500,000 square miles— from the Cameroons, the Northern Congo, the
Nyanzas, and the Mombasa coast to Cape Colony and Natal. Bantu languages are spoken by Congo
Pygmies and forest negroes of marked prognathism and stunted stature, by fuzzy-haired brown-
skinned Fernandians still in the stone-and-wood age of culture, by tall-statured, handsome pale-
skinned negroids with Egyptian profiles — the Bahima and BaCutsi, by great, burly, coarse-
featured, downright, ' West Coast' negroes like the Wanyamwezi, the Baganda, the COvambco, and
the folk of the Angola coast-lands ; by tribes with the yellow skins, broad, wrinkled faces of the
slit-eyed Bushmen, by the very black-skinned, large-eyed comely Atoiiga of Nyasa, the semi-Arab
Swahili or Karaiia, the stately Zulu, the mean-looking Batwa of Bangweulu, the Assyrian-like
Baluba and Bupofiga), the simiesque Banandi of the Ituri forest or Babofigco of the Gaboon, and the
all-round, moderately ugly, black negroes of average stature and average negro characteristics
throughout the rest of South and Central Africa.

Yet about the Bantu speech and the culture which accompanies it (ordinarily) there is a suggestion,
strengthened by the association of these languages with metal-working (iron more especially), with
agriculture, cultivated plants, and cattle-keeping, that adds to the impression derived from their
legends, their religious beliefs, games, and weapons. It is that the Bantu language family was finally
moulded by some non-negro incomers of possibly Hamitic affinities, akin at any rate in physique

26 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

and culture, if not in language,' to the dynastic Egyptians, the Galas, and perhaps most of all to
those ' Ethiopians ' of mixed Egyptian and Negro-Nubian stock that down to one thousand years
ago inhabited the Nile basin south of Wadi Haifa and north of Kordofan. Such a race may even
have been akin to the Tibu farther west, the Tibu of Fezzan, the Eastern Sahara, and the Libyan
desert. We know that some of the weapons of the Central Congo are to be traced northwards to
Tibu weapons and implements of ancient date.

In spite of the suggestion of Egyptian influence in the domestic animals and plants of Bantu
Africa (as also of the Western Sudan) and of the Egyptian profiles among the Bahima, I cannot but
think this ' Egyptian ' influence over the Bantu was wrought indirectly through Gala, Ethiopian, and
perhaps Tibu, through more or less Hamitic peoples influenced by Egyptian civilization of an early
type. If much direct Egyptian influence had found its way to Central Africa from the Lower Nile it
must surely have imported into Darkest Africa that deep attachment to Stone— for building and for
worship — which emanated from the Mediterranean and south-west Asiatic peoples. But no skill
in stone-quarrying, stone-carving or stone-building ever reached the Bantu, or for the matter of
that, the Fula, the Mandingo), or the Hausa. Of all such arts the Bantu culture and languages are
ignorant.

The Baganda and Banyorco legends of the incoming strangers of remote antiquity, the wander-
ing demi-gods (' Bacwezi '—ghosts, spirits) who came with long-horned cattle, trained dogs, iron
weapons, religious theories, and the elements of civilization generally, make no mention of building
in stone or of building at all. The very similar Ful shepherd aristocrats of Western Africa likewise
had the ' Bantu ' culture, the herdsmen's craft, a simple agriculture with the hoe,'' an acquaintance
with iron and copper (though copper plays a very secondary role in Ful and Bantu thought, legend,
and speech) ; but no notion of stone-building. With the exception of the Bube or Fernandian
indigenes, no Bantu people has been found living in an age of stone implements, though there are
abundant evidences to show that nearly all Negro Africa (except perhaps the innermost forests of
the Congo basin) went through ages of using flaked, chipped, bored, and polished stone weapons
and tools. The Bushmen and Hottentots had remained in this stage, without knowledge of metals,
using stone and also horn, bone, stick, thorn, and shell. Most of the forest negroes apparently
adopted— or reverted to — wood before they were introduced to the use of copper. An industry in
smelting and hammering copper, in exporting copper in the ingot or in manufactured form seems
to have arisen a long while — many centuries— ago in Katanga, where the copper deposits are
singularly rich ; and this trade in copper to have spread from south Congoland to north and west

' It is curious that, but for a few obvious loan-words in the east of Africa, there is absolutely no
Hamitic impression or affinity about the Bantu languages. Lepsius seems to have been impressed by
the complete dissimilarity between the two language families. I cannot see myself much evidence of
Hamitic influence on the structure, syntax, or origin of the Nilotic negro languages and the Bongto of the
Egyptian Sudan— not such as there is for example in the Hausa and even Musgu. But one can detect
in the numerals of the more eastern and south-eastern of the Nilotic tongues, and in a number of their
nouns, evidence of Kushite (Gala and Somal) having long been in contact with the Nilotes, Masai, and
Nandi. But one finds no such evidence in the Bantu languages, not even those of the Nyanzas, which
are the most archaic. Yet in the regions where the purest Bantu speech exists you meet with these
cattle-keeping aristocracies such as Bahima, Batutsi, and Ruhinda, whose physical resemblance to Galas,
Somalis, even Abyssinians and Pharaonic Egyptians, is most striking. One can trace in the local folk-
lore, religion, domestic animals, &c., the influence of the Caucasian or semi-Caucasian races of North-
east Africa, but not a trace of their Hamitic languages. There is perhaps a little influence of the Nilote
in the shaping of the Bantu mother language. Can the handsome negroids from the north and east who
would seem to have been the leaven that stirred the Bantu dough more than two thousand years ago and
who urged these Sudanic negroes to spread over and occupy the southern third of Africa have been
derived from some stock like the Tibu which, though semi- Caucasian in blood, had received no language
from the Asiatic Hamites ?

' Though the Gala, even far inland in Equatorial East Africa, knows and uses the plough, no plough
has ever been known to the Negro or the Fula.

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 27

Congoland ; and southward as far as Nyasaland. Was it pre-Bantu ? We have no means of
telling ; but there are many indications showing that the invasion of the Bantu was facilitated by
the use of iron weapons, and that the working of iron ore and the fabrication of iron weapons and
tools in Central and South Africa dates only from the Bantu conquest of the southern third of the
continent.

The spread of the more aristocratic ' negroid ' Bantu is also associated with the ancient
Egyptian or Gala long-horned ox {Bos taunts aegyptiacus). This breed possibly had a west Asiatic
origin, and it is evidently nearly related to the Indian humped ox. No trace of any wild progenitor
has yet been found in its ancient habitat, Egypt and Ethiopia. It was obviously the first type of
domesticated cattle in Africa. Later there entered East Africa the Indian Zebu breed, which may have
also replaced the aegyptiacus type in southern Arabia. The Zebu, or humped type, crossed Africa
from the east coast to western Congoland, the western Sudan, and western Zambezia, and travelled
down the south-east coast of Africa to Zululand. The Hamites, I should say, had already intro-
duced the long-horned aegyptiacus cattle to the regions south of the Victoria Nyanza. And here
they were brought by that mysterious race, the Hottentot hybrid, to central South Africa and down
the south-west coast to Cape Colony. At some unlcnown period afterwards the Bantu peoples
round the Nyanzas received these long-horned cattle from the north and conveyed them in their
southward migrations as far as Damaraland. Probably in all but the elevated regions of Central
Africa these straight-backed, long-horned cattle died out from germ-diseases, which is why so many
Bantu tribes at the opening up of Africa by the modern white man were without cattle or had
adopted the humped cattle of Indian origin. Cattle, both of the aegyptiacus and indicus breeds, seem
to have been introduced from Bantu Africa into Madagascar by Arab intermediaries and slave-
dealers ; which is why a Bantu word for 'ox' is the chief term employed in Malagasy.

One of the difficulties attending the acceptance of the theory that the ' Bantuizing ' of one-third ol
Africa has been a long process in unwritten history and cannot be compressed within a period of about
two thousand years, is the splitting up of the mother tongue into more than two hundred and twenty
distinct languages, and the improbability of these languages with their marked idiosyncracies having
sprung into existence in so short a period as is assigned by writers like myself. By searching
Portuguese records in regard to the Koiigto or Karafia tongues we do not find a great difference
between the speech of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the speech of to-day ; the
numerals of the Bakwiri or Barundco at Ambas Bay (Cameroons) written down by some French or
Dutch trader at the close of the seventeenth century are almost identical with the modern form.

But with the evolution of languages, as of species. Nature— I believe— proceeds ^^rsmZ/ww/, alter-
nately with slow progression. A great jumble of events, and lo !— new languages spring suddenly
into existence. Those that suit the altered circumstances remain and continue their course for
centuries with slow modifications. Not more marvellous would have been the rapid differentiation
and specialization of the leading Bantu languages in Central and South Africa, between — let us
say— the year One of the Christian Era and the twelfth century, than was the coming into existence
of the Romance languages, engendered by the impact of the Goth, German, and Slav on the vulgar
Latin of the decline and fall of Rome. No Romance language existed in the sixth century A.C.
But, by the close of the twelfth century, Italian, Sicilian, Provencal, French, Castilian, Portuguese,
and Rumanian were distinct, mutually unintelligible tongues; analytic where the parent Latin was
synthetic, possessing an individual character which has not greatly altered in the slow subsequent
changes. Dante's Italian of the thirteenth century would be perfectly intelligible in the streets of
Florence to-day, and is not very different from the dialect spoken in Central Italy from the tenth
century onwards. Yet in the sixth century no such language existed. We might almost say,
judging from the Oaths of Strasbourg and other scanty evidence, that the French language was born
and shaped in its essential features between the sixth and the tenth centuries. English which

28 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

would have been almost unintelligible to an orthodox Anglo-Saxon of looo a.c. was created
between about iioo and 1350.

I am disposed to agree with Lepsius in the belief that the Bantu language-type, like the parent
speech of the Aryans, has taken a very, very long time to shape out of some negro speech in the
heart of Africa ; I am only arguing that the commencement of the sudden and rapid invasion of
central and southern Africa by the Bantu cannot be referred back much earlier than the second
century b.c. ; and that the differentiation of the more than two hundred distinct forms of Bantu
speech occurred subsequently and rapidly. Six thousand years ago the Aryan Schwarmerei was
probably just beginning, somewhere in eastern Europe. And there were then— I suggest— but
the slightest dialectal differences in tribal speech amongst the Arj'an Russians to indicate that one
group of clans would become the progenitors of the Aryan-speaking Asiatics — would in Asia generate
the Tokhari, the Pisacha, the Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Zend languages ; another tribe Aryanize the
Lithuanians ; yet another section (as they marched north-westward, westward, south-westward,
or southward) become ancestors of the Slavs, or the Goths and Germans, the Kelts and Kelti-
berians, the Itali, the Dakians, Thrakians, and Greeks.

But if close resemblance in structure and syntax, if similarity of numerals and pronouns, and the
possession in common of a great number of root-words of nouns and verbs, adjectives and preposi-
tions are to be given full value as evidence of near relationship and of a recent origin from a common
source, then we must regard the expansion and differentiation of the Bantu languages as a much
more recent and rapid process than that which brought about the Aryanizing of all Europe and
much of South-west Asia.

The map of Bantu Africa will show the main directions taken in presumed history by the
different streams of Bantu migration ; and an examination of the groups of Bantu languages will,
after detaching true and widespread Bantu roots from their vocabularies, leave a residue which
must represent the assimilated fragments of prior languages spoken by the peoples whom the Bantu
armies conquered and fused with ; just as in the Keltic tongues, the Armenian, Albanian, and the
modern Romance dialects there are words retained from languages of utterly different affinities
which were in occupation of the land when the Aryan or Aryanized invaders came with their
overpowering influence. Some very slight influence of Gala (a Hamitic 'white man' speech) can
be traced through the East African Bantu, about four hundred miles south of the present Gala range
in East Equatorial Africa. The Sudanic tongues, the Nilotic and Masai, even the Nubian and
Kordofan languages have sent words from the north — chiefly of domestic animals, wild beasts, and
trade goods— circulating through northern and western Congoland, through the Nyanza Bantu, the
speech of Kikuyu, Kilimanjaro), Usambara, and the coast-belt of Equatorial East Africa. The
unclassified, somewhat monosyllabic tongues of the Niger delta and the Cross river have influenced
the worn-down Bantu languages of the West Cameroons. The influence on Bantu of Arabic,
Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch is so palpable and (excepting that of Arabic and Persian)
so comparatively modern that it hardly comes within the range of philological studies. It needs no
explaining. Considering how long the Arabs and the Gala Hamites have been in influential contact
with the Bantu of East and South-east Africa, and how powerfully the Aryanized Persians of the
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries a. c. influenced the Zafigian coasts and islands, it is surprising
how comparatively few Arabic and Persian words have crept into Bantu speech. Swahili is by
far the most Arabized of the Bantu tongues ; yet except in refinements of vocabulary often ignored
by the common people, it remains essentially and very typically a Bantu language. The fact that
the ancient and mediaeval Bantu invaders of eastern Zambezia and South-east Africa knew and
cared nothing for gold till some incoming foreign people from across the seas taught them the value
of that metal, is shown by the absence of any true Bantu root-word for ' gold '. The word by
which 'gold' is rendered in the Zambezian and South-east African Bantu languages is— if not

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 29

a variant of the Portuguese ouro or the Enghsh 'gold '— derived from Arabic, and usually
a corruption of dir/tsm^ (iicidraiun, ndaUmit).

Subtracting the foreign, the pre-existing elements from the modern Bantu tongues, we are left
in nearly every group with a surprisingly large proportion of words traceable back to a common
inheritance from Old-Bantu , from the pristine Bantu of North Equatorial Africa. Most of the defeca-
tions from this rule are due to that human love of metaphor and trope, that dislike in timid or refined
minds to calling a spade a spade, a devil a devil, a urinal a urinal. Totemism, superstition, would
start a practice of referring to dreaded snakes not as ' nyoka ', ' the snake ', but as ' the long animal ',
'the hisser', 'the coiler'. The Bantu tongues have as many paraphrases for alluding shame-
facedly to the genital organs or the functions of generation and defecation as the most modest speech
of Europe and America. The variations of Bantu vocabularies, especially in the south, have been
mainly caused by Hlodnipa. This word— a verb in Zulu meaning ' to have shame ', to be ashamed '
— covers the practice of not calling sorhe common object, some beast, bird, fish, utensil, or
geographical feature by its proper name if that name happens to be the cognomen of a near relative,
a husband, father, brother, mother, great friend, or respected chief. The custom refers more to
women's utterance than men's ; unhappy Woman throughout the long history of the ascent of the
human species having always been regarded as unlucky, as an Eve doing the wrong thing and
bringing down ill luck by offending the vague Powers of Nature and Fate. Consequently, in parts
of Bantu Africa, if a woman marries a man named ' Lion ', though she may continue to call her
husband shyly and whisperingly by his name, she will henceforth call the real lion, the ' roarer'
the 'slayer of beasts ', the ' big cat '. Farther north, if the totem animal of the clan, or the most
striking local example of divine or demoniac power is a crocodile, it might not do to be heard calling
' crocodile ' (on the principle of letting sleeping dogs lie). So the crocodile —to the confusion of the
inquiring philologist — is not called Ngwena or Ngandti, by one of its widespread Bantu names, but
' the long one ', ' the sly one', 'the snapper-up ', or some other roundabout nickname. Evidently,
however, as with family slang in our own land, a fashion in misnomers seldom starts from the
vagaries of a few fantastics; otherwise the Bantu languages would not have remained after some two
thousand years of dispersal so astonishingly true to type.

Before the reader's attention is turned to the long series of illustrative vocabularies which
I have thought it best to supply as a prelude to the discussion in detail of the existing Bantu lan-
guages, it might assist him or her if I outlined the most striking features of the presumed Bantu
mother speech. We can, of course, only deduce these from an analysis and comparison of those
Bantu languages which have preserved the greatest proportion of widely-distributed word-roots in
their vocabulary, or have similarly retained archaic forms of prefix, adjective, pronoun, preposition,
adverb, and verb, which, from their recurrence and re-emergence in so many parts of South and
Central Africa, would seem to have been part of the common stock of ideas in the original Bantu
centre of dispersal. I shall thus have supplied some standard of comparison by which the diver-
gency and the degree of divergency of the modern Bantu languages may be gauged, in the outcome
of their development from the parent tongue of North Equatorial Africa, two to three thousand
years ago.

The following are examples of some among the many noun-roots of universal or considerable
distribution in Bantu Africa ; given in the shape which they probably assumed in the original
language or group of dialects (the Ur-Bantu of German writers, or as I prefer to style it in English,
Old-Bantu) from which the two hundred and seventy-six Bantu languages and dialects of to-day
are descended.

' In its turn, no doubt, derived from the Greek drachma.

30 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Noun-roots

Father (Se, Sa, Si ; Tata) ; mother (Nya, Na, Nyina ; Mama) ; brother (-ina, -dugu, -pangi) ;
sister (-lumbu) ; maiden, virgin (-wali, -wala, -isika, -dumba) ; grandparent (Kaka, Kukoi) ;
child, son (-keke, -ana, Meona) ; wife (-ka, -kaai) ; twins (-pasa or -longco).

Chief (-kama, -ami, -fumu,' -keosi, -ini (-ene)) ; doctor, medicine-man (-fumu,' -ganga) ; witch,
sorcerer (-Icoki, -sawi, -sawa, -lemba) ; thief, stealer (-ibi, -iba) ; man (-ntu, whence Muntu = a
man, Bantu = men) ; male (-lume) ; female (-ka, -kazi, -kat>i) ; body (-wili, -biri, -zimba) ; skin
(-gojba (-gcovi, -gcozi), -kanda) ; head (-tu, -twe) ; hair (-bale, -bili, -suki, -kisi) ; nose (-gulco, -puleo,
•pula, -pomboj, -indto) ; eye (-isoo) ; ear (-tu, generally Ku-tu) ; lip (-Icomco) ; mouth (-nwa) ; tooth
(•inco, -gegu, -songa) ; tongue (-limi, -laka) ; chin, beard (-devu) ; saliva (-te, Mate); neck (-kingca,
-kcosi) ; shoulder (-bega) ; buttock (-takco) ; back, backbone (-gongoj, -uma, -tana, -busa) ; chest
(-fuba,' -adi, -tulu) ; breast, nipple (-bele) ; heart (-tima— this word is sometimes used also for chest
and liver) ; navel (-kcjfu, -kuvu, -tcotco, -kundi, -kombco) ; belly, stomach (-vumu, -fu, -nda, -mimba) ;
bowels (-tumbto, -da or -ra).

Arm (-bcokeo, -koaiMo) ; armpit (-apa) ; hand (-anda, -anja) ; finger or toe (-nwe, -nye, -kumu) ;
finger-nail, and sometimes finger (-ala, -dala, -jala) ; penis (-bcolco) ; thigh (-berw) ; leg (-gulu,
■rundcoj ; foot-sole (-ayco) ; vein (-sipa, -sisa) ; blood (-rcopa, -gazi, -nga, -kame or -gama) ; milk
{•ziwa, -bele); fat, butter, oil (-fata'); bone (-fupa and -kupa,' -bisi) ; tear {-scozi, -ziga, -bezi) ;
breath, life, soul (-conyu, -oya, -oyco) ; death (-fu, -fua >) ; ghost, spirit (-zimu, -limu, -banda, -dumba).

Sky, and often God and rain (•g:ulu or -iguru, -julu, -lungu, -ingu) ; rain (-bula, -lungu) ; sun,
sunlight, daylight (-juba, -ise, -sana, -laiiga or -tanga) ; moon, moonlight, month (-ezi from -ela, -era,
to be white, shining, -gondco, -sungi) ; star (-ezi, -eti— perhaps from the same source as moon— and
•nyenye, -iiini, -sonda, -tanda, -data or -jata) ; year (-aka, -vu) ; night or day (-lo> or -ileo— leloj is a
widespread root for 'to-day' — naku, -siku, -tuku, or -fuku) ; darkness (-giza, -sise, -ilima, -rima,
or -zima) ; wind, cold (-pepco) ; smoke (-ojsi, -isi, -iki, -ika, -dinga) ; fire (-lilw, -otco, from -ota, to
warm, -pia, -bazu) ; charcoal (-kala) ; earth, ground, country (-si or -ti) ; stone (-bwe, -tadi, -ala or
•bale, -manya) ; salt (-nyu, -ngtia, -kele) ; iron, iron ore (-ela or -bela, -uma, -tadi, -londw) ; water
(-zi, -diba or -ziba) ; river, stream (-geda, -gazi or -giji, -iteo, -donga) ; lake, broad river, sea or
(-ziba, -anza or -anja, -zadi, -sabi); mountain, hill (-scazi, -lima, -pili); river-valley (-rambco or
•dambu) ; road, path (-dila, -gila, -handa, -bcoka).

Tree, stick (-ti) ; dry wood, firewood (-kuni, -kui) ; thorn (-iba) ; grass (-ani, -asi) ; banana-
tree (-gomba, -konda) ; banana-fruit (-tuki, -konde, -dizi) ; yam (-lungu, -coma, -kua, -rail) ; wine,
mead, or beer (-alwa, -labu, -lafu or -Iwfu) ; mushroom (-btoa) ; forest (-bira, -itu, -zitu).

Bee, honey (-uki) ; termite (-swa) ; fish (-swi) ; frog (-ula) ; snake (-coka, -piri (viper), -mamba
(cobra)); crocodile (-kwena, -gandu, -mamba); egg (-ki, -landa) ; bird (-uni) ; wing, membrane
(•papa) ; guinea-fowl (-kanga) ; francolin (-kwala) ; domestic fowl (-kuku).

Beasts of all kinds — flesh (-ama) ; rat (-beba, -puku, -kusw) ; porcupine (-nungu, -gumba) ;
elephant (-dcobco, -joofu, -damba, -dembto) ; hippopotamus (-gubu, -vubu) ; rhinoceros (-pala. -pem-
bela) ; pig {-gulu, -guluba) ; buflalo (-ati, -aka) ; giraffe (-twiga) ; ox, cow, cattle (-gombe or -kcomto) ;
milch-cow or breeding-goat (-gcoma) ; horn (-mbe, -pembe, -sengu, -iga) ; goat (-buzi, -budi, -peeni) ;
dog (-bwa) ; cat (-paka, -simba '') ; leopard (-gwe, -koi, -sui) ; lion (-simba, -tare, -tambco) ; hyena
(•pisi,' -mb wi, -bungu, -puru) ; monkey (-kima) ; baboon (-yani, -kolcobe, -ponibo)) ; ape (-zike, -scokto).

Sorcery, fetish, religion, witchcraft, to bewitch (-luka or -duga, -sawa; -banda; -lemba, -kisi,

' A marked correspondence in Bantu phonology exists between/ and /•, 7' and^, j and/, 2 and 7':
so that we find especially in the West, but also in East Africa, -kumu alongside -fumu, -guia, alongside
•vuta. and -futa., -kuba and -fuba, -fua and -kfta ; -suniu corresponding to -fumu and -suta to -vuta.

" The range in meaning of this root is considerable. Sometimes it rises to ' lion', sometimes sinks
to 'genet '. ' Query, cognate with old root for ' bone ' ?

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 31

•flti) ; magic, medicine (-ganga) ; name (-ina or -zina, -itto) ; song, to sing (-imba, -imbu) ; fear,
noun and verb (-coga, -copa, -tina, -tia) ; shame (-sconi) ; hunger (-zala, -ala) ; sleep (-Ico, Tulco, from
the verb-root -la, -lala, to extend oneself) ; dream, noun and verb (-Itota, -duta)) ; dance, noun and
verb (-kina, -bina) ; love, desire, noun and verb (-penda, -kunda, -tanda) ; intelligence, and verb ' to
know ' (-manya, -manyi) ; goodness, good (-ema, -wa, -into, -nuga, -ntofu, -scoga, -bote, -bota) ;
bad, badness, excrement (-bi) ; rottenness, rotten (-covu, -ora or -coza, -vunda) ; fierceness, bitter-
ness (-kali) ; hardness (-gumu, -guma) ; smallness, little, young (-toj or -tu, -dongu, -ke, -nandi,
■titi, -nini, -goinco, -ana) ; greatness, large (-kulu— from -kula, to increase — nene) ; oldness (-kulu,
•nuna or -duna, -kuka, -kuta, -dala) ; young, new (-pya) ; whiteness, white (-ela, -eru, -tuka, -tuba) ;
sickness (-dwala) ; shortness, (-fupi) ; length, distance, height, ' there ' (-le, -la, -de, -rare) ; ' within-
ness ', inside (-da, -mu, -te) ; ' betweenness ' (-kati) ; place, ' hereness ' (pa-, -nco) ; house (-ndu, -zto,
-zcobco, -dagco, -dabco, -umba— clay- walled); home (-ka, -kaya ; -anda, -banda, -ganda) ; canoe (-atoa) ;
paddle (-kapi, -kasi) ; knife (-ale or -bale, -siu, -hamba, -panga, -paka, -pcokco, -mage) ; spear (-onga,
-ofigeo, -furau) ;bow (-ta, -tta) ; arrow (-fwi, -soiiga, -bamba, -katto, -sala, -tegw) ; axe (-pasa, -bazoi
or -bagu, -zuka, -gembe, -gimbu, -temeo) ; shield (-gabco, -guba) ; clothing— anciently ' skin ',
' pelt'— cloth, blanket (-gubco) ; door, doorway (-kuki, -ugi, -ibi, -belcd, -pitu ; -liangco) ; drum
(-gcoma) ; thing, property {-ntu, -ma or -uma).

Prefixes and Preprefixes
The original forms of the prefixes alone and of the preprefixes combined with them were
probably as follows. It should be remembered that the preprefix is virtually identical with the
'article ' of Aryan and Semitic languages. It is also the concord-particle and pronoun of the class to
which the prefix belongs : —

Prefix. Preprefix and Prefix.

Class No. I. Mu- (singular) ] usually reserved for human Gu-mu- (Wu-mu-).

r beings, and almost invari-

,, „ 2. Ba- (plural) ) ably for men and animals Ba-ba-.

„ „ 3. Mu- (sing.) Gu-mu-.

„ „ 4. Mi- (pi.) Gi-mi-.

„ „ 5. Di-, Li-, or Ri- (sing., sometimes used as an Di-di-, Ri-ri-, Li-li (I-ri-, E-ri-).

augmentative)

„ „ 6. Ma- (pi. and collective) Ga-ma-.

„ „ 7. Ki- (sing.) Ki-ki-.

„ „ 8, Bi- (pi. and collective) Bi-bi-.

„ „ 9. N- (M-), if, Ni- (sing.) Gi-ni-, Yi-ni-, In- (Im-), In-, Ini-.

,, „ 10. Zi-, Xi-, Ti- (pi.) Zi-zi, Ibi-, I-ti-, I-ti-n-.

„ „ II. Du-, Lu-, Ru- (sing., a good deal associated Du-du-, Lu.lu-, U-lu-, Ru-ru-.

with ' length ')

„ „ 12. Tu- (pi. and collective diminutive) Tu-tu-, U-tu-.

„ „ 13. Ka- (sing., nearly always used as a diminu- Ka-ka-, A-ka-.

live)

„ „ 14. Bu- (sing., collective, and sometimes dimi- Bu-bu-.

nutive as plural to Ka-)

„ „ 15. Ku- (sing., often used as preposition mean- Ku-ku-, U-ku-.

'to', 'towards ')

,, „ 16. Pa- (a locative, meaning 'place', ' at 'i ' °" ') Pa-pa-.

„ „ 17. Mu- (a locative, meaning 'in ') Mu-mu-.

„ ,, 18. Gu- (sing., augmentative) ? Gu-gu-.

,, „ 19. Ga- (pi. to Gu-, augmentative) Ga-ga-.

32 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Associated with these preprefixes and prefixes, when they assumed the r6le of demonstratives,
was the ' directive « ', a prefatory nasal which usually has the effect of ' this is so-and-so ' when
preceding a noun or a pronoun, and which may be connected with either the gth prefix or with an
old root meaning 'is', ' it is '. This initial «- («- before a guttural, nt- before a nasal) in many of the
Bantu languages gives a more insistent character to personal pronouns or demonstratives, in the
sense of't/iis, this one '. With the ' directive n ' affixed, these foregoing prefixes became in their
archaic forms (and in this shape reappear in numerous existing groups) as follows ; — Class i. figu-
mu ; 2. Mba-ba ; 3. Ngu-mu ; 4. Ngi-mi ; 5. Ndi-H, Ndi-di ; 6. Ifga-ma ; 7. Nki-ki ; 8. Mbi-bi ;
9. Ngi-ni, Nyi-n' ; 10. Nzi-zi ; 11. Ndu-lu; 12. Ntu-tu ; 13. Nka-ka; 14. Mbu-bu ; 15. Nku-ku ;
16. Mpa-pa. (No such nasalized demonstratives are traceable for Classes 17, 18, and 19).

The most archaic forms which can be deduced for the Numerals are the following :

1. -nwe, -nye, -guma, -dala (meaning ' finger ' or ' thumb ') ; -mu, -mto, -mwe, -musi, -mcusa.

2. -ball, -bale, -bili.

3. -tatu, -satu.

4. -ne, -nai.

5. -tanco, -sanco.

6. -sambu; -kaga ; -sasatu, -sasaba ; -tandatu or Ntatu ndatu (3+3) ; -tupa, -tuba.

7. Sambco, Sambco-bali ; Mpungati.

8. -nana.

9. -enda, Kenda ; Ifuka, Ivua.

ID. -kumi ; -longco, Mu-longco ; -kama.
(Plurals of tens — twenty, thirty, &c. — were Gama-kumi, Gimi-longco, &c. In the Bantu mother
language there were no special terms for ' twenty ' as in the Semi-Bantu and Sudanic tongues, nor
was reckoning by scores, as it is in them).

100. Gama or Kama ; Dili-gana, Eri-gana.

The original forms of the Personal Pronouns in the Bantu mother speech were probably these :

I Mi, N, Ne, Ni. (Other modern forms like Ngi, Ngu, Ndi, Nze, Mbi, Mba are pos-

sibly the original pronoun N- prefixed to particles meaning ' am ' or ' here '.)
me -mi, -n-, -ni-, -iigi-.

my -ngu, -iige, -m, -mi, -ni, -ne.

Thou Gu, Owe (We), Ku-, Wu-.

thee -ku-.

thy -kto.

He (she) Gu, Gwe (Yu, Ye), Ka-, A-.

him (her) -mu- ; -ge, -ke, -ye.

his (hers) -kwe, -ke.

We Tu, Su (Si), Twe, Cwe, Swe, Hwe, Fwe.

us -tu-.

our -itu.

Ye Nu, Nyu, Nwi (Ni), Mu, Mwe.

you -ni, -nyu, -nu-, -mu-.

your -inyu, -inu.

They Baba, babco.

them -ba-, -bu.

their -babu.

The reflexive pronoun 'self was probably -li- (-ji-, -zi-, -ri-, -i-, -e-).

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES • 33

' All ' was rendered by -onse, -onte or -onke ; and in some senses by -cona and -ama.
' Many ' was -ngi or -ingi, -vula or -bula, -bama.

Adjectives were scarcely distinguishable from consonantal forms in Old-Bantu, and their more
striking examples in persistence of word-root are cited with the nouns in the foregoing list. Several
suffixes were probably employed in ancient as in modern Bantu to give an adjectival and adverbial
sense to noun-roots, notably the widespread suffix -fu or -vu, which perhaps may be traced to an
older form -bu, and be related to the 14th Class prefix. Adverbs were allied to nouns and pronouns,
and prepositions likewise. Amongst these last, roots that are characteristically persistent and must
therefore have been present in Old-Bantu are : pa-, on, at ; ku-, towards, to, there ; si- or -nsi, down ;
-la, -le, -li, -di, -dia, far, distant, there ; nda, -da, inside ; -tei, -kati, between ; -eru, -nja, -nze, outside ;
-pi, which ? where ? how much ? ; -nca, much, exceedingly, properly ; -mbele, before ; -pi or -fupi, near.

The adverbial particles of negation, usually when employed with the verb, were prefixed or in-
fixed in conjunction with the nominative pronoun particle which precedes the verb-root. They were :

Ka- (becoming -kco, as a relative adverbial suffix) ; Sa- or Ta- ; Ki- ; Si- or Ti-.

The following suffixes seem to have existed in the Bantu mother speech for incorporation with
the verb-root at its terminal to modify, reverse, and extend its meaning. Already, perhaps before
the divergence of the main groups occurred, it was becoming customary to change the pristine -a
of the verb-root termination into -i to express negation or doubt, -e to give a subjunctive or potential
sense to the verb,' -u or -u to indicate other changes of meaning. But in addition to this inflexion
of the terminal vowel of the verb-root, a variety of suffi.xes came into use which have remained in
force amongst nearly all the descendants of the Old-Bantu.

These were in all probability :

(i) -ba or -wa,^ probably one of the word-roots meaning ' be ', and used to turn a verbal root
from the active voice to the completely passive ; that is to say, passive with the suggestion of an
agent causing passivity. Example : Vu-leka, to leave ; \m-lekwa, to be abandoned (by some one). '

(2) -ka. This particle also turns a transitive verb-root into an intransitive, but indicates passivity
without an agent directly causing it. The comparison of the -ka suffix with the -ba or -•wa, passive
and the ordinary transitive verb-root used in an active sense, might be illustrated in English by the
following example : ' He cools, chills ' ; this would be equivalent to the ac/ive verb in Bantu : ' He
is chilly or cold ' : this would answer to the sense of the -ka suffix : ' He is cooled or chilled ' (by
some one or something) : this would be implied by the -ba or -wa suffix. Thus if -pasua (a develop-
ment oi-pasa) meant ' to split ' in Old-Bantu, -pasu'ks. would mean ' to be in fragments ', and -pasuvrtk.
' to be split' (by some one).

(3) -ga or -iiga. This suffix conveyed either a sense of thoroughness in action, or still more,
continuity in the sense of the English participle termination -ing. It also inferred habitual or
recurrent action. Example : -pula, ' beat ' ; -pulaga., ' beat thoroughly, continuously '.

(4) -sa (za, jsa, sia ?) was causative. Thus if -lia was ' to eat ', -/«sa or -//sa would be ' to cause
(some one else) to eat '.

(5) -la, -ila or -ira and -ia (and -ela or -era or -ea, by absorption of the terminal -a ' ; also -ina or
-ena) indicated doing a thing to, for, or by another person : as for example -fa = ' to die ' ; but -fia
and -fira would mean ' to die for (or on behalf of) or through ' another person.

(6) The vowel u (or in conjunction with the terminal a, oa) combined with -la or -ra, expressed
a sense of reversal. Thus if -fuiiga meant ' to shut ', -fungxAa. would mean ' to open '.

' Examples of the change to -/ and -e would be : Ni-pangB. or MpangK, ' I make ' ; Ni-pangt, ' that
I make ', ' let me make ' ; and N-ki-pangi, ' I not make '.

' In the Nyanza group and some ofthe western Bantu languages the passive suffix is -ibwa.

' A +i constantly resolves itself into e in Bantu ; a + u into a). In these suffixes /, r, and ti, I and n
frequently permute ; as well as s and^, j and z, b and w.

34 " THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

(7) -pa was connected perhaps with the root meaning ' place ', ' location ', ' at ', but came to
mean as a verbal suffix ' becoming ', ' developing into ', ' acquiring certain characters *. Thus from
the adjective -nene, ' fat ' or ' large ', was made the verb -nenepa., ' to become fat ', from -bi arose
-bipa., ' to become bad ' ; from -ugco ' fear ' was constructed -cogupa., ' to be afraid '.

(8) -ana indicated reciprocal action : Ku-penda would mean ' to love ', but Ku-pendaaa. ' ' to love
one another '.

(9) -ama and -ta probably had a reflexive sense, meaning to do certain things for one's self.
Thus -ima would be lengthened into -imsma, ' to erect one's self ; -pa, ' give ', became -/>Ata, ' to
give one's £elf' or ' to get '.

(10) -ile or -ide (with the variant -ine), perhaps also -isi (and, from their fusion, -itsi, -idzi, -ije)
conveyed a sense of past or preterite action ; and in fact -ile (-ine, -ide, -ire) suffixed to the verb-
root has become the chief form of preterite tense throughout the Bantu languages. The alternative
iorm -isi (extended into -itse, -idzi, -ije, &c.) has to a great extent disappeared as an independent
suffix, and is only traceable with difficulty in the composition of words. Thus, assuming -kunda or
-gonda to mean ' love ' or ' desire ' in the Old-Bantu, it would become in most of the modern Bantu
languages -kundiXt in the preterite sense of I (Thou, he, &c.) loved', or -gonzi (-gond-i%i), a form
in which it actually exists in some of the Nyanza languages. More often the -itsi suffix united the
other suffixes and verbal forms. It may really have arisen from an older combination of the -ide
preterite with the -sa causative. The present form in Luganda (-idza) rather suggests this.

In addition to these suffixes, the Old-Bantu, like some of its descendants, probably affixed
other 'prepositional', locative, adverbial particles to the verb-root after the manner of -pa (No. 7 in
this list. In this connexion -mu would mean ' in ', ' inwardly ' ; -kw, ' to ', ' towards ' (as well as from
quite another root, ' not ') ; -ge (-je) would be interrogative ' how ? '—in modern Swahili u-td-fany»-'^e
means 'how wilt thou manage it', or literally, 'thou— will— do— how.''

Probably in Old-Bantu, as in its modern descendants, the verb was conjugated by prefixed as
well as suffixed particles ; and these last partook of the nature of prepositions (like ku, ' to ' ; pa,
p«a, ' here ', ' now ', ' there ' ; -a, ' of ' ; na, ni, ' with '), adverbs and pronominal particles, related to the
noiin prefixes— ka, ma, gu, la, da, nga, ngi— and mostly by auxiliary and abbreviated verbal nouns,
such as li (di) and ba, meaning ' being ' ; ta, ya, ' doing ', ' going '.

The most strikinglj' widespread verbal roots in the modern Bantu languages probably assumed
the following forms in Old-Bantu :

abuse, insult

-tuka.

beat

-pula, -btila, -tera, -beta.

bite

-luma.

breed

-zala, -ala, -biala.

bring

-leta.

build

-lunga, tunga.

bury

-zika, -jika.

buy or sell

-gula, -suma, -tenga, -landa.

come

•iza, -pika or -fuka.

cut, chop

-tema, -baza, -senga, -kata.

dance

-kina or -bina.

deny

■kana.

die

-fu, -fua, -fa (-kwa).

dig, hoe

•lima.

drink

■nyiia, -niia.

' This was sometimes extended to -sand, -ngdna. by fusion with other suffixes.

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES

35

eat

evacuate, defecate,rain,

give birth
fall
fear

fight, quarrel
fish, catch fish
give

go

heat, warm, cook
hunt
know
laugh

leave, cease
love, want, desire
press, milk
rot

say, speak
see
send
sing

sit, remain, abide
sleep, extend the body,
snore

■la or -da, -lia or -dia.

■nya (this root is related to the ' mother' or feminine prefix, nya-).

-gwa, -bwa.
-tia, -tina.
•rwa, -rwana.
•vuba, -luba.
-pa, -nika.

-genda, -gya (-ja, -ya), -tamba, -hamba (march, walk), -pita (pass).
-5ta, -aka, -pi, -pika.
-winda, -winga.

•manya, -dzi, -dziwa, -jiwa, -azi.
•seka or -seba.
-leka, -sika.

■panda, -kunda, -gonda, -funa, -tanda.
-kama.

-bora (-bwza), -bunda.
-ti, -gamba.
•bona, -lola, -laba.
■tuma.
■imba.

-ikala, ■sala.
■lala, -kcona or -gona.

smell, stink

stand, stop, be erect

steal

strike, kill

watch, tend

weep, cry, mourn

•nuka, ■nunka.

-g^ma, -sima.

■iba.

-ita, -tta, -ta ; -kuba, -buba, -bula.

•linda.

•lUa.

The original concept of the verb in Old-Bantu was no doubt participial, of the ' verbal-noun '
order, the noun of action. But these verb-roots seem in Bantu to be older than most of the nouns
that do not, like the verb-roots, terminate in -d ; as though actions were described before all but the
most prominent oBjects. The original verb-roots were largely monosyllabic and never more than
disyllabic ' (unless onomatopoeic) ; but I cannot agree with some authorities who have argued that
the whole of the Bantu roots, substantival and verbal, can be traced back to utterances of a single
syllable. Yet they tend that way, and perhaps, in the far past of African peoples, might have been
traced to an ultimate affinity with a monosyllabic parent stock, which afterwards left behind more
direct and monosyllabic tone-using descendants in the regions between the Cross river and the
Volta.

The simple verb-forms in Old-Bantu obviously ended in -a (with the exception of two or three
irregular, interjectional verbs, such as Ti, ' say ' ; Njco ! ' come ! '; Li, ' be ' ; Pi, ' cook ', and various
other meanings) ; and the majority of the nouns formed from verbs ended in -&) (probably from -au),
-!, or -u. The -e termination of noun-roots may, like those that end in -a, have been very ancient
and indicate independence of origin from verb-roots, or may — as so often occurs in verbal suffixes
and prefixes— arise from the fusion of a- and -i.

* It is noteworthy that many archaic word-roots in Bantu begin with a vowel and are disyllabic
such as -d/i (buffalo), -dfs (heat), -isCt) (eye), -a/a) (canoe).

D a

36

THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS

Indeed, in reconstructing the phonology of Old-Bantu, and especially of the still earlier African
parents of that language family, one is led to assume a greater simplicity of vowel sounds even than
exists to-day in the very Italian-like Bantu languages, and to postulate only o, a, i, and u for the
original Bantu vowel equipment. So many of the existing u's and unstressed o's, as well as the e's,
can be traced back to fusions of a and «, a and i, or to the broadening of u and i.

As far as we can trace the phonology of Old-Bantu by comparing, one with another, the pro-
nunciation of root-words in the more archaic Bantu tongues of the present day— notably the Nyanza-
Taiiganyika-mid-Zambezian groups — we may surmise that it made no use of tones or clicks to imple-
ment its resources in differentiating sounds ; and that, besides a simple vowel system — o, a,i, u, and
perhaps u — it possessed the following consonants (interesting deficiencies being also noted) : —

m, b, p, possibly w.

V, f. These, however, may well have been absent in the pristine days, and
have arisen subsequently, just before or just after the great dispersal,
principally from b.

Is, s, s. "G was doubtfully present, as a variant of / and s. ■£> almost certainly
was absent; and is still of very uncommon occurrence compared with 6.

d, t, I, n. R is doubtful as a radical letter, though often arising recurrently
from / and d, and in turn producing z.

i. J, if it had already appeared, arose from a palatalizing of d (dy, d) or g
(gy) ; a lingualizing ofy, or a hardening of z. C, f, / were probably absent
from Old-Bantu.

y. In the primitive Bantu speech it is doubtful if y existed as a distinct pro-
nunciation" from I and gl.

n. This ringing nasal sound was probably heard when n preceded a guttural,
and there may have been in Old-Bantu some of that general nasality of
utterance which so strongly characterizes most of the negro languages of
West Africa as to amount almost to a physical and racial trait— a distinc-
tion still more to be remarked in Bushman and Hottentot and in the Semi-
Bantu. But the « as an unsupported consonant (like the «^ in German or in
the English words ' king ' and ' ringing ')— so common a feature in modern
Bantu— can always be traced back to a fusion between n and g or k.

The guttural y was probably absent from Old-Bantu, not having as yet arisen
from the slurring of^g- or the faucalizing of w.

k, g. But no X, X, or q.

h was probably absent, though it was soon to arise from p, s, k, or /.

Labials
Labial-dental

Dental-lingual

Lingual-alveolar

Palatal-lingual

Palatal
Palatal-faucal

Faucal
Aspirate

Even in the Old-Bantu home there must have been a tendency among the dialects of the mother
tongue towards an abrupt and wide-ranging variation between certain consonants— a psychic
disturbance, so to speak, such as must often arise in aggregated genera and species of animals and
plants or full-blown human languages, when they are about to produce great variations from type.
And this sudden impulse towards varied pronunciation caused transitory or permanent permutation in
consonants. Yet the permuted and the previous forms of word-root must have co-existed in the same
tribe as they often do at the present day. These alternations were particularly marked as between
labials and dentals— « changing to z,j to s, and /to 6 ; between labial and faucal— w and g,fa.Tid
k, V and g ; between the lingual and the alveolar — / and d (together with r, which last is scarcely,
distinguishable in Old or Modern Bantu from / and d) ; / and n, t and r ; and between the palatalized
d and_/', d and z, t and s, / and c, s and f. P permuted easily to /and w, and still more readily and
inexplicably to A, as soon as the great Bantu dispersal commenced. The aspirate, now so prominent

OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 37

in the phonology of the majority of Bantu languages, was almost certainly absent from Old-Bantu.
No root-word traced back to its most primitive form discloses the presence of h among the Old-
Bantu consonants. The modern Bantu aspirates represent an older p,f, s, or k, or the faucal gasp
of a vanishing click in the pre-Bantu languages.

In conclusion, I might state that I do not share the theory of certain German philologists that
we should attribute to the Old-Bantu some degree of vagueness in consonantal utterance, resulting
in y being the parent of the modern^ or w, 7' the antecedent of 6 and w, v and/; x of /^, and so forth.'
The comparative study of the existing two hundred and twenty-six languages derived from Old-Bantu
leads, on the contrary, to the conclusion that this mother speech of innermost Africa had broad,
simple vowels, and distinct, well-defined consonants, almost limited in range to m, b, s, z, d, t, I, n,
k, and g. In this respect, in the development of intermediate vowels and consonants between those
of more pronounced type, the modern Bantu languages have only followed a parallel course to the
Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic languages. It may be argued that the early articulate utterances of
Man were vague in sound : undecided in vowel quality, and in the influence of tongue, of teeth,
nose passage, and epiglottis on consonantal out-breathings. The extraordinary Bushman language
family may be pointed to as an illustration of a very primitive form of speech surviving, and offering
a similar vagueness in utterance. But the Bushman dialects may quite well be, like the Bushman
race, examples of speech forms that have greatly degenerated and have been much specialized by
isolation in South African deserts. And the vowel sounds of Bushman and Hottentot appear to me to
be simple, few, and clearly marked, except for nasality of tone. It is their clicks which often obscure
the values of the consonants. But even here we have no great range of subtle consonantal sounds
as in the modern languages of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. The Bushman lan-
guage, no doubt, like the race that uses it, is exceedingly ancient and shows the severe attrition of
long usage. The simplification of vowel and consonant values (like the sudden simplification of
customs after long slavery to tradition) tends to be one of those revolutionary occurrences which
accompany the birth of a new language species or a new people : for instance, the Arabic dialects of
the Sudan and of East Africa — rapidly becoming two new languages — are softening the more exasper-
ating of Arab consonants and enlarging considerably the use of broad, distinct vowels ; Swahili
Arabic, with the regular intercalation of vowel and consonant, is at the opposite pole to the Maghrib
dialect of Morocco, which is mainly a collocation of choking consonants. One has only to compare
the phonology of modern Arabic with that of the ancient Semitic tongues of Mesopotamia and Syria
to realize (as also in the case of Polish and Russian, as compared to Yugo-Slav and Old Lithuanian)
how languages tend as they spread, develop, and are more and more spoken, to differentiate their
vowels and their consonants with ever-increasing complexity ; so that at last the speech becomes
unspeakable by a newer generation or unpronounceable by an invading usurper. Then one of those
radical changes takes place which gives birth to some new and more harmonious jargon : Latin
becomes Romance, Greek changes into Romaic, the cumbrous Anglo-Saxon is modulated into the
pleasantly Frenchified English of Chaucer, which we still speak. And I should not be astonished
if, during the next twenty or fifly years, several languages of Africa and Western Asia — even
Armenian, Lesghian, and Albanian— were scrap-heaped, and forms of speech with simpler, more
melodious phonologies were adopted in their place.

It is because the majority of the Bantu languages are so simple and clear in their phonology,
so logical in their syntax that they are learnt with comparative ease by the stranger. The majority
of them are much easier to master and to retain in the memory than Hausa, Ful, or Arabic. Those

' Still less do I agree with their ' pooling ' problematic vowel sounds by the device of a heavily cir-
cumflexed / ii). They cannot themselves suggest how this is to be pronounced. The circumflex is
a shallow and out-worn mystification.

38 DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES

languages will survive — certainly Hausa and Arabic will, though I doubt whether the world or even
the heart of Africa will tolerate for long the innumerable plurals and countless verb intricacies of
the fantastic Fulde speech— but they will not spread much beyond their present limits. Already in
northern Equatorial Africa Hausa and Sudanese Arabic are giving way to the Bafigala of North
Congoland as a trade and administrative language, because it is a harmonious clear-cut, easily
acquired, sufficiently expressive form ' of speech. Swahili is carrying all before it as the trade
language of the regions between Galaland and the Zambezi. Zulu-Kafir will become the second
language of South Africa if its exponents are wise enough to eliminate the silly clicks which at
present mar its phonology and cause the European to take lip instead the ugly and stupid jargon
known as ' kitchen Kafir '.

The political importance ol the Bantu languages in the future will be as great as the political
importance of the Indian vernaculars. This has been an additional inducement to me to study
them. But it is perhaps the unwritten history of Negro Africa enshrined in their word-roots
which has proved for me the strongest lure in this long-sustained work of research.

CHAPTER III

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF 276 BANTU AND
24 SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS

NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS IN RESPECT TO THESE

VOCABULARIES

The orthography, both in regard to African geographical names and the rendering of African
languages, is that adopted throughout the volume and explained in detail elsewhere. A summary
of its principles for convenience is given here in apposition to the vocabularies.

M, b, V, p, / and w, are pronounced as in English. When any of these or other sounds
are aspirated, the aspiration, if pronounced and distinct, is indicated by the letter h ' : and where it is
less emphasized, by the Greek aspirate '. In numerous Bantu languages there is considerable
indecision on the part of the individual speaker or the tribe as to the utterance of b and w, so
that to the European listener the labial consonant is heard sometimes as a b, at others as a w,
and occasionally as bv or vh. I have preferred to write it either w, b, bv, or v, according as the
local or predominant pronunciation caught my own ear, rather than to impose accents on the w,
which in reality give little help to the English student, who is sure to be understood by the native
if he uses either a b, w, or v. Nevertheless this indeterminate, labial is represented by several
writers well qualified to hold an opinion, as tu. Y is used by me for the consonantal t (the
Germany). There is a great tendency to palatalize consonants in Bantu ; that is to say, to follow
them by an f or a jv sound {dy, ty, ny, ky, gy). There is no other logical method of rendering this
pronunciation than by adding the y to the palatalized consonant. Where, however, this
palatalization (a very faint i or y) follows the terminal consonant and the employment of a _y might
mislead the eye, the effect is better given by the vertical accent '.

G and k are pronounced as in English, the g being always as in the words ' get ', ' give ', ' go '.
The faucal k (the Arabic j) is represented by q. The Greek gamma (r, y) stands for the velar
g (the Arabic c), which is often rendered in English by gh and which is pronounced like the
French r grasseye, or like a lower utterance of x- This last— the Arabic r- and Scotch cli — is
represented by x, which is to be taken as the equivalent of the Greek x. This is the value of g
and ch in Dutch and in many German words ; but the more palatalized sound of the terminal ch, or cit
before a consonant, so often heard in German in ichand licht, is represented by x. H is pronounced
as in English or German, but the strong h of Arabic (^) is rendered by /;', or sometimes by the
double h {hli). The faucal contraction of the Arabic ain ( ^) is represented by _L ; the mere
elision of a vowel or consonant by the apostrophe, ' ; and the strongly marked hiatus (the Arabic
/tam««)— which is the gap in pronunciation occurring between distinct words in English (such
as 'still ill')— is shown by ;. The nasal consonant sounding like ng in 'ringing' is indicated
by «, or the merely nasalized consonant or vowel by ~. A'' is pronounced as in English. When

' There is much aspirating of consonants in numerous groups of Bantu languages. Wherever ph,
th, dh,gh, kh, vh, &c., are encountered in this work they must be pronounced separately and with their
true values : p-h, t-h, &c.

40 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS

it is an initial consonant preceding another consonant it is slightly vocalized, something like the
pronunciation of tm in the English word 'unto'. When it is doubled, like all other double
consonants it is doubly pronounced.

The Polish or dental / (f) is hea#d in some Bantu languages (as it is in Portuguese and
Brazilian pronunciation) but not so prominently or with such etymological importance as to be
worth discrimination. The ordinary Bantu / is alveolar, like the English. It interchanges with r
to such an extent that little distinction can be made in transcribing certain languages, except under
the circumstances mentioned below. One person may use /, another r in pronouncing the same
word in the same tribe or clan. The ordinary Bantu r sounds very much Uke the r in the
pronunciation of Germans or of educated English people. The rattled r of Spain or the southern
half of France is present in a few Bantu tongues (such as the Nyoroj dialects) and is best and
most logically represented by a doubled ;-. The cerebral r (r) of provincial English and of
many South Asiatic tongues is virtually unknown in Bantu Africa. The velar r (r) is scarcely
distinguishable from y, and should be thus expressed unless it can be shown to proceed from
an older alveolar or dental consonant. R permutes most easily with / and d. In some languages,
however, it is necessary to discriminate between r and / in writing and in pronunciation, because
r has taken the place of/, as / may have of rf, in the prefix forms and word-roots.

With regard to the dentals, s is always the upper or light hissing sound, as in the word ' hiss ',
or 'saint'; z similarly is always the lower and heavier sibilant as in ' hazard ' and 'zeal'. The
English sh and zh (French c/i and 7) are rendered by ^ and y ; the English //; in 'think ' and ' bath '
by t> ; and d/i (tli in ' that ' and ' bathe ') by d. T and d, when printed without aspirate, accent, or
modification are to be pronounced as in English and most other languages. But the / in Bantu
is often aspirated or pronounced explosively, somewhat as English people use the word ' utter '
when they speak of 'ut-ter astonishment'. The aspiration— as already mentioned— is indicated
by the /; or the ' following the /; and the explosive quality by the accent ' (=/')• The / in Africa
on the lips of natives often glides into an r sound. When it is most like an r I spell it thus,
when most like a / I render it by / (or d, as the case may be). I do not think it necessary, from
any point of view, to discriminate further between the various slurred 'or eccentric pronunciations
of / by the tongues of Africans, as these variations are — at any rate in Bantu— of no etymological
importance. The d in Bantu is occasionally (as is the /) heard as though doubly pronounced, and
is in such cases doublj' written. The dental, alveolar, palatal, and lateral clicks in the Zulu-Kafir
languages are represented respectively by tf, f, f, and;?.

C stands for the combination of//, a fusion of consonants that is more conveniently represented
by one symbol, the Italian c (as before ; and e). It often results from a palatalized k, which in
some tongues is best rendered by ky; and is pronounced like the English ch in 'church'.
Similarly j is used for the combined sounds of d^. Where these compound consonants appear
to be doubled in pronunciation they are more logically rendered by tc and dj, as they are thus
pronounced. Just as the c comes very near k^', so the j sound is scarcely distinguishable from
the palatalized ct {dy). In some of the south-eastern Bantu languages there are palatalized b's, v's,
and ^'s, which are a source of much unnecessary fuss and complication of writing by some who
have rendered them on paper. They should be written in accordance with their local pronunciation
as by, vyy py ; bz, vz, ps ; or b^, v^, and pf.

The vowels of this phonetic alphabet are, of course, given their ' Continental ' values rather
than those of the eccentric English spelling which grew up in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. O unaccented is pronounced as o in 'not' or 'doll': 0 represents the sound of o
in ' store ' or aw in ' gawd ' ; o is a little deeper than the average German pronunciation of that
vowel and represents the sound of the English m in ' hurt ', or i in ' bird '. A, * (similarly shaped
throughout, even in italics) always stands for the » in 'father', 'rather', 'gala'. The short

IN RESPECT TO THESE VOCABULARIES 41

sound of this vowel (similar to the English u in ' but', or the o in 'worry'), is represented by U, a.
y£, a: is the equivalent of the English * in ' fat', ' gather' or the French e mfemme. Unstressed
e has the value of «■ in ' met ', ' rend '. E, e is the e in ' fete ', or « in ' hate '. E, e gives the short
sound of e in men' and e in ' there ' (really a fused diphthong between e and 6). I is the
English i in ' hit ' ; /, /, the e in ' cedar', and ee in ' feet '. 0, u unstressed represents the u in ' pull ',
' put ', ' bull ' ; and u, ii is the u in ' ruler ', and the 00 in ' mood ' (the French ou, German «). U,u =
the French u. The sounds of o in 'bone' (French an and German oh) is represented by the
Greek u. I have not thought it necessary to discriminate further between the various pronuncia-
tions of the single symbol o (o, o, u), as to do so is quite needless for the philological understanding
of my subject, and only an unnecessary puzzle to the reader's eyes. In some of the South and
South Central African forms of Bantu there is a rather indeterminate vowel which varies in
pronunciation between the short u in 'put' and the o in 'hope'. This is particularly observable
in the Secuana group and in the tribal name ' Basutto '; which is ordinarily rendered ' Basoth<o ' by
specialists and is actually pronounced more like Sutco than anything else, though to some it
seems more akin to ScoQthoi. There is a vacillation also between the sound of i in 'pit' and « in
'met' in many Bantu tongues; but in such cases I prefer to write it as i or e, according as the
sound of the word struck my own ears or those of some trustworthy colleague in African
philology ; for in the etymology of Bantu there is considerable permutation between e and / when
they are unstressed.

The stress mark is ", and the unstress ". Neither is employed unless the pronunciation of the
vowel is exceptionally deep or light. The accent or pitch of the voice is indicated by '. This
is so normally and frequently on the penultimate syllable that the accent is only employed when
an exception to the prevailing rule in Bantu transfers the voice-pitch to the first, last, or other
syllable than the penultimate. Monosyllables are not accented unless uttered with vehemence.

The ordinary high and low voice tones in speaking J — ;- are best shown by employing

the accent ' for the high tone and ^ for the low. The other tones of the speaking voice so prominent
in the East Asiatic or West African languages are unrecorded in connexion with Bantu (wherein the
manner of speaking more resembles the European mean than the voice production of Hottentot and
Bushman, of West Africa, or Eastern Asia), and it is not necessary to provide for them in this work.
The use of the high and low tones of the voice for purposes of etymological distinction is not
common in Bantu and is only observable (perhaps) in the Becuana group and most markedly
in the Panwe languages of the north-west Bantu area. Even here they scarcely come within
the scope of the present work, which is not so much a pronouncing dictionary as a treatise of
comparative philology. In the case of the southern Nigerian tongues, the discrimination of tones
in language transcription is of great importance.'

The conventional symbols S and j stand for ' male ' and ' female '. The essential and (in nouns)
virtually unchangeable root of the word is printed in heavier type where it is necessary to hold
it in view; consequently the reader will regard the lighter-printed syllables as changeable
excrescences on the main concept— preprefixes*, prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. When there are
articles or preprefixes present in a language they are usually, but not always, given in these
vocabularies, so that the Bantu word takes its fullest form. But when in ordinary pronunciation
the preprefix is dropped, the word is printed with only its customary class prefix (if any).

The plural forms of the nouns are separated from the singular by a semicolon and begin with

' A reference on this point might be made to my Phonetic Spelling (Cambridge University Press).
The tones of the South Nigerian languages have been accurately described in Mr. Northcote Thomas's
recent works (Harrison & Sons, and ' Man ', R.A.I.).

' The preprefix is the vowel or syllable which precedes the actual prefix.

42 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS

a minuscule letter. Frequently only the plural prefix is given, the rest of the word being the
same as in the singular. When this plural prefix replaces a detachable prefix in the singular,
it is followed (unless the whole word is printed) by .a hyphen (-) ; where the plural prefix is
super-imposed on the singular form of the noun (which may be the bare root-word or retain
its singular prefix), the plural prefix is followed bj' a plus sign ( + ), unless for the reader's
special convenience the whole of the plural form is printed. When it is necessary to draw special
attention to the plural form of the word, which may — verj- rarely — differ in slight degree from
the root of the singular, the abbreviation pi. is prefaced. The hyphen preceding or following
a word means that the root form must be preceded or followed by some varying detachable prefix
or suffix. Variants of what is substantially the same term are separated from one another by
a comma only ; quite distinct words by a full stop. Figures and letters in brackets are the
distinctive number of a dialect, a peculiar word or two of which may be quoted as a variant, if
it is not sufficiently distinct from the dominant type of language to be represented in a separate
column. But figures may also indicate noun classes when connected with demonstrative pronouns.
As many equivalents as possible are given for the one English term or concept, provided
their composition bears on the etymological connexions between the Bantu languages. Ordinarily
the most commonly used word is printed first; but because the reader from a partial knowledge
of any of these languages here illustrated does not recognize an equivalent of the English test
word he must not be in a hurry to conclude that this equivalent does not exist ; for it maybe scarce,
recondite, or archaic, and thus have escaped his notice. Great care has been taken to attribute
to no language or dialect words the existence of which cannot be attested ; but it may often
be only among the wise men or old women of the tribe that the word is remembered or rightly
applied. These vocabularies are intended primarily for etymological purposes, and do not
necessarily represent the most modern and current form of speech, but all the words known to
be or to have been in these Bantu languages since they first came under observation ; just as English
or French might be illustrated by selections from the recorded speech of the three last centuries.

The gaps in the columns mean that the author has been unable to find an equivalent native
word, either because of the still very faulty nature of our records or because the concept is lacking
where the language is spoken. In a very few cases the whole of the columns attributed to
a form of speech may be blank. This provision of space serves a double purpose : it draws
attention to the exact lacunae in our knowledge and may perchance stimulate research ; and it
provides the necessarj' room for filling up these vocabulary forms completely in course of time
and in later reprints. The name of the scarcely known language or dialect at the head of the
column records its attested existence as a Bantu tongue ; and one object in the setting forth of these
276 languages and dialects has been to place before the reading world as complete a list of known
forms of Bantu speech as possible.' It is probable, indeed, that scarcely one distinct Bantu language
now remains unlisted in this book under some fairly accurate and locally recognizable name, even
though from deficient information I may not have enumerated all its dialects. As regards
naming the languages, I have got as near as I could to the local designations. Where this was
not possible, or it was vexatious to set aside some name long-established in European mouths,
I have chosen the term most likely to lead the inquirer to the spoken tongue or to its printed
records in literature.

On referring to such for verification 01 my own version, a reader maj' chance to observe
that the original European or American authority spells the word differently to its form in my book.

' The largest number illustrated in previous works is fifty-six. My total is approximate, as it is not
always easy to decide the separation between a language and a dialect. In all about 276 forms of speech
are catalogued in the following vocabularies, and about 270 are illustrated. The specimens of Semi-
Bantu are additional.

IN RESPECT TO THESE VOCABULARIES 43

In such cases I have departed from the original spelling In favour of my own phonetic system,
in order not to puzzle my readers by perpetually varying methods of sound-representation ;
or because I knew the other author's version to be incorrect in the light of later research. It
must be borne in mind that I have travelled most extensively over Bantu Africa between 1882 and
1907, and have put many orthographies to the test as regards local native pronunciation. Yet
I respect other people's version of a word which may differ from my own (unless palpably an
error in hearing, writing, or printing), and give, if need be, the alternate version. Similarly, should
any very critical person peruse these vocabularies and find minute differences between the words
here recorded and those he has been accustomed to hear pronounced in Africa, let him not
too rashly conclude that I am wrong : we may both be right, but the critic may have listened
to a different dialect or to a more precise or more careless speaker. Some of my own early work
of the 'eighties in Bantu or Nilotic transcription was at one time hastily condemned as inaccurate
by other philologists following in my tracks, and for many years I sat meekly under their rejection
of my version, until fuller information came along (or previously buried work was unearthed), and
I was found to have been right after all : it had merely been the case of a different dialect or
a speech wrongly named, but genuine under another designation. Similarly, I have in this book
resuscitated and rehabilitated the work of half-forgotten pioneers by transferring the vocabularies
they had wrongly named or wrongly placed to their right titles and geographical allotment.

The Bibliography which follows these language illustrations recounts in detail the sources
ot my information. For convenience of classification I have arranged the Bantu languages into
forty-six groups distinguished numerically by letters of the old alphabet. The formation of the
groups is guided mainly by interrelationships, and a little by propinquity ; their sequence is geo-
graphical, and commences in the north-east of the Bantu field with the most archaic and primitive
examples of this speech family— the languages round the Edward, Albert, and Victoria Nyanzas.
The course followed thence is southward and eastward down through East ^nd East Central
Africa to Zululand and Cape Colony, and back northwards into the westeirn parts of Central Africa
till the survey ends with the Island of Fernando P6.

The following is a list of the groups for convenience of reference : «

The Nyanza Languages

The Wunyamwezi Languages

The British East Africa Languages

The Kilimanjaro) Languages

The ^ambala Languages

The Zangian Languages

The Usagara-Ugo)go) Languages

The Upper Rufiji Languages

The Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma Languages

The North Ruvuma-North-east Nyasaland Languages

The Ukinga Languages

The Tanganyika-Bangweulu Languages

The North-west Nyasa Languages

The Yato-Ngindoj Languages

The Mozambique Languages

The South Nyasaland-Southern Rhodesia Languages

The Pungwe-Sabi Languages

The Mapafigane-Ronga Languages

BANTU :

Group

A.

)j

B.

u

C.

)»

D.

11

E.

»J

F.

»)

G.

)»

H.

»J

I.

J»

J-

' »»

K.

n

L.

11

M.

11

N.

11

0.

li

P.

11

Q.

1}

R.

44 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS

The Becuana-Transvaal Languages

The Zulu-Kafir Languages

The West Central Zambezia Languages

The Western Zambezia Languages

The North-west Zambezia Languages

The South-west Africa Languages

The Aiigola Languages

The Koiigu) or Westernmost Congoland Languages

The South Congoland (Luba-Lunda) Languages

The Upper Kwangto Languages

The Kwafigco-Kasai Languages

The Central Congoland (Luange-Lwmami) Languages

The Middle Lwmami Languages

The Elila-Lowa-Lualaba (Bulega) Languages

The Ruwenzori-Semliki Languages

The'Upper Ituri Languages

The Wele-Aruwimi Languages

The Aruwimi-L(omami Languages

The North Central Congoland Languages

The Kwa-Kasai-Upper COgiuwe (Teke) Languages

The Central OOgcowe Languages

The OOgcowe-Gaboon Languages

The Spanish Guinea-West Cameroons Languages

The Manenguba Languages

The Middle Sanaga Languages

The Pafiwe (Fang) Languages

The Kadei-Sanga-L(obai Languages

The Fernandian Languages

The Cameroons-Cross River Languages

The Cross River-Calabar Languages

The Benue Languages

The Bauci Languages

The Central Nigeria Languages.

The Tcogojland Languages

The Senegambian or Guinea Languages ' '

For the convenience of readers I append in an abbreviated form the scheme of phonetic system
of spelling adopted in this book.

Consonants : m, b, v, p,f, and w ; «, d, t, s, s, r, l,j, andy ; /;, g, k, as in English ; c like English
ch ; X like ch in ' loch ' or in German machen ; i- like German cit in ich, licht (almost English 5//) ;
y (Greek gamma) like g in modern Greek or the French rgrasseye or the Arabic gliaiit ; ^ = English
sh; ^= English sli or French j\ d= English th in ' that ', and 6 = English th in ' think ' ; and « —
the ng in ' ringing '. The dental click in Zulu-Kafir is d, the alveolar f, the palatal f, and the lateral;?.

Vowels : a = English * in ' father ' ; a, the sound of 11 in ' but ' ; ce, the sound of <t in 'gather',
'hat'; e = « in 'met', ? = « in 'fete*, i=e in 'there'; r= / in 'hit'; i,t = i in 'ravine'; o = o in
' not ', o = 0 in ' store ', u = o in ' bone ', o = « in ' hurt ' ; u = u in ' pull ', u = 00 in food ', « =
French u.

Group

s.

If

T.

ij

U.

»>

V.

'* »

W.

>»

X.

»

Y.

jy

Z.

)>

AA.

»>

BB.

>»

CC.

»)

DD.

»

EE.

99

FF.

>J

GG.

if

HH.

J>

n.

JJ

JJ.

J>

KK.

)»

LL.

»

MM.

>»

NN.

»

GO.

»

PP.

))

• QQ.

>»

RR.

)J

ss.

JJ

IT'.

SEMI-BANTU :

Group

A.

j>

B.

»

C.

>i

D.

»

E.

ii

F.

)»

G.

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

TOGETHER WITH DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOTMENT OF EACH TONGUE
AND EXHIBITION OF PREFIXES AND CONCORDS

GROUP A

THE NYANZA LANGUAGES

Sub-group A i Konjoj
I. Olu-konjco

Sub-group A 2 Nyorco
2. Uru-nyorco
2 a. Ru-gufigu

2 b. Ru-kycopi

2 c. Uru-tcrw (Ru-soilgora, Ru-ireo, d^c.)

z d. Oi)ru-hima

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyorco

Ru-gungu

Ru-kycopi

Uru-torco

(Ru-songora

ctntiR{i-iTa,&'c.)

COru-hima

Adze

Animal, wild
beast

Ant

Ant, white
(termite)

Ape (chim-
panzi or
gorilla)

Arm

Arrow

Axe ...

Baboon
Back ...

Banana
Beard...

Bee ...
Belly ...

E-suka;
suka
Eny-ama

M-bali; p/.

esim-bali.

N-scoki
Emi-lungulu

Eki-tera ; ebi-
M-pundu

OOku-bcokco

(jOmu-swa ;
ami-.
Eki-korco; ebi-

Em-basa ; //.
esiom-

Efi-gerebe ;

esiofi-
OOmu-gongco

CObu-karaata ;

ama-kamata
Esion-deru.

(one hair of =

OOnu-leru)

En-cwaiiku.
Em-baizi

Eny-ama.
Eny-emera.
Eki-sorco

OOru-hazi ; em-
pazi. OOniu-
zigya ; ba-

En-swa.
(Ki-swa = a
termite hil-
lock).
En-kubebe

I-sike.
Eki-kuya; ebi-

OOmu-kconco ;

emi-
(jOmu-tegco :

emi-.

OOmu-scogi.

E-kimara.

OOmw-ambi
Eny-anzi.

Em-pangco.

En-demu
Efi-kcobe

(jOmu-gongco.
Eki-bega

Eki-tcoke ; ebi-.

Eii-konje
OJmu-leju,

Ebi-reju

Eny-ama. Eny-ama

Ny-emera

N-kwiri

N-kuyege

Eki-kuya

COmu-kconco OOmu-kconco
Bu-scogi Efi-gcowe

M-pangco

Ki-guri ; bi-

(x)niu-gongco

En-jcoki

En-zcoki ;

esion-ziuki
In-daor /En-da. En-da

Bu-kcole.

Olu-isira

Ma-vega.

Mu-gongco,

Ki-buni (loins)
Ki-tcoke ; bi-. Eki-tcoke

N-gonja
Mu-redu, COmu-ledyu

Mu-redju.

(Ji-miri juiika

= one hair of

beard)
K-eokyee ; //. En-jcoki

b-cokyee.
Mu-da En-da

En-cwanku

Eny-emera.
Eny-ama
Efi-kura

Em-pazzi

En-swa

Ki-tera.
Eci-kuya

(x)mu-ko3nco

OOmu-scogi

Eny-emera.
Eny-ama

Em-pazzi

En-swa

Yi-siki

OOmu-kconca
OOmu-ambi

E-hangu ; pi. Em-pangco
m-pangu

Efi-kerebe. Eii-kcobe

Em-pundu
OOmu-goiigco OOmu-gongco

Eki-tcoke
OOmu-ledyu

En-jcoki
Em-buri
En-da

Eci-tcoci
Ebi-rezu

En-zcoki
En-da

46

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2 c.

2d.

English

01u-konjo>

Uru-nyorti)

Ru-gungu

Ru-kywpi

Uru-torco

(Ru-songora

antiRu-iTu>,crc.)

Oi)ru-hima

Bird

Eny-wnyi ;
esiony-.
Uny-uni.
Mu-isundi

Eny-o>nyi

Kiny-uni ; bi-

Eny-unyi

Eny-eanyi

•

Eciny-conyi

Blood

OOmu-sasi

Esigama.
E-samaga

Mu-sagama
<>rMu-samaga

E-sagama

E-sagama.
E-samaga

E-sagama

Body

OOmu-biri

U)mu-biri

Mu-biri

OOmu-biri

(jl)niu-biri

COmu-biri

Bone

Eri-kuha; ama-

E-gufwa,
I-gufa ; ama-

Ki-gufwa; bi-

...

I-gufwa; ama-

I-guffa

Borassus palm

Eci-keoga

Aka-tugu;o>bu-.
Eki-kcoga

Ka-tugca

...

Aka-kcoga

Aka-tuga

Bow

OObu-ta; ama-

CObu-tta ;
ama-tta

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

OObu-ta

OObu-tta

(jObu-ta

Bowels

Aman-da

Ma-ra {J>1.)

. . .

...

Brains

COb-ongto.
Esion-cuere

CObw-ongco

Bw-ongeo

CObw-ongca

OObw-ongoa

COw-ongcd

Breast (man's) Eki-kuba

Eki-fuba

...

. ..

Eki-fuba

Eci-fuba

Breast

Eri-bere ; ama-

1-were ; ama-

I-weri;ma-veri

I-bere

I -were

I-bere

(woman's)

Brother ...

(ji)mu-hara or

Omw-ana-wa-id<a Mw-ana-wa-ici

Omw-ana-mau

Omw-ena-we-itca

Gmw-ene-w-esM

Omw-ana-w-etu OOmu-genzi.

COwa-nyina.

Mu-nyanya.

B-ene (;*/.)'

Buffalo ...

Em-bcogca ;

esiom-

Em-bcdgco

Em-bugcD

Em-beogco

Em-bugco

Em-bcdgco

Bull

En-de e-nume

E-nimi, Numi

Gi-numi

...

(Ente)eci-nume

E-nimi

Buttocks ...

Ebi-kalero>

(//.),Eri-takeo
a.ms,-(o/ beasts

Ebi-bunco

Bi-nyo> (//.)

Ebi-bunu

Ebi-buncd

Canoe

(jObw-atco; am
at<o

CObw-atw

Bw-atoi ; pi.
g-ateo'

Bw-ato>

Obw-atto

U)bw-ateo

Cat

Aka-jaiigo>

En-jangu

...

...

En-jangu

En-zangu

Charcoal ...

• 1*

Ama-kara

...

...

Ama-kara

Ama-kara

Chief

(jOmu-kama;
aba-

Mu-bitco.tOmu-
kamwa; aba-.
OOniu-nyoreo.
U)mu-lemi.
OOmu-kungu

Mu-kama

tOmu-kamwa

OOmu-kama.
OOmu-bitoj

ChUd

Omw-ana ; ab
ana. CO-lume
keke J. Aka

• Omw-ana

- „ com-cojo>=o

■ „ mu-tci> = 5

Mw-ana

„ ob'-saiza=S
„ mu-teo = 5

Omw-ana

Omw-ana

Omw-ana

mu-keke = in

Mu-hal<d

fan/

Cloth

ODmu-tanda.

COrau-tanda

Ng-oyi (cotton)

Ku-buku

(Omu-tanda.

COmw-enda

Omw-enda

(cotton) .

Lu-vugoa

Oru-goye

{cot/on)

Oru-goye

(bari)

(bari)

(bar/.-).
Oru-kcozi

Cold

Em-beheo.
COmu-rombe

Embehci

...

...

Em-beheo

Em-behw

Country . . .

Eki-taka

En-si

Ky-alco

• . •

En-si

En -si

Cow

En-de esigija

En-te e-zigija

En-te gi-za-
gidya

En-te

En-te e-bugu-
ma

En-te e-zigiza.
N-gabe,
K-gube.
Ki-gaboj

' B-ene is the equivalent of the B-ena {ha-ina.) further south, meaning^ kinsmen ', ' brethren '.
' Perhaps this is a slurring of Gama-tco : vide Lu-masaba.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

47

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyorco

2 a.
Ru-gungu

3 b.
Ru-kytopi

2C.

Uru-torto

(Ru-songora

antiRu-ira>, &'c.)

2d.
COru-hima

Crocodile

Day

Devil,
spirit

evil

Doctor (medi-
cine man)
Dog

Donkey
Door ...

Dream

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant . ,

Excrement

Eye

En-dicoka

(snake).

I-hondue
Ki-rco.

Bu-hingi.

Omw-esi,

Omw-ise ( =

daylight)
(Omu-limu;

aba-

Mu-kumo>

Em-bwa ;
esiom-

Bu-sSku.

OOl-uyi,

R-uyi; pi.

esiony-uyi
En-dcdtu

En-gcoma
OOku-twe; ama-

twe
Ere-ye; ama-yi,

Eri-hui
En-zcogu ;

esicDn-
Ama-gedzie.
Ama-vezi.
Ama-idzai
Er-isoj

Gi-nyunigim

£n-sambia.
Em-pyeo

Eki-rco. I-zuba Mu-ki-rco.
(jOmu-sana Ki-roj; ebi-rco.

Hangwe

OJmu-cwesi ; ... .„

aba-.

COmu-zimu ;

aba-
COmu-fumu

Em-bwa. M-bweni Em-bwa

Eki-bwa (« big

dog)

En-kaina
(jOru-higi ; //. Mu-zigeo

em-pigi

En-dcotco. N-d(osiri

Eki-rutci>
En-gcoma En-gcoma En-gcoma

(jOku-tu; ama-tu Ku-tu ; ma-tu COku-tu

Ei-huri ; ama- I-huri ; ma-
huri
Eii-jcajea N-zuzco; N-jej<o N-jcoju

Face, forehead Wbu-su

Fat Eki-sawu.

Ama-guta {oil,

butter)
Father ... Tata. I-se.

E-sa

Ama-zi

Er-ijSco ;
ama-isco

Ma-bi

R-isco ; ma-isco Er-isco
OObu-sco

Fear ..
Finger

Fire
Fish

Foot ..
Forest

Eri-saga

(jOmu-nwe ;

eme-.

OOmu-rcotco.

Eki-kumco
COmu-rirco
Eyi-swe ;

esi-swe. I-sui.

1-sumbi ; esi-
Eki-sandco.

OOku-gulu
OOmu-situ.

Olu-loiige

(jObu-s<o Bu-sco

Eki-paju ; ebi-. Ma-savu

Ama-gita (oil,

6-<r.)
Tata. 'Sco. I-se. Tata Tata. Baba

l-se-nya)we

(my). I-si.

i-s<o

En-kise. A-tinyiri

OOku-tina
COru-kumco; en- Lu-galco. Kalu OOmu-kumco

Eki-ara; eby-

(Eki-saiza =

thumb)

OOmu-rirco Mu-lirco Mu-rreo

En-cui N-tui En-cii

Eki-renge. Ki-renge.

Eki-gere ; ebi- Ku-gulu
Eki-bira Ki-bera

E-kigere

En-sambia

En-sambia

Eki-reo, Eci-rco Eky-iru ; ebi-

COmu-cwesi (Omu-cwesi

COmu-fumu

Em-bwa. Em-bwa.

Eki-bwa (a big Eki-bwa (a big

dog) dog)

Oru-higi ; eny- Oru-higi ; eny-

igi igi

En-doatco

En-dcato0

Eii-gcoma
(Jl)ku-twe or
(jOku-tuitu
I-huli Ei-huri

Efi-guma
COku-tu; ama-tu

En-deaba,
En-dasba

Ama-izi.
Ama-tutorco

Er-is<o

En-zcozu
Ama-zi

Er-isu

CObu-sco (jObu-sco

En-sazu. Eki-sadzu.

Ama-vutta, Ama-zita

Ama-futa

Tata. I-se, I-sco Tata. I-se, I -sco

(Oku-tina

Oru-kumco or
OOdu-kumco

OOmu-rreo

OOku-tina

(jOru-kumco ; pi.
efi-kumco.
Eki-ara

tOmo-rrco
En-cu. En-fwi En-tchu nr
En-c5 or
Em-fu
Eki-gere ; ebi- Eki-gere ; ebi-

Eki-bira

Eci-bira

E 2

48

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

01u-konj<o

Uru-nyorco

Ru-gfungu

Ru-kyeopi

Uru-toroj

(Ru-soiigora

rtWRu-irco.dft.)

COru-hima

Fowl

En-gookco '

En-kcokco

En-kcoku

Eii-kcakaa

En-kcokco

Eti-koakco

Frog

Eki-tere

Eki-kere

...

...

Eki-kere

Ghost

OL)mu-limu ;

COmu-zimu ;

M u-zimn

...

OOmu-zimu ;

COmu-zimu ;

aba-

ami-. Eki-turu

emi-. (jOmu-
zummco

emi-

Giraflfe

...

N-tuiga

...

...

En-tuiga

.••

Girl

...

Mu-isiki

•••

...

Goat

Em-buri, Em-
buli ; esiom-.
Em-bene } ;
pi. esem-bene

Em-buzi

M-buli

Em-buzi

Em-buze.
Em-penne 5

Em-buzi

„ (he) ...

Esa-mban (S).
Em-faya

Em-berabuzi,
Em-paya (S).

...

...

...

...

„ (she) ...

...

Buguma (})

...

...

...

God

Ru-hanga or

Du-hanga.'

Ka-tonda

Ru-hanga

Ru-hanga" or

Lu-gaba or

Du-hanga

Ka-tonda

Du-hanga

Nyam-hanga

Grandparent

I-sekuru

Is-en-kuru.
Nyin-en-kuru

...

•••

...

Grass

Om-wata.

Om-wata.

Bu-sibbi.

• ••

Eki-suki.

Om-wata.

Eki-suki

E-tete.

CObun-yansi,

CObu-yansi

Lu-saka

E-scojco.
E-tete.
Em-burara.
OObu-nyasi

CObu-nyadzl

Ground

(x)mu-taka

I-taka

I-taka

I-taka

I-taka. Ahansi

I-taka

Ground-nut

...

Eki-nycobwa

...

Ama-kere.
Eki-nycobwa

Eci-nycobwa.
Ama-kerre

Guinea-fowl

En-ganga

Eki-tajumba

Nku-jumba

• •■

En-tajumba

Eci-kanga

Gun

Em-bundu

COmu-gaiigco

Mu-duku

• ••

COmu-gaiigco

Em-bundu

Hair

COlu-yuwiri ;
esion-ziwiri.
Se-suere.

Bu-eya {on
body)

I-scoki ; ama-
suki

I-scoke (Bo-ya,
on limbs)

I-so>ke

I-scoke

I -scoke

Hand ... ...

Eki-ganza.

Eki-ganja.

Kiganja.

Ki-ganza

Eci-ganza.

Eci-ganza.

Eme-nue [i. e

Ebi-ara ( =

Mu-kwnco ;

COmu-kconco

COmu-kconco

fingers)

fingers). En-
garto, (Ji)mu-
kunu (also
lower arm)

mi-

Head

COmu-twe ;
eme-twe

tOmu-twe ; emi

Mu-tue

COmu-twe

COmu-twe

COmu-twe

Heart

(jOmu-tummeo.
(jOmu-tima

COmu-tima.
tOmu-tuma

Mu-tima

OOmu-tima

COmu-tummco.
COmu-tima

COmu-tima

Heel

Aka-sinziru ;

cobu-

Eki-sinzirco.
Eki-kongcoijco

Ki-sinzirco

...

Eki-sinzirco

Eki-tsintsineo

Hide

Eki-ani.
En-gcoba

Eki-satco.
Ol)ru-hu.OL)mu
guta. En-gcoz

Ki-satu.
N-gcozi

Ru-hu. M-pirn

Eki-satco

COru-hu ; em-pu

{for slinging

infants on back

Hill

Eki-cwa ; ebi-

Eki-swa.
Em-bara

...

-

Oru-scozi

...

Hippopotamu!

3 Eyi-sere ; esi-

En-jubu

M-vuvu

...

Em-vuvu.
En-sere

En-zubu

Hoe

I-suka

En-fuka.
Eni-funi

...

...

...

...

Etnin Pasha adds the word vutte : perhaps in error.

' Ru-hanga also means ' skull '.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

49

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyorco

2 a.
Ru-gungu

2 b.
Ru-kyupi

Uru-toreo
(Ru-songora

andRu-ira, &'c.)

2d.
COru-hima

Ojbw-coki U-coki

Ei-hembe ; Ei-hembi

ama-. En-kule
En-jii. Ka; //. N-umba

ama-ka.

{0-mbsi= aiiAe

house of)
En-Jara N-zala

I-ba,Ba (Barco)
Em-pisi M-pici

Iron Eky-coma, Eki-coma. Bi-uma

Ec-coma. (Ji)bu-tale.

M-seke OOmu-singa

Island OOku-itsinga tfr Ei-zinga Ki-singa

Eri-tsinga ;

ama-

Honey
Horn

(jOb-ukyi
Eri-hembe ;

ama-

House

Eny-umba ;

esiony-

Hunger

En-zala.

Husband . .

En-jera

Hyena

Em-piti

CObw-cDCi OObw-oaci

Yi-hembe; ama- Yi-hembe;ama-
Eki-kuli

En-ju

Eny-umba ;
ama-. En-ju,
En-^u

En-zu

En-jala

En-jara

En-zara

Em-pisi

Om-gwirarco
Em-pisi,
Em-pehe
Eki-uma

Em-pidzi
Ec-utna

Ei-zinga

Eki-rwa

Ivory ... .

Er-inco

Er-into

El-inco la n-

jeju

...

Er-inu

Omw-inu

Knee ... .

Eri-rti

a)ku-jii

Ku-vivi or

Ei

...

OOku-ju,

OOku-zco

vivi,Ma-vivi

OOku-Zco

Knife ... .

(jOmu-hamba

OOmw-ihiu.
(jOmu-hor«.
OOru-gesoj

Ki-ambi

Mu-yoo

COmu-hyw.
COmu-tambi

OOmu-slu

Lake ... .

Efi-gedze

Eny-anja

Mu-sanga,
Ny-anja

...

Eny-anza

Eny-anza

Leg ... .

(jOku-yulu.
M-biindu

(jOku-guru.
(x)mu-rundi.
Eki-rumbu

Ku-gulu

OOku-gulu

OOku-guru.
COru-guru

OOku-guru

Leopard .

En-gwe

En-geo

M-umwa

Eii-gwe

Eii-go)

Eii-gwe

Lion

En-dare; esian-

En-tale

Ntali. PSimba

...

Eki-cuncu

En-tare

dare

Lips

OOmu-nyu ;

OOmu-nwa ;

Mu-mwa ;

mi-

(jOmu-nwa

OOmu-nwa ;

OOmu-nwa ;

emi-nyu

eme-

emi-

eme-

IVIagic

(jOmu-lcoyi.
U>bu-ganga

COmu-rcogcj,
(jL>bu-r<ogco.
Ebiama-hanoa

Mu-ltogw

'*•

OOmu-rcoji.
OObu-ganga

OOmu-rugcd

Maize

Ebi-kusa

Ebi-cori

MiswH

...

Ebi-gnsa,
Ebi-c<oli

Ebi-cori

Man

(jOmu-ndu ;

OOmu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

OOmu-ntu

OOmu-ntu ;

OOmu-ntu ;

aba-ndu.

aba-ntu.

ba-ntu

aba-ntu

aba-ntu

Man, vir. ..

(x)mu-lume

(jOmu-sadja

Mu-saiza

Om-gwirarto

O0mu-seizi;aba

Meat

Medicine ..

Eny-ama

Eny-ama '
(x)mu-bazi

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Milk

. Ma-tai"

Ama-ta

Ma-ta"

...

Ama-te

Ama-te

Monkey

En-gende;esion

• Eii-kende

• ••

...

Eii-kende

Eii-kyende

Eii-gema

Moon

COmu-gesera,

OL)ku-ezi.

Mu-ezi

(jOkwezi

OOkw-ezi

OOkw-ezi ;

(jL)ku-esera.

Om-wezi.

am-ezi

(jOkw-ezi

En-zorco

(moojilighf)

[full moon)

Mother

Nya-nsansu.

Mau. Nyto-k(o.

•*•

Mama. Mau

.•.

•••

Mama

Nyina. Nya-,

Nya-bco, &c.

Mountain ..

(jL)bw-eruka.

Oru-pcddzi

Lu-S(ozi

Ru-suzi

Oru-scozi.

I-banga; ama-

Eri-lamboi.

Ebi-rika.

banga

OObu-rambo)

Oru-wanga ;

{Uliff)

em-panga

»

Also : OOmu-nojfu, 'flesh', ' boneless meat'.

50

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olukonjco

Uni-nyoru

Ru-gungu

Ku-kycopi

Uru-torw

(Ru-songora

an^/Ru-ircd, &'c.)

COru-hima

Mouth

Ubw-anto?

Aka-nwa

Ka-mwa

Muka-nwa

Oru-suga

Aka-nwa

Bu-n<o ?

Nail (of finger

Eci-ala ; ebi-

E-nconcd

Ncancd

...

E-nwnu

E-ncuncd

or toe)

Name

E-rina

Ei-bara ; ama-

I-bara

...

I-bara

1-zina; ania-
zina

Navel

COmu-kundi

...

...

...

Neck

Ebi-cia.

Ebi-tyia,

Balagco

■ *<

Ebi-tyia.

Ebi-tsta. (Ama-

En-goto

Ebi-kya (/>/.)

Oru-tsia

r^\La. = throat)

Night

E-kirco.

E-kiroo.

Muki-roj

■ <•

Eki-rco

Nyeki-ro> or

Wa-mira

OOmu-irima

N'yeci-rca

Nose

COmu-huri ;
emi-. E-nindco

E-nyindca

Ny-indco

N-indu

Eny-indco

Eny-indoj

Oil palm ...

• . .

...

••■

• • •

...

...

Oac

En-de ; esion-

£n-te. £-nimi

£n-te. Korwa En-te

En-te

En-te.

En-gombe

(ancietit term.

nearly forgot-

ten)

Paddle

...

En-gahi.
En-kasi

...

...

...

...

Palm wine,

OObu-abu

Ama-rwa

Bu-gemi

• ••

Ama-rwa

Ama-rwa

beer

Parrot

En-gusu

En-kusu

• •■

En-kusu

Efi-kusu

Penis

£i-sulu ; esi-
sulu

Em-btolco

Em-bcolco

...

Em-bor<o.
Eci-borco

Em-boroj

Pig

En-guluwe

Em-punu

M-punu

■ ••

Em-punu

Em-punu

Pigeon

Eri-iba?

Eri-iba ; ama-
iba

E-iva; ma-iva

...

Eri-iba; ama-

En-kombe

Place

Aha-ndu.
He-usi

Aha-ntu.
COwa- prefix.
Omw-anya.
Eki-ikarco

Ma-gong<o

...

Aha-ntu.
COmw-anya

OOmw-anya

Rain

Em-bula

En-jura

N-dakali

N-jiroa

Em-bula

En-zura

Rat

Em-beba;esiom

- Em-beba

Em-bewa

...

Em-beba

Em-beba

Rhinoceros

En-kura

En-kura

N-kura

...

...

En-kura

River

Eki-sesa. Oru-
si. COmu-sia
Embasa

Eki-saru.
Eky-ambu

Ki-ambu

Mu-gera

Eki-saru

Ec-ambeo ; ebi-
ambu

Road

En-sera

(Omu-handa.
I-kute

Mu-handa

Mu-handa

(jOmu-handa.
OOmu-mpanda

Wniu-handa

Salt

Mu-nyu

Eki-sura

Kisura

...

Shame

En-s<oni

En-seoni

N-sconi

...

En-sconi

£n-suni

Sheep

Em-buri. Em-
bangali {? S)

En-tama.
Em-paya ($)

N-tama

En-tama

En-tama

En-tama

Shield

En-gabu

En-gaboj

Efi-gabu

...

Efi-gabco

En-gabcd

Shoulder ...

....

Eki-bega.
I-bega

...

...

...

I-bega; ma-

Sister

Mw-ale-we-itu

Mu-nyanya.

Mw-ana-ma-isi

...

COmu-nyanya

OOmu-nyanya

(i. e. our vir-

COwa-nyina or

gin). Mu-hara

Wa-mau

Skin

En-gcaba.
(Omu-nyue

Oru-hu.
(jOmu-biri

Ki-satco.
N-gcozi

Ru-hu

Oru-hu

Oru-h'u; em-p5*

Sky

Olu-bcola.
Olu-vura

Ei-guru

Ki-gulu

I -guru

Ei-guru

Aha-iguru

Slave

Mu-iru ; ba-iru
Mu-sana (9)
COtu-lto

COmu-iru

...

...

(iOmu-iru

COmu-iru

Sleep

CObu-ru

Ku-basia

Vi-ame ?

COtu-ru

COtu-ru

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

S»

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyorco

Ru-gungu

Ru-kyo>pi

Uru-toroj

(Ru-songora

andK\i-\Tai,&'c.)

OJru-hima

Smoke

COmu-kL
OOmu-eki

COmu-ika

Mw-ika

...

Omw-ika

Omw-ika

Snake

Enzoaka

En-juka

M.piri'

...

En-2jok'
OOmw-ana

En-zcoka

Son, boy ...

COmw-ana

OOmw-ana.

Mw-ana

Mw-ana

OL)mw-ana.

(jOmw-cojoj.

(jOm-cozco

Ak-ana; (obw-

a.i\ei(littleson).

OOmu-tabani

Song

Olu-imbw.
Eri-wina

(dancing song)

Eki-zina

Ki-zina

...

Eki-zinna

Eci-zinnu

Spear

I-tumco ; ama-.
I-tsummco

Ei-cumoj

E-fumu

I-cumu

I-cumco

Ei-cumco ; ama-

Spirit, soul

COmu-zimu.
Aka-hortoga

CObw-tomezi.''
OJmu-zimu

...

...

Omw-oyoj

COmu-zimu

Star

En-gununco ;
esion-

Eny-inyizi.
Eny-unyuzi

Ny-izi

Nyezi

Eny-inyuzi

Eny-onycozi

Stick

Omw-igco

Omw-igco.
En-kcani.
Ku-himbca (a
divining-rod )

Mu-beri

Mw-ig«

Eii-ktoni

En-kconi

Stone

Eri-bwe ; ama-.
Eri-gwe

Ei-bare ; ama-

E-bali; ma-

Ru-bengu

E-wie, Ei-bwe;
ama-. Ei-bare

Ei-bare ; ama-

Stool

Eki-tumbi

En-tebe

...

En-tebe

En-tebe

Sun

Eri-coba.
Umu-ise

I-zcoba

*

Zwba

Izcoba.

Umu-sana
(= daylight)

I-zoaba

I-zcoba

Tail

(jOmu-kira

(Omii-kira

...

OOmu-kira

Tear

COmu-soini ;

cm-C! = s/iame)

Ei-ziga

Ki-ziga

...

Er-izi ; ama-izi

Er-izi ; ama-

Testicles ...

Emi-hege ipl.)

Ama-gcosi (//.)

Ama-gcasi

*••

Ama-gcosi

Ei-gcosi ; ama-

Thief

Omw-ibi ;
abe-ibi.
COmu-higura

Omw-ibi.
OOmu-suma

A-iviri

• •■

COmu-summa

COmu-summa

Thigh

Eki-hinga

Eki-bereo

Ki-beru

• •■

a*.

...

Thing

Eki-ndu.
En-ganga

Eki-ntu. Ntu

Eki-ntu

Eki-ntu

Eci-ntu. Ntu

Eki-ntu. Ntu

Thorn

Ere-h'wa; ama-

Ei-h'wa

I-g<oa

•••

Eri-h'wa

Ei-h'wa ; ama-
h'wa

Tobacco ...

E-taba.
Ka-sinse

E-taba

E-taba

...

E-taba

E-taba

To-day

Munabwiri

Derco. Hati

Lerco

Hati. Derco

M-buenu

Toe

Aka-sanwe.
Eri-nco ;
ama-nco

Aka-gere ; oibu-

Ka-kumu ;
efi-kumu

...

Aka-gere

Oru-kumco ; en-
kumco

To-morrow

Ny-enkya. I-jeo

...

. ..

...

...

Tongue ...

Lu-leme

COlu-limi.
En-gambu

Limi

O-rimi

Oru-rimi

(jO-rrimi

Tooth

Er-inyco, El-
into ; am-enci>

Er-Inco

L-inco ; ma-inco

Eci-inco ;
ebi-inco

Eri-inco ; ania-
inco

Town, village

Eki-kale. (Obu-

Oru-buga.

Ki-kali ; bi-

...

E-kka.

O-rrembco ;

tala. E-tieka

Eki-ka

O-rrembco

p/. en-dembco

Tree

COmu-ti ; emi-ti

OOmu-ti

Ki-sali

...

a)mu-ti. Eci-ti

OOmu-ti

Twins

Aba-hasa

Aba-ronga>

Ba-loiigco

...

Aba-rongco

Ama-hapa

Urine

Ama-soj

En-kari

En-kali

...

Eii-kari

Efi-kare

Vein

...

Eki-ny wa (?)

...

...

...

...

Cf. words for ' viper'.

Also the word OOru-coya = ' breath ', allied to the East Bantu root for ' spirit ', -coyco.

5*

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyorci»

Ku-gungu

Ru-kyeopi

Uru-torco

(Ru-songora

I a/tdRu-iTai&'c.)

COru-hima

War

Oru-hi

OObu-lemu.
OL)bw-emi

Lamagco

...

CObu-lemu.
Oru-gamba

Oru-gamba

Water

Ama-gedzi.
Ama-sii

Ama-dzi.
Eii-gezi

Ma-izi

Mi-jezi

Ama-izi.
Ama-tunga

Ama-izi

Well, source

Eri-ziba ?

I-ziba. En-gezi.
Kitun-gezi

...

I-ziba

Ei-ziba

White man

(JL)mu-jungu

COmu-jungu.
Eki-tuku

Mu-2ungu

• ••

U)mu-zungu

COmu-zungu

Wife

COmu-kari; aba-

OOmu-kazi.
Mu-ka- (w/M

possessive pro-
noun)

Mu-kali

COmu-kazi

COmu-kazi

Wind

Em-behco.
I-hunga

Em-behco.
I-huiiga.
(jL)mu-yaga

Mu-yaga

• ••

Em-behco

Enibeheo

Witch' ...

COmu-rtoi.
OOmu-kumeo

COmu-rcogco
M-bandwa

Mu-lcogco

...

lOmu-lcogco

COmu-lcogu

Witchcraft

OObu-rcoi

I-rcogco

• ••

...

...

Woman . . .

COmu-kari

(jOmu-kazi.

Mu-kali

...

(jOmu-kazi

COmu-kazi

Womb

En-da

• ■•

...

...

...

Wood

Ru-kwe; pi.
esian-kue

En-ku

En-ku

En-ku

En-kue.
En-pa ri

En-ku

Yam

Eki-hama

Eki-rali

•••

...

Eki-rali

Eci-ra

Year

Omw-aka.
Eri-bojga ( =
sprouUngcorn

new year).

COmw-aka ;
emi-aka

Omw-aka

OOmw-aka

Omw-aka

Yesterday...

...

I-j5

...

Zebra

En-turege

En-tulege

En-tulege

...

En-tulege

En-tulege

One

-guma, -Yuma

-mu

-mu

•mu

-mco (Du-meo)

-mue

Two

-here, -were

•biri, -wiri

-biri, -wiri

-bill

-biri, -wiri

-biri

Three

Four

-satu
-ne, -nai

-satu
-nai, -na

-satu
■na

■satco
-ne

-^atu
■nai

-satu
-na

Five

-tanu

-tanco, -tanu

-tanco

■tanco

-tanu

-tanu

Six

(JL)mu-kaga

OOmukaga

{pi. emi-)

Mu-kaga

Mu-kaga

(jOmu-kaga

COmu-kaga

Seven

COmu-sanzu

OOmu-panju

(//. emi-)

Mu-sanju

Mu-sansu

OOmu-sanju

COmu-sanzu

Eight

COmu-nane

COmu-nana

(//. emi-)

Mu-nana

Mu-nani

COmu-nana

COmu-nana

Nine

Omw-enda

Omw-enda

Mw-enda

Mw-enda

Omw-enda

Omw-enda

( Memy-enda)

Ten

Eri-kumi

I-kumi

(pi. ama-)

E-kumi

I-kumi

I-kumi

I-kumi

Eleven

E-kumi na ci
Yuma

• I-kumi n'e-mu

E-kumi n'em'

I-kuminaki-

mu I-kumi n'e-mco

I-kumi n'e-mue

Twenty ...

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-kumi ga-

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-bere

a-biri

biri

a-wiri

a-biri

Thirty

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-kumi ga-

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-satu

a-satu

satu

a-patu
Ama-kumi

a-satu

Forty

Ama-kumi a-ne Ama-kumi a-n& Ma-kumi ga-n&

Ama-kumi a-nS

a-nai

Fifty

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-kumi ga-

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-tanu

a-tanu

tanco

a-tanco

a-tanu

' 'Witch'

stands also for

wizard', 'diviner', 'magician'.

'J'he better side of ' witchcraft' ii

met with under

' doctor' ' tnedicine man ', and ' medicine '. 'Magic ' may also mean ' religion ', 'fetish '.

GROUP A

: NYANZA LANGUAGES

53

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olu-konjto

Uru-nyoreo

Ku-guiigu

Ru-kytopi

Uru-torto

(Ku-songora

rt«rfRu-iro>,Cf'f.)

OOru-hima

Hundred . . .

Eri-gana

I-gana

Ki^kumi

I-gana

I-gana

I-gana

Thousand . . .

Eri-gan' ne-
guma

(jOru-kumi
(Ka-gana =
10,000)

Lu-kumi

...

...

Ma-gana
e-kimii

I, me, my ...

Ngie, Njie.

Nycowe. N-.

Nge.

• ••

Nyojwe. Ni, N-.

Nytowe. N-,N1

N., Ndi..

-un. -n-. -a-nge

-a-ngco

•n-. -a-nge

-n-. -a-nje

■n-. -a-ge

Thou, thee,thy

Ewe,Tami ! U-.

Wewe, O)..

Wewe. U)-.

■ ■•

Wewe. CO-.

Iwe. 00-.

•ku-. -a-yco

•ku-. -a-we. •«

-ku-. -to

-ku-. -a-we

-ku-. -awe

He, him, his

Oyu. A-.

Uwe, Ye. A.

Ye. A-.

■ •.

Iwe, Uwe. A-.

Uwe, Oria.

•mu-. -a-ye

•mu^. -e, -yi

-mu-. -todi

-mu-. -yi

A-, Ya-.
•mu-. -ye

We, us, our

Sitwe. Tu-.

Icwe, Icu. Tu-.

Icwe. Tu-.

Itwe

Icwe. Tu-.

Yitwe. Tu-.

■tu-. -etu

-tu-. -a-itu

-tu-, -itu-

-tu-. -a-itu

-tu-. -a-itu

Ye, your, our

Inyue, Inyu.

Inyuwe. Mu-.

Nyuwe

• ••

Inyuwe. Mu-.

Yimwe. Mu-

Mu-.

-ba-. -a-nyu

-ba-. -a-nyu

-ba-. -a-nyu

•ba-. -enyu

They, them.

Aba. Ba-.

Abto. Ba-.

Bahco, Badi.

>■•

Abto. Ba-.

Abto. Ba-.

their

-ba-. -a boj

-ba-. -a^bu

Ba-.

-ba-. a-b<o

-ba-. -a-bto

-wa-, -ba-.
-a-bu

All

This, these

•usi,-tosi(ab-cosi,
ey-tosi, g-tosi,
esi-usi,ebi-osi,

(UW-tOSi, &=€.)

Yoj-yu, ba-ba ;
(u-no>(7/-gu-nco,
gi-nto or i-nto ;
ri-nto, ga-neo ;
ki-nto, bi-nto ;
e-nto, si-nto ;
lu-nto ; tu-nto ;
ka-nco ; bu-nto ;
ku-nco ; ha-nto

-tona (b-tona, -tona

y-tona, g-tona,

bi-cona, z-tona,

tu-tona, bw-

tona, kw-tona,

h-tona)
Ngu-guorco-nu, -nco (wti/t class

ba-nu ; gu-nto, prefix)

e-nu ; di-nto or

di-nu, ga-nto ;

ki-nu, bi-nu ;

e-nu, zi^nu ;

ru^nu ; tu-nu ;

ka-nu ; bu-nu ;

ku-nu ; ha-nu

-una

That, those

Yto-lia, ba-lia ; OO-nuna, ba- -ri {ivith
oj-lia, gi-lia ; nuna ; gu-nu- prefix)
ri-ria, ga-lia ; na, e-nuna ;
ki-lia, bi-lia ; di-nuna ; o^c.
e-lia or yi-lia: tO-li, oj-linya,
si-lia; lu-lia ; ba-li,ba-linya;
ka-lia; bu^lia; gu^li,gu^linya;
ku^lia ; ha^Iia i^c. tb^gu,ba-

li; a)gu,e-gi;

e-ri, a-gto ; e-ki,

e-bi; e-gi,e-zi;

o-ru ; <i)-tu ;

a-kto ; u)-bu ;

co-ku ; a-hto

class

Bad ...

.. -bi, -kirto

•bi

Black...

-iraulu.

•iragura

G-iraguru

0/ verb)

•bi

■bi

-tona {&r'c.]

(As in Uru-
nyorto; but the
demonstrative
answering to
'this here' is
more often pre-
ceded by the
' directive n ' :
Ngu-nu, mba^
nu ; iigu^nu,
ngi^nu; ndi^nu,
figa^nu; cr'c.)

Ngu^li, mba^li,
6-f. Ngu-gu,
mba-bto ; Ngu-
gu, iigi-gi ;
d^c.

Ttona (cr*^.)

{Much as in
Uru-nyorto).
The demon-
strative 'that',
however, is -ria
(to-ria, ba^ria ;
gu^ria ; &-'c.)

[root

-bi
•irugadju

-bi

54

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I.

2.

2 a.

2 b.

2C.

2d.

English

Olu-konjco

Uru-nyoreo

Ru-gungu

Ru-kycopi

Uru-torco

(Ru-songora

tindRu-iTa,&'c.)

OOru-hima

Female

•kali, humans -kazi. -isiki.

and small

•tco, mu^tco

mammals; -esi-

Yija, cows; -bu-

wuma, cows

andgoais;-(iivi-

ene, general

Fierce, sharp,

...

•roma {verb),^

bitter

•rua {verb root)

Good

-w-ene. -buya

-rungi ^

Great

■kulu. -nene

■kuru. -kcdtco

Little

■nunu. -ke

•ke. •toitu

Long

-de, -le

•raiha. •hangu

Male

■lume

■sadja or •saija
{men). •oajo*
{children).
•enume (c;r^«).
rumi {birds)

Old

...

•kuru {mostly
in verbalform)

Red

•tuku

\\xkxa&{verbal)

Rotten

...

•junda {verbal)

Short

•kuhi

•gufu. •ihi

Sick

-aluere. -kuni

•rwara {verb)

White

•era

•era, -ruwera

Above, up, on

Ha-iguru.

top

Eru^guru

Before

Ah-ese

OOmu ma^isco^ga
Na^mbere

Behind

..•

Eny-uma ya

Below, down

He.nsi

Ha^nsiya. I^fco

Far

...

Ha-ra

Here

E-nco

Ha^nu, Ku^nu

In, inside ...

W^mu

UJ^mu,

OOmun^da

Middle

• ••

Ha-gati

Near

Ha^ihi

Outside ...

...

Ah-eru

Plenty, many

•ngi

■ingi

There

E^ria. Ha-li

OO^ku. Ku^li.
A^hco. Ha^li

Where? ...

...

N^kaha ?

No!

I-yehe!

Kwaha! Anga!
A^a!

Not {wi/h verb.

Si^ (Si^ndi-,

Ti^(ti,t<o,ta,ti^

as prejix, in-

Si^wa-

tu,ti-mu,ti^ba).

fix, or suffix)

Si^a, Si-tu-,

•ta^(u^ta^,co-ta,

Si^mu-,Si-ba-)

a^ta-, iS^c.)

•bu-sa Uf.Swa-
hili ' Kabisa'.
-bu^sa 7neans
'in vain',
'naked')

•kazi. -zigise.
•isiki

•niruma (verb) •rruma {verb)

•rung!
•kcotcd. •kuru

•taiteo. -titirco.
-ke
•raiha
•saija

•rung!

•kuru. .pangu,
•hangu
•itce, •ce, -cice

-seizi. •irumi,
•cozcd {chil-
dren), •enimi

{oxen)

•ikuru, •kura -ikuru

■nanata {verb)
-junda {verb)
•gufu

-rwaire {verb)
•era {verb)

Ha^iguru

OOmu ma^sci>-ga

Eny^uma ya

Ha^nsi

Ha^ra

Ha-nco

OO^mu

Ha^gati
Ha-ihi
Aha^iru
OOmw^eru.^ingi
Ku^li, Ha^li.
(jO.ku

■tukura {verb)

•guffu

•ruara {7'erb)
•era, -wera

{verb)

Ha-iguru

COmu ma-sco-ga

Eny-uma ya

Ha-nsi

Ha^ra

Ha^nco

OO^mu

Ha-kati
Ha^ihi

•inji

CO-ku. Ku^ria

Kwaha ! N^ga ! Ngabusg !

{As in Uru-
nyorca)

(As in Uru-
nyorw)

-bu^s

' Compare word for ' leopard' in Caga.

Cf, Zulu and words for ' straight ', ' building'.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

55

English

Olu-konju

2.

Uru-nyor<a

2 a.
Ru-gungu

2 b.

Ru-kycopi

! 2C.

I Uru'torco
I (Ru-soiigora
antiRu-iToi, eye.)

2d.
COru-hima

To

Eri-

(Oku-

Ku-

(jOIcu-

„ beat ...

•tera

■tera

„ buy, sell

■awcola, -wtola

•timda. •gura

„ come ...

•asa

•ija

„ cut

•dura

•tema

„ dance ...

■bina, -wina

•zina, -n-zina

„ die

■wa, •kuwa

•fwa

„ eat ...

■lia

-dia

„ give ...

•ha. (-bain com-

•wa, -ha.

position)

•gaba

» go

•genda

•genda. -gya

„ kill ...

-ita

-ita

„ know ...

■kiasi

■manya

„ laugh ...

-seka

-seka

„ leave off,

•leka ?

-leka. -siga

cease

„ love, want

•sima. •yenda

•enda. -gonza,
-gondza

„ see

■langera

•bcona, -dora

„ sit, remain.

•ikala

-ikara

abide

„ sleep ...

•rara

•rara. •gojnya

(Eri-rara) or

{to pass the

•lala

night), •guna
(snore).
•niama, •bi^
yama ?

„ stand, stop,

>**

•emera. •teka.

be erect

■imtika

„ steal ...

•iba

•iba

•viyama

(jOku.

OOku-

•tera

•tera

•gura

•tunda

•ija
•temera

•iza
-temera

•zina
•fa

-guruka
•fa. -akaba

-dia

•dia

•wa, -ha

•hwa, wa

•genda,

•iigenda

•ita

■njenda
-ita

■manya
•seka

-manya
-seka

•leka

•reka

-enda. -gonza -kunda.

-n-yenda
-bcona. -rora -bcona. -dora.

■subora ?
■ikala •ikara

•rara. gcona

-biama. -rara.
-gcana

-ema, -emera -ema, -emera
•iba -iba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN OLU^KONJCO'

Preprefixes are present in Olu^konjw.

Class I. OOmu^ (concord omu-, yo)-, u- ?) ; 2. Aba^ (ba-) ; 3. COmu^ (comu^, gu-) ; 4. Emi- (ami-, gi-,
yi-, i- ?) ; 5. Eri- (ri-) ; 6. Ama^ (ama-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- (ki-) ; 8. Ebi- (hi-) ; 8 a.' Ebi-(bi-) ; 9. E-, Eyi-,
En-, En-, Em-, N^ (M-) (en-, e-, ey-); 10. Esi^, Esiw, Esian^, Esion-, Esiony- (en- ?, esi- ?) ; II. Olu-
or Oaiu-, Oru-, Odu-, OOnu- (lu-, du-) ; 12. Wtu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka^ (ka-) ; 14. CObu^(bu-); 15. a)ku-(ku-);
16. Aha^ (ha-, he-) ; 17. OOmu^ (mu- ?).

' The prefix above the line is the equivalent of the infinitive ' to '. The root of the word is also the
form of the ind person imperative.

' The concord particles are shown within brackets and commence with a minuscule and not a capital
letter. The adjectival form is usually given first.

' The 8 a prefix which is given here, and which is prominent in the West Equatorial Bantu
languages, is nothing but the plural prefix 8 employed in a collective or singular sense : generally with
a diminutive signification.

56 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &c., IN URU-NYORCO, URU-TORCO, AND Ol)RU-HIMA

Preprefixes are present.

Class I. (Omu- (comu-, mw-, m-, figu-, gu-, togu-, cowco-, cu-, u-, a-); 2. Aba- (aba-, ba-); 3. OJmu-
((omu-, <i)gu-, gu-), 4. Emi- (emi-, e-, i-, egi-); 5. I-, Ei-, Eri-, Ji- (in Rugungu) (eri-, di-, ri-, li-)
6. Ama- (ama-, a-, aga-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- or Eci- (eki-, ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ebi- (ebi-, bi-) ; 8 a. Ebi- (ebi-, bi)
9. En- (Em-), Eni- (Eny'-), Ng-, Yi-, Gi- (en-, e-, i-, eyi-, gi- ?) ; 10. Same as 9 (concord, en-, e-, i-, ezi-)
II. Uru-, (jOru-,Odu- (oru-, du-, ru-) ; 1 2. (JL)tu-, Utu- (lotu-, tu-) ; 13. Aka- (aka-, ka-) ; 14. (jObu- (cobu-,
bu-) ; 15. tOku- ((uku-, ku-) ; 16. Aha- (aha-, ha-) ; 17. OOmu- {preposition only).

In Uru-nyoroj, if not in the other kindred dialects, an ' honorific ' prefix A- would appear to be
present, especially in terms or titles of address as A-ba>ki !, A-bwcoli !, A-cali !, A-dyeri !, A-kiki !,
A-mcoti !, &c., &c. The Nya- or feminine prefix is also present.

Ru-gungu and Ru-kycopi would seem, from the very little we know of them, to agree with Uru-ny orco
in prefixes and concords ; except that in Ru-gungu and perhaps in Ru-kycopi, the preprefixes are inclined
to drop out of pronunciation.

1. Olukonjco is spoken in the districts round the south and south-east flanks of the Ruwenzori range,
and west of the Semliki river and of Lake Edward up to the Ituri basin, along the mountains of the
Congo watershed southwards to the ist degree of South latitude.

2. Urunyorco is spoken in Bunyono, east of Lake Albert and west of the Victoria Nile, Lake Kicoga,
and the River Kafu.

2 a. Rugungu is spoken in northern Bunyorto, especially between Fajaoj on the Victoria Nile and
Lake Albert, in the district of Magungu.

2 b. Rukycopi is spoken in the Nyono settlements along the west coast of Lake Albert.

2C. Urutorco is spoken at the south end of Lake Albert (in Busoiigora) and in Toro), namely, the
northern and eastern flanks of Ruwenzori and as far east as the frontiers of the kingdom or province of
Buganda.

2 d. COruhima is spoken in Afik<ole and Mportorco, east of Lake Edward, west and north of the
Kagera river.

GROUP A

THE NYANZA LANGUAGES {continued)

Sub-group A 2 {continued)

2 e. Uru-karagwe (Ru-ragwe)

2 f. Uru-kerebe '

2 g. Lu-ziba (Lu-sinja ') Ru-nyambu

Sub-group A 3 North Tanganyika

3. Urunya-ruanda a7id 3 a Ki-rundi

3 b. Ru-ha or Ru-tutsi (Tusi ', Ki-jiji)
Sub-group A 4 Buganda

4. Lu-ganda {including Lu-sese 4 a and Lu-scoga 4 b)

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-^

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi

Lu-sese 4 a, and

Ru-nyambS

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-so>ga 4 b

Adze

...

En-cankwi

...

En-torizci>.
Umu-horca ?

...

E-gya.
Em-baju

Animal, wild

E-nyama

E-namenswa.

...

I-nyamaswa.

In-yama

N-scolu.

beast

I-ri ; ma-ri

I-nyania.
Iki-kcoku

E-nangazi

Ant

Em-pazi.

...

OJbw-asi.

En-ttozi.

...

N-sana-fu.

E-niangu

E-nyangoj

Uru-sisi

N-sansa.

N-kcolcatu.

Em-pazi

Ant, white

En-swa

COmu-swa.

En-swa

COmu-swa.

En-swa

En-swa.

(termite)

En-swa

Urun-swa ;
in-swa

N-kuyege.

Ama-guye(//.)

N-kwenda

Ape (chim-

...

•••

...

En-jangwe

...

E-dzike, I-zike

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

OOmu-kcanco

Eri-gaico

OOku-wcoku.
OOm-koncij,
Mu-kunco ;
emi-

Uku-bcokco.
Umu-kconco

Ukco-weokco ;
ama-

COmu-kconca

Arrow

Omw-ambi

Omw-ambi

Cx)w-ambi,
OOmw-abi

Umvv-ambi.
Ubw-enge.
Umu-tegco
(snare, arrcnu)

Umw-ambi

OL)mu-sale,
Aka-sale.
OOmu-tegeo

Axe

Em-pas(o.

(Ji)Iu-sinzco.

E-senya ; ama-

I-suka, In-

Em-pasa ; //.

Em-badzi. Em-

I-sembe ; ama-

Em-bezco.

suka ; ama-.

idzi-wasa ?

baidi. N-ya-

En-sena

I-senyo>

I-dzuma

nzi. Em-pasa

Baboon

En-kcowe

En-kcobe

En-kcobe.
En-kende

Em-pundu

...

Efi-kcabe.
N-sudde(4b)

Back

OOmu-gongto

OOmu-gongco

Om-gongco or
Um-gongto

OJmu-gongco ;
emi-. Umu-
gongco ; imi-

Umu-gongoj

OOmu-gongu.
E-bega.
Ki-dindco (4 b)

Banana ...

Eki-tbike ; evi-

Eki-tcake; ebi-.

Eki-tojke ; ebi-.

Egi-tcoci; ebi-.

...

Eki-tcoke ; ebi-.

Eki-hisye

En-gamu

{tree)

Iki-ttoke (3 a).
Um-ugwi(3a).
Iki-agara {old
R.)

Gonja. M-bide.
Efi-emco (4 a).
Ki-go>gto (4 b).
Eri-envu;
m-envu

Beard

OOmu-lezu

Ebi-rezu

N-dedyu,

Mu-reju

Ubu-anwa or
Ubyanwa

...

Eki-rebu.tOmu-
levu (4 a).
Eki-rebo. (4 b)

Bee

En-zcoki ;
ne-nycoki

En-zcoki

Ny-coki

En-z<oki. Uru-
yuki. Uru-
zuki ; in-zuki.
Aka-sazi (3 a)

Enj-uki

' The Ki-kere we of German writers. ''■ Including the ' Ci-zinja ' ' Ba-zinza ', ' Ru-haya ' and ' Ki-mweri '

of German writers. ' Including Stanley's ' Ki-jiji ' and Last's ' Hulcohcolco '.

* The second or lower word is generally Ki-rundi. Ki-rundi differs mainly from Ruanda in retaining L' and I <w
preprefixes instead of (x) and E. A few words of the dialect spoken by the Batwa or Pygmies in Burundi are
inserted on the authority of Father van der Burgt.

58

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

2e.
Uru-karagwe

2f.

Uru-kerebe

2g-

Lu-ziba

(Lu-sinja)

Ru-nyambu

Urunya-ruanda

and 3 a
Ki-rundi (R.)

3 b.

Ru-ha or

Ru-tutsi

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-ganda,

Lu-sese4a,a«(/

Lu-scoga 4 b

Belly

En-dft ; ama-da En-da.

Umo-nda.

E-bondco.

In-da ; ama-da

I-bunda; ama-

Ru-bunda

Uru-bunda ;
m-bunda

In-da

Em-bunda
(4 a). COlu-
butco ; em-.
N-da (4 b)

Bird

Eny-ojnyi

En-coni

Eny-uni.

Eny-coni,

N-zewa.

Eny-conyi.

Eki-kungu

Iny-coni

Inyconi

N-coni (4 b)

Blood

E-s^gama

En-s&gama.
Eki-amba

E-sagama

Ama-rasco

...

OOmu-sai.
Mu-sahi (4 a)

Body

Om-wili

N-gingco

Umu-biri

COmu-biri,
(jOmu-wiri

Umu-wiri

OOmu-biri

Bone

E-gufwa ; ama-

I-gufwa ; ama-

Um-gufa

E-gufwa.
I-gufa (3 a)

...

E-gufwa ; ama-.
I-gumba ;
ama-

Borassuspalm Eki-kcoga; evi-

...

...

...

. ••

AJja-tugu.

Ci)lu-kcoma

Bow

OOvu-ta ;

CObu-ta ;

(Ovu-ta,

(jOmu-hetteo.

Umu-hetco

Aka-sale.

ama-ta

ama-ta.
OObco-kcoma ;
ama-

CObu-ta

Umu-kekerco,
Umu-waiigco

(3 a)

(jOmu-tegco.

Bu-tta(4b)

Bowels

Ama-da

Ama-ra

Uru-ra; ama-ra

In-da ; ama-da.
Uru-ra; in-da

...

Ebien-da

Brains

tOvw-ongw

(x)bw-ongco

...

COby-oingco

...

(jObw-ongu

Breast (man's

Eki-fupa

Eki-fuba.
En-korco

Eki-fuba

Iki-tuza

...

Eki-fuba.
Aka-ligyi

Breast

I-vere ; ama-

I-bere ; ma-

Ma-bere

I -were

I-wele ; ama-

I-bere ; ama-

(woman's)

Brother ...

Omw-a-itu ;

...

Um-rumuna.

Mw-ene-tata.

Mu-sadza.

Mu-ganda.

av-a-itu

I-lumbu,

Ka-lumbu.

Mu-kuru

Umu-saza.
Umu-hara.
In-suti (3 a).
Umu-kuru.
Umu-rumuna

Mw-ene-we

Mwa-nyina.
Mu.tabanl

(4 a)

Buffalo

Em-bugco

Em-bcogco

Em-bcogco

Em-bcogco.
Im-bcogco

...

Em-bcogco

Bull

E-numi

E-numi.
Ki-masa

Eki-masa

Iki-masa.
In-fizi

Iki-masa; ivi-

En-te sedume
En-te numi

Buttocks ...

Eki-bunu; evi-

Eki-bunu; ebi-.

Uru-ende ;

Eki-bunco.

...

OOmu-tulira.

Eki-takco ; ebi

m-pende.

(Nyco = anus)

Ama-takco

Ama-takco.
Mu-fundcs

(4 a)

Canoe

Uvw-atcij

tObw-atoa;ama-

Ubw-atco

Ubw-atco,
Uby-atco

Uw-atoa

Eri-atco ; am-.
Bw-ato3.
E-bamvu

Cat

En-zangu

Ru-baka ;

Ny-aeo,

En-turu.

Iny-awM

Ka-yayu.

m-paka.

Ny-amco

I-tulco.

Kapa ;

En-simba

I-jangwi.

Akany-awu

ba-kapa.
Ka-jangwa

(4 a). Mu-yai
(4 b)

Cattle

Oru-gco ;
ama-gca

En-te

Ki-remba

I-'pco ; ma-pco
In-ka

In-ka

En-te

Charcoal ...

...

I-kara

...

I-kara ; ama-

Li-anda ;
am-anda

Chief

En-kama

Mu-kama.

OOmu-kama.

OOmu-tutsi.

Umw-ami

COmw-ami ;

Mu-hjnda

OOmu-temi ;
aba-

Umw-ami ;
ab-ami. Umu-
tware; aba-

ab-amL Mu-
kama (4 a).
Oi)mu-kungu

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

59

2 6.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese 4 a, and

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

ChUd

Omw-ana ;

Omw-ana.

Umw-ana.

OOmw-ana.

Umw-ana ;

COmw-ana ;

aw-ana

Eli-ana

Um-keremeki.
Um-tabari

Mama

aw-ana

ab-ana.
Ak-ana ;
obw-ana.
Aka-tco ; oibu-

Cloth

Omw-enda;

Omw-enda

Umw-endco.

Oru-tabbi.

Umw-enda

N-goye,

emi-enda

Ulu-bugco

Umw-enda

OOlu-goye.
Lu-bugo>

Cold

Em-behca

Em-behco

Mu-iaga

Im-behu

Im-behco

Em-pewco.
CObu-titi

Country ...

En-si

Eki-alto

En-si

(Obu-taka. Iki-
hukco, -hugto.
In-si

In-si

En-si. Ebi-alca

Cow

En-te ; ama-te

...

En-te mu-kazi

Eii-ka. In-ka.
Ifi-gabe.
A-yimara .'

In-ka ;
//. nifi-ka

£n-te en-dusi

Crocodile ...

E-mamba

En-sambi

En-pambi

In-guna (3 a)

...

E-gconya,
N-gconya

Day

Eki-lco ; evi-lto.

Lu-naku; //.

Eki-lco.

E-zorrto.

I-zuwa. Iki-leo;

Eki-rco (4 a).

Om-zana

n-naku

tOmu-pana

Umu-si ; imi-

ivi-lco. Mu-usi

COlu-nakco ;

OOmu-sana

Umu-nsi.

e-nakco. Jeo.

Oru-ntaga

Mu-sana ( =

{daylight)

daylight)

Devil, evil

OOmu-zimu

COmu-zimu

E-mandwa

Em-bandwa,

I-mandwa

Lubare ; ba 4- ,

spirit

Im-bandwa

Mu-sambwa

(4 a, 4 b)

Doctor (medi-

A-laguza.

tOmu-fumu.

Umu-genge (?)

(jOmu-pfumu.

Umu-fumeo

OOmu-sawco.'

cine man)

Um-fumu ;
awa-

OOmu-laguza

Em-fumu

I-niandwa.
In-daruza

(Omu-ganga.
OOmu-fumu

Dog

Em-bwa ;
ama-bwa

Em-bwa

Em-bwa

Em-bwa or
Im-bwa

Im-bwa

Em-bwa.
(Ogu-bwa ;
pi. aga-bwa.
En-koidi (4 a)

Donkey

En-dcogcowe

...

En-dcdgcobe

In-dcogcobe

In-dcogcowe ;
//. idzi-dcogco-
we

En-dcogoi

Door

Ur-ugi ; inz-ugi

I-hara.

Uru-igi; en-igi

(jOmu-riang<o.

(jOlu-igi, Lu-gi ;

tOmu-langco ;

I-lembcd.

Urw-ugi.

//. enz-igi

emi-

COmu-liangu

I-lembca

OOmu-liangco.
OOmu-zigco

Dream

...

Eki-rcdtco

En-dcotw

En-dutca.
In-zuzi

In-dutco

En-dcotco

Drum

En-gcoma

Eii-gcoma

En-guma

En-gcoma,
In-gcoma

...

Efi-coma.
N-gcoma (4 b)

Ear

OOku-tu

COku-tui; ama

- Uku-twi.

Ili-twi ; ama-
twi

Ugu-tu

Uku-twi ; ama-
twi

OL)ku-tu; ama.
tco. OOku-tui

(4 a)

Egg

1-huli ; ama-
huli

I -hull ; ama-

I-huli. I-iiri

E-gi ; ama-gi

Eli-gi; ama-gi

E-gi ; ama-gi.

I-gyi(4a)

Elephant ...

En-scodzca ; pi

En-zcozu

En-yudyu,

In-zoavu.

In-scovu

En-jeovu.

nama-sudzco

En-jcoju

In-dayi (old
R.)

En-jcobu (4 a).
N-deovu (4 b)

Excrement

Ama-zi

...

Ama-zi

Ama-zi. Ama-se Ama-vi

Emi-zi. Ama-zi.

Ama-di (4 a)

Eye

El-isu ; ama-s<o El-isoi

El-isoj,
Ri-ipco

2J-ipco or Ej-iSco
or Ici-cico ; pis.

IIi-ns« ; //.
ama-nsco ;

Er-isco; ama-sco.
D-is<o.E-moni

ama-pco, ebi-
cico

(4 a). L-isco;

ma-isco (4 b)

* Also, COmu-laguzi; see p. 67.

6o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-hft or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi

Lu-sese4a,aW

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

Face, fore-

OOvu-sto ;

CObu-syco

Oru-hanga

Uw(jO-SU

Ama-seo.

head

ama-sco

Bu-enyi.
Ma-isco (4 b).
Eki-eni (4 a)

Fat, oil ...

Ama-zuta

Ama-zuta

Ama-dyuta

Uru-gimbco.
Ama-vuta,
Ama-futa.
Ama-zigwa.
Am-eiigwa
(oldK.)

Ama-vuta

Ama-futa.
Ama-buta(4a).
Ama-savu
(4 b).
COmu-zigco

Father

M-tata. Ise

Tata. I-se. I-soj

Tata. Ise.

I -SCO

Data.Tata.Ra.

Data

Kita. Sebo.

^co. Se; aba-se

Tata.Sa-. Se-.

Fear

OOku-tina

(x)bu-tina

Bu-tini

Ub7-coba.
COku-kuiiga.
OObu-tina

Uwu-tina

Tia. (Obu-ti.
En-tisa

Finger

OOlu-kumu ;

Eki-ara

Eki-ara.

Uru-tcoki.

Ulu-kumu.

COlu-nwe ; //.

en-kumu

Oru-kumu

Iki-kumwe
(thumb)

Uru-teoke.
Eki-dcole ; ivi-

e-nwe. COIu-
galco. Eki-ala.
COIu-kumco
(4 a). Du-ala;
pi. nd-ala (4 b)

Fire

Wmu-Hleo ;

COmu-lilco

Om-riru.

Ci)mu-rirco.

Umu-canwa.

(Omu-lilco. Ka-

ama-

(Ku-ota = to

Um-otoj;

(Ku-ota = to

Umu-lilco

wai. (Ku-cota

warm oneself)

emi-otco

■warm)

= to warm)

Fish

En-fwi

N-fwi. En-furu En-furu

E-here. Em-fu.

I-vui. In-siwi

Ebie-nyanja.

I-fwi,Uru-fwi;

Em-fwi (4 a).

in-fwi. Im-

Em-pune (4 b)

bcoga (old R.)

Foot

COgu-gulu ;

COku-guru.

Eki-renge

Eki-renge

Umu-lundi.

Eki-gere.

ama-

Eki-gere

Uku-guru

Eki-renge (4 a)

Forest

Eki-tundu

Eki-tuntu.

Eki-bira.

I-pamba.

Hi-lungu

Eki-bira.

(Eki-bira =

Eci-tundu

Iki-bira

Lu-kcola.

sacred grove,

COIu-kampa

forest)

Fowl

En-kukco

En-kcjk<d.

En-k«kw

Eii-kcokco.

In-kcokco.

Efi-kcokco.

(Nkoakcorumi

(I-sake=(rw/^)

(I-kuiiguIume

En-gcokco.

= cock)

= cock)

(Se-gwanga

= cock)

Frog

Eki-kele ; evi-

Aka-kere ; //.
ama-kere

Eki-kere

Iki-keri

Iki-kere ; ivi-

Eki-kere

Ghost

I-tunu

Om-simu.
Ki-zimu.
Om-cwezi.
Ki-ntunge

COmu-zimu

OJmu-zimu ;
imi-

COmu-zimu.
Mu-dimu(4a).
Omw-oyco

Giraffe

En-twiga

En-twiga

En-twiga

...

...

£n-tuga

Girl

OOmu-isiki

COmu-hara ;

COmu-siki,

Umu-kcob-ya.

Umu-kcowa

COmu-wala.

aba-

M w-ipiki

Umu-kcobwa

Mu-bara (4 a).

Mu-guna (4 b)

Goat

Em-buzi ; ama-

Em-buzi (//.
same)

Em-buzi

Em-peni,
Im-pene; pi.
ama-hene

Im-pene

Em-buzi.
M-budi (4 a)

„ (he) ...

...

Em-paya.
Ku-sabo>.

I-m-paya. Em-
buzi m-seja.

I-sutwa.Iseku-
rume. In-fizi.
Iki-hebe (old

R 1

Ifi-gulati.

...

„ (she)...

...

Bu-guma

Em-buzi mw-
epiki

Umu-guma,
UwO-guma

(old R.)

In-dcogcosa

• ••

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

6i

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3b.

4.

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-hft or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and ■^a.

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese 4 a, am/

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

God

Ru-gaba; eii-

Ru-gaba.

Mu-rungu.

Ki-mana.

Katonda.

gaba

Ka-z«oba.
Ka-tonda

I-mana.
Lu-hanga

Mu-lungu

Lubare.'

Mu-sambwa.

Ki.wumba(4b)

Grandparent

Guku. Kaka.
Tatenkulu $.
Mawenkulu 5

Guku. Kaka.
Isenkuru

Isenkuru. Kcd-
kuru tt. Nine-
iikuru J. ^/jtf :
Waba, I-waba

Jaja

Grass

Evi-nyadzi

I-nansi

Bu-nyasi

I-hamba.

Ubu-atsi

OOmu-ddco.
E-subi,
E-suwi.
Bu-sambu

(4 a)

Ground

E-zi. Na-hanki.
I-taka

I-taka

En-si. I-taka

a)bu-taka
Iki-taka

I-zi. Kuki

I-taka, E-taka

Ground-nut

En-kalanga

N-por«

Eki-nyoobco.
Ici-uba.
Ici-ema.
Ici-anza (3 a)

Eki-nycobwa.
„ -ny-uwebwa
(4 a). L-id»;
ma-idco (4 b)

Guinea-fowl

• >.

Eii-kanga

£n-curucumbi

En-sakara.
In-kanga. In-
doyi [old R.)

En-kcofu

Gun

E-huti

N-bunduzico

Em-bundudzi

Em-bundu.
Ifi-gcohco

...

M-undu

Hair

I-zcoke; evi-

I-suke

Uru-po>ke; en-

Mu-tseotsi.

Imi-sadzi.

Em-viri,

zuke

^coke.

Emi-papi,
Ania-pajsi

Umu-satsi.
Ei-papi ; ama-.
Ama-sunzu

Uru-swiri

COlu-viri.
I-scoke (4 a)

Hand

OOmu-kunco

Eki-ganza

Eki-ganya.

Eki-ganza.

Iki-ganza.

Eki-ganja(4a).

Eki-batu.

Uru-pi

Ukco-wcokco

Eki-batu,

N-garco

Eki-ratu.

E-kconco

Head

COmu-twe; ami-

OOmu-twe

Um-twe,
Umu-twe

tOniu-twe; enii-
twe. Umu-
twe ; imi-twe

Umu-twe

OOmu-twe

Heart

Om-tuma ;
em-tima

OOmu-tima

(jOmu-ganya.
Omu-tima,
Omw-irima

tOmu-tima

Umu-tima

(jOmu-tima.
E-meme {ster-
num)

Heel

Eki-sinsinyco

Eki-sinsinyco

...

Egi-tsintsinco,
Iki-tsintsinco

Eki-sinzirco

Hide

OOru-hu

Eky-ahi; ebi-

Uru-hii;em-pii.
En-kanda

...

In-kanda ; idzi-

E-diba.
Eki-anjco

Hill

I-wanga ; ama-

Mu-gongto

Aka-vaiiga.
I -guru

Umu- ((7rAka-)
scozi ; pi. imi-

or utu-

Umu-scosyi

Ulii-scozi.
(Ugu-swa =
ant hill)

Hippopotamus

Em-fupii

En-zubu

En-yubu,

Em-vubu.

Im-vuvu ; idzi-

Em-vubu

or En-supu

En-jubci>

In-tondcome.

In-vubu (3 a).
In-tcotcomye

{old R.)

Em-bubu (4 a)

Hoe

I-gembe ?

En-fuka

I-gembe .'
En-fuka.
Efi-konju

In-suka.
I-gembe.
I-funi

I-gembe ; ama-

Eii-kumbi

Honey

COvu-caki

OObw-ttki

tObu-odzi we
nz-uki

Emi-tsama.
Uw-uki

COvu-caki

(Omu-bisi

' In Lu-ganda OOlu-bale also means ' skull'. Vide note 2, /.

62

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-8e8e4a,rt«(/

Ku-nyambii

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

Horn

I-hembe

I-hembe

Y-embe ; ama-
embe.
Em-pera

I-hembe

I-hembe

N-ombe, Ka-
gombe (horn
as trumpet).
I-hembe (4 a).
Ej-embe; ama-
embe. L-iga;
ma-iga (4 b)

House

En-zu

En-zu. (Ji)\va-

N-dyu, En-zu.

En-zco, In-zu,

In-zco.

Eny.umba.

(at the house of )

N-joo, N-ju

Aka-zu.
Iny-umba

(hut)

Iki-banda

En-ju.
N.du(4b)
Em-wamba.
(E-ka = home)

Hunger ...

En-zala

En-zara

En-sadzi.
En-jara

E-sonji.
In-zara

In-zala

En-jala.
N-dala (4 b)

Husband ...

I-ba (her).
I-ba-ni (my).
Ba-ro) (thy)

COmu-gori.
Om-seidya.
I-ba

Umu-gabco

Ba-(ba-ze = OT_)',
ba-lo) = thy,
ba-we = her).
Mu-sadja

Hyena

Em-bidzi

Namwe-birwe ;

Em-pisi.

Im-pyisi. In-

I-fisi

Em-pisi.

//. naw'em-

Em-pumi

fisi. In-dumba

Em-piti(4b).

birwe

(old R.)

En-tagya

Iron

E-dzcoma

Eky-eoma

Eki-coma ; ebi-

Mu-cuma or
Ebi-iima.
Umu-rinda
(3 a)

l-combela.
I-dzuma

Eki-uma.
Ec-uma (4 a).
Ama-tale

Island ...

...

I-zinga ; ama-

Eki-zinga

Eci-rwa

Iki-rira

Eki-singa.
Eki-dinga (4 a)

Ivory

...

...

...

In-zc9VU

...

Ei-sanga lie
n-jo>fu

Knee

Eki-zOi

Eki-zwi

Uku-dytii

Eki-vi. I-bvi

Iki-dziii ;
ivi-zui

E-bvivi ; ama-.
COku-bwi ;
ama-bwi (4 a).
Ki-vu ; bi-vu

(4 b)

Knife

Oru-isco

Oi)mu-hyto,

I0mu-iyo>,

En-diga.

Uni-iisca.

Ak-ambe ;

OOmu-jsico

COmu-poj.

Eki-hompoj.

In-tambi

cobu-ambe

\

Em-banda

In-gcota

Lake

Eny-anza

En-anza

Eny-andya,

Eci-vu or

Iny-anza.

Eny-anja.

Eny-anza

Iki-vu.
OOru-zi

Iki-tanga.
Tanganyika

En-taba

Leg

Oi)ku-gulu

OOkii-guru.

COmu-rundi ;

OOku-guru.

Uku-guru ;

(jOku-gulu.

Mu-rundi

emi-.
COku-guru

Umu-rundi

ama-

(jOmu-gere (4 b)
(jOku-lenge ;

ama- (4 a)

Leopard ...

En-zumura ;

N-dara

Eii-gco, En-goi.

Efi-gwe

In-dzumula ;

Eii-gco, En-goi.

ama-

En-zumura

ama-. N-gwe

M-para (4 b)

Lion

En-tale

En-tale

En-tale.
N-ganza

En-tare

In-tali

Em-porogcoma

Lips

tOmu-nna ;
emi-nna

Emi-nwa

Eki-nwa;
//. emi-nwa

Eme-niia

Imi-nwa (//.)

Emi-nua (4 a,
4b).
Enii-mwa

Magic

Emi-wadzi

Bu-lugco.

(ji)bu-wazi.

(jOmu-rcozi.

...

OObu-lcogco.

(Bu-ganga =

COru-gisa

OObu-ganga

tObii-sezi.

gunpowder)

COniu-sirisimbi

(4a).

OJbu-ganga
(good magic,
gunpowder)

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

63

2 6.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b-

4-

English

Urukaragwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a,(i»(/

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

Maize

Ama-poi

I-lingwa

Eki-cori

Iki-gori. Ma-
nyorconyorco

...

Ka-scoli. Bi-
dcomia (4 b)

Man

OOmu-ntu ;

COmu-ntu ;

COmu-ntu

COmu-ntu ; aba-,

Umu-ntu ;

OOmu-ntu ;

awa-ntu

aba-ntu.

awa-.

awa-ntu

aba-ntu.

Man, vir. ...

Om-zaidza

(Omu-seza

...

Umu-sore-
I-mana.
OOmu-gabco

...

(jOmu-saja.
Mu-sada (4 b).
COmu-zira

Meat

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Eny-ama.
I-kembwa
(3 a).
I-tambwa

(Pygmy)
COmu-ti

Iny-ama

Eny-ama.
En-sal wa.
N-sdrua (4 a).
E-mamba (4b)

Medicine ...

(jOrau-wazi

OOmu-ti

£m-bazi

Umu-ti

CObu-sahco.

E-dagala

Milk

Ama-te (Ku-
kama = verb)

Ama-ta

Ama-ta

Ama-ta. (Ku-
kama = verb)

Ama-ta.
(Ku-kama)

Ama-ta

Monkey ...

Eii-kende

En.kende

En-kima

Eft-kima.
Eri-guku(4a).
£n-kembea

(4 b)

Moon

OOkw-ezi

CDkw-ezi ; fl.

OOmw-ezi.

Umw-ezi or

Ukw-edzi ;

Omw-ezi.

am-ezi

Ukw-ezi ;
pi. am-ezi

Ukw-ezi

am-edzi

Mw-edi (4 a).
(jOgw-egabco-
gabco- E-zcoba

Mother ...

Mawe

Nina. Mawe.

Maha (living).

Mama. Kco.

Koiya. Mama

Ma-. Nyco-ko).

Nco-kco

Mawe (dead).
Nina, Nyina.
Nyco-kco

Mawe.

Nyco-kto. Nina
or Nyina

Nyina

Mountain ...

I-wafiga

I-banga

I-banga,
I-wanga.
Uru-pcozi ;
en-pcozi

Aka-nwa ;

Mu-camco

Umu-stosyi

COlu-scodzi.
Lu-scodi (4 a).

Mouth

Aka-nwa

Mu-nwa

Umu-nwa

Umu-nwa ;

Aka-mwa

utu-nwa.

emi-nwa.

Umu-lcomco

Aka-nwa

Nail (of finger

En-zala ; evi-

Ru-zara ; en-

Em-pambco

Ec-ara.

•••

COlu-ala ;

or toe)

ala

zara

Urw-ara

//- enj-ala
Lu-kumco (4 b)

Name

I-dzina; ama-
dzina

I-zina

I-bara

I-zina

I-dzina

Er-inya,
Er-ina.
I-bala (4 a)

Navel

(Ji)mu-kundi

COmu-kundi

Om-kundi

...

...

E-kundi.
En-dira

Neck

Evi-dza

Ebi-kya (//.).
Ama-laka
(throat)

En-gcotco

E-zoosi

E-kcosi.
tObu-lagco.
En-singco.
Eii-kcotco. Bi-
kie (4 a). Lu-
kya. En-sikya

Night

Eki-lo).

Eki-lco.

Eki-lco

E-^orco

[•dzcolco.

Eki-rco. Hu-ire

COmu-itumbi.

(Mvv-irima =

Ubu-cugco

(4 b). E-tumbi.

((Ji)mu-ilima =

darkness)

(Eki-zikiza,

darkness)

En-zikiza =

darkness)

Nose

Eny-indco

En-indco

En-indco,
Eny-indco.
Ki-ulco

(nostril)

I-zuru

!-dzulu

Eny-indco-
N-indco (4 a).
Eny-endco

(4 b)

F 2

64

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

3e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-h& or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a,a«</

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

Oil palm ...

Ox

En-te

En-te"

Um-,8embe.
En-te

lii-ka, En-k&.
In-gora (old
R.).
? In-gombe '

In-ka"'

En-te!'
(Eii-ombe,

obsolete except
for ' horn ')

Paddle ...

En-gahi

En-gahi

En-gai.
En-gasi

In-gafi.
Uru-pondcd

(Pole)

I-gefi ; ama-

Eii-kasi

Palm wine,

Ama-rwa

Ama-rwa

Ama-rwa.

En-zcoga,

Ama-lcoha

Omw-enge

beer

Lamba

In-zuga.
Uru-agwa
(banana beer)

Parrot

Ki-suku

...

En-kuranga

...

En-gusu,
Ki-kusu

Penis

Em-boroj

...

Em-boroa

Em-borcd

...

Em-bcoloa.

Mu-ncoma(4b).
OObu-saji

Pig

Em-bunu

Em-bunu

Em-punu

En-gurube

In-guruwe

Em-bidzi.
Em-bidi (4 a,

4 b)

Pigeon

Ek-iba

E-numa.
Aka-numa

In-zewa

E-jiba.
I-yemba (^h).
Ka-ibai ;

bu-ibai (4 a)

Place

Aha-ndi

Aha-ntu

Aa-ntu,
Aha-ndu

Aha-ntu

Aha-ndi

Eki-fco.
Awa-ntu.
tOmu-tala

Rain

En-zula

En-zura

En-yura; en-
dzura

Em-vura

Im-vula

En-kuba.
Ma-izi (4 a).
Ma-di (4 b)

Rat

Em-bewa

Em-beba

Em-beba

Em-beba

Im-bewa ; idzi-

E-mese. Em-
beba (4 a).
M-pube (4 b)

Rhinoceros

Em-pera

En-kura

Em-pera.
N-kura

I n-kura

Im-pera

En-kula

River

COmu-gera

(jOmu-gera

Wmwiga.
Ka-iga ; tu-iga

Ec-ambu.
Umu-gezi

Umu-gesi

COmu-ga.
Mw-iga (4 a).
Ki-bale (4 b)

Road

(i)mu-handa

OOmu-handa.
(Ru-kongco =

cattle road)

Umw-anda,
Umu-handa

En-zira,In-zira

In-jira

COlu-gudeo.
E-kubco.

En-jira (4 b)

Salt

COm-wnyu

OJmw-ojnu

Um-conyu

Um-unyu

M-unyu

COm-unyca

Shame

En-sa>ni

En-sconi

En-sconi

In -Scan i

In-sconi

En-so»nyi.
Bu-wemu

Sheep

En-tama

Na-balega.
(N-gondu =

ravi).

(Mu-tama =
lamb)

En-tama

En-tama.
In-sari (old
R.)

In-tama

En-diga,
Ki-riga.
En-ziga.
N-tama (4 b)

Shield

En-g^u

En-gabcd

En-gabu

En-gabco.
In-gaWdJ

...

En-gabco,
Gagabco

Shoulder ...

I-wega ; ama-

I-bega

I-bega

...

I-bega ;
ama-bega

Bega ; ama-
bega

Sister

OOmu-nyanya

■ < *

(jL)m-nyanya.
Aka-lumbu

Umu-hara.
Umu-jsiki

Umw-ipiki

Mw-anyina.
Mu-hara
waitu (4 a)

• In names of deities like Liya ngombe.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

6S

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-hft or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese 4 a, and

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-swga 4 b

Skin

En-kanda

COrQ-hu.

Uru-pupu

Oru-hu,

Umu-wiri.

(jl)lu-SU8U.

OOmu-bili

Uru-sato>

In-kanda

COlu-guta,

Du-guta.

E-diba,

E-diwa ; ama-

liwa. En-guzi

(for carrying

children).

Ir-iwa (4 a).

Lu-u ; pi.

em-pu (4 b)

Sky

I -guru

I-gulu

I -guru.
Evi-re

E-zuru, I-juru.
Iki-rere

I-dzulu ; i-juru

E-gulu
Wa-gulu.
I-banga (4 a).
Yaii-gulu (4 b)

Slave

tOmu-iru ;

OOmu-iru.

(jOmw-iru.

Umu-hutu ;

Umw-ereo.

a)mu-du.

awa-ini.

COmu-zana

(jOmu-zana ;

aba-.

Umu-zia

(Omu-zana

OOmu-sana

awa-

0)mu-ja;
aba-ja

Sleep

En-tu-lo>

En-ti-lco

COtu-rco

E-ti-roa

•••

Q)tu-lo>.

N-dco-lo.(4b)

Smoke

Omw-ika

Omw-ika

(ji)mw-ika.

COm-(otsi.

Umw-o)dzi.

OOm-uka.

Um-copi

Umu-yeotsi

(3 a)

Mfi-si

M-wai (4 a,

4b) "^

Snake

En-zcaka

En-zcoka.
Em-piri

(viper)

En-y<oka.
M-piri

En-ztoka

In-ztoka

(x)mu-scota.
N-ycoka (4 b).
(En-jcoka =
intestinal

worms)

Son, boy ...

Omw-ana

(x)mw-ana.

Umw-ana.

Omw-ana.

Umw-ana.

Omw-ana.

OOmu-yanda.

Um-codyco ;

Umu-huiigu

Mu-hungu

(x)mu-tabani.

COmw-wzco.

ab-codyoj.

OOmu-lenzi

COmu-tabani

OOmw-cojoj

Song

Sinna

Ru-embco ;
n-embcd

Uru-dyeng<o

CObu-zinnu.
Uru-ririmbeo ;
//. in-dirimboi

...

OL)Iu-imba.
OOlu-emba

Spear

I-dzumu.

I-kyumu

E-dzumu;ama-.

E-cumca.

I-cumco

I-fumco,

Ekioi-kulia

I-cumu

I-cyumu.
Uru-huka ;
im-puka (3 a)

E-fumco; ama-.
E-kcoba

Spirit, soul

OOmu-zimu.

OOmw-oyo) ;

Umw-oyto

OOmu-zimu ;

Omw-oyoo.

Omw-oyo>

emy-oycij

aba-.
Umu-tima

OOmu-zimu

Star

Eny-enyezi

En-enezi

Eny-enyenyco.
N-sonda

Eny-enyezi,
Iny-enyeri.

In-zatza (3 a)

In-sonda.
I-sata ; ma-

Emu-nyenye

Stick

Eii-kuni

Eii-keoni.
Eki-sanzu

Ei\-kconi

En-kconi

lii-kcDni

OOm-ugco.
Mw-igco (4 a,

4 b)

Stomach ...

...

Oru-fwco

(jOru-fwa ;
en-fwa

...

...

COlu-butco

Stone

I-wale; ama-

I-bale; ama-

I -bare ; ama-.
En-kulugusi

E-wiye, I-buye;
ama-

I-liwe, I-wuye

Lu-ija. Ej-inja;
ma-inja.
Ki-azi (4 a).
Lu-azi. I -bare.
M-balebale

Stool

Eki-tebe

Eki-tebe

Eki-tebe.
En-tewi

In-tebe

N-tewe

En-tebe

66

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese 4 a, and

Ru-nyambu

Ki.rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

Sun

I-Z(owa

I-zcoba

I-zuwa,

E-zcoba.

I-dzua, I-zuwa

En-juba.

(Ma-langa-

En-zuwa.

I-zuwa

(COmu-sana

rara = sun

S<oba,

= sunlight)

rays)

I-zuba

TaU

COmu-kira

OOmu-kira

COmu-kira

Umu-lizco ; inii-

...

(Omu-kira

Tear

.••

I-ziga; ama-

Me-ise gco l-iso>
("water of the
eye)

Omu-zige.
Iri-coscozi (3a).
Ama-^uzi (pi.)

...

E-dzigga,
I-ziga

Testicles ...

Atna-gusi

Ama-gcosi

Ama-goisi

Ama-bya

...

En-jagi. Ama-
ngge. Ma-i

Thief

Na-iwa ; //.
nawa-ibi

OOmw-ibi ;
ab-ebi

COmw-ibi

OOmu-sambco

...

OOmu-bi.
OL)mw-ibi

Thigh

Eki-beroa

Eki-berco

Eki-bercd

Eki-berto

Eki-sambi

Thing

Eki-ntu

Eki-ntu

Eki-ntu ;
ebi-ntu.
Idzi-ntu

Eki-ntu ;
ebi-ntu

Iki-ntu ; ivi-ntu

Eki-ntu

Thorn

...

I-hwa ; ama-

I-wa

M(u-sube.
I-gwa (3 a)

...

Eri-gwa. I-hwa

(4 a, 4 b)

Tobacco ...

I-tebe

I-papco

I-tabe

I-tabe.

I-fari(oWR.)

I-tabe

E-taba, Tabai

To-day ...

Bu-enoD

Lerco

Mbu-enu.
Lelu

Ougu-m-eosi.
Leru

Ugu-mu-tisi

Leru

Toe

Oru-kumcd

...

Eki-ara

Eki-gere

...

Ka-nulu.
Aka-gere,(x)Iu-.
Ki-nu (4 b)

To-morrow

Ny-edza

OObw-ire

Ny-enkea,
N-encea

Edjco

Edzeo, H-ezco

J"

Tongue

OOlu-limi ; en-
dimi

Oru-limi.

\-\b.\s.b.( gullet)

COlu-limi ;
ndimi

Eki-rimi

Ulu-limi

OOlu-limi

Tooth

El-in<» ;

Eli-inco; m-enco.

Il-inu; am-encd.

Ez-inyco,

Idy-enyw ;

Er-inyu ;

ama-inoa

I-gigco(;«o/ar).

Ri-inoi

Ily-inoj ;

am-enyco.

ama-nyu.

I-bongci}

am-enyoj.

Il-inyco

D-inu ;

(tooth gap)

Iri-nyco (3 a).
I-senge (tusk)

ma-inu.
Ama-songezu

(incisors).

Ama-gegu

(molars)

Town, village

Oru-gto

Eki-kale.

tOru-gco.

Uru-gto ; in-geo.

...

Eki-buga.

(jObu-kindoj.

Eki-arto

Eki-kali

M-buga (4 b)

I-ka

Tree

a)mu-ti

OOmu-ti ; emi-ti (JL)m-ti ; imi-ti

Egi-ti; ebi-ti

Umu-ti ; imi-ti.

COmu-ti; emi-

Iki-ti; ivi-ti

Twins

...

Ama-rongca

'."

Ama-hapa.
Ama-hombe.
Im-panga

...

Aba-lofigu

Urine

En-kali

En-kali

• ..

Eii-kare.
Ama-gaiiga

(animals')

...

Eii-kali

Vein

COmu-zi; emi-

Mu-si, Mu-zl

...

Umu-tsi; imi-

...

COmu-suwa

War

Ama-dzumu

Bu-lemu.
Ku-rwana

•••

Ku-ruana.
Iki-tero)

• ••

OOlu-talu.
OOku-lwana.
Kia,Iye(4b)

Water

Ama-izi

Am-enzi.
COtw-endzi

Ame-izi.
Ama-ozi.
Ame-ndzi

Ama-zi

Ama-dzi

Ama-dzi. Ma-di

Well, source

I-ziwa

I-ziba

I-ziba. Y-engto.
En-cureo

I-scoku.
I-liba

Miwa

En-sulu.
COlu-zi.
Eki-diba

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

67

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a,aW

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-suga 4 b

White man

OOmu-zungu

Omu-zungu

Um-wera

tOmu-zungu

Umu-zungu

(jL)mu-zungu.
Mu-dungu(4a)

Wife

Om-kazi; awa-

Mu-ka

Omu-kazi.
Um-gori.
Om-tedzi

Umu-ka (3 a).
(ji)mu-gore.
Oi)mu-geni

(iride)

Umu-go)li; awa-

OOmu-gcoIe.
COmu-kazi.
COmu.ka.
COmu^kiala

Wind

Em-behoj

COmu-yaga

COmu-yaga

Omw-iaga.
Im-behco

Im-behw

Em^behco,
Em^peweo.
(tOmu-yaga

= a gale)

Witch

(Omu-lojgi

(Dmu-Ieogi ;

O)mu-rcogi ;

Umu-rcozi.

COmu^lcdgco.

aba-

aba-

Umu-pfumu

{priest). Umu-
vutsi {old R.)

COmu-sawco.
Ka.bcona

{seer) '

Witchcraft

COvu-rcogi

(jObu-lcogi

CObu-rcdgcd

Ubu-lcozi

...

CObu-lcogco.
CObu-sezi

Woman . . .

Om-kazi

(jOmu-kazi

COmu-kazi.
OOmu-ka.
Om-tedzi; awa-

OOmu-gore

Umu-gore.
Umu-gcoligcoli.
Umu-koowa

COmu-kazi.

Mu-kadi {4 a)

Womb

...

...

N-da

COlu-butco.
COlu-la

Wood

Oru-kwi ;

COru-kwi ;

OOru-kwi ;

Eii-ku

En-kti. N-kwi

en-kwi

efi-kwi

efi-kwi

(4 a)

Yam

■«•

Eki-ra

I-tuku

...

Eki-ra. Ki-rai
(4 a)

Year

Mw-aga ; emi-
aka

Omw-aka; emi-

Omw-aka

Omw-aka.
E-wcoga

...

Omw-aka

Yesterday...

Nyeki-leo

N-egorco

Nye-igorco.
Ny-edzilto.
I-dyco

I-djorco

Edzcolco. Erco

J"

Zebra

E-ndorcd

...

En-tulege

...

...

En-tulege

One

■mwe

■mu, -mu

-mwe, -mol

-mwe

■mwe, -mca

-mwe, -mil.
N-dala (4 b)

Two

•bili, -will

■bili

-bili, -biri

•biri,-bili,-wiri,
-byili

■bili, ■will

■biri

Three

•satu

•sattt

■patu

•tatu or -patu

•datu, ■tatu,
■satu

■satu

Four

-nne

■na

•na, -ne, -nei

-nne, -nye

■nne, ■na

■nyS, -ne (4 a),
■na (4 b)

Five

•tanu

■tanu

■tanco, -^anco

-tanco, -sanco

■tanco

•tanu, -tanu

Six

Mu-kaga

Mukaga

Om-kaga.

-tandatu,

Mu^kaga,

Mu-kaga ;

Mu-kage

-pepatu

-tandatu

(-kaga in com-
position)

Seven

Mu-sanzu

Mu-sanzu

Om-panyu,
Mu-panju.
M-pamvco

-lindwi, -ndwi

Mu-sanzu.
Mu-samvco.
Ndui

Mu-samba,
Mu-samvu
(-samvu in
composition)

Eight

Mu-nana

Mu^nana

M-nana,

Mu-nane

Umu-nane

I -nana,
Mu-nane.
-na-na (4 -f 4)

Mu-nane.
Mu-nana,
-nane

Nine

Mw-enda

Mw^enda

Mw-enda,
Mu-endai

Iki-enda

Ic-enda

Mw-ende or
Mw-enda,
-enda

> A/so the I

voni iximu-Uiguzi/rom OOku-lagula ' /o prophesy ',

which again is derived from COku-laga ' to show ',

^ point out '.

68

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and ^ a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a,rtnrf

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-suga 4 b

Ten

I-kumi

I-kumi

I-kumi

I-cumi.

OOmu-rongoo

I-jumi, I-cumi,
I-kumi.
Mu-longo»

I-kumi

Eleven

I-kumi ne-mwe
(I-kumi ne-bili

= twelve)

I-kumi nui-mu
(I-kumi ne-bili

= twelve)

I-kumina-mwe

I-cumi na-mwe

I-cumi na-mwe

Kumi na-mu.
„ na n-dala

(4 a, 4 b)

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi a-bili Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-wili

ga-biU

a-bili.

Imi-rongcd

i-wiri.

awili.

Imi-longu

mi-wili

a-wiri

Thirty ...

Ma.kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Imi-roiigb]

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-satu

a-satu

ga-patu

i-tatu. Ama-
cumt a-tatu

a-tatu

a-satu

Forty

Ma-kumi a-nne

Ma-kumi a-nne

Ma-kumi ga-ne

Imi-rongco i-ne

Ama-kumi
a-nne

Ama-kumi a-na

Fifty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi ga-

Imi-rongca

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-tanco

a-tanu

tanco. (60 =
En-kagai)

i-tanu

a-tanco

a-tanu

Hundred ...

I-gana

I-gana ;;>/.ma-
gana

I-gana, I-^ana
or K i-kumi

I-jana, I-gana

I-gana

Eki-kumi.
Ki-tufu

Thousand . . .

. .•

Ki-humbi.

Lu-kumi

Iki-humbi.

(jOlu-kumi.

(Bi-humbi bi-

(Efi-kumii-biri

(Nzwvu =

(Aka-sirivu

bili = 2,000.

= 2,000.

10,000)

'

= IOO,OCO.

Ki-sira =

Ka-kumi =

Aka-kadde

10,000. Bi-sira

10,000.

= 1,000,000)

bi-bili = 20,000.
Ki-tabarwa
= 100,000)

Ka-umpi

= 100,000)

I, me, my

Inye. N-, Ni-. Ine, Nene. N-. Inye, Anye.
-n-,-ni-. -a-nge -ni-,-n-. -a-nge N-.

•n-. -a-nze,
-a-nje, -a-nge

Thou, thee, thy Iwe. Wu-, O)-. Iwe. CO-, W-. Iwe. O)-.

-ku-. -a-we -ku-. -a-we -ku-. -a-we

He, him, his Uwe. Ntoliya. We.COgu.OJnu. OOgu. We.

A -. OOliha. A-.

-mu-. -we -mu-. -e

We, us, our Itwe. Tu-. Itwe. Tu-.
-tu-. -etu -tu-. -etu

Ye, you, your Imwe. Mu-. Imwe. Mu-.
-wa-. -a-nyu -ba-. -a-nu

They, them, Awca. Wa.. Abco. Ba-.
their -wa-. -a-wco -ba-. -a-bu

All

-na(ena); -una -una

Ye. A.,
-mu-. -e

Icwe, Ifwe.
Tu-.
-tu-. -etu

Inywe, Ime.
Mu-.
•wa-. -enyu

Abco, Awco.
Wa-.
•wa-. -a-'wco

•cona. -co^e

{Nynmbu)

Jewe. N-, Ndi-.
•^e, -nje. -n-,
-ny-. -a-nje

Wcowe, We we.

U-.

-ku-. -we.

-a.we
We. Uyu.

Uwco. A-.

•iwe. -mu-.

-a-ge, -a-e
Twebwe,

Twese.

•twese.

-a-cu
Mwebwe,

Mwewe.

-ba-. -mu,

-a-nyu
Abco, Awco.

Ba-, Wa-.

-bco, -wco. -ba.

-wa, -a-bco,

-a-wco

Tu-
-tu-

Mu-,

Nzewe. N-.
•n-. -a-nze

Wewe. U-.
-ku-. -a-we

Uyu. We. Ya-,

Yi., A-.

-we, -mu-,

-a-ge
Twewe. Tu-.

-tu-. -a-itu or

-a-ju

Mwewe. Mu-.
-imwe. -wa-.
-a-nyu

Awco.
Wa-.
-wa-.

Wadia.

Nze, Nde (4 a).

N-, Nj-, Ny-.

-nge, -nze,

-ndi. -n(m)-.

-a-nge
Gwe, Iwe

(4a,b).00-,U-.

-ku-. -we, -co

lye, Ye. A-,

Ya-.

-m-, -mu-.

-ye, -e
Ifwe, Fwe, Fe.

Tu..

-tu-. .fwe,

-a-fwe
Imwe, Mwe.

Mu-.

-ba-. -mwe,

-a-mwe
Bco, Babco, Ibco.

Ba-.

■ba-. -bco,

-a-bwe

■se, -ese, -cose -coze, -cose

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

69

2 6.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu^ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Rututsi,

Lu-sese4a,a»</

Ru-nyambu

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

This, these

•nu

-nu (co-nu, ba-

-nu(gu-nu;iSf'f.)

•nw {tvi/h

•noa

•nco ((u-neo,

nu ; gu-nu, zi-

o).gu, a-ba

concord prefix)

ba^nu ; gu^nu;

Ha- (he-, ho-).

nu ; li-nu, ga-

(a-wa) ; (o-gu,

u-yu, a-ba

gi-nco ; li-nco.

Ho)-gu, Ha-ba;

nu ; ki-nu, bi-

e-dzi or e-gi ;

(a-wa) ; u-yu,

ga-nco ; ki-nco.

Heo-gu, He-gi

nu;e-nu,zi-nu;

e-li or e-ri.

iyi; i-li, a-ya;

bi-nco ; e-no or

(He-zi) ; Ha-li,

ru-nu ; tu-nu ;

a-ga ; e-ci,

i-ki, i-bi ; i-yi.

i-nco, zi-nco ;

Ha-ge ; 6^c.

ka-nu ; bu-nu ;

e-vi ;e.yi, e-zi;
o-ru; eve.

i-zi; u-ru; u-tu;

lu-nco ; tu-nco ;

ku-nu ; ha-nu)

a-ka ; u-bu ;

ka-nco; bu-nco;

u-ku ; u-mu

ku-nco; wa-nco;
mu-nco; gu-no>,
ga-nco).

That, those

-ft)-gu, -a-wa ;

(u-gu, a-ba ;

a>gu-&), aw-co ;

u-liya, ba-liya ;

-lia

-li, -le (co-li or

-co-gu, -e-gi ;

o)-gu, e-zi; e-li,

a>gu-<o, eji-co ;

u-liya, i-liya ;

yco-le, ba-li ;

-e-li, -a-ga ;

a-ga; e-ki, e-bi;

elico, ag-oa ;

6^f. (also -ria.

gu-li, gi-li;

-e-ki, -e-vi ;

e-gi, e-zi; o-ru;

eci-co; C!^c.

-eya)

(5^'f.)

-e-gi, -e-zi ;

co-tu ; a-ka ;

u-ww, a-bco

co-gu, a-ba or

-o-ru ; -co-tu ;

co-bu ; co-ku,

(a-wco) ; cs^c.

a-wa ; u-gu,

-a-ka ; -w-vu ;

a-ha.

e-gi; e-li, a-ga;

-oj-ku ; -a-ha ;

e-ki, e-bi ; &'c.

-co-mu

in 4 a

-(o-li, -wa-lia ;

■liha (co'liha,

co-linya or

N-guyu,n-gaba

,,

OOy-co, ab-o> ;

-gu-lia, gi-lia ;

ba-liha ; gu-

-rinya,

(n-gawa) ;

cogw-co, egi-eo

-e-li; (^c.

liha ; &^e. )

aba-linya.

ii-gu-, ii-gi;

or ej-eo ; ely-<o,

(ogw-co, ab-co ;

gu-linya ; Qt'c.

n-ga ; fy^c.

ag-co ; eki-o>,

cDgw-co, ezi-co ;

co-li or gu-ri.

(according to

ebi-co ; ey-oj,

elyta; &'c.

ba-ri ; ^c.
N-gu, ? m-ba ;
n-gu,n-gi ; ^'c.
(this form is
absent in some
dialects)

vowel of con-
cord, with n
^directive ' pre-
posed)

ez-ioo ; colw-co ;
totw-co ; ak-eo ;
(obw-co,cokw-co;
avv-eo ; (Sff .

Bad

-vi

-bi

•vi, -bi

■bi

■bi

-bi

Black

-na-ligula

-iragura, -ira-
guzu. sina

-yilagula

-irabula

• •

-duga (-la, -vu)

Female

-kazi

-kazi. -zigiza

(cows)

-kazi
-ipiki

-kazi, -jigiya

■gcole

-kcowa

-kazi. -wala

(huntans).

•pala. -dusi

{cattle), -nsen-

yi (birds)

Fierce, sharp.

-lila. -sala

...

-codzi. -cdki

•rura

-knii

■kali.

bitter

•kambwe.
-kanu.
•kanga. -cogi

Good

-rungi

-nuzi. -zima
{healthy), -ru-
ngi {'salted',
' seasoned ').
■ncdga {tender,
gentle)

-lungi. -zima

-iza. -zima

idza

-lungi, -rungi

Great

-hangco

•kuru. -hangco.
■gazi. (Kutca

= complete)

-hangu

-nina. -kuru

nini

•kulu. .nene

Little

•ke

•tu. -ke. -noru.
•scdle

-ki, -nki, -ke.
-nt<o

-toya, -tco

••

-tconco. -tto.
-tiritu

Long

-laiiigwa

leha (verbal).
(Ku-leha = to
be long)

-la. -rere. -rai

-ie. -ririre

■lele.

•la

-wamvu,
-wanvu

70

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya-ruanda

Ru-ha or

Lu-ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and^Ti.

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a, rt«^

Ru-nyambii

Ki-rundi (R.)

(Tusi, Ki-jiji)

Lu-suga 4 b

Kale

-saidza

•seza {men).

•seja, -saija,

•rume. In-fizi

■lume. -masa,

-lume, -nume.

•azia{children)

. •paija

Ki-masa

■sadja, -saja.

-nume and

•bandwa.

■masa (cattle).

-lenzi.

•rumi (birds)

-mpanga

(birds)

Old

•gulusu.
-keikulu

•lame, -gurusi
•kekuru

•gulust. -kuru

•kuru, •kecuru.
■saza

...

-kade

Red

•tukula

-tuku

•tukura

•tukura

...

•myu- (myu«fu).
•twa-vu

Rotten

-sunza

•zunzi (-zunda

•nafu

•bora

••■

•vundu. •buvu

Short

-gufu

■gufu

•guvu, •gufi

gufi

...

•mpi

Sick

-luaile

■rwere (-rwara -dwara

•rwara

•Iwade

verb)

White

-dzela, -gera

•era. •katale

•era, -eru.
Kitare

•era

...

■eru. -tuku

Above, up, on

Aha-igulu

Hoj-ruguru.

He^igulu,

He^djuru.

I-julu

Wa-gulu.

top

I^gulu

Lguru, E-gulu

Ku-ruguru

E-ngulu

Before

Ew-iso

CjQbu-syco.
Mbere ('the
first ', ' in
front ')

Mbele,
Ha-mbele

I-mbere

I-mbere

Mberi,
Wa^mberi.

Muma-su ga

Behind ...

Eny-uma

En^uma

Ny-uma

I ny-uma

Kuny-uma

Ny-uma

Below, down

.^ha-si

1-fwoj. Ha^nsi Ha-si, Aan-si

He-pfoj. Ha-si,

Ha-si

Wa-nsi

Ha-nsi

Far

Ha-le

Ha-ra

Ha^li, Ha-rai

Ku-re

Ku-le

Wa-la

Here

Aha

Hanco. Ku-nu

. Aha, Haha.

Ha-noj.

Ha-nu. Aha

Wa-nu

Ha-hoi. Hco^ku Kunu

Aha-nyene.

Aha. Inu.

N-gaha

In, inside ...

Omu, COmunzu Mu. Munda.

OOmu-, Mu.

Mu, •mu. Mu-

Mu

Mu. Munda.

Mu-nu

Nda. -mu

Mu-nu

Middle

Aha-gati

Ha^gati

...

Ha-gati

Ha-gati

Wa-kati.
Mu-kati

Near

•ikale, -ikeile

Hehi

...

Ha-fl, Ku-fi.
Bu-gufi. He-foa

...

Ku-mpi,
Wa-mpi

Outside ...

Ah-ercd

Ha-bw^eru.
Ha^nza.
H-esazi

En^dya.
Ah'eru

Ha-nze

...

Bw-eru

Plenty, many

E-ngco

-ingi. Mu^nco

■ngi. Munu.

I-nki, -i-npi

...

-ngi. Enyi-ngi.

En-kunduguru

Kamara (4 b)

There

Ha-liya

OO^kwco.

Kuli. Hcoku

Ha-riya. A-hu Ha-dia. Ahu

Wa-li. Eri.

Ha-liha

Ey-u

Where? ...

N-kahi ?

Ha^i .'

N^ka?

He-he ?

He-he?

Wa? Oye?

No!

Nga!

Pai!

Ceke! Cei!

Oya! Hasui!
Leka!

N-tawe !

Nedda! Si-

Ta-li^kto !

Na^moi ! ( =

N-takiu !

not one .')

N-tahu !
Mambu !

Not (with verb.

Ti.

Nangu.

Ta^ho) ; Ta-, ti-

Si-, -ti^, •ta^

Ti, ta-

Si-. Te-, t-,

as prefix, in-

Ti. -ta-

Na- (with sub-

-ta-

fix or suffix)

stantives ana
numerals)

r

To

COku-

a)ku-

COku-

Uku-

Uku-

COku-, Eri-

„ beat ...

...

■tera

-tera

•kubita.
■kuma

-kuwita

•kuba.
•komaga

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

71

2e.

2f.

2g-

3-

3 b.

4-

English

Uru-karagwe

Uru-kerebe

Lu-ziba

Urunya^ruanda

Ru.ha or

Lu^ganda,

(Lu-sinja)

and 3 a

Ru-tutsi,

Lu-sese4a,a«rf

Ru-nyambu

Ki^rundi(R.)

(Tusi, Ki^jiji)

Lu-scoga 4 b

To

tOku-

COku-

COku-

Uku-

Uku-

(Oku-, Eri-

„ buy, sell

-gula

■gula. -tunda

-gula, -gura

•suma (3 a).
•gura

-gula

•gula. -tunda

„ come ...

■idza

-iza

•hika {arrive).
•iza, -ija

•za

■za

•Ja

„ cut

-zala

•tema

•tema. •sara

•ca. •tema

-tema

•sala. -tema

„ dance ...

-Sana, -zana

•zina

...

•byina. -kina

{to sport, a-
muse oneself )

-vina. -kina

{to hop about)

•zina

„ die

•kaba

-fwa

•zaha

•pfa

-fa

•fa

„ eat

•dia

•lya

•la or -ria

-lya

-lia

•lya

„ give ...

-m-pa

•ha (-pa), -gaba

-ha (m-pa)

•ha

-ha (-pa)

•wa (-pa).
•gaba

,, go

■genda

-genda. -za.
■rukco

•genda. -ta

•genda. -ja

-genda

•genda. -ita,
•ta (tambula

= lualk)

„ kill ...

•ita

•ita. nega

•ita

•ica

...

•tta

„ know ...

■manya

•manya

•manya

•menya. •zi

-menya

•manya

„ laugh ...

■seka

•seka

-peka

•seka

...

-seka

„ leave o£F,

-leka

-leka, -siga

-reka

•reka

-leka

•leka. -sigala

cease

{to be left)

„ love, want

-enda

-enda

-enda. gonza

-kunda. .pima

-kunda.

•agala,

•gomba

•yagala.

•enda.

*

•yenda

{copulate).
•eraka

„ see

•dewa, -lewa

-bcona. -leba.

-Icola. -reba.

•buna. -rora.

-wojnya. -Icola

•laba. •Icola

•dora, -rora

-bcona

•raba

(•bcon-eka=i5«-
come visible)

„ sit.remain,

■ikala

-ikara

-ikala.

•ipala?

-idzala

■tula, -talama

abide

-pitame

„ sleep ...

-liama

-nagira. -lala.

-viyama.

•sinzira.

-liama

•ebaka. •lala

-mama

-nyama

•rara. •gona

{snore)

{tosettledown,
become guiet)

„ stand, stop.

•jemelela

-im-uka, -ime-

...

•hagarika

•hagalala

•ima, •imi^rira,

be erect

rera, -ime-
reza {all from
a root -ima)

•im^uka

„ steal ...

-iba

-iba. -suma

•iba

•iba

-iba

•iba, •ba.
•kcona

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN URU^KARAGWE AND LU-ZIBA

Preprefixes are present.

Much as in COru^hima, but prefix No. 2 is Aba- and Awa-, No. 8 is Ebi- or Evi-, No. 14 is Ubu-,
OJbu- and (jOvu-, No. 15 is sometimes COgu-. The 1st and 3rd prefixes are sometimes abbreviated to
(A)m- and the 4th to Em-. The loth prefix is sometimes Ne-, sometimes Inz^. Concord of No. 6 is
ma-, ya-, a-, or ga- ; of 4 mi-, gi- ji-, and zi- ; of 9 ni-, i-, e-, and gi-.

The honorific Na^ or Nya^ prefix is present ; its plural is Na-wa-, Na^ma-.

72 • ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &C., IN URU-KEREBE OR KI-KEREBE
Preprefixes are present but not so much used as in preceding languages.
Class I. COmu- (concord, mu-, (U-, U-, gu-, a-) ; 2. Aba-(ba-); 3. (Omu- (mu-, gu-) ; 4. Emi- (mi-,
zi-, zy-) ; S- I-. Eli- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- (ki-, ky-) ; 8. Ebi- (hi-) ; 9. En- (Em-), E-
(n-, i-, e-, gi-); 10. En-, E- (n-, zi-) ; 11. Oru-, Oilu- (ru-, rw-) ; 12. OOtu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ;
14. a)bu- (bu-) ; 15. Cx)ku- (ku-) ; 16. Aha- (ha-, towa-) ; 17. Mu- {only as preposition).
The honorific prefix Na- is present.

PREFIXES, &C., IN URUNYA.RUANDA AND IKI-RUNDI
Preprefixes present.

Class I. OOmu- orMrnxx-"^ (mu-, n-, yu-, gu-) ; 2. Aba- or Awa- (ba-, wa-) ; 3. tOmu- or Umu-
(mu-, U-, gu-) ; 4. Emi- or Imi- (mi-, i-, yi-) ; 5. I-, Ili-, Iri-, Eli- (li-).; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ya-) ; 7. Eki-,
Iki-, Ici- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ebi-, Ibi-, Ivi- (bi-, vi-) ; g. En-, In- (n-, i-, yi-) ; 10. En-, In-, Ing-, Ni- (n-, i-, zi-) ;
II. Uru-, Ulu- (ru-); 12. Utu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ; 14. Ubu-, Uby, Uwu- (bu-. wu-)^; 15. Uku-
(ku-) ; 16. Aha- (ha-) ; 17. Mu- {as preposition).

The Nya- (Nya-ka) feminine or honorific prefix is present.

PREFIXES, &C, IN RU-HA (RU-TUTSI)
Much like Ruanda-Rundi. Preprefixes U-, I-, A-. There is, perhaps, a trace of the original 10th
prefix (Zi-) in the form of Idzi-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN LU-GANDA
Preprefixes are present ; perhaps less used in Lu-s<oga.

Class I. COmu-, (jl)wa- ? (mu-, u-, wto-, yco-, gu-) ; 2. Aba- (ba-); 3. COmu- (mu-, gu-) : 4. Emi-
(mi-, gi-, gy-) ; 5. Eri-,' EU-, Ej-, E-, I-, Di- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki (ki-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ;
9. En-, En- (n-, e-, i-, yi-) ; 10. En- (Em-), En-, Enj-, Enzi-, Zi- (n-,e-,zi-) ; 11. COlu- (lu-) ; 12. OOtu-
{little used) (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ; 14. OObu- (bu-) ; 15. OOku- (ku-) ; 16. Awa-, ?OL)wa- (wa-); 17.
OOmu- ?, Mu- (? concord absent) ; 18. Ugu- (gu-) ; 19. Aga- (ga-) pi. to No. 18.

Also honorific sex prefixes, with the concords of Classes I and 2 : Se-, Sa- ('father', 'male'), plural
Ba-, Se- ; and Nya-, Na- (' mother ', ' female '). The plural of Na- is sometimes Zi-na- ; more often,
Ba-na-.

2 e. Urukaragwe is spoken in the western coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza south and east of the
Kagera river, and north of Emin Pasha Gulf.

2 f. Urukerebe is spoken on the large island of Bukerebe (Ukerewe) and the adjacent islands, and
Bukerebe peninsula of the southern Victoria Nyanza, north of Speke Gulf.

2 g. Luziba is spoken in the Businja country on the south and south-west coasts of the Victoria
Nyanza, round Emin Pasha Gulf.

3. Urunyartianda and 3 a Kirundi are spoken west of the Kagera and Lukoki rivers, east of the Rusizi
and Lake Kivu and south of the Virunga volcanoes, and along the north-west coast of Lake Taiiganyika,
north of the Malagarazi river-mouth.

3 b. Ruha is spoken south of Karagwe and Businja and west of the Malagarazi-Nikoiiga river, to the
eastward and southward of Kirundi.

4. Luganda, Lusese 4 a, and Lusuga 4 b are spoken in the kingdom or province of Buganda and the
adjoining district of Buscoga, to the north and north-west of the Victoria Nyanza, as well as in the Sese
archipelago. The south-western limit is the lower Kagera river, the north-eastern the lower Si&) river.

' Ruanda mainly differs fro}n Rundi in the preprefixes, preferring the vowels (Jl) and E /«> U and I.
' The preprefix to 14 in Rundi is often 1- = Iwu.

' In Lu-ganda this Eri- prefix has also the force of a preposition meaning ' to ', ^ from ', ' before '
{Rev. C. R. Blackledge).

GROUP A

THE NYANZA LANGUAGES {continued)

Sub-group A 5 Masaba

5. Lu-nyara

5 a. Lu->wanga (Lu-kabarasi, Lu-rimi, ' Kavi-

rondto ') and 5 b Lu-singa'

6. Lu-masaba -(Lu-s«kwia, Lu-gesu, Lu-gipu)

6 a. Lu-konde of N. JV. Elgon '

Sub-group A 6 East Victoria Nyanza

7. Ki-guzii (Igi-zii, Ki-sifigiri) or Ki-suba

(Ko) scijva)
7 a. Ki-koria * (Ki-suna, Ki-tende)

5-

i^-

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kuria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gij5U, &>€.

of N.W. Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki.suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kui-suva ')

Ki-tende

a«rt'5bLu-singa

Adze ... ...

I-wayua

•••

Animal,wild

...

I-scolco

Isin-tsui.

•••

•••

•■•

beast

? I-sani

Ant

Olu-asi; am-asi.

Li-afu.

Li-afu. Namu-

Ki-nsanako> ;

•■•

^i-ndangwe

.Ulu-nawe.
In-dukusi

kurondco.'

bi-. Ki-mconyu

Ant, white

Iswa; tsi-swa.

I-swa ; tsi-swa.

I-swa ; tsi-swa

I-gwa or

Cin-ctoke (//.).

Eri-ge

(termite)

Si-swa or
Ki-swa ;

bi-swa

I-ce ; ama-ce

N-gwa ; //.
ti-swa or
tin-swa

Isinzi

Eri-geki

Ape (chim-

Bim ; yi-bim

...

...

•••

•.*

panzi or

{Sudanese ?)

gorilla)

Arm

O0mu-ko>nco ;

COmu-Xcanco

Kumu-kconco ;

Gumu-xcanu ;

OOmto-kconu ;

6L)ko)-btok«»

emi-

//. kimi- and
kama-

//. gama-

ama-

Arrow

Es-esere.

OOmu-wanca.

Kumu-banoj ;

Gumu-wanco.

Umu-gwe,

OOmco-gu ;

Um-banto

Li-sungu (5 b)

kimi-.
lOlu-kingto

Kumu-; gama-.
OOlu-sala ; eti-
sala. Isi-sala;
ibi-
E-waiyuwa,

OOmto-gu ;
pi. eme-

eme-gu

Axe

Yi-mbaci.

Y-aiyua ;

Im-basa.

Igi-zire ; ibi-

Ege-zire ; evi-

H-aiwa or

tsi-aiwa

I-waiyua ;

E-yaiyua

Y-aiyua; pi.

tsi-aiyua

tsi-aiwa

Baboon

Bim. Li-pene

Di-pene.
lii-guci.

In-kcobe

Li-xuru.

£ri-nu.

Eiig&jge

? Eii-kcobe

Li-core.

Li-wungwi ;

Li-nyani

ama-. I-bako>

Back

COmu-gongo),
COm-gongco ;

pi. emi-

Mu-kongcd.
Ny-uma

Kumu-gongw

Gumu-gongco ;
gama-

OOmogongu

COmco-gongo)

Banana

Li-temwa;ama-

Li-remwa.

I -tore or

Li.dcote ; gama-

Ri-gcdmia ;

Eri-toake; ama-

Li.tcoki(5b)

Li-tore ;
kama-tore

dcote. I-duti,
E-dcoti ; //.
iti-d(oti

ama-.

Eri-tojki;

am.-i-

Beard

Wbu-nyasi (?).

OObw-oya.

(jl)bu-nwanwa.

CObu-nwanwa.

(Obo-ya. OOrto-

(Orca-kaya,

Bi-revu

Bi-revu,
Fi-revu

Bi-sala (hair).
Ki-lefu (chin)

Ci-refu

reru; cin-deru.
Kanye-nycoboj

(jOru>-ka ; ciii-

' Lu-singa or Cula, /he language of the large islands off the south entrance to Kavirondca Gulf, is a dialect
of Lu-wanga much mixed with Lu-ganda and Ku-kerebe words. '^ The ' Ketosh ' of Hobley (1902).

' 7V;£ ' Muhasa' (y/ZfjWy (1899). * The ^Vi^^AnxAw.^ of German writers.

74

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

5-

i^-

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, drc.

ofN.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

'Kco-SMva')

Ki-tende

<iW5bLu-singa

Bee

In-juki ;

In-dzuxi,

In-zuki ;

En-juki or

En-juki or

En-cuke; cin-

cin-juki

In-zixe,
In-zupi

tin-zuki

£n-dzuci

En-c'uke ; ph.
cin-juki, cin-

ccoke

BeUy

In-da

Yin-da

Yin-da

In-da

In-da, En-dft ;
cin-da

En-da ; cin-da

Bird

Li-yuni ; ama-

Ki-nconi ;

Iny-cani.

Iny-conyi ; tin-.

Eciny-eoni,

Ekiny-ojnyi ;

ama-.

Iny-enye ; zin-

Gi-siriri ; bi-

Ekiny-conyi ;

evi-

En-unyi (s b)

pi. evi-

Blood

Ama-wanga

Ama-lasiri

Kama-lasiri

Gama-lasiri

ipl-)

Amany-inga or
Amainy-inga

Ama-sere-
Amainy-inga

Body

Ci)mu-biri

Umu-biri

Kumu-biri

Gumu-biri ;
gimi-

(jOmu-biri or
O0mo>-vere ;
emi-

U)m<o-viri; emi-

Bone

Li-gumba,
Li-kumba ;
ama-

Ifi-kumba

Li-gumba or
I-gumba

Li-gumba

Eri-gwa; ama-
Ywa. Eri-guha
or Eri-«ga. Li-
uga ; ma-uga

Eri-guha ; ama-

Borassus palm

Axa-tugu

..-

...

. ..

Bow

(jOw-ingu

Ubw-ingeo.
Bu-rra (R.).
Wu-ta (5 bj

OObu-ingu ;
kim-. OOlu-
ingco ; ts-ingu

Bubu-ingu ;
pi. gim-ingu

Ubu-ta; ama-ta

(Jl)ba)-ta; ama-

Bowels

Ama-la

Ama-la

Kama-la

Gama-la

...

Brains

(jObw-ongco

(jOw-ongcd

Bub-ongco.
tObw-ongco

Bubw-ongoa

COw-ongw

(jOb-ongoi

Breast (man's)

* . .

■-.

Ki-fuba,Si-fuba Ci-fuba

Eki-kuba ; evi-

Ege-kuba ; eve-.

En-kuba; ciii-

Breast

(ji)lu-were

Li-duru; ama-.

Li-bele- Li-bele Li-bere

(jOlu-bere ; cim-

...

(woman's)

a)du-were(R.)

Brother ...

Omw-ana

W-an'ta-ye.

W-an'da-ye.

W-an'da-ye

N-dugi-ani.

OJm.ura

wa-ina.

COmu-terwa ;

W-an'-di-asi

Omw-ana

(omwetu

Omw-ana

aba-.

mintu.

wefu.

Mw-ane-fu

COmto-mura

W-an'dae

comintu

(? Omw-ana

dae = child of

father)

Buffalo

Yim-beogoo ;
cim-

Im-b«ku,
Im-bug(o

Im-bcogca

Yem-bcogco ;
tim-bcogoi

En-era ; cin-era

En-era; ciii-era

Bull

Igi-ruxi

Iri(5b).
Tangana(5 b).
I-surusi

E-unwa

• ••

Eri ; pi. ici-eri

...

Buttocks ...

Li-dakco ; ama-

Li-daxco; ama-

Kama-taxoj ;
sing. Li-taxo3

Gama-takco

Eny-uma

Ege-tunduru ;
evi-

Canoe

Oi)bw-arco

Ri-alco or Di-
arru ; am-alco.
Bw-atu (5 b)

In-debe.
Li-konkcol<o

In-debe

CObw-atoi

Eri-atoj ;
am-atca.
CObw-atco

Cat

Yi-mondcd.
Li-simba

Li-simba

In-jusi.
Mii-yaga

En-zusi

Igi-simba; ivi-.
E-kworco ;
ci-kwor<o.
Igi-cugu

Ege-tangw; evi-

Charcoal ...

...

Am-anda {pi.)

*.•

*.•

...

Chief

Omw-ami

Omw-ami ;

Omw-ami.

Oi)mw-ami

Omw-ami ; av-.

OOmw-kama ;

aw-ami

tOmu-kuru

(ji)mu-nda;
ava-nda.
Umw-isia,
Umw-isiki

ava-

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

75

5-

5 a.

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Kikcoria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, drc.

ofN.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kco-scova ')

Ki-tende

a«rfSbLu-singa

Child

Omw-ana.

Omw-ana.

Omw-eti.

tOmw-ana ;

Omw-ana ;

Omw-ana

Ax-ana

Mu-siani i.
Mu-xana ^

Omw-ana ;
bab-ana.

bab-ana.
(Ji)mu-cece

av-ana

Mu-kexS

Cloth

Yiny-anga

In-anga.
Yiii-gubM

In-gubco.
In-anga.
OOmu-gaire

(bark)

En-gubco

Efi-geobco; ciii-

En-gibco ; ciii-

Cold

...

...

...

...

Country ...

Esi-alco

Esi-alco (R.).

I-rcoba.

Ci-aro> ;

Eki-bala^

Eki-bara; evi-

Itsi-aloa

Epi-bala,
Esi-wala ;
fil.fi-

Sisi-arco or
Kiky-alco

bibi-arco

Oroj-gongco.
Ri-rcowa

Cow ... ...

In-ombe ;

Efi-ombe ;

Si-songa.

In-kafu

En-ombe; ciii-.

En-ombe

cin-ombe

tsifi-ombe.
E-duasi (5 b).

In-kafu.
I-xafu

Eii-kombe,
C-ombe

Crocodile ...

I-gwena ; ci-

I-gwena ; tsi-.
I-gwina (5 b)

I-gconya

I-gcona or
Ci-gcona

E-gugbwie.
En-oina ;
cin-oina

Eii-olna ; ciii-

Day

Lu-lalco ;

In-dalco ; tsi-.

Kumu-tixinyi.

Gumu-tixini

OObu-tukco.

Orto-siku ; cin-

cin-dalcd

Mu-waso3(5b).
Iny-angco (R.)

Ki.fuku.

(Kumw-cosi =

daylight)

E-gorco; ama-.
(E-tera = <^«>'-
light)

Devil, evil

(ji)mu-sambwa

COmu-sambwa;

Kumu-sambwa

; Gumu-sambwa

; Uru-swa ; cin-

**•

spirit

emi-. U-sewi

(5 b)

kimi-

gimi-

swa

Doctor (medi-

Umu-fumti>

Umu-sanje

...

...

...

cine man)

Dog

Yim-bwa

Im-bwa

Im-bwa.
Gu-bwa,
Gugu-bwa (=
big dog)

Im-bwa ;
tim-bwa

E-sese ; ci-sese

E-sese; ci-sese

Donkey ...

E-sikiri,
E-sikidi,
E-tikiri (5 b).
Sisiri (R.)

Li-tegere.
I-sigiha.
E-sigiria

I-sigiha ; ti-

Eri-tegere

Door

OOlu-iki ;

(JL)!u-igi.

Lulu-tsi.

Gumu-riangco.

Ege-sie.

Ege-saku; evi-

cin-jiki

OOmu-riangoj

Kumu-riaiigco

Lulu-tsi

Ege-sieri.
Eki-ge ; evi-ge

Dream

N-dcota

Li-lorco.
N-dorre (R.)

Kumu-rcola.
00-rcora

Bubu-lcota

Kcomera

*■•

Drum

lii-coma

In-coma

Efi-eoma,
Ifi-gcoma

En-coma

Efi-kconu.
En-coma

Eke-gcoma.
Embegete

Ear

COku-twi ;

a)ku-rui,

Kuku-tu,

Kuku-tu ;

Cl)-utco,

(A)gO)-tui ;

amaku-twi

OOxu-rtii

Kuku-ru, or
Uxu-ru ; pi.
kama-ru

Gama-tu

COg-utu,
Ci)g-cotco ;
ama-tco

ama-tui

Egg

Li-ki ; ama-ki

Li-buyu ; ama-.

Iny-inga.

Iny-ingu

Eri-ge or

Eri-ige ;

E-gi (5 b) ;

Li-gi ; karoa-gi

Eri-gina ;

ama-ige

ama-gi

ama-gina

Elephant ...

In-jcofu

In-dztofu,

In-dcofu,

In-gicofu.

En-jcobu

En-jcogu,

In-jtofu ; tsin-

I-tscofu

In-dzcofu

En-c'ugu

Excrement

Ama-fwi

Ania-fwi or
Ama-fl

Kama-fwi

Gama-fwi

Ama-bi,
Ama-vi

Ama-vi

Eye

I-mconi ; ci-

I-mconi; tsi-.
Er-isco (5 b)

I-mconi ;
tsi-mconi

D-isco ; gam-
esco. I-mconi
ti-mconi

Ir-isco ; ama-

Ir-isco; ama-

76

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

5-

5 a.

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria; or

kabarasi. and

Lu-gipu, ^fc.

o/N. IV. Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kco-scova ')

Ki-tende

a«rt'5bLu-singa

Face, fore-

Mu-muni

Mu-muni

Mu-mconi

Bubu-sco ;

OObu-sico

OObco-sita

head

gimi-sico

Fat, oil ...

Ama-futa

Ama-furra

Kimi-nawa

ipi.).
Kania-futa

Gama-futa

Ege-tinia.
Ama-guta

Ege-tinia ; evi-

Father

Baba

Baba

Pips,

Papa

...

...

Fear

OOmu-ti ?

OOmu-rri.
Bu-ruma.
Di-eri (R.)

Bu-iri,
Umu-rri.
Kuria

Bubu-ti

OOmu-ti.
I-ruka

■••

Finger

tOlu-ala ;

Ci)lu-terre ;

Udu-wala ;

Lulu-wala ; pi.

Eki-ara; evi-

Eki-ara ; evi-.

cin-dala

tsin-. (x)lu-ala

tsints-ala

inz-ala or
tyin-jala

or ebi-

Ek-era ;
evi-ara

Fire

(ji)mu-lilo>

COmu-rireo

Kumu-rirto

Gumu-lirco

COmu-rirco,
COmoj-rerco ;
emi-

C0mo)-r6rco or
OOmo-rerco ;
eme-

Fish

In-geke

Iny-eni.

Jn-eni,

Ki-neni (//.

Eki-nswe,

E-nswe ;

£-mviia (5 b)

Iny-enye,
In-yeni

same)

E-nswe ;
ebi-nswe,
eci-nswe

ci-nswe

Foot

(Oxu-kulu ;

Ci-renge; fi-.

Si-kire; bi-kire.

Ci-gere; bibi-

Eke-renge.

Eke-sanyi.

ama-

U-gulu(5b)

Ki-tanda girco

Eke-sanyi

Eke-renge

Forest

OOvu-mali

COmu-tsurru

Kumu-rongtolco. Gumu-tongcolco Egi-saka ; ebi-.

Eke-saka ; eve-

I-sali

Eri-nani; ama-

Fowl

In-guxco

In-goxcd.
N-gcohco (5 b).
Si-menyui

{dim.)

lii-gcoxco,
I n-gcokco

Eii-gtokco

En-kcokco.
Aciii-gcokto'

Efi-gcokco

Frog

Li-pere

...

...

...

...

t ■•

Ghost

Epi-xienu.
COmu-sambwa

(jOmu-fwa.
Epi-zienu,
Epi-xienu ; efi-

Li-lalu ; kama-

...

Q)mu-kira.
Eki-riri

Eki-riri

Giraffe

...

Aburu (5 b).
In-zaya-
mi-rumba (R.)

Cangewa

...

• .«

"'•

Girl

COmu-zana

(jL)mu-xana.
Mu-hala (5 b).

Umu-xana

...

Omw-iseke.
(Omco-subati

OL)mu-subati

Goat

Im-buzi

Im-buzi,

Im-buzi,

Em-buzi,

Em-bori,

Em-bori ; cim-

Yim-buzi.

Im-buri

Em-busi ;

Em-buri ; cim-

Im-biiri (R.)

tim-busi

or acim-

„ (he) ...

...

. ..

...

...

...

...

God

(Ji)lu-mbe

Eri-uwa,
Edi-uba

I-kuru, Uere

Mumu

Eri-uba.
Ivi-rica. Eny-
asai ; ciny-

Eri-coba

Grandparent

■ ••

Kuka; ba-h

Kuka; ba-kuka

...

Grass

ODbu-nyasi

CObu-nyasi.

U-sui(sb)

Bu-nyasi

Ijubu-nyasi

CObu-nyanzi.
Eke-nyanse

Eke-nyanke ;

//. ama-

Ground

Li-ltoba

Ri-rcoba

Li-lcoba

Ri-r<oba. I-doi

Eri-zcoba.
Ege-tie ; eve-

Ege-kongco ;
eve-

Ground-nut

In-jugu. Im-
bande; cim-

Im-bande ;
tsim +

Ma-yitco

Im-bande; cim-

...

Guinea-fowl

Li-xanga

Ri-xanga.
Li-khanga

Li-xanga.
N-kanga

Li-kanga

Eri-kanga ;
ama-. Efi-
kanga ; cifi-

Efi-kanga ; cin

Gun

COmu-rondc*

tOmu-rondto

Mundu.
Kumu-rundu

Gumu-londco

OOinu-rondeo.
Umii-gungco

...

Hobley.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

77

5-

5^a.

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria ; or

kabarasi, fj«rf

Lu-gipu, &-C.

ofN.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna anti

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Ka)-8cova ')

Ki-tende

ami shLv-siaga.

Hair

Li-fwiri ; ama-

Ui-swi;ama-su.
Li-siii (R.)

Li-cune,
Li-tsune

I-zune,Li-cuni,
Li-swui

E-tukia; ci-

E-tukia ; ci-

Hand

Esi-kala ; ebi-

Efi-galo> ; efi-.

Ki-kcofu,

Gi-gcofu ; bi-

Egi-sanyi.

Eke-sanyi.

U-kconto (5 b)

Si-k&>fu.

Ki-kyaba.

Si-amberi

(Lmco-kconco

(jL)m<i)-keonco

Head

(ji)mu-twe; emi

COmu-rwe ;
eme-rwe.
C0mu-twe(5b)

Kumu-twe

Gumu-twe

(Omu-twe; emi-

COm(o-tui,
COmto-tu

Heart

I-xcdIco

Umw-oyca

Kum-oy<o,
Gum-oyco

Gum-oyoB

En-teme.
Efi-korco

En-korco

Heel

Esi-sircd ; ebi-

Ki-sisiru ;

Exu-gunyu.

Eriku-gunyu

Ye-tingirco.

Ege-tingiru.

bi-(?). Ki-

Ng(o-gunyu

Iki-taleiigi

Eke-sugurco

sisoru (R.)

Hide

Li-seru

• ••

Li-hafu

Ri-hafu^

...

Hill

^i-kulu

Lu-kingi ;
tsifi-gingi

Lulu-gingi ; tiii-

...

...

Hippopotamus

I-fubu; ci-

I-fubu; tsi-.

1-fubu.

Di-fubu or

I-fubu or

Efi-gubco

I-futo (R.)

In-gidi

M-fubu; ph.
gaina-, tsim-

Eii-gubco

Hoe

Im-bagu

Im-baxco

Im-bagco

Em-bago>

...

Honey

OL)bu-pi

a)bu-jsi

Bu-xi

Ka-mana.

OL)bu-sie. (ji)b(o-

a)ba)-ke

Bubu-ci

ke. Ama-na

Horn

OOlu-ika ;

Olu-ika ;

Ulu-ika or

Lulu-iga ; pi.

COru-gu-cala ;

(x)ra)-gu-cara ;

cinj-ika

tsinz-ika.

Lulu-iga; //.

tin-jiga or

p/. cifi-gu-in-

cin-g^-cara.

Yim-bega ;

tsin-jiga

tsin-tsiga

jala

(jOru-tera; cin-

tsim-

House

Iny-umba ; cin

■ In-zu ; tsin-zu

In-zu or I-tsu

In-tsu, In-ju.
Iny-umba'

Eny-umba; cin-

Eny-umba

Hunger ...

In-jala

In-zala

In-jara, In-zala In-jara,In-tsala

In-jala, en-jara

En-cara

Husband ...

...

Um-satsojwe

(R.)

...

...

...

Hyena

Yi-nu ; ci-nu

E.fusi, I-fisi

Namii-nyu

Namu-nyu

liiy-anaco,
Eny-anau

E-niti

Iron

Esi-iima

Exi-bia,

Efi-bia,
Evi-wia.
E-cuma (5 b)

Isi-uma,
Iki-uma.
Kibia

Eci-uma,
Kiki-uma

Eki-uma

Eki-coma

Island

Li-singa

Di-cinga

Lusiiiga

Lulu-singa

Eri-wunju.
Eki-nyorco

Eri- or
Eke-ginga

Ivory

E-linco lye

lr-inci> de

Kumu-saiiga

Gumu-sanga

Ir-inco

Er-inco

■

n-j<ofu

n-dzcofu.
OOlu-ika (R.).
Eri-inco

gwe n-dzcafu

gwe n-dzcofu.
I-puku

Knee

Esi-xumba

Di-sikamco

Isi-sigamco or
Iki-sigamco

Di-sikamco.
Iki-sikamco

Eri-ru

Eri-iii

Knife

Li-xande

^i-rwdwa.

Kuniu-banto ;

Gumu-banco ;

Umw-eyu

COm-oyu.

Yim-balco.

//. kimi-

//. gimi-

Eke-gesco.

Mw-embe (5 b)

Eke-kebi

Lake

Eny-anja

Iny-anza.
Li-enga

Iny-anza.
Li-tiwa

Iny-anja

Eny-anja

...

Leg

(jOxu-gulu

COku-gulu.

I n-dumbu.

In-dumbu.

(jOku-guru.

COkco-goroa ;

lii-guu.

Kigere

Ki-gulu.

Ekeny-ama

ama-

Si-gulu (R.).

Ki-genderco

^i-rengi (R.)

' Hobley in his Muhasa Vocabulary.

78

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

5-

S^a.

6.

6 a.

7.

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-ko>ria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, &"€.

o/N.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kio-s«va ')

Ki-tende

a«rf5bLu-singa

Leopard ...

Yin-gwe

lii-gwe

lii-gwe ;

isin-gwe

lii-gwe ;
tifi-gwe,
tyiii-gwe

Eke-iri. £fi-go

Eri-gwe

Lion

Li-nani

Li-nani.
En-diii (s b)

I-talanyi.
I-tojlani

Li-nu

••«

...

Lips

(Omu-nwa ;

(jOmu-nwa ;

Kimi-nwa (pi.)

Gimi-nwa {pi)

Emi-nua (pi).

Eke-nenevu

emi-nwa

emi-

(Kumu-nwa)

Ege-kcoba ;

Magic

Li-lukco.

Li-lugo>,

Li-rcogco.

Ri-rugu

eve*
Eri-ro»geo.

Eri-rcogu

OOlu-mutana.

Di-lcokco.

Bu-lcosi

Obu-kaiiga

COlu-muwei

Sirxanga

Maize

Ama-dumwa

Ama-duma.
Ka-duma (5 b)

Nabu-kub«

Gama-ganda

E-bandco ; ci-.
Ania-dumco

Erinya-mtodcoma
Eri-tumwa

Man

tOmu-ndu ;

Ol)mu-ndu.

Umu-ndu ;

Umu-ndu ;

COmu-ntu; aba-,

(Jl)mu-ntu ; ava-

awa-ndu

Awa-ntu ;
aba-ndu

wawa-ndu,
baba-ndu

baba-ndu

ava-

Man, vir. ...

OOmu-saca

Mu-saza (s b)

M-seja

...

...

Meat

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Eny-ama

Medicine ...

...

Um-sala

Kama-lesi

Gama-lesi

...

Milk

Ma-weri

Kama-beri

Gama-beri

Ama-vere

Ama-vere

Monkey ...

E-xembca ;

I-pima

E-xima

E-kima,

Egi-kondco,

Ege-kemb<o.

ci-embco

En-kima

Li-nyani

Eke-kondco

Moon

COm-iisi ;
emi-usi

Omw-ezi.

Umw-ezi (R.)

Kumw-ezi

Gumw-ezi

Q)mu-tienyi

OOmu-eri

Motlier ...

...

Mama

Mayi ; ba -1-

Mayi

...

Mountain ...

OOlu-gulu ;

OOlu-gulu,

Li-kulu

Ri-kulu ; gama-

Egi-tunwa.

Eii-guku

cin-gulu

Ipi-gulu

kulu

Iki-lima

Moutli

...

Umu-nwa

. ..

Ama-ncba

Ama-nooa

Nail (of finger

Li-dete; ama-

Exi-tere ; efi-.

Si-tere or

Eci-tere,

Eki-cara or

(Orto-kojmcij ;

or toe)

Li-tere ; ama-.
Di-tera (R.)

Ki-tere ; bi-
tere

Iki-tere ; ebi-,
bibi-. Ki-teta

Oru-cara

ciri-kcomco

Name

Eri-ta

Iri-ra ; am-era

Li-sina and

E-sina or

Eri-ema.

Eri-ta.

Li-lina

Ri-sina

Eri-eta.
M-barenga

Eri-na

Navel

...

Li-khcofi

...

...

Neck

Li-k<osi

Li-ko>si,
Li-x«si.
Gcosi (5 b)

Di-kcosi

Di-kcosi,
Ri-kusi

Ebi-gojti,
Eri-gwti

Eri-go)ti

Night

Es-irco; eb-irco

Mug-irco. Isi-co,
E?-irco.
(Ci-rima =
darkness)

Musi-ro),
Muki-rco.
(Kiki-rima =
darkness)

Ci-reo

(jl)bu-tukoj.
(Eki-rima =
darkness)

(jOb(o-tiku; ama-

Nose

Am-ti>lco (//.).
(Ebi-ulu (;)/.)
= nostrils)

Am-ulu ( pi.)

Kam-oru

Gam-ulu

Emi-ulu

•■•

Oil palm ...

...

...

. •.

...

...

Ox

In-ombe

In-ombe.

N-ombe

N-ombe,

N-ombe e-eri.

E-gaini ; ci-

i-ginixi

E-hei is-urusi

e-iinwa.
1-huma.
I -same. Kuhe

En-ombe .'
I-nasu. In-ti'

N-tangana

Paddle

In-gasi

...

. ..

...

Palm wine,

Omw-enge

Omw-enge.

Kama-rwa

Gama-rwa

Ama-rwa

...

beer

Ama-lua

Parrot

lii-gusco

lii-gusu.
Ka-suku

Kumu-lusi

Kwasiti

J

...

Hobley in his Muhasa Vocabulary.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

79

5.

5 a.

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcorla; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, Cf-iT.

of N.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kcu-scova ')

Ki-tende

and^ bLu-singa

Penis

Im-bcolca

in-dinS

In-dine

In-dine

Em-boreo

Em-boroj

Pig

Im-bici

Im-bidzi

Isi-kgsg.
Im-bidzi

Isi-kgsg or Iki-

Efi-kuru.
Em-beci

...

Pigeon

Li-gugu

Di-wuzi

Li-iizi. Na-hutu

Ri-uzi

Eri-ruma

Eii-guti

Place

Esi-fco. Alia

A-handu

Handu

A-ndu. Ha-

A-halia

Rain

I-fula

I-fula

I-fula

I-fula

Em-bura

Em-bura

Rat

Im-beba

Im-beba

Im-beba

Im-beba

Im-beba

Em-beba

Rhinoceros

...

Ki-weco

. • .

...

River

Omw-alw

COmu-cara ;
imk
Omw-alto

Lu-luci

Lu-luci

(JOr-coci,
Or-eoeci ; cin-
dcoci

Ege-saka; eve-
COm-orco ;
emi-oroa '

Road

In-gira

In-gira, In-jira

I-tsira

Ifi-gira

Ifi-gira, En-cira

En-cira

Salt

...

Umu-nyu

...

...

...

...

Shame

Tsi-sconi

In-s&ini; tsi-
suni

...

...

...

Sheep

Ri-konde

Li-gese.
Li-konde,
Di-xande.
Gonde (5 b)

I-xese or
In-kese

Li-kondi.
Li-hesi

En-ondi

Eriii-ondi

Shield

In-gabto

Ki-kumbi (5 b).
In-gab<o.
I-humba

N-gabco,
Ifi-gcobco.
Ki-tubi

I n-gabco

En-guba

...

Shoulder ...

...

E-wexa

...

Eri-gega ;
ama-gega

...

Sister

M-bcoccj

Mw-ana wefu.

Mu-kana wasi.

• ••

Nya-ruxa.

(jOmio-subati ;

M-bo>ts« (R.).

W-an'dai

Omw-iseke.

ava-

M-bo»swa.

umu-xana.

tOmco-subati

(jl)mu-xana

OOmu-gcogco

Skin

Lisi-xcoba

Li-xcdba

Si-xcoba.
Li-hafu

Ki-kcoba

Eri-kcoba.
Eri-o>

Eri-serco.
Eri-hu

Sky

Li-kulu

Di-gulu

Li-kuru or
I-gulu

Ri-kuru

Eri-guru.
Eri-coba

Eri-coba

Slave

...

Umu-sumba

...

...

. . .

...

Sleep

Cin-dcdlco

Tsin-dcolto

Li-rco

Eci-toreo

Eci-toroo

Smoke

COm-cosi

Li-wsi, Eli-cosi,
Omw-cosi

Li-risi. Li-susi

Ri-susi

Eri-o)ki

Ericoki

Snake

In-juxa

In-dzuxa,
In-dzcoxa,
U-jcoka (5 b)

In-jo)xa.
In-demu

In-jcoka

In-juka

En-ccoka

Son, boy ...

Omw-ana

Omw-ana

Omw-ana ;
bab-ana.
Om-soriri

Umw-ana ;
bab-ana

Omw-ana.
Omw-ana
lomo-isia

tOmco-risia

Song

COlu-embca

Olu-imbto :

Lu-emba or

Lulu-imbeo ;

Oru-embco ;

Eri-vina ; ama-

tsiny-imbo)

Lulu-imboj ;
tsiny-imboj

tiny-imbco

ciny-embco

Spear

Li-fumci>

Di-fumco.
I-fumco (5 b)

Li-fumu; kama-

Ri-fumco; gama-

Eri-tumco

Eri-timoa

Spirit, soul

^e-hembexto.
Umw-oyo>

...

...

...

...

Star

1-nininini

I-nininini.
I-sului

(planet)

In-yenyesi

In-yenyezi

Ec'i-nenenene,
Etci-

E-nenanene.
E-ninyone ;
ci-

Stick

In-daboj7i

In-dawupi.

I-simbco or

Im-pimbco,

Eny-imbco

COmovnangi.

In-dabuYi.

Im-pimbu

Im-bimbco

£n-imbco

I-pimbco

Cf. Swahili M-tu.

G 2

8o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

5-

^J"-

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, 6-c.

pfN.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna ond

Lu-rimi (R.),

' K<i>-scova')

Ki-tende

<z»^5bLu-8inga

Stone

Li-kina

Ri-gina,
Axa-cina

Li-bale

Di-bale,
Li-wari

Eri-ena or
Eri-gina

Eri-gina

Stool

Esi-sala

Ici-sala,
Ki-sala

...

...

...

Sun

Eli-iiwa

Om-basa or
Mu-basu,
Mu-wasco.
Eri-uba

Iny-anga

Iny-anga.
(Ku-munco =
sunlight)

OOmu-basu

COmui-basu

Tail

...

Umu-pinga

...

Tear

Li-sika

Ri-sika

Li-sika ;
kama-sika

Ri-sika

Eri-riga

Eri-isori

Testicles ...

Ama-neke

Ama-nege

Kama-nege

Gama-nSgg

Cin-getia.
Eki-mbia or
Em-bia

Eri-nege ; ama-

Thief

Omw-ibi

Omw-ifi ; ave-fi Omw-ifwi ;

Umw-ifwi ;

Omw-ibi

Q)ma)-ivi ;

aba-fwi

baba-fwi

ava-ivi

Thigh

•••

Di-raiigco

Di-rangco or
Li-tangco

Di-rangco

Ekeny-ama.

Iki-gwatu ;

ivi-
Ege-ntu ;

Thing

Esi-ndu ;

E?i-ndu,

Isi-ndu or

Iki-ndu ;

Ege-ntu ;

ebi-ndu

Exi-ndu ;
efi-ndu

Kiki-ndu;
bibi-ndu

bibi-ndu

ebi-ntu

evi-ntu

Thorn

Li-wwa

Li-wwa

Li-wwa ;
kama-wa.
Lulu-ala

...

Eri-gwa

Eri-gwa,
Eri-hua

Tobacco ...

In-daba

In-daba

I-raba

**■

Tumbatco

Eri-kumbati

To-day

Lerco

Lerco. Bw-iri
wa lerco (5 b)

Lerco

(Kia-lerca).
Lunco

Lerco,
Rerco.
Lunco

Rerco

Rerco

Toe

Oi)lu-ala

Efi-tere.
OOlu-ala

Si-tere or
Ki-tete

Iki-tere

Eki-ara ; ebi-

Eki-ara,
Ek-era

To-morrow

...

In-kico (5 b)

Kumu-gamba

Guniu-gamba.
L-itse

Ancco

N-kico. Icco

Tongue

COlu-Hmi

a)lu-limi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi,
Lu-limu

COlu-meme ; ci-

Oroj-reme ;
cin-deme

Tooth

Er-into; am-

Ir-inco ; am-inco

Ir-ino> ;

Ir-inco, Il-inco ;

Ir-inco ;

...

enoo

kam-enco

gam-enco

gam-enco

Town

Li-dala

Ri-dala,
Di-tala.

Mu-gidzi (5 b)

Mw-itcoxco.
Ki-rimba.
Lu-kala

C5mu-ji ; emi-

(J0ma)-ji,
COmu-gi

Tree

OOmu-sala

OL)niu-sala.

COmu-sala.

Gumu-ti ;

Umu-ti ; imi-ti.

Oi)mco-ti ; emi-tl

Umu-ti(5b)

Ki-sala.
Kumwi-ti ;
kimi-ti. Kumu-
rongcolco

gimi-ti

Eri-tumbe or
Eli-tumbe ;
ama-

Twins

Ama-xana

Ama-xwana.
Ama-basa

Ba-xwana

Baba-kwana

Eki-sare ; ebi-

E-sare,
Eri-sare ;
(ci-, ania-)

Urine

Ama-nyi

Minyale.

M-enyari-re.

Gam-enye ?

Am-enyali.

Amasi-nyorco,

Ama-nyi

Am-enye

Usi-nyora

Esi-nyorco

Vein

.. •

...

...

...

...

...

War

Li-ye

Li-Yie, Di-ye,

Li-ye.

Li-he,

Ese-gi.

Eri-hi; ama-.

Li-he, I -ye

Bu-scolu

Ri-ye

(Ku-rua-na =

tofight)

(Ku-tema-na

= tofight)

Water

Ama-dzi,

Ama-ci

Ama-dzi,
Ama-zi

Kam-edzi

Gam-edzi

Ama-ji

Ama-ci,
Ama-nci

Well, source

...

Ipe-weri

...

...

•«•

...

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

8i

s-

5 a.

6.

6 a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu-gipu, c^c.

of N. W. Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-suna and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Kco-scova ')

Ki-tende

a»</5bLu-8inga

White man

COmu-sungu ;
aba-

OOmu-sungu ;
awa-, aba-.
Umw-eru (5 b)

Umu-zungu

Umu-zungu

COmu-sungu

COmoj-cungu

Wife

OOmu-xasi;aba-

OOmu-xasi ;
awa-

(jOmu-xasi

Umu-kazi

COmcu-ke.
OOmu-kungu.
OOmu-ka

OOmco-kare

Wind

Im-behco

I-bcohu,

Im-beeo.

Im-behco

Em-beheo.

Em-beho».

Iin-behcd.

Li-yaga

Omw-aga

O0ma>-kama ;

Omw-ieka

eme-

Witch

(jOmu-Icdsi

OOmu-lcijsi
U-flra

COmu-lcosi;aba-.

Umu-lcozi

(jOmu-rcoki

6i)ma>-rcogi

Witchcraft

.* .

OObu-lcosi

...

...

.. .

Woman ...

OOmu-xana.

COrau-xasi.

OOmu-xana ;

Umu-kana ;

tOmoj-ke ; ava-.

COmoj-kare ;

COmu-xasi

Umu-xaneo

aba-.

aba-.

OOmcD-kung^;

ava-

(R.)

(Ji)mu-xasi

Umu-kazi

ava-

Wood

Cixui

Tsi-xui

Tsi-xui.
Ki-sala

Tin-ku,
Tfiin-ku ?

COru-kco; ciii-ku

(JL)r(o-ko>,
COra>-kwe ;
ciii-kwe

Yam

...

I-fukwa

Ki-kwa or
Si-kwa

Ki-kwa

...

...

Year

Omw-ika

Omw-aka.
tOmw-ika

Ifula.
Kumu-higeo

Gumu-higcD ?

Omw-aka

(Jl)md-ka ;
eme-ka

Yesterday...

E-kulu

E-kulco

Hi-ngcolcobe.
I-kcolcoa

...

I-gorco

Mu-gcorcoba

Zebra

A-pcotco.
Ki-peot<o

Sirgcoi,
I-sirkcoi.
Si-pia-
ma-kondco

l-sorco

I-sigiria .'

En-jage ; cin-

One

•lala, -dala

-n-dala, -dala,
-lala

-twera or
-terwa. -lala

-mwe. -dwera

-mu, -mco

-moo, -mwe

Two

-viri

-wiri

-biri

-wiri

-beri, -viri

•viri

Three

-datu

-tarru

-taru

•datu, -ratu

-satu, -tatu

-tatu

Four

■nne

-nne

nne

-nna

■nye, -nne

-nne

Five

•tanoj

•rraneo

ranco

•tanco

-sanco, -tanu

-tanu

Six

-tanu na

Sasaba.

Sesaba.

Mu-kaga

-sanco (-tanco)

•sansaba

(si-)lala

M-kaga (5 b)

I -sasaba

na i-mco

Seven

-tanca na
(bi-)wiri

N-safu.

M-samvu(5b)

Mu-safu

Mu-safu

-sanco (-tanco)
na i-were

(i-viri)

Mu-hungati

Eight

■tanco na

Mu-nane

3i-nane or
Ki-nane

Ki-nane

-sanco na i-satu

M(o-nane

(bi-)datu

(i-tatu)

Nine

■tanu na

Xi-enda or

Si -en da or

Ki-enda

Ki-anda

Ki-anda.

(bi-)nne

gi-enda

Ki-enda

K-enda

Ten

Li-xumi

E-xumi

E-xumi or

E-kumi or

I-kumi

I-kumi

Ki-kumi or

Ki-kumi, or

COmu-rongco

COmu-rongu

Kumu-rundu

Gumu-rongeo ?
Gumu-rundu?

Eleven

Li-xumi na

E-xumi na

Ki-kumi na

E-kumi na

I-kumi na i-mco

I-kumi na

n-dala

n-dala

-lala (or na
-twera)

•dwera

(u-mu.

Ncoi-kumi na
o-mwe

Twenty ...

Ama-kumi

Ama-xumi

Kama-gumi

G ama-kumi

Ama-knmi

Mi-rongu

ka-wiri

ka-wiri

ka-bili.

ga-bili.

a-were or

i-biri.

Kimi-rundu

Gimi-rundufor

Emi-rongco

Mi^rongu

ki-biri

Gimi-rongco .')
gi-biri

i-viri

ni i-viri

82

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Thirty .,
Forty... .

Fifty ... .
Hundred .

Thousand .

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

kabarasi, and

Lu-rimi (R.),

a«(/5 b Lu-singa

Lu-masaba or
Lu-gisu, &■'€.

6a.
Lu-konde

of N.W.Elgon

Ama-kumi
ka-datu

Ama-kumi
ka-nne

Ama-kumi
ka-tanca

Li-kana

Si-zumi

Ama-kumi
ka-tarru

Ama-kumi
ka-nne

Ama-kumi
ka-rranco

Kama-gumi
ka-taru

Kama-gumi
ka-nne

Kama-gumi
ka-ranca

Li-kana or Li-tondoi or
E-pa kumira Kimi-rongeo
orE-gana(5b) ki-kumi or
Kama-kumi
ki-kumi
Ama-kana Kama-tondco

ma-xumi ki-kumi

G ama-kumi
ga-datu

Gama-kumi
ga-nna

Gama-kumi
ga-ranco

Ri-tondcD ?
Gimi-rongci)
gi-kumi ?

Ki-guzii
(Ki-suba or
' Kcj-scava')

7 a.

Ki-ko>ria ; or

Ki-suna and

Ki-tende

Ama>kumi (or
Emi-rongci>)
a-tatu (i-tatu)

Ama-kumi
a-nye or
ga-nye. Emi-
roiigu i-nye

Ama-kumi
a-tanu. Emi-

Mi-roiigco
i-tatu

Mi-rongcoi-nne

Mi-rongw
i-tano>

rongcd i-sanco
Emi-rongco Eri-gana

i-kumi

I, me, my... Ni-sie, E-sie. Nyeni (R.), I-se. N-.

Na-, N-. Ni-sie, E-sie. -sese. -n-.

■n-. -a-fige N-, Ny-. -ase

■sie. -n-.
-a-iigi, -a-nje
Thou,thee,thy E-we. U-. I-we, E-we. U-,

-XU-, -XCO-. (0-.

-a-o> -xca-. -yco

He, him, his Ye. U-yu. Yi-, lye. Ye, Nu.
A-. 00-yu. A-,

•mu-, -mcd-. Ye-,
-a-e- -mu-, -mo>-.

-ye
We, us, our E-fwe. Xoj-. I-fwe, E-fwe.
•XU-. -e-fu, Ku-, Xu-.
-e-fwe -ku-. -e-ru or

-e-fii
Ye, you, your E-nwe. Mu-. I-nyue. Mu-.
•ba- .'. -e-nwe -wa- ?. -e-nyu

(O-sojyu ? N-

I-we. U-. E-we-we. U-

-ku-. -co-wco.

-co
Ye. Ni-ye. Yco-. Ye ? VVw-yu.

Ye-. A-, U-. A, U-

-mu-. -e-we, -e

Nje, Inje,Nojxi.
Na-, N-.
-n-. -ane

I-we, Uwe. U-.
-ku-. -a-<o

Ye? Ere. A-,
•mu-. -a-ye.

They, them, A-ba. Ba-,
their Wa-.

-ba-. -a-oj

A-b<o. M-babeo.
Ba-.

-ba-, -wa-.
-a-oa, -a-bo>

I-fwe, Fwe. I-fwefwe. Ku-
Ku-.
-ku-

I-nywe, Mwe. I-yenyue, Mu-

Mu-.

•mu-, -ba-.

-e-nyue
A-bu, Bco, A-bcobco. Ba-

Ni-bto. Ba-.

-ba-. -a- we

-a-ke

N-twe. Tu-.
-tU". -e-tu

I-nyiie, Nwe.
Mu- .'.
-.'-. -e-nu

A-bco, A-ba.
Ba-.
-ba-. -a-b«

Inci. Uni. N-.
-n-. -ane

A-iye, Uwe. U ?.

-ku-. -e-yo),

-a-M
U-yu, A-.

•mu-. -a-ye, -e

I-tu. Tu-.
-tu-. -e-tu

I-nu. Mu-.'.
-?-. -e-nu

M-baiyu. A-bco.
Ba-.

-ba-. -a-b*9,
-a-u

All

This, these

-cosi

-cosi, -cose

-nco (u-no>,
ba-nco; ku-nco,
ki-nco, li-nco,
ka-nco; si-nco,
bi-nco ; yi-nco,

•nco (wu-nco,
ba-nco(wa-nco);
gu-nco, gi-neo;
isr'c., much as
in Lu-nyara).

-esi (for persons
down to 2nd
pers. plural)

-cosi (for 'them'
and for all
other things)

-nco (u-nco,
ba-nco; ku-nco,
ki-nco; li-nco,
ka-nco ; ki-nco,
bi-nco ; i-nco.

esi, -cost

-onsi

nco (cou-nco,
ba-nco, ^fc,
similar to
Lu-masaba,
vjith the slight

-nu (co-noa, ava-
nco ; a>g(o-nco,
ge-nco ; ri-nco,
ga-nco ; ke-nu,
vi-nco ; e-no>.

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES

83

English

5-
Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

kabarasi, and

Lu-rimi (R.),

anti^ b Lu-singa

6.
Lu-masaba or
Lu-gijsu, d^c.

6 a.
Lu-konde

ofN.W.Elgon

7-

Ki-g^zii

(Ki-suba or

' Ku-suva ')

7 a.

Ki-kcoria ; or

Ki-suna and

Ki-tende

I

ll

This, these

ci-ncd ; u-nco ;

For the \kth

tsi-nco ; lu-nco; differences of

{continued)

? tu-noj; xa>nco;

class it is

?rii-no>;xa-n<»; concord forms)

bu-nco ; xu-nco;

Ha-n«. Also:

bii-nci>; xu-nco;

wa-ncoora-nco;

nguiigu-nto,

ha-nco; mu-nco;

mu-nu)

mbaba-nco ;

gu-no>. Y(i>nto,

0^'t".

bcoba-nco ;
kwcoku-nco ;
kicoki-neo, byu)-
bi-nco ; ts(otsi-
nco ; CJ^'t.)

Uyu,aba; uku.

Oyu or Uyu,

...

eki ; eli, aka ;

aba (awa);

esi, ebi ; eyi,

ugu, egi ; eli ;

eci ; ulu ; uru ;

aga ; ejsi ; efi ;

axa ; ubu ;

eyi, etsi ; ulu ;

uxu; awa or

uru; axa; ubu;

aa ; umu

uxu; aha; umu

That, those

•Ha (ngu-lia,ba-

■lia (u-ria,

Uy-», ab-«;

lia or mba-lia ;

ngu-lia, cs'c.)

o)kco-co, eki-co ;

figu-Iia,fiki-lia;

iry-oj, ak-eo ;

ndi-lia, nka-

iky-co ; c^'c.

lia ; nsi-lia,

YoL)-yoo, bco-bo) ;

mbi-lia ; nyi-

kwcok\v-co,kia)-

lia, nci-lia ;

ki(o; ia^c.

ndu-lia ; ntu-

■la or -ra (u-la,

lia .'' ; nxa-lia ;

ba-la, ku-la,

mbu-lia ; nxu-

li-ra, Qs'c.)

lia; a^c)

Bad

•bi

•bt

-bi

Black

•mari.Ra-tenyi

•imari

-mali

Female

-xasi, duasi,
•iduasi

-xassi

■xasi

Fierce, sharp

■lulu

•-• ••■

Good

-lai

-lai

■lahi

Great

-kali

•kulu, -kali

-gali. -tscohe

Little

•dudu

■dutu, -dudu,

-kexe, -kekke,

-tutu

-kece

Long

•rambi, -Iambi

-rambi

-lehi

Male

•swlire. -i-saca.

-j&-<Hi>\ida<iult),
•■ycole

■sadza. -xcole

-setsa. -sinde

Old

...

-xcofu

■gore

Red

...

InzM-kanyoj

-w-esemu

Rotten

-bcola

(kwa-bcola)

-bula

■\iv>\A (verbal)

Short

-ibikiti

-futyu. -mbi

Sick

...

•luwala

... • ••

White

Racari

-marira. -lafu

■wanga

Above, up, on

I -kulu

In-gagi (hafi-

top

gagi, kun-
gagi)

Before

l-mberi

Mu-m«ni

Behind

Eny-uma

Eny-uma

Iny-uma Eny-uma

ci-nco ; nu-nea ;
?, kenco ;
b(o-nco;kco-nu;
ha-nco)

O0yu,ava; uyu,
eye ; eri, aya;
eke, eve ; eye,
eci ; urco ; ?,
eke ; cobco ;
cokco, ?

-ria ((o-ria, ava-
ria ; u-ria,
e-ria ; ri-ria,
a-ria ; ke-ria,
ve-ria ; e-ria,
ci-ria ; ru-ria ;
.', ke-ria ;
(obo-ria ;
coko-ria; a-ria)

Uyti, ava, &'c.

■ria (u-ria, ava-
ria ; gu-ria,
gi-ria ; ri-ria,
ga-ria; ke-ria,
vi-ria; o^c.) or

-ra(u-ra,ava-ra;
gu-ra ; &'c^

•be -be

-mwamu -mwam'

En-kari, -kari -kari

-uya, -ya -la

-kuru. -nene -nene
-ke, -ki -ke

■saja. -gore. -saca .'. -gore.

■isia. (children) -risia (chil-
dren)

-dabu, -rabu. -rabu
•lafu

I-gorco

Ke-riu.Ki-gor«

84

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

S-

i»-

6.

6a.

7-

7 a.

English

Lu-nyara

Lu-wanga, Lu-

Lu-masaba or

Lu-konde

Ki-guzii

Ki-kcoria ; or

kabarasi, and

Lu^gipu, &"€.

ofN.W.Elgon

(Ki-suba or

Ki-8una and

Lu-rimi (R.),

' Ka)-so>va ')

Ki-tende

a/;//5bLu-singa

Below, down

A-si

I-mwalu

Anse

Hanse

Far

Aa-le

Ua.leyi

...

Here

A-nci>

Ha-noi

Ha^nco. Ku-nu.
Mu-neo

Ha.nu

Ai.gaV

In, inside ...

Mu

Mu. Mu'kari

Mu. Mu-gari.
Mu-nda

Ime

Muse

Middle ...

...

A-kare

•gari. Ha.gari

...

Near

...

Ha-mbi

Ha-mbi

A.ne na

Ne hane,
I-hani

Outside ...

...

Ul-uka.
Lu-anyi

Ha.tsie.
I-bulafu

...

I siku

Ki-bara

Plenty, many

-ingi

•ngi

•ngi

•ngi

• .•

There

E-ria

E-ria, li-ria.
OOxu-ria

A-hto. Ha-la.
Ku-la. Itai

Ha-la"

A-lia

...

Where ? ...

E-na?

He-na ?

He-na ?

E^raii ?

Na.iare?
A^iyare .'

No!

Aa!

Tawi!

Ta! Aa!
Tawe! -busa!

Dawe !

Yaya! Tindi !
Inci ! ?

Aa!

Hotiwiehverb,

.tawe. Si- (Si-,

-tawi. -ta. Si-

Hi-, Ha-,

...

Ti-

Ti-

as prefix, in-

So>-, Sa-,Sixu-,

(Si-, Sco-, Sa-,

-ka, -ta,

fix, or suffix)

Simu-, Siba-,
with the differ-
ent pronouns)

Siku-, Simu-,
Siba-)

Bu-, Bula,
Kula

To

COxu-

00 xu-

OOku-

Wku-

COku-

OOku-, Ku-

„ beat ...

...

-xuya

-kupa

>••

...

„ buy, sell

-kula

•kula, -kura

■gula

-gura

*••

„ come ...

•yece ?. -eja,
•ija

-nzie,
-ndzidza,
-widza

•tsa

•**

•ja, -ca

■ja

„ cut ...

■xalace

•xalace,
■kalaxa

-kala

...

-butura.
?tema

-vitora. -keba

„ dance ...

-xina

•pina

•kina

> t • *

•tenga

-vina

„ die

-fwa

•fwa

•fwa

-kwa

-kwa, -gu-kwa

-gu-kwa

„ eat

-dia, -lia

•dia

•lya

. ..

-lia

„ give ...

-wa (-ba)

•ha (•ba, •be)

•ha (-ba)

...

-wa

., go

-ao>?

•dzia, -dza ?.
-cenda

-tsya. genda

-genda

•genda. -icia

-genda

„ kill ...

•ita

-irra

-ira

•ira, ita

•ita

•ita

„ know ...

•manya

•manya

•manya

-manya

•manya

•manya

„ laugh ...

-cexa

■tsexa

-zeka

-zeka

...

„ leave off,

...

•leka

•leka

...

...

cease

„ love,want

-enya

-enya. •cama

•gana

•gana

-e-tera.
•mwanca,
-hanca-na

■hanca^na

„ see

■l<ola

Icola (-dojla).
-linga

bcona. loola

-beona

-reora

...

„ sit.remain.

(*•

-ikala

■ikala

...

> •*

abide

„ sleep ...

•kcona

' -kcona, •xcona

-gcona

-goana

-lala

„ stand, stop.

...

-ema

...

*••

>t<

be erect

„ steal ...

-iba

•iba

-iba

...

•iba

...

GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES 85

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LU-NYARA

Preprefixes present.

Class I. COmu- (mu, u-, yu-, figu-) ; 2. Aba- or Awa- (ba) ; 3. OOmu- (mu-, ku-, figu-, u) ; 4. Emi-,

Imi- (mi-, ki-, ngi-, i-) ; 5. Eri-, Eli-, Li- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma- ?, ka-, nga- ?) ; 7. Esi- (si-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ;

[8a. Ebi- used in singular or collective, and slightly diminutive sense] ; 9. Yi-, I-, In- (e-, yi-) ; 10. Eci-,

Ezi-, Ti- (ci) ; 11. (jOIu- (lu-j ; 12. Uru- (ru-) plural to 13; 13. Axa- (xa-; ; 14. Wbu- (bu-, mbu-) ;

15. COxu- (xu-) ; 16. ? Aa-, Wa- (a-) ; 17. Mu- {as preposition).

PREFIXES, &C., IN LU-WANGA, &c.
Much as in Lu-nyara ; except that concord of Class i is sometimes wu- and gu-, that of 3 ku- or
gu-, of 4 ki-. Class 5 is sometimes Edi-, Di-, Ri-. Class 7 is Eci-, Ki-, Esi-, lae, and in Lu-singa Iki- ;
8 is Efi-, Ifi-, but occasionally Ebi-, Bi-. 10 is Tsi-, and 16 is Ha-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN LU-MASABA AND LU-KONDE
Preprefixes are present.
Class I. OOmu-, Umu-, Namu- (umu-, U-, y(o-) ; 2. Baba-, Sana- (ba-) ; 3. Kumu-crGumu- (kumu-
or gumu-, ku- or gu-) ; 4. Kimi- or Gimi- (kimi- or gimi-, ki- or gi-) ; 5. Li-, Ki-, or Di-, Iri- (li-, ri-) ;
6. Kama- or Gama- (kama- or gama-, ka- or ga-) ; 7. Si-, Ki-, Ci-, Iki-, Eki-, Eci-, Kiki- (si- or ki-,
kiki-) ; 8. Evi-, Ibi-, Ebi-, Bi-, Bibi- (bi-, bibi-) ; [8 a. The same in a singular sense] ; 9. E-, I-, Yi-
or Ye-, In-, In-, Iny- (e-, i-, yi-) ; 10. Tsi-, Ci-, Ti-, Iti-, Eti-, Etsi- (tsi- or ti-) ; 1 1. Udu-, Ulu-, Lulu-
(lu-); 12. ?Ru-; 1 3. Aka- <?r Axa- (ka-) ; 14. OOwu-, OObu-, Bubu- (bu-) ; 15. (Oxu-, Uku-, Kuku- (ku-) ;

16. Aha-, Ha- (ha-, hco-) ; 17. tOmu- (mu-, -mu) ; 18. Gugu- (gu-) {pi. Gimi-).
There would seem to be superimposed honorific prefix : Na- ; //. Bana-.

PREFIXES, &C., IN KI-GUZII AND KI-KORIA
Preprefixes are present.
Class I. 0)mu-, (JOmco- (comu-, to-, yu-, ni-) ; 2. Aba-, Ava- (ba-, va-, aba-) ; 3. COmu-, COmto- (comu-,
yu-, U-) ; 4. Emi-, Erne- (emi-, i-, e-, ye-) ; 5. Eri-, Eli- (ri-) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, a-, ga-, ya- ?) ; 7. Iki-,
Eki-, Egi-, Eci-, Eke-, Ege- (ki-, ke-) ; 8. Ebi-, Evi- (bi-, vi-, ve-) ; 8 a ? ; 9. Yi-, Ye-, I-, E-, En-, En-,
Eny- (n-, ny'-, e-, ye-) ; 10. Ci-, Cin-, Cin- (ny'-, ci-) ; 11. Oru-, OOrco- (ru-) ; 12. missing; 13. Eke-
(ke-) ; 14. Oi)bu-, a)w-, Wbco- (bu-) ; 15. OOku-, COgu- (ku-, gu-) ; 16. Aa-, Aha- ; 17. .' Mu-, M03-, M'- ? ;
18?

5. Lunyara is spoken round Port Victoria and Berkeley Bay, immediately east of Bustoga and the
Sito river, on the coasts and islands of the north-north-east shores of the Victoria Nyanza, and in the
Samia hills and the lower course of the Nzoia river.

5 a. Luwanga is spoken in Bantu Kavirondio, the basin of the Nzoia river, southwards nearly to the
Yala river. The Lusinga dialect (5 b), is the language of Lusiiiga Island, near the entrance to Kavirondco
Bay. It is much mixed with Luganda.

6. Lumasaba is spoken in the region north of Kavirondco and immediately west and to some extent
south of Mount Elgon; in the Masaba country of small extent, bounded on the west by theElgumi and on
the north and east by the Elgonyi-Nandi.

6 a. Lukonde is spoken in the northern part of the Masaba country, to the west-north-west of .Mount
Elgon.

7. Kiguzii is spoken south of Kavirondco Bay, in the Kcostova region east of the Victoria Nyanza, from
the coast belt, as far east as the ascent to the Lumbwa-Mau plateau.

7 a. Kikoria is spoken in the east coast region of the Victoria Nyanza south of Kcoscova and (approxi-
mately) the 1st degree of South latitude, as far as the northern limits of the Unyamwezi group and the
eastern range of Rukerebe ; and as far east as the steppe country of the Tatcoga and Dortobco.

GROUP B

THE WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES

8. Ki-^api ' and Ki-rori

9. North and North-east Nyamwezi (Ki-sukuma,

Ki-rwana)
9 a. North-west Nyamwezi (^i-sumbwa)
9 b. West Nyamwezi (Ki-galaganza, Ki-vinza,

Ki-bende, Ki-gala)

9 c. South, Central, and East Nyamwezi (Ki

•nyanyembe, Ki-kconoiigco/ Xi-ximbu,
Ki-nankwila ')

10 Ki-nyaturu or Ki-limi

English

Ki-^pi and
Ki-rori

Adze

Animal, wild
beast
Ant

Ant, white
(termite)

Ape (cliim-
panzi or
gorilla)

Arm

Arrow ...

Axe ...

Baboon
Back ...

Banana

Beard

Bee

Belly.stomach,
abdomen
Bird

Blood

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-stikuma)

I 9 a.

: North-west
Nyamwezi
j (^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9c.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

Ki-nyaturu
(Ki-limi)

Pisu

N-dimu ; ma-
dimu

Lu-swa

? I-sembe

I-sangwa; ma-.

Ka-jsif i ;

tu-pisi.

^i-lamba.

i-tini ; ma-
M-swa: mi-swa

Ki-hendcd ;

M-kconu

Ku-wcdku.

Ku-wo>ku

Mu-kunoi or

Mu-kconoa

I-soiiga

Lu-gconco

...

Ku-kconu
Mto-ambi ; mi-.
I-song^ ; ma-.
N-geove.
N-s«mo>.

...

M-pasa

M-pasa

...

Mu-geta
M-basa.
I-sembe

...

Kuku, In

kuku N-kcobe

...

I-guku. I-kcove

Gongu

M-gongoD

M-gonga>.
Kiim-suna

Mu-gongco,
M-gong«.

M-gongco

I-to>ki ; ma-

Lu-tcoke.

Ma-iingo>
1-dtoke ; ma-.

Gonza

(Mu-gomba,
N-samba]a =

N-tesu

Lu-saku

plant)
Ka-lezu

N-suki

Lu-zuki.
L-coki

...

N-zuki ;
ma-yuki

...

N-ta

N-da

N-da

N-d4; man-dA.
Ki-pu;maki-pu

N-da

N-ioni

N-ci>ni

Kany-uni ; tu-

I-n<oni ; ma-.
Ka-nconi ; tun-

N-nomi

Mi-niiiga

(//•)

Ma-gazi

...

Ma-gazi

Zagami

' Both so far quite unrepresented by published vocabularies, but presutned to be Bantu and ititerinediate between
the Nyamwezi and Nyanza groups. See Bemhard S truck's map accompanying his dissertation on the speech of the
Tatcoga and Iraku peoples in Dr. Fritz Jaeger's ' Sonderabdruck aus das Hochland der Riesenkrater'. Berlin, 1911.

'^ Stern's and Meinhof's Ki-kconoiigu. ' Sfeere's ' Nyamwezi ' and Ki-nyanyembe.

GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES

87

English

8.

Ki-^pi and

Ki-rori

Body

Bone

Borassus palm
Bow

Bowels

Brains

Breast (man's)
Breast

(woman's)
Brother ...

Buffalo
Bull ...

Buttocks
Canoe...

Cat ...

Charcoal
Chief ...

Child ..

Cloth ...

Cold ...
Country

Cow

Crocodile
Day ...

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

90.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.
Ki-nyatiiru

(Ki-limi)

M-edi

Bu-gondu

...

Mu-wili

...

I-kuha

...

.(■

I-guha

...

Mu-hama

...

• ■a

...

Bu-ta

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

...

Mu-hetw.

Wu-ta

U-ta

Mu-la ipl.)

Bu-la

,.,

U-la.
I-gombelca.
Lu-ze ; u-ze

...

B-ongoa

Bw-ongco

...

V-ongco,
W-ongM

W-angwe

Ki-kuwa

N-kuku

...

Ki-kuwa

...

I-wele ; ma-

I-wele ; ma-

...

I-wele ; ma-

...

Mu-zuna

Mu-zuna.

(B-ine = com-
panions : see

A 46)

I-lumbu

Mu-suna.
Mu-dugu,
N-dugu. .

(Ki-lumbu =
brotherhood.
Wu-dugu =
brotherhood)

I-lumbu (?)

Buku

M-bcokto ?

M-bugu

I-bcogco ; ma-.
M-bcogco

...

Jeku ; ma-yeku

N-zagamba

...

N-zagamba.

N-ombe

N-ombe

fi-gcopia

m-gcopi

Ma-takoj

Mu-hende

...

Lu-findco ;
ma-lu-. I-goana

...

W-atoj ; m

-atco N-galawa.

...

N-galawa.

...

W-at»,

Vw-ateo

Bw-atoj

M-gcoma

C-aungu.

Ny-awco

Kany-acd ; tu-

N-yawa

Ny-au

Li-zangu

I-kala; ma-

kala I-kala

I-kala

I-kala; ma-

Mu-fumu ;

ba-

Mu-na.
Mw-ami.
Mu-ndeva;ba-

...

M-temi.
Mu-hanya ;
wa-

M-temi

M w-ana;

M w-ana.

Mtw-ana (S).

Mw-ana

M w-ana; ana.

b-ana. K-

ana

Mu-na.

M w-ana ; pi.

Ka-ninya ;

tu-ana

Mu-yanda

v-ana or
w-ana.
K-ana.
Ka-keke

pi-ninya.
K-ana; //.
pi-ana or
tu-ana '

Mw-enda

Mw-enda

...

Mw-enda.
M-gutco. Bugu

I-saa ; ma-saa

M-behco

Lu-pehco peh<o

* •<

M-behco

M-pepco

C-alco ; fi-

alco

^i-alco ; vy-alco.
Li-piaico ;
ma-vyaloj

C-alco ; ti-alco

• ••

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

...

fi-kima.

n-kima

n-kima

n-kima.

N-ombe

N-ombe

M-btogcoma.

n-peki

n-kut<o

N-dcogcosa

f*-wena

N-gwina

...

N-gwina

...

Lu-siku

Lu-siku

...

Lu-ipi ; n-ipi.
Lu-siku. (Limi

= daylight)

U-tiku; ma-

re are seemi

ngly

two ilurals to 1 3

CKa.-)— both pi-

andtu-.

88

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Ki-Mipi and
Ki-rori

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9b.

West

Nyamwezi

9C.
I South, Central,
j afui East
Nyamwezi

ID.

Ki-nyaturu
(Ki-limi)

Devil, evil

K&we, I-behea M-sambwa ;

M-gawoa; mi-

Lim-dimi.

M-sambwa (?)

spirit

n»i-

I-pasa.

Mu-zimu.

M-sambwa

Li-tun ga

Doctor (medi-

...

Mu-ftunu

Mu-lagiizi.

...

cine man)

Mu-fumu

Dog

M-fwa, M-bwa M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

Donkey

M-hunda.
I-dcagcdwe

I-duguwe

I-dugcawe

N-SMve.
N-dcogojwe

N-doYwe

Door.doorway

Mu-liangco.

Mu-zigca

Mu-zigo>.

Li-gi.

...

Mu-zigto

Mu-vita

Mu-zigco.
Mu-vita

Dream

Ki-ruto> ; pi-

...

...

Ipi-lwti or
^i-lcoti or
Ki-ltoti ; fi-lo>ti

•••

Dram

N-coma

I-guma (dance)

...

N-coma,
N-gcoma

...

Ear

Ku-tu; ma-tu

Ku-twe ;
ma-twe

I-twe ; ma-twe
Ki-twe

Ku-twi. I-twi

Ki-twe; ma-twe

Egg

I-ki ; ma-gi

...

...

I-gi, Li-gi;
ma-gi

I-Yi ; ma-^yi

Elephant ...

M-huli (.puli)

N-z(i»vu

'""

M-huli ;
ma-puli.
Nzcovu

...

Excrement

Ma-fwi

...

Ma-fi

Eye

D-is<u; m-isM

L-isco ; m-iscd

L-insM ;
m-inscd. Il-is<d

L-iso>

Li-hcd ; mi-hto

Face, forehead

U-pu

Bu-^iu

...

Vu-pu, W-isu

...

Fat

Ma-kuta

Ma-futa.
Ma-savu

Ma-guta

...

Father

Bawa

Baba. l-soi.

Tata, Tate.

Vava, Wawa.

Tata

I -pie. I-sa-

Baba

Tata. Wa-

Fear

B-tdwa

B-uwa

V-ojva.
1-timwa

...

Fire

M-otci»

Mu-lircu

Um-otco.
Mu-lilw

M-otcj.
Mu-lilto

M-otu

Fish

Si

Nfwi

N-somba

...

Foot

Lu-pambala.

Mu-gere.

• t.

Lu-geri.

...

Lu-geri

N-gulu ; ma-
gulu

Lu-pambala

Forest

M-Sngco

...

*'*

Pori. I-p51u,
1-pcolu.
Ikungu

...

Fowl

Kcokcd

Nktokco

...

N-guku

• . •

Frog

*■•

K-cola, Li-ei>la

• • ■

Ic-ula

*••

Ghost

Mu-zimu

M-ana (//.)

...

Mu-sambwa.
Mu-zimu.
Hcolcd. Lcozu

...

Giraffe

N-twiga

N-twiga

...

N-hwiga

...

Girl

Mu-peki

Mw-an'-ike.

Ka-keke

Mw-ani'-ke.

•••

Mu-hala.

Ka-kuta

M-hya.

Mw-an'-ik'iowe

Mu-di-ana.
Mu-hala

Goat

M-buli, Puri,
Pudi

M-buzi

Buzl ; ma-f-

M-buli. M-buzi

M-btii

., (he)

I-gulati

N-gulati

M-buzi
m-gcdsia

N-gulati

N-gtilati

GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES

89

English

Ki-pisi and
Ki-rori

Goat (she).

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west
Nyamwezi
(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9C.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.
Ki-nyatara

(Ki-limi)

M-buguma

N-dugcdsa

God

Lu-kubi.

Li-nze. Nze.

Li-walelo>.

Mu-luiigu.

Mu-ngu

I-kulu.

Lu-kubi.

I-dzuwa.

Li-nguluwe.

Mu-lungu (?)

Li-walelo>

Mu-lungu

Li-uva.

Li.kuve.

Li-weleleo

Grandparent

Guku?

Guku

...

Guku S ; wa + .

Mama 9 ; wa +

Li-swa. N-dima

...

Grass

I-s«>a; ma-scoa

I-sara

Ground

Ma-salu

...

N-si, N-ci

...

Ground-nut

M-hande

Lu-kalanga

Halaiiga ;

mak^-.
M-hande ;
map-. I-ycova

Guinea-fowl

.. ...

N-kanga

•••

Haiiga; mak-^

...

Gun

Mu-nducw

...

Mu-nduzi

Hair

N-zwiri,

Mu-sasi ; mi-

Lu-nyele ;

Lun-dwili ;

Lun-dwile ;

N-yuile,

i-nyele

n-dwili or

n-dwili

Zuile

n-zuile.
Mu-sasi ; mi-

Hand

Ki-kanza ; pi-

Ku-bcokco.

Ku-wtokoj.

Ku-kunco.

Mu-k»n«(.')

I-ganza .'

I-kasa

Ku-vtokco.
I-ganza or
I-ganda

Head

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Mu-twe, M-twe

Mu-twe (?)

Heart

M-oyci)

M-oyco. (I-tima

= liver)

I-tima. M-oyo).
Mw-egco

...

Heel

l-jsigina

...

I-^igino> or
Ki-pinsila

...

Hide ... ...

N-diri

Lu-hu

...

I-kcova. Ka-
gingi. Diri

...

Hill

Ki-gongto

...

M-sojsi

Ki-gulu.
I.tunda

...

Hippopotamus

N-guwu

N-gubu.
N.tcomombcii

N-dcomondu or
I-tumombw

...

Hoe

..

N.fuka

...

I-suka.
I-gembe

I-gembe; ma

Honey

B-eoki

Ru).<opi

...

Vu-ki, Wu-ki

...

Horn

M-hembe

M-pembe

...

M-hembe ;
ma-pembe.
Li-ega

...

House

N-umba

N-umba.

Ny-umba.

N-umba.

Ny-umba

Kaya

Ka-sumba '

N-su ; man-su.
I-vanza. Lzi;
ma-zi

Hunger

In-zala

Butamoj

...

...

Husband ...

...

...

...

Hyena

Piti

I-fisi '"

...

M-biti;'ma-viti.
I-witi ; ma-
witi

...

Iron

Ki-sinza.

Si -coma

^i-uma.

I ci-uma.

Ic-uma

Ci-uma

(Ny-ondco
= hammer)

Ki-sinza.

Li-dini.

Fi-suloi

Island

I-cinga

Ki-pilwa

Kisilwa.
Ka-mwimpi

.•»

' Ki-bende.

90

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

8.

Ki-sasi and

Ki-rori

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9£
South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

lo.
Ki-nyaturu

(Ki-limi)

Ivory...

Knee ...
Knife ...

Lake ...

Leg ...
Leopard
Lion ...
Lips . . .
Magic...

Maize . . .
Man ...

Man, vir.

Meat ...

Medicine
Milk ...

Monkey

Moon ... .,
Mother

Mountain .,

Mouth

NaiK of finger

or toe)
Name ...

Navel . . .

Neck ...
Night...

Nose

Oil palm ...

Mi-nuga.

N-kumbi

...

I-puli ; ma-puli.

• ••

M-huli

Li-ncolia.
M-huli

I-cwi

^i-vwi ; vi-

...

I-swi ; wa-swi.
I-zu

...

Lu-pu

...

K-ele

K-ele: ma+ or

Mu-ye ; mi-ye

tw-ele. Lu-su.
K-ambi

...

Ny-anza

Ny-anza.
I-tawa

Ny-anza.
Hawa.
I-lambo)

Ku-kulu

Ku-gulu

Ku-gulu

Ku-gulu

...

Suwi

...

...

N-suwi

...

N-simba

N.pimba

. . .

N-simba

...

Ncomu ; mi +

Mi-lcomu {ill.)

Mi-l<omco (//.)

Bu-lcozi.

Bu-lcozi

...

Vu-vina.

Bu-kanga

Vu-fumu.

Vu-leogi.

Vu-ganga"

Dim-bukiri

...

...

Mu-dege

...

Mu-nhu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-nhu ;

Mu-ntu; a-ntu

ba-nhu

ba-ntu.
Mu-geopa

wa-ntu

w-anhu
Mu-lenzi.
Mu-noogu.
Mu-sumba

...

N-ama

I n-ama

Ny-ama

N-ama.
I-manda

...

Bu-kanga

Bu-fumu

>..

Vu-ganga.

...

Ma-bele

Ma-wele

...

Ma-wele.
Ma-fula

...

N-tumbiri

N-kende

••• .

I-tumbiri.
Kamy-anda.
Ka-nkunga

• ••

Mw-eci.

Kw-ezi.

Mw-ezi or

Mw-ezi

Mw-edi

Nw-ezi

Mw-ezi

Umw-edi

Maya

Nina.
Mwamayca.
Mayoj. Noj-kco

U-mai

Maya. Nco-k(o.
Nina

I-yeo. Mama

Lu-kulu ;

Lu-kulu

IVIsoozi.

Lu-gulu

fi-kulu

Mu-tanda ?

Mu-lcomw

Mu-lcomu

Mu-dcomto

Mka-nwa

Un-dcomca (?)

I-noiiga

Li-ala

N-zala

...

D-ina

I-gina

I-sina

L-ina or I-zina

or L-inha
I-nuku.

1-kondco

...

N-hingoj

Lu-kco^i

...

N-hing<o

...

Bu-ciku,

Bu-feku,

...

Vu-siku. (Gita

U-tiku

Wu-siku,

Bu-fuku.

or Li-zima =

U-fuku. (Giti

Bu-ire.

darkness)

= darkness)

Giti

N-indco

N-indeo

Ny-indco.
Im-puna

In-indco.
M-pula

M-pula

In Central and Eastern Nyamwezi the prefix of these words is pronounced Wu-.

GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES

91

English

Ki-jsapi and
Ki-rori

Ox

Paddle

Palm wine,
beer

Parrot

Penis

Pig

Pigeon
Place ..

Rain

Rat

Rhinoceros

River

Road ..
Salt ..

Shame
Sheep...

Shield...

Shoulder

Sister...

Skin . . .
Sky ...
Slave...

Sleep ...

Smoke

Snake

Son, boy

Song

Spear

Spirit, soul

Star

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9C.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.

Ki-nyaturu

(Ki-limi)

N-ombe ii-wsa

N-ombe.
N-ziku

N-ombe

N-ombe.
N-ziku

Ng^>mbe

N-gyehi

I-gyefi.
Lu-gahya

...

Mu-dinh<o.
Mu-saha

N-sanza

*"

Vu-geme or
Lu-agwa or
I-tembci>

N-turi, N-tui

I-kusu

• ••

...

...

Bcolcd

■ ■•

...

Ka-p<odi ; ba + .

N-gurube

• ■•

N-guluwe.

Ku-tupa;maku

N-guluwe

I-tumba,
I-humba,
N-humba

N-kundu

...

*'. •

•••

Ha-nhu

Ha-nse.
Lu-andi
Ha-findu

(dimin.)

Pula

M-vula

• ••

M-bula

M-vula

Kcdsu

N-ku3o>.
Ka-kcosco

...

M-beva.
I-kusu

...

I-pera ; ma-

...

I-pela or
M-hela

...

M-ongo>

Ka-bwiga

■ ■•

M-ongu ; mi -(- .
Mami-ongu
(aug. plural)

Lu-dyi ;
n-dyidyi

Dzira

N-zira.Lu-sese

N-zila

N-zila

...

MQ-nu

N-s<oni

Mu-nyu or
Mw-enu.
Lu-kele

N-suni

Mu-nyu

N-hcdlu

N-tama.
N-gondi

...

N-ondi.
N-hulu

...

...

N-gaboj

•«•

N-gawa
1-vega ; ma-

I-rumbu.

I-lumbu

...

Mumbu

Mu-hanya ?

M-vuna

N-kulco

Lu-hu ; m-pu

N-guwu

• ■•

I-kulu

I-runde

...

I-lunde

...

M-sese

M-sere

...

M-sese

Mw-anda;
a-anda

Tu-lca

Tu-lco

...

Tu-1«

• ••

Y-coci. Li-uci

Li-onpi

...

Li-usi
N-zuka

•••

Tscoka or

...

...

N-stoka

M w-ana

Mu-na.

M w-ana

Mw-ana.

■ *•

in-ktosa

M w-ana.
Mw-ene.

Mu-yanda

mu-geosya.
K-ana ka-
gcosya.
Mka-lumendu

Mu-yanda

Lu-imbcd

Lw.imbco ;
n-imbco

Lu-imbu

Lu-imbu ;
n-imbu

...

I-cimu

...

...

I-cimu

...

Mw-engeji

...

...

Mw-egu.
M-oyu

...

^onda

^onda

Sonda ; ma-.
I-tongwa

^onda

N -sonda ; ma-

9»

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Ki-^pi and
Ki-rori

Stick

Stone .
Stool .
Sun .

Tail ...

Tear ...

Testicles
Thief ...
Thigh...
Thing...

Thorn

Tobacco ...
Today

Toe

To-morrow
Tongue

Tooth

Town

Tree

Twins
Urine ...
Vein ...
War ...

Water
Well , source

White man
Wife

Wind .,
Witch

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a. I 9 b.

North-west | West

Nyamwezi Nyamwezi
(^i-sumbwa)

9c.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.

Ki-nyaturu

(Ki-limi)

Nanga.

Nkuni

t-»

Fimbco.

Ka-ti ; pi-ti

Mu-langa

M-laiiga.
Mu-ranga

I -we

I bale

N-teb'e'

I-vwe, I-gwe
I-teve. I-sumbi

Di-mi, Le-

emi.

I-dzcowa

L-emi.

L-imi.

Di-yua

Ly-ulja

I-dzuwa.
I-langala

iKihende)

Li-uwa

Kila, Khila

Mu-pira

• • >

Mu-kila.

...

Mu-^ila

Di-s«ji ; mi-.

Li-nscozi

...

Li-nscozi.

...

Mu-suji :

mi-

Mu-nscozi

Ma-bo>lco

.*•

...

Mw-ibi; b-ibi

...

Mw-ivi

Si-tambo>

Si-ber«o

I-tangeo. I-tege

Ki-nhu ; pi

•nhu

^i-ntu ; vi

■ntu

Ki-nhu ; fi-nhu

Ki-ntu ; i-ntu

(a/ so means
'bead'). Ki-
ntu; ma-ntu

Di-ihwa ;

ma-

...

Li-hwa.
Mu-nhwa

I-guya ; ma-

I-tumbate

...

I-tumbate

...

Lelco

Lerco

. ..

Lelco

...

Lu-ala

...

...

Ka-ala

...

I-kcalu

I-gorco

...

I-gcolco

• *.

Lu-limi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi.
I-yombelco

Lu-limi; n-dimi

D-ino>

L-inco

D-incd

L-inco

L-inco ; m-ino>

Kaya. M

•puri

...

Lugcd

Kaya

...

Mu-ti

Mu-ti; mi
Limu-ti ;
mi-ti

-ti.

ma-

Mu-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Ma-wasa

...

Ma-\asa or
Ma-basa

...

Mi-ne

• ■•

...

Ma-su.
Ma-tunzi

• ■•

...

• ..

• *•

Mw-anzi.

...

I-timba

Bu-luku

Bu-lemcd

Mu-kondc* '

Wu-lugu.
Li-huya.
Vu-lemco

...

Mi-nzi

Mi-nzi

Mi-nzi

Mi-nzi

Ma-dyi

Lu-inzi

I-ziba.
Lu-inzi.
Lu-scokb>

Lu-inzi

Lu-inzi ; n-inzi.
I-vimbi

...

M -zungu ;

ba-

Mu-zuiig^

; ba-

M -zungu

...

M-kima.

Mu-geoli ;

ba-.

Mu-ke.

M-guli

■ ..

Mu-ke

Mu-kazi
Mu-ke

'

Mu-kcota

Im-pehu

Ka-fulco

...

Im-behco.
I-gunhu.

Mi-aga (//.)

...

Mu.lcoki ;

ba-

Mu-Ioazi ;

ba-

...

Mu-lcogi, -Icoji.
Mu-swezi.
Mu-kangco.

...

' Ki-bende.

Mu-simbia

GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES

93

English

Ki-^ajsi and
Ki-rori

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9c.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.

Ki-nyatutu
(Ki-limi)

Witchcraft
Woman ...

Womb
Wood...
Yam ...

Year ...

Yesterday

Zebra...

One ...

Two ...

Three...
Four ...
Five ...
Six

Seven

Eight ...

Nine ...
Ten ...

Eleven

Twenty

Thirty

Forty...

Fifty ...

Hundred
Thousand

Bu-l«ki

M-kima ;

I-peki

M-hwi
I-tuku

Mw-aka
Ma-zuli
N-zcowe

ba-.

liu-luzi
Mu-kima ;

Mu-kazi.

Mu-seki

ba-.

M-kima.
M-kcota.
I-ninga ;
ma-ninga '

Lu-kwe; n-kwe

Mw-aka

Mw-aka
I-gcolu

Wu-lojji
M-kema,

Mu-kima.

Mu-kazi.

Mu-nhya.

Mu-sieki

Lu-kwi ; n-hwi
Li-wuliga.

I-jaasi
Mw-aka
I-gulco. Ma-zuli
N-dulu

Mu-xema ; a-

N-da

Scolco. -mco -mwine. Soru. Sulco. -mwe -mu. Scolco

-mco
•biri, -wili -bili

■tatu. Yatu -satu. Yatu
•nne -ne

•tancd. N-hanco -tanco
Sati. -tandatu Mu-kaga

M-pungati

I-nane or

M-nane
K-enda
I-kumi

I-kumi na

lu-m<d
Ma-kumi

a-wiri or

ya-wili
Ma-kumi

ya-tatu

Ma-kumi

ya-nne
Ma-kumi

ya-taneo
I-gana
Ki-humbi

.Mu-sanvw

Mu-nana

^i-enda
I-kumi

-vili, -wili

-satu, -atu

-nne

-tanu. N -tanco

Sati.

-M -kawaga
Pungati.

M-samvu
Mu-nane

K-enda
I-kumi

I-kumi nasulu I-kumi na-mwe

Ma-kumi
ya-wili

Ma-kumi
ya-satu

Ma-kumi
ga-wili

Ma-kumi
ga-satu

Ma-kumi y-ane Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi
ya-tanci]
I-gana ; ma-
Si-humbi

ga-nne
Ma-kumi

ga-tanco
I-gana
Ki-humbi

-vili, -firi

-datu. Yatu

-nne

-tanu. N-hanu

M-kaga. Sati.

■tandatu
M-pungati.

M-samvu
M-nane

K-enda
1-kumi or

Humi

I-kumi na-mco

I-kumi na sulco

Ma-kumi a-vili

or ma-wili.

Hum' i-vili
Ma-kumi

a-tatu or

ma-tatu
Ma-kumi a-nne

Ma-kumi
a-tanco
I-gana
Ki-humbi

■mwe

-wili, -wi

■tatu

■nne

■tanu

Mu-tandatu

Mu-pungati

M-nana

K-enda
I-kumi

I-kumina'mwe

Ma-kumi
ma-wi

Ma-kumi
a-tatu

Ma-kumi a-nne

Ma-kumi
a-tanu
I-gana
Ki-humbi

I, me, my ...
Thou, thee, thy
He, him, his

Nene. N-, Ni-.
-n-. -a-ne

Bebe, Wewe.

U-.

■ku-. -a-kcd
U-we, U-yu.

A-.

-mu-. -a-kwe

OO-ne. N-, Ni-.
-n-. -a^ne

OOwe, (JObe,

Wewe. U.

-ku-. a-kco
Uwe, U-yu.

A-, Ya-.

-mu-. -mwe,

-a-mwe

' Ki-bende.

E-ne, U-nene.
N-, Ni-.
-n-. -a-ne, -ene
Ewe. U-.
-ku-. -a-kco

A-we? Uyu.
Ya-, A-.
■mu-. -a^mwe,
-a-kwe

Nene.

N-, Ni-.
-a-ne

Wewe. U-.
-ku-. -a-kco

Uwe.
-mu-

A-.

, a-kwe

Ne. N-, Ni-.

-ne. -n-, -ni-,

-a-ne
We. U-.

-kco. -ku-.

-a-kco
U-yu. U-.

-kwe. -mu-.

-a-kwe

H

94

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Ki-pasi and
Ki-rori

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west

Nyamwezi

(^i-sumbwa)

9b.

West

Nyamwezi

9C.

South, Central,

anil East

Nyamwezi

lo.

Ki-nyaturu

(Ki-limi)

We, us, our
Ye, you, your

They, them,
their

I-swe. Tu-. I-fwe.

•tu-. -iswe, -tu-.

•swe
I-nweorl-mwe. I-mwe.

Mu-.
-ba-.

Ba-boj
Ba-.
•ba-.

■in we

•ba-.
■inu,

Tu-.

-fwe

Mu-.
-enwe,
inyu

Wawo). A-be.
-ba-
-a-b»

Ba-.

-a-b<a

E-fwe. Du.,Ku-.
-tu-. -itu, -etu

E-mwe. Mu-.
•wa- ? -enyu

A-wawoj. Wa-.
-wa-. -a-ww

I-8we. Tu-.
•tu-. -iswe

I-mwe <?rl-nwe.

Mu-.

•va-. -imwe,

-inwe
A-vo>, A-va,

A-wa. Va-,

Wa-.

-va-, -wa-.

•vco, -a-wawu

Se. Ku-.

-se. -ku-,
•itu
Nye. Mu-.
-a^nyu

•tu^.

A-wa.
Wu-.
-a-, -a-eo

Wa-,

All

This, these

That, those

•cose or -ose
(w^ose, y-ose,
k^ose, fi-ose,
c-ose, h-ose,

U-yu, ba-ba ;
u.gu,i^yi; i-di,
a-ya; i-ki, i-pi;
i-yi, i-ci; u-lu;
u-tu ; a-ka ;
u-bu ; u-ku ;
a-ha

'cona, -conane -onsi

U-yco, ba-bco ;
u-goj, i-yca;
i-dico, a-hco ;
i-kyco, i-^ico;
i-yco, i-cio> ;
u-lwco; u-twco;
a-kco ; u-bwco ;
u-kco : a-hco

U-yu, a-ba ;
u-gu, i-gi or
i-zi; i-li, a-ya;
i-si, i-vi ; i-yi,
i-zi; u-lu; u-tu;
a-ka ; u-bu ;
u-ku ; a-ha

U-yucr alu-yu;
a-waorwa-wa
or ala-wa ;
u-gu, i-yi;
i-dyi, aga ;

-cose, -cose, -ose
(cope pie =
all together,
entirely)

U-yu, a-wa
(a-va) ; u-gu,
i-i ; i-li, a-ya ;
i-ki, i-fi; i-i,
i-zi; u-lu; u-tu;
a-ka ; u-wu
(u^vu) ; u-ku ;
a-ha

U-yto, a-bco ;

u-gco, i-zico ;

i-lico, a-yco ;

i-sico, i-vyco;

i-yco, i-zico ;

u-lwco; u-twco;

a-kco ; S^c.
U-yconco,

a-bconco,

u-g(onco J &•€.

U-yco, a-weo ;
u-geo, &'C.

-dia (u-dia,
%va-dia; gu-dia,
yi-dia ; di-dia,
ga-dia ; &'c.)

U-yco,

u-gco, 1
a-yco ;
i-fco ; i-
u-lco;
a-kco ;
u-kb> ;

a-wco;
-co ; i-lco,

i-cco,
CO, i-zco

u-tco ;

u-wco ;

a-hco

W-asco, asbi ;

w-asco,asco(?);

i-si (5), a-sa;

k-asco, y-asco ;

i-si, y-asi ;

w-asco (11);

tw-asco; ka-soa;

w-asco (14) ;

kw-asco
U-yu or u-yu-i,

a-waora-wa-i;

u-lu(?), i-yi ;

i-li, a-ya ; i-ki,

i-yi ; i-yi, i-yi;

u-lw-i ; u-tu-i ;

a-ka (?), u-pu-i

(8) (u-tu-i);

u-bu-i ; u-ku-i
U-yco, a-wco;

u-lco, i-yco; Ofc.
U-ya, a-ya;

u-ya {or

ilu-ya ?), miu-

ya ; i-lyco,

niu-ya ; ki-co

or kiu-ya,

i-yo-i or i-ya ;

i-ya, i-ya;

ulu-ya; utu-ya;

aka-ya ; mbu-

ya ; uku-ya

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp

•hi, -vi

Ku-wika ?. -bi ? -bi

■VI, -wi

-ilawuza. -api -iru
■nkima. -seki -nkinia. -kima. -kcota fl;- -kima or-kema

or -seke -ikcowe. -kazi. -iigcota

-ke. -siki
-kali ... -kali, -daici

GROUP B: WUNYAMVVEZI LANGUAGES

95

English

Ki-sasi and
Ki-rori

North and

North-east

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

9 a.

North-west
Nyamwezi
(^i-sumbwa)

9 b.

West

Nyamwezi

9C.

South, Central,

and East

Nyamwezi

10.

Ki-nyaturu

(Ki-limi)

Good

Great

Little

Long,bigh,taIl
Male

Old

Red

Rotten

Short

Sick

White

Above,up,on
top

Before
Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...

Middle
Near . . .
Outside

Plenty, many
There

Where? ...

No!

Not {u'!/h verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

To

beat
buy, sell
come ...
cut
dance ...

-scoga

-sojga

-scoga, -ncoga

•scoga. -fula.
•ipa. -iza.
■awela.

•ija, •dya

•aneona

...

-kuru

...

•hanya. •kulu

•ikiiii, •kuu

• *•

•dco {young).

•ndco, -du, •tco

•dco. •keke

...

•ndu

-le

-lele

•teli, gulu ?

•liku or •lihu

-lipa {verb)

-geosya

-lume, -pelume.

•gcosia. •dume

•geosya, -gcosi.

...

-gcasia

•lume

N-gnlati

...

•kuru. -kukwe

...

-a^kale. •hanya.
•namhala

...

...

•kuli

...

hseku. •laluku.
-a za
•vcozu<7r-wco2U

...

-guhi

•hihi "■
-Iwele

...

•guhi
•IwUe

...

-ape

•elu

-ape

•elu. •ape

-eru

I-gulia,

Ku^gulu

Munde

Lgulya.

Kwi-gulia.

Hi^gulya

Kwi-lunde

Ku-mbele

Ku-mbele

Ku-mbele

Ku-mbele

-a mbele

Kum-pirimu

Kuny^uma

Kuny^uma

Kun^uma

-a ny^uma

Ha-si

Ha-nsi

Ha^nsi,
Pa^nsi

Ha^zi, Ha^si

Ha-ngi

Ku-le

Ha^le

Ku^tali

Ha^li, KNkali.
Ku^le

Ha-li

Ja-ha

A-hco. H^eneo.
Ha^ha. Aha

Hco

Ha^ha. A^hco
U^ku

...

Mu-

Meo. Mu.
©•mwco

Mu^

Mumu ; •mca.
Mu-. M-gati,

Mun-gati

...

Ha-kati

Ha-kati

Ha-kati

Ha^gati

...

Gelagaha

• ••

Behe

Ha-ndze

H-eru

•ingi. M^neo

A^hi?

...

•nse or •nze

( Ha^nse,

Ku^nse, &•€.)
•ingi. Bii.

Vu-yaga
Ha-hco. Ku-nu,

Hu^kco
•he.', •kco?

...

No> ! '"

Byeo!

Byulcolco !

Aconanga !

BycolNco! Pu!
Yaya!

...

• ••

•te^, •ta^, •ne

• •■

•ha-, -ka-, •k'-,
-nco

•ti^ (•tu^), •
-f-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

-tula

•hula

•kuba

•tula. -tina

•xua

-gula

•gula

•gula

-gula

...

■scoga. -iza

•iza. -suba

•iza

•iza

...

•kata

-tema

...

•tina

...

■kina

-tuma

•vina?

•bina, -vina

...

ta^,

u 2

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

8.

9-

9a.

9 b.

9c.

10.

English

Ki-papi anii
Ki-rori

North anii

North-west

West

South, Central,

Ki-nyaturu

North-east

Nyamwezi

Nyamwezi

and East

(Ki-limi)

Nyamwezi

(pi-sumbwa)

Nyamwezi

(Ki-sukuma)

To

Ku-

Kii-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ die- ...

...

-fwa (-fwa-ga)

•fwa

...

•fwa, ■fa, ■ca

•kuya

„ eat

...

■lia

-lya

■lia

■lya

■lya

„ give ...

...

•ha

■ha (-pa).
-heledza

■fumia (?)

■pa, -pela

■ha (-pa)

„ go

...

•dya(dia-ga).
•ca or .ja

-zia, -dya

■iya. ■yenc

a

■ja, -zya.
■genda

■ja. ■nji
(Kw^inji)

„ kill ...

...

•ha-ga

•buha

•vula^ga ?

•wula-ga or
■vula^ga

...

,, know ...

...

...

■manya

...

•manika,
-manica,
■manya. ■na

■iji (Kw.iji)

„ laugh ...

•seka

■seka

...

•seka

...

„ leave off,

■leka

■leka

■leka

■leka

• •.

cease

„ love, want

...

■^ima. ■enda

...

■tcogwa

■yanja

„ see

...

•linga

•buna

...

■wcona or
■bcona

-ona

„ sit, remain,

...

•igesa. -ikala

■ikara, -ekala

■ikala

■ikala

■kala

abide

„ sleep ...

...

■lala

■lala

-lala

•lala. -kcanya

-lala or -laa

„ stand, stop.

...

•ima (-ima-ga)

•ima

-ima

■ima

•ima, -imika

be erect

„ steal ...

...

...

...

...

■iwa

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-^A^I AND KI^RORI
(Not yet known.)

PREFIXES, &C., IN THE NYAMWEZI GROUP

No preprefixes, except slight traces in western dialects — Ki.galaganza, Ki-bende, &c.

Class I. Mu-, M^ (m-, mu-, u-, yu-) ; 2. Ba., Va^, Wa^ (ba-, va-, wa-) ; 3. M^, Mu^ (m-, mu-, gu-) ;
4. Mi. (m-, mi-, i-) ; 5. !•, Di^, Li^ (li-, di-) : 6. Ma- (ga-, ya-, a-) ; 7. Ki-, Ci^, pi-, Xi-, Hi- (ki-, ci-, pi-) ,
8. Vi-, Fi-, pi- (vi-, fi-, pi-) ; [8 a. i. e. the plural prefix Fi- employed in a singular or collective sense, is
dawning in Southern, Central, and Eastern Nyamwezi] ; 9. N- (n-, i-) : 10. N^, Ny^, Ng^, ii-, I- ^n-, ii-,
zi-, ci-) ; II. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka^ (ka-) ; 14. Bu^, Vu^, Wu- (bu-, vu-, wu-) ,- 15. Ku^ (ku-,
ko)-) ; 16. Ha^ (ha-, ho)) ; 17. Mu. (mu-, -mo)). Prefixes often superimposed — Limu-, Mami^, Hafi^, &c.

PREFIXES, &c., IN KI.NYATURU (KNLIMI)

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu- (mu-, u-, -yu) ; 2. A- (a-, -wa) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. !•, Li^ (li-, i-) ;
6. Ma. (ma-, a-) ; 7. Ki- (ki-) ; 8. I- (i-) ; 8 a. Pi.' (pi-, p'-) ; 9. N- (n-, nj-, i-); 10. Ji- (n-, nj-, i-) ; 1 1.
Lu- (lu-) ; 12 ^ Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. apparently missing ; 17?.

' Used as plural to Ka-, and also in a collective, almost singular sense, with tn- (12) as plural.
* Used occasionally as plural to Ka-.

GROUP B: VVUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES 97

8. Ki^ajsi and Kirori are spoken in the south-east coast region of the Victoria Nyanza south of the
Gaya (Ugeya) settlements and of Kulia (Bakoria), east of Bukerebe islands and peninsula, west of the
Tatojga and Doro)b(o steppes, and north of Speke Gulf and Busukuma.

9. North and North-east Nyamwezi are spoken in the southern coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza
as far east as the extremity of Speke Gulf ; and as far south as the 5th degree of South latitude.

9 a. North-west Nyamwezi is spoken in the western half of the south coast -lands of the Victoria
Nyanza (away from the actual littoral which is occupied by Cizinja) and as far south as about 4° South
latitude.

9 b. West Nyamwezi is spoken in Western Wunyamwezi, east of the Buthindi and Malagarazi rivers
and as far south as about 6° 30' South latitude. It extends to the east coast of Tafiganyika south of Ujiji
and north of Kalema.

9 c. South, Central, and East Nyamwezi are spoken in Southern, Central, and Eastern Wunyamwezi
south of about 5° South latitude and north of the Katuma-Luiigwa-Mphiti rivers, approximately 7° 10'
South latitude. (Does not extend to Ukimbu.)

10. Kinyaturu is spoken in Turu or Nyaturu and perhaps also in the Iramba country to the north.
Nyaturu lies to the east of Wunyamwezi, west of Ugcogco, Rangi and Tatcoga.

GROUP C

THE BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

11. Kikuyu

dialects.' 1 1

a. Meru

13. Pwkcomco

15. Taveita

12. Kamba

14. Taita

16. Nika (Giryama-Duruma-Digco)

II.

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu '

Kamba

Pukcomco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcdkcomcd

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Adze

Xiya. I-tanda

Animal, wild

Ny-amco

N-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

Ant

Ki-gunyu ;

N-jinji.

Ozungu.

Sambirco.

Ma-cici (pi.)

Tsuiigu,

pi. i-gunyu.

N-duti.

Zunde

Safu, Salafu.

iMa-karakara.

Tsalafu.

Tii-girriri.

N-guugu.

Ki-semberu ;

Kukimbiru.

iM-fuadzi.

Tj-araku or

N-dcoagu

vi-. Ki-tuku

Safu

Minyco.

TSi-raku.

N-gcolungcolco

liambu.

Ant, white

U-keo. Mu-biia.

Um-uti.

Mi-dzwa {pi)

M-zagu. Soya.

M-sau

Lu-tswa

(termite)

N-guiya

M-bubu.
Mu-bwa

J-etca.

N-gumbi.

Tlyeha

Arm

U-cokcd;m-cokco.
Ku-cokci> or
Gu-cokco ;
m-ukco

Mio-kunco.
Ku-cokco

Mu-kunco

M-kconco

Mu-kconca

M-k<oneo,

Mu-kunco

Arrow

Mto-gue ; //.

Mu-sie, Mu-ci,

Dzahe. Vaneo

Ki-ria,

M-wasa.

Mu-vwi,

me-gue.

Mu-zyi, Mu-ji

Ki-rawa.

M-vwi;

Mu-fwi,Lu-wi.

Mu-gui,

I -waned

mi-vwi

C-embe.

Mu-gwe (ii a)

Gumba

Axe

i-danua,
I-banwa,
I-tsancoa; ma-.

I-txoka ; ma-.
E-angi.
Ka-txoka ; tu-

Ki-berya

1-zcoka

I-zcdka

Tscoka.
Mundu,
Temco

Baboon ...

Ncogco orNugu

Nguli or
N-gula

Fwe

Sabao. Fwe,
Fiiwe

I-regen ; ma-.
I-ragin ; ma-

N-yani

Back

Mu-gongo

Mu-ongo

Mto-ongoi

Mu-gongco

JVIu-hongoj; mi-

M-ongco

Banana

I-rigoj; ma-

Ma-iyu //.

Dzana

I-rugco.
N-demb<a.
I-viinde ; ma-

I-dioj ; ma-

I-zu.
Mu-gomba

(tree)

Beard

R(o-teru ; //.

Ki-nge. Ki-aiu.

Ki-evu

Zombi.

I-kcaI<o; ma-

Ci-revu,

n-deru. Ki-

Ki-ngebwa

N-gafwa or

Ki-dzeni,

reru ; i-reru

Gafa

Ci-reru

Bee

J-uki or Nj-uki

Nzuki, Ki-nyS

Ny-uci

C-eoki or
Ny-nki

Ny-ojki or
Nj-uki

N-uci.
Ny-uci

Belly

N-daa. Ma-ra

I-bii. I-vu

Ma-humbeo

Ki-fu ; vi-fu
In-da

N-deu. Ki-nena

B-imba.''
Ki-nena.
Tumbco or
Humbco.

N-da-ni

Bird

Ny-cani

Ny-uni

Ny-uni

Ny-conyi

N-dege or
N-deYe

Ny-uni.
Tsongco

Blood

Sakame.

N-t>akame.

Mu-asi

Paga, Baga.

Sakame

Mi-lats<o or

N-bakame

N-dakami

Bigati

Mu-ladzco

Body

Mw-iri

M-wi, M-wiU

Mu-ci

Mu-mbi ;
mi-mbi.
Mu-wi;mi-wi.
Mu-li; mi-ili

Mw-uri; mi-

Mw-iri

Bone

I-ende ; ma-.

I-vindi ;

Mu-fufa

Indi or I-windi Ni-windi,

M-scoza

I-hindi ; ma-

ma-vindi

I-windi ;.ma-

J

' This name is sometimes ren{/ereci Iknyn or Gikuyu. For specijication of dialects, see geographical definition of
Kikuyu at close of Vocabulary. Kif-imba is a dimin. of B-imba = little belly.

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

99

II.

12.

13-

14.

IS-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokcomco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokcomco

(Ki-dabida
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Bow

(OttA, U-ta,
U-taa (I I, -I)

U-ta. I-tumu

U-ha ; ma-ha

X-dana

Wu-ta ;
mawu-ta

U-ha. Tana

Bowels

Ma-ra

Ma-a

Humbco

Ki-nena. Vu-la

...

Humbco ; ma -1- .
Ki-deme. I-fu

Borassus palm

..•

...

Mo-rowai

Mu-gumco

Brains

Tombco.
"Ci-kererioo ;

ma + ,
'Ci-kerrioj

Uco-ongoj

U-ongco or
Ongco.
M-bongeo.
Sukco

W-ongoo

Ongco

Breast (man's) N-gonw.

Kati

Bagwi

Lagaya

M-bafu

Laga. Fua

I-ria ; ma-

Breast

Ny-ondo)

• • •

Wee ; ma-wee

Ny-codco.

••■

Hombco.

(woman's)

I-wele ;
ma-wele

Ere, ma-ere

Brother ...

Mu-ru.

Nindu.

N-dugu

M-rnna.

M-dw-etu.

Mw-ene-hu

Wama-ito).

Mw-inai

M-wan'-edu.

M-du

{also cousin).

Mu-rata

Wcokw-etu;//.
ana-wcokw-etu

N-dugu.
Mu-kulu

Buffalo

M-tXdgOD

Ni-ai. M-bw

Ny-ahi

M-bcogco

M-beoyco

Ny-ahi.

M-bcogco

BuU

N -Jamba,
N-degwa

N-dzaco

Sanga (Gala
■word)

N-jaco

N-dzaco.
(N-dzagamba

= a monster

bull)

Buttocks ...

L(o-cuze or

Ki-tiimba.

Ji-hakco ;

pimba; ma +
or I-cimba

Ma-takco

Hakco ; ma-

Rco-cuze.

Ni-takco

ma-hakco

hakco. Takco;

I-tina

ma-takco

Canoe

Ka-harati ; tai-

N-galawa

M-zefe

C-ombco ;
vy-ombo>

N-galawa

Dalu ; ma- -1- .
(N-galawa)

Cat

Ka-ihca ; c-ihco.
Mo-ruaru.
M-paka

M-baka

M-fuateni

Mu-nyaco; mi-

Mu-nyawi

Paka. Ny-au

Charcoal . . .

I-kara ; ma-
kara

Ma-kaa

Ma-sinzi

Ma-aka

Ma-kala

Kala or Ni-
Rala; ma-kala

Chief

Mo-zamaki.

M-tumia

Hacu

M-baa or

M-fumwa.

M-vieri.

Mu-bamaki

M-zuri.
M-geosi

M-fumu.
M-gcosi

Mu-tumia.
Mu-^ere

Child

Mw-ana ;^/. ci-

K-ana, G-ana

Mw-ana;

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

Mu-hcohco ;

ana or si-ana.

tw-ana.

wa-ana

K-anake.

(m-do)5goa) ;

a-hcohco

K-ana;tw-ana.

Kaci-ci ;

Mw-anake

wa-ana

Ka-reg<o ;

tuvi-ci

(wa-dongeo).

to- 5
N-guco. Tama

Kamw-ana

Cloth

N-gua

N-guoa

N-guca or

N-guco. Suke

N-guco,

N-guweo

N-guwo>

Coco-nut palm

Mu-nabi

...

Mny-anzigi or
M-yarigi

M-site

Nazi

Cold

Hehcd
Beb<o (II a)

M-pepo,
M-bebco,
M-bevco

Pebfto

M-behco

M-beheo

Pehco

Country . . .

Sena. Pcorori.

N.t»i

Dzi

N-ci.

I-sanga.

Tsi.

Lu-kongo.

I-sanga

N-tere

L-alco

Fururi

Cow

N-ombe.

N-ombe.

N-gombe -ke

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe -ce.

Mori {heifer)

M-oma ;
mi-6ma

dyi-ke.

N-ombe

ya waka. Tagco

N-ombe

m-bice.

Gcoma

Crocodile ...

Ki-ngangi

Ki-nyangi

N-guena

Mamba.
Ki-nganga

Ki-nyane,
Ki-nyan

Mamba.
M-kuena

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

n.

12.

13-

14-

'5-

1 6.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokcomco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokumu

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Date palm...

Mu-kindu

I-kindu

M-tende

M-tende ;
mi-tende

M-cangara

Mu-kindwi

Day

O-tuku.

U-tuku.

Dz-iku.

I-tuku; iTia + .

Mu-si ; mi-

Tsiku.

(OOm-cdzi =

Mu-t>enia

(M-sikahi =

Lavu. I-jiia ;

(Mu-tsana =

daylight.)

daylight)

ma-jua.

daylight)

M-benia

I -dime.
I-ruba

Devil

N-gtoma or

M.bebco.

M-suka

M-kinya.

Lu-hungu

Pepco. Kcoma.

N-gcoma-

A-imcd

M-beho)

M-biiigu

n-goni

Doctor

Mu-iti

M-gangana

M-ganga

Mu-ganga

Mu-laguzi.
Mu-gaiiga

Dog

Hui, Gwii,

Scohi. N-giti

M-bwa

Cucu. Kuci,

N-gurco.

M-bwa. Ka-

or Ktii, or

Kcosi

I-guro; ma-.

lubu. Kura.

N.giti

1

Ki-baru

Kurco. Dia

{DigU]

Donkey . . .

N-digiri

Ifi-goi.
Mu-goi

Harre

M-cungu

N-jcoe

N-zcoeya.
N-dzcowe

Door

Rigi ; ma+ .,
Mo-romoin6
or Mu-rcomco.
Tkome

Mw'comco.
M-cobia

Mu-jangco

M-jang<o.
M-nyangeo ;
mi-

M-benge

Mu-riangco

Dream

I -rota. (JL)-rcoti.

Ku-cota.

N-dcobca

Ku-lcotes<o; ma-.

N-dcotco

N-dcohco.

Ke-rcoti ; pi. i-

N-doatoj

N-deod<o

Ku-lcoha

Drum

Ke-hembi.
Ru-imboa

N-gcoma.
Ki-bembi

N-gcoma

Gonda.
N-gcoma

N-goama

N-gcoma

Ear

ru-tu ; Ma-tu.
Gio-tto; ma-tcd

Ku-tu or Gu-tu

Sikito

Ku-du ; ma-du.
Ki-sikilco ;

I-sikico

Si-kirco

Egg

I-tumbi : ma-

I-tumbi,
E-vaa

I-ji; ma-ji

ma-
I-gi; ma-gi

I-gi

I-gi. I-ji, I-di

Elephant ...

N-jo>gu

Un-zuu

N-dzcafu

Ccovu.
N-jcovu

N-zcawu,
N-zcobu

N-dzcovu

Excrement

Ma-i. R(o-rua

Ma-ii

Ma-fi

Ma-vi. Saru

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

Eye

Di-zcoorRi-txo;
ma . (Ki-mtone

= eyelid)

I-txo

Dz-idzco

Ir-isco ; m-esco.
Iz-izco ; m-esco

J-isoa

Dz-its<o,

Dzi-dzco ;

ma-dzco.

(M.bconi =

pupil)
Usco

Face, forehead U-zi<ao/-U-bio.

U-tiiu

U-s«

U-pu or Wu-jsu

U-Ujsco

Ru-eri

Fat

Ma-futa or
Ma-guta.
Ngorconeo

Mii-uta

Ma-fuha

Ma-vuta or
Ma-vuda

Ma-futa

Ma-fuha

Father ...

Baba (my — ).

Nau. Nu.

Baba. I -si

Aba. N-deyco.

A pa. M-papa.

Baba, Aba-,

Nu. Tlca-guco

Atsa. Baba

N-dee

(Wawe-co =

Abe-, Bi-

{thy-). I-W

thy — . VVawe-e

{his — , father

= his — )

in general) ;

//. ma.ibi

Fear

I-korora.
Gu-oya.
Kw-itigirra

Ku-binye.
Ku-kea

a)ga

W-cowa.
W-eoga.
Ki-ture ; vi-

Fule

COga

Finger

Ki-ara ; pi.
ci-ara

Ki-a ; //. bi-a

Dtowe

C-ala ; v-ala

Ki-caa, Bi-, Vi-

C-ala ; //.
vi-ala and
m-ala

Fire

Ma)-aki

I-kca. Mw-adji.
J-nki

M-cohto

Mo-dco; me-dco

M6-tco

Mo-hco; mi-ohco

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

lOI

II.

12.

i '3-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcakumco or

Taita

Tavelta

Nikn

1 1 a. Mem

Pfukcomoi

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digu)

Fish

Ki-unguyeo ;
ci-. I-kuyu;
ma-.
N-guliJma

I-kuyu ; ma-

Dswi

I-kumba.
M-kunga.
N-guluma

N-guluma

Sw: or Dzui.
Kumba

Foot

Ga)-nyarere.

Ku-u pr Gu-u.

Ku-guu.

I-panzi. Ku-gu.

Ku-YU, W-atn

Gulu. Gii.

Ru-nyarire.

U-nyai

Cwacco (//.)

Su-aiyco

Lu-ayu

I-kinya.

Ku-gurru,

Kco-guru ; ma-

Forest

I-zakaine.

Mi-teo. E-ebu.

Mw-ihu

M-sidu: mi-

Ki-titco

Tsaka.

Ki-baka.

Ki-beka

sidu. I-saka.

Mu-sihu

Mu-titeo

Ki-lemba

Fowl

N-guku

N-guku

Khuku

N-guku.
Ka-nguku ;
du-nguku

N-guku

Kuku

Frog

Ky-ura; ci-.
Ke-ngere

Mu-ndalali.
C-ua

Cuya

Kic-tila

Ic-ura

C-ulwa.Dz-uleo.
G-ula

Ghost

OO-kua

Mu-nyi.

N-gM

Kcoma

Ki-suka. Pepw.
N-go>l<o

Ki-vuri

Kuma,
Mu-kcoma

Giraffe

N-dwiga

N-dia. N-duya

• *•

N-diga

N-dea

Tiya, Tia

Girl

Ka-reg»,
Ki-reg<o.

M-wir-etu

...

Ci-ke

Mw-ana-ke

...

Ki-dzana

Goat

M-buri,

M-bui

M-bui.

M-buzi or

M-buji

M-buzi. Pee.

M-bori

Pee

M-buri

M-buzi
ya-pee

„ (he) ...

N-bengi

N-bengi

•••

Si-tima. J-igau.
Orw, Horu.
Fwandi

Zenge

N-denge

„ (she) ...

Mii-gcoma;
a-g<oma.
Ka-harika ;
tui-barika.
(K-ori = kid)

M-baika

Si-beni. Mu-
guma gwa
m-buzi. Mu-
geoma; mi-.
(Kam-buri =
kid)

Mu-yuma

•••

God

N-gai ; ma-
kai

N-gai.

Mu-lung^u

Mu-ungu

Mu-lungu

I-zuwa

Mu-lungu

Grandparent

GukaJ.

Ume. Tsutsa

Bibi?S.Yayej.

AkeS.

• ••

Tsawe S.

CcdCCO^

Zabuaje.
Cauje

Wawa^

Wawe 5.
Hawe 5

Grass

N-yeki,N-yaki,

N-yagi(D.).

Rto-kengi/

Mi-rari

Ny-eki,Ny-igi.

Ma-bangu

M-ani

Ny-asi

Ny-asi. M-ani

Ny-asi. M-ani

Ground

Teri. TJi. Nisi

I-beeo. Pa-nti.
Ndi

Dzi

Ki-lambco.
1-sanga.
N-dcoe, N-doxo

Si. N-tere

Tsi

Ground-nut

N-jugu

N-zu

N-jugu

N-dzugu,
N-jugu

...

N-dzugu

Guinea-fowl

N-kanga

N-ganga

KcOCd

N-gaiiga

N-gelele.
N-ganga

N-ganga.
Kahga

Gun

Mwi-cinja.
M-cinga ; mi-

M-cinga.
I-vuti.
Mu-singa.
E-buuti

Bunduci

Bunduki

Ki-pcolupcolcd

Bundukui

Hair

N-jJiere.
Rco-cueri.
En-juri

N-diku. N-zwi

Uny-wii

Sisiri. I-ridia

Ny-ui, Nj-iii

N-dzui. Ny-ere

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

II.

12.

13.

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

PukcDmco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfukumoi

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digu)

Hand... \..

Lu-he cr Ru-hi;
//.he.
Gw-uku

Ku-cokco. N-ba

Mu-keonco

Mu-kunco.
L-ui ; p/. c-ui
or many-ui.
Ki-kutcd

M-ko>n<o

M-kconco.
Gandza

Head

Mu-tue

Mu-tiie

Ki-jwa

C-ongoj,
v-ongoj

M-twi

Ki-tswa

Heart

Ngorco

N-dei. E-t>aiyu.
N.g«

M-eoc<a

N-g«l<o

Ngorco

M-oyco

Heel

Ny-ariri.
Sonua.
Ki-tcogigcd

E-jimbe.
Ki-tIny«o.
Ki-diny<a

Ki-sikincd

Gimbe

Ki-siginco

J-imbd.
Ki-sikinco

Hide

R-cowa; nj-ojwa

I-kcdIe

Ci-iigci>

M-rongo> ; mi-

N-gingco

Tingco,
Ki-tingco

Hill

Ki-rima; i-rima

Ki-ima,
K-Ima

Guba

Ki-lima.
Ki-fumvu

N-duwi

Ki-rima

Hippopotamus

N-gtieo

N-guoj.
Bakora

Ufi-guu

N-goluma.
VuM. N-gueo

N-gerere

Ki-bcokco.
WuiJ. M-fu

Hoe

I-t>anwa.
Li-gembe (D.)

Embe

...

I-genibe

• ■•

J-embe

Honey

00-coki of-CO-ke U-ki wa n-zuki U-ci

U-ki or Wu-ki

Wu-ki

U-ci

Horn

Lu-hia or
Ru-heha

M-bia

Pembe

Lu-embe ;
m-bembe

I-hembe,
Lu-hembe

Phembe

House

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba

Ny-umba,

Ny-umb^

N-umba.

Ka-bunu

Ka-tiunu

Kany-umba.
Ki-garo.

(C-anda =/»</)

(square).
l-a.Q6a{roun<i)

Ka-banda

Hunger ...

Ifaragu

N-zaa, (?)

N-dza

N-jala, Ki-taba

Nzaa

X-dzala

Hyena

Hiti

M-biti

Fisi

M-bisi. Fisi

N-gojine. Baco

Fisi

Iron

Mu-sanga.
Mu-renga.
Ki-kama.
Ki-g6ra

Ki-o)

K-era

C-uma. Ki-zia;
vi-zia. Ki-ria

C-uma. M-enya

C-uma

Island

Ke-cunga

Ki-biwa

Ki-lulu

Ki-uwa

Ki-dara

Ci-siwa.
Ki-siwa

Ivory

Lu-hia la
n-j<ogu.
Mu-ong(o.
Mu-gwongco

U-vea

Pembe

Lu-embe ;
pembe Iwa
n-dzufu

I-jegu

Phembe ya
n-dzcovu

Knee

I-rii fir I-ru

I-yu. U-yi

Ku-hi

N-geokoroj

I-kuiigurco

Vu-indi

Knife

Lto-hico or
Ka-hiyu.
Ke-jiu (l I a)

Ka-biu, Ka-viu

Ki-su

N-dagala.
Ka-handi ; vi-

Ka-handi ; vi-

Ci-fiu. Ki-pu

Lake, sea ...

I-ria or Ka-ria

I-ia. Ki-tsiwa

U-kanga.

Ru-kanga

Ziwa. Ki-suwa

• •••

Ci-swa. Ziya

Leg

Mcd-zimco.
Ku-huru or
Km- guru

Mu-biimco

Ku-guu

Ku-gu. Ki-gulu

Ku-gu, Ku-YU

Gulu, Ki-gulu.
Rondu ;
ma-rondco.
Mu-lundi

Leopard ...

N-gare

N-gcoco. Efi-gco.

Ifl-gCO

Na-dcoze

m-ge, Iii-gwi,
In-gwa

Lu-keri

Tsui

Lion

Mo-rwzi or

Mii-nyembco.

Dzimba

^imba.

Simba

Tsimba.

Mu-r«t>i

Tiimba

Mu-nyambca

Mu-nyambco

Lips

Ki-rumco ; //.

Ki-lcom<o. Mcd-

Mi-ycomw

M-cdmcd.

M-comco ; mi-

Mi-lcomeo.

i-rcomci>

mu. Mu-comcd

Ki-piniku ; vi-

Dcomco

JUagic

(jO-rugi

Uw-oi

Dzawi

U-cawi,
VVu-sawi.
Wu-ganga.
U-sai

U-sawi.
Un-ganga

U-tsai. (-Icoga
= io bewitch)

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

103

II.

12.

13-

14.

•5-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokcomco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokumu

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Maize

M-bemba

M-bemba

Ma-pemba

Ibemba.
N-dembe

I-hemba

Ma-tsere

Man

Mu-ndu ; pi.

Mu-ndu; a-ndu

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ndu ;

Mu-ndu ;

Mu-tu; a-tu,

a-ndu

wa-ntu

wa-ndu

wa-ndu

also M-thu
and Mu-thu'

Man, vir. ...

Mu-rume

Mu-rume.
M-umiu

Ci-umbe

M-dogume

...

Mu-lume

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama.
Nama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

N-ama,
Ny-ama

Medicine ...

Mu-baiga

Mu-di

Dawa {Arab.)

Mwi-di

...

Mu-hasw

Milk

I-ria.

I-ya.

Ziwa

Ma-zia,

Ma-vee.

Ma-zia, Vi-zia.

(Ku-kama

(Ku-kama,

Ma-ziwa

Ma-were

(Kama = to

= to milk)

Ku-tjuma = to

milk)

milk)

Monkey ...

N-gema,

N-t>enga.

Cima

N-gima.

N-gima

Tumbiri.

N-gima

N-beo.
N-gima.

N-deu

Sawau.
Mw-andaru

Khima.
Tshalu

Moon

Mw-eri

Mw-ei, M-bui

Mw-ezi

Mo-ri or
Mw-ori; //.
me-ri, also
Mw-ezi ;
m-ezi

Mw-eji

Mw-ezi

Mother ...

Mai-itu.

Mwai-ito)

Mama.

Mau or Ma we.

lya. Mama.

Mayoj. Maye,

Nana.

Nyto-kco.

Mayu. Mae

Me. Waya

Ame-.

Nyu-kwa.

Nina

Hmama.

Nyina

(Nine = his
mother)

Mountain ...

Ki-rima; i-rima

Ki-ima

Yu-gongo.

Mu-rima; mi-.
Guba

Ki-fumbu; vi-.
Lu-gongoj ;
cu-gongoj or
nyu-gongco

N-duwi

M-iima.
Mu-rima

Mouth

Mu-reomco; mi-,
orKa-nwa;ta)-

Mu>-umco

Ka-nwa

M-lcomco ; mi-.
M-tomu ;
m-emu

I-tumbu ; ma-.
Mcomu

Ka-nwa

Nail (of finger

Lu-ara ; ci-ara

N-gwa. Waa.

J w-aa ; ny-aa

Lu-kombe ;

Lu-kombwe.

Lu-kombe

or toe)

or ndu-ara

U-gunyu

ii-gombe.
L(o-ala ; nyw-.
Lu-akule ;
cw-akule

N-gombwe

Name

Reteoa; ma +

Sietua, Dzitwa Sari

I-zina or

I-zina

Dzina

I-rina

Navel

Mu-kconyw.

Mu-k<onyco

Ci-ktofu,

Mu-kuvu.

M-kuju.

Tcovu. Ki-tuvtt

Lu-lila.

Ci-kojvu

M-dcocwa

M-kudu

Ki-kconya

Neck

N-gingto

Ngingco,
Njingca

OOti. Tsinco

Singu or
Cingo)

^ingco. Gcopi

Tsingeo

Night

O-tukkco.

U-tuku.

Siku

Ki-ci) or Ki-r<o ;

Ki-». Wi-ii.

U-8iku. (Kiza

(N-duma =

Tu-manna.

vi-u

Heki-u

= darkness)

darkness)

(Ki-vindu or
Ki-biindu =

darkness)

Nose

Ny-uroj,
Iny-uroj

Iny-u. In-wiyu

M-puya.
(Ma-anzi =
nostrils)

M-bula or
M-bua

Fua. Fuoi

Pula, Phula

' Ka-dzi-tu, dimin. = '■ little person' .

I04

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

II.

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pukcomoi or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfukumu

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Ox

N-degwa ;
ma-tegwa

N-zao

N-gombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-dzaco.
N-dewa ya
ii-ombe,
Ri-gombe,
Ka-gonibe,
Ki-gombe

Paddle ...

* • •

Mu-iilwi ; mi-

Pae ; ma +

I-kasia; ma-

Kafi

Palm wine,

N-joahi

...

Tembw

N-jeovi

Mawa

N-gemua.

beer

Dumbu.
Pombe

Parrot

• • ■

Ka-suku

Ka-suku

...

...

Penis

0-rii».
Mu-sita

Kia

Ciwa

M-punga; mi-

N-jabu

M-bcolto.
Ki-bcogeo. Ki-
gande-gande.
U-lume

Pig

N-guruwe.

N-gue N-gee

N-guyuwe,

N-guwe or

N-guwe

N-guluwe.

N-geri

Guyuwe

N-guluwe

Ki-ambo> ;
vi-amboj

Pigeon

Dutura,
N-dutura

Gia. E-biii,
I-voi or I-wfli

Ci-kwe

I-ringoj

I -beta

Jia, Giya,
N-^iya

Place

Haha.

Pa-andu.

Bfa-ntu or

Ha-ndu, A-ndu,

Ha-ndu

Va-tu. Ha-thu.

Ha-ndu

Va-ndu

Fa-ntu

Ku-ndu

Ku-tu

Rain

M-bura

M-bfia

M-vuya

M-vua. M-vula

M-viia

M-vtila. Wula

Rat

M-bea

M-bea

M-panya.
N-duru.
N-dezi

M-bewa.
M-banya

N-gtoswe

Panya.
Phanya.

Mu-nyau

Rhinoceros

Huria

M-bila.
M-butsia

Pea

M-bela

M-buria.

Pera

River

Lu-hui or R-ui ;

U-si, U-dzi,

Dzana, Tsana M-«da,

M-fureo

Mu-ho>

n-jcoe, nj-ui,

U-tsi

Mw-eda,

ci-hui

Mw-eta

Road

N-jira

N-sia. N-dWa

N-cia, N-jia

Cia. In-jila.

N-zia

N-jira

Salt

Mu-nyu

Mu-nyu

Mu-nyu

Ki-sereri.
Mu-nyu

...

Mu-nyu.
Cumvi.

Shame

T«oni

N-dconi

Yu-dzwa,
Yu-tswa

Waya

Sconi

Haya. I-la

Sheep

N-ondu,

I-londu.

M-buzi.

N-gonzi. OOsi

ronji. N-onji

N-gonzi.
Durume 5.

N-dcaromi, or

Ng-«ndu

(M-buzi

Bauru.

N-durume.

ndume = 7-(j7«.

N-gonde or

M-buzi ya

N -Jamba $

aho Re

N-ondi (ram)

gondzi

Shield

N-gcoorLo-ngo>
Ra-ngco(ll a)

N-gau

Ngaco.Gamba
Wante

■ N-gaco

N-gawto

N-gao

Shoulder ...

Ki-andi

Ki-tuM

...

Wega

...

Ki-turco.
Dzudzuri

Sister

M-oi re-tu.

Mu-tiaiya.

I-mbu. N-dugu Umbu.

Rumburia

N-dugu

Ma>-ari wa

Mw-edu

Wcokw-etu

mai-to).

wa-nya

mbwaa.

Mo-rua

M-runa wa

mwai-tu

wa-ka, c^c.

Skin

Lu-ytia ; ci-Ytia

. Ki-t>uma.

Cingu. Kunu

■ N-gcozi.

Kikonde

Kingco. Gwvi

R-ua; nj-eoa

N-dawa.
A-lula

N-gMsi

M-rongeo.
N-gingco

Ganda.
Ki-konde

Sky

I-tu or Ma-tu.

I-tu, Mu-lungu Yu-wingu;

Mu-lungu or

Ma-jumbi

Mu-lungu.

I -nimbi

//. wingu or
m-bingu

M-lungu-nyi

M-bingu

Slave

N-gombco

M-kombolwa.

Mu-huma or

M-sumye or

M-zoroj.

Mu-3unye

N-dumba ;

Mu-humwa

Ki-sunyi.

I-singa

tu-dumba

M-zumba

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

'05

II.

12.

«3-

14-

15-

1 6.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokcomu or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokcamu

1 (Ki-dabida-

(Giryama-

1 Ki-sagala)

Duruma-Digos)

Sleep

To-rco

Tu)-co.

U-sindzizi

Di-lco.

Lu-wtohe.

U-singizi,

Sinzizi

Haringa

Ku-pinjia

U-sindzizL
Ma-lalto

Smoke

N-dcogco

Dzi.uki. Su-iki.
C-uci. Japu
En-jcoka

M-cdsi

M-casi

M-ojpi

M-upi

Snake

Mu-raru.

Ny-coka

Ny-o>ka or

N-j<oka

N-zcoka.

Nyamu.yabi ;

C-coka

Ny-coka

pi. Nyamuci-

yat>i

Son

Mw-ana ; pi.

Mw-ana

Mwana

Mw-ana wa

Mw-ana wa

Mw-ana

ci-ana

mu-yume

lume

ki-iime

mu-lume

Song

N-gtocu. U-inco.

VV-abi. Winoj

Mw-imb«.Wia L-umbco; pi.

Ki-vin<i> ; vi-

W-ira.

Li-umba.

c-umbco or

Ny-imb«

Ki-suka

ny-umbco

Spear

I-timeo; ma-.
I-tumco (ll a).
Ki-ronjco.

Mu-rama(lia)

I-timu.
E-tumco

Fumeo ; ma +

I-cumu or
I-fumu. Lu-fu;
nyu-fu

I-cumu

Fumeo

Spirit, soul

N-gor&j.

Mu-oyco.
N-geoma

N-gua

...

N-gcolca

■ ■•

Ruhco (Arabic).
Guma

Star

N.jata

Ndata

N-ycaha.
Ny-ezi.

Xy.enyezi

N-donde.
Ny-erinyeri

N-dondo>

Ny-enyezi

Stick

Siyare ; pi.

N.deta. Ndata

Dzimbo),

N-data or

Ka-muti.I-sibu

N-data.

ma-siare.

Tsimboj

M-zata.

N-gongoj

Ru-banju

M-senge ; mi-.
Cafigu

Stone

I-higa ; ma-

I-bia ; ma-via

I -we ; ma- we

I -we. I-gco

I-bwe

Dzi-we. I-we

Stool

Ge-te ; pi. i-te

...

...

...

Ki-goigu. Ki-hi

Sun

Li-yiia, Ri-ua ;
ma-. N-jua

Sua, Tiua, Jua

Dziia

I-jua or I-ruwa

I-zuwu

D-ziia

Tail (of an

Ge-bita,

Ki-sibe.

Mu-cia

M-kcoba or

Ki-tize

M-kira.

animal)

Ki-bita.
Ki-tcomoi

Mw-ibi.

M-komba.
Ki-rensi

Mu-cira

Tear

Le-izeoli ; ma-.
Re-iborri ;
ma-iborri

Me-boyi

M-dzuzi,
Mu-tsuzi

M-bori or
Lum-bori

I-scoji

Tscozi

Testicles ...

Hekke or
Kekke

Me-e

Fumbu

I-kende;
ma-kende

Ma-kedi

Tende

Thief

Mw-i^i ; a-izi.
Mw-ici ; a-ici

Ki-iigii.
Ki-ngeeu.
Mu-yi.
Mu-veni

Mw-ivi

Ki-toyi.
Mw-ibi.
M-sojki.
Ki-tina

Mu-hiwi

Mto-ivi

Thigh

K-erco,Ki-eruor

Ny-onga.

Ki-weco

Bara. N-dambi Ki-Ya ; vi-

Ki-ga; vi-ga.

//. ci-eru

U-tambi.Ku-ii

or N-dami

Lu-agco

Thing

Ki-ndu or
Ki-ndo>. pi.
i-ndu or i-ndco

Ki-ndu

Ki-ntu; vi-ntu

Ki-ndu oV
Ki-ndu ;
vi-ndu

Ki-ndu

Ci-tu or Ki-tu ;
vi-tu

Thorn

Mw.igiia; mi-

Mw-iwa

Mw-iwa;
mi-iwa

Mu-njwa.
Mw.ia,Mw-iza

M-pa

Mw-iya. Kita.
D-zala
g-umba

Tobacco ...

M-bake

Ba-aki

Tumbakoi

Kumbaku or
Kitnbaku

M-batu

Kumbaku

To-day

OOm-iizi, 00m-
ubi. Reti.

Mu-t>eny'uu.
U-munbi.
E-ndim<o.
Mu)-(onbu

Yeco

Leco

Yoxa

Rerco

io6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

II.

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokumco or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokumcd

(Ki-dabida.
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama
Duruma-Digco)

Toe

Lu-ara

Ki-a ; pi. si-a or
ci-a

D-ojwe ja
ku-gtiii.
D-cowe la
ci-guu

I-nu, Ma-noi

Ki-caa kya
ku-yu

C-ala

Tomorrow

Ru-tsiu, Lu-ciu

U-ni. Oa-ni.
Ke-cok<a

Ma-gura.
Kesu

Labu or Lau.
I-ke^cd

Yawto

Ma-cerco

Tongue

Lu-limi or

W-imi.

Cu-imi or

Lumi ; pi.

•lumi

U-limi or

Rio-rimi

Ka-nyua.

J w-imi ; pi.

c-umi or

Lu-rimi ;

N-gumba

ny-imi

ny-umi

n-dimi. Kcolco

Tooth

I-gegM or
I-geyo>; pi.
ma-

lyco. Ku-t>ekoj

Gegco ; rT«a +

I -gegco or
I-jegco

I-jeyco

Dz-inco. Jegu

Town

Mu-jie, Mu-ciyi

Mu-dzii

Mu-dzi ; mi-

Mu-zi. Kaia

Ki-ongco

Mu-dzi

Tree

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Mu-ti, M-ti

Mu-hi ; uii-

Mw-iti(7/-Mu-di Mu-ti

Mu-hi

Twins

Ma-aza.

Ma-baba

Ma-padza,

M-asa.

M-aza

Ma-phatsa or

Ma-haba, or

M-patsa

Ma-hega

Padza

Ma-hasa

Urine

Ma-zig^uma.
Ma-bugumu

Ma-timati

Mi-kodzco

M-kcocuco,
U-gcoco, or
Ma-gcocu

M-kuzco

Ma-kodzeo

Vein

Mu-kiha

Mu-kiba or
Mu-kiwa

Mu-sipfa

C-uga

...

Mu-siha

War

I-ta. M-bara

Ka-co

Vi-ha.
N-kondco

Wu-daorU-ta.
Kondco

N-gondoj

Vi-ha. Khondco

Water

Ma-e. Rco-e,
Ru-gi(ila)

Ma-anzi

Ma-dzi

Ma-ji, Ma-ci, or
Me-ji

M-bombe

Ma-dzi

Well, source,

Ki-bima

Ki-bima

Anga

Ki-na; vi-

...

Ci-sima

spring

White man

M u-zungu

M u-zungu

Mu-zuiigu

M u-zungu

M-zuingu

Mu-zungu

Wife

Mu-ndu mu-ka

Ki-beti. Mu-ke

Mu-ke; wa-ke

Mu-ke. Mu-ka M-ce

Mu-ce. M-kaza.

M-cethu

{Digoo)

Wind

Hehco.

M-bebea

Ru-vutoj.

M-behco

N-gungu.

Pehco,Lu-vehco,

Lco-hugto.

M-pefco

M-behco

Phevco.

Ru-huhco

Lavutco.

Mu-nyefu

Witch

Mu-rcogi.

Mu-g^nga; a-.

Mu-dzawi,

M-sabi,

M-sawi

Mu-tsawi,

Mu-ganga

Mu-oii

Mu-tsawi

M-sawi,M-sai

Mu-dzai.
Mu-lcozi '

Witchcraft

U-roogi

U-oii. V-oii

Dzawi

U-sabi

...

U-tsai.
U-ganga

Woman ...

Ka-regco; tu-

Mu-ndu mu-ka.

Mu-ke

Mu-ke,

M-ce

Mu-ce,

{virgin). Mu-

Mw-etu

M-du-mu-ke,

Dzi-ce,

hild. Mu-ndu

Mu-ka

Ki-ce.

mu-ka. Ku-

M-gcoma

gurra. (I-hu

= isjovib, preg-

■

nant woman)

Womb

I-hu. Ma-la.
Mfi-pii.
Ny-ungu

Ma-a. Me-bi.
Ki-nu. E-bu.

Hum bed

Ki-fu

N-da

?-alco, Fi-alco.
Mimba,

I-vuni

Bimba

Wood (fire-

Loj-kii;^/. n-gu

N-gii. E-kie.

Yu-kumi ; //.

M-bande.

N-gwi

Lu-kuni.

wood)

I-kco

ii-khumi

N-guni

Khuni

Yam

N-guaci. Ki-
kera. Ki-koa.
Ge-kwa ; i-koa

' Lit. ' the w/iii

Ki-kwa. I-kwa.
Ma-kwatsi

{pi.)

tier' , from whist

li?ie^ being associi

I-kco. I-kajiba
ted with ivitchcr

Ki-likwa

ift. See Zulu.

Ki-razi.
Ki-bcomu

i

GROUP C: BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

107

English

II.

Kikuyu

1 1 a. Meru

12.
Kamba

13-

Pcokcomcd or

Pfcokcomco

14.

Taita

(Ki-dabida-

Ki-sagala)

Taveita

Mw-aka;

mi-aka.

I-mera
I-ra. I -co {th

day before)

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Ki-tnu. Mw-aka Mw-aka

E-co. N-e<o. Dzana. Tizvax I-gwco, I-gvilco. I-wuca
(Essea = the (day before) I-juzi {day

day before") before)

N-jage, N-jagi N-zai. M-buru M-puru For«, Furoj Lo-itikoa

16.

Nika

(Giryama-

Duruma-Digw)

Mw-aka

Dzana

Foroj

One

E-mu6 Mondi. -mwe Muj-dza -mu, I-mu. M-usi. -mwe ; Mwenga,

-a dura Mwjeri or mwezu -mwe. M-eosi

I-mweri.
Mcoju or
Mcosi

Two

I-hiri (-iri).
I-giri, Eri

He, -eri

-wii

-pili, -ili, -wi

Eri, -eri

H-iri, -iri

Three

I-zatu or
I-bat>u

-batu or -datu

•hahu

-datu or -tatu

•tatu. N-datu
and -tutu

-hahu, -tahu

Four

I-nya, -nna

-nna or -nya

-ne

-na, -nya, -ne

-nne

I -nne, -ne

Five

Izanoj. I-t»anu

-tanu, -t>anu

-tsanco

-sanco

-sanco

Tsanco

Six

Sasatco.
I-tandatu.
-banbatu,
•t>at>atu

Xanbatu,
Xandatu

Handahu

-tandatu or
-zandadu

Tandatu

Handahu

Seven

N-guanja,

Mco-anza,

-fungahe

M-fungati or

Fungata.

Fungahe

Mu-guanja

Mii-onza

M-fungade

M-fungate

Eight

Nyanya, -nana

Nyanya

-nane

-nane or
-nyanya

Nane

H-nane

Nine

K-enda

K-enda

K-enda

K-enda,
I-kenda

K-enda

C-enda

Ten

I-kumi

I-kumi

Kumi

I-kumi

I-kumi

Kumi.

Mu-rongco

Eleven

I-kumi ne mwe

I-kumi na

Kumi na

I-kumi na

I-kumi na

Kumi na

ki-mwe

mcodza

mcojeri.
I-kumi na
i-mweri

mwe. I-kumi
na-mwezco

mwenga

Twenty ..

Mi-rongto or

Mi-ongco ele or

Mi-yongo

Mi-rongco

Ma-kum'eeri

Mi-rongco i-ir

Me-rungeo

Mi-longco iri

mi-wii

nii-ili.

i-iri or Ma-

Mi-rongco -iwi

kumi a-iri

Thirty

Mi-rongto

Mi-ongeo or

Mi-yongto

Mi-rongo

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

(Me-rungco)

Mi-longco

mi-hahu

mi-tatu.

ma-tutu

mi-hahu

i-tatco or

i-tatu

Mi-rongco

Ma-kumi

i-dadu or

a-tato3

Ma-kumi
a-dadu

Forty

Ma-kumi a-nna

Mi-ongco i-nya

Mi-yoiigco

M i-roiigco

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

or Me-rung&>

m-ine

mi-ne(wi-na)

ma-nne

mi-ne.

i-nna

or Ma-kumi
nii-ne or a-na

Ma-kumi
ma-ne

Fifty ... .

Me-rungco

Mi-ongco

Mi-yongco

Mi-rongco

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

i-tanco

i-banco

mi-tpanco

mi-sanu, os^c.

ma-sanco

mi-tsanco

Sixty ... .

Me-rungco

Mi-ongco

Mi-yongco

Mi-rongco

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

i-tandatu

bandatu

mi-handahu

i-randadu

tandatu

mi-handahu

(i-t>at>atu)

Seventy .

Me-rungco

Mi-ongco

Mi-yongco

Mi-rongco

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

mu-gwanja

monza

mi-fungahe

ni-fungate,&^f

fungata

mi-fungahe

io8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

II.

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcakumu or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

II a. Meru

Pfukwmcd

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)

Eighty ...

Me-rungo»

Miongca

Mi-yongos

Mi-rongco

Ma-kumi nane

Mi-rongco

i-nana

nyanya

mi-nane

wu-nyaaya,
Mi-rongto

mi-nane

Ninety

Me-rungto

Mi-onga»

Mi-yongco

Ma-kumi

Mi-rongco

k-enda

k-enda

k-enda

ik-enda, b'c.

k-enda

cenda

Hundred . . .

I-gana

1-yana ; pi.
ma-yana or
m-ana

Gana ; ma-

I-gana

rana, I-yana

Gana

Thousand ...

Giri

M-ana
ma-kumi

(Arabk)

Ma-gana
i-kumi

Ma-yana
ma-kumi.
Ki-hinde ;
vi-hindi

Ma-gana kumi

I, me, my ...

Nie. N-, Ne-.

Ni-nye. N-,Ni-.

Ami, Mimi.

Imi, Ini. N-.

Mi. N-. ^

Mimi, Minco.

-nd-, -nj-, -ng-.

-nye. -ni-, -n-.

Ni-, Ny-.

-n-. -a-ngu,

-ni-. -a-ngu

Ni-, N-.

-a-kwa

-a-kwa

•ni-. -a-ngu

-a-p<o, -a-pwa

-mi.ni-.-a-ngu

Thou, thee.

Wee. U-, 0)..

We, .Ni-we.

Awe. Wewe.

Uwe, OOhto,

We, Uwe. U-,

Uwe. U-, 00-.

thy

■ku.. -a-ku

U-.

U-, Ku-.

a)ku. Ku-, U-.

Wu-.

-we-, -co.

-we. -ku-. -go>.

-ku-. -a-kto

-ku-. -kco,-a-k<o

-ku-. -a-k«o

-k(o

He, him, his

CO-ria, Ulia.

Uya, US, Miya.

Jeje, Cece.

I-ye or Uco.

Ye, lye. E-,

lye. Yu-, U-,

A-.

Yeyai. Ya-,

Ka-, A-.

CO., U-, A-.

A-.

A-.

•nye. -mu-.

A..

-mu-. -a-kwe

-mu-. -a-ke

-mi-, -mu-.

-ye, -e(ze).

-a-ke

-m-, -mu-.
-a-kwe

-a-kwe

-mu-. -a-kwe

We, us, our

I-zwe. I-bui

Ibie. Oibi. Tu-,

Swiswi. Swi-.

I-si. Di.,D-,Ti-,

U-swi. Tu-.

Siswi, Swiswi,

Tco-, Tu-.

Ti-, I-tu.

Hu..

T-.

•tu-. -etu

Si-iKo, Fwi.

■tu-. -itu

-ti. -tu-. -itu

-hu-. -ehu

•di-, -ti-. -edu,
-du

Wu-, U-, Hu-,

Fw-.

•swi. -hu-. -ehu

Ye, you, your

I-ngui,

I-nyui. Mu-.

Nywinywi.

I-nyu. Mu-.

U-nywi,

Ninwi,

I-nyuwe. Mu-.

■mu-. -inu

Mu-.

-m-, -mu-.

U-nwi. Mu..

Mwinwi. Mu-,

-mu- (?).

•mu-. -enu

-enyu

-m-, -mu-.

Ny-.

-a-nyu

-enyu

-nwi. -mu-,
-m-. -enu

They, them,

Aria, Weu,

Wa, Acoj,

Waco. Wa-

A-wa, A-wco.

Waco. Wa-.

Aco, A-ntu. Ma-.

their

Wa«. Maco-,
Ma-.
•wa-,-ma-. -a-co

Andua. Asu.

Ma-.

-ceo. -a-. -co<o

•wa^. -a-co

Wa-, Wi..
-wa-, -wi-.
-a-w<o, -a-vwe

-wa-. -a-wco

-CO. -a-, -a-co

All

•obe or -ose,
ose (2), y-ose
(4), m-ose (6),
y-ose (8),
ci-ose (10),
t-ose (12),
w-ose (14),
h-ose (16),
kw-ose (15)

-onbe, -unde

-onse, is'c.
Pia

•<ose. Putu

-5se

-cosi, -cosini

This, these

Uyu, awa or

Uu or uyu, aa

Hu-yu, ha-wa ;

U-ti, u-yu, u-hu;

Uu, awa, &'c.

Yuyu, aa ; uii.

aa ; uyu, ii ;

or aya ; iiii.

Hu^fi, hi^i ;

a-wa ; u-gu.

ii : riri, gaga ;

riri, yaya or

ii; ii, gaa;

Hi^di, ha-ya ;

u-YU ; ii ; i-li ;

kiki, vivi ; ii.

ama ; keki,

ki-ya, i-ya ;

hi-ci, hi-vi ;

a-ya ; i-ki ;

zizi; lulu; uu;

ii ; ii, cici ;

i-ya, zi-ya or

hi^i, hi-zi ;

i-vi; &c.

kaka ; iiu ;

rcorco ; tcotco ;

zizi; uii; tw-ii;

hu-yu ; hu-u

kuku ; haha

kaka ; uwu ;

ki-i;uu;kw-aa,

(I2|, ha-ka;

(vava) ;

kuku; haha

wa-a, mw-aa

hii-u ; hu-ku ;
ha-fa ; hu-mu.

mumu.

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

109

II.

2.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

• Kikuyu

Kamba

Pukwmu or

Taita

Taveila

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfukcomoi

(Ki-dabida-

(Giryama-

Ki-sagalaJ

Duruma-Oigu)

This, these

U-yu,

a-wu,

U-o) or U-yco ;

I -ye, aco, uw<o.

(continued)

u-yu,

-yu, ^'c.

a-wu ; u-gu
or u-yco; i-yeo;

iyoo, rireo, <5^'i^.
-no> (yu-nco,
a-nco, u-nco,
i-nto, df^c.)

That, those

U-ria or (x)-ria,

Uu-ya,

aa-ya,

Huyu-de, hawa-

U-lya or u-ja ;

• ■•

Ye-,«-,

a-ria ; u-ria.

iSi^r.

de (or huyu-le,

wa-lya or

yu-ya.

i-ria ; ri-ria,

hawa-le), huu-

wa-ja ; gu-ja

yu-yathu.

ma-ria; ki-ria,

dc, hii-de, &'c.

or Yu-lya ; d^c.

yu-yahu ;

i-ria ; i-ria,

a-riat'u,

ci-ria ; rcD-ria;

a-riahu ;

tco-ria; ka-ria;

u-riat'u,

u-ria ; ku-ria ;

i-riahu; d^c.

ha-ria

Hi-(Hi-yu,Hi-a;
hi-u,hi-i; hi-ri,
hi-ga ; hi-ki,
hi-vi ; hi-i,
hi-zi ; hi-lu;
hi-vco ; dr'c. :
also Hi-ca,
Hi-rco, &'c.)

Bad

-ru, -uru. -buku -bugu. Tabisie, -suka or -zuka -lagelage.
-vii -wasi

-wiwi

•ii

Black

-iru, -wiru

-ziu, -wiu

-euzi

\y-ilu ; -a c-ilu

-jiru

Ny-iru, -iru

Female

-ka

-ka

-ke. -koave

-ke. -awaka

-ce

ce. -te. -aci
(sheep), -bice
(cattle). -garaa.
(cattle and hu-
mans)

Fierce

-guruki. -cogi

(-ri = sharp)

-buku

•kali

-abili or -birie.
-fia

-ekahe

•siru

Good

-ega, -wega.
■sima

-ze&j, -cecij

-ema

Ki-rani, -rani.
-Icoli. -ica.
-boie

-edi

■dzu or -dzu

Great

■nene

-nene

-kuu. Bora

-mbwaha,
-bwaha

-baha

•bumu. -nene

Little

-nyinyi, -nini

-nini, Kanini

-cucu

-cace. -tini

-dongu

•tite, -dide.
-tembe

Long, high,

-raia

-wasa, -atsa.

-yeya

-lele. -laca

-eza or -weza

-re

tall

-bangau

Male

-rume

-ume, -umiu

•yume

■lume-
-a -wumi,
•vumi

-ume

■lume, -dume

Old

-kuru, -tiuri.

-ku, -nu, -tene

•zee. -kuru

-a kala or

-a kae.

-kare. -kuru.

Ki-heti 5

Kale. -fwie.

-a-sakaa

-vedi 5
•kongwe,

N-keku.-gcosi.

Ki-demco

-konga

Red

-tune, -tuni

N-duune.
M-weo>

•kundu

Ngundu,
M -kundu

-ii-kundu

-tune, -dune,
-kundu

Rotten ...

-uru or -buba

-kico. -kigu.
-ctou, -oju

-lafa. -wuwa

-tula, -worie

-a kuwua

•ula

Short

-kuhi

-kupi

-fufi

-fupi

-fuhi

•fuhi or-ixAi.

Sick

-ruaru, -dwari.
-rimu.

Mo-ruaru

.Mu-wao

-cwaa, -jwaazi

-konkwa,
■koiigu

-cwajua

•IVl

•gongoj,
•kongu

no

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

II.

Kikuyu

II a. Meru

13.

Kamba

13-

Poikcomca or

Pfcokcomco

14.
Taito

(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)

15-
Taveita

16.

Nika

(Giryama-

Duruma-Digco)

White

au, -eu. -kundu (?)

•nange.

Mw-au, Nz-au (-zeru = holy,

-cojkwa.

pure)

Mny-ange

•ewa. Dy-ewa -eruve, -aruhe

Above, up, on

top
Before

I -guru

Ulu, yulu

Dzuu

I-gulu

Wanga

Dzulu

M-bere. Tene

M-bee

Usconi. Mbee

M-bele

M-bere

Behind ...

TSuta

Edina

Mo-ongoni wa-.
N-sing6> ya

Ny-uma

Ny-uma
Nga-luku

Ny-uma

Below, down

Xini. TJi.
Ruiigu. Cini

Pa-anbi,
N-Wni

Dzi or Tsini

M-saittge-ni.
I-si

Si

Tsini

Far

Ko-raiya

Ku-atsa

Kuye

Ku-lele, Kula

Hae

Kure

Here

Hafaa

Vaa

Habfa

Aha

Aha

Hiva. Haha.
Vava. Hanu

In, inside ...

-a beni. Xeni,

N-janue.

-ni. Ku-zimu

-a n-denji.

N-deni

N-dani. Mu-,

■ini

N-dini ya

Ko-mweni,
A-mweni

-mco

Middle ...

N-gatigati or
Katikati

Kati.
Vco-kati

Kahikahi

Gati

...

Kahikahi

Near

-a ha-kuhi
(•kubi)

Pa-kupi

Ha-fufi

Ka-vui

...

Yevi, Hehi

Outside ...

N-ja. Ku-uma.
Xima

N-dza

Yawa. Nse

?i-gati

^i-gati. Scome

Ndze. Ku-nze

Plenty, many

•ingi

•ingi. M-wita

•inji

•engi, -ingi-
Lulilcoli
Ahu. Alya.

Fwanda

-engi. Abau

There

Ku-ria. Ha-ria

Waya. Ekuu

Hu-kude.

Hala

Hariathu. -ku.

Ku-ya

Ha-bfade

U-kco. Kulya
Aja

Vara. Hikco.
Hahco. Vco.
Kura

Where? ...

•ha?, -ka?
Me-ha ?
Me-ku?

Na-ku?, -iba?

Ku ?, kuni ?

Hiyu? Hacd?

Hi?

Lavi ?, -hi ?
Hikco?

No!

N-di-6ta ! Aca !
Kco-ti-ri !

Tiwco!

Si-oy<o !

lii ! Haiya !
Mbai :

Hai ! Si !

Mbai! Ha;a!
Dzi!

Not {with verb

Ti-, -di, -ti

Ti- (di-), -ti-,

Si-, Ku-, Ka-.

Si, Si-, Su-,

■ •>

Si, Si-, Zi-.

as prefix, in-

-ta- or -da-

Ta-hu-. Ta-

Sa-

Kha-, Kh'-,

fix, or suffix)

mu-, Ta-wa.
Too- (Tail), Te-
(Tai),Ta-,6^f.

ThA-, -ba

To

Kw-, Ku-, Gu-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-gcoba. -hora

-kuna. -vcoa.
-kanya

-biga

-kwita

-biga

-piga

„ buy, sell

•gura

-ua. -feoja

-guya

-gula

■ztora

-gula

„ come ...

-coka, -ka

■uka

-dza

-ja

-za

-dza

„ cut

-tema. -tinda

-dila

-huna

-sinja. -dema

-tema

-tsinsa.
-dema, -tema

„ dance ...

-bwiiba. -ina
or -wina

-songa. -ina(7>
-taojka.
-kuina

- -Vina

■haka

-toruka

-zaziga

„ die ...

-kua

-kwa

-fwa

-fwa

-fwa

-fa

„ eat

■ria

-ya.lika.-ums

L -ca, -ja

•jiga

-la

-rya

„ give ...

•hee. -ruta

-nenga

-bfa. -yavya

-hawa

-inga

-va

1. go

-tiie, -zie,
•inuka. -cera

■enda. -bi

-enda

-gala

-tonga

-enda. -hua.
-enenda.
-hamba,
-tamba. -laa

GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES

III

II.

12.

13-

14.

15-

16.

English

Kikuyu

Kamba

Pcokcomu or

Taita

Taveita

Nika

1 1 a. Meru

Pfcokcomcd

(Ki-dabida^
Ki^sagala)

(Giryama.
Duruma-Digu)

To

Ko)-, Ku-, Gu-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

tJ

kill ...

■uraga. -urra

■aa. -dila

•yaga

•laga. •pinja

•kcoma

•ulaga.
•tsindza

»»

know ...

■menya.
■igua. -oi

■dzi. -manya.
-ese

•dzi. .manya.
■hambuya

•manya

•tisiwa

•manya

JJ

laugh ...

•tieka

■t>eka

•dzeka

-seka

-seka

•tseka

)>

leave oif,
cease

■tig^. -lekia

•eka, lekya

•yadza

•siga

■piya

•rica, •rega.
•laca. -sia,
-sika

)>

love,want

■enda

-kyenda,
•enda

•enda. .dzaka

•saya

•kunda,
•kundie

■hendza.
•kunda

))

see

-ona. -rora

■ona. -dzidza

•cona

•ona. -leola

•wcona.
•iyuwa

•ona. .Iwla

»»

sit, remain,
abide

•ikara

■ekala

•kaa

•kala, -kata

•ikaa

•sagala, -sala.
•kala

J»

sleep . . .

■kcoma.
-cunga

■mama,
■kcoma.
■likwa

•sindzia.
■yala

•tungura

•pinzia

-lala

JJ

stand,stop,
be erect

■rugama

■mama,
•umama.
•ungema,
•ufigama,
•umana

•sumama

•kaa kimu-si

^•scoma

•ima

J)

steal ...

•iya

•ya. nea. ngea

•iwa

■iva

•iwa

•ia, iya

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KIKUYU AND MERU
No preprefixes.

Class I. Mat-, Mu., M'^ (mu-, yu-, u-, (o-) ; 2. A. (a-) ; 3. Mco., Mu. (mu-, u-) ; 4. Me., Mi^ (mi-, i-) ;
5. TJi-?, Ri-, Di., I. (ri-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, a-) ; 7. KL, Ke-, Ge^, Gi^ (ki-) ; 8. !• (i-) ; 9. — , N., J^, Ny^
(i-, n-) ; 10. — , N-, Ny^, Ci^ (pi. also to i and 7) (ci-) ; 11. Rco., Ru^, Lu. (rto-, ru-) ; 12. Tco- (t(o-, tu-) ;
13. Ka. (ka-) ; 14. (X>; XJ- (u-) ; 15. Ku-, Kco- (ku-) ; 16. Ha. (ha-); (17. only represented by the
suffix -ini).

PREFIXES, &C., IN KAMBA

Class 1. Mu., M. (mu-, m-, yu-, u-); 2. A- (a-) ; 3. Mu- M. (mu-, m-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. I.
(i-, di-) ; 6. Ma. (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki. (ki-, ci-) ; 8. L, TJi- (i-, ic-) ; 9. N- (M^), -, Ny- (n-, i-) ; 10. N. (M-),
— ,Nz^,Ny. (n-, ny-,zi-, ci-); 11. U.(u-,ni-) ; 12. Tu. (tu-) ; 13. Ka^ (ka-) ; 14. U. (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ;
16. Pa., Va-, Wa^ (pa-, va-, wa-) ; (17. represented only by suffix ■ini).

PREFIXES, &C., IN POOKOOMO)

Class I. Mu-, M^ (mu-, yu-, ju-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi-(mi-,i-); 5. — ,Dzi-,
Dz- (di-) ; 6. Ma. (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Vi. (vi-) ; 9. N. (M^), Ny^, — (n- (m), i-, yi-) ; 10. Ny,
N-, — (n- (m-),zi-); 11. Yu^, U^,Reo. (oM/orm) (yu-, ju-) ; 12. U- (u-) ; 13. Ka., K'.(ka-); 14. U; (u-) ;
15. Ku. (ku-) ; 16. Fa- or Pfa- (fa-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-, -mu, -mco ; -ni).

I 2

112 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &C., IN TAITA

A trace of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-, yu-, hu-) ; 2. Wa-, Va- (wa-, va-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu-, -yu-) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, i-); 5. Iri-,I-, Ji-, Izi- (li-, ji-,j-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, ya-) ; 7- Ki-(ki-); 8. Vi-(vi-); 9. Ny-, N-,—
(n-, i-) ; 10. Ny-, N-, Nyu-, Cu- (n-, ci- ?, ri-) ; 1 1. Lu-, Leo- (lu-) ; 12. Du-, Di-, Ru- (?) (du- ?) ; 13. Ka-
(ka-) ; 14. U-, Wu-, Vu- (u-, vu-, yu-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha-, A- (ha-, ku-) ; 17. — (-ni or -nyi) ; and
traces of a La- prefix in Taita and Nika.

PREFIXES, &C., IN TAVEITA
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-, Iji-, Ni-?
(li-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a-) ; 7. Nki- ?, Ki- (ki-) ; 8. Vi-, Wi- (vi-) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, — (n-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny-,
— (n-, ji- orz\-) ; 11. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. Wu- (wu-,u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha-
(ha-) ; 1 7. absent ? represented by locative suffix, -ni or -ini.

PREFIXES, &C., IN NIKA

Class 1. Mu-, M- (mu-, yu-, w-) ; 2. A- (a-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. Ri-', Dzi-'

(ri-, i-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga-) ; 7. Ki-, C, Ci- (ki-, c'-) ; 8. Vi-, Z^- (vi-, ^•-) ; 8 a. Vi-, Fi- Cvi-, fi-) ; 9. N- (M-),

Ny'-, — (n- (m-), nyi-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny'-, — (n-, nyi-, zi-) ; 11. Lu-, Ru- (lu-, ru-) ; 12". U- (u-) ;

13. Ka- (ka-) 14. U- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-); 17. Mu- (mu- ; -ni). Traces of La- prefix.

11. Kikuyu is spoken in the Kikuyu highlands, between Upper River Tana, and the Meru and Nyeri
districts north-east and north-west of the northern slopes of Mount Kenya ; south-west, to the vicinity
of Nairobi ; eastwards, to the TSeraka country. The Meru dialect (11 a) is said to be markedly distinct.
It is spoken in the north-east portion of the Kikuyu area. The dialects of Kikuyu proper (which —
standard Kikuyu — is the Kiambu of Fort Hall) are the following, according to Capt. G. St. J. Orde-
Browne :— Nyeri (north-west Kikuyu); Ndia (south-west Kikuyu); Embu (Cuka, Mwimbe, Emberre,
"Ceraka, and IgoDJi, east and south-east Kikuyu) ; and 1 1 a, Meru, or north-east Kikuyu.

12. Kamba is spoken in Ukambani, between the Tana river on the north and the Ofigujlea hills near
Kilimanjarco on the south. It is boimded on the west by Kikuyu and on the east by the Gala, Pcokcomo),
and Giriama tribes.

13. Pukcomo) is spoken in the country along both banks of the Lower Tana, behind the coast-belt.

14. Taita is spoken in the Taita hills south of Ukambani, west of Giriama, east of Taveita and
Kilimanjaro).

15. Taveita is spoken in the Taveita settlement, south-east of Kilimanjaro).

16. Nika is spoken in the coast country behind the Swahili fringe, from the Sabaki river on the north
to beyond the Umba river in the south.

» PL No. 4, Mi.. » ? 14. PL to Ka-.

GROUP D

THE KILIMANJARO) LANGUAGES

17. Caga(Mosi or Ki-meoci)

17 a. Ki-siha or ^ira 17c. Ki-rombu

17 b. Ki-macame 176. Ki-meru

18. Pare-Gwenw

1 8 a. C-asu

GROUP E

THE USAMBARA LANGUAGES

19.

19 a.

^ambala
Bondei

20.

Zigula

20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-deoe

20 c.

Ki-kwere

20 d.

Kim-iima (Li:

ma)

17.

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &>£.

Pare'-Gwenw
18 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dtoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Animal, wild

Nyama.Indco;

Ny-ama

Ny-ama,Z-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama. Kala

Ny-ama

beast

ma-ndco

Ant

M-bwine.Safu.

Ma-cici. Ma-ra.

Cungu. Silafu

Silafu.

• ■■

Malw-ondto,

N-geni. Safu,

Utilitili.

I

N-ondto.

Kcokombirco

U-sawa

1

Faafu

Ant, white

M-sora.

M-sau

Mu-pwa

M-swa

M-swa

■ ••

(termite)

N-sau (17 b).

Sawa (17 d).

M-keni (17 c).

N-keoki (17 a)

Arm

Ku-wcdkco; ma-.
CO-ojkco ; p/.
ma-wkco or
ma-akco (17a,
b). M-ktonco

M-ko>nu ; mi-.
Ku-wcoku ;

ma-

Mu-kunco; mi-

Mu-kconco ; mi-

M-kojnoj

Mu-kconco ; mi-

Arrow

M-fe. "M-fi.

Mu-vwi ; mi-

M-uvi, Z-uvi ;

M-dali, M-sale.

M-dali. M-sale.

■ ••

M-bale ; fi-ale

m-pale.

Hcosa ; ma + .

M-fulw

(17 d).

(M-teg<o =
trap-arrow)

Golwa ; ma-f
(wooden
tipped).
Ki-gumba

(iron tipped)

Axe, adze ...

^ka ; ma-

Zcoka ; ma -(- .

Sezcd ; ma + .
Ccoka.

Hoya.

Hoiya. Sezu.

...

s«ka. Ki-aara

Ka-zcoka ; vu-

U-hamba.

Ki-huju.

1

//. fi-(l7d)

Hoya ; ma + .
Gembe; ma + .
M-bajco

M-kumco.

Gembe,

Jembe

Gembe

Baboon

I-fie (17 d).
I-fubi or
I-fuwe

I-puve (18 a).
I -fcdlongu.
Jcobco ; ma -f

Ny-ani

Ny-ani

...

Back

M-ongco.
Mu-hongco

M-Yongoj

Mu-gongo>

Mu-gongw

Mu-gongoa

M-gongco

Banana . . .

I-ruu. I-ruYii;

RiiYu;ma-ru-yu.

Huti. Tonte.

Huti ; ma -^ .

Tonte; ma-f.

...

ma-. I-kundu

En-didi

Bcoku.

Tonte ; ma -f .

Tundwi,

(17) {/ree).

Mu-dizi.

Tindi; ma-f

1vaA.\(=tree).

Nida (17 a).

Mu-hoyco

(tree)

Huti (unripe)

Beard

N-gereroo.
Ki-leri (17 d)

Kcdlcd ; ma +

Dezu

N-devu;
ma-devu

N-devu

...

Bee

N-juki. Suki.
piki (17 d)

N-juki

N-yuki

N-ytoki

N-yuki

...

BeUy

N-deu

N-denyi.
Ki-fii

Tumboo

I-fu

Tumbto,
Utumbw. I-fu

I-nda ; //.
zi-nda

Bird

Ndehe; fi-lehe
or N-dee ;
fi-lee. Ki-lehe;
pi-. Ki-te; vi-

N-deye

N-dege

N-dege

M-dege

N-dege

(17 c).

' M-pale is

the correct form

of the name.

114

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, 6^c.

Pare-Gwenoa
1 8 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Jfguru

20 b. Ki-dcoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Blood

M-samu.U-sau

Tsakame

Sakami.
M-p<ome

P'come

Sakame

Body

Ny-imbi.

M-wiri; mi-

Mu-ili<7rN-wili Mu-ili ; mi-

M-wili

Mu-ili.M-bihu

(17). M-bili

Bone

I-fuo. I-fua.
I-fuha

I-7ua

Mu-vuha

Ki-vuha

Vuha; ma-f

Bow

U-ha. VVu-da
(17). U-rara
(17 d)

Wu-ra

Luu-ta

U-ta

U-ta

Bowels ...

Ma-ula

...

I-fu

I-fu ; ma-

Ma-fu (I-fu).
Ki-nkufiku

Borassuspalm

Sawerco

N-dcogco; ma-f

Mu-vumco

M-bumco

M-sala?
Mw-andu.'

Brains

0-rongci>, //.
nyo-. (Kibco-
longeij=ji'«//)

U-fura ; ma-f

Uw-ongco

Uw-ongco ; pi.
b-ongco

Ubw-ongto; //.
mb-ongco

Breast (man's)

M-bafu ; ma-.
Ki-ala ; pi-ala

M-bafu

Ki-fua.

Ki-fua

Ki-fuwa

Breast

I-vele, I-wehe ;

Ki-kombe

Tombto ; ma -f .

Tombco

Tombco

(woman's)

ma-.

Ki-beeta ; si-.
Ki-bojta;
fi-bcota

Ki-wele

Brother ...

N-dehe (0/ii

M-dw-eru ; //.

N-dugu.

N-dugu

N-dugu.

N-dugu

Caga). Mco-

wa-dw-eru

Lumbu.

M-kulu.

nco. Wa-ma,

Mu-kulu.

M-vuna.

Mw-anama.

Nw-ene-tu

Mw-en'-etu

Mw-ana-n-die

Buffalo ...

M-btixa,
M-buhco,
M-b<ogto

M-bcoYco

M-bcogoj

M-bcogco

M-bcogco

...

Bull

Sau, N-^au

N-sato,

N-kambaku.

Kambaku.

N-jeka.

N-ombe dume

Kin-saco

Tule. N-dama

N-gombe

N-g^ulumale

ijuv.)

fi-gtosi

Buttocks ...

Ma-dakco.
O-rumco.
Ki-sia.
Ki-irarco.
Ki-ruaruco.
Ma-tulu

^i-ndikcd.
M-bweca

Tako ; ma-

Ma-takco

Canoe

N-galawa,
Ngilawa

...

Dalu ; ma-

Dalu ; ma +

M-tumbwi

...

Cat

N-kite. Paka
or M-paka

M-nyau

M-nyaco.
Con j we

M-nyaco

M-nyau

...

Charcoal ...

I-kaa ; ma-kaa

Ma-kaa

Ma-kala

...

Chief

Mange, Maiigi Maiigi ; wa + .

Z-umbe.

Z-umbe ; ma-f

Z-umbe.

J-umbe

Mambco.

M-fumwa

M-temi.

M-gcosi ; wa-.

M-fumwa

M-fumwa

Child

M-butu.

Kamw-ana ;

Mw-ana

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

Mw-ana

M-kcoku.

wa + .

m-kebe. Kaz-

Mw-ana

m-teke.

M-ana,M-cona,

£m-dconi

anaka-kebej.

m-teke

M-dcodco

Mw-ana,

Ka-zana

Uw-ana.

K-csna ; wa-

kcana

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

"5

English

17-
Caga, &=<:.

l8.

Pare-Gwenci)

1 8 a. C-asu

19-
Sambala

19 a.
Bondei

20.

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-due

20 c. Ki-kwere

20 d.
Kim-rima

(Lima)

Cloth

Coco-nut palm
Cold

Country

Cow ...

Crocodile

Date palm...

Day

Devil

Doctor
Dog ...

Donkey

Door ...
Dream

Drum ...
Ear ...

N-gruwco.

Scjori.

N-setcj ; mi-.

Swaari
M-site
M-behco, Beco.

M-biu. Ki-sie

{17 a)
U-ruka ; ma-.

CO-ruka ;

njo-ruka.

I-sanga; ma-
Mbe. N-ombe

N-gumbe

(17 b).

N-umbe(i7d).

N-ube (17 c).

Umbe (17 a)
Ki-nyanu; pi-.

Ki-nyau ; fi-.

Ki-nyah.

Ki-nyani
I-kangaci,

Y-angaji.

I-harara
Nkojnu.

N-saniii.

Suku. M-firi.

N-yimco ; pi.

m-umco
A-sukoi or

Wu-sukoj.

U-sukwa.

U-ketco.

U-kwale.

Mu-rumu ;

va-, wa-, or

ba-
Mw-aiiga,

N-ganga
1-kite ; ma-.

M-bara.

Ki-ite ; fi-ite
N-dzoi.

I-cungu. I-se

Mw-ongto.

Mw-aiigco
I-lcodia or

Nya-lo>dia.

J-oria.

N-ducosco
N-gcoma.

M-tiiigco
Ku-du. Ku-rui.

Ku-hi (17 a)

N-guweo. puke, Guni Nguwco.

Scoori. N-sori finnJ

M-behto
1-sanga

Mu-nazi
M-pehco

Ni-pi

Guni

M-nazi; mi-
M-pehto

Ufi-umbe. Gcoma. N-ombe mo-

Ki-nombe M-buguma. yele

Mcdli (piv.)

Ki-nyana ; vi- Mamba Mamba.

Bcomu

I-vangaci Mu-sala

M-firi. Mu-si; Mu-pi. Siku. Siku
mi-si (Mu-pi = day-

light)

Swi ; ma -f- M-pepo>

M-pepw

Suke

Nazi

Pehu. M-pehco

Si

N-ombe.
M-buguma.
Muli

Mamba

M-sala

Siku. M-si,
(Zuwa = day-
light)

M-pep<o

Mu-yanga M-sangi

Kite. I-gureo Kuli Kuli

Z«e, N-zeoe Jcowe. N-j«awe

M-punda.

Ki-hongwe
Mw-angco Lu-uvi M-langco.

L-uvi ; ny-uvi
N-dorco Scdzi. N-doot« Scozi ^^rN-jcozi

N-gtoma

Ku-rwi.
1-sikico;
ma-siki<i]

N-gcoma
Gu-twi

N-guma
Gu-twi

N-ombe

m-twanzi or
M-buguma

Kuli. M-bwa. Mbwa
Si-kcoko>

N-jcowa.
M-punda

L-uvi.

M-langco
Scozi ; ma-

N-gcoma
Gu-twe

M-punda

Gw-itwe

ir6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

i8.

19-

19a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &'c.

Pare-Gwenco

l8 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcae

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Egg

Li-borto.

I -bore

Tagi

Tagi

Tagi

I -bar we.

I -bore.

N-gMJeo,

In-go>^u

Elephant ...

^ufu. N-dufu,

N-jtofu

Temboa,

N-thembco.

N-tembea.

• •■

N-joafu

N-temboj

Soavu

ffgcagcami

Excrement

Ma-rifi,
Ma-difl, Ma-fi,
Ma-tufi.
Ki-ala, Ki-
rapi, Ki-rarco

Ma-rifi, Fari

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

Eye

Ir-isco. R-iscd

R-isco ; m-esca

Z-ipto

Z-ipco or T-isco ;
m-esco

Z-isci>. M-esca

L-isco or S-isu
M-esco

Face, forehead Ki-amu ; f\- or

Ki-amu

C-ene; vy-ene

C-ene; vy-

U-soa

*..

h-. Ki-sangu;

fi-

Tat

Ma-fuha, Ma-
fura, Ma-fuda.
Ka-nda.
Sunya

Ma-fura

Ma-vuta

Ma-vuta

Ma-vuta.
Lii-gala.
N-gulunya

**t

Father

Baba. Wan-de.

N-dica. Vava.

Tate. Isco,
Ipe

Tate. Isca

Tate. Isco,

Tata

N-deco, N-die.

Apaa (i8a).

Ise

N-deye

N-dica-fu),

N-die

Fear

W-ilai. 0-wu.
Wu-oawu.
Wu-hcowa

J-cawcoha

OOga

U-coga

W-oaga

• •■

Finger

'Nni. Kimu-nu.
Kimu-nyco,
Ki-nyco.

Mu-nco

M-nywi.
Fi-cala.
Mu-nyu

C-ala ; vy-ala

C-ala ; vy-

(?) //. Deole

Fire

M-ohco.
M-odco.

Mu-rca

M-oru

Mu-otto

M-otoa

M-otco

M-5tco

Fish

I-kunga

N-kunga

Fi

Fi ; mafi.
Gcabu

Ny-ama ya
ma-zi. M-bisi

...

Foot

Ku-dende.

Ku-rende.

Mu-lundi.

Mu-lundi

Ki-g^a ? Ha-za.

Mu-gulu; mi-

U-rende.

Ku-mui ; //.

Lu-ayoa.

Lw-ayco

tO-woo.

ma-mui

M-kcanca

Nya-wayci>.

Nu-tufii (Aee/)

Forest

M-sudu.
N-gera.
N-goroapto.
N-gumi,
N-gudu

Ki-amrco

Mu-zitu

M-zitu

M-bagu

Fowl

N-gnuku

N-guku

N-guku

N-guku

N-guku

>• .

Frog

N-geli. I-lcura
Kiloa.
Ngwale.
I-kilwa

I-reome

J-ula

J-'ula

J-ula

Ghost

Mu-rumu; va-
orba-. N-gilica
Ki-rinji; gi-.
Ki-ripe; fi-.
^i-rinje; fi-

Ki-nje

M-pepco.
Mu-zimu

M-zimu. Pepco

Ki-zuli.
N-kaka

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

117

17-

18.

19-

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &--C.

Pare-Gwenu

18 a. C-asu

Sambala

Bondei

Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe

Kim-rima
(Lima)

20 c. Ki-kwere

Giraffe

Ny-coli, OOlii.
N-dia

...

N-deya

...

N-twiga

...

Girl, maiden

Mw-ali

M-bori

Mu-ndele; wa-.
Ka-ndele ; vi-.
Ka-vele

Ka-ndele ; vi-

M-ndele ;
wa-ndele

...

Goat

M-buni,
M-buri.

Im-bu^i.
M-buru.

M-buzi

M-buzi

M-buzi.
M-peeni(2oa)

M-buzi

1 ,, (he) ...

N-daina(l7b)

M-buri

001<o, Or&j.

Oreo

N-dcoltome.

Fulata

Fulata. Bebelu

Bulata

Horco

Fulata

„ (she)

M-h<oma.

M-ytoma

M-balika.

Tcogcota or

M-buguma.

Tcogcota or

N-gcolto.

N-tcoycota

M-buguma

N -tcogcota.

M-buguma

Sawana(i7d)

Ka-vulata

God

I-ruva,E-ruwa

Ruwa. Suva

Mu-lungu

Mu-lungu

M-lungu
Baba 5. Wau 5.

Mu-lung^

Grandparent

iMu-eku.

Kcokfo

Babai. Wauo.
Weya

Baba J. Wau 0

...

Babu

Nyco-kwe

m-ktilu

Grass

Ma-ra. Ny-asi-
U-weresi

(i7d)

Ny-ansi. Ma-ra

Fcoveo. Lu-puki

Feovco ; ma-f.
Inde ; ma -f .
M-ani. Kusi

Ny-asi. Z-ani ;
m-ani

Ground

OD-rika.

M-bai

Lu-wangwa.

?i

Si

...

W-anda (17).

Si. Sumbai

U-longco

Ground-nut

...

N-jugu

Sugu

N-jugu

...

Guinea-fowl

N-ganga.
1-rana. U-furu
(i7b).N-gelele

Ny-anga.
Ngelele

N-kanga

N-khanga

N-kanga.

N-kelele

...

Gun

Wa-lebcolco.
Nge-bcole-
bcolco.

Ki-pcolcopcolco.
Ki-alcolco ; fi-.
M-bunduki
(17c).

Bwindiki

Futi

FuU

Futi

Hair

N-dzui, N-ji.

N-jui. N-zui.

Fili

FiU

Lu-vili- (Lu-fili

Lu-nyuele ;

Ma-fuli,

Seri

^one hair) ;

nyuele

Ma.fili

Fili

Hand

M-kconu,

U-hi; ma-hl.

Mu-kconco.

Gasa

M-keonco.

Mu-ko>no>

N-kconu. U-hi.

M-kconto; mi-.

Ki-gasa; -yasa

N-konde.

Kco-cokco

N-gumi.

Ki-fumba.

Ki-gasa

Head

Mu-dco. N-roae.
N-heoe.

M-dcoe; mi-

M-rwi. J-ongco.
Mu-rue

Mu-twi

Mu-twi

Mu-twe, M-twi

Li-twe

Heart

N-goo. (I-hima

N-goto or

M-oyco. (I-ni

M-oyco

M-oyco. (Z-oyoj

...

= /ivt'r)

En-gcoleo

= /iver)

= large heart)

Heel

Sedu, Sendu,
or Ki-sendu.
Ki-sinanco.
U-tufeo ; nyu-

Tutunye

Ki-haya

Ki-haga; vi-

Ki-siginco.
Ki-haga

Hide

^J-jconi, ^coni.
N-dongco

N-jconi

Lu-kingco

^u-kingco.
Babu

N-kingco.
M-kcota

...

Hill

1-bici

...

Ki-lima

Ki-lima

Ka-lima.

• •■

Hippopotamus N-gerre, N-gerere

N-gere

M-vulu

Ki-boiikhco

I-tunda
M-vulu.
Ki-bonkco

ii8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

18.

•9-

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &'c-.

Pare-Gwenu
1 8 a. C-asu

Sambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dciie

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Hoe

I-ebe (17 a).
L-embe

I-jembe

...

Gembe; ma + .
M-gembe; mi-

...

Honey

V-uki, W-uki

Wu-ki

U-ki

W.«ki

U-ki, U-ci.
Wio-ki

...

Horn

OO-be; bebe.
O-mbe ;
me-mbe.
U-hembe;
m-hembe.
U-embe ;
m-bembe

U-embe

Lu-vea ; //.
fea or feya

Lu-fea ; fea

H-embe ; mp-

Horse

N-pungu

...

Falasi

Falasi

Falasi

Farasi

House

Mba, N-umba,

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba.

N-anda ; ma-

N-uba,

I-banda.

Kaya

Kaya

N-anda.

Ny-umba.

I-huru

(Z-umba = a

M-bii; fi-bii.

large hotise)

I-tengoj.

M-calto.

I-tongw

Hunger

N -jaa. Scotu
(I7d).

N-jaa

Sala

Sala

Sala, Gumbco

...

Husband ...

M-mi (17 a).

Em-biionge

M-gtopi.
Mu-lume

M-gwsi ; wa-

M-goosi.
M-lume

...

Hyena

I-fisi. I-fulu.

I-batw

Fisi. Bau.

Fisi. Bau.

Bau. Fisi.

• ••

Sisi. I-rabulu;

Ma-njakco

Ndzaku ; ma-

N-dilili.

ma- (i7d)

Ki-ngugwa

Iron

M-inya,
M-enya.
Ma-ringa

M-inya

M -Scorned.
Ki-lama

Ki-lama

Ki-rama

J-uma

Island

I-rua. K-ing^a.
Ki-ringitia

Ki-dara

Ki-siwa.
Kiluwa

...

Ki-luwa

...

Ivory

co-be; //.bebe.
Ma-hehco.
U-embe Iwa
pcofu. Ombe
Ico nj-cofu

regco or Gegco

N-tembto. Fea

Lu-fea.
Temboj

M-pembe za
n-tembw

Knee

Nrl, N-dru,
I-ndi, Ndii.
Iriki. Ken

(17)
Ki-jsu; fi-.

N-di

Vindi. I-swi,
I-zwi

Vinti; ma +

I-di ; ma-di.
Vindi ; ma +

...

Knife

Ki-andwi

Tuni ; ma + .

Tuni ; ma 4

N-gtola

• !•

Ki-adu.

Sime.

Ki-co^ca.

Lu-panga

(Jl)-banga,

Ki-andwi

Lake, sea ...

I-niwa

...

Ziwa

Ziwa

Ziwa

<■■

Leg

Ku-tendu,
Ku-dende.
U-rende

Ku-rende

Mu-lindi

M-lundi.
, Ki-fumba

Ki-ga; vi-ga

Mu-gulu

Leopard ...

O-basi.
Ny-amanru
(•7a).
I-rumu.
N-gwe
(I7d).
N-gulamu

M-lula

pui

Suwi. Duma

Sui. Duma

Lion

Simba

Simba

Simba

Simba

Simba

•t*

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

119

17-

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, dff.

Pare-Gwenco

18 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula
20 a. iSfguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe

Kim-rima
(Lima)

20 c. Ki-kwere

Lips

M-lcomu.
M-comco.
I -rumbu.
Fi-ramu (//.)

M-umu,
Mi-umu

Mu-loamw

M-lumca; mi-

Mu-lcamu

• ••

Magic

VV-anga,
N-sawi or
Wu-sawi

U-sawi

U-pawi

ll -cawi.
U-ganga

(good)

U-sayi

• tf

Maize

Ma-hemba,

I-emba,

Mu-hemba.

Mam-phemba.

M -pemba

• ••

Y-embe,

Pemba,

Ma-pemba

Ku-bonda

I-mba

Hemba

Man

'Nru ; va-.

M-ndu ; wa-.

Mu-ntu ; wa-.

Mu-nthu,

Mu-ntu; wa-ntu

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ndu ; wa-,

(£m-buonge=

{M-gcopi=7/z>.)

M-ntu; wa-

wa-ntu

va-. N-dumi,

husband)

'M-mi {vir..

husband).

M-sorcd

{warrior..

young man)

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine . . .

...

Mu-zi-yi

M-ziye

...

,,,

Milk

Ma-lela, Ma-
ruwa. (-kama

= to milk)

Ma-riwa

M-ele

M-ele (-kama

= to milk)

M-ele. (-kama

= to milk)

• ••

Monkey ...

N-gima.
N-gcoonda.
Ki-nangoyeo ;

fi- or fi-

N-tumbiri.
N-gcoco.
N-gima

N-tumbili

Tumbili

N-tumbili.
N-kima

•••

Moon

Mw-eri, M-eri,
Mw-iri, Mu-ri

Mw-eri

Mw-ezi.
'Nw-ezi

Mw-ezi

Mw-edzi

Mw-edzi

Mother ...

Ma, Mau,

Ma-co.

Mu-lala (mid-

Mami. M-lala

M-nala. Mame.

Mama

Wa-ma.

Ka-mangoj.

wife in Bon-

Nyco-kwe.

Mayu. Mae,

Mae

dei). Nyco-kwe.

Nin-e

Ma ye

Nin-e

Mountain ...

Subalco.
I-fumbu.
I-fufu. M-sari.
U-rco ; pi.
fikyu-rco

Fumbu

MQ-lima

Lu-gulu ?

Lu-gulu; ma-.
Mlima.
Lu-gundi

(20 aj

Ki-lima

Mouth

Ka-na.
Fi-ramu.
Dumbu,
Rumbu,
Lumbu

Rumbu

Ka-nwa

Ka-nwa

M-lcomco

M-lcom«a

Nail (of finger

(jL)-paa ; pi.

N-jala

Kombe; ma + .

...

N-kombe

■••

or toe)

paa. X-caa;
pi. n-jaa.
N-jaa ; //.
ma-njaa

Lu-kombe ;
ii-kombe

Name

Ir-ina. R-ina;
//. mar-ina

R-ina

Z-ina

Z-ina

Z-ina

J-ina

Navel

Nkim-bumbucu.
M-kufu,
Ki-kufu, Ktiti

M-kufu

Lu-kuvu

Lu-kuvu

Lu-kuvu

■ •»

Neck

Singco,
N-zingco

Zingco

Singco

Siiigco

Singco

...

Night

Ki-co

Ki-co

Ki-lco. (Kiza

Ki-co. (N-gima

Ki-lco

...

I20

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, 6-t.

Pare-Gwen<o
18 a. C-asu

Sambala

Bondei

Zig^la

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Nose

M-bu5, M-bua

M-bua. Pula

Pula

M-phua

M-pula

Pula ; ma-hula

Ox

N-gumbe,
N-ube,
Numbe,
Umbe, Mbe

N-umbe

N-ombe.
r-ombe.
N-jeku.
M-palala

N-ombe

N-ombe.
M-palala

N-ombe

Paddle

...

...

Kafi

...

■•-

...

Palm wine.

Ma-loxoti,

Ma-la>YCo.

M-pombe

Tembco

M-pombe

•••

beer

Ma-luY<oti

Ma-wa

Parrot

Kasuku

Ka-suku

N-kwalu

Kwalu ; ma 4-

Ka-suku

•••

Penis

M-b<olu. M-kia.

U-rumbi(i7d)

M-cuni or
M-cunu

Tam-beoloj

M-bulcd

M-bo)lco

M-bcoIu

Kg

N-guve,
N-guwe

N-guwe

N-guluwe

N-guuwe or
N-gumwe

N-guluwe

...

Pigeon

M-beta.

1-beta

^uwa

N-giwa

Suwa

...

Place

Wa-nda,
Wa-ndra,
Ha-ndu,
Wa-ndu,
A-ndu

Ha-ndu

Ha-ntu

Ha-ntu.
Ku-ntu

Ha-ntu

Rain

Fuo, M-vuti>,
Vua

Mvv-era

Fula

Fua

Fnla

...

Rat

N-gyaha.

M-bewa.

N-gwpwe

N-geoswe.

N-guS(o.

...

M-bewa

N-gcoswe

(18 a)

Gule

M-puku

Rhinoceros

Bia. M-bura

Falu. M-pela

Pela

M-pela

...

River

M-fongco.
M-edenyi.
Mu-reny'.
N-denyi

M-fo>nyi

Mu-tco

M-toj

M-tu

Road

?ia, N-jia,
N-jila

N-jia, En-sia

pila

Sia

Sila

Sila

Salt

Mu-nyu.
M-bala

...

Mu-nyu

Mu-nyu.
Cumvi

Mu-nyu

...

Shame

Sconu. Suni.
I-reeze (17)

I-rawa

^ni

Sconi

Sconi

...

Sheep

C-uondi ; fi-.

M-ondco.

N'-gojtoj.

N-geot«.

N-gcolco.

...

1-ccondi ; ma-.

N-onzi (18 a)

pamba.

Samba.

N-dcolcome.

J-anria; ma 4-.

N-kcjscoYColco

Kusugoolco

M-buguma J

I-horima.

(ram)

(ram)

(a)-luvi =

lamb)

Shield

N-gaco,
N-gaweo

N-gawto

N-gawto

N-gaco

N-gawco

...

Shoulder ...

I-veva

•••

Wega, Eya ;
ma + , ma 'eya

Wega ; ma +

Wega

...

Sister

M -^igiugu.

Lu-mbuya

Lumbu.

Lumbu

Lumbu.

N-dugu

M-piki.

N-dugu

Zuguni

m-twanzi.

M-fuama

mun-dele.

Lumbu

{17CI, 17b)

M-vele ; -vela

Skin

N-dong«o,
N-rongco,
M-rongco

Njconi

Babu

Babu

N-kanda.
N-kingco.
M-kcota

...

Sky

E-rua. I-buci
(17). Ma-fusi
(17 b). Ma-
rumbi (17 d).
I-ruhu (17 c)

Ka-yu

Lu-wingu,
M-bingu.
Mu-lungu

U-langa

Ku-langa

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

121

I

«7-

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

PInglish

Caga, &^c.

Pare-Gwencd
18 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dbie

20 c. Ki'kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Slave

I-pinga,I-singa

M-soro> or
M-zorw;
va-zorco

M-pumba.
Mu-puna
Mu-tuiiwa j

U-pipiza

M-tumwa

M-tumwa.
Mn-dele

M-tumwa

Sleep

Ma-dci>, Ma-rco.

Ma-riM(I-laa =

...

N-tongco

...

Ru-co (17 d),

7'erd)

Tw-oo (17 c)

Smoke

Mu-zu, .\i-su

M-tsi

M-copi

M-cosi

M-cosi

...

Snake

^wka, N-jcoka

.N-j«ka,
Ny-coka

Ny-coka

Ny-coka

Ny-ooka.

(Z-coka = dig

snake)

...

Son

Mw-ana.

M-bwaiige.

Nw-ana

Mw-ana ; //.

M-bwanga.

iMw-ana

M-paka.

Mw-ana wa

yu-ana

Mw-ana

inu-lume

Mw-ana-ke,

ki-umi

m-gcosi

M-ana-w-tomi,

Ki-mana.

M-sangi

(17c)

Song

Ki-ibu ; fi-.

Ofi-gora.

U-ila; ny-ila.

Zumco, (-imba

W-ila

...

Ki-imbco ; fi-.

Lu-mbco

Imbco

= /o sing-)

Ma-fina

Spear

Fumco, I-fumti.
M-bere

Fumco

Guha

Guha

Guha

...

Spirit, soul

Mu-rumu

...

Mu-zimu.
M-pepco

Pepco. Lcohco

M-zimu,
M-oyco

Mu-zimu

Star

Ny-enyeri,
Ny-inyiri

N-dondco

Lu-tondco

Tondoj

Lu-tondco

N-tondco

Stick

Ki-ri, Ki-di.
M-senge.
M.biiri.N-dici

M-peiige

N-gcoda

N-gcoda

N-kcome.
Bankcola.
Fimbco

Fimbco

Stomach ...

Ma-ula

...

...

I-fu ; ma-

I-gu. Tumbco.
Nda

...

Stone

I -we ; ma-we.
I-hio, Ny-ihca ;
ma-hco

I -we, I-bwe

I-we. I-bco

I-we ; ma-

I-we

•••

Stool

Ki-cumbi

Ki-ti; vi-ti

Ki-ti; vi-

• ••

Sun

E-rtia, I-ruva.
M-nengeri,
N-nengeri ;
mi-. (.M-ui =
sitns/iine)

M-bari.
Suva

Zuwa

Zuwa

Zuwa

Dzua

Tail (of an

N-kia. N-desi,

Mu-ngwapi.

Mu-kila

M-kila

M-kila

■ ••

animal)

.Mw-asi,
N-gasi,
.M-hasi.
M-kuli

M-sise

Tear

I-soru, I-saiu.

M-sori

pcozi ; ma -f .

pcozi ; ma -1-

Scozi

• •■

M-cenyere.

Zi-p<ozi ; ma-

M-^erere

Testicles ...

M-b<olo>-
ta^imba,
N-dekere

-M-beolco

Ma-humba

Ma-humbu

Humbu

• ••

(17 c). M-bcoloj

Thief

M-wiwi.
I-langco

M-rangco

M-bavi.
N-wivi

M-bavi

M-bavi

...

Thigh

Ki-nama.
Ki-SMWU

(17)

Ki-nama

N-onga.
Ny-onga

Ki-gudi

Wambco

• ••

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

18.

19-

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &'i:.

Pare-Gweneo
18 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Thing

Ki-ndu,
Ki-ndco ; fi-, ?i-

Ki-ndco

Ki-ntu ; vi-ntu.
I-ntu ;
ma-ntu.
Nyi-ntu.
Ka-ntu

Ki-ntu ; vi-

Ki-ntu

Ki-ntu

Thorn

Mw-inga.

Mu-pa, M-pa

M-fwa

Mw-iwa.
Nw-iwa

Mw-iwa

Mw-iwa

• ••

Tobacco ...

Mbatu

M-batu

Tumbatu

Tumbatu

Tumbatu

To-day

T,alu, U-lalu.
I-nu, 'N-nu,
Lu-nu

I-sanya.
Ycoco

Lelco

Ultt

Dyelco.
(EIco = now,
theji)

Leco

Toe

Ki-mnyto.

M-nywe wa

Cala

C-ala ca

Dcole (dya

...

Ki-nu.

ku-rende

m-lundi

Ki-ga)

Ki-munu.

Ki-munyco.

N-ni (17 d)

To-morrow

N-gama.

Desi(i7b,i7d)

N-gama.
Yaveo.
M-tondco

Ki-loi. Lu-vi.
Mu-hitu

...

Luvi. Ki-sindco

...

Tongue ...

No-ilimi,
U-lumi,
0-limi,U-limi;
pu-limi (17 b)

Lu-limi

Lu-limi.
Lu-laka (of
beasts)

U-limi

Lu-limi

Limi

Tooth

l-y«o. Hehco ;
ma 4- . Jeo ;
ma-eeo

reyco or Gegoi :
pt. ma-gegco.
I-yeco

Z-inco

Z-inco ; m-enco.
(Ki-gegco, a
long front
tooth, a tusk)

Z-inco. Gegco

Dz-inco

Town

Mu-ri. Kanie.
Ki-hongco.
Mu-ngeo. Ki-aroj

Ki-bare.

Mu-ri

Mu-zi

M-zi. Kaya

M-zi. Kaya

Mu-kaia,
Kaya

Tree

N-hi ; mi-hi.
N-ri ; //. fi-ri.
M-di ; nii-di

M-ri. Mu-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-ti

M-ti. Umu-ti;
//. imi-ti

...

Twins

Ma-asa,

M-hasa

M-papa

Pasa

Ma-vyaza

■ •■

M-baasa,

M-hasa, M-aza

Urine

Ma-ji.
Ma-u-hamco,
Ma-ameo,
Ma-faam<o

Ma-mangco

Ma-kcozco

Ma-kcoza

Ma-kcozco

Vein

•'•

...

L-uge

M-sipi

L-uge; ny-uge.
Lu-basi ;
m-basi

...

War

Fi-ha. N-gondu.
Fi-ta. Si-da

(17)

Fira

N-kondco.

(Ma-ta =
weapons)

Kondco

N-kondco

...

Water

Mu-ha. Mu-ra.
Ma-ringa

M-ringa

Ma-zi

Ma-zi

Ama-zi ?

Ma-dzi

Well, source,

...

Ki-sima.

Tekeloi

Ma-lengu.

Ki-sima

spring

Ma-zi. Sima

White man

M-zungu.
N-zungu

M-zungu

Mu-zungu

Mii-zungu

Mu-zungu

Mii-zungu

Wife

M-bora.

M-ka.

Mu-kaza.

M-vyee.

M-vyele.

Mkangwa

M-ka, N-ka.

Em-bora.

Mu-ke

M-kaza

M-kazi.

Mw-ana-wa-ka.

Em-deku.

M-kaza

M-fele;wa-fele

M-ceku

(17 c)

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

123

17.

18.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, &'£.

Pare-Gwenoa
18 a. C-asu

^ambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcae

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima

(Lima)

Wind

Beoa. N-dimu.
M-behoa.
U-tanu.
M-kuma
(17 c). U-rat«,
Mbu-ratoj
(I7d)

M-kuma

Pehca

Pehca.
U-hehco

M -pehca

Witch

Mu-anga.
A-lcaa.
M-sawi,
N-sawi

M-sawi

M-pawi.

Mu-payi

M-sawi

M-sawi

Witchcraft

U-sawi

...

U-pawi.
N-doYwa

U-sawi.
U-ganga

U-sawi

...

Woman ...

M-fele Mu-ka,

M-ndu-m-ka

M-vele,

M-vyele

M-vyele.

M-twanzi

N-ka.

Laca.

Mu-vyele.

M-ndele

M-bora.

Em-bora

Mu-ndele

M-ndu m-ka.

Mu-ali

{virgin).

Mu-humba

(o/ii 7naid)

Womb ...

U -rco'oa.
U-nene.
U-rudco (17 c)

I-lemwa

N-da

I.fa

N-da. I-fu

•

Wood (fire-

(x)-ktii, f*-gwi,

N-giii

Lu-kuni

N-khuni

Lu-kuni

...

wood)

N-gu

Em-pande

Yam

Ki-ya ; fi-.
Ki-kwa ; fi-

Ki-ya

Ki-lungu

Ki-lung^i

N-kudumbe

...

Year

Mw-aka,
M-aka

Mw-aka

Nwaka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

...

Yesterday

Wu-kcowu,
U-kwau,
Kau, I-wco

I-Yuca

Zana. Tulco.
Zuzi

Zana

Gulca. Zuzi

...

Zebra

I-tikco

I-tikca

Punda

N-kulca

M-punda
mi-lia

...

One

-mui, -mu, -mca

Mojsi, -mwi

Bcasi.

Mwe-iiga,
-mwe

Bcosi.

Mwe-nga ;
-mwe

Busi. Mwe-figa
or -imwe

-mwe. Moaja

Two

•vili, -wii, -bi,
-vi, -wi

-wi. Y-eri

-ili

•idi, -ili, -ii

-ili or M-bili

M-bili, -will

Three

■hahu, .-raroj,
-radu

•tatu

-tatu

•tatu, -utatu

-tatu

•tatu

Four

-ini, -nna, -ina

-nna, -nne

-nne, -ne

-nne

-nne

■nne

Five

■hanu, -tanu,
■tancd, -ranu

-tanu, -zanu

-panu, -panco

-panoa

-panco

-sanca

Six

-radahu,
-ndaru,
-randaru.
Fi-tanu na
ki-mu

Ndaru,
-randaru

Ma-tandatu

M-tandatu

M-tandatu

M-tanda

Seven

M-fuiigade,
Fuiigare,
Fungahi.

M-fungare

Mu-fungate

M-fungate

M-fungate

M-fungati

Fi-tanu na

fi-wi

124

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven
Twenty ...

Thirty

Forty

Fifty ...
Sixty

Seventy ...

Eighty ...
Ninety
Hundred . . .

Thousand . . .
I, me, my ...

Thou, thee,
thy

He, him, his

'7.
I Caga, iSfi:.

1 8.

Pare-Gwenu

1 8 a. C-asu

19-
Sambala

19 a.
Bondei

20.

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-d<i>e

20 c. Ki-kwere

20 d.

Kim-rima

(Lima)

Nyanyi, Fi-nana

Nyanya.

Fi-tanu na

fi-radu
K-eda, K-enda, K-enda

Ky-enda.

Fi-tanu na

fi-ina
I-kumi I-kumi

I-kumi na

ki-mcd
Ma-kumia-vili,

or ha-wili, or

ga-wi, or

ma-wi, or

a-wi
Ma-kumi

ga-raru or

ha-raru, S^c.
Ma-kumi

ga-nna or

ha-ana, &-'(.
Ma-kumi

ga-tanco, &^c.
Ma-kumi

ga-randaru,

Ma-kumi
m-fuiigade,

Ma-kumi

nyanya, c^c.
Ma-kumi

k-enda, &-'c.
N-gama (17),

I-hana, jana.

Yana
Lule. Kiku.

Ma-hana

i-kumi

Nyinyi, Inyi.

Ngi-, Ng-,

Ni-, N-, Si-, I-.

-ngi. -ni-, -pi-.

-a-ko>, -a-kwa.
^i-cowco, Ico,

Ewe, I we.

Wu-,Ku-,Ki-,

Kcj-, 00-, U-.

-ku-. -a-fco, -fu
O), We, Ye,

Yi-cowu. A-.

-m-, -n-, -mu-.

-a-ke, -a-kwe

I-kumi na
ki-mwi

Ma-kumi
ha-wi

Ma-kumi
ha-raru

Ma-kumi
ha-ana

Ma-kumi

ha-tanu
Ma-kumi

ha-randaru

Ma-kumi
ha-fungare

Ma-kumi

ha-nana
Ma-kumi

k-enda
I -Yana

Ma-yana.
i-kumi

Inyi. Ni-, N-.
-ngi-, -nji-.
-a-kwa

Mu-nane

K-enda

Kumi

Ibwe.
-ku-.

I -SCO.

• m-

M-nane

K-enda

Kumi

M-nane

K-enda

M-nane

K-enda

Kumi

Kumi.
M-longco
Kumi na -nwe Kumi na mcosi Kumi na imwe Kumi na mwS

Mi-longcd
mi-ili

Mi-longco
rai-tatu

Mi-long<o

mi-ne

Mi-longco

mi-panco
Mi-longco

mu-tandatu

Mi-longco
mu-fungate

Mi-longco
mu-nane

Mi-longco
k-enda

Gana

Mi-longco
mi-ili or
Mi-ongco
mi-idi

Mi-ongM
mi-tatu

Mi-ongco
mi-nne

Mi-ongco
mi-panco

Mi-ongco
m-tandatu

Mi-ongco
m-fungate

.Mi-ongco

m-nane
Mi-ongco

k-enda
Gana

Kulija

Imi. Mimi.
Na-.
-ni-. -a-ngu

Ni-,

U-, Ku-.
-a-fco

A-.

-a-kwe

I -we. Wewe,

Weco. U-.

-we. -ku-.

-a-wco, -a-kco,

■yco
Yee, Yuja. A-.

-mu-. -ycj, -ye,

-a-ye, -a-kwe

Mi-longco
m-Idi.
Mi-ongco
mi-idi

Mi-longco

mi-tatu

Mi-longco
mi-nne

Mi-longco
mi-sanco

Mi-longo>
m-tandatu

Mi-longco
m-fungate

Mi-longco

m-nane
Mi-longco

k-enda
Gana

Mimi.
-ni-.

Na-^ Ki-.
-a-ngu

Wewe.
Ku-.
-ku-.

a-kco

Yeye. Ka-,
-mu-, -m-.
-a-kwe

Ma-kumi a-idi
or Ma-kumi
ma-idi

Ma-kumi
ma-tatu

Ma-kumi
nia-nne

Ma-kumi
ma-sanco

Ma-kumi
m-tanda

Ma-kumi
m-fungati

Ma-kumi
m-nane

Ma-kumi
k-enda

Gana

Ma-gana kumi

Miye. Muye
(20 a). Ni-, N-.
•ni-. -a-ngu

Weye. Berewe

(20 a). U-.
•ku-. -a-kco

Anye.
-ni-.

Yeye. Ayu
(20 a). Ha-,
Ka-.

•m-, -mw-.
-a-kwe

Ni-, N-.
-a-ngu

Wee.
•ku^-

Yu-la.
-m-, •
-a-ke

U-.
-a-ko9

Yu-,A-.
mu-.

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

125

17-

1

8.

19.

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, Q^c.

Pare-Gwenco

Sambala

Bondei

Zigula

Kim-rima

l8a.

C-asu

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

(Lima)

We, us, our

Ise, Ese. Sco.

Iswi.

Tsu-,

Ipwi, ^wico.

Swiswi. Ti-.

Suwe. Ki., Ci,

Tiye. Ti-, T'..

Leo-, Lu-, Ta-,

Swa-

Ti-, T -.

•tu-, -ti-. -etu

Ti-, C-.

-ti-. -etu

Ti-, Dm-, Du-.

-tsu- ?

-eru ?

-tu-, -ti-. -pwi,

-ki-, -ti-. -etu

-lu-, -du-. -ehu.

-epu, -etu

-a-ru, -a-du,

-a-mudu

Ye, you, your

Ine, Ini. Enyi,

Imwe.

Mu-.

Inwi, Nwico.

Nwinwi. Mu-.

Nyuwe, Niiwe.

Nyie. Mu-.

Nyco. Mto-,

-mu-

-enu

Mu-

-wa-. -enu

M-, Mw-, Mi-?.

-enu

Mu-. -nyi.

-nyi. -wa-.

-enu

•mu-. -a-nu

-enu

They, them,

Wcij. Aw a.

Iwco.

Wa-.

Waco, Wawa.

Waco. Wa-.

Wa-dya. Wa-.

Wa-la. Wa-.

their

Wa., Va-.
■wa-. -a-wco,
-a-mwawM

-wa-.

-a-wco

Wa-.

-aco. -wa-.

-a-we, -a-co

-wa-. -a-co.

-wa-. -a-co

•wa^. -a-co

All

-ojse

-cope

-CO^

-cose

-coseni ; -cose

•ote?

This, these

-cu, wu, e-u.

-i-u; a

-wa; i-u;

U-yu ; a-wa ;

U-yu ; a-wa ;

Yu-nco; wa-nco;

Yu^nco ot

ii-u ; a-ava.

i-i; dT'c.

u-nu ; i-nu ;

O^c, muck as

u-nco ; i-nco ;

hu^yu ; wa^nu

a-wa ; u-fu,

i-ji or jiji ;

in ^ambala

di-nco; ya-nco;

or ha-wa ;

i-fu, e-u, u-u.

a-ya ; i-ci ;

ki-nco; vi-nco;

&--C., much as

i-u ; i-i ; i-li ;

i-vi ; i-nii ;

i-nco ; zi-nco ;

i}i Zigula

a-ha, a-ga ;

i-zi ; u-lu ;

lu-nco ;

i-ki ; i-pi, i-fi ;

a-ka ; u-nii ;

(? wa^nco

i-i ; i-ti, i-zi.

ku-nu ; a-ha ;

= Class 12) ;

i-tsi ; u-lu ;

u-mu

ka-nco ; u-nco ;

? u-tu ; a-ka ;

ku-nco; ha-nco.

u-u, u-wu ;

ha-nu, u-mu

u-ku ; a-wa

That, those

U-lya, u-la ;

-u-ya ;

wa-ya ;

^u-yu; ga-wa;

-da (yu^da,

Su-yco; sa-yco;

Yu-dya ;

va-la, va-lya.

u-ya

i-ya;

fu-nu ; fi-nu ;

wa-da, u-da,

^-c.

wa-dya ; &=€.

wa-la ; fu-la,

c^'c.

si-ji; fa-ya;

&'C.)

Yu-dya ;

fu-lya, u-lya ;

&'C.

wa-dya ;

i-Ia;li-la;ga-la,

Yu-ja ; wa-ja ;

u-dya;

ha-la ; ki-la ;

u-ja;i-ja;ji-ya;

i-dya ; Gj^c.

pi-la, fi-la, (Sf'c.

ya-ja; ci-ya ;

Uyu ; awco ;

I-t<a; i-v<o.

vi-ya ; &'c.

uwco ; iyco ;

i-wco ; i-tco ;

gu-yu-ja, c^'t.

idyu ; ayco ;

i-y<o ; i-lco ;

U-yco ; a-wco ;

dr'C.

i-co ; i-kico ;

u-wco ; i-yco ;

i-fco ; i-yoj ;

i-jco ; (Sj^c.

i-toj; i-lco;

^u-yco, yuyco ;

i-t<o ; i-kco ;

sa-wco, wawco.

i-tco ; i-kco ;

&'C.

i-co (17b)

Bad

•bi, -bicu or
-wicwa. -ka^a
(17c)

-rusa. -iu. -ngiu

-icwa

-wiwi. -bada.
-baya

-baya

-iha

■eha

Black

•uruhe

•pize, -zize

•zize

-titu

Female

-ka, -kaki.

-ka

M-vyele,

•ndele, -vyele.

-vyele, -ndele.

-ke.

-kika. -fele

-vyele.

-buguma

-buguma

M-buguma

(I7d)

-n-gazi. -dele,
•ndele. -kaza.
M-buguma

(for certain
beasts)

and -togcota
(cattle and
goats).
■twanzi
(humans and
cattle).

I73<

K

126

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

17-

18.

19-

19 a.

20.

20 d.

English

Caga, dr'c.

Pare-Gweneo

18 a. C-asu

pambala

Bondei

Zigula

20 a. Nguru

20 b. Ki-dcoe

20 c. Ki-kwere

Kim-rima
(Lima)

Fierce, sharp

■senge. -cohi.
•ui. -kyai.
•awi

■wawie

-kali

•kai

-kali

...

Good

■sa. -ca. -nuru

-hedi. -ca

•yedi. tana

-edi

-edi

•jomwa

Great

•nene, -iiani,
a-nana, -nini.
■due

-rwe. -baha

-kulu. -gima

-kulu

-kulu

...

Little

•tutu, -nywa,
-nya, -nyw.
■nana

•dii. -dori

-dcodco. -zihi.
(■yeke —fexv)

-dudu

N-dudco,
-dcodco. (-jece

=few)

•dcodco

Long,high,tall

-lepe. apa,

•aca

•tali, •le

-le

N-tali; -tali

-taU

Male

■aca
■umi, Ici^umi.

•umi

-gupi. -lume

-gcosi. (-dume

•gcosi. -dume

-dume, -lume.

■sorco, ■nseru.

or -lume

•bulata

-bunga (?)

beasts)

Old

Kuo. ■kuu,
■ku

Kya^kala

-dala. •huzu.
•$akala,
•pakaru

•dala. Bw^ende

-dala (also
' hard')

...

Red

-ii^gundu.
I-tandara.
■nare. Kya-
motco

-rcotojme

Ca-lungu-lika

-kundu

•ktmdu,
-e^kundu

Rotten

■biru. ■bicu

•wua. U-boru

•vizii

•cola (-vunda=

to rot)

...

...

Short

■fui. ■simba

•gihi, zihi

-jihi

-guhi, -gihi

...

Sick

■gorcj. ■ndore.
■loxo. -saka.
■ndwari

(■Iwaa) (17 d)

•ilua

■tamu

•tamu

-a unyonge.
-a utamu ;
•tamu

White

•bco. ■ili. ■ewa.
■lyi, -lya

•ewa

•zelu {light-
coloured)

-a nala

-a ku-nala,
•izaiigala,
-nala, -naza

•eupe

Above, up, on

Huye N^dcooj.

Kayu

U^langa. Kena U-langa

Ku-laiiga

Ku^canya

top

Kaale.Dcixoka

Before

M^bele

M^cozya

Ma-zu

Ha mi-lundi ya

Behind

N^uma. N-ima.

Ny-uma

Ny^uma

Ny-uma

Ny-uma

Ny-uma

Ny-uma

Below, down

Si. Wa^nda.

Mbai I -pi

Hi-pi, Ha-pi.

Ha^si

Si

Ha-si

Sumbai

pi

Far

Ku-lepe.
Ku^aga

Kua. Hale

Ha-le

Ha-le

Ha-le

Ku-lali

Here

I -ha. E-a. I.ya

1-ha. A-ha.
Kunu

Aha

A-ha, Ha-nu

Ha^nco

...

In, inside ...

Ki^idi Kari

Ftopi. Ndeni

N-dayi. Mu-,
u-mu, -ni

Mw-e-, -i, -ni,
-mco

Kun^dani

...

Middle ...

Kahikahi.
Karikari

Gati

Gati

Gatigati

Ku-gati

Near

Wa-fui

Ha-fuhi

H-ehi

H-ehi

Ha-guhi

Ha-guhi

Outside ...

N-ja. B<oo>.
Scuta, pa

Bw-anga. N-ze

Se

...

I-se, Ku-se

...

Plenty, many

•ingi. Foi

Fanda, -jinki

•ingi

•ingi

-ingi

There

Kulya, Kula

Kuya. Hala.

A-hco, Ha-hto,

Hada. U-kco.

Ku-dya,

...

Ahu

U-koo, ru-ko>

Kuda

Ha-dya, U-kco

Where? ...

Kahe? Ku?
Kwi?

Kwi ? Hito ?

Hi? Hii?

Hahi? Ahi?
Kuhi?

•hco ? -kco ? -mco ?

GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES

127

17-

18.

19-

19 a.

20

20 d.

English

Caga, Ss'c.

Pare-Gweno>

18 a. C-asu

Sambala

Bondei

Zigula
20 a. Nguru

Kim-rima
(Lima)

20 b. K

-dcoe

20 c. Ki-

£were

No!

Ote! Ode!
Ehe!

Obe! Hai!

...

Chuu!

N-kico! ]

ICaka!

...

Not {with verb.

gi, Ci. -ku. foj.

Si. Sa-

^\;f,BL-(lstpers.

...

Xa. -ki-

(N-ki,

-.»

as prefix, in-

•ndi

Si-, Te- (T-U-,

sing.), -ku-

cr'r.),-ku-,-ka-.

fix, or suffixY

Si-, pi-. Hu-,

Te-, Tetu,

(Nku-), -ka-,

-kaki, ka-ni,

Ha.(i7a).pe-,

Te-m-, Te-ve)

-ka-ti, -ka-mu-,

•ka-wa.

-se-

?«-, Sa-

(l8a)

-ka-wa, &■>€.

(Ne-se-,

u-se-).

(17b)?

Also -ke-, &•€.
^e-, -se- {ist
pers. sing.)

also -hi-

,-ha.

To

I-

I-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-kapa. -kava

-biga

-tcowa

-ttoa

-tcoa

-tcoa

„ buy, sell

•ula. -ka

•zora. -taga

-yula. taya

•gula

-gula.

taga

-gula

„ come . . .

-ja, -ca, -pa

-ca

•iza

-eza. Stoto !

(imp.)

-iza

-za. Idzco !

„ cut

•wehahco.
■manyia

-tema, -temia

...

-senga.
-dumula.
-dwisa

-senga

...

„ dance ...

-pina or -flna

-fina

•vina. -seziga

•vina

-vina. -seziga

„ die ...

-fa. -kcomeka

•fwa

-fa

•fa

-fa

-fa

„ eat

-la, -lya

-lya, -la

-ja

-da

-dya

...

„ give ...

-neka. -pa.
-ninga,
-nenga.
-eleka (17 b)

•neka. -inga,
-inka

-inka

•inka, -enka

-iiika

•ha or •pa

., go

-henda.

-vend a.

-hita. -yenda.

-hita

-genda.

-hita

-hita, -pita.

-tonga, -eda

•tonga

-tamba

•genda

(17b)

(travel)

„ kill ...

-waha

-waya

•kcoma

-kcoma

•kcoma

...

„ know ...

-manya. -ici,
-ipi
-seka

-ici. -manya

-taila

-manya

-manya

...

„ laugh ...

-peka

-seka

•seka

-seka

„ leave off,

-leka, -lekia

-piga

-leka

■leka

-leka

...

cease

,, love,want

-kunda. -ori

-furie. -kunda

-kunda

-kunda

•unga

...

,, see

-wtona. -luco.
-Iwlia

-wcona, -vtona

-tona

-tona

-kaula.
-wona

-Icola

...

„ sit, remain,

-kaa

-kaa

-kala

•kala

-ikala

-kala

abide

„ sleep ...

-ilaa. -lala.
-laa

-lee. •pin^ia

-lala. -gcona

-gcona

-gcona

...

„ stand, stop.

-lyika

...

-kirn a

-gcoluka

-kimala

-ima

be erect

-gcolcoka

„ steal ...

-iwa

-iwa

•bawa

-bawa

-bawa

...

Chiefly by suffix in the Caga group.

K a

128 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS L\ THE CAGA DIALECTS

Very slight traces of preprefixes in the 5th, 9th and loth classes.

Class I. M-, Mu-, N- (mu-, m-, wu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, Va- (?Ba-) (wa-, va-) ; 3. M-, Ma- (m-, niu-, fu-,
U-) ; 4. Mi-, N- (17 c, 17 e) (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-, Iri-, Ri-, — (Nyi-, Ni-? 17 a) (li-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ha-, ga-) ;
7. Ki-, »ki-, C-, pi- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. ^i-, Fi-, Vi- (gi-, fi-, vi-) ; 9. N- (M-), »-, »g-, In- (n- (m-), i-) ; 10. N-
(M-), ti; Hg; Nj-, In-, pu- (17 c) (ti-, tsi-, zi-) ; 11. Lu- (Nu- 17a), U-, 00- (lu-, ru-) ; I3. Tu- (In 17 b
/>/. to Ki- and Ka-), (tu-) ; 13. Ka-, K- (ka-) ; 14. CO-, U-, Wu- ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Wa-, Ha-, A- (a-,
wa-) ; (17 and 18 absent). Note.—l-, the sth prefix is used for the verbal infinitive instead of Ku-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN PARE-GWENO) DIALECTS

Very slight traces of preprefixes in Old Ki-mpale.

Class I. M-, Mu- (mu-, m-, u-) ; 2. Va-, Wa- (va-, wa-) ; 3. M-, Mu- (fu-, mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. 1-, Ri- (li-) ; 6. Ma- (ha-, a-, nya- ') ; 7. Ki- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Vi-, Fi- (vi-, fi-) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, En- (Em-),
— (n-, i-, y-) ; 10. N- (M-), N-, En-(Em-), — (zi-, zi-, tsi-, n- (m-), ny-) ; 11. Lu-, Nu- (lu-) ; 12. .' want-
ing; 13. Ka- (ka-); 14. Vu-, Wu-, U- (wu-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-) ; 17. ? (-ni).

PREFIXES, &C., IN ^AMBALA-BGNDEI-ZIGULA MRIMA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, Mil-, Nu- (mu-, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mii-, M-, ffu- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. Dzi-, Zi-, Si- (Ti-), Li-, — (ji-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki- (ci-, ki-) ; 8. Vi- (vi-) ; 8 a. Vi- (vi-) ; 9. N-
(M-), Ny-, — (i., n-, — ) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny-, — , Zi- (20 b), (zi-) ; 1 1. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. [Tu- is absent ; a prefix
Wa-, Hwa-, Va- takes its place as diminutive-collective and as plural to Ka-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U-
[//. usually Ny-, M-] ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-); 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, -i, -yi).

17. Caga dialects are spoken on the flanks of Mount Kilimanjaru) from Rombo) on the north-east to
Macame on the north-west. Also the Arufa plain to the south and the outlying mountain ot Meru.
Perhaps also the Mbugwe people on the south shores of Lake Manyara.

18. Pare-Gwencij and 18 a. Casu dialects are spoken in the Ugwenoj and Mpare mountains south-
south-east of Kilimanjaru) and east of the Kufu river. There is said to be a colony of Pare-speaking
Bantu settlers in Sonyto, a district on the west of Natron Lake (far to the north-west of Kiiimanjaruj) ;
but these may belong to the ^agi group.

19. pambala is spoken in the mountain region of Upambala, north of the lower Rufu or Paiigani
river.

19 a. Bondei is spoken in the lowlands between Ugambala and the Swahili coast-strip on the Indian
Ocean, north of the Lower Rufu.

20. Zigula, 20 a. Nguru, 20 b. Kidue, 20 c. Kikwere, are spoken in theNguruandZigula(Uzeguha)
countries south and south-west of the Lower Rufu and north of the Usagara mountains.

20 d. Kimrima is spoken in the coast-strip south of the Pangani (Kufu) river and north of the
Kifigani river, opposite Zanzibar Island.

' Johnston in Ki-gwrento.

GROUP F

THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

21. Swahili (Ki-unguja) of Zanzibar; also Ki-
hadimu or Ki-kae and Ki-rigoozi

2 1 a. Ki-mvita (of Mombasa)

21 b. Ki-amu. {21 q and. 2\ A. Ki-siu tir Ki-wzi
and Ki-pate)

2 1 e. Ki-tikuu (or Faza-Bajun)

21 f. Ki-wibu (Ki-mrima and Kim-gaeo), and

2 r g. Ki-ngtoje of A-figco^e
22. ^i-aftgazija {Great Komoru I') and 22 a.

Xi-nzuani {Johanna I^.)

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H), &'c.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Adze

Sezco ; ma + .

Sezco; ma +

Sezco

^coka la-pwa.
Ny-embe

Jeca,Yeca(H)

Animal, wild

Xy-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

N-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

Ant

Cungu. Siafu.
N-gwirco

Tungu. Siafu

Tungu. Siafu

Tungu. Siafu

puiigu

...

Ant, white

M-cwa

M-twa

M-twa

Mu-twa

U-swa

•*•

(termite)

Arm

M-kconco ; mi-

M-kunco ; mi-

M-kconco; mi-

M-kconco ; mi-

M-kconco; mi-

Mu-hconco

Arrow

M-pale; mi-.
C-embe ;

Wanco ; ma-t-.

Wanco,

1-vanco ; ma-.

Tsonga ; ma -»- .

Sembe

C-embe ;

I-wanco ;

C-embe ;

M-omba ; mi-

vy-embe

vy-embe

ma-wanco.
C-embe ;
z-embe or
b-embe

tj-embe

Axe

^coka ; ma + .
Mu-ndu; mi-

^ojka; ma +

^coka ; ma -t-

Scoka ; ma-

Scoka; ma-f

■ ...

Baboon

Ny-ani (//.
sa?ne)

Ny-ani ; ma-

I-yonda or
Yonda; ma+

I-yon8a ; ma-

Ny-ane

...

Back

M-goitigco; mi-,
Mi'Ongcd (H)

]VIa-ung<o

Ma-ungco

I-uiigca ; ma-

Mu-ungco ; mi-.
M-tana

Di-iigoa;
me-ngco

Banana ...

M-gomba; mi-

M-gomba.

M-gomba.

M-sitani (tree).

N-inga.

...

{tree).

N-dizi

I-zu ; ma-zu

I-t>u; ma-t>u.

Ri-samba ;

N -dizii fruii).

Ki-ccovi ;

ma-

Ma-zu

tii-ccovi

Beard

N-devn

N-devu

N-devu

N-devu or
N-defu

N-devu

N-devu

Bee

Ny-uki

Ny-uki

Ny-eoki

N-coki

Ny-uki

...

Belly

Tumbeo ; ma + .

Tumbeo ; ma +

Ma-tumbeo,

I-cumbco ; ma-

Mimba.

Imba, Mimba.

Ki-nena

I-cumbco ; ma-

Ma-tumbco

Fu (22 a)

Bird

N-dege

Ny-uni

Ny-uni

N-coni ; ny-coni

Ny-uni

Ny-unyi; zi-f

Blood

Damn [Arab.)

Damu

Damu

Damu

Damu

...

Body

M-wili ; mi-ili

M-will

Ki-wiliwili ;

zi- or bi-.
Mu-ili ; mi-

M-vili. Xia

M-wiri

...

Bone

M-fupa ; mi-

M-fupa

M-fupa

M-fupa

Kongcolco ;

ma +

p-iba ; z-iba.
Mu-bwa ; mi-

Borassus palm

M-vumeo,
M-vuma ; mi-

M-vum&)

M-tapa

M-capa

Mu-vuma ?

...

Bow

U-ta; nyu-ta

U-ta ; nyu-ta.

U-ta ; nyu-ta.

Ki-gwe ;

U-ta. U-pinde

U-ta

or ma-ta.

U-pindi;

U-ca ; nyu-ca.

bi-gwe.

U-pindi ;

p'indi

M-pindi

Uvu-ca;

pindi

mbu-ca

Bowels

Ma-tumb«

Ma-tumbo>

■ .■

...

• ■•

Ma-rumbca

130

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

21.

21 a-

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-aiigazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

21 g. Ki-iigcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H), &■..)

21 d. Ki-pate

Brains

Ub-ongco ;
mb-ongco

Ub-ongoa

B-ongoj; ma +

Ib-ongco; ma-

Uw-oiigeo

...

Breast (mac's)

Ki-fua; vi-ftia.
M-tima.
Ki-dari

Ki-fua.
Ki-dari

Ki-dari ; zi- or

bi-

Ki-dari ; bi-

Ki-fua

I-fuba, Xi-fuba

Breast

Ziwa; ma +

Titi; ma-f.

Ve ; raa-ve.

I-vee; ma-vee

Ri-wele ?

Bele ; ma-bele

(woman's)

Wele; ma +

Bu-bu ; ma -f

Brother ...

Ndugu. Kaka.

N-dugu

N-dug^.

N-dii. N-dugu

N-duye or

Mw-ana nya.

Dumbu (H)

M-nuna

N-dui

Mw-ana
nyahi

Buffalo ...

Ny-ati. Bcoku.

M-btii [buf-
falo's horn)

Ny-ati.
M-bcagco ; wa-

Ny-ati

Ny-aci

Ny-ati

• • .

Bull

Fahali ; ma +

N-ombe dume

Fahali

Fahali

...

Konzco ; ma -)-

Buttocks ...

Takco ; ma +

Takco; ma +

Takco ; ma-

I-cakco

Ma-takco

Nzii

Canoe

M-turabwi;mi-

M-tumbwi; mi-

M-tumbwi; mi-

M-cumbwi.

Mu-tumbwi.

...

Galawa.

N-galawa

N-galawa

N-galawa.

Ma^ua.

Masua

Masua

Mu-kunu

Cat ... ...

Paka

Paka

Paka

Paka

Maka

M-paha

Charcoal ...

Ma-kaa

Ma-kaa

Ma-kaa

• ••

Ma-kala

Chief

Jumbe.
M-falume.
M-kiiti

M-faume

M-faume

M-falume

M-falume.
Mu-twaco.
C-eke

...

ChUd

Mw-ana.

M-toatoa.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana or

M-tutca

Mw-ana

Kij-ana

Kij-ana

Mu-tcoto»

M-ana
m-tsa

Cloth

N-guco

N-guto

N-guco

N-guvco

N-guco

...

Cold

Baridi {Arab)
P'epoj

Baridi. P'epoo

Baridi

Baridi

M-epco

...

Country ...

In-ci.
Jimbto ; ma +
Ki-yambco

N-ti

N-ti

I-ti

In-ti or In-di

N-si

Cow ... ....

N-ombe m-ke.

N-ombe m-ke.

Kcoco la ii-ombe I-kcoo> la

■ ..

Ny-ombe ii-ke

M-tamba; wa

Kcoco la
fi-ombe

ii-ombe

orn-f&

Crocodile ...

Mamba.
N-gwena.
M-bulu

Mamba

N-gwena

N-gwena

N-gconya

• ••

Date palm

M-tende

M-tende

M-cende

M-cendeci

...

...

(wild) ...

Day

Siku. M-cana

Siku- M-tana

Siku

Siku

Sikco.
Mu-sana

Haku .?

M-tsana

Devil, evil

Zcoka;

Hcoka, Zuka.

M-zuka ; wa-

M-buka ; va-

M-subiani.

spirit

ma-zcoka.
Ki-zuii

Zimwi ; ma-

Sera ; ma +

Doctor (medi-

M-ganga

M-ganga

...

...

...

cine man)

Dog

M-bwa.
Hufigwe (H)

M-bwa

M-bwa

Im-bwa.
J i m-bwa;
- mijim-bwa

Um-bwa

M-bwa or
M-ana 'm-bwa

Donkey

Punda

Punda

Punda

Punda

...

M-pundra

Door

M-langco.
Mw-angco

M-langco

M-laiigco

M-langco

M-riangco

Mu-angco

Dream

N-dtotco

N-deotco

N -dcotco

N-ducco

...

v

Drum

N-gcoma,

N-gcoma,

N-gcoma,

N-gcoma.

N-gcoma

...

Gcoma

Gcoma

1 -gcoma

I-gcoma

Ear

Sikico ; ma +

Sikico, ^ikico

Sikizi, Sikibi

I-pikico ; ma-

Sikirco; ma-f.

pipico; ma-f

M-pilco (21 g)

Kiyco ; ma +

GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

131

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuti

Ki-wibu

gi-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H), &'^.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Egg

Yayi ; ma +

Yai ; ma -f

li ; ma-ii

Ingi; ma +

R-i ; ma-i

Elephant ...

Tembeo.
N-dcovu (H)

N-deovu

N-dcovu

N-deovu

N-embco or
N-embu

...

Excrement

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

Cu-bi

Ma-bvi

Ma-dzi

Eye

J-icco ; ma-cto.

J-itco ; ma-tco

Itw ; ma-tco

Y-it<o ; ma-tco

K-ipco; ma-j5co

Dz-itsoj ;

M-btoni

ma-tsco

Face, forehead

U-Sco ; ny-usco

U-soj; ny-usu

U-SM ; ny-usoj

Vu-sco ; ny-usoa

U-sca; ma-SCO?
Pa-cenye

U-sco

Fat

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ma-fuca.
M-ori

Ma-futa

...

Father

Baba (o/d root.

Baba

Baba

Baba.

Vava.

Baba. Ba-.

pa.)

(Sco-we = thy
father).

I-pe, -pe;

ma-ise
Ku-ca.

pa

Hala

Fear

W-<oga.

Ku-ca

Ku-ca

W-coga

...

U-caji.

Ki-cco

•tipa, -tipci).

Ku-tya

,

Finger

Ki-d<ale ; vi-

Ki-dojle ; vi-.

C-anda ;

Ki-yaa or
Ki-jaa; bi-jaa

J-ala ; vi-ala.

X-a ; //. m-a

i

C-anda ;

z-anda.

Li-kombi

\

vy-anda

Ki-nwe ;
t>i-nwe

Fire

M-otca ; mi-oteo

M-5toa ; mi-

M-otco; ny-otoj M-occo; ny-occo

M-otco

M-orco ; m-ero>

Fish

Samaki

{Arab.)

Samaki

N-si.
I-jisi ;
mi-jisi

I -si. I-jisi

In-sui

Fi; zi-fi

Foot

M-guu ; mi-,
M-guyu (H)

Guu ; ma-guu

Giiia; ma-guii

I -guu ; ma-

Ri-ulu; ma-.
M-ulu

M-duu,
Mu-ndru ;
mi-ndru

Forest

Mw-itu; mi-itu

Mw-itu ;

Mw-itu ;

Mw-icu ;

Nundu

Karco.

mi-itu

nyi-itu

nyi-icu

Mpa-harco

Jowl

Kuku

Kuku

Kuku

Kuku ; pi. same
or mi-kuku'

Uku

Kuhu

Frog

C-ura ; vi-ura

C-ua ; vy-iia

C-ua ; z-ua or
b-ua

C-uva-c-uva ;
pi. ti-uva-
ts-uva

Rambe ; ma-f .
Rume

...

Ghost

Pepw. N-joozi.

Ki-vidi

Pepo)

PepM

I-buka; ma-

...

...

Giraffe

Twiga

Tiga

Tia

Civa

...

...

Girl

Ki-jana.
Ki-zinda.
Mw-ali

Mw-ana-mw-ali.
Kij-ana

...

Kiy-ana

Ki-simana
mu-ka

...

feoat

M-buzi {pi.
sawe )

M-buzi

M-buzi, M-bubi

M-bubi

M-buzi

M-buzi

„ (he) ...

Beberu ; ma + .
(Koxd la

Beberu

Beberu

...

...

M-buzi n-dume
(M-buzi di-se
= ?)

m-buzi,

M-farika =

feiiuile)

Bod

Mu-uiigu.
Mw-enyiezi-
mu-uiigu

M-ngu

M-ung^u

M-ungu

Mii-lungu

M-ungu.
M-enyizi-
mgu.

Mw-ezi-
m-ufigu

' Mi-kuku is an augmentative plural, probably taking place of No. 6.

132

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuii

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-o>zi

aig. Ki-ngcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H), A-c.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Grandparent

Babui. Bibij.
M-zee

Babu

Babu

Bibi

^aku. Bibi

...

Grass

Ny-asi.

Jani; ma-^.

Yani ; ma + .

ly-ani ; ma-.

Mi-ani,

U-kcoka.

Ny-asi; ma-f

Ny-ika ; ma -1-

I-gugu; ma-

Miny-ani (//.)

Jani ; ma +

Ground

In-ci

N-ti

N-ti

N-ti

I n-ti

N-si

Groundnut

N-jugu

N-duu

N-jugu

U-tcokco ;
tcokco

...

Tcobi

Guinea-fowl

Kaiiga

Kanga

Kanga

Kanga

N-kanga

Kaiiga

Gun

Bunduki

Bunduki

Bunduki

Bunduki

Bonduki.
Mudugwe

Buduki

Hair

Uny-wele ;
ny-wele.
Ny-iwili (H)

Uny-ele

Uny-ee

Un-ee

Ny-uiri (21 f).
Ny-uli (21 g).

Uny-ele;
nii-ele.
Ny-ile

Hand

M-kconcd ; mi-.

M-kunco ; mi-

M-kcono>

Mu-kconco.

M-kconco.

Mu-kconco or

(Ki-ganja,

Ki-canga

Canja [palm)

Mu-hconco.

Ki-taiiga,

Sanza. PI ;

Kcafi = palm).

ma-vi

Head

Ki-cwa

Ki-twa ; vi-twa Ki-twa; zi-twa Ki-twa; fei-twa

Ki-sua (21 f).

Hi-tswa or

E-pwa (2ig)

^i-tswa ; //.
zi-tswa

Heart

M-oyeo ;

M-oyco; mi-

M-oyco ;

M-oyo» ;

Mu-tima ?

M-uyco or M-eo

mi-oyco or

ny-oyco

ny-oy«

M-oyco

ny-oyo>.

M-tima. M-eoa

Heel

Ki-fundco

Ki-siginco

Ki-pikinu ; zi-.

Ki-singinyco ;

Ki-nyunyu

Tsinzconi.

ca m-giiu.

Ki-singino> ;

bi-

Koruwa

Ki-siginto

bi-

Hide

Ngojzi

N-g<azi

N-gcozi

N-gcobi

^ambala

N-gcozi

Hill

Ki-lima

Ki-lima

Ki-lima

Ki-lima

Mu-angco ;
mi-aiigco.
N-drima

M-ana 'xi-lima

Hippopotamus

Ki-bcokco or
Bukco.
Tcomondcd

Ki-beokco; vi-

Ki-bcokco ; zi-

Ki-bcokco ; bi-

Namondco

?

Hoe

Jembe or
Gembe

Jembe ; ma-

...

I-yembe

N-yembe

...

Honey

Asali ya

Asali ya

Asali ya

Asali ya

Ansali

ny-uki

ny-uki

ny-uki

ny-coki

Horn

Pembe ; ma +

Pembe

Pembe

Pembe

Lu-nyanga ;
pi. nyanga

Nyoiiga

House

Ny-umba

Ny-umba.
J-umba; ma-f

Ny-umba

N-umba

Ny-umba

Dagco^r Lagco;

ma + (stone
house).
Ny-umba
(■with thatched
roof)

Hunger

N-jaa

N-daa

N-daa

N-daa

N-yela

Husband ...

M-ume;
wa-ume

M-ume

M-iime

Mu-vuli

...

Ma-rusa

Hyena

Fisi.

Fisi

Sumra ; ma-f.
Sembra ;

^umurwa.
Pisi ; ma -f

Fizi

...

Ki-ngubwa

(spotted hyena]

ma + . Pisi ;
rns."

Iron

C-uma ;
vy-uma

C-uma

C-uma ; z-uma
or t>-uma

C-uma ; b-uma

C-uma

^-uma

Island

Ki-siwa ; vi-

Ki-siwa; vi-

Ki-siwa ; zi- or

Ki-siwa ; bi-

Ki-sirua.

...

GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

133

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

pi-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H),<^.-.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Ivory

Pembe. Buri

Pembe

Pembe

Pembe

Knee

Gote ; ma + .
Futi (H)

Gcoti ; ma +

Ondcd ; ma -1-

1-gonjco; nia-f

Lundi ; ma -*-

Gunguncd or
Gunguni

Knife

Ki-su ; vi-su

Ki-su; vi-su

Ki-su; zi-

Ki-su ; t>i-su

Ki-dzu

Lake

Ziwa.
Bwawa (H)

Ziwa

...

•■•

N-tada or
T-anda

Dzia

Leg

M-guu.
M u-undi

Giiii ; ma -t-

Guu; ma-

I-giiu; ma-

Ku-iilu ;
ma-ulu.
K-<olu ; m-colu

M-undu

Leopard ...

Cui

Tui

Tui

Tuvi

^uvi

. ..

Lion

Simba

Simba

Simba

Simba

pimba
Mu-rcomcd ; mi-

...

Lips

Mi-comco (//.).

M-dcom«; mi-

Mu-como>; mi-

Mu-oamcij ; mi-

Dcomco ;

M-dcomcD,

I-dcomu; mi-(-

ma-lcomoa

M-l<omco; mi-

Magic

U-cawi.

U-tawi.

U-tawi.

U-tavi.

U-sawi ?

...

U-ganga

U-ganga

U-ganga

U-ganga

U-ganga

Maize

Mu-hindi,
Ma-hindi

Mu-hindi

Buru

Buru

...

M-rama burii

Man

M-tu; wa-tu

M-tu; wa-tu

M-tu; wa-tu

M-cu ; wa-cu

Mu-nu; wa-nu

M-tu, Mu-tu,
or Mu-ntu;
wa-ntu

Man, vir. ...

M-ume.
(M-vulana =

a young man)

M-iime

M-ume.
M-vule

Mu-vuli

Mu-lume

Mu-tu-m-iime

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

N-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

Dawa (Arab.)

Dawa

Dawa

Dava

Dawa. Tiba

*>>

Milk

Ma-ziwa

Ma-ziwa

Ziwa

"Biwa

Ma-ziwa

N-zia

Monkey ...

Kima.

Kima.

Kima.

Kima.

N-kima

...

Tumbili.

Tumbiri

Tawau

or Ki-tawau

Tawau

Moon

Mw-ezi; mi-

Mw-ezi

Mw-ezi; ni-ezi

Mw-ebi ; ni-ebi Mw-ezi

Mw-ezi or

M-ezi

Mother ...

Mama. Nina

[Kihguzi]

Mama

Mama

Mame. Inya ;
ma-inya

Mama

Mama. Mma.
Nya

Mountain ...

M-lima; mi-.

Ki-ngurima

(H)
Ki-nywa or

M-lima ; mi-

M-lima ; mi-

M-lima ; mi-

Mu-aiigeo ; mi-

M-lima,
Xi-Uma

Moutti

Ka-nwa; ma-f

Ka-nwa ; ma-l-

Ka-nwa ;

Ka-nywa ; vi-

Ha-mwa.

Ka-nwa ;

t>a-nwa '

pi-nwa ; //.

vi-nywa,

zi-nwa.

maka-nwa

Ha-nyu

Nail (of finger

Uku-caa ;

Uku-ca

Un-yaa ; n-yaa

U-dcoe; ma-dcoe Ombe (21 f).

Fuu; ma-fiiii.

or toe)

ku-caa. N-yaa

( Kihgodzi)

Li-k(oie (21 g)

Kufu;
zifi-kcofu

Name

J-ina; ma +

J-ina; ma-(-.
D-yina ; ma-l-

Ina ; ma-ina

Y-ina ; ma -f

S-ina

Dz-ina

Navel

Ki-tcavu ; vi-

Ki-tcovu; vi-

Ki-tcijvu; zi-.
Ki-ctovu ; bi-

Ki-kcijvu ; t>i-

M-toyeo

Tuntu or
Kcavu

Neck

Singco ; ma + .

Singco ; ma -f

Siingto

Mito ; //.

^ingco.
Lu-keosi

Singoi

U-kcosi

mi-mica

Night

U-siku ; siku.

U-siku ; ma-.

U-siku; ma-

U-siku ; ma-.

U-siku. (Kiza

Uku. (Xidza

(Giza = dark-

(Kiza = dark-

(Kit»a =

= darkness)

= darkness)

ness)

ness)

darkness)

Nose

Pua. Puya (H)

Piia

Pua

Puva

M-ula,
Inti(2if).
Pula (21 g)

M-biia or
Pua

9,th prefix showing the Ka- of the sing, to be a valid l^th prefix.

134

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Sleep

Smoke
Snake

Song

Spear

21.

21 a.

31 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

2ig. Ki-ngo)je

22a. Xi-nznani

(H), ^-c.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Oil palm ...

M-cikici

M-cekece

M-cikici

Ox

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-gombe

N-ombe

N-yombe

Paddle ...

Kasia ; ma + .
Kafi ; ma +

Kafi

Kasi

Kasi

Kapi?
Kasia; ma-f

Palm wine,

Tembw,

Temboj

Tembw

I-cembto

beer

Thembco

Parrot

Kasuku

Kasuku

Dura; ma +

Dura

...

...

Penis

M-bcoto ;

M-bw; mi-

M-bcoM. I-borco I-voroj. I-v<oo>

M-borto

M-bto

mi-bco<o. Ume

Pig

N-guruwe

N-guiiwe

N-guiiwe

N-guuve

N-guluwe

Pigeon

N-jiwa

N-diwa

N-diwa

N-diva

N-jiwa or
N-siwa

...

Place

Ma-hali or
Pa-hali

M-vua

Ma-hali

Ma-hala

Ma-hala

Va-hali(2ig)

...

Rain

M-vua

M-vua

Vua

M-vula

M-vtia

Rat

Panya.

Panya. Buku

Panya. Buku Pana

Panya. Puku

Puhu

Buku ; ma -f

Rhinoceros

Ki-faru. Pea

Pea

Pea

Ki-faru

Mera

...

River

M-tw; mi-tco

M-tco

M-tco, M-Ceo

Mu-cco

Mu-tco

M-rto

Road

N-jia

N-dia

N-dia

N-dia

N-pira

...

Salt

C-umvi

Mu-nyu

Mu-nyw

Mu-nyu

Mu-nyto

Mu-nyto

Shame

Haya (Arab.)

Haya

Haya

Haya

...

. ..

Sheep

Kondcoco.
Kondcoyo>(H)

KondcMo

Kondca

Hondaxo

Kondtolto.
Putiputi

Gonderu

Shield

N-gaco

N-gaco

N-gaco

N-gavco

Shoulder . . .

Bega; ma +

Fuzi ; ma +

Fuzi; ma +

Fubi ; ma +

Ri-bega; ma-.?

Vihto ; ma -f .
Bega ; ma +

(22 a)

Sister

Umbu; ma-f.
N-dugu.
Dada

Umbu ; ma + .
N-dugu.
Dada

Umbu.
N-dugu

Umbu. Ndu

M-lumbu ; wa-

Skin

N-geozi

Gtovi, N-g»vi,
N-gcozi

N-gtozi,
N-gtobi

N-gtobi

N-gtozi

N-gtozi

Sky

U-bingu or
U-wingu ;
m-bingu

U-wingu

U-wingu ;
m-bingu

U-wingu

• ••

' '•

Slave

M-tumwa; wa-.

M-tumwa

M-tumwa

M-cumwa

Mu-ja ; wa-ja

M-ruma

M-twana.

Mu-hadimu

Arab.).

.M-jakazi j
U-zingizi.

(Ma.lalto =

sleeping place)
M-co;si ; mi-to{si
Ny-toka.

J-coka. (P'ili=

venomous

snake)

U-siiigizi

M-eo|si
Ny-toka

U-sindizi

U-sindibi

U-zingizi

M-oa^i ; ni-co^i M-cosi ; ni-tosi R-topi
Ny-toka N-coka Ny-toka

Son, boy ... Mw-ana;

wa-ana.
Kij-ana; vi-

U-imbto ;

ny-imbto
Fumto ; ma + .

M-kuke ; mi-.

Sagai ; ma -f

Mw-ana

W-imboa ;

ny-imbto
Fumto ; ma -^ .

M-kuki

Mw-ana
m-vuli ;
va-ana,
va-vuli
U-imbto ;
ny-imbto
M-kuki. Fumu I-fumto ; ma-

Mw-ana ;
wa-ana

W-imbto

Mw-ana;
w-ana

Mu-kuki

U-dema
M-tosi

Mw-ana
mtu-ume

Fumco

GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

135

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-aiigazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-eozi

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22 a. Xi-nzuani

(H), arc.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Spirit, soul

Pepoj ; p'epoj.
Hcdka, Scoka.
Ruhco

{Arab.).
Mzimu ; wa-

P'epco, Pep«.

Mu-zimu,
Mzimu '

...

Mu-t>uka

Mu-zimoa

...

Star

Ny-ota

Ny-5ta

Ny-ota

N-o»ca

N-ondcoa (2 if).
M-tadcoa(2ig)

Ny-ora,
Ny-urra (22 a)

Stick

Finibco.
Gongco.
U-fitco

Fimbcd

Simbco

U -simbco

•>■

Tsimbco

Stone

Ji-we ; ma-we.
M-bwe.

Ji-we; ma-we.
Dy-iwe

I-we ; ma-we

Iji-we; maji-we

Ri-we ; ma-we

Bui ; ma-we

Stool

Ki-ti

Ki-ti

Ki-ti

Ki-ci

Ki-ti

Xi-ri

Sun

Jua ; ma +

Jua; ma + .
Dyua

Yua; ma+

Yuva; ma+

N-yua, Jua

I-dzua or Zua

Tail

M-kia ; nii-kia

M-kia

M-kia

M-kiya ; mi-

Ru-kira

...

Tear

Ccozi ; ma +

Tcozi ; ma +

Tcozi ; ma -f

I-tcot>i ; ma-

Tscozi ; ma +

Ma-tSMzi (pi.)

Testicles ...

Pumbu ; ma + .
Tambcoa

Pumbu ; ma -f

Kende ; ma -f

I-kende; ma-

...

Pumbeo. Qense
or Konnezi

Thief

Mw-ivi; w-evi.
Mw-izi; w-ezi

Mw-ivi; w-evi

Mw-izi ; w-ezi.
Mw-it>i; w-ibi

M w-ibi ; v-ibi

Mu-ivi ; w-evi

...

Thigh

PajaorU.paja.
Ki-weco

U-paja

Ki-weco ;
zi-weco or
bi-weco

Ki-veo) ; bi-veco

Paja

Paja

Thing

Ki-tu ; vi-tu.

Ki-tu ; vi-tu

Ki-tu ; zi-tu or

Ki-cu ; bi-cu

Ki-nu. (C-uma

^i-ntu ; zi-ntu

J-ambco;

bi-tu

= property)

m-ambco

Thorn

Mw-iba ;
mi-iba

Mw-iba

Mw.iwa,

Mw-iva

Mw-iva

...

...

Tobacco ...

Tumbakco

Tumbakco

Tumbakco

Tumbakco

Tumbaku

...

To-day ...

Leco

Leco

Yeco

Eco

Lelco, Rerco,
Reru

Leco

Toe

Ki-dcole ca
m-guu

Ki-dcole ca guiJ

C-anda ca guu.
Ki-nwe ca

Ki-yaa ca i-gu

...

^-aya pa m-diiu

To-morrow

KejSco
U-nju

(Kipemba).

Ke^co

guu
Keisco

Ke^co

Ma-tsesu

...

„ the day Kepco-ku-twa.

M-tondco

M-tondci>

M-condco

M-tondco

after

M-tondco

Tongue

U-limi; n-dimi.
Ki-dimi (H)

U-limi

U-limi

U-limi

Ru-rimi,
Lu-rimi

U-Umi ; n-dimi

Tooth

J-inco ; m-enco

J-inco or

Inco ; in-enco.

I-enyco ;

R-incoorR-inu;

Dz-lnyeo ;

Dy-inco ;

Y-enco or

m-enyco

m-enco

ma-nyco

m-enco

Enco ; m-enu

Town

M-ji ; mi-ji
Kiji.ji; viji-ji

M-ji ; mi.ji.
Kiji-ji

Mu-i; mi-L
Kiji-yi

Mu-yi ; mi-yi

Mu-di (21 g).

M-ji

Tree

M-ti ; mi-ti

M-ti ; mi-ti

M-ti, M-ci

Mu-ci ; mi-ci

Mu-ti

Mw-iri, Mu-rrco
or Mo-ri ; pi,
ml-ri

Twins

Paca ; ma + .

Pata ; ma +

Pata ; pata-

Pata ; pata-

Ri-papa; ma-^

•••

M-siwanda

pata

pata

(H)

Urine

M-kcojco

M-kcojco

M-koyco. Bau

Ma-nne

Mi-kcojco

Kcozco

Vein

M-pipa ; mi-

M-pipa

M-pipa

M-pipa

Mu-sipa,
Mu-sipe

' From -zimu, to become invisible, to be about to die.

136

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

21. 1 21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tiktiii

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-uzi

21 g. Ki-ng»je

22a. Xi-nzuani

(H), &'c.)

21 d. Kipate

War

Vi-ta Vi-ta

Zi-ta or TJi-ta

Tli-ca

Kondu. Vi-ta

Huana

Water

Ma.ji Ma.dyi

Ma-i

Ma-yi

Ma-zi, Ma-ji

Ma-ji or
Ma-zyi.
Ma-pe (22 a)

Well, source

Ki-sima Ki-sima

•••

...

. . *

N-dzitsu

White man

M-zungu M-zungu

M-zungu

M-bungu

Mu-zungwe

Wife

Mw-ana, Nana M-ke; wa-ke
{distinct from
' child ', means
' mistress of
household').
M-ke; wa-ke

M-ke

Mu-ke

Mu-ka

Mu-haza.
M-pe

Wind

U-pepoa; p'epo]

U-pepci)

U-pepeo

U-pepeo

M-epo» (21 f)

M-bevM,

Witch

Witchcraft

Woman

Womb

Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

Year

Yesterday

Zebra

M-ca'wi ; wa-
U-cawi.

U-aiiga
Mw-ana-m-ke.

M-ke ; wa-ke

M-ji. Tumbcd

la u-zazi.

Mimba
U-kuni ; kuni

Ki-azi ki-kiiii.

Jimbi ; ma -f

Mw-aka ; mi-

Jana. Jazi

(day before)

M-tawi
U-tawi

Mw-ana-m-ke

Tumbco la
u-zazi

U-kuni

Ki-azi ki-kuu

Mw-aka ; mi-

Dyana

M-tawi
U-tawi

M-tu-m-ke or
M-cu-m-ke

Ma-tumbci> ya
u-babi

U-kuni

Ki-azi ki-kuu

Mw-aka

Yana

M-tavi
U-tavi

M-cu mu-ke ;
wa-cu-wa-ke

I-cumbco la
ku-t>aa

U-kuni

Ki-abi ki-kuii

Mw-aka; ni-

I-yana

Peva
or Pevco

M-psawi (21 f) M-gaiiga

U-sawi

Mu-ka

Mimba

R u-kuni

Mw-aka ; mi-

M-ru-m-se,
M-tu-m-pe;//.
wa-ntu-wa-se

Xi-azi

Punda mi-lia Punda mi-lia Punda mi-lia Punda mi-lia

M-pa or

Mu-aha

Dz-ana, I-jana. Vto-^^ana.

I-juzi {day Vaj-zuzi

before)

One ... .

•mojja. Musi

•mcaja. -mcosi

•majya.

-meoya.

-mcodya,-mcoja.

Monsi, Mcodze

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

Mcozi

Mundzi.
Mcoza, Mcopa

Two ... .

•will, -bill,

-bili. -wUi,

-bili, -will,

-bili, -vili,

-biri, -viri

-bili, -ili

-wiri

•pili

-pili

■pili

Three... .

.. -tatu

-tatu

-tatu

-cacu

•tatu. N-atu

-taru, -raru

Four ... .

-nne

-nne

-nne

-nne

-ne

-nne. Nai

Five ... .

-tanoa

-tanca

•tanu

-tanoa

•tanu, -lanu

-sanco, -tsanco.
-dzanvu

Six ... .

.. Sita (Arab.).
M-tandatu

Sita

Sita

Sita

M-tandatu.
Sita

N-tandaru

Seven... .

Sabaa (Arab.).
M -fun gate

Sabaa

Saba

Saba

M-fungate.
Saba

M-fukari or
-kare

Eight ... .

-nane

Nane, -nane

■nane

-nane

-nane

Nane

Nine ... .

Kenda

Kenda

Kenda

I -kenda

Kenda

Senda,
Xenda,
N-|Sinda

Ten ... .

Kumi.
Mu-ongco;
mi-ongco

Kumi

-kumi.

Mu-ongco

-kumi

-kumi

Kumi ;
ma-ngumi

Eleven

Kumi na muja

Kumi na muja

Kumi na mu]

,ra Kumi na mo^

/a Kumi na mcozi

Kumi na mcoza

GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

137

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ri-hadimu

21 c. Ki-cozi

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22a. Xi-nzuani

(H), &>£.)

21 d. Ki-pate

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

M-eiigco m-ili

nia-wili

wa-wili

ma-wili.

ma-vili

ma-viri.

or M-iiigco or

(-wiri).

Mi-ongco

Mi-ongco

Inpiriri

Ma-ngum' ili

.Mi-ongco

mi-wili

mi-vili

a Arab.

mi-wili (-wiri)

Iprin ?)

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-ngumi taru

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

ma-tatu.
Mi-ongco
mi-tatu

ma-cacu

ma-tatu

or raru or

M-iiigco

mi^taru

Forty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma^ngum'

ma-nne

ma-nne

ina-nne

ma-nne

ma-ne

a^nne or

M-ingco

mi-nne

Fifty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-ngumi

ma-tanco

ma-tanco

ma-tanco

ma-tanco

ma-lanu

tsanco or
M-ingco
mi-sanco
(mi-dzanco)

Hundred ...

Mia (Arad.).

Mia

Mia

Mia

Ma-kumi

I-jana or Sana

Gana

-kumi. Mia

{Arab.)

Thousand ...

Ki-kwi; vi-kwi.

Alfu

Alfu

Alfu

? Ci-kwi.

p-uhi; z-uhi
(z-uhi z-ili =

Elfu {Arab.)

Mia kumi

2,000)

I, me, my ...

Mimi. Miye.

Mimi. Miye.

Mimi. N.,Ni-,

I-mi. N-, Ni-,

U-mi, OO-mi.

VVa-mi. Isi-,

N-,Ni-.

N-, Ni-, Hu-.

Hu-.

Hu-.

N-, Ni-, Gi- ? »

Ntsi-.

-mi. -ni-.

-mi. -ni-.

■mi. -ni-.

-ni-. -a-ngu

•mi. -ni-.

-ni-. -a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

rhou, thee,

Wewe, Weye.

Wewe, Weye.

Wewe. U-.

U-we. U-.

U-we, Wewe.

Wa-we. U-.

i-thy

U-

U-.

-we. -ku-.

-we. -ku-.

U-, Ku-?

•hu-, -WU-.

•we. -ku-.

-we. -ku-.

-a-kco

-a-kco

-we. -ku-.

-a-hco

-a-kco. -wco, -co

-a-kco

-a-kco, -co

He, him, his

Yeye, Yee. A-,

Yeye. Yu-,

Yeye. A-,Hu..

I -ye. A-, Hu-.

I-re. U-ye ?

W-eye, Tsua

.

Hu-, Yu-.

A-, Hu-.

-ye. -m-.

•ye. -m-.

Ye-. A.,Ka.?,

or U-nu. A-.

-m-, -mw-.

-ye. -m-. -a-ke

-a-ke

-a-ke

U-.

-m-. -a-he

-a-ke, -ye ;

-ye. -mu-.

-we

-a-ke, -e

We, us, our

Siswi,Swiswi,

Siswi. Tu-.

Sisi. Tu-.

I-si. Cu-.

U-fwe. Tu-,

Wa-si. Tu-,

Sisi. Tu-.

-tu-. -etu

-tu-. -etu

•CU-. -ecu

Ti-.

Ri-.

-swi. -tu-.

-fwe, -swe.

-tu- ? -a-tu

-etu

-tu-. -etu

Ye, you, your

Ninyi,

Nyinywe. M-,

Nyinyi. M-,

I-ni. M-, Mu-

U-miie. Mu-.

VVa-nyi. Mu-.

Nwinyi,

Mu-.

Mu-.

-wa-. -enyu

-mwe, -nwe.

-wa-. -a-nyu

Ninywi. Mii-,

-wa-. -enu

-wa-. -enu

-wa-. -enu

-nyi, -nwi-.

■wa-. -enu

They, them.

Waco. Wa-.

Waco. Wa-.

Waco. Wa.

1-vco. Wa-.

Wa-re. Waco.

Waco. Tsawa.

their

-aco. -wa-.
-a-co

-wa-. -aco

-wa-. -a-co

•wa-. -a-vco

Wa-, Va-.
-aco, -WCO-.
-wa-. -a-co

Wa-.

-wa-. -a-hcoco

■ According to Joaquim d' Almeida da Cunha {Apontamentos . . . das linguas falladas pelos indigenas
iofambique) in the Angope or Kingcoje dialect the verbal pronouns are Ki^, U-, A- ; Ni-, M^, A-.

138

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

21.

21 a.

21 b.

21 e.

21 f.

22.

English

Swahili

Ki-mvita

Ki-amu

Ki-tikuu

Ki-wibu

^i-angazija

(Ki-hadimu

21 c. Ki-bizi

21 g. Ki-ng«je

22a. Xinzuani

(H), ^-c.)

21 d. Ki-pate

All ...

...

-ote. Pia

-ote

-5te

•ote

Pia. Apa-
(Apawa ?)

•onji

This, these

Hu-yu; ha-wa;

Hu-yu; ha-wa;

Hu-yu, &'c.

Hu-ii;

ha-wa ;

A- (a-yoj ;

•nu (u^nu,

hfi-u ; hi-i ;

^^c.

a'c.

a-wa ; a-u ;

wa-nu, &'c.)

hi-li ; ha-ya ;

a-i ; a-ri;

hi-ki; hi-vi ;

a-ya; a-ci ;

hi-i (si-i)' ;

a-vi; ar'c.)

hi-zi ; hu-ii ;

hu-ii ; hu-ku ;

ha-pa ; hu-mu

That, those

Hu-y<o; ha-eo ;

Hu-yu ; ha-eo :

Ho-yco, ar'c.

Hoj-co

ha-co;

■ •■

...

hu-co ; hi-yco ;

^-c.

QT'C.

hi-l<o ; ha-yo) ;

hi-cto; hi-vyco;

hi-yo) ; hi-zoj ;

hu-co ; hu-oj ;

hu-kco; ha-pco;

hu-mcj

Yu-le ; wa-le ;

Yu-le ; wa-le ;

U-le, dr-i-.

U-le, wa-le,

•re(l-re; wa^re;

•le (u^le, wa^le.

u-le ; i-le ;

dr^c.

va-le,

&-<:.

u^re; i-re;

i-le, pi-le, ore.)

li-le ; ya-le ;

ri-re ; ya-re;

ki-le (ci-le) ;

ci-re ; vi-re ;

vi-le ; i-le ;

&^c:)

zi-le ; u-le ;

u-le ; ku-le ;

pa-le ; m-le

Bad ...

...

-baya, -baa

-baya. -bco-vu

•co-vu

-co-vu

-i (Mu-i).
si ng-ema

-wii, -bi

Black...

...

-eusi

-eiisi

-eusi

-eiisi

•erufi

-udu, M-udu

Female

-ke. -kojco

-ke. -a ki-ke

-ke

-ke

-ka

-pe

Fierce, sharp

-kali

-kali

-kali

-kali

-kari

Good ...

-ema ; -zuri.
■tco

-ema

-ema

•ema

-ema

-ema

Great ...

...

Bora. -kiiu.
-kubwa.
-nene

-kuu. -kubwa

-kiiu

-kuru

■kulu

Bua-fu. Dibave

Little...

...

•dcogoj. -cace

-dcog<o

-tcotco, -ccocco

■dcoda

-titi

-tcotco. -pusu.
-aba (few)

•titi. Ka-, Ga-

{as prefix).
-nkinyi

Long ...

...

•re-fu

•re-fu

-re, -re-fu

-re-fu

...

...

Male ...

-ume, -dume

-ume. -aki-ume

-ume

-vuli

-lume

-iime, -diSme

Old ...

-kukuii. -zee

-zee. -kukuu

-zee, -bee.

-t.ee.

■tiima.

-vere. -se or

-kuhu

-kukiiu

-kukuu

■zee

Red ...

-ekundu

-ekundu

-ekundu

-ehundu

•eiindu

kundu

Rotten

-to-vu, -bco-vu

-co-vu, -bco-vu

-covu

-covu

•bvunda

Short...

...

-fupi

-fupi

•fupi

•fupi

...

Sick ...

-gonjwa. -well

-wele. gonjwa

-we, -dwe

•w?e

•Iwala

-ade, mu-ade

White

-eii-pe

■eu-pe

-eu-pe

•eu^pe

•elu-pa

-jeu. -eu

Above,

up.

Juu

Juu or Dyuu

Yiiii

I-yuu

Julu

U-zyu or Dzu

on top

Before

...

Mbele

Mbele

Mbee

Mbee

Mbele

Mbele

Behind

...

Ny-uma

Ny-uma

Ny-uma

Kwan-

ima

Ny-uma

M-engco-ui

' s replaces h in a few KtngUsi demonstratives ; i. e. S&-for Ha-, Si- for HI-.

GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES

139

English

21.

Swahili

(Ki-hadimu

(H), &-(.)

21 a.
Ki-mvita

21 b.

Ki-amu

21 c. Ki-Mzi

21 d. Ki-pate

21 e.
Ki-tikuu

21 f.

Ki-wibu

21 g. Ki-ngcoje

22.

^i-aiigazija

22a. Xi-nzuani

Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...

Middle
Near

Outside
Plenty, many

There

Where? ...
No!

Not (wM verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Ci-ni
M-bali
Hapa. Huku.

Hupcd
Nda-ni.

Hu-mco.

Mu-, M-. -ni.

Katika
Katikati
Karibu (Arad.).

Pa-fupi
Nje
■ingi. Tele

Hukco. Kule.
Pale

-pi .' Wa-pi ?
Ahaa 1 Siyeo !
Si. -si-. Si-.
Hu-. Ha-.

Ku-teoa {^uiiA
infinitives)

Ti-ni

M-bali

Hapa

Nda-ni

Katikati
Pa-fupi

Nde

•iigi, -ingi.
Tele
Pale. Kule,

-pi .' Wa-pi .'
^i(o!

Si. -si-. Si-.
Hu. Ha-

Ti-ni

M-bali

Hapa

Nda-ni

Katikati
Pa-fupi

Nde

-ngi, -ingi.

Tele
Pale

Wa-pi?
Siyco!

Si. -si-. Si-.
Hu-. Ha-

Ti-ni

M-bali

Hapa

Nda-ni

Kaci
Pa-fupi

Nde
•ngi.

Pale

Tele

Kwa-pi ?
Siveo !

Si. si-. Si-
Hu-. Ha-

Si-ni. Pa-nsi Won-si. M-si-ni

Baidi M-bali

Apa Hava (.'')

... -ni, -mi, -mu

Pepi

-ngj, -ingi

Vanu

■ingi

Hule Tsahoi

-pi?

Ebu ! Si

Si. Si-, -si-. Si. Si-, -si-,

Ku? Ka? Hu-. Ha-

To

„ beat

„ buy, sell

„ come ...

,, cut

,, dance ...

„ die

„ eat

,. give ...

,. go

kill

know ...
laugh ...
leave off,
cease

love, want

see

sit, remain,

abide
sleep . . .
stand, stop,

be erect
steal ...

Ku-

■piga_
-nunua. -uza

•ja (N-jeoco ! =
imperative)

-kata. -cinja

-ceza. -randa

•fa

-la

-pa. -tcoa,

-tunza
-enda,

enenda.

■pita

■iia
-jua
-ceka
-aca, -ata,

-kwma.

? -regea [to

be /nose)
-penda
-ona
-kaa (-kalia=

remain for)
■lala
■simama.

-ima
•iba

Ku-
-piga
•nunua. '
-uliza
-ja, -dya

-kata

-teza

-fa

■la

-pa

-enda. -pita

-ua
-dyua
-teka
-ata

■penda

-ona

-kaa

-lala
-simama

-iba

ai-

Ku-

Ku-

U-, Hu-

piga

-bika

-ilia

nunua. -uza

-nunuva.
-kuba

-uza

-uza

ya

•ya

-dya. -lawa.

-ija. (Xto ! =

( Jeo ! = im-

imperative)

perative)

kata

-kaca

■sinpa

*■•

teza

-tet>a

-vina

, ^

fa

■fa

-fa

-fa

la

-la

-ria

-la

pa

-pa

-pa

-be. -va(22a)

enda

-enenda

■enda,

-enda, -senda,

-enenda.

-inda {past

-tembera.

tense :

-ka

■endre)

iia

-uva, -vua

-waga. -ula

-hua

yua

-yiwa

-ijiwa

■jua

teka

-teka

-zeka

-tepia

ata

-ata

-reka. -asa

penda

-penda

-penda. -saka

-vintsa

ona

-vona

-ona

-hcona

kaa

-teti

-ikala

-kensa

lala

-iyala

-lala

simama

-simama

..•

...

-jepa

•yepa

•iba

140 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE SWAHILI DIALECTS

Virtually no traces of preprefixes, except in the 9th prefix in the Ki-unguja and Ki-mrima dialects
(21 f and g).

Class I. M-, Mu-, Mu- (aie, 2if) (m-, mu, yii-, ? hu-, u) ; 2. Wa-, (Va- sometimes in 21 e and f)
(wa-, va-); 3. M-, Mu-, Mu- (21 f) (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi-, Ny-, Ni- (21 c, d, and e) (m-, mu-, i) ; 5. — ,
Ji-, J-, Dy-, Ri- (21 f and g),Ni- (21 f ) (li, j-, r-, ri-) (21 f) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) ; 7. Ki-, C- (ki, ci-, c'-) ;
8. Vi- (21, 21 a, 21 f and g), Zi- (21 c), Tii- (21 d and e) (vi, zi-, t>i-) ; 9. In- (21 and 21 f >, N- (M-), H-,
Ny-, — (— , n- (m-), ny-, nj-, iig-, i) ; 10. In-, N- (M-), H-, Ny- (— , zi, ny-, nj-, iig-) ; 11. U-, Lu-, Ru-
(last two forms only in 21 f and g) (m-, u, lu, ru-) ; 12. (Absent throughout); 13. Ka- (almost absent,
save for slight traces— with Vi- as plural — in Ki-unguja and the other northern dialects, but commoner in
21 f and g) ; 14. U- (plural sometimes Ny-, but more commonly Ma-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Pa- (Va-
in 21 f ), rarely Wa- (pa-, va-) ; 17. Mu- (mu- and -ni) — almost absent from 21 e.

PREFIXES, &C., IN pi-ANGAZIJA, &c.
No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi-, Me- (mi-, i-) ;
5. Dzi (D'-, L'- .'), - (dz', dzi-, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ? a) ; 7. ^i-, Xi-, Xi-, Hi- (fi-, xi) ; 8. Zi- (zi) ; 9. N-
(M-),N-, Ny-, — (n-, i) ; 10. ? Zin-, N- (M-), N-, Ny- (zi ?, n-) ; 11. (missing) ; 12. (missing) ; 13. (rare)
Ha-, Ka- (? ha-, ka) ; 14. U-, Vco- ? (u) ; 15. Hu-, U-, ? Gu- (? hu); 16. Wa-, Va- (va .') ; 17. ?(?-mu?,
-mi, -ni).

21. Swahili is spoken in Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia islands, and in the coast towns between the
Pangani river, Kilwa, and Lindi ; also in an adulterated form right across Africa from Unyamwezi and
Tafiganyika to the Lualaba and Upper Congo. Kihadimu or Kikae is the ancient dialect of Zanzibar
island and Kinguzi the affected ' literary ' speech.

21 a. Kimvita is spoken in the towns of the Mombasa coast-belt between Vanga and Malindi.

21 b. Kiamu, 21 c. Kiwzi, and 2i d. Kipate, are spoken on the islands of Lamu and Pata, and in
the Witu sultanate and the delta of the OOzi and Tana rivers.

2 1 e. Kitikuu is spoken in Faza (north of Lamu) and at all the Swahili settlements along the coast
between Kwaihu and the Juba river ; also north of the Juba river.

21 f. Kiwibu (Kimrima and Kimgau) are spoken on the coast between the mouths of the Rufiji
and the Ruvuma rivers (Cape Delgado) ; at I bo and in the Kerimba islands ; 21 g. Kingojje is spoken
in the Swahili-Arab colonies of Angiope (Angoxa).

22. Siaiigazija and 22 a. Xinzuani are spoken in the Komoroj islands (Great Komorco, Johanna,
and Mwhila) : with the exception, p)erhaps, of Mayotte.

GROUP G

THE USAGARA-UGoaGO) LANGUAGES

23. Dzalaraco

23 a. Kami. 23 b. Ki-xutu.

23 c. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b. Kaguru (Northern Sagara)'

24C-g. Southern Sagara dialects^

25. Gcogcd

26. Irangi. 26 a. Kiumbugwe

English

23-
Dzalamu

23 a.

Kami

23 b. Ki-xutu

23 c. Ki-ruguru

24-24 b.'

Kaguru and

Northern

Sagara

24 c-g.'
Southern
Sagara

25.

GcOgCd

26.

Irangi

26 a. Ki-
umbugwe

Adze

TeiUco.
N-hemo)

N-hemcd

N-temoa.
Ci-widzoj

N-temto

N-temcd

...

Animal, wild

Ny-araa ; //.

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

dziny-ama

Ant

Mi-gege (//.).
N-humbi-
humbi

Cia.
Ifconyto

Siafu. I-fulafu.
Sungusungu.
N-tiingi.
Cufigu

Ny-ungu

Ny-ereri

Ant, white

Mu-swa

Geiihe ;

Mu-swa

...

M-mehe or

Mu-swa

(termite)

ma-geiihe

Mu-mehe.
Ki-swa ;
vi-swa

Ape (chim-

...

...

...

...

• ••

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

M-kconco ; mi-

Mu-kconu; mi-
M-wcokco; mi-

M-ka>nco ; mi-

Mw-cokco

Mw-tokoa ; mi-

Twaliti

Arrow

M-sale .'

Lu-htote.
M-dumka

Mu-vi. I-sagi.
Lu-pcabeta

Songa

M-ui or Mw-ui ;
mi-wui

Axe

^toka

Wagoa ; ma +

Ci-widzoj.
N-temco.
Sen goo

Hengco

Sengcd

C-aria,
Caha

Baboon

Di-kcdkco

Ny-ani

.•■

Ny-ani

N-jai. Tui

Back

M-goiigto ; mi-

M-gongoj

M-gongco ; mi-

Mu-gong<o;mi-

Lekele

Banana

Nheo<o;

N^uhu.

N-xco. (Bcokco

Tojke; ma-f.

N-dizi

mi-khcooj.

(iM-gomba =

or Di-bcoku =

N-dizi

M-zuzu

tree)

tree)

Beard

N-debvu

N-debfu

Ki-devu or
Lu-levu

N-devu

N-devu

N-deda

Bee

N-yuki

N-yiiki

N-juki

N-zuki

N-zuki

N-yuki

Belly

Mu-nda

I-nda.

Ku-nda,

Tumbcj ; ma-(-

Tumbu ; ma -f .

Guvia

Mda.

Mu-nda,

1-nda; //.

I-nda ; ma-da

Tumbcij

I-nda.

I-tumbu.

I-sile

nyi-nda,
mai-nda

Bird

N-dege ;
dzin-dege

N-dege

I-dege : ma-

N-dege

N-dege

Zcodie.
N-dee

Blood

M-lcopa

M-leopa

Sakami ; ma-f

Sakami

Sakami

S^gami

Body

M-wili

...

M-tufi

Ku-wiliwili

M-wiri or
Ki-wiliwili

...

Bone

Guha

I -guha

I-fupa

I-fupa ; ma-

...

Borassus palm

...

M-vuma or
M-vumco

...

...

...

...

Bow

U-pinde. U-ta
Wanga

U pinde

N-ta or U-ta ;
pi. mi-ta

U-pindi

Pindi.
U-kunje

...

' The principal dialects fl/"Sagara speech spoken in the hilly regions of Ulugurii, Rubehai, and Usagara may
he enumerated as follows : Northern Sagara, 24. Kaguru, 24 a. Itumba, 24 b. Kondua or Solwe ; Southern
Sagara, 24 c. Ziraha, 24 d. Kwenyi, 24 e. Nkwifiya, 24 f. Ndunda, 24 g. Ngwila.

142

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24C-g-

25-

26.

English

Dzalamco

Kami

Kaguru ami

Southern

Gcogco

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Bowels

Tupe; ma+

Ma-tumboj

Ma-tumbu.

(U-fu = sto-
mach of oxen)

...

Ma-tumbu

...

Brains

U-l«teo

U-bongco

Ca-ongco ; vya-

Uw-ongco ; ma-

Breast (man's) Mbaga.

Ma-mbaga

Ci-fa

...

Pa-mbaga

Ki-ku'a'

M-ha-mbaga ;

mi-

Breast

Mipa-mbaga.

Tombco ; ma ■¥

I -tombco ; ma-

Tombco ; ma-

Ma-tombco

I -tombco ; ma-.

(woman's)

Ma-tombco

Ma-jcororco.

Ma-susu

Brother ...

Kaka. M-kulu

N-dugu.

M-dugu ; wa-.

N-dugu.

N-dugu.

Lumbu. N-duii

M-d(odu.

Magati.

Mw-ene-tu.

M-kulu.

Lumbu

M'Zuanda.

Se-gulu

M-vuna

M-dcodco

N-dugu (rela-

wafigu.

tion)

I-lumbu

Buffalo

Tupa ; ma +

M-bcogco

M-bcogco

M-bcogco

Bull

M-nhufi.

N-ombe

N-zambaku

I-senga i-lume.

N-jeku.

M-jeku

Bebelu

n-dume.

Senga

m-bigalco

(23 b)
Dakco; ma +

N-zeku.
Khambaku

Kambaku.
? Kabakco

...

Buttocks ...

Lu-kundu

I-takco; ma-

Ma-dakco

I -dakco; ma-

Ma-takco

Canoe

M-humbwi

Mu-humbwi

Mcokco

...

...

M-tumbi

Cat

Nyaoj

M-nyaco

Nyaco.
I-tulwa

Nyaco

Nyau

Charcoal ...

Li-kala ; ma-

Ma-kala

Ma-kala

Chief

N-dewa

M-dema.
Jumbe.

(M-dewa =

interpreter)

M n-dewa or
M-gcosi

M-teme

M-temi.
M-sungati
(26 a)

Child

Mw-ana.

Cin-keli ; vin-.

C-ana;

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

M-dcodco

Mw-ana.
Gu-undila ;
ma-undila

(23 b)

vy-ana.
Ci-ali ; vi-.
M-dcodco.
C-aniki ; vy-

M-dcodco

M-dcodco.
Ki-dzererco

m-dudia

Cloth

N-guwcd ; zi +

N-guco

Mw-enda.
Lu-ke

Mw-enda

Lu-enda ;
mi-enda or
ny-enda.
N-gcona

Cold

Behu

M-behco.
Bfega

M-behco.
Ny-coba

...

M-behco

Talala

Country ...

I-si

I-si

I-si ; zi-si.
Ki-runga

...

I-si

I-si

Cow

N-ombe.

N-ombe

M-buguma ya

N-ombe.

N-ombe inki

M-buguma

m-buguma.

Senga

m-twanzi

'23 b)

n-ombe

M-buguma ya
n-ombe

Crocodile ...

Mw-ena

M-buru

• •>

■*.

Mamba

Mamba

Day

Siku. Um-ilsi

Mu-si. Siku.

I-jua.

•

K-ilco or C-irco.

Siku.

imi-si

M-canya

M u-gingco

Ki-nguru

Mu-si

Devil, evil

Kungu or

I-dzimu ; ma-

Isi-ntu i-kulu.

I-kunga (24 c)

Mu-zimu

• ••

spirit

Di-kuiigu ; ma

I-scoka; ma + .
I-zimu

Doctor (medi-

M-ganga,

M-ganga.

M-ganga

*••

Mu-ganga

Mu-anga

cine man)

N-ganga,
M-lagula,
M-laguzi

M-lagutsi

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGOJGCO LANGUAGES

'43

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25.

26.

English

Dzalamu

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

Gcogco

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Dog

M-bwa.

Im-bwa,

I-bwa or

Mnyam-bwa.

Mnyam-bwa,

Kuli

Ki-bwa

Yum-bwa,

Di-bwa.

Nyaka-bwa.

Im-bwa,

Jim-bwa

Dinyam-bwa;

manyam-.

Suku

Di-bwa ; ma-

Di-bwa

Donkey ...

N-deogcowe.
Ki-hongwe

N-deogcowe ;

ma-

N-dcogcowe

N-dcogci>we

N-dcogcowe

N-dakwi

Door

Lu-ivi ; ny-ivi

M-langco

Lu-iji ; ma-.
M-langco

...

Mu-langco

Mu-riangu

Dream

N-dcozi

• ••

N-jcozi

...

. ■■*

...

Drum

Gomboi.

In-gcoma ;
zin-gcoma

N-gcoma

N-gcoma

...

N-gcoma

M-ina

Ear

Gu-twi ;

Nghu-twe or

Tu-twe ; ma-

I-sikidza; ma-.

Igu-twe,

Ku-tu ; ma-tu

ma-twi,

Gu-twi ;

Igu-twe; ma-

iku-tu; ma-

gama-twi

magu-twi

Egg

Finga ; gama +

Finga; nia +

I-tagi; ma-

...

I-gankha or
Ganga ; ma -(-

Ya-i ; ma-i

Elephant ...

N-hemboj

N-hembco

N-thembco

...

N-zcofu or
N-dembco

N-jcou

Excrement

Ma-vi

Ma-ve

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

...

Eye

S-isu ; m-estt>

Nenge; ma+

I-gisco;

Z-iheo ; m-ehco.

Z-isco,

R-isco ; m-isco

and dzi-.

ma-gisco.

Iz-ihco ; m-esco

L-isco ;

Z-isco or L-isco;

D-isco ; m-esco

m-esco

m-esco

Face, forehead

Ki-anga

Ci-hanga

Fumda ?
Ki-hanga ?

N-dcosi ;
ma-dcosi

U-su.
Kum-esco.
M-esco
ma-jeti

N-gtirirco

Fat, oil ...

Gama-vuta or
Ma-vuta.
U-ncono>

Ma-bvuta

Ma-futa

...

Ma-futa

Ma-kuta

Father

Tata,

Baba.

Baba

Tata

Scoga.

Nani. Nanikco

Thatha

Tate

Baba.
Kcolori

M-sedia.
Tata

Fear

Di-wojga,
Wcoga

...

Wcoga

Mcoga?
Wcoga ?

Finger

Ki-d«le.
C-anda.
Gumba

Ci-dcole ;
pfi-dcole.
Z-ala

Ki-dcole ; ci-

I-dco!e

K-ala.
Ki-dcole

C-ala ; vy-ala

Fire

Um-otco

M-otco

M-6tco

M-otco

M-otco.
Ma-waa

Kau.

M-otco

Fish

Somba

Somba

I-jcoka
dya me-dji

...

Coniba,
Somba

Somba

Foot

M-gulu; mi-

M-gulu.
Lu-ayco

M-gulu ; mi-.
I-jayco ;
n-jayco

Mu-gulu.
Ki-gere

I-gulu

Forest

Di-hulco,
Umu-hulco.
M-bagco

Mu-hulco

M-bagu

M-bagu

M-bagu.
I-saka.

Mu-ceme

I-saki

Fowl

Ifi-guku or
In-huku

Nuku

N-xuxu

...

N-kuku or
N-kunkhu

Kuku

Frog

M-bula ; mi-

Butwa ; ma -f

Bula; ma-^

C-ura ; vy-ura

Ghost

M-zimu.
Kinya-mkela.
Mii-lungu; mi-

M-zimu

M-yefu.
Mfi-ye

Mu-tima ?

Caraffe ...

N-hwiga

Twiga

N-dwiga

...

N -twiga

Tula

L 2

144

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24C-g.

25-

26.

English

Dzalamoa

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

Gcogco

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Girl

M-twanzi.

Ci-gcole,

M-dere.

Mu-hinza

Ki-hinza.

Mu-hinja.

Ki-gcoli

Mw-ana
ci-gcole

Ki-gcoli

Mu-tcogco

Mw-ari

Goat

M-hene,
M-pene

M-pheni.
M-peeni (23b)

M-peeni

M-peeni

M-peeni.
M-buri.
Mu-tcogco-ta 5

Mbuli

„ (he) ...

...

M-vulata.

Fulata.

I-fulata,

M-vulata

M-buzi

(M-togcota =

Tcogcota 5

M-vulata.

mu-lume

female)

M-buguma.
N-gadata 5

God

Mu-lungu ; mi-.

Mu-lungu.

Mu-lungu.

Mu-lungu

Mu-lungu.

Balalco.

Mw-ungu

M-vula (23 b)
(= rain)

M-balco.
C-comi

...

Mu-tari

Mu-lungu,
M-ungu

Grandparent

Se-kulu

Se-kulu

Kuku.
Magconco ;

wama- (j)

...

Yiya S.
BabuS

Baba.
Mamei

Grass

Mi-jani (pi.)

M-gina.

Ma-bagco

Mny-ari.
N-yuju

...

Ma-hanza

I-sambi

Ground

I-si

I-si

I-si

...

A-si

I-si. N-si

Ground-nut

N-zugiJ.
N-halanga

...

...

...

N-zugudu

—

Guinea-fowl

N-hanga

N-hafiga

...

...

Kanga

...

Gun

Bunduki

Futi

Bundiki

...

Bunduki

...

Hair

Im-vili ; zim-

Lu-vili ;

Lu-vili ;

Lu-vuile ;

Lu-vuile ;

Lu-guwati.

ma-vili

n-juile

ma-vuile
or m-vuile

m-vuile.
M-viri

Ny-weri

Hand

M-kconco.

Mw-coktij.

M-kconoo.

...

Mw-cokco.

Twaliti.

Di-ganza.

Ganza

Mw-cokco.

Ganza or

Mu-kconco

Ki-limbili ; vi-

I-ganji

Ganya

Head

Di-twi ;

Li-twe or

Di-twe or

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Baiti.

gama-twi

Di-twi

I-twe; ma-twe

Mu-twe

Heart

M-oyto

M-oyoa

M-tima.
M-oyco

...

Mu-tcoga

Kcolbi.
M-oyco

Heel

Ki-siginyco; vi-

Ki-segeyu

Ki-sinyagir«

...

M-katalco

...

Hide

Kwembe

Li-kwembe ;

ma-

N-kiiigco

...

N-cingco

Mo-mberu.
N-diri

Hill ,

Ki-gongco

I-tunda.
Lu-goiigco or
I-gongco

Lu-kwilco ; ma-

I-tunda

I-tunda.
Ki-gongcd

...

Hippopotamus

Ki-bonhca.
Tcomondu

N-hcomondco

M-tcomondco ;

ma-

...

Teomondco

...

Hoe

Di-gembe; ma-

Gembe ; ma +

Li-yumbe.
I -sire

...

I-sile

I -sere

Honey

Uki, W-uki

...

Uki

• ••

Uci

a)ki

Horn

N-hembe

M-hembe

M-pembe
(? M-pombe)

...

Li-embe

...

House

U-kaye, K'aya.

N-anda.

N-umba,

N-anda,

N-anda.

N-khambi.

C-anga ; vi-.

Ny-umba

Ny-umba ;

Ny-anda.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba-

Ki-banda or

(23 b)

zi+. N-anda-

Ny-umba

Ci-banda

cuico

r-wanda,

Mu-kcola.

N-ganda,

Ki-banda

N-anda

Hunger

N-zala

N-zala

Cumbi

...

N-zala.

M-kombe

N-jala

Husband ...

M-kazanca.
M-bigalo9

M-kasana

M-lume

M-zererco

M-umi

Mu-lume

Hyena

N-dula

Hcobwe. Bau.
M-dula

I-fisi.
I-fipi

...

M-visi.
Biti

Pici

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGWGW LANGUAGES

14s

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25.

26.

English

Dzalamu

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

GcdgOl

Irangl

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Iron

C-uma

C-uma

C-uma.
Ci-bongi.
N-dopa>

C-uma

C-«ma

Lu-bvula.
I-sanyenge

Island

S51co or

...

■*■

••■

Ir-iwa

Di-s61oj ; ma-

Ivory

N-hembe

M-hembe

Nthembto

...

Lu-bali

Lco-hembe

Knee

Vindi ; ma +

Funda ; ma +

Figameru

...

Guse

K-iru (26a)

Knife

Mw-ele

Mage.

Ki-magi.

...

Mw-ere.

L-upu ; ny-usu,
L-ufyu ;

M w-ere

Nereza

Maje

ny-ufyu

Lake

Lamba

I-lamba.
I-siwa

...

I-ramba

Lawa

Leg

Di-gulu.
Ki-gonheo ; vi-

Li-gulu; ma-

M-gulu; mi-

M-gulu ; mx-

Mu-gulu ; mi-

Kulo; mi-ulu.

I-gulu ; ma-

Leopard ...

Duma; ma +

Duma

Gui; ma-f.
Duma

••«

N-sui.
Duma

Suwi

Lion

Simba.
N-gci>dci>mi

Simba

Nya-lcopala.
I -simba ■

...

Simba.

Nya-lcijpala.
Nya-tuni

Simba

Lips

M-lcamo>; mi-

Mi-lcomoj {pi.)

M-lemeo ; mi-

Ma-lcomu

Ma-lcomcd

Magic

U-ganga

U-ganga

U-ganga

U-wai

U-wai

Maize

Mu-hindi

Ma-hindi

I-tama or
U-tama

...

Mu-hindi

Mu-hindi

Man

Umu-nhu,

Mu-nhu ;

Mu-nhu

Mu-nhu; wa-.

Mu-nhu or

Mu-ntu ;

Imu-nhu,

wa-nhu

Mu-lume

Mu-ntu

wa-ntu

Mu-nhu ;

wa-nhu

Man, vir. ...

Mu-lume.

M-lume.

M-gwsi.

• ••

Mu-dimi.

Mu-dimi.

M-bigalco

M-bigalco

M-lume

Mu-gcosi.
M-zerereo

Mu-lume

Meat

Iny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

. ..

Ny-ama

...

Medicine ...

I-dawa

Mu-gcoda

Mu-ti. M-geoda

...

M-weoda

MUk

Ma-bisi (?)

M-ere, m-ele
(ga ii-ombe)

M-eli ; ma-eli.
(Ku-kama =

verb)

...

M-eri

...

Monkey ...

Tumbili.
Kima

...

Gedingwa

Taha

Moon

Mw-ezi

Mw-edzi.

Mw-ezi.

t ■■

Mw-ezi.

M-lenge.

M-lenge

M-lengi.
M-lunga

M-lenge

Mw-eri

Mother ...

Mamu

Wenye,
M-wenye.
Mama.
(I-nyo» = va-
gina)

Mail, Wau.
N-gina-,
N-yina-

Yaya or Yiya

Ihyco, lyco.

Mawe (26 a)

Mountain ...

Ki-lima

Gongcd

Lu-kwilco.
I-tunda ; ma-

...

I-tunda

Lulu

Mouth

M -lumen

M-lum«a

M-lcomu ; mi-

Mu-lcomco,
M-doomo)

Mu-loamoj.
Ku-mwa.
Ma-laka

Dida

Nail Cof finger

Iri-hombe; zi-

N-hombe

I-kombi.

• *•

Kombe. Zala

Ci-riri

or toej

J -era

Name

Tagwa or
Tangwa,
I)i-tagwa

Twaga

I-sina.
I-tagwa

I-tagwa

I-tagwa

I-rina

Navel

Di-kuvu

Kubfu.
Ci-nena

Tuduco

...

Mu-kuv«

...

146

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25.

26.

English

Dzalamco

Kami

Kaguru a7id

Southern

Gcogco

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki.

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Neck

Singco ?
U-goosi

Singco

Singco

...

N-gcozi.
Singco

I-kingco

Night

I-kileo.

C-irco.

Kilco,

...

K-ir«o or C-iru

U-ciku.

(Dziza

U-siku

Cilco.

Ny-colco.

= darkness)

(Lu-isa dark-
ness)

(Ki-lunya =
darkness)

Nose

M-hula

Im-pula; zim-,
M.hula ; zim-

M-pula; ma-

M.pula

M-pula

Saiti ;
ma-saiti. Pula

Oil palm ...

...

...

...

...

Ox

N-ombe

N-ombe.

N-ombe.

N-ombe.

N-ombe

Palala.

Senga; ma+

N-dafu

Senga; ma+.
N.koncojto

N-dafu.
N-gombe

Paddle

N.hafi

...

...

...

...

Palm wine,

U-gimbi.

U-gema.

U-gema.

• t»

Ma.Iusco

I-rusco; ma-.

beer

Tembw.
N-gema

M-baali.
Tembeo

U.gimbi

Nycou

Parrot

...

...

.

Penis

M-bcolca.
Mvv-azi

Temfia

...

...

...

M-bco"

Pig

M-tumbi.
In-guluwe

M-turabi

N.gume.
N-guruwe

...

N.gubi

• ••

Pigeon

N-ziwa

N-ziwa.
Huwa

N-jiwa

N-d2!iwa

N-ziwa

...

Place

Ha-nhu

Ha-nhu

Ha-nhu,
Ha-ntu

...

Ma.bala

Ha-ntu.
Ma-hare

Rain

Im-vula

M-vula

M-vula

M.vula

M.vula.
Tconya

M-btila

Rat

M-huku.
M-bewa

M-bewa

M-buku

...

M.bewa

Puku

Rhinoceros

M-tupa ; mi-

Faru

M-phera ; ma^

...

M-pera

River

L,u-anda

Mu-tsanda,
Ci-tsanda.
Lu-anda

Lu-kcolongco.
Lu.anda

...

Luenga.
Kcolongco.
M-ongco

Mu-vuleo

Road

N-dzila.
Di-kondco

N-zila

N-gila

...

Nizira

...

Salt

M-kele.
Ny-humvi

Mu-nyco

Mu^nyu

...

Mw-inu

Saiigasco

Shame

Ki-nyala

Ci-nyala

Sconi

S(oni

Sconi

Sconi

Sheep

N'hondcolco

N-htolto.
N-ondorco

N-khcolco or
Xcolu

...

N-khcolu.
Nkoreo

Mu-ndi

Shield

Kitkidzto

N-guluma

N-gula

...

N-gula

Shoulder ...

Yega; mi-ega

Yega ; m-ega

Yega ; ma +

. . •

I-wega; ma-

..*

Sister

Lumbu.
Di-lumbu

Lumbu ; ma +

Lumbu

Mu-hadza ;
wa-.
Lumbu; ma-f-

Mw-elumbu

Lumbu.
N-dugwe

Skin

Kwembe

Li-kwembe

Li -kwembe?

...

N-kuli

(■ >

Sky „. ...

U-langa

-r-

U-laiiga.
Vuijde

...

Vunde.
W-aIco

...

Slave

M>tumwa.

M-fugwa.

M-fugwa

M-fugwa.

Mu-lelwa.

M-terewa.

M-fugwa.

M-tumwa.

M'phangu

M-fugwa

M-rerwa.

M-pinga 5

M-pinga 5

M-singa ; wa-.
M-tumba

Sleep

Uttulu

U-tul».
Nongco.
(N-daleo =

sleepins-place)

...

...

Sinzira

Smoke

Di-cosi

Y-cosi

M-cosi or
Di-cosi

• a*

Li-co?i,
Y-cosi

...

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGWGO) LANGl

JAGES

'47

23.

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25.

26.

English

Dzalamcd

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

Gcogco

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Snake

N-zeoka

Zcoka ; ma + .
N -zcoka

Nj-coka or
Ny-coka. Pill.
Ci-hililya

...

Zcoka

Ny-coka

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana.

M-soiigcolco.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

Mw-ana.

M-hale

Mw-ana.

C-ana.

Mu-dimi.

m-lume.

Mu-tawana

Ka-bigalco,

Ci-lume.

Ki-songcolco.

Ki-zererco

M-bigalco

Mw-aniki

K-ana ; pi.
tw-ana

Song

Lu-ila; ny-ila

Ci-gcoma.
Lu-imbco (?)

Lu-imbu ; ma -f

...

U-imbco

...

Spear

M-gcoha

M-go>ha

Mu-guha

• ••

M-gcoha. I-tari

I-jimu ; ma-

Spirit, soul

Um-oyco.
M-zimu.
Im-behoj

Um-oyci).
Ki-dia
Kinya-mkera

Mu-zimu

■ <■

Mu-zimu

M-oyco

Star

Tondcij or
N-hondeo.
N-hilu

N-tondco

My-erezi; zi-t-

N<tondwe

Ny-eredzi.
N-tondwa

N-tondwe

Stick

N-hcota :

I-bika.'

I-bike ; ma-.

N-xwekco.

I-biki.

M-ranga

ini-khcota

M-biviri

M-phandco ;

Mu-kcoti

Kcomi

Stone

Di-bwe ;
ma-bwe.
U-bwe ;
gama-bwe

I-bwe ;
ma-bwe

ma-
I-we or Di-bwe

■

...

I-bwe; ma-bwe

I-we; ma-we

Stool

Ki-gcoda

Ki-gtoda,
Ci-gojda

Ci-gcoda,
Li-gcoda

...

Ki-gcoda

...

Sun

Di-zuwa

Dzuwa

I-jua

...

I-dzua.

Mu-asco

C-coze.
M w-asco

Tail

M-khila

Mu-ingco

Mu-se

Mu-cira

>*.

Tear

Hcozi ; ma +

Hcotsi ; ma +

I-scozi; ma-

I-S(ozi ; ma-

OOdzi

...

Testicles ...

Pumbu

...

...

M-bia

Thief

M-bavi

Mu-hizi

Mu-hiji ; wa-

...

Mu-izi

>*•

Thigh

Hadza ; ma -f

• •■

I-haja

. . .

C-ima

...

Thing

Iki-nhu ;
ivi-nhu

Ci-fihu ;
vi-nhu

Ki-ntu; vi-ntu

Ki-ntu; vi-ntu

Ki-ntu; vi-ntu

Thorn

Mw-iba

Mu-iwa

M-ua ; mi-wa

...

Mu-wa; mi-wa

*.•

Tobacco ...

Tumbaku

...

I-kondi

Konde

Tumbattt

To-day ...

Lelu

Lelco

Lelco

Lelco, Di-lelco,
Dya-lelco

Zuari

I-sikco

Toe

C-anda.

Ci-dcole ca

N-deole dya

...

Ki-dcole

Memba ra

Gumba

m-gulu

m-gulu

kulu

To-morrow

Imi-tondco

Irubfi

Au-siku.
I-tondco

Mi-tondeo

M i-tondco.
Ci-laco

Lu-vi.
M-tondco

Tongue

Lu-limi ;
n-dimi

I-limi or
Lu-limi (23 b)

Lu-limi ;
zinrdimi or
malu-limi.
Lu-Iaka

...

Lu-limi

Lu-wa

Tooth

J -into, Dy.inw

Dz-inco; m-ento,

Inco, D-inco ;

I:dzinco ;

Idz-inco ;

L-inco ; m-enco

m-enu

ma-zinco

m-enco.
Gegco ; ma -f

ma-zinco or
m-enco

m-enco

Town, village

Kayi(?).
Ki-rambui

Kaya (7^Kaye.
I!u-lulu

I -kaya

...

Kaya

Kaya

Tree

Mu-biki,

I -bike, Li-biki.

I-biki ; ma-.

I-biki.

I-biki.

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

M-biki ; mi-

I-bika (23 b)

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

M-geoda

Ki-biti

(imi-)

Twins

Vi-basa (//.)

...

Pasa; ma-pasa

...

Hasa ;

ma-hasa

...

Urine

Ma-kuzu

M-kuzu

■ •■

Ma-tunzi

Ma-tunzi

...

148

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25.

26.

English

Dzalamco

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

Gugu

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki.

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Vein

...

...

N-kundi

Ki^timba ; vi-

Ki'kwari ; vi-

I-pirira.
Mu-kifa

War

N-hondw

N-hondco

U-khondco.
Lewa

...

U^lugu.
Ma-feta

Feta.
M-kondu

Water

Gama-zi

Ma-tsi or
Ma-zi.
Lu-lenga ;

ma-

Me-ji or Ma-ji

Ma.dzi.
Ma^lenga

Ma-lenga

Nua.
Ma-ji

Well, source

Sima or
M-sima

Ci-sima

I-sima

...

...

Ki-rimoyu.

Ki-rinkazu

White man

M-zungu

M-zungu

Mu-zungfu

Mu-zungu

Mu-jungu ; wa-

Wife

Im-wehe

M-wehe ;

M-ke, Mu-ke.

Mwe^ha; we-ha

Mu-ke ; wa-ke.

Mu-ke ; wa-ke

wehe

M-cekulu

Mwe^he.

Mu-ke.

M-cekulu

M-cekulu

Wind

Im-behu.
Di-behoa

Ubehco

M-pheu

...

...

Pehu

Witch

Mu-hawi

Mu-hawi

Mu-sai,
Mu-hai

...

Mu-hai.
M u-ganga

...

Witchcraft

U-hawi.
U-ganga

Wu-hawi

U-sai,
U-hai

...

U-hai

...

Woman ...

M-ke.

Mu-ke.

M-veli.

M-kodzi; wa-.

Mu-ndu^mu^ke.

Mu-ntu-mu-ke.

Mw-ali.

M-pinga.

Mu-ke

M-pinga.

Mu^dala

Mu-iletu.

M-pinga

M-twanzi

Mu-hinja

Womb

...

...

I-fii.
I-sambu

Nimi.
I-sambu

...

Nda

Wood (fire-

Lu-pekoa.

Ngojdi ;

N-gudi ; zin-.

N-gudi

•••

Kui

wood)

N-gcodi

ziii-gcodi

Bilu

Yam

Ki-gondeo ; vi-

...

...

...

...

Year

Umw-aka ;
imi-aka

Mw-aka.
Ci-rimco

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Yesterday..,

Ma-yci)

I-gcolco

Li-gulu

Li-gulu.
Di-gulu

I-gulu

Iju

Zebra

...

M-hunda m-lia

M-punda.
N-juwe?

...

N-duge.

Ku-rira

N-dakwa ya
i-sagi

One

■monga.

Musi?

-mwe

Muse.

Muse,

Munce.

Musi.

Mwe-nga.

(Di-mwe).

-mwe

Busi.

-monga.

•mwe

•mwe

Musi

■monga

■mwe

Two

•bUi

-pili, -wiri, -ili,

■idi (Ka-idi).

-pili. -bili.

-ijete (Me-ijete,

-bili, -wiri

-bili

-ili (K-eli).
ele (K-ele,
P-ili)

-ele

Ke-ijete)

Three

•datu, -dathu

-datu, -tatu

-datu
(Ka-datu)

-datu, -tatu

-datu

(Ka-datu)

-tatu

Four

•ne

-nne, -ne

•ne (Ka-ne),
-nne

•nne

-ni, -ne, -ena

(Ka-ne)

•nne

Five

-thanu

-thanu,

-sanu

-tanu.

-hanu

Salia.

-sanu (23 b)

( Ka-sanu)

-hanu (24 a)

( Ka-hanu)

■«anu

Six

Sita

M-tanda.

M-tandatu.

M-tandatu

M-tandatu,

1-sasatu,

M-tandatu

M-tanda (24b)

-n-tadatu

-sansatu

(23 b)

Seven

Saba.

M-f ungate

M-fungati

M-fungati

M-fungati

M-fungati

M-pungate,
M-fungate

Eight

Nane

M-nane.
M-nana

M-nana

M-nana

Mu-nane,
M-nana

I -nane

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGCiJGOJ LANGUAGES

149

English

23-

Dzalamu

23 a.

Kami

23b. Ki-xutu

23 c. Ki-ruguru

24-24 b.

Kaguru and

Northern

Sagara

24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara

25.

GugCd

26.

Irangi

26 a. Ki-

umbugwe

Nine

Kenda

Kenda

Kenda

I-kenda

I-kenda

M-cenda.
Kenda

Tea

M-Iongco.
Mu-longco.
Kumi

I -kumi

I -kumi

I -kumi,
1-cumi

I-kumi

A-fundika.
Kumi.
Mu-rongco

Eleven

M-longto na

I -kumi na

I -kumi na

I -kumi nari

Kumi na mwe

-monga

-mwe

di-mwe

-motiga

Twenty ...

Mi-loiigoj

Mi-longco

Ma-kumi

Mi-loiigco

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi awiri

mi-bili.

mi-ili or

ma-idi, or

mi-wili.

me-ijeti

Mi-rongco

Iperini

mi-wilt

ma-ili, m-ele

Mi-longco

i-wiri

(Arab.)

mi-ili

Thirty

Mi-long<o

Mi-loiigco

Ma-kumi

Mi-longco

Makumi

Ma-kumi

mi-dathu

mi-datu

nia-datu

nii-datu

ma-datu

a-tatu

Forty

Mi-longco

Mi-loiigco

Ma-kumi

Mi-loiigco

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

mi-ne

mi-nne

ma-ne

mi-nne

ma-ne

a-nne

Fifty

Mi-longco

Mi-longco

Ma-kumi

Mi-longco

Ma-kumi

A-fundika.

mi-thanco

mi-thanco

ma-sanco

mi-tanco or
mi-hanco

ma-hanco.
(Ma-kumi
ma-ntadatu

= 60)

Ka-hanco.
Mi-rongco
i-sanco

Hundred ...

Mi-longco
kumi

I gana

I -gana

I-gaoa.
Mi-loiigco
cumi

I-gana, I-jana

Gana ;
nia-gana

Tliousand ...

Ki-dcole.
Ma-gana
ma-kumi

...

...

...

I, me, my ...

Mia. Nene.

Nene or A-nie.

Anie. Ni-, N-

Nene.

Nene, Nanu.

Niye.

N-, Ni-.

-nye, -neni.

Ni-, N-.

Ni-, N-, J-.

N-,1 Ni-.

-m-, -n-.

-ni-, -n-.

-ni-, -n-.

-n-, -ni-. -a-ne

-n-. -a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

Thou, thee,thy

Geo ! Owe,

Gwege, Wege,

Agwegwe. U-.

...

Gwegwe, Gwe.

Wewe, We.

Gwegwe.

or Agwee or

-gwe. -ku-.

U-, Ku-.

U-.

K'-, Ku-, U-.

Egwe.

-a-kco

•gwe. -U-,

•ku-. -a-kco

-ku-. -a-gco

U-, Ku-, Kco-.
-ku-, -a-kco

-ku-. -a-kco

He, him, his

Yuyco, Hey CO

Yuye, Uyu.

Aye. Yuyu.

• ••

Yuyu, Ayu.

Yeye, lya. A-.

Ka-, K-, Ye-

Ayu.

Ka-, Yu-, Y-,

Yu-, A-, Ka-,

-m-, -mu-.

.

Ya-, A-.

Ka-, Ya-, A-.

A-.

Ya-.

-a-kwe

L

•m-, -mu-.

-m-. -a-ke.

-yu. -m-,

-m-. mil-.

t.

-a-ke, -age

-a-kwe

-mw-. -a-kwe.

-a-kwe

We, us, our

Twee,

Atie, Hetwe,

Ase.

Sese, Se.

Susu.

Twetwe.

Tete.

Ci-, C-.

Ci-, C-.

Tu-,Ti-.

Tu-, T -.

Tu-, Ti-.

-se. -ci-, -C-.

-ase. -tu-.

•tu-. -i-swe

•tu-. -e-tu

-tu-, -ti-. -e-tu

-e-tu

-e-tu

JTe, you, your

Mwe or

Amwee,

Anyie.

■ <■

Anye, Nyie.

Nyunyu.

Mwemwe.

Hemwe,

Mu-, M-.

Mu-, M-.

M-, Mil-.

M-, Mu-.

Mwemwe.

-nye. -wa-.

-nye. -wa-.

? -W-. -i-nywe

•wa-. -e-nu

Mu-.

-wa-. -e-nyu,

-e-nhu

-e-nu

-e-nu

They, them.

Wco. Hewco.

Wawco. Wa-.

Waco. Wa-.

Awco, Wa-.

Wcoweo. Wa-.

their

Wa-, W-.
-wa-. -aco

-wa-. -a-wco

-aco. -wa-.
-a-co

■wa-. -a-wco

-wa-. -a-co

As in the northern Siuahili dialects, hu-, the impersonal pronominal particle, may take the place of any pro-
noun in the nominative case before verbs.

'SO

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24 c-g.

25-

26.

English

Dzalamco

Kami

Kaguru and

Southern

Gugco

Irangi

23b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki-

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

All

This, these

That, those,
yonder

-ose

•no (yu-nca,
wa-ncd, 6^i:.)

That, those •«

(He-co, he-ycD ;

he-wo> ; &=€.)
■dya
(A-idya ;

aw-adya ;

a-Sdya ;

a-idya ;

a-didya ;

a-gadya ;

a-kidya ;

a-vidya ;

a-idya ;

a-zidya ;

a-ludya ;

a-udya ;

a-kudya ;

a-hadya)

•ose

•nco (yu-nw ;

wa-no> ; gu-nto

<)ru-n&>; i-no>;

li-n» ci/-di-no>;

ga-nco ; ci-nco ;

ti-nco, pfi-no>,

orvi-nco; i-nto;

zi-nco ; lu-nco ;

u-nco ; ku-ncd ;

ha-nco; tnu-nco)

Hu-u; hi-ci ;
hi-pfl ; &c.

-ja (Yu-ja or
ayu-ja ; wa-ja,
awa-ja ; 6^t.)

•da (23 b)

-ose

A-yu ; wa-wa ;

a-u ; a-i ; a-li ;

a-ga, a-ya;

a-ci ; a-vi ;

a-i ; a-zi; a-lu;

a-u ; a-ku ;

ba-ha

-neo (Yu-n« ;
wa-no) ; is^c.)

•CO (Yuyco ;
wawco ; ucd ;
iyco ; didco ;
gagw; Q^c.)

-dia (yu-dia,
wa-dia, 6-'c.)

•ose

Yuyu ; ha-wa ;

hu-co ; hi-i ;

lidi; gaga;

cici ; vivi ;

hi-i ; zizi ;

lulu ; hu-u ;

kuku ; ha-ha

Yu-ria; wa-ria;
U-ria : i-ria;
ri-ria ; ga-ria ;
ci-ria ; vi-ria ;
i-ria ; zi-ria ;
ru-ria ; u-ria ;
ku-ria ; ha-ria

-cozi, -cose
-nu ((o-nu, -ncd,

Hu-u or nhu-ii ;
ha-wa or
uha-wa ;
hu-u or nhfi-u;
hi-i or nhi-i ;
hi-ri, is-c. ;
ha-ya, <5ff. ;
hi-ki, hi^vi,

U-re o/-uo-re ;
vva-re or
nawa-re ; u-re
or ue-re ; i-re
or ue-re ; ri-re
or na-rire ;
ya-re or
naya-re, Syc}

Bad

•i-ha.
-i-hile

■i-ha

•e^ha

•bi

-e^ha. -bi

•e-ha, we-ha.
-kakco

Black

-hitu or fita

•titu

•titu

• •«

•titu. -iru

-iru

Female

•ke

-ke.
•gcole
M-buguma.

-ke.
•gojle.
M-buguma

...

•cekulu, -ce

•ke

Fierce, sharp.

•kali

•kali

•khali

•kali

•kali

Adalawa.

bitter

•kare

Good

•nwga

•nojga.
•gcjya

■ncjga.
-swamu

-swamu

•swamu

-bcoha

Great

•kulu

•kuru

■kulu

...

•kulu

-kulu

Little

-dcddb)

•dcodu

-dcodca.
-ngeke

•dcodbi.
•ana

•dcodca

-dudia

Long

-n-hali, -hali.
•tali

•tali

•tali

••*

•tari

-leha.
-tali

Male

•lume

•lume (dame).
•beberu

•lume.
-gcasi

...

•lume.
•gcosi

•lume

Old

•kulu.
•dala.
•vyele

•vele

•g&jsi.

•dala

...

...

-cozi (Mw-cozi)
or -oasi

(M-eosi)

Red

•dunhwu

•duiihu

•dom-yu

...

•dunkhu.

•dunu

ere-fikundu

' The latter forms are somewhat suppositious.

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGOJGCO LANGUAGES

151

23-

23 a.

24-24 b.

24C-g.

25-

26.

English

Dzalamu

Kami

Kaguru arid

Southern

Gcogu

Irangi

23 b. Ki-xutu

Northern

Sagara

26 a. Ki^

23 c. Ki-ruguru

Sagara

umbugwe

Rotten

-gata

•dcoda

■imbi

-vira

Short

-guhi

-guhi

•guhi

•fupi

-kuhi

Sick

-tamu

-tamu

-tamu

,,,

-tamwa

-Iwala. -Iwaiye

White

•zelu

•zeru

•eru, -jeru

•"

-eru, -zeru,
-geru

•eru

Above, up, on

U-cana ya

U-canya

Ku-canya.

Canya.

Canya,

M^weri.

top

Ku-langa

U-langa

ku-canya

Kutbliti ?

Before

Ku-long»zi ya

Ku-longcozi.
Ku-mwandi

(23 b)

Ya-long<ola

Ku-mwandeo

Ku-mwandi

Mbele.
Mhele

Behind ...

Ku-cugu kvva-.

Ku-cugu,

Ku-nyuma

Ku-mbele.

Ku-mbele,

Nyuma.

Ki-scogo> ca

Ku-cisojgco

Ku-cisci>gco

Ku-nyuma,
Ku-mgongoj

Sigya

Below, down

Ha-si

Ha-si

Ha-si

Ha-si, Ha-nhi

Ha-si

Aha^si

Far

Ku-tali

Ku-tali

Ku-vali,

Ku-tali.

Ku-tali.

Ko-le, Ku-le.

Ku-hali

Aku-la

Pirimu

Uxu-ata

Here

A-ha, A-hanoj.
Baha

A-ha, A-hanoj.
Baha, Bahco

Baha

...

Ha-ha

A-ha.
A-hco

In, inside ...

Mumu. Mu-na,

IVIu, Mco.

Mu-, -nda-ni.

Mu.

?Mu-.

M-ua. Mg-ati.

Muna, Mumco.
M-Ie, JW-li.
Mu-gati

Ku-nda-ni

-mu, -i.
M-beri

Middle

Ku-gati.
Ha-gati

-gati (Ku-gati,
Ha-gati)

Ha-gati

•••

Ku-fanika.
Ku-gati.
Tu-rika

Ku-gati ?

Near

Behibehi

Behi

Behi

Behi

Behi. Kariasi

Behi

Outside ...

Ku-nze ya

Ku-nse, Ha-nse

Ku-nje

• *•

Ku-nze

Ki-werwi

Plenty, many

Bw-andco.
•iiigi. N-hani

-ingi. N-hani

Lu-ganco. -ngi.
-mnco

-ngi

•nji (IVIe^nji)

•cozi ? -munco

There

Kuku,

A-haja, A-kuja.

Kudia.

...

Kuria.

•eokco. Pare

Ku-kudya.

Bahu

A-kunco

Kuku

A -had y a

Where? ...

A-hi.'
Kwahi?

Kuli-hi .'
Mw-ani?
Kw-ani ?

Huki?

...

Li-kwi ?
Cili-kwi ?

Ha^i?

No!

Bule!

Bule! Sibfco!

Ndawa !

■■•

Nto ! Ncina !
Asima !

Wco!

Not {with verb.

Si-, hu., ha-

Si. Si-, hu-,

Si-, -si-.

.••

Si-

Si-, -si-.

as firejix, in-

(hatu, ha.m^,

ha-, cs'c.

Khali-

t

Ku-leka

fix, or suffix)
lo

ha-vva).
Si-ku-

Inali

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

•tojwa

-tcaia

-tua.
-halika

-tcoa. -kupa,
•koaba

•katcowa.
•ttowa

-coma

„ buy, sell

•gula

-gula

•gula

-gula

■gula

•cola

„ come ...

-eza, -iza,
-idza, -vika

-lawa. -iza

(-izM ! =
come !)

•idza, -isa.
•lawa

-idza

-za, -zala

•ja

„ cut

■kanha

•tema

•tema. -seiiga

•tema

•tema. •kera

„ dance ...

...

•*■

•vina

-dawala

•vija ?

,. die

-fa

-fa

-fa

...

•fwa

„ eat

•ja. -dya, -la

•dya

-dia

...

-ria

•rya

., give ...

■eiika. -inka.
•gulela

-inka, -inha.
•gcolela, -ga

-inka

•pa

-scola or
•kascola.
•pa. -pera

•ha

152

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

23-
Dzalamco

23 a.

Kami

23 b. Ki-xutu

23 c. Ki-ruguru

24-24 b.

Kaguru and

Northern

Sagara

24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara

25.
Gugco

26.

Irangi

26 a. Ki-

umbugwe

'0

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ go

-genda.

-genda.

•luta.

•luta

-cula

•ka

•genda.
•tamba

{travel)

„ kill ...

-kcoma

•kcoma

•kcoma

...

„ know .;.

•manya. -jua.
-tanga

•manya

•manya

...

„ laugh ...

•seka

•seka

<••

„ leave off,

•leka!'

•leka

•leka

...

cease

■asa

„ love, want

•londa

•londa.
•tcogula

•enda

„ see

•ona. -Iwla

•ona. •Icola

•langa

• •■

„ sit, remain.

-kala, -sigala

•kala

•kala, •sigala

•ikala

abide

,, sleep ...

•basa, -wasa.
•guna

•gcona

•gcona.
•sisila

...

„ stand, stop

-ima.

-ima

•ima

•■•

be erect

-gtolwka

„ steal ...

■iba

•iba

•hija

Ku-

Ku-

•jenda

•eta, ita.

•tamanya.

•tamba

(travel)

■kcopcole.

•bcola

•pcola.

■nenga

•zua

•manya.

•tanga

. . .

•seka

•reka

•reka

•wenda.

•enda.

•saka

•saka

•wcona

•con a

•kala

•ikala

•gtona

■lala

-wima, -ima

•ima

■hidza

•iva

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI^DZALAMO)

Preprefixes present in a specially demonstrative or pronominal sense.

Class I. Um., Mu-, M-, Imu-,Im-(m,umu, yu-, y-, i-) ; 2. Wa-, Iwa- (wa) ; 3. Um-, M- (umu-, m-,
u') ; 4. Imi^, Mi- (imi-, i) ; 5. — , Di^ (di, j) ; 6. Gama-, Ma^ (ma-, ga) ; 7. Iki-, Ki- (ki, c') ; 8. Ivi-,
Vi- (vi, bvi); 9. In- (Im-), N^ (M-), N-, Ny- (n-, n-, ny-, i) ; 10. Dzi-, Z\; In^ (Im^), N^, »-, Ny- (dzi
or zi, n-, ny-) ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; is. (wanting); 13. (wanting. Ki- replaces Ka- as diminutive) ; 14. U- (u) ;
15. Ku-, Gu- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Ba^ (ha, ba) ; 17. Mu^ (mu, m).

PREFIXES, &c., IN KAMI AND XUTU

No preprefixes except in Class 3.

Class I. Mu-, M- (m, mu, gu-, U-, ka-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Umu-, Mu-, M- (m-,mu-, nw-,u) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, y-, gi, i) ; 5. — , Li-, Di-, I-, Zi- (li, di, 1', j') ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga, g') ; 7. Ci-,Ki-, C- (ki, ci, c') ; 8. Fi-
or Pfi., F'. (fi, f) ; 9. — , N- (M-), N- (— , n- (m-). "", i) {P^- sometimes, Class 6) ; 10. — , Zi-, N- (M-),
N-,Ny- (zi,z',n-,ny'-); 11. Lu- (lu) (/>/. Classes 10, 4, and 6) ; 12. missing; 13. (missing, except in Xuttt
numerals); 14. U- (u) {pi. same as Class 4); 15. Ku-, Gu- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Ba- (ha, ba) ; 17. Mu- (as
preposition only).

• A. Worms {see Bibliography) also gives di- as a concord for the ^rd Class with a plural mi- ; perhaps
by confusion with the augmcntatives mi- atuliA.- (No. 5).

GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGGJGW LANGUAGES 153

PREFIXES, &C., IN SAGARA DIALECTS

(Slight trace of preprefixes in No. 5.)

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. M-, Mu- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ;
5. _, I., Igi., Izi-, Zi-, Di- (di, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, C- (ki, ci, c') ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. — ,
N- (M-), N- (n-, i) (//. sometimes. Class 6); 10. Zi-, N- (M-), it-, Ny-, S'-, Siny'- (zi, u) ; 11. Lu- (lu-)
{/>/. Classes 6 and 10); 12. missing; 13. missing, except in numerals; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ;
16. Ha-, Ba- (ha, ba-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

PREFIXES, &C., IN GCOGW

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, u-, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mii-, M- (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. — , I-, Zi-, Li- (li, di, ri) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. — , N- (M-), it-, Ny-
(n-, i) ; 10. — , N- (M-), N-, Ny- (n-, zi, z') ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. missing; 13. (in numerals only) ; 14. U-
(u); 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha); 17. Mu- (as preposition only).

PREFIXES, &C., IN IRANGI

No preprefixes except in No. 5.

Class I. Mu-, Mm-, M- (m, mu, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, Mca-, M- (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Iri-, R-, I-, — (r', ri, i) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya, a) ; 7- Ki-, Ci-, C- (ki, c') ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. — , N-
(M-), N-, Ny (n-, i) ; 10. — ,N- (M-),N-, Ny- (n-, j', ji) ; 11. Lu-, Lm- (lu) ; 12. (missing); 13. Ka- (ka) ;
14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku-, Koj- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Pa- (ha, pa) ; 17. Mu- (preposition) (-mu, -i shortened from -ni).

23. Dzalamu is spoken in Uzaramco, between the Upper Kingani and the Lower Rufiji rivers.

23 a. Kami, 23 b. Ki-xutu, and 23 c. Ki-ruguru are spoken in Ukami, immediately west of the
Middle Kingani river, north-west of Uzaramw and south of Uzigula (Uzeguha). Ki-xutu is the southern
dialect of Kikami and is spoken in the basin of the Upper Kidunda-Kiiigani. Ki-ruguru is the speech
of Uluguru, west of Uzaramco.

24-24 b. Kaguru and Northern Sagara. These dialects are spoken in northern Usagara in
the basin of the Upper Wami (Rubeho)), east of Ugojgco and west of Uzigula, excluding Uluguru.

24c-g. Southern Sagara dialects are spoken in south and south-east Usagara, south of the Upper
Wami river and north of the Ruaha. The Ngwila dialect is probably spoken south of the Ruaha opposite
the Ndunda territory.

25. Gcogco is spoken in Ugcogco, west of Usagara, east of Itumba and Unyamwezi, south of Nyaturu
and Sandawi.

26. Irangi is spoken in Irafigi and Burungi, north of Ugcogo) in the north-eastern basin of the Bubu
river. The Ki-umbugwe dialect is spoken in an isolated patch (Umbugwe) immediately south of Lake
Manyaza, 3° 45' to 4° South latitude.

2 7. Hehe

28. Pwgorw and Mahenge

GROUP H

THE UPPER RUFIJI LANGUAGES

29. Safigco (Rori, Safwa) 31. Gaiigi and 31 a. Bufiga

30. Bena

GROUP I

THE LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES

32. Ki-matumbi 3

2 a. Ki-ndengerekco

32 b. Ki-rufi

ji

27.

28.

2g.

30-

31-

32-

English

Hehe

Fcogorco and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi

Ki-matumbi

Maheiige

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a.
Ki-ndengerekco

Adze

Nemcii

...

...

...

...

M-basco ?
N-desco

Animal, wild

Ny-ama.

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

...

N-yama;ma-f .

beast

Li-kukcd,
•ncokco

Li-kcokco

Ant

Ny.arafu.
Sisina.
Nya.kongto.
I-nemi ;
ma-temi

Salafu.
Sungu.
M-ce;
wam-ce.
Nam-tuta

'

■ a*

Lu-pamba ;
m-pamba.
Lu-angala ;
angala.
Meya ;
mi-meya

Ant, white

Lu-huwa ;

Sua ; wa-sua

■ ..

...

...

Lu-nyaunyau.

(termitej

ny-uhwa.
Lu-mehe

Li-nenena

Ape (chim-

...

...

...

...

...

...

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

Li-wcokco ;
mi-wcokco

Li-cokci)

Gu-VGOXeo,
Mu-w<okco or
M-cdkci> ; pi.
ma-wtokco

Mu-wcokco

M-wcokcD

Lu-bcokco

Arrow

Lu-dibulcD.

M-sale.

Mu-sari;

• • ■

...

Nn-ale

Ki-stonyoj.

Li-wanco

mi-sari

(Mw-ale); pi.

(Mvv-.ifwa =

mi-ale

arrow-head )

Axe

Vega. Nemoj.
Li-huka.
Li-gimirco

Li-wago)

N-hemu ;
ma-temu

•••

...

Li-wagco ; ma-

Baboon ...

Li-puma or
M-uma.
I-kabiya

E-yani

...

•••

...

Li-yani ;
ma-yani

Back

Mu-gong<o.
Lu-ngata

N-gongco.
M-bere,
Cim-bere

Mu-gongto

M-gongw

M-goiagco

Fa-sanja

Banana ...

Ki-kcoa>.
I-nuwco

N-kwu ;
Zin-kcou

N-khco

•••

...

N-geobco ;
ma-kcobco

Beard

Nuza.
N-defu

Lu-lefu

...

...

...

Luleu, N-deu,
Ki-leu

Bee

N-zuki

N-juki

In-yusi

...

N-yuci ?,
U-yutsi

Belly

Li-reme or

M-tima.

U-tumbu,

I.nda ;

Ku-tumbco ;

N-dumbco

I-lemi ;

U-tumbco

I-tumbu

Nyi-nda

ma-.

ma-leme.

Yi.nda;

Lu-fu.

mayi.nda

U-tumbco

(31a)

Bird

N-dege,
Ka-dege.
Ny-uni

M-pongoa

Iny-uni

Ny-uni ; ma -^

N-dege.
Degi

(31a)

Ki-yuni ; //.
i-yuni

GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 155

English

27.
Hehe

28.

Pcogorco ami

Mahenge

29.

Sangco

(Rori ami

Safwa)

3°-
Bena

31-

Gaiigi,

31a. Bunga

32.
Ki-matumbl

3;a-
Ki-ndengerekcs

Blood...
Body ...

Bone ...
Borassuspalm

Bow

Bowels

Brains
Breast (man's)

Danda

Mu-vile

Li-zege or
Ki-sege

Breast
(woman's)
Brother ..

Buffalo
Bull ...

Buttocks
Canoe..

Cat

Charcoal
Chief ...

Child ...

Cloth ...
Cold ...
Country
Cow ...

A-zima.

Ki-dibulo>
I-nda.

Lu-tumbu ;

n-umbu
W-usula.

W-oiigongco
Ma-mbaga.

Ki-kiia (= in

beasts)
I-wele, I -were ;

ma-wele
M-nununa.

Mwana-kw-etu

Lumbu-lie.

M-longw (a

relation)
M-bcogco.

Sikiru ^
Nambakwa

Li-dakco
Ci-lyco.

I-windi.

Ki-pcogu
Li-paka.

Nyau

Kala ; ma +

Mii-twa.

M-temi

M-lugu
Mw-ana.

C-ali

Mw-enda

In-gala.
Sisimco
In-nyi, E-nyi

Mu-azi
N-cimba

Ci-fupa.
Ci-hondcd

M-kconia

U-pindi

Vyamu-nda.

Ci-seke.

Lu-kutu
W-ongcij

Ci-fua

M-buguma.
Senga

Ma-wele

M-haca [also
sister)

Ny-ati.

M-bcogco
M-pofigM

Li-takco ; ma-
W-atco, m-atco

N-kanto.
Siuzi

Ma-kala
M-tua.
M-koni

Mw-ana

N-gtico

Ma-hundi

M-lima

Ng-ombe
e-kolu

Mu-wili.
Gu-vili {pi.
ma-vili ?)

Ki-wuta

Ki-fula ; fi-

I-wele ; ma-

Lu-kulu.
Mu-nuniina

I-kida; ma-.
Khambaku

Ru-watoj

Lu-paka ; pi.
mm.aka or
mi-baka

Mw-ana.

Mw-ainjsi.

(Mu-hinja =

daug/iter.

C-ana = son)
Mw-enda

Mm-ehoj or

Mm-epco
I-nhi

M-buguma

Mu-nununa ;
wa-

M-gulco or
M-kulu.
Mu-nununa
(31a)

Mw-ai, Mi-ai
(Mi-azi)
Y-ega

Ki-upa

N-nala ;

mi-lala
M-pinde ;

mi-pinde
Li-tumbu

Bw-ongo

Ki-uba,
Paki-uba

Ma-bele

Nuna

Nj-ati

I-senga i-lume I-senga i-lume.
N-ombe
n-dumi (31 a)

M-nyao>

Mw-ana

I-senga
n-dala

• ••

Ma-takco

...

Li-ycome.
Nyau

...

Yumbe,

Jumbe.
M-pindco

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana ;

M-fwana(3ia)

b-ana.

[see Zulu)

A-lau

N-gubco ;

ma-gubco

...

-ima

Nima.

Ki-lambco

N-ombe

...

m-pinga.

I-senga

m-pinga.
N-ombe

m-kahan»(3ia)

156

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

27.

28.

2g.

3°-

3!

32-

English

Hehe

Pcogorco and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi,

Ki-matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and

31a. Bunga

32 a.

Safwa)

Ki-ndeiigerekco

Crocodile ...

Mamba or
I-mamba ; pL
ma-pamba

Mamba

...

...

...

N-gwena ;
ma-kwena

Date palm...

M-kindu

Lu-kindu

...

...

• ••

...

Day

Mu-nyi. K-irco.

E-jiia. Li-siku.

Pa-munsi.

...

...

Li-suba or

Ki-gconco.

(M-lungu

Lu-siku

Li-tscoba

(Lu-isa =

go-pala = day-

daylight)

light)

Devil, evil

I-scoka

E-hcDka

Lu-kwati.

I-funya ; ma-

I-kungu

or

M-bepto

spirit

Lu-dewa ; ma-

M-kahaba

1-kisi.
I-kcoka

(31a)

Doctor (medi-

M-lagusi'

M-ganga

...

...

...

N-ganga ;

cine man)

ama-ganga *

Dog

Im-bwa,

Nanga.

Xa-bwa,

Im-bwa

Nyaka-bwa.

M-bwa ;

Ka-bwa.

(M-bwawa =

Im-bwa.

I-gaIco ;

ma-

ma-pwa.

Igu-bwa ; ma-

wild dog)

l-korcowa S.
M-barusi 9
N-dcogcowe

(3' a)

Li-pumbe ;

ma-

Donkey ...

Dcogtowi

M-punda

I n-dcogcowe

N-deogcowa

M-bunda

Door

M-lyangto.
Lw-izi

Mu-liangco

...

N-nyaiigco ;
mi-liangco

Dream

N-deotco or
I-Iutcd

N-dcotoj.
N-sawco

N-dcotco ; sin-

...

...

N-dcotco

(Ku-lcota)

Drum

N-duzi or
In-dusi

Li-gcoma

...

...

Li-sindco.
Li-lunga.
N-gcoma

Ear

Li-sikiza.
I-twi ; ma-twi

Li-pepe.
E-kutu

E-twe

I-sikidza ; ma-

I-gutwe

ma-

Li-kutu ; ma-

Egg

Li-kanga

Li-gi

Susu;

ama-susu.
Li-xanxa ;
ama-

...

...

Li.pinga

Elephant ...

N-dembwe.
N-dembco

N-tembm

Jongwa.
N-zcovu

...

...

N.dembco ;
ma-tembeo

Excrement

Ma-pi,
Ma-fi

Ci-kutu.
Lu-puekeo.
Ma-fi

...

...

Ma-i

Eye

L-ihco ; m-ihoj

L-isco ; ma-seo

L-ihco

Iz-ihco ; m-ehco

Iz-ihco ; m-ehco.

Li-yeo ; m-ingco

L-esco ;

m-esco

(31a)

Face, fore-

Usco.

C-eni.

Kum-ehco ;

Kum-inyto.

head

I-palas<d

Kuma-sco

am-ehco (//.)

Ki-bungi

Fat, oil ...

Ma-futa.
Ma-pama

Ma-futa

Ma-futha

...

...

Ma-tita

Father

Dada, Dade.

Tati.

Dada.

Dada Tata.

Tate ; ba-tate.

Isco.

U-SM-gO).

U-hesco

Tate

Ki-tati ;

Ise

U-sco-gwe

(31a)

aki-tati

Fear

Mu-hwehwe.
I-duega.
M-lcotco

Li-€oga

...

...

Bw-coga

Finger

C-ala ; fi-ala

C-ala, vi-ala

Ki-dori

•••

•*•

Lu-kontsi,

Fire ..

M-oteo

M-otco

Motco

Motco

Motco

Lu-konji ;
fi-gontsi.
(Li-gumba
thumb)
Mw-5to»

•lagua=/t> heal with medicine.

GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 157

27.

28.

29.

30-

31.

32-

English

Hehe

Pcogorco and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi

Ki-matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco

Fish

I-zwi. Somba Somba

N-swi

Omba ; ma-

Foot

M-gulu.
Lw-ahw ;
m-ahco or
nz-ahco

Li-gulu.
Lu-sayu

M-gulu

M-gulu

M-gulu

Lu-gulu.
Lu-ayco (sole)

Forest

Litkungu.
Li-hala.
M-hulu.
M-situ

U-punguti.
(Lu-hcole =
tallforest.)
M-bagu

Mw-ihaka

Mw-itu.
Mi-tela

Fowl

N-guku;
Temba

N-kuku

N-guku

...

N-guku

N-guku

Frog

C-ura, Ki-ula

Nama-nycoraa

...

...

•■•

Ky-ula ; //.
y-ula

Ghost

Luhe. I-iiala.
I-suka

E-hcoka ;
M-oyco

...

...

...

...

Giraffe

N-dtinduru or
N-tindulu

...

...

...

...

...

Girl, maiden

Mu-hinza.

Mu-hinga.

• •>

Mu-hinza,

Ci-gcoli.

M-minja ;

Mw-aruka

Mw-aU.
M-cengu

Ki-hinza

Mu-hinza

ab-inja or
a-inja

Goat

M-ene or

M-buzi.

Im-heni ; pi.

M-buzi

M-peeni.

M-bui

M-eeni.

M-ene

zim-. Or

M-buhi ; ma-

Ki-pene

M-peeni,
M-meni

(31a)

„ (he) ...

Boiigco or
Pongco

M -pongco

I pongco

Pongco

I-vulata.
M-buhi
m-lume (31 a)

...

„ (she)...

Lcogcota

M-buzi e-kolco

Lcogcota

M-buguraa

M-buguma.
M-buhi
m-kahanco

(31 a)

•.•

God

N-gulwi.

M-lungu ; pi.

Mu-lungu.

Mu-lungu.

Mu-lungu

N-nungu

Mu-lungu

wam-lungu

N-rui,
N-giirui

N-guluwe

Grandparent

Kuku.
Pape

M-buzi

...

...

•«•

U-kulu.

(M-buya =
grandmother)

Grass

Li-scoli.
Ma-hamba

Lu-tundhu ;
tundhu

...

...

•*■

Ma-nyei

Ground

N-nyi.
Lu-hanga.
U-longco

N-tambu.
Mu-hanga.
Pa-zi

...

...

•»■

U-tcopi?

Grotind-nut

Li-ngeogco.
Li-ngalanga.
N-zugu

Li-rawi

•••

...

...

N-tesa.
Li-ycobe

Guinea-fowl

Nanga or
N-ganga; pi.
ma-kanga

Khanga

Li-xanga

•*•

...

Li-kanga

Gun

Hute

Huti

...

...

...

Kcolcopindco

Hair

Fwili, Fwiri

Vuiri

Im-fuile; pi.
same or
zim-fuile

Lu-vuile

Lu-vuile ;
m-vuile

Ny-wili

Hand

I-ganza

Li-cokco.

Umu-wcokco ;

Mu-wcokco

Mu-wcokco.

Lu-bcokco.

Ci-gaza

ama-. Hi-
ganja; ama-

M-kconco(3l a)

Ki-ganja

Head

Mu-twe,

M-tui

Umu-thwe ;

Kumu-twe ;

Kumu-twe;ma-.

M-twe ;

Mu-tuwe

imi-

mamu-

Ci-mundila ;

mi-twe

vi- (31 a)

M

'S8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

27.

28.

29-

3°-

31-

32.

English

Hehe

Pcogoreo and

Sangu

Bena

Gaiigi

Ki-matumbt

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekoj

Heart

Ntimbula.

Mu-tima

M-oyto

...

...

M-oyeo.
M-tima

Heel

Ki-singancd

Ci-sukuncd

. '. • • . •

Ki-nginoj

Hide

N.gingw

Lu-kuli

N-kwembi

•" '■'

N-gcoi.
Li-kingco.
Li-sambara

HiU

Lu-tanana

Ci-gongo>.
Ci-dugudugu

I-tunda

I-tunda

Ki-tumbi

Hippopotamus

Fuco.

Huhu.

...

•••

Ki-bongoj.

Lumondoi.

N-dcomondu

N-do>mond<»

I-tumondco

Hoe

I-gimirco

C-uka.
E-huka

I-kumburu

...

Li-jembe ;
ma-. Li-gela;
ma-.

Honey

W-uki

N-juki

...

... ■••

B-usi^

Horn .;. ...

Lu-pembe

Ma-gcoli (pi.)

...

...

Li-penga.
Lu-pembe

House

Ny-anda. Cuto N-umba

I-tembi,

I-jumbi ; ma- N-anda.

Ny-umba.

(small hut).

Tembe.

I-henge; ma-

Liy-umba.

Kai.

Iri-tembe

(3' a)

(Ki-umba =

Ny-umba.

nest.)

Tembe.

Mm-ambe ;

I-jumbe

mi-bam be

Hunger ...

N-sala.

Mu-sale

N.jala

Jeinxa (?)
In-zala

...

N-jara

Husband ...

Mny-ikcozi.

Mun-geozi

N-cengco ;
a-cengco.
Na-lume ;
ana-lume

Hyena

Sakanga

(spotted).
Fifl (striped).
N-segumbi

M-t«te

(spotted).
M-duba,
M-dula
(striped)

Fisi, N-fisi

N-ttote

Iron

C-uma ;

C-uma

C-uma or

C-uma C-uma

Kij-uma ;

fy-uma.

Ci-cuma

y-uma

Ki-uma

Island

Ki-gunguli

Ci.jinci.
E-g^nguli

Iri-siwa

Ki-silwa

Ivory

Lu-pembe ;
m-embe

N-tembco

...

...

Lu-pembe ;
m-bembe

Knee

Li-fugamilb) or
I-fugamirw

Lu-nungunii

...

...

Li-yuwa ;
nia-yuwa

Knife

I-mage,

Ci-mage.

Magi

••• •••

Ki-imbe.

Li-mage

Ci-fimbco.
Ci-himbe

Lu-embe

Lake

I-temela.

Mu-tanda

Li-tanda

I-lamba.
Iny-anja

...

Li-tanda

Leg

M-gulu,

Lu-kconcokconu.

M-gviru

M-gulu

Lu-gulu.

Li-gulu

Li-ondo>

Lu-kongconu

Leopard ...

Ki-duma

Duma

Duma

...

Ki-tibi or
Ubi

Lion

Ny-alopala

Simba

Ny-alopala

... ...

Imba

Lips

M-ltomw

Li-rcomci>

...

■ t • ...

Mu-kanco ; mi-

Magic

U-hawi

U-ganga

...

...

(Ku-lcoga = to

bewitch)

Maize

Ma-zabeli or

Ma-jani

Ma-jaberi

Ma-rombe

Ma-sebere

GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 159

English

27.
Hehe

28.

Pcogoroi and

Mahenge

29.

Sangco

(Rori and

Saf^va)

30-
Bena

31-
Gang!

31 a. Bunga

32-
Ki-matumbi

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekcd

Han

Man, vir.

Meat ...
Medicine

Milk ...
Monkey

Moon ...

Mother

Mountain .
Mouth

Mu-nu,

Mu-nhu ;

wa-nhu,

wa-nu
M-gcozi.

Mu-waha

Ny-ama
Mu-gcoda

Li-ziwa

N-gedege or
N-kedeke

Mw-ezi.

M-lenge.

M-kcomi
Ycowa, Yuwe.

Ngina or

Nina.

Nyco-k(o
Ki-dunda

Mu-lcomu

Mu-ndhu

M-palu

Ny-ama
M-gcota.

M-tera

Ma-ziwa.

Ma-wele
Ka-biri.

E-ripa

Mu-ezi

Mu-nhu.
Umu-nhu ;
aba-, awa-

Umu-gwzi

Ny-ama
Tu-piycD

Mw-ezi

Mu-nhu ; wa-

Ny-ama

M-lenge

Macd. Yuwa. Yuawa

Unoj-kco. Nine-su)

Unco-kwe

Lu-gongto ; pi. Dunda or
nongco Ki-duuda ; vi-

Nail (of finger Lu-nyoowe.
or toe) Nto-nerco;

tu)-nerto
Name Li-tawa

Navel...

Neck ...
Night...

Nose ...

Ox ...

Paddle
Palm wine
beer
Parrot

Penis ...
Pig ...

Pigeon

Lu-dungn

Singco.

Ki-scogco
K-Um,

Pa-kilcd

M-iila

Gida.

Senga.

N-azeo
Mu-tera
U-gimboa

Li-tui

Ki-dondco
N-gubi

N-gunda.
N-siwa

Ci-kanua.
M-lcomca
N-konci

L-ina.

Li-tahu
N-kufu.

(Lu-komba

siring)
Singco

C-iru.
Pac-iru

M-pula

Mu-lcomta.
Ru-mirca

I-tagwa ; ma-

Mu-lcamca

Pak-iroo.
Lu-siku

Im-pula; zim- M-pula

N-koiicolco. N-ombe

^asa.i(Arab.).

N-ombe
N-kavi Ru-xafl

U-jimbi

M-bcolco
N-tumbi

N-ombe

N-gundi.
N-ciwa,
N-dziwa

Mu-nhu ; Mu-ndu ;

wa-nhu. ba-ndu.

Mu-ndu (31a) Mu-analume

Ny-ama

Mw-edzi.
M-lenge (31 a)

Mama.
Mau (31 a)

Mu-lumcd

I-tagwa

M-pula.

Lu-pepela

(3i„a)
I-seriga.

N-ombe (31 a)

N-cengco =

husband ;

a-cengca {pi.)
Ny-ama
N-tela ; mi-.

N-tende.

Li-pcdsu
Li-bele

N-dumbili.

Ki-tumbili.

N-jei
Mw-ei.

Lw-ei

Mau. Ki-mau.
Nyo-ngoj

Ki-tumbi.

Li-tumbi ;

ma-tumbi
N-kanco

Ki-cobca ;
y-oobco

L-ina ;
mal-ina
Ki-ku

Ki-koi.

Ingcd
K-il<o.

(Pali-bendoj =

darkness)
M-pulu ;

ma-pulbi.

Li-pulco; ma-

U-wimbi

N-gwalu ;
ma-kwalu

N-gube ;
ma-gube
N-dutu

M 2

i6o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

27.

28.

29-

3°-

31-

32.

English

Hehe

Pcogorca and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi

Ki-matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori atid
Safwa)

31a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco

Place

Panu.
Ki-wungu

Pa-kaya,
U-kaya.
Pantu

...

...

...

Pandu

Rain

N-dconya.
Ifugu.
Ttonya

I-vula

N-hconya

•••

...

Ula

Rat

M-buku.
M-bewa.
Gcole.
Gongongco

M-beya,
Ka-dwirco

Ki-puku.
N-gule;
ma-kule

Rhinoceros

I-mera, M-ela
or Li-pera

Tupa

...

...

...

...

River

Ru-aha.
Lu-nginalco.
Mu-kcoga

Lu-eni.
Lu-cemba

M-keoga

■••

• >•

Lu-kemba

Road

I-nazi, N-gazi ;
ma-gazi.
Ka-kazi.
I-kuya

N-jira

In-zila

N-dila

Salt

Mu-nyco

Mu-nu (a Utile
= Tu-nu)

Mu-nyu

...

«■•

Mwi-nyoj

Shame

In-yconi

Zconi

N-sconi

• ••

■ >>

tOni

Sheep

I-ncolco ;
ma-kcolco.
Ki-kcolco

Nolco.^
M-fungamco

Nkhcolco

...

Li-nondi

...

Shield

N-gwembe

Ci-kcopa

...

...

Li-pende

Shoulder ...

Li-wega.
Lu-kombe ;
nombe

Ma-wega

...

■ ■*

...

Li-pamba ;
ma-bamba

Sister

Mu-haza

M-haja m-dala Lumbu.

Mu-hadza

Mu-hadza.

N-numbu;

Mu-basa

I-lumbu (31 a)

a-lumbu.
N-kuwe

Skin

Ki-gcolya

M-papha

...

■••

...

N-gcoi.
Lu-kanda.
Kingco

Sky

U-langa

M-lungu.
Li-kusi

Iri-wingu

•*.

U-langa

Ku-nani,
Pa-nani

Slave

M-fugwa.

M-anda

M-fugwa.

M-lelelwa ; wa

M-fugwa.

M m-anda ;

Ma-teka.

M-khami

M-sutu (31 a)

ab-anda

Mnya-wingi.

M-leluwa

Sleep

Tulco

M-p<o<>>ta.
(Ku-gonja =

verb)

...

*•.

...

Ki-gconto,
Lu-gconco

Smoke

Ly-usi. Li-susi Li-cosi

...

»..

...

Li-oi

Snake

N-suka

N-jcoka

Iny-oxa

...

...

Li-pili.
N-kuya

Son, boy ...

M-swamu.

Mw-ana.

C-ana.

Mw.ana.

Ki-song^lco.

Mw-ana

Mame.

M-zererco.

Mw-ana

Ka-kwa-

Mw-ana

na-lume.

(f/.-8wamu =

= Mu-dimi

ci-lume.

midzi

m-lume.

Mwu-hungco ;

good)

M-soiigcolco.
N-dimi

Mfw-ana
mka-lume
(31a)-
Li-ziuha

(31a)

ba-hungco

Song

W-imboj,
Lu-imbco ;

Sambco

Lu-jimbco ;
n-jimbco

...

...

Lu-yimbco.
Mw-ambco;

ny-imbco

GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES i6i

27.

28.

29.

30.

31-

32-

English

Hehe

Pcogorco and

Saiigco

Bena

Gangi

Ki-matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengereku

Spear

Li-sala.
N-goya.
Mu-gcoha

M-gcohco

M-harara

...

...

Ki-lenge

Spirit, soul

Niimbula.
Lu-he ; nze-he

M-oy».
M-lungu;
wam-lungu

•••

**•

...

...

Star

Ny-enyezi.

N-tondco

N-tondwe.

N-tondwe

N-tondwa.

Lu-tondwa ;

N-scota

Vi-nycota (/5/.)

Nya-redzi

n-dondwa
Lu-tcow-ana

Stick

Lu-gcoda.
Lu-ambco.
Lu-flmbco.
Lu-kwegco

Mu-humbati

I-gcoda.
N-kwegco

N-khwekco

Bco-kcola

Stone

Li-ganga.
Li-hwahwa

Li -hue

Di-nganga ;
ma-

...

...

Lu-ala

Stool

Ki-gcoda.
Ki-degu.
Ki-tengco

Ci-gcota

...

...

..•

• ■•

Sun

Li-zcowa

M-jence

Li-dzuva

Li-jtia

I-dzua

Li-luba

TaU (of a

Mu-kira

Lu-cira

•..

-••

...

N-kila

mammal)

Tear

Li-hcozi or
Lu-ihcozi ;
pi. mi-hcozi

Li-scozi

•••

...

.••

Li-coli ; pi.
m-coli

Testicles ...

...

N-tongi ; zin-.
Kambako

...

...

...

N-dongeo

Thief

Mu-hizi

M-kewa.
Iwa

...

...

...

Ma-jibi ;
ba-jibi.
Mu-i ; ba-i.
Ny-ibi

Thigh

Ki-ma.
Ki-werco

Li-paja

...

...

...

Ky-ima.
Li-bandco

Thing

Ki-nu

Ci-ndu

Xi-nhu ;
fi-nhu

...

...

•I-libe,.
Ki-libe.
Ki-dibe

Thorn

Mw-ifwa or
Mu-fwa

Lu-sonthto

...

...

...

Mw-imwa

Tobacco ...

Sayco.
N-dyani

Tumbak«a

...

...

...

Tumbakcd

To-day ...

Na-munyi,
Ne-ngconi

Lerco

...

...

Lelco

L-inco

Toe

C-ala

C-ala

...

• a.

...

Li-gumba

To-morrow

Mi-Iau,
Imi-rau

Ci-lau

...

...

...

Ma-lau

Tongue ...

Lu-limi.
Lumi-angu

? Li-rimi

Lu-limi.
Uru-miri?

Luaimi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi ;
n-dimi

Tooth

L-inco.
Li-gegwa

L-inco

L-inco

Iz-inco

Iz-inco.
M-scokcole

(31a)

L-inco ; m-inco

Town, village

Lu-sitco.
I-ringa.
M-ji, Kaye

U-kaya

Mu-zi

...

Kaya,
I-kaya

N-cengco,
Tsengco.
U-kaya

Tree

Li-biki,

Mu-ti.

I-gcoda.

...

M-g(oda

N-tela;

Mu-biki.

M-tera.

1-pipi.

mi-tela.

M.gcoda

Ci-biki

Iri-piki,

or Umu-pixi ;

ama-, imi-

N-kongeo ;
mi-kongco

Twins

Wanya-wendani

Ma-wira

...

...

...

Ma-paga

iGz

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

27.
Hehe

28.

Poagoroa and

Mahenge

29-

Sangbi

(Rori and

Safwa)

3°-
Bena

31-
Gangi

31 a. Bunga

32.
Ki-matumbi

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco

Urine Ma-tunzi

Vein N-dera;

ma-dera

War Li-galu.

Honita

Water ... Lu-lenga

Well, spring, Ki-pera
source
White man Mu-zungu

Wife M-dala.

Mw-aha

Wind

Witch
Witchcraft
Woman .,,

Womb
Wood (fire'
wood)

Yam ... .

Year ... .

Yesterday.
Zebra... .

One ... .

Two ... .

Three...

Four ... .,

Five ... .

Six ... .

Seven... .

Im-epco.

Nala.

I-gudwa
Mu-hawi

M-dala.
Mu-dzima

Kuma'
Lu-s4gala ;
n-sagala

Mw-aka

Li-gcoleo
Sengere

? Monga.
-mui
•will, -wiri

•datu

•tai, -tei

■banco

Mu-tanda.

Mu-tandatu
Mu-fungati

Ma-kwezcd

M-kondua
(warrior).
Ma-kondGa.
U-kali

Ma-ji

Ci-sulu.
E-negu
Mu-zungu
M-dala

M-pepco.
Li-yega

M-ganga

U-ganga

M-dala

Ma-lenga

Mu-zungu
M-dala

Ma-lenga

Mu-zungu
Mu-ka

Mu-dala.
M-jima

Mu-dala; wa-

M-tima
M-bato.

N-gcodi,

Tu-g«di

C-aka ; vy-aka

Li-cu
M-punda

•mco. (monga U -monga.

= other) -mwe. -moj

•wili -wili (Si-wili)

Ma-renga.
Me-se (31 a)
I-sima

Mu-zungu
Mw-ehe.

M-kahanco

(31a)

■tatu

M-cece.
-cece

•tatu or
(Si-tatu)
thathu

■na (Wa-na,
Si-na)

Mcosi
Pili, -wili

•tatu (Ka-tatu)

M-pinga.
M-kcodzi.
M-kahanco
(31a)

Mw-aka ; mi-

Mcosi.

Weka (31a)
•bili, -wili

(Ka-bili).

Scona (31a)
-tatu (Ka-tatu).

Wa-lila (31a)

Ma-k<i>jci>,

Ma-kcozco
Mu-kule ;

mi-kcdle.

}i-gcolengo]le
N-gondoj

Ma-tsi

Ku-lose

N-jungu
N-nwawa ;

//. a-lwawa.

N-yumbeo; pL

a-yumbeo
M-bepcj

Mw-abi ;

b-abi
(Ku-luga = (o

bewitch')
N-wawa.

Ny-umbo>.

Ki-lumbu

(bride)

Ny-ancu.
Anyu.
N-deketu

Caka, Saka,
Pa-saka
L-is<o

-bili

-tatu

-tai (Ka-tai) -ne (Ka-ne). -n-cece,-n-cene

Mco-hanu or -sanco
-hanco

Mco-hanco

na(li)-m&)
Mco-hanco

(ma)-wili

M-tanda
•na na-datu

-banco
(Ka-hanco)
M-tanateo

M-fuiigati

M-cece. -dai

(Ka-dai 31 a)

-banco. Fundoo

(31a)
M-tandatu.

M-td (31 a)
M-fungati.

M-fii (31 a)

Mw-anco

Mw-anco na
(yu)-mco

Mw-anco na
bili

' Ki-kuma = vagina.

GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 163

27-

28.

29.

30.

31-

32.

English

Hehe

Pcagorco and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi

Ki-matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekca

Eight

Mu-nana

Ma)-hanoj
(ma)-tatu

M-nana

M-nana

M-nana.
Mu-nana

(31a)

Mw-anco na
tatu

Nine

I-gonzi,

M(D-hana>

Sanco na

I-kenda

I-kenda.

Mw-anoa

I-gonza.

m-cece

wa-na (or

Mu-fwanco

na n-cece

I-kenda

si-na)

(31a)

Ten

I-cumi,

Li-rongoj

I-iumi or

I-fundika ; ma-

I -kumi.

Nongco gu-mco

I-kyumi.

li-mco. -kumi,

I -cumi

Li-hundu ;

{pi. mi-longco)

I-funduka

-cumi, or
Li-cumi

ma- (31 a)

Eleven

I-kyumi na-

Li-cumi na

I-xumi

...

Nongco gu-mco

mui

(li)-mto

pa-canyali-mco

na yii-mco

Twenty ...

Ma-cumi,

Ma-rongco

Ama-xumi

Ma-fundika

Mi-longco

Mi-loiigco

Ma-kyumi

ma-wili or

ga-wili or

ma-wili

mi-wili.

i-bili

ga-wili

Ma-cumi
ma-wili

Simariri
munhu {to
stand up one
vian /)

Ma-hundu

scona

Thirty

Ma-kyumi

Ma-rongco

Simariri

Ma-fundika

Mi-longco

Mi-longco

ga-datu

ma-tatu

munhu,

pa-canya

i-cumi

ma-tatu

mi-tatu.
Ma-hundu
ma-lila (31 a)

i-tatu

Forty

Ma-kyumi

Ma-rong<a

Simariri

Ma-fundika

Ma-longco

Mi-longco

ga-tei

m-cece

wanhu
wawili

ma-tai

mi-ne.
Ma-hundu'
ma-dai (31 a)

in-cece

Fifty

Ma-kyumi

Ma-rongco

Ma-cumi

Ma-fundika

Mi-loiigco

Mi-longco

ga-han<o

mco-hanco.
(Ma-rongco
niu)-hanco na
limco = sixty,
and so on)

ga -sanco or

Simariri

wanhu

wa-wili

pa-canya

icumi.

(Simariri

wanhu

watatu=j/>/j'

and the other

decades on the

same plan)

ma-hanco

mi-hanco.
Ma-hundu
ma-fundcd
(31a)

i-anco

Hundred . . .

I-gana

Ma-rongco

Wafile wanhu Ci-gana

Mi-loiigco

...

cumi or

wasanco

mi-hanco.

Ma-cumi

{there died Jive

mi-longco

ma-cumi

men .'). Also
I-gana.

mi-hanco,
di-merera

Thousand . . .

Imbirima

...

I, me, my ...

Nene.

Nene. Ne-figa.

Y-une. Mia.

Ne-ene.

Ne-eni. Ne-iiga

Ne-figa.

Ndi-, N-.

Na-, N- (M-).

Ni-, N-.

N-, Ni-.

(31 a).

Ni-.

•n-, -ni%

•n-, -ni-, -m-.

•n-. -a-ngu

-n-. -a-ngu

N-, Na-, Ni-.

•ni-, -ny. -n'.

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-n-, -ni-.
-a-ngu,

-a-ne-iiga

-a-ngu

Thou, thee, thy

Wewe. Bewe,

Gwe-nga. Gwe!

0-iwe, (Owe.

We-we.

Gwegwe,

We-iiga. We !

Bee.

Gu-

U-, Gu-.

U-, Ku- ?

Wewe,

U-.

U-.

-gu-. -a-k«

■gu-. -akeo

-ku- ? -a-kco

Gwe-nya.

•ku-. -a-kco

-ku-. -a-ku

Ku-, U-, W-.
-ku-. -a-ko*,
-a-gwe-nya

164

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

27.

28.

.29.

30-

31-

32.

English

Hehe

Pcogorcd and

Sangoi

Bena

Gangi

Ki^matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndefigerekco

He, bim, his

Yuyco, Uyu.

A-yu.

Yuyu.

U-yu.

A-yu. Yu^no),

Yu-embe.

A-, I..

Ka-, Ga-, Yu-.

Ya-, A-.

Ya-, Ka-.

Yuyco.

Yu-, A-.

•mu-. -a-kwe

•m-. -a-kwe

-mu-. -a-kwe

-mu-.> -a-kwe

Ka, Ya-

•mu^. •e,

-a-kwe,

-a-yu-no)

•kumu-. kum'-,
-kun. -a-ke

We, us, our

Hwehwe or

Twe-iiga.

Au-se. Yu-se.

Xwexwe.

Twetwe.

Twe-iigco.

TLvrexrwe.

Tu-.

Ti-, Tu-.

Tu-.

Twe-nga(3ia).

Tu-.

Tu-.

-tu-. -e-tu

-ti- or -tu-.

•tu^. -e-tu

Tu-.

-tu-. -i-tu

•tu-. -e-tu

-e-su

-tu-. -e-tu

Ye, you, your

Nyenye,

Mwe-nga.

Yu-mwe.

Nyenye.

Mwemwe.

Mwe-nga,

Nyenyu,

Mu-.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Mwe-iiga.

Mwe.

Nye-re. Mu-.

-gu — ni ', ace.

■wa-. -e-nyu

-wa- ? -enu

Mu-.

Mu-.

-wa-. -e-nyu

-enu

?-wa-. -e^nyu

•kwa-. -inu

They, them.

Wawco, I-w<i>,

A-wa.

Wawo.

Aweo.

Awa.

Bembe.

their

I-wa.

Wa-.

Wa-, Ba-.

Wa-.

Wa.

Ba-.

Wa-.

•wa-. -aco

•wa- or -ba-.

•wa-. -awco

•wa^. -awco

-kwa-. (-a-be

-wa-. -aoa

-awco

= their)

All

Mbe-li (-li or
•ri represents
'is',' are').

-ose-re or -a»se

-ose. -ona

•ose

•cose,
-coha (31 a)

Omwike.
-ote, -cote

Mbe-fi-ri = all

things (Class

8). Mbe-wa-li

= all men

{Class 2)

This, these

U-yco, i-wa;

A-yu, a-wa;

...

##•

A^yu, a^wa ;

"Si—yxii, Class i\

u-gu, u-g<o,

a-gu, a-i ;

&-£.

a— ba „ 2 ;

i-gi ; i-li, i-ri,

a-li, a-ga;

m— gu » 3,

i-ga; i-ki.

a-ci, a-vi;

mi— yi „ 4 ;

i-fi; i-ye,

a-i, a-zi;

li-li „ S,

i-zi ; u-lu ;

a-lu ; a-tu ;

ma— ga„ 6 ;

u-tu ; i-ka ;

a-ka ; a-u ;

ki— ci „ 7,

Geo ; u-ku ;

a-ku ; a-pa ;

i-yi „ 8 ;

i-pa

a-mu

a— yi .,9,10;

That, those

Yu^lA, wa-lA;
gu-U, gi^rd ;
li-rA, ga-li ;
ki-rA, fi-rd.;
i-rA, zi-rS. ;
lu-lA ; tuld ;
ka-ld ; ii-lA ;
ku-rfl ; pa-1^

U-lia, wa-lia ;
gu-lia, i-lia ;
li-lia, ga-lia;
ci-lia, vi-lia ;
i-lia, zi-lia ;
lu^lia ; ci^t.

•la (yu-la,
wa^la ; u^la ;

&'C.)

lu— lu „ II;

tu— tu „ 12;

ka—ka,, 13;

u— u „ 14;

ku— ku„ 15;

pa — pa „ 16
•nco (yu^nco,

ba^nco, drc.)
•lya (yu-lya,

ba^lya; gu-lya;

&=c. : and

yuyu^lia,

baba-lia ;

gugu-lia, d^v.)

Bad

•anange-fu, -kcomu
•co-fu. -e-lia ?

' The gu- particle is an infix, the -xA a suffix.

•bi. -ke-ha

e-ha.
-wi-pa (31 a)

•baya. •bcou.
Nyata

The word-root comes between, where the dash is placed.

GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 165

English

27.
Hehe

28.

Pojgoro) and

Mahenge

29.

Sangco

(Rori and

Safwa)

30-
Bena

31-

Gangi

31a. Bunga

32-
Ki-matumbi

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekcii

Black

•titu

•titu

•tita

Female

-m-dala.
•buguma

-e^dala

•hinja

Fierce, sharp,

•kali

■kali-pa

■kali.

bitter

•teni

Good

-noa-fu.

•here-pa.

•ncd^fu

-noo-ga

Nco.ga.
Nama.
(-swamu =
beautiful)

Great

•kcomi.

•kulu

•kcome

(-kula = to

become big)

Little

•dcodu

•didi. •dididi

•dcodco

Long
Male

Old

Red ..
Rotten
Short ...
Sick ..,

White

•tali

•tari

■hinza.
•dala

•nco^fu

•tali

kambakwa.

•epalu

-ci-lume,

•lume.

-gcozi,

•dume

-kcozi.

•Vina,

-wina

gcogcolu

M^kulu.
•mtua. .tcoka.
-e^kcolco

•••

dunu

•cere

-n^duhu

gata

•puere

•■•

fupi

•fupi

-fufu

■tamwa

•luala. (U-tami
= noun)

...

•eru. (•

era =

•eru

•balafu,

to become clean,

•ewara-fu

...

-m-bili, -p

kcodzi.
•kahanca(3ia)

pilia

•kongwe,

-gongcoe.

...

-awa
•kali

ncoga,
Ka-ncoga

•ncogati.
-ki-bcota.
K5ti

pUi,

•dcodco

-tali or -tati.

-le-fu (31 a)
•lume, •dumi

(31a)

■eru, •jeru

•kulu

•tsene, •tsini.

•tsake.

Ki-pela
•lascd (mu-lasco

= u-nasco)
-lume ;

-na-lume

"white)

•go!

-kele
-bcala
•ipi
-tamwe.

-luile
•u (mw-u, ba-ii,

mi-u, c^c).

•lya.

Ku-meta

Above, up, on Pacanya
top

Before ... Mu- or

Ku-longcolco.

Ku-mihco ku-
Behind ... Ku-mbele,

Pa-mbele.

Ku-mgongo

ku-
Below, down Panyi.

Pasi

Far
Here

Pa-tali,
Ku^tali

I-pa. Paha,
Baha. Kconco

Pampindi,
Ku^mpindi

Ku)-rongcolco,
Ku-longcolco

Ku-mberi.
Ci^mberembere

Pazi.

Pi-fungco

Ku-tari

Canya

Ku^mwandi,
Ku-longcodzi

Ku^nyuma

Pa^nzi.
Pa^si

Ku-tali

Canya

Ku-ntalco

Kuci-scogoo,
Ku-mbele

Ha-si,
Pa-si

Ku-tali.
Pa-gi

A-pa, Ha-pa

Baha

Ku-canya.

U-langa.

Ku-mbindi

(31a)
Ku-mundi,

Ku-mwandi

(31a)
Ku-mphele,

Mu-mbele

(31a)

Ha-nkhi.

Ha-si.

Pahi (3 1 a)
Ku-tali.

Ku-taluka

(31a)
Hanco. Panco

(31a)

Ku-nani,
Pa-nani

Nungi.
Mungi

N-cugu,
Ku-sugu

Pai

Ku-lipite.
Ku-talu

Papipi. Apa.
Papu

i66

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

27.
Hehe

28.

Ptogorto and

Mahenge

29-

Sangco

(Rori and

Safwa)

30-
Bena

31-

Gangi

31a. Bunga

32-
Ki-matumbi

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekoa

In, inside ..

Middle

Near ...
Outside

Mu-

Pa-gati,

Mu-gati
Pipi
Kw-ibala or

Ku-iwala

Plenty, many, OOIco-fu
much

Mu-

Pa-kati

Pa-behi
Ku-nja.

Ku-sa.

Pa-nja
Vua.

Tangala

There...
Where ?

No!

TAo\.{'withverb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Ku-la, Pa-la.

Uku
■iya ? -i .'

(Ku-iya or

ku-i ? mu-iya

or mu-i ? piya

or pi?)
Ndala !

Ndema !
Si. Nd*.

S'-,si-,-s

■persons') ;

Si— nda; Si —

la (not yet)

A-kto.
Palia
-coci?

Mu-

Pa-kati pa
Behe

■nji

Uku

Pipi. I-palupi

Mu-

Ha-gati
Behi

•ngi

Kula

Mu-. Mu-lia.
Mumco. Ndani.
-bi {neg. ' not
in ' is -bui)

Pa-pipi
Pa-nyangco,

Pa-ntsa,

Pa-nja
Segege.

-anatsima.

■ingi.

-ycolu-ka. -yai
Kulya.

Palya
-kwEJcu ?

Ndala !

Si-, Na- {impera-
(all five) ; -na-

(not yet).

-ndiri. -hera

(suffixes)

Ndali

Ndala !

Ntupu

ro

Ku-

Ku-

Ki-, Ku->, Kwi-

Ku-

»j

beat ... -toaa, -tcawa

■kcoma

•thowa

-tcaa

)»

buy, sell -hemela. -gula

-ktopa

•gula

»»

come ... -za

-iza

-iza, -jinza

• •■

■it

cut ... -tema

-dumula.
-tema

-dtimora

...

)j

dance ... -heziga

■wina-.
sambcii

...

...

j>

die ... .fwa

•fua, -hwa

■fwa

•ifa

»»

eat ... -daknla. -lia

-dia

-lia

-lia

»»

give ... -pa, -pela,
•pera

-pa

-pa. -pela

-pera

>»

go -hera. -luta

•genda

-jenda. -ruta

-luta

>j

kill ... -wula-ga

-kuma

-ula-ga

n

know ... -uzera.

-maana.

. . .

. • .

•kagula.

(■maani =

.

•tambula.

/ know not)

-manyi {in

a negative

sense only) *

' According to Last and Meinhof the ku-

prefix is often ki-

in Stngiu

...

-lili or -liri (neg.

suffix] ; -bcoi,

-kwakco (32 a,

32 b) ; -ki— lili

(rare) ; -ka-,

-na- (condi-

tional and ' not

yet); -kani-

{neg. verb) ;

kana- (subj.

neg. prefix)

u-

Ku-

tojwa. -tula,

-kumbwa

■hutula

gula

.' -pima

idza. -bwera

-isa

• ■a

■tema.

-pingwa

...

■ina

•fwa, -fa

•wa

■lia. -n^emena

-Iya

gawila

-peya

-luta.

■enda,-yenda.

-hamba(3ia)

■buka

■■1

-kcoma

-manya.

-kutanga

' /. e. ' Not to know '.

GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 167

27

28.

29.

30-

31-

32-

English

Hehe

Pcogorco and

Sangco

Bena

Gangi,

Ki^matumbi

Mahenge

(Rori and
Safwa)

31 a. Bunga

32 a. Ki-
ndengerekeo

To

Kii-

Ku-

Ki-, Ku-, Kwi-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ laugh ...

•heka

-seka

•hexa

•hexa

...

■kweka

„ leave off,

-leka

-leka

-lexa

...

...

-leka

cease

„ love,want

•enda.

-kera

•fira

•gana.
-naigela.
•s^kura

...

...

•penda

„ see

•ona. ■

lulera

•ona

-bona, -wona

...

...

•bojna. -Icola

„ sit,remain,

-kala

•ikaala.

-kala

•kala"

•kala.

■dama.

abide

-kawa.
-Hfuga

•tama

-tama

„ sleep ...

-gcona

•gconya

-igcona

...

...

•gunya

„ stand,stop,

-ima

-gojltoka

•imilila. -ima,

•wima

•wima.

-yima.

be erect

-jima

.gulcoka

-gcolcdka

,. steal ...

■hiza

-iwa

•ija

• •■

•yiba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-HEHE

Virtually no preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, u-, yu-, y'-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, gi) ;
S. Li-, I-, — (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga, gl-) ; 7. Ki- (ki) (plural sometimes in No. 6) ; 8. Fi-, Vi- (fi, vi) ;
9. — , N- (M-), N-, Ny. (n-, i) (plural often in No. 6) ; 10. — , N- (M-), »•, Iny-, Ny-, Nze- (zi, z') ; 1 1. Lu-,
Nco- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) (perhaps plural to 11 sometimes); 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ;
16. Pa-, Ba-, I-pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- as preposition only ; 18. Igu- (in one or two words like ' Igu-bwa').

PREFIXES, &C., IN PCOGGRO)

No traces of preprefixes except in 9th Class.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, gu-, gw-, yu, u-, ga-); 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. M-, Mu- (m-, mu-, gu) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, i, y-) ; 5. Li-, E-, I- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, — (n-,
i); 10. Zin-, Zi- (zi); 11. Lu- (lu) {pi. Nos. 10, 4, and 6); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-
(u) ; 15. Ku- Gu- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

PREFIXES, &c., IN SANGO)
Preprefixes present in some classes.

(mu, ju-, gu- ?) ; 2. Aba-, Awa-, Wa-' (ba, wa) ; 3. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, gu) ;

5. Iri-, Ri-, I., H-, Di- (ri, li) ; 6. Ma-, Mi- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Xi-, Ki- (xi, ki) ;

In- (Im-), In-, Iny-, N-, — (n-, ji); 10. In-, &c., and perhaps in some dialects
Zin- or Sin- (ri or si, n-) ; 11. Lu- or Ru- (lu, ru) ; 12. Tu- or Thu- (tu) ; 13. Xa- or Ka- (ka) ;
14. Wu-, Bu-, U- (wu or bu) ; 15. Ki-, Kwi-, Ku- or Gu- (ki or ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

Class I. Umu- Mu
4. Imi-, Mi- (mi-, gi)
8. Fi-, Vi- (fi or vi) ; 9.

• Va- according to Meinhof; which symbol means that the consonant varies between B and W.

i68 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &C., IN BENA, GANGI, AND BUNGA

Slight traces of preprefixes in Nos. 9 and 10.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu); 4. Mi- (mi-, gi ?) ; 5. L,
Izi-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga?) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, C- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi- ? (vi .') ; 9. I-, In- (Im-), N-, N-, Ny-
(i, n-) ; 10. (same as 9); 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12? probably absent; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku-
(Gu-) (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

PREFIXES, &C., IN KI-MATUMBI

Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, N-, Mm-, Nn- (mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Ab'-, Aba-, A- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, Nn-,
— (n-, mu-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, -yi) ; 5. Li-, — (li) ; 6. Ma-, Ama- (ma-, ya or ga) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. I-
(yi-. i) ; 9- N- (M-), Ny- (n- (m-), yi, i) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny- (n- (m-), yi, i) ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tn-
(tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

27. Hehe is spoken in Uhehe ; the country in East Africa between the 9th degree of South latitude
on the south and the main stream of the Middle Ruaha on the north ; between Mahenge and Upcogorco
(the Upper Rufiji) on the east and the Sangco country on the west.

28. Pcogorco and Mahenge are spoken in the Mahenge and Pcogorco countries, south of the Lower
Ruaha, west of the Rufiji-Luwegu, north of the Upper Luwegu, and east of Uhehe and the Upper Rufiji.

29. Sangu (Rori and Safwa) is spoken in the long strip of Usangco (a portion of which is sometimes
called Urori). Usango) is bounded on the east by Uhehe and Fuagi ; on the south by Ubena and the
head-streams of the Great and Little Ruaha ; on the west by Usafwa and the upper course of the Mpimbo
river ; and on the north by Ugcogto and Itumba and 6° 30' of South latitude.

30. Bena is spoken in Ubena and Lupembe, bounded on the north by Usaiigu>, Fuagi, and Uhehe,
on the west by Ukifiga and the north Nyasa mountain country, on the south by Upangwa and 9° 30'
South latitude, and on the east by Matumbi, Uhehe, and Fuagi.

31. Gaagi and 31 a. Bunga are spoken south of Uptugoro), in the basin of the Luwegu and Marafi-
gandu affluents of the Rufiji ; east of Donde and north of the Magwaiigwara (Bango)ni-Zulu) and of the
Wazutu or Wasutu.

32. Ki-matumbi is spoken in the coast region between the Lower Rufiji and Matandu rivers, east of
the Donde and Wangindco countries. West Matumbi (quite isolated) is spoken in a small area between
the Pito) and Ruhinje (Upper Rufiji) rivers, south-east of Ubena, south-west of Mahenge-Upcogoro),
between South latitudes 9° and 10°. Kindet;gQrekca and Kirufiji are northern dialects of Matumbi very
little known.

GROUP I

THE LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES (continued)
33. Mwera. 33 a. Ki-donde 34. Makonde. 34 a. Mavia (Mabiha)

GROUP J

ITHE NORTH RUVUMA AND NORTH-EAST NYASALAND LANGUAGES

35. Sutu (Ma-nundi)^
35 a. Ki-matengco

36. Paflgwa

37. Kese or Kisi

GROUP K

THE UKINGA LANGUAGE
38. Kiiiga

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. Ki-
matengco

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

|Adze

...

.' Ka-wedco

Li-vagco

...

Aka-wagco

Aka-zunu ?

&.nimal,wild

Ny-ama.

Ny-ama.

I-nhanco

...

E-iianu ;

beast

Li-cene

Ki-kcdkco

i-nanu(-kanu)

A.nt

...

N-jalahu ; din-

Li-nyagconyagco.
Halato.

...

Di-gongoro3 ;
ma-

Eli-dunungu ;
ama-. Eli-

Hyungcohyungco

halasu ; ama-

Ant, white

U-cece

Li-icere.

...

...

Um-mehe ;

(termite)

M-ehe.
Ng-umbi.
M-keke (35 a)

emi-mehe

A.pe

• *•

. • .

.. .

...

Ann

\

M-kconu ; mi-

Ku-kconu ; ma-.
Ufi-koanoi ;

Li-wcokco or
Ku-wcokoj

Ili-bcoxco

Ki-wcokco ; fi-

Eki-vcokco ;
ama-

Arrow

M-pamba

Li-hyonga ;
raa-. M-umba
tni-umba

Li-honga ; ma-

...

Ru-cinji ;
n-jinji

Un-dasco ;
emi-lasco

Axe

Li-wagco ; ma-

M-bedco ;
dim-bedco

Li-wagco,
Li-vagco ; ma-

...

Iri-wagco (or
Di-) ; ma-

En-zunu

Baboon

...

N-yani; wa +

Li-yani or
Li-jani

...

Di-jani

En-yani.
Eli-jani.
E-nele,Li-kele

Back

Kum-ongco or

M-gongco or

N-gongco.

Uii-gongco ;

Ci-ccanytij

N-gongco

Ki-wunu

emi-

Banana ...

...

Jfcowco ; di -f .
Ifcohcovco.
I-nconco ; di-

Li-tcoki

Di-kombwe

Efi-ovco ;
iii-ovu. Eli-
koveo; ama-

Beard

Ci-leu.
U-rinda.
Ci-revu.
Ci-dambe

Ki-njwemba.
In-deu

Ru-refu;n-deftt

Ulu-leau

Bee

...

Ny-uci or

N-juki: ;*/.

In-juxi

Lu-, Du-, or

Ulu-juke;

Ny-utisi

in-susi.
Lu-yusi

Ru-juki ; pi.
n-juki

in-zuke

Belly

•■•

Ci-tumbco

Li-reme.
Mii-nda.
Lu-turabco

•"

Di-derae ; ma-.
Ma-tumbto

Eli-tumbu

The correct pronunciation may be Zutu.

170

•ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34-

35-

36.

37.

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki.
matengca

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Bird

...

Ny-ehe ;

N^dege.

...

Ki-dege ; vi- or

Eki-dege; isi-

wany-ehe.

Ki-yuni ;

fi-

Ny-uni; wa +

hi-yuni (35 a)

Blood

Mi-adi (//.)

Mw-azi or
Mw-ahi

...

Mw-azi

Un-kisa

Body

Li-wimba.

Mu-vili.

Umu-bili

Um-bere

Um-ana ;

M-iri

Higa

emi-hana

Bone

Li-wangwa ;

Li-fupa.

• ••

Ki-fupa

Eki-tsege ;

ma-

Li-jege

isi-tsege

Borassus pal m

Mu-ngore

M-kcoma

• ••

M-kcoma

...

Bow U-pinde; ma-

U-pindi

U-pindi ; pi.
m-pindi

...

U-pende

Ulu-Yonde ;
ini-

Bowels

* ••

Ci-mbende?

Ma-tumbu

• ••

...

Uvu-tumbco

Brains

• ••

...

W-ongco

• ••

W-ongco

Uvw-ongco

Breast (man's)

...

Pam-tima

(' near the

Ki-vimba.
N-ganga

Xi-fuba

Ki-fua

Eki-pambaYa

heart').

Ci-huwa

Breast

Ma-wele (/)/.)

Ma-wele

Ili-bele

Di-were ; ma-

Eli-vele; ama-

(woman's)

Brother ...

Ndugu.

M-dongo ;

...

M-benawi,

Um-atsa [from

N-uiigu,

wa-longco

Ba-benawi

the root

N-unu,

-hatsa).

N-ungtoni.

Un-nuna ;

M-nongco ;

ava-

wa-longco

Buffalo ...

Ny-ati

N-jati,
Li-yati

Im-bcogco

N-jati

Em-bcogoa.
Ugu-bcogco

Bull

N-ombe

N-kunzi.

...

N-ombe

E-nambakco

m-numi

N-kambaku

li-kambakco

Buttocks ...

Ma-takco

Ma-takto

Ama-dax<o(//.

Ma-dakco ; di-

Ama-dakco

Canoe Yi-tumbi

Ki-pepe or

Uatw,

Bw-atco ;

...

Li-pepe ;

Hw-atu ;

ma-watco

vi- or ma-.

mi-yatu

Ri-pepe (34 a)

Cat

M-aka ; wa + .

M-lamu.

Ixi-phaxa

Ka-namanga ;

En-yavu

M-inja (34 a)

Li-hycomi.
M-buyali.
Ka-namanga

tu-

Charcoal ...

...

Ili-xala

...

Eli-kala

Chief Yumbe

M-kulungwa.

Mu-twa.

...

Mu-tua ;

Uii-kuludeva.

Umu (34 a)

Li-k(dsi

aba-tua

Un-twa

Child

Mw-anyace '.

M w-ana ;

Umw-ana

Mw-ana ;

Um-wana ;

N-diogeo.

w-ana

ab-ana

av-ana.

Mw-ana.

Umm-enza ;

Nunu

ava-henza

Cloth N-guM

N-guwco or
In-guwu.
Ny-ura.
Li-hya

N-gcowco

Eki-lundco.
Un-salwa

Cold

M-ehcd

M-pepo>,
Im-bepu,
Ki-pepto

...

*•*

E-nala (-kala)

Country ...

Ci-lambu.

M-lima

Iny.hi

N-dema

Eki-lunga.

Ri-kaya (34 a)

E-ni (-ki)

U-nyace = childhood.

GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUxMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES

171

33-

34-

3S-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera

33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or
Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. Ki-
matengoi

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Cow ... ...

• • •

N-ombe

N-ombe

I-senga.

N-ombe

E-senga.

ii-ginda.

In-dama '

n-dara

Em-buYuma

Yu-nkoru.

{heifer)

Li-tcoli

Crocodile ...

N-wena.
Ci-rembe

Li-gwina or
Lin-gwina

...

N-gwina

...

Day

Li-dua ; ma-.
Mo>-hi

Li-gconco.
Li-suwa.
Mu-hi.

(I-mini = (/«y-
light)

Ulu-siku

Di-gconcd

Eli-tsuva.
(Pamu-nyi =
daylight)

Devil, evil

...

Li-hcoka ; ma-

Li-huka ; ma-

• ■■

Di-rongoj

Um-lungu ;

spirit

emi-

Doctor (medi-

...

N-ganga ;

Umu-ganga

Un-tunanya ^

cine man)

wa-ganga

Dog

Li-bwa.

Garu.

Im-bwa.

Iri-bwa.

Em-bwa

Nawanga ;

Im-bwa,

(Axa-bwa =

Nyaka-wa

wa+ or

Yim-bwa,

small dog)

Navanga

Li-bwa

(14a)

Donkey ...

...

N-jowe ;
din-jeowe

M-bunda

...

M-bonda

Eli-gcodcovwe.
E-munda

Door

...

Lu-idi ;
din-jidi (//.).
Nangwa

M-lyaiigoo or
N-diaiiigu

...

N-diangco

Un-diango3.
Ulw-itsi

Dream

N-dcotco
(Itota = verb)

N-d<otco?
(-Icota)

-Icotha

Di-rtotcii

Ama-yoanasivi

Drum

...

...

N-coma or
lii-gajma;
pi. hin-gcoma

■ ••

N-oma

Eli-kule.
I-neiigela.
En-gatinga

Ear

Ku-tu ; ma-tu

Ku-tu ; ma-tu

Li-kutu ; ma-

*>•

Ri-kutu

Era-bulu-ku-tu

Egg

Li-i ; ma-i.
Ka-i; tu-i

Li-kaiiga ; ma-.
Li-humbi ; ma-

Ili-xanha

Di-fumbi

Eli-kana

Elephant ...

N-dembw

N-embco,
Un-embeo ;
pi. in-embco

N-dembco

...

N-dembco

E-tsungwa

Excrement

...

Ma-wi,

Ma-fi or Ma-hi.

• . >

Di-fi,

Ama-kcotu.

Ma-vi

Ki-ndco-tco-hi

(35 a)

Ma-fi

Ama-daba

Eye

L-ih» ;
m-ehca

L-ih« ;
m-eh«

L-ihco ; m-ihco

Il.ih«;

am-ihu

Id-ihcj; am-ihci>

El-iboi ; am-ihu

Face, fore-

...

Kum-ehco.

Pam-ihco

••■

Kuma-sco

Eki-bake (fore-

head

C-eni

head)

Fat, oil ...

...

Ma-huta or
Ma-uta

Ma-futa or
Ma-huta

Ama-futha

Ma-futa

Ama-suta

Father

...

Wawa.
Tata

Dadi,
A-tati

U-dada ;
ava-dada

Fear

U-opa

W-coga

B w-coga

Ulu-dwado)

Finger

N-goihe

C-ala.

Lu-konje,

...

Du-konji ;

Ulu-konze ;

Ci-kon<o.

Lu-kondzi.

ti-gonji

i-nonze

Yu-kombi

Lu-wumba

(34 a)

Ftfe

M-otea

M-oteo

•>■

M-ot(o

Umw-otoj

Fish

...

In-swi.
Hiomba; di +

Somba or
Homba

...

Somba

E-somba; ini-

Axa-dama = calf

There is possibly also the luord Umu-lagutsi/r<»« the verb -lagula.

172

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. Ki-
mateiigco

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Foot ...

Forest

Fowl ...
Frog ...

Ghost...

Giraffe
Girl ..

Goat ..

„ (he) ...

„ (she)

God

Grandparent

Grass

Ground

Ground-nut

Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

Head

Heart

Heel ... ...

Hide

Li-ulu ;

Mu.gulu.

Lu-ayco,

Ulw-ajco ;

ma-ulu.

Ku-guru ; ma-.

nj-ayto

inz-aj(o

Lu-ayco ; dinj-.

Lu-nyaw

Ri-dcodco.

Li-kambatu

Mny-itu.

M.hitu.

«••

Ma-behe

Eli-hanzj ?

Nundu.

Ki-tesa.

Mw.itu

Li-sati.
Li-pululu

Ifuku; wa+

N-kuku

Ifi-huxu

N-guku

E-fiuku ;
ini-kuku

C-ula; vy-ula

Li-nycotu.

Ly-ula ;
m-ula (35 a).
Li-ungula

...

M-fuki.

Limu-lungu.

Mu-rongco

Um-pepco; ava

Ki-wuta ;

Mami-lungu

i-wuta (35 a)

Na-haku ;

N-sikani

• ••

• ••

Um-enza

wanaraa-

M-budi ;

M-ene.

...

M*ne

E m-ene

dim-budi

M-buhi (35 a)

Li-bebehu

Li.pongco

>*.

. ..

Em-ongco

M-budi

M-buguma.

...

...

Em-buguma

n-kongwe

N-ginda

Nam-panga.

Mu-lungu.

...

Mu-rungu

Un-giduve

Moria.

N-dungu

Nungu

Wiwi; wa +

Hukuru $.
M-buya.
Papa 0

...

...

U-kuku i.
U-papa 5

W-ahi or

Many-ahi

...

Diny-asi

Eliny-asi

Gw-Rhi '

...

M-lima.

• ••

Di-dcopi

Eki-lunga.

M-sisi

E-ni

N-tesa or

Li-lawi

...

Di-rawi

N-teca

Nanga

Li-cundu

...

Di-cundu

...

Ri-uti

Huti

.*•

N-dusu

...

U-wimbco

N-jwiri.
Li-yunzu

...

Di-junju

Ulu-juwili

M-kwneo.

Ki-wcokco.

Ili-ganja

Ki-kcofi

Eki-Yanza.

Un-kconco ;

Ki-ganja

Eki-vcokco

ma-. Li-anda.

Pa-ianja

M-twe or

M-twe. Mu-tu Umu-twe

Mu-tu

Un-twe

Mu-tu

or Umu-tu

M-tima ; mi-

M-tima ; mi-

(Mun-tima =

N-dumbura.

E-numbula.

liver)

(Un-tima =
liver)

(Un-tima =
liver)

Ci-hinginco

Ki-tende. -

...

Ki-sekeseke

Eki-seveja ; isi

Nyungunyungu Ki-hingini
Dabala. Ki-kumba

Ma-peo; di-f

' Old Bantu : Bu-asi.

GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES 173

33-

34-

35-

;?6-

37-

3?-

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Ma via or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki.
matengco

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Hill

...

Li-ciiiga ; ma-.
M-rima

Ka-dunda.

Ka-tumbi ;
hi-tumbi

(35 a)

...

...

Ulu-nyika ;
i-nyika

Hippopotamus

...

Namondco

N-dci3monda>

14'ubco

Domondco

...

Hoe

• ••

Li-yembe

Li-gera ; ma-

...

...

Eli-kumbulco

Honey

...

Uci

Uci

...

W-uki

Uvw-coke

Horn

...

Lu-pembe.
Lim-embe

Li-nyero>.
Pembe

• ••

Di-nyerco

Eli-palasa.
Ulu-suga

House

Ny-umba.

N-ande.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba.

Ny-umba

Eny-umba.

Y-umba (big)

1-nandi.
N-duli (34 a)

N-anda

Ixi-ny-umba;

ifi-

E-saka.
Eli-heve

Hungfer

...

N-dala.

N-dcoba (34 a)

N-jara

In-jala

Nj-ara

En-zala

Husband ...

N-nume ;
wa-lume.
M-twau (thy)

"^-dumi,
A-lumi.
Ny-ongcolo>

(35 a)

...

Un-gcosi,
Uii-Ycosi

Hyena

Nana or
Li-nana

Li-tunungu,
Li-pundwa
(spotted).
Li-luliekalera,
Li-hekera
(striped)

I-fifi

Bondera

Iron

Ci-tali

C-uma,
S-uma (35 a)

...

Ki-uma

Eki-uma.
Un-dapca

Island

*•*

Ki-tingwe.
Li-tanda

Ki-sengerere.
Ki-lumba

(35 a)

• ••

Ki-rwa

...

Ivory

...

N-embco.
Li-wenwa

L-inco la
n-dembo>

...

Ru-pembe

...

Knee

...

Li-lundi

Li-fugamisco.
Li-yugwa

Di-pefu

Eki-sugamilco

Knife

Ki-maye,
Ci-maye

Ci-pula

■Ci-pula.
Ki-peni

...

M-pamba

Um-mage

Lake

Li-tanda

Li-tanda

...

...

Eli-lamba,
E-nyanza

Leg

Ku-iilu ; ma-.
M-balu.
Li-dcod<o

Li-bondco.
Ku-guru.
Lu-weza(35a)

'••

Ki-rundi

Eki-lunde.
Un-soni

Leopard ...

...

Huwi,
Li-liuwi,
Juhi

Li-huwi.
In-sui

...

N-torcome

Eli-duma.
(Eli-bwi = a
ckita)

Lion

"•

Himba,
Li-himba.
In-tumi

Li-himba.
Li-bonjco

...

...

Eli-bonzu

Lips

■ •>

Lu-yeye ;

Sf-dcomco ;

Umu-lcomco ;

N-dcomco ; mi-

Un-dcom« ;

ndin-jeye.

mi-lcomco

imi-

emi-lcamoa

Lu-lcomco ;

di-lcomco

Magic

U-hiawi,
U-hawi.
(Ku-luha = to

bewitch)

U-cawi or
U-hawi

Uwu'hawi

Wu-hawi

Uvu-havi

Maize

>••

En-gedia.
Di-mnri

Vla-rombe,
Ma-lombi,
Ki-lombi

...

Di-rombe

Ama-tsebele

»74

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34.

35-

36.

37.

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki-
matengto

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kifiga

Man

Mu-ndu ;

Mu-nu; wa-nu

Mu-ndu ;

Umu-nhu ;

Mu-ndu; aba-

Umu-nu ;

wa-ndu

wa-ndu

aba-nhu *

ava-nu

Man, vir. ...

M-uume ;
wa-lume

Vl-gtozi.
M-kambakto

...

...

Un-gtosi ; ava-

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

My-ama

>••

Ny-ama

Eny-ama

Medicine ...

M-tera

N-tela

M-tera.
Ki-biki

...

N-thende

Un-tuguva.
Un-tufiaya'

Milk

...

Ma-were

-u-ziwa.
Lu-visa

Ulu-kamto.
Eli-tsiva.
(•kama = to

milk)

Monkey ...

Ny-ima.
Ci-nengco

M-tumbiri or
Li-tumbili

...

M-bwengto

E-nilili ;
ini-kilili

Moon

...

Mw-edi

Mw-ezi or
Mw-ehi

Umw-edzi

Mw-ezi

Umw-etsi

Mother ...

Hiyi;

wa-hiyi. Tuyi.
Na-ntole.
Ma-nyukwe

(34 a)

Mau.

A-nyongto,
Nyongorto.
Nytokto.
Nina

U-juva ; ava-.
(Uvanytokto
= thy — .
Uvanyina =

his -)

Mountain ...

Li-cinga.

Mu-angto.
Ci-cungto.
Li-tumbi(34a)

Ki-dunda.
Ki-tumbi

Ki-dtonda

Eki-dugala

Mouth

...

Ka-nywa.
Cika-nywa

N-kanu.
N-dtomto or
M-ltomto

...

»..

Un-dumoa

Nail (of finger

...

Di-nombe (//.).

Lu-zipto.

...

Ki-cogu

Ulu-konze,

or toe)

U-kombe

Suwu ; hi-iiwu

I-nonze

Name

L-ina

L-ina

Li-hina

Di-hina ; ma-

Eli-tavwa

Navel

N-ungu ; di +

Lu-kufu or
N-kuhu

...

...

Ulu-tumbu

Neck

Li-ktoti; (i!5/.)
din-gtoti

Singto or
Hingu

I -singto

Singto

Un-singto.
En-gtosi

Night

...

C-ilto.

K-ilto or

...

K-irto,

Ek-ilto.

(Ci-hi =

I-kilu.

Pak-iroj

(Uvu-titu =

darkness)

(Lw-ihi =
darkness)

darkness)

Nose

...

M-tila; di +

M-enerto.
Im-bulu(35a)

...

...

E-mento
(-pento)

Ox

...

N-ombe

Li-boyi.

I-senga.

N-ombe.

E-senga.

N-kawi.

In-dama

Li-kambakco t>

Un-gide.

N-ombe.

Efi-gwada

N-tondtola

Paddle

...

...

Ng-ahi;
in-gahi

...

...

...

Palm wine,

U-alwa (native U-gwimbi

...

...

Uvu-gembe

beer

beer)

Parrot

...

Li-kwalu

...

...

Penis

...

. . .

M-borto

...

Pig

N-guluwe ;
din + .
Im-petumwa

N-guruwe or
Li-guruwi.
Li-paiigto

{bush pig)

N-guruwe

Efi-gube.
Eii-gwehe

' lli-nhu = tall fellow. Ugu-nhu = hulking fellow. Aka-nhu = little man, in Pangwa.
' There is in Kinga the verb -lagula, which has to do with witchcraft medicine.

GROUPS I, J, K. : RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES

'75

33- 34-

35.

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera Makonde
33 a. Ki-donde 34 a. Mavia or
Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35a._^Ki.
matengu

Paiigwa

Kese or Kisi

Kifiga

Pigeon

Li-deia

N-gnnda.
Li-jiwa,
N-jiwa or
In-ziva

...

N-jewa

En-uta (-tuta)
Eii-gundya

Place

Pa-ndu

Pa-hali. Pa-wa
Ma-hala.
Pa-

Pa- Ki-kunja.
U-tamu

...

Pa-ngonu

...

Rain

M-bula.
M-nungn.
Mu'lungu
(34 a)

M-vula or
I hula

Im-fula,
Axa-fula

I-fura

E-sula

Rat

Li-kula.

Li-panya.

...

Di-kenje

Embeva

Gingondu

Li-kuli.
Im-buku

Rhinoceros

M-ela; di +
or wa + .
Ci-caheo (34 a)

Ki-pembere

...

...

River

...

Lu-hundi.

Lu-kemba.

• •■

Ru-scokoi

Ulu-gasi ;

Mu-tco (34 a)

Lu-si.
Ma-gasi

ifi-gasi.
Eki-hulu

Road

N-dila.
In-dira (34 a)

N-jira

In-jila.
Axa-jila

N-jera or
N-dera

En-zila

Salt

Mu-nyu

Mw-inyco.
Hi-hungu

...

...

Umw-iny«

Shame

...

Li-eonyi,
Li-hyconi

^coni or
I-huni.
Li-hamu

Iny-hconi

...

I-8o>ni

Sheep

...

Nondcolco.
Kondoo (34 a)

M-berere or
Lim-belele

...

Di-nosi,
Mi-nosi

E-iioolco

Shield

.. .

Ki-kcopa

...

...

En-gwembe

Shoulder ...

Li-wala ; ma-

Li-vega ; ma-

...

Eli-vega

Sister

Nuinuna.

M-lumbu,

...

N-dumbu.

Um-atsa.

N-umbco

N-dumboj

Ba-rumbu

U-mama.
Un-nuna.
(Vu-nconu =

sisterhood)

Skin

Mapto; di + .
Y-ambala

Lu-kanda

...

Ki-kcowa

Sky

...

Li-win gu.
Ku-canya.
Di-undi

Li-zuru.
Ku-nani.
M-bingu

Ku-kianya

Ku-kyanya

Slave

Mu-wanda

wa- M-ntone ; wa-

M-sutu ; wa-.
M-banda ; wa-

...

...

...

Sleep

.4.

Lu-unco

Lu-geonu

Ru-gonto

E-toIcd

Smoke

...

Ly-cosi,
Li-cohi.
Li-hycohi

Ili-cosi

Di-cosi

Eli-usi

Snake

M-hyongco;mi-.
In-ycoka.
I-piri

Li-ycoka

In-juza

Idi-juka.
Ma-ycoka

Eli-lalwe
(-dalwe).
Ulu-jcoka ; //.
in-zcoka

Son, boy ...

...

M-nemba; wa-.

Mw-ana.

. . .

Mw-ana.

Un-swamba.'

Imw-ana

M-songorco

N-songorco

N-dume

i-nume

* Un-swamb-'ango) = my son. Un-swamb-'oj = thy son. Un-swamb-e = his son. Un-swamb-itu = our son.
Un-swamb-inyco = your son. Un-awamb-avio = their son.

N 2

176

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki-
matengoi

Pafigwa

Kese (?rKisi

Kinga

Song

Li-imb(o; ma-

Lu-himoa; di-.
R-imbco (34 a)

Lu-kimco.
Ny-imbeo.
M-hambco

...

Uru-embu

Ulu-embco

Spear

M-kuci ; mi-.
Ci-ndimbo>.
Ri-umco.
Li-hionga

(34 a).
Mu-nya

M-kondco.
N-kcoha

•••

N-g(oha

Eli-gcoba; ama
Eii-gcoha

Spirit, soul

-.*

...

...

...

Star

...

Nondwa ; di + .

Lu-tondwa ;

...

N-dondco.

Ulu-tondwe.

Ci-nondi

n-dondwa

Ru-tondco

I-nondwe

(34 a)

Stick

• .-

Ka-lawi ; tu-.

M-sagi.

Ulu-fimbco

N-sagi

E-sonzco.

Ci-koncij.

N-donga.

Un-saga.

Simbu.

Lu-hyatu ;

Ulu-saga

I-ntogco (34 a)

hyatu

Stone

Li-ganga

Li-anga or
Ri-anga ;
ma-iaiiga.
Li-wia,

Ma-wia (34 a)

Li-ganga.
Ili-wu

Li-ganga

Eli-ganga

Stool ... ...

■ ••

...

...

...

Eki-tameleo

Sun

• ••

Na-mayu.
Ri-diia or
Li-dula (34 a)

Li-juwa or
L-yuwa

Hi

dzuba

Di-juwa

Eli-tsuva

Tail (of a

• f ■

In-cira,

M-kira or

u

nu-xila

Un-kUa

mammal)

N-cira

N-kila

Tear

,,,

Mi-codi [pi.)

Li-hcoli ; ma-

M

i-hcodzi (pi)

Li-hcosi

Ulw-ihotsl

Testicles ...

...

Ri-mumba

Di-tongco

...

Thief

...

M-wiwi.
Inku-iwa

Mw-ivi or
Mw-ihi

...

Mu-heji ; aba-

Um-etsi
(-hetsi)

Thigh

...

Ci-ya

M-hungula

...

...

...

Thing

• •■

Ci-nu ; vi-nu

Ki-ndu ;

Ik

i-nhu ; fil.

Ki-ndu ;

Eki-nu ;

hi-ndu or

ifi-nhu

ti-ndu

isi-nu

vi-ndu

Thorn

...

Mw-iwa

Mw-ifa,
Mw-iha ;
mi-ha

...

Mw-ifwa

Un-tula ; emi
Un-twinyco ;
emi-

Tobacco ...

...

Wria

Li-mbakco.
Li-hcona

...

N-gambco.
Di-hona

E-sajco

To-day

Lelco

Lelco. Nerco

Lerco. Li-linu

Lerco, 1-rerco

E-lelco

Toe

...

Ci-konco

Lu-konje Iwa
mu-gulu.
Lu-gumba

...

...

Ulu-konze

To-morrow

Lu-undu

Ki-rau

...

Ki-rawco

Ki-lavco

Tongue ...

Lu-limi or
Li-limi

Lu-limi;
i-nimi

...

I.u-konji,
N-gonji

U lu-limi

Tooth

L-inu; m-encd

L-inco

L-inco ; m-inco

...

Ir-inco

Elinco

Town

...

Kaya

Mu-zi.
Li-kaya

...

A-kaya

Uvu-tsenge.
Isi-jumba,
Eli-tsumbe

Tree

M-kongoj ; mi-

N-tela.

M-tera.

• *■

Di-behe.

Um-beki,

M-tera

1-nandi,
M-nandi,
Mu-landi ;
mi-landi

M-kongco.
Ki-biki

N-thende

Eli-beki.
Un-tuYuva

GROUPS I, J, K : RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NY ASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES

177

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Ma via or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki-
matengoo

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Twins

...

Ma-ha.
W-ana wa
ma-ha

Ma-papa or
Ma-paha

Di-pasa; ma-

U-nyali-pasa.
Uvamwi-pasa
(both in singu-
lar sense)

Urine

...

Ma-kwedu

Ma-kcocco.
I-mahi

...

Ma-kojcij

Vein

t •*

...

...

Umu-sipha

Un-sipa

War

N-ondw.
Hondcd

N-gondo>

—

N-gondu

Uvu-tavangwa

Water

...

M-edi

Ma-gasi.
M-asi

•■•

Ama-ji

Ama-yasi

Well

•••

• ••

Mw-eru wa
ma-gasi.
Ki-liwa

Ixi-sima

...

'••

White man

-M-iungu

...

...

...

Mu-sungu

Un-sungu ;
ava-

Wife

...

M-dyau [thy).
M-mahi ; wa-

M-dala.
M-bumba.
Mama

■••

M-gori; ba-

Un-dala.
Un-wehe

Wind

M-mepeo ;
di-mepu

M-pungco.
Ki.pepco.
M-hwahi

Im-heph(d

M-bepu

Em-epco.
Eki-scola

Witch

...

M-hyawi

M-cawi.
M-hawi.
M-gainga

Umu-ganga

Mu-hawi; ba-

Um-avi ;
ava-havi

Witchcraft

U-hyawi

U-cawi

...

...

Uvu-havi

Woman ...

N-koiigwe,

M-mahi ; wa-.

M-dala.

Umii-dala ;

Un-dara ; ba-,

Un-dala.

Yuan-kongwe

Un-kongwe

M-bumba

ava-. (Mu-ki

awa-

Um-enza ;

wa-koiigwe

dala = little
woman ; pi.
va-kL-dala)

ava-henza

Womb

.. .

...

Li-reme

...

...

...

Wood (fire-

.. .

Lu-kuni

Sagala.

•*.

Im-bawu

Iny-^gala

woodj

Handzu

(-hagala,
•sagala)

Yam

...

...

...

...

Ki-tu5

...

Year

Mw-aka.
C-aka

Mw-aka

Umw-axa

Mw-aka

Umw-aka

Yesterday...

...

Li-d«, Li-ndu

Goru. Li-zu

. ..

Goroi

I-Yolo

Zebra

...

...

Li-punda or
M-bunda

...

Em-unda

One ..

Two ..
Three..

Four ..

Five ..

Six ..

Seven..

•will

•latu; i-tatu

Ng-ancij,

■ganco
-g-anco na

(gu)-m&j
•ganu na will

•bili, •biri

-tatu (N-atu)

N-cece.

Mu-cece
Ny-anoj, -anco.

Mu-anco (34 a)
Ny-anto na

i-mu
Ny-anco na

ni-bili

•monga. -mto. -mwi (Ji-mwi) Ka-mu
Yu-mcij
•will -will (Dzi^wili) Tu-were

-datu, -tatu -datu Tu-datu

(Dzi-datu)
•na (Dzi^na) N-cece

m-cece or

N-dzesi
-hancd

•banco na

monga
-hanco na will Heneka
mu-hana

-hanco (Dzi-) Tu-hanco
Mu-tanda Tu-lintanda

Tu-limhanco

-pamatcd

•veli
-datu

•ni

-hanco

-n-tanatu

•lekela-ku-
pamatco

178

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34-

35-

36.

37

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Ma via or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. Ki-
matengco

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Eight

•ganoj na

Ny-anu na

-banco na datu

Mu-nana, a/so

M -hanco na

-nana

tatu

n-atu

Heneka
k-coha (k-coha

= ' over all ',
' superior ')

tu-tatu

Nine

■ganu na

Ny-ano» na

-hanco na

Fundika

M^hanco na

-budika-ku-

xexe

n-cece

m-cece

mu-hana '

n-cece

pamatcd

Ten

Kumi

Kumi

Kumi

Fundika k-coha Ccomi

Ki-tsigco, also

and Ma-budi

Un-d6vulco ;
pi. emi-
16vulco

Eleven ...

Kumi na i-mu

Kumi na yi-mu

Ki-dzigto.'
(22 = Ki-dzigco
ka-vili. 33 =
Ki-dzigco
ka-datu)

Ccomi na
ka-mco

Ki-tsigco-na-
pamatco

Twenty ...

••.

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

...

Ma-kcomi

Ki-tsigco

ma-wiri or

ma-wili

ga-were

ka-veli

Ma-kumi

m-eli

Thirty ...

...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

• ••

Ma-kcomi

Ki-tsigco

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

ga-datu

ka-datu

Forty

Ma-kumi
n-cece

Ma-kumi
n-dzese

...

Ma-kcomi
m-cece

Ki-tsigco ka-ni

Fifty

..,

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

• ••

Ma-kcomi

Kitsigco

ny-ano) or

ma-hanco

m-hanco

ka-hanco

mamu-ancd

Hundred ...

I-gana

...

Ma-kcomi
ga-likcomi

Emi-levulco
kitsigco

Thousand.,.

...

...

...

...

...

I, me, my ...

Ne-yw.

Mi-pa.

Ne-nga.

...

Ne-iiga.

U-ne. Ne.

N-.

N,, Mb-

Ne-, Ni-, N-.

N-,Ni'-.

Nd'-, Nde-,

•ni-, -n-.

-n-,-gu-,-ngu-.'

-ni-,-n-. -a-ngu

-n-, -m-.

Ndi-, Ndi-.

-a-ngu

^a-ngu

-a-ngu

■ne. -ni-.
-ny-. -a-ne,
-a-ngco

Thou,thee,thy

We-yoj.

We-pio. We.

We-nga.

...

We-figa.

Uve. Ve.

U-.

Wara-kco.

Wewe,

U-.

Vu-, U-

tku-. -a-ku

U-.

-ku-. -a-ko>

Yu-we.

U-.

•ku-. -a.kco

•ku^. -a-kco

-ve. -ku-.
■yco, -ve,
-a-kco

He, him, his

A-ycowa.

Nane. Nahie

Yuyu. Mw-ene

-a-ke, -a-jco

Ycora.

Umw-ene.

A-.

Nanye.

A-, U..

A.

A-, I-, Ju-.

•m-, -mil-.

A-, I-, Ya-.

im-. -a-ke,

■mu-. m^.

-mw-ene. -m-.

-a-kwe

•we. -mu-,
•m-. -a-ke

■ene

-a-ke

-mw-. -ye,
■ene

We, us, our

Twe-y(o(?)

Wepa.

Twe-nga.

...

Twe-nga.

U-vwe. Vwe.

Tu-.

Were-tu.

Twetwe.

Ti-.

Vwevwe.

•tu-. -etu

Tu-, Ti-, T-.

Tu-.

•tu- ?, -ti- ?

Tu-.

•tu-. -etu

-tu-. -etu

-a-itu, -itu

-tu-. -a-vwe
or -itu

' Klamroth gives ■\iSinsi, »^/ -hanco
' leave out from the others '.

Apparently '-hana'(Mu.hana) means 'side', ' onone side\ and' Heneka'

The peculiar numerals (^Paiigwa are explained by Klainroth as connected with finger notation, vide p. yep, oj
his ' Kurze Skizze' {Mitt. Sem. Or, Spr,, Vol, X). ' Mavia (34 a).

GROUPS I, J, K : RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES

179

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38-

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. ^Ki-
matengoa

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Ye, you, your

Mwe-yo).

Mwe-p(o.

Mwe-nga.

Mwe-nga.

U-nye. Nye.

Mu-.

U-mue.

Nyenye.

Mu..

Nyenye.

■wa-. -enu

Mu-.

-wa-. -enu

M-, Mu-.

•ba- ? -inu

M-, Mu-, N-
-va-. -a-nye
or -inyco

They, them,

Wa-na ?

Wa-nanu).

We.ne.

Ba-ra.

Avene. Vene.

their

Wa-.

Wa-ya.

Wa-.

Ba- (Wa-).

Va-.

•wa-. -waoj

Wa-.
■.wa-. -aw

•wa,-. -a«

•wa-. -a-woj

-vco. -va-.
•ene, -avw

All

-coha

-cohe

•oha •onha

•uha (? cosaka,
? emphatic)

-oni

This, these

A-yu, a-wa ;

A-yu, -yu;

A^yu, a-wa ;

Uyu, aba

Ve, v«; gcoco,

gu, a-gu, a-yi;

a-wa ; a-u.

a-u ; 6^<;.

(aw a) ; ugu.

gyco ; lyco,

a-li, a-ga ;

a-i; a-li, a-noj;

•la(u.la; wa-la;

egi; eri,

Yco ; kyco,

a-xi, a-yi ;

ci-n(i), vi-no) ;

arc.)

aga; &=€.

syoj ; jco.

a-yi, a-yi ;

i-no), di-no) ;

tsoj ; Iwoo ;

? a-lu ; ? aka ;

lu-nco ; tu-no) ;

twto ; kco ;

gu,a-vu, a-u?;

ka-nu) ; u-no) ;

vwco ; kwco ;

a-ku ; ? a-pa

ku-nii); pa-n(u;
mu-iKo

pco : mwco ;
gwco
Uju, ava ;
ugu, egi ;
eli, aya ;
eki, isi ; eji,
its: ; ulu ;
utco ; aka ;
uvu ; uku ;
apa; umu;
ugu

That, those

A-yu-la,

U-ya, wa-ya ;

...

Yu-ra, ba-ra;

Ujw-a, avco ;

a-wa-Ia ;

u-ya, i-ya ;

gu-ra, gi-ra;

ugw-a, egy-(o,

a-gu-la ; cr'c.

li-ya, a-ya ;

re-ra, ga-ra ;

&'C.

ci-ya, vi-ya ;

^-c.

u-Iya, va-lya ;

i-ya, di-ya;

gu-lya, Mya;

lu-ya ; tu-ya ;

fy^C.

ka-ya ; u-ya ;

Juju, vava ;

•

ku-ya ; 6-1:.

•

gugu, gegi;

Jujwa, vavM,

Ng-uju,
ng-ava ;
ng-ugu,
iig-egi ;

ng-eli,ng-aga:
iig-eki, ng-isi;
fig-eji, ng-itsi;
ng-ulu;ng-utu:
ng-aka ;
ng-uvu ;
ng-uku ;
ng-apa ;
ng-umu ;

iig-ugu

i8p

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38.

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Ma via or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki-
matengco

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Bad

Black

Female
Fierce, sharp
Good

Great

Little

Long

Male

Old

Red ..,
Rotten
Short...
Sick ..,

White

■kulu
■xuku

•kiwa. -nyata
-a na-pi, -pi

-n-gongwe.

■mahi
•kali ; -kali-pa

(to be — )
Cihi. (Ku-ncaa

= to be sweet,

good)
•kulu.

Na-norco

•cigi. -diokco

•lehu

-na-nume.
N-dume

-a tangu.

ce-kulu,

ce-kelu.

Na-norco
-a huwi

-ipi, -wipi
-Iwala.

(U-lwala = a
disease)
-a nibe, -pe.
-nahi.
-helela {to
be-)

-haki

•titco.

-pili

•yiru.

-i-dala.

-m-buruba
•kali

•maha

-baha,

-waha.

-n-kulungwa
•debe. -suku

•tali
-gusi

-bi-fu

-thalamu.
•thithu,
n-hitbu

•xali

M^gugulu

•dunu

•kata. -wcola
•fupi or -yipi
-tamu.
-rwara

-wara-fu.
-huhu

-nci>-fu

■vola.
-fuphi

■bofu

-be-fu
•titu

-VI VI

-titu

-n^dara

-n-dala
■talamu

•ncs-fu

•noiga ; •nunu

-baha ;

-m-baha

-gorongto

•ccokco. •nandi

N-gambaku

-debe.

Ki-sekele
-tale
-lume, N-dume

-gwsi.

-kambaku

...

-gojgcoloj.
-lala

•dunu
•vco-su
•supi
-tamu

-futu

-vala-su

Above, up, on
top

Before
Behind

Below, down
Far ...

Here ...

In, inside
Middle
Near ...

Mu-ha.
Ku-canya,
Pa.canya

MoD-hyu

Ku-hye or

Kw-hye.

Ku-nyunia
Pahi
Kucu.

Ku-kala
Panco. Pana.

Wcopcopapa,

Upcopapa
M-kati.

Ifi-kati
Pa-kati

Pa-can ya.
Pa-nani

Ku-longcolco.

Pa-lungi pa-
Kum-bele.

Mu-nyuma

Pahi

Kurtali

Kconco, Kuni.

Pa-ni.

Pamba
Mu-gati,

M-kati, P'-,Pa-
Pa-kati

Pasi, Phasi

A pa
Mu-kati

Pha-gati

Na-nyenje Pa-pipi

Pa-kyanya.

Nana,

Pa-nena.

-oni (Mw-oni,

6f^c.)
Mbu-longolo

M-bele

Pasi
-vu-tale, -tale

Baha.
Kunco

Umwa.

Mu-gati
Pa-gati,

Ku-gati
Pipi. Kvv-ipi

GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES i8i

33-

34-

35-

36.

37-

38-

English

Mwera
33 a. Ki-donde

Makonde

34 a. Mavia or

Mabiha

Sutu or
Manundi

35 a. Ki-
matengcs

Pangwa

Kese or Kisi

Kinga

Outside

Plenty, many

There

Where ? ...
No!

Not (with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

To

„ beat ...

„ buy, sell

„ come ...

„ cut

„ dance ...

„ die

„ eat

„ give ...

» go

„ kill ...

„ know ...

„ laugh ...

„ leave ofiF,

cease

„ love,want

„ see

„ sit,remain,

abide

„ sleep ...

„ stand, stop,

be erect

„ steal ...

Pa-nji,
Pa-nda

■ndi.

N-ndi,
•uhe

Kuya. Paya.

Kuncd
Kwaci ?
Itamiia !

Hi-, Hu-, Ha-,

Ha-tu, (s^c.
•na- (sudj.)

Ku-
•kcoma.
•tarega
•hyiima

■ida
•kanana

•wina
•hwa

•lya

•wina or
•winya
■hwena

■ulaya. -lia
•manya.
•maiya
■hyeka
-leka

•penda
■ona, -wona,

■Icola
■ikala or

•kikala
-lala (/ie

down)
•hyimila.

•takaluka
•iwa

Mw-ibala.

Kw-ibala.

Ku-ndza

Pa-ndza
•omehere.

Vululu. -ingi

Ukco, Kula,

Pala
Kwa .> Ku ?
Nco ! Nale !

Ndd!
Na-. Sa- ?

•kcotcoka

{ne£: verb, to

abstain from),

■ndeka

Ku-
-tuwa.

•puta
•gura.

•lomba.

•hemela
•bwera. -hisa
-tema.

•hikita
•hina
•fwa. -hwa

•lya

•pera. •pa^.'
•hamba
•genda

Uxu-

•ija
•vula.
-hongula

•fwa.

(U.xu-fwa)
•lya

•para
•lura

•kcoma
•manya

•heka
•leka

-gana.
•wcona.

•tama

•gwna.
•gcozela
•yima

•hija. •yiwa

•genda

•hexa

•buna
•ixala

■gcona [to

sleep with)
•ima

S-ingi
Para

Dietu ! (•kana !

to refuse)
•ri (suffix). No
negative pre-
fixes. Com-
pare Ya-
matumbi)

Ku-

•gura.
■himera

•ica, •iza

•jumba
•fwa

•ra
•pa

•wcoka

•manya,
•manye '

•ronda
-rcora

•hedya

Ku-nzi, Pa^nzi

•olosu,

■ongosu,

•ongesu
Palya.

Kuku
Ndapi? •ku?
Baku!

Na^. Kita-.
•ga (negative
suffix for in-
finitives,
future, and
imperative),
Jco— ga (not
only)

Uku-
•tuva.
•bitsula
•gula

•itsa

•kumbela
•swa

•lya
•pa

•beha. -vuka.
•luta. •genda
•buda
■manya

•heka

•leka, •lekela

•gana, •yana
•vuna. -lala

•tama

■guna

•ema. -simika

•hetsa

' \^Vi-r\y'\vMi = not to give.

' •manye-ri = /7/i7OT not. Kese has negative verbs or auxiliary verbs like Ki^matumbi.

1 82 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-MWERA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m-, u-, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, yi, i-) ;
5. Li-, Ji- ?, — (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ci-, Xi-, Ki (?) (xi-, xi) ; 8. Vi- ?, 1- (yi-, i) ; 9. N- (M-), »■
(n-, i) ; 10. same as 9; u. Lu- (lu) ; 12. ?; 13. ?; 14. U- (u-, gu?, vu-?); 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-
(pa); 17. ?.

PREFIXES, &C., IN MAKONDE AND MAVIA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, N- (m-, mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, Yu- (34 a) (m-, mu-, u) ;
4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Cj-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N- (M-), N- (n-, i) ;
10. Lin-, Ndin-, Din- (di, liii-) ; 1 1. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-
(pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

PREFIXES, &c., IN SUTU-MATENGO)

No preprefixes except in Nos. 9 and 10.

Class I. Mu-, M-, N- (mu, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Li- (li-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-); 7. Ki- (ki-) ; 8. I-, Hi-, Vi- (hi-, vi-) ; 9. Yin-, In-, N- (M-), N-, Ny-,
— (n-, i-); 10. I-, In-, N- (M-),»-,Ny-, Hy-, — (i-?,zi-?); 11. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. missing in Sutu, Tu, Tw-
in Ma-teng&j; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U-, Hw- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Pa- (pa-); 17. Mu- (mu-), A-
honorific.

PREFIXES, &c., IN PANGWA

Preprefixes present in full.

Class I. Umu-(mu, .'gu-) ; 2. Aba-, Ava-, Awra- (ba-) ; 3. Umu- (mu-,gu); 4. Imi- (mi- ? gi) ; ij. Hi-,
I- ?, Ji- ? (li, ji ?) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ga .') ; 7. Ixi- (xi) ; 8. Ifl-(fi); 9. In- (Im-), (ji,j, n-.') ; 10. ?Dzi-(dzi);
II. Ulu-(lu); 12. ?; 13. Aka-(ka); 14. Ubu-, Uwu- (bu) ; 15. Uxu- (xu) ; 16. Pa-,Pha- (pa); 17. Mu-?
(?); 18. Ugu-(gu?).

PREFIXES, &c., IN KESE

Preprefixes present.

Class I. Uin-,Un-, Mu-, M-(mu,?); 2. Aba-, Bu- (ba) ; 3. Um-, Un-, Mu-, M- (mu, ?) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, ?) ;
5. Idi-, Iri-, Di- (ri, di) ; 6. Ma- (? Ama-) (ma-, ga ?) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Fi- or Vi- (fi or vi) ; 9. In- (Im-),
— , N- (ji, j, n- ?); 10. ? same as 9; 11. Uru-, Ru-, Du- (ru) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Aka- (ka) ; 14. Wu-, U-,
Bu- (wu?) ; 15. Ku- (ku); 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN KINGA
Preprefixes present.

Class 1. Umu-, Um-,Un',Un-,U-(iim-,un-,-mw-, ju-, U-, ve) ; 2. Va-(va, V(i)-) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, Un-,
Un- (mil-, un-, gu,>u) ; 4. Emi- (emi-,7i, i-) ; 5. Eli- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, ma-, ya) ; 7. Eki- (ki) ; 8. Isi-
(si) ; 9. Eni-, Eny-, En- (Em-), E- (en-, ji, i-) ; 10. Ini-, Iny-, Inz-, In-, E- (n- (m-), tsi, i-) ; 11. Ulu-,
Uru- (lu, ru) ; 12. Utu- (tu); 13. Aka-(ka) ; 14. Uvu- (vu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-, Ba- (pa, ba) ; 17. Mu-
(mu-, m-, ii) ; 18. Uyu- (yu).

Also the Nya prefix, without concord.

GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES 183

33. Mwera and 33 a. Kidonde are spoken in the hinterland of the Lindi coast district of German
East Africa between the Mbemkuru river on the north and the Lindi or Lukuledi river on the south,
and extending sporadically to the Riivuma. To it seems to be allied the widespread but unrecorded
dialect of the Wadonde, which extends from the Middle Rufiji and its Marafigandu affluent on the north-
west to the Mbemkuru on the south.

34. Makonde and 34 a. Mavia or Mabiha are spoken in the coast regions of German East Africa
and northern Portuguese East Africa immediately behind the Swahili sea-shore settlements ; between
the Mbemkuru river on the north and the Msalu or Marari.

35. Sutu (Manundi) and 35 a. Kimatengco are spoken in the Magwafigwara or Afigconi country of
south German East Africa, north of the Portuguese frontier and Upper Ruvuma, south of Upafigwa and
the basin of the Upper Rufiji ; east of the Marafigandu and the Mtetesi-Muhesi. The Wamatengoj
extend their range to the east coast of Lake Nyasa, south of the Kisi coast-belt and Ruhuhu river.

36. Paiigwa is spoken in Upangwa, a very mountainous tract to the north-east of Lake Nyasa ;
east of the Livingstone mountains and west of the Pitu river \ and south of the Bena and west Matumbi
countries.

37. Kese or Kisi is spoken on the north-east coast of Lake Nyasa from the northernmost point of
the lake, southwards to the River Ruhuhu.

38. Ktiiga is spoken in Ukifiga, north of the north end of Lake Nyasa, south of the Upper Ruaha
basin, west of Ubena and east of Nkonde and Ukukwe.

GROUP L

THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

39. Ka-bwari. 39 a. Ki-lega'

40. Guha

41. Tabwa

42. Bemba (Ki-emba)

43. Lufigu

43 a. Mambwe

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a-

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Adze

Ke-Ionda

M-bajco

Ka-temco

Im-bafi

Ka-pasa.

Animal, wild

N-ama or

Ny-ama

N-nama

I n-nama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

Ny-ama

Ant

Lu-asi; fi-asi

M-basi.

Mu-naco.

Im-pasi.

Kalandu

Simu-nyemwe

Bu-niegene

M-pazi

Awa-nangi

N-kalandu.
Im-pasi

Ant, white

Mu-swa.

N-jcowa.

Bu-swa

Ulu-swa

W-«nyi

U-coni

(termite)

Lu-sunga ;
sunga

N-swa

-

Ape (chim-

Scoku

...

N-sci>kco

In-scokci>

• ••

...

panzi or
gorilla)
Arm

Ku-bcokco; ma-

Kii-beokeo; ma-

Ku-bcoku

Ku-wcokco

I-kasa

I-kasa; ma-

Arrow

Mw-ambi; mi-.
Ki-kenge.
I-scoma (39 a)

M-bi. M-ketco.
Mu-sari ; mi-.
N-sari ;
mi-sari

Mu-vwi

Mu-fwi

Umu-vwi

Mu-vwi ; mi-.
Lu-kyetco ;
ii-kyetto

Axe

M-basa.

Ka-temco ; tu-

M-bazco.

Li-sembe.

Im-pasa

Im-pasa.

M-bwacu.

M-bavi.

1 -sembe ; ma-

M-pattd.

I-yiika.

Li-zembe

I-se ; ma-se

Lu-kasu ;

ii-gasu (39 a)

Baboon

N-gama

Tcjlue

N-kcolwe

Korcoe,
Kolowe

Kolcoe

Kol<oe or
Ya-kolcoe

Back

Mw-ono,

N-gonto or

Mu-ongco.

Mu-sana.

Mu-sana.

Mu-sisi.

M-ongeo

M-gongto

Mu-sana

In-uma

I-tundu

I-tundu

Banana ...

Ki-co ; //. bi-co.

Tcoka, Ttoke,

Li-konde; ma-

N-konde.

Konde

N-konde.

Konde; ma +

Tuki; ma-t-

Li-ttoce(/r«iV).
1-tcoce (wild)

(tree = Mu-
fuka)

Beard

Lu-levu.
Ka-levu ;
Tu-levu =
{hair of).
N-delu (39 a)

Ka-lesi ; tu-

Lu-levu.

Mu-efu

Mw-efu

Ki-lezu

Ki-lezu

Bee

Nz-tiki

Ny-uki,
Nj-uki

N-zuki.
N-zimu

Ulu-^imu.
Ici-papi

In-zimu

N-zimu

Belly

Vumu.
I-kundu

Gumu

Li-vumco.

(\^\-\ya. = liver)

Di-fumoj

In-dilwa

N-diliwa

Bird

Ka-nuni ; tu-

U-ncijni ; mi-,
Ka-nconi

Ki-coni ; vi-

Ki-oani,
Iki-toni.
Ci-pele

Ki-unyi

Ki-uni

Blood

MQ-si. Ma-si
(39 a)

Mi-leoa,
M-Icoha

Mu-lupa

Mu-lcopa ; mi-

Uw-azi

Uw-azi

Body ... ...

Mu-biri

M-bili

Mu-bili

Mu-wiri

Mw-idi

Mw-ili

Bone

Fua; ma + .
Ku-ha (39 a)

Kuja or
Kudza ;
ma-kuja

Li-kuza.
Li-fupa

Li-fupa

I-fupa

Fupa

Borassus palm

Kcoku

Belewili;ma +

Ka-bilibili

Mu-kti>ma

Mu-kuma

Mu-kcoma

Kilega, us spoken near Lake T»hganyik», is akin to Kabwari ; but it is really little else than No. 144.

GROUP L

: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

I8S

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Luiig^

Mambwe

Bow

Mw-eiteo ; mi-

Bu-ta

Bu-ta

VVu-ta,

Ubu-ta

U-lapwa; ama-

U-lapwa

Bowels

Mi-la

Mi-la

N-da. Ma-la
(Bu-la)

Ma-la

Ma-la ya
limun-da

Ama-la

Brains

Ma-ka.
Ha)-kese(39a)

B-ongo

Bu-oiigto.
Tomfwe

I-tompwe

Tompwe

Uw-ong6»

Breast (man's)

Ki-ari

Ki-ali

Ki-fuba.
N-kulco

Ki-fuba

Ki-fua

Ki-fua

Breast

Bele ; ma +

Bele

Li-bere ; ma-

I-bere ; ma-

I-ede; ma-ede

...

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mw-an'-itu.

M\v-an'-etu.

Ki-nsanga,

Umu-nyina.

U-lupwa ; pi.

Mw-ina,

Mu-butwa.

M -umi.

N-dum-ya,

N -dume

n-dupwa.

Mu-nyo-

Mu-tamba

Mu-kingu

Mw-ine,
N-dum-esa>,

M w-ina

BufFalo

M-ca. M-bwco

(39 a)^

M-cogco

M-b<oco

Im-bbxo

Im-bcoco

Im-b<ohco

Bull

Mu-tungula

(39 a)

...

...

...

...

M-pambasi

Buttocks ...

Ma-tako>.
Ma-kuma

(39 a)

Ma-takeo

Li-takco.

Mu-pani.
M -putu

Im-puti.

Ma-takco

Ma-takco

...

Canoe

Bw-atu; m-atu Bu-atu

Bw-atco,

Bw-atco

U-atco

Uw.atco

Kabw-atco

Cat

Ka-nyab<o.
Mw-era (39 a)

N-yavu

Ka-mensi.
Ka-paka

M-paka.
Sumbwe.
I-ccona

N-yau

N-yau

Charcoal ...

.. .

...

Li-fita

Umu-fita

Ma-ka la

Chief

Mu-twale.
Numbi. Mil-
Icahwe (39 a)

Koilco

Li-kcol<a.
Im-fumu
Mu-sumba

Im-fumu

Mw-ene; a-ene

M-fumeo;
a-fumco.

Mw-ene

Child

Mw-ana.
K-ana.
M-alaika

Mw-ana

Mw-an-ike or
Mw-a'-ike.
Mw-ina; //.
b-ena

Mw-ana,
K-ana; pi.
utw-ana

Mw-ana ; ana

Mw-ana ; ana

Cloth

Mw-enda.

Mw-enda

N-salu.

I n-salu.

I n-salu

In-saru.

N-gUVM

My-enda

Ici-rundu

Mw-enda.
Mw-era

Cold

M-pekeo,
M-peho>

M-behto

Mu-pepw
Ka-sama

Im-pepco

...

M-pepco

Country . . .

Ki-baleo ; bi-.
Mu-ziu.
Bu-samb<o

1-nzi

Ky-alco

Ici-alto.
Im-paiiga

M-panga

In-si.
M-panga

Cow

N-ga

N-ome

N-gombe

N-ombe.

I n-ombe

N-ombe

ii-gazi-ana.

li-kcota

Kombe.

ya-nki.

M-kaci wa

Ifi-keota

N-daraa

n-ombe

(heifer)

Crocodile ...

N-wena.
Nandu,
N-gweniia

(39a)

N-wena

N-hwena

I n-wena

Ifi-gwena

Ifi-gwena

Date palm...

Ka-pue

Mu-tende

...

Day

Bu-su, Lu-su ;

Bu-sigi'; pi.

N-siku.

Uwu-piku ; //.

W-anda ;

M w-anda.

ma-su {pi.).

ma-sigi.

Kcoba {= day-

in-piku

pi. m-anda

Mu-sanya.

Mu-i^uba

Mw-ijuva

light)

N-sangalala

(flight).

(daylight)

1-Iumbu; ma

(39 a)

1 86

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Devil, evil

I-dima ;

M-kisi

N-gulu. Ki-wa

Ki-nkala.

Ki-wa ; vi-wa

Ki-wa

spirit

nia-rima

Ici-banda.

Mii-pasi.

Ki-wa

Doctor (medi-

Mu-fumto

.Mu-fianga

In-naiiga.

Si-nanga

Si-nanga

cine man)

Si-iianga

Dog

Ka-bwa or
Im-bwa

Kam-bwa ; tu-

Ka-bwa

Im-bwa

Sim-bwa

Sim-bwa

Donkey ...

Kapa.
M-punda

N-genga

W-ankenka ;
pi. baw-.
Ka-balwa.
Kikco

In-dcokwe.
M-pelembe

N-dokoi

N-dogcowe

Door, door-

Ki-vi; hi-.

N-jianeo; mi-.

Mu-lyangco.

Mw-inpi.

Ki-sasa

Ki-saza ;

way

Mw-anco

(doorway).
Mu-kinda

(39 a)

Ki-limba

Ki-bi. Ki-izi

Ci-wi or
Ici-bi

ki-sekco

Dream

Ku-l<dta.
N-jcoci

K-ilco; bi-.
N -dcotco

Ki-lcotco. Ka-lco

Ki-rcotco.
Ulu-Icotco

Ki-lcotco

N-dutco

Drum

N-coma or
N-gcomto.
Mu-lile

N-coma

N-coma

N-coma

Ifi-gcoma

N-gcoma

Ear

Ku-tui.
I-twi

Ku-tii ; pi.
ma-tii.
Ku-tui

Ku-twi

Ku-twi

Ku-twi

Ku-tui

Egg

I-ye. C-ayi;

Uji ; ma-uji.

Li-yi : ma-yi.

Di-ni

Di-enza ; ma-

Li-ensa ;

pi. m-ayi

Husi

Li-teta

m-ensa

Elephant ...

N-zcovu.
N-jtou {39 a)

N-ycogi

N-zcovu

In-seofu

I n-zcovu

N-z«avu

Excrement

Ma-vi. Tu-bi

Tu-ivi, Tu-bi

Tu-vi

Ama-fi

Ama-vi

...

Eye

D-isu; m-eseo

L-isco

Li-nsco

Di-nsco

Di-nsco

Li-nsco ;
ma-nsca

Face, forehead

M-esco.
Ki-ene

Ku-kieni,
Ku-merco

Lu-kebu.
M-ensco

Kum-ensco

Kuma-sco

Kuma-nsu

Fat

Ma-futa.
Ma-kuta (39a)

Ma-kita

Ma-futa

Ama-futa

Ama-futa

Ma-futa.
Ma-ncona

Father

Tata- (wane).

Tata. Sco, Se,

Tata. Ta-we

Tata. W-isco,

...

Tata. Sco,

I-po. I-^a-ke.

cr^c: ? Tutu

= my ; Sco or

W-isi

I si

l^a-tata.

Wi-sco = thy ;

Bi-p5 (both

Se, Wi-se =

these latter pis.

his ; Si-twe =

and honorific

our ; Si-nwe

sing.)

= your; Si-boj
= their

Fear

Hu-coba,
B-coba

Bw-eny«

Ki-tinco.

(Ku-tina = to

fear)

Mw-ensco

In-tete

N-tete

Finger

Mu-nwe.

Nwe ; mi-nwe.

Mu-nwe

Mu-nue. C-ala;

Umu-niie;

Mu-uwe

Mu-sai ; mi-

M-nye

ifi-ala

mi-nue

Fire

Ka-iia. Tu-iya

Ka-ia

Mu-lirco

Mu-rirco

M-otco

M-otco

Fish

Swi.

Me-vera (//.)

Ny-ama

Li-sabi.
Ki-kulu

I-sabi,
Li-sawi

In-sui

Nswi

Foot

Ki-kasa.

Ki-kasa ; bi-.

Ku-ulu.

Lu-kasa

Ifi-gazco (//.)

Lu-azco ;

Ki-limba ; vi-.

Ku-guru

Ma-ulu

iri-gazci>

I-tindi (39 a)

Forest

Ki-bila.
Numbe

Mw-itu.
Ki-tundu

Mw-itu

Mu-situ

Mu-situ

Lu-tala

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

187

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Fowl

Ngcokw

N-gcokco

N-k<oko,

Ifi-kcokco

lii-kcokco

N-kcokco

Frog

Ki-ula

Ki-iila

C-ula

Ki-iUa

Ghost

Mu-zimu; mi-.

N-kisi ; mi-.

Ki-zwa.

Mu-pasi

Mu-pasi.

Mu-pasi

Ki-kuli

Naya ;
bi-nyaga

Mu-pasi ; nii-
{ancesiral
spirit).
N-gulu {evil
spirit)

Mu-zimu.
Mu-za

Giraffe

. .*

Twiga

I-ci-liama-luba

. ..

N-wiya

Girl

Numa

M-pakasi

Ki-nundwe.
Mu-kaziyana

...

...

Ka-ki.
Mu-kaziana

Goat

M-uzi.
M-buci (39 a)

M-uji. Buzi ;
ma-buzi

M-buzi

Im-buzi

1 m-buzi

M-buzi

„ (he) ...

...

...

Ka-pwata.

• ■■

Sawe

„ (she)...
God

M-pumbwe

Kabezia.

Ka-bejea.

Leza. Leza-

Mesa, Li-lesa.

I-leza

Mu-lungu.

Firie.

M-pungu.

ma-langu

Umu-lungu

Leza

Ny-ambi

Lezi'

(39 a)

Grandparent

N-guku.

Ba-kuli.

Ba-k«te.

Fi-kolwa.

...

Kuku.

Ba-kalukisi

Ba-kcote

Ba-kuku

Awa-kcola.

Sco-kulu,

KPI.)

Vi-kcolwe.
Ba-kulu

Pi-kulu,

gco-kulu,

W-ipi-kulu

Isi-kulu

Grass

M-ani.
Lu-suku

Y-asi. Ki-asi ;
bi-

6i-kusi

Ki-ani. Ifi-

I-scote

I-scote.
Ka-sanza

Grovind

Lcoba

Ma-bue

Bu-longto.
Ma-l<oba,
Ma-lundco

Mu-sidi

I-vu

Mu-sili. Pa-nsi

Ground-nut

Ka-zuzu.
Ka-lima

(39 a)

Ka-jugua

M-balala

Iri-kalanga.
In-^iama

M-balala

M-balala

Guinea-fowl

Kanga.
N-ganga,
Manga (39 a)

Kana

Li-kanga

Di-kanga,
N-kanga

I -kanga

Kanga

Gun

Bundusi.
Ke-boivye

(39 a)

Bunduki,

N-gcohoj

M-futi.
Ki-pcolupcolu.
Bu-ta

M-futi

M-putu

M-putu

iTair

M-vuire.
Suki (39 a)

Ny-uwele,
N-jili

Lu-vwili.
Mu-sisi

Mu-sisi

N-yele

N-yele

Hand

Ki-anzanza.
K(o-buku).
Ki-basabasa.
M-anja(39a)

M w-iswe ; ma-
Ku-b<okco

M u-n we.
Ki-zanza.
Ku-bukco

Lu-pi ; ma-pi

I-kufi

I-kasa

k

Mu-twe

Tue

Mu-twe

Mu-tue

Mu-twe ; mi-

Mu-twe.
N-kcotco

Heart

Mu-tima

N-tima

Mu-tima

Mu-tima.

(Um-weco =

life)

Mvv-enzeo.
(I-tima =

liver)

Mw-enzco.
(I-tima =

liver)

Heel

Ki-sukulu.

Ka-sindagoloj.

Ka-singinto.

Ka-tende ;

Ki-ntunta

Ki-ntunta.

Ka-bili-bili

Ka-sindagulu

Ka-sinzilco

utu-.

(39 a)

Ici-tende

Bide

L-ii. Ki-sava

Ki-lenga.

M-papa.

Umu-kupco.

...

Ki-kwera.

vi- (39 a)

Ki-sewa

Ki-kanda

I m-papa.
Iii-kanda

M-papa

' Lezi = clouds.

1 88

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a-

Ka-bwari

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

Lungu

Mam b we

39 a. Ki-lega

(Ki-emba)

Hill

Ki-rimbi.

Lu-uba (39 a)

Lu-gulu.
Mu-tenda

Ka-pili

Ulu-piri

...

Ka-mwaraba

Hippopotamus

N-uvu,
N-guvu (39 a)

Ny-igi

Ki-cofwe.
M-vubu

I-pcofwe.
I m-vuvu

In-kambwe

Ki-vuii

Hoe

Lu-kasu

Lu-kasu

Lu-kasu

U lu-kasu

Ulu-kasu

I-se; ma-se

Honey

B-uki

B-uki

B-uki. Bu-iki

B-uci^

U-gyi

Uki

Horn

Di-a ; m-eya.

Lu-ega ;

Li-seng^u ;

In-sengto

Im-pembe

Pembe.

Lu-iya; fig-iya

me-ega

ma-sengco. (Cf.
I-seiiga, ox)

N-tandala

(spiral)

House

N-zu ; ma + .
N-dabu ;
ma-Iabu.
Ke-susco,
M-scoso) (39a)

Sibco.

N-dzese ;
ma-zese

N-sesi.
N-ganda.

Mu-tanda

N-anda

N-anda

N-ganda

Hunger

N-zala

Ny-ala

N-zala

In-sala

N-zala

N-zala

Husband ...

I-be ; bai-be
(39 a)

M-palume

Mu-lume

...

...

Mu-kalamba.
lya

Hyena

Ci-mbwe.

Ki-mbwi ; bi-

Ki-mbwi.

Ki-mbwi.

Ki-mbwi

Ki-mbwi.

Ki-mbwi

Lu-sumpa.

Lu-pula-

n-kalamu

Buya.

Ci-nsokcota.

Ici-nsumpa

A-sugutu

Iron

Ki-uma.

Ki-geala,

Kiela.

Ki-eala.

Iki-eala ;

Ki-era

Ki-kale

Ki-gera

Mu-tapw

U-lungu

vi-eala

Island

Ki.lila.
Ki-kila

Ki-lela

Ki-lira

Ki-rira.
Ci-siwa

Ki-dila

Ki-lila

Ivory

Di-a or Li-a

Me-neo ga

L-ina lya

1-dinco lya

D-inco la

Pembe zia

lye n-zcovu.

n-yeogi

n-zcovu

n-scofu

in-zcovu

n-zcovu

Mu-banga

Knee

U-vui. 1-lu.
Ma-vui. Ma-lu

SI; ma-si

Li-kufi

Di-kufi or
Li-kcofi

Kw-kcola

Kto-kcola ; ma-

Knife

Mw-ele ; mi-.
Ki-wabi.
Lu-bato ;
m-bau (39 a)

Lu-hete.
K-ele ;
tw-ele

Mu-ere

Mw-ele.
Umu-pene

Mw-ele

Mw-ere

Lake

Ki-riba

N-duyi,
N-gukw

Bu-biza,
Ki-ziba,
Ki-lambe,
Y-embe,
N-kcokco
( Tanganyika)

Ici-pula

Li-emba

Lu-si.
Li-emba

Leg

Kulu.

Mu-indi.
I-tindi (39 a)

Ku-gulu

Ku-ulu; ma-

Mu-konsco

Kulu

Ku-ulu.
Mu-ulu

Leopard ...

N-we

Nge; n-gwe

Ka-mfuma

Im-bwiri

Nangu

I-naiigu.
Ka-mboto

Lion

N-dambwe

M-tambwe

N-kalafiga

Ifi-kalamu

...

Ki-sama

Lips

Mi-lcomeo (;*/.)

Mi-rcomoo (//.)

Mi-lcomco (//.)

Mu-rcomco

Mu-lcomco

Mu-lcomco

Magic

Bii-lojzi.
N-gisi.
Bu-laco

Bu-ganga

Bu-Icozi

Bw-anga.
Ubu-lcopi

Uw-anga

Uw-anga.
(Mu-lcozi =
magician)

Maize

Ki-saka.
Ma-sail gu.
C-ebele (39 a)

Ki-saka

Ki-sange,
Ny-ange

Iny-aiige

Ki-saka

Ki-saka

Man

Mu-ndu ;

Ndu ; ba-ndu

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu; a-ntu

Mu-ntu ; a-ntu.

ba-ndu

ba-ntu

ba-ntu

(Ukalamba =

manhood)

Man, vir. ...

...

M-palume

Mu-lume

...

...

M-onsi.
Ka-lume

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

189

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Meat

N-ama

Ny-ama

Nn-ama

In-ama

I ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine . . .

Bu-Iaoi

Mi-ti

Bufi-anga.

Mi-ti

Umu-ti

...

Mu-lembco

Milk

...

Ma-bele

Ma-bere

Ulu-kama.
I-piba

...

I-ziya.
(Ku-kama =
to milk)

Monkey ...

Ka-kene

Ng-ema.
N-kima

M-penge.
M-bele

Mu-penje.
In-cima

Sangye

N-kima

Moon

Mw-ezi

Mw-eji.

Kw-ezji

Mw-ezi,
Kw-ezi.
(Lu-samcd =
moonlight)

Mw-ezi,
Mw-esi

...

Mw-ezi

Mother ...

...

Maju.

Ya-ngu.

Ma-yo),

...

Ya-ng(o.

Nyoj-kco.

Nco-ko). Nina.

Nto-kto,

Niu-ko). Nina

Nana. Nina,

Nine-twe

Nyina.

&^c.

Mama. Na-

Mountain ...

Mw-ala

N-tandb>.
Lu-gulu-
lu-kata.
N-guru

Lu-pili

Lu-piri ;
im-piri

"'.

Mw-amba

Mouth

...

Ka-nya,
Ka-nwa

Ka-nwa

Aka-nwa

• ••

Ka-nwa

Nail (of finger

Nz-ala

Lu-ala; m-ala

Li-zala,

W-ala, Lu-ala,

liig-ala (//.)

K-era; tu-era

or toe) ...

Lu-ala

Du-ala ; pi.
iig-ala

Name

I-zina

Zina, S-ina

L-ina, Li-zina

I-^ina,
Li-zina

I-zina

Zina

Navel

< ••

■ ••

Mu-toateo

Umu-tcoto)

N-kombco

N-kombco

Neck

Kcosi

N-ginco

Mu-kojsi.
N-kcotoj

Mu-kcopi

N-singco

N-singco

Night

N-esu.
(Ki-rima =

darkness.)
Bu-tu ; ma-tu

Bu-sigi.
U-fiiu. M-joj.
(Mu-fitco =
darkness)

Bu-siku

Bu-siku

U-siku

U-siku

Nose

...

J-ulu.
Mu-hembe

Mu-cona ; mi-

Um-cona.
(Ici-punda =

nostril )

M-pum»

M-punco

Oil palm ...

Ki-azi

Ki-gadzi

Li-tonge

Ku-imbu.
Takwawa

Ki-azi

N-gazi

Ox

Nga ye-lume.
N-ombe (39 a)

N-ome.
(Y-analume)

N-ombe; baii-

N-ombe

Y-onsi

Ng-ombe

Paddle ...

...

N-kai. N-gafi

Li-kafi

Umu-kafi

Palm -wine,

Ma-lua

Bw-arwa

Bw-arwa

Ki-bale.

N-zamba

beer

Mu-tondco

Parrot

N-gusu

N-gusu

Ka-suku

Ki-rongci>.

Mu-cence

Kusu

...

Penis

Mu-lua

Boloa

Lu-tcotwe.
Bu-kandi.'
Bu-kala

Bu-kala,
Ici-kala

Im-bolu

M-bolco

Pig

Nulube

N-guluwe

Ka-pcoli.
N-gulube

Ka-pcoli

Ka-poH

Ka-pori.
Mu-ngili

Pigeon

Ka-pele

N-gunda.
N-jiba

N-kunda

N-kunda.
Cipele

N-kunda

N-kunda

Place

Ha-ndu

A-nzi

Panu, pa-

A-pa. I-calco.
Pa-

Palia, Pa-

Pa-

' Ki-bola = a man with a poor penis, impotent. Lu-bcola means a sting; Li-bcola = a testicle.

190

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a-

English

Ka-bwari

39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki.emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Rain

M-vula

M-ila. M-bila

M.vula

Im-fula

Im-vula

M-vula

Rat

M-beba

Li-nde ; ma-nde

M-puku

I m-puku

Ku-sulu

M-bea. Kuza

Rhinoceros

Ki.pembele

Ici-pembere

...

Tupa

River

Mw.ela

N-kone ; //.
mi-kone. Lu-ji.
Mu-tutco

Ki-ezi,

Mw-ezi.
Mu-mana

Mu-mana.
Ic'-ambe^i

L-uzi ; fig-uzi

L-uzi

Road

In-zila

N-yila

N.gila,
N-zila

In-sila

N-zila

N-zUa

Salt

...

M-kele.
Mu-nyu

Mu-kele

Umu-cere.
Umu-fumbco

...

Mu-silya.

Mu.kyere

Sliame

...

...

Bu-sconi

In-s<oni

N-soini

N-s<oni

Stieep

Mu-kcokcd

N-kcaku

Mu-kcok«.
M-fwere

Im-panga

M-fuele

Fwere

Shield

N.gavu.
N.abM (39 a)

...

N-gabu

...

...

Ki-syaiigu

Shoulder ...

...

Ki-kcope.
Li-kombe

Ukii-bea.
Ici.kcope

Ki-iye

Sister

N-gazi

N-gazi

Kazi-amw.ine

In.ka^i.
Umw.ina
Mw.inyina.
Mu.viala

Kazi ya
mw-ine

Kaki

Skin

Ki-renga

Ki.lenga

Lu-anza ;
iig-anza

Ifi.kanda.
Ici-papa

Im-papa

N-k»a.

M.papa.
Mu.kwera

Sky

Ma-ulii.

Gulu, Yulu.

Mu-yulu

Ifi.kuba.

I-yulu.

I-ulu

I-yubu

(Lezi = cloud,
God)

I-lesa,
I-leza

(I.kumbi =
clouds)

Slave

...

M.jya

Mu-zyco.
Bu-kcolca.
Ka.lume

Umu-pya.
Ka-polo

...

Mu-zya

Sleep

Ka-lca

Tu-loo

Tu.lco. Kcona

Tu.lco, Utu.lto

Utu.loj

Tu-lco

Smoke

Mu-si

L-ingi ; m-ingi.
Mw-inki

M-unsi,
Ky-unsi

I^.unsi, C.usi

C-unsi

Ki-unsi

Snake

Nz-coka

N-yeoka

N.zojka

In-suka

N-zcoka

U-zeoka

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana

Mw.ana lume.

Mw-ana lume

M w-ana-

M-onsi-

Mw-ana.

Mvv-anike

m-wa-ume.
(Umw-aice =
boy)

(Ak-anya ;

utu- = boy)

Mw.ankye.
Mu.fumendu

Song

Lu.imco ; pi.
ny-imu

Lu-imco ; pi.
ng.imco.
Lu-imbco

Lu.imbco

Lu-imbcd ; pi.
iny.imbca

Ulu-imboj

Lu-imbcd

Spear

Fumcd ; ma-

Simco, Fumu

Li.fumco

I-fumco

I-sumu

I-sumco

Spirit, soul

...

M-kisi

Mu-tima.
Mu.pasi

Ub-umi.
Umu-papi

...

Mu-pasi

Star

Ka-iilii ;
tu-tilii

Ka-mbalambala
Ka-ngemogemto

Lu.tanda

In-tanda

In.tanda

Lu-tanda

Stick

N-gojni

Ka-bubi

Ka-pini,
Ka-mama,
Lu-bangto

In-kcdta.
In-konteo

N.tuwa

...

Stone

Bue.

Ma.bwe

Bue or
Di.bwe ;
ma-bwe

Libwe

Di.bwe

I. we

I. we

Stool

...

Ki-wala.
Ki-hcdna

Ki-puna.
Ki-tebe

Ici'ptma

...

Ki-limba

Sun

2^uba

Juba, Juva

Kwba.
Ka-zuba

Ka-suba

Aka.sanya

I-ransi

Tail (of an

Mu-kila

M-kUa

Mu-kiln

Umu-cira

...

Mu-sinda

animalj

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

191

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

Tear

Lu-so>zi

Li-soozi; me-

Li-nsuzi

Idi-nscosi,
Mu-nsMzi

Li-ns«azi

Mu-nscosi

Testicles ...

Bcdlco

Ma-uli

Ma-peke.
Ma-bcola.
Li-puli; ma-

Ma-wula>.
I-teole.
I-gwampa

Ma-tulu

I-tulu

Thief

Mw-ivi ;

Mw-ibi ;

Mw-ivi.

Mu-noj.

Mu-pupu

Mu-ivi

b-evi

b-ebi

Ki-ponda

Pompwe

Thigh

I-bimbi(39a)

...

Li-tanta.
Li-teberco

I-tanta.

Ulu-tungu

Im-pamba

Lu-tungcd.
M-pamba

Thing

Ki-ndu;

Ki-ndu ;

Ki-ntu,

Ki-ntu; ifi-ntu.

Ki-ntu

Ki-uma ;

bi-ndu

bi-ndu

Ka-ntu

Ic-uma

vi-uma

Thorn

Mw-iwa

Mw-iba

Mu-unga

M-unga

M-unga

M-nnga

Tobacco ...

Fwanga

N-jungc9

N-sunkco.
Fwanka

M-fwaka

Fwaka

Fwaka

To-day

Bu-na bu-su

Bu-legulu

Lenu, Lelw.
N-dakai

Lelca

MelM

Lelco

Toe

Ki-Rln

Ki-ala.
Lu-nw; ma-nca

Mu-nwe

Ki-kondcij.
Ci-kumco

Ki-kando>

Kandoa ; ma -f
Ki-kand» ; vi

To-morrow

...

J"'

Lu-kere.

Ma-ir<a

Ma-irco

Mu-tondco

Ka-tondo3

Tongue ...

Lu-limi

Lu-Hmi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi ;
in-dimi

Lu-limi

Tooth

D-inco ; m-enco

L-inco

L-inoa

D-ineo

D-inco

L-inoa ; m-inco

Town

Lu-zi ; pi. n-zi.
M-ua {for
M-bua) ;
pi. tna-bua

N-gutu

Mu-zi.
N-kutu

Mu-si

U mu-zi

Mu-zi

Tree

Ki-ti; bi-ti

N-ti; mi-ti

Mu-ti,
Kimu-ti.
Kasala
{bush)

Mu-ti,
Ci-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-ti

Twins

Ma-asa

Ma-asa

Ma-pasa.
(Li-pasa

= twin).
M-pundu.
(Nam-pundu
= mother of
a twin)

Bam-pundu

Ma-pasa

Yam-pundu

Urine

Ma-sca

Ma-s<o

Ma-su

Ma-su

Tunzi

Ma-tunsi

Vein

Li-sipa

Ulu-k«le.
Umu-pipa

Lu-kcole

War

Bi-ta

Bli-luba

Bu-kali

Fita, Vi-ta.
In-kondu

Mu-sika

N-kondto.
Vi-ta

Water ...

Ma-zi

M-ema.

Ma-dzi,
Ma-ji

M-enda.
M-enzi

Am-ensi

Ma-nzi

Ma-nsi

Well

■ ••

{\.yx-l\=pool)

Ka-tubu.
Ki-ima.
Ki-lindi

I-fwe, I-tapa.
Ici-sima

...

Ki-ziya

White man

Mu-zungu

N-dzungu ;
ba-dzungu

Mu-zungu

Mu-sungu

Mu-zungu; a-

Mu-zungu ; a-

Wife

N-kazi-ana

N-kasigco

Mu-kazi.
Muk«lo>

Mu-ka.
Mu-kasi
or -kazi.
Mu-kcolo>

Wa-ne (?)

Um-uki

Wind

M-be«

N-yaya

Mu-ela

Im-pepw

Um-iiza

Um-uza

' Cf. Lu-ganda.

O 2

192

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

39-

40.

41.

42-

43-

43 a-

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Giiha

Tabwa

Bemba

(Ki-emba)

Lungu

niambwe

Witch ...

Mu-lcozi.

Neogi,

Mu-lcozi ; ba-.

Ifi-ulu,

Mu-lcozi

Mu-lcazi

Mu-fumoo

Mlcogi;
ba-ncogi

N-dcozi

In-gulu.
Mu-lcosi

Witchcraft

Bu-lcozi.
N.gisi

Bu-ltogi

Bu-lcozi

Wu-lcosi,
Ubu-lcopi.
Ubu-panda

Uwu-lcozi

U-lcozi.
Uw-anga

Woman ...

M-kazi.
(Numa =
virgin)

M-bnknji.
M-pakasi

Mw-anakazi

Mu-kasi.
Umu-sange

Mw-6.nakyi

Mw-Anaki

Womb

•••

Ki-nyco.
N -kongwe (=
also vagina).
Limi (foetus)

Kongwe,

I-nyco (=also

vagina).

Li-fumco

•••

N-dUiwa

Wood (fire-

N-guni

N-gnni

N-kuni

I n-kuni

N-kwi

Nkwi.

wood)

N-si

Yam

Ri-zumu.
Ki-kulu

Ki-gatpi

Ki-lungrwa

Ki-rungwa

Ki-rungu

U-lungu

Year

Mw-aka

Ki-mula

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Yesterday...

Mu-kese

Bu-la-bu-sigi

Lu-kere.

Ma-ir<o

Ma-irco a-dia

Mu-tondco-lia

Mu-tondco

Zebra

Ki-twasi

N-damwe.
N-gcolco

N-galika

Ki-bycobyco.
M-kcolcotco

Ki-ngalika

Li-nka.
Ki-orwa

One

•mwe

■mu

-umco

-maa

-mwi .or
•umwi

W-enga, -onga

Two

•biri

-wiri

•bili

•bidi (-wiri)

-idi

-in

Three

•tatu

-tatu, -satoa

-tatu

■tatn

-tatu

•tatu

Four

•nne

•na

-na

-nne

-ni

-ni

Five

■tanco

-tanco

-sanco

-sanco

•sanco

-sanu

Six

M-tanda

N-tanda

Mu-tanda

Mu-tanda
or Vili-
miD-tanda

Mu-tanda

Mu-tanda

Seven

N-diH

Ki-Iuwa.
Mu-sambco

Ki-lcoba

Apa-i-nye-
apa-itatu.
Yi-sanco na
viwiri

Ki-ne ru wari

Ki-ni-m-bali

Eight

Mu-nana

Mw-anda

Mu-anda

Ki-ne. Ko-nse-
konse

Ki-nani

Ki-nani

Nine

Kenda

Habula.
Ki-tema

Fundi

Fundi,
lu-bali.
Pabula

Fundi

Fundi m-bali

Ten

Kumi

Kumi

Li -kumi

Lkumi or Li-

I-kumi

I-kumi

Eleven

Kumi na -mwe

Kumi na

Li-kumina-mco

I-kumi na

Kumi na

I-kumi na

ka-mco

i-mco

i-mwi

w-enga(-onga)

Twenty ...

Mi-long»

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi a-iri

Ma-kumi

i-biri^

ga-were

a-bili

a-bidi

y a-iri

Thirty

Mi-longo

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

i-tatu

ga-tatu

a-tatu

a-tatu

a-tatu

ya-tatu

Forty

Mi-longco
i-nne

Ma-kiimi ga-ni

Ma-kumi a-na

Ma-kumi a-nne

Ma-kumi a-ni

Ma-kumi a-ni

Fifty

Mi-longco

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

i-tancd

ga-tanco

a-sanco

a-sanco

a-sanco

a-sanu

Hundred ...

Zana.

Zana.

Ki-nunu.

Mw-anda.

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

Lu-kama; //.

Lu-kama

Li-kumi na

Umw-andco

ii-kama (39 a)

n-zala

Thousand ...

Ki-nconu

?

?

Em-pcos^comco

?

?

GROUP L

: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

193

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 »•

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba
(Ki^emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

I, me, my . . .

Nene.

Nene.

Nene.

Ne^wco, J.ne,

Nene.

Nene.

Na., N-.

Na., N-, Ni-.

Ne., N-.

Ne.bu), Nine,

H:

N..

•n-. -a-ne

-n-,-ni-. -a-ne,
-a-mi

-n-. -ne

Ne.ka.

N^.

•n-, •ndi^.

-a^ndi

•n-. -a-ne

•n^. -a^ne

Thou, thee, thy

An-ue,

Giie.

Wewe.

I-we, We-b(D.

Wewe.

Wewe.

CO-.

0)-.

We-. U-.

U-.

u..

u..

•ku-. -cdbe

-ku-. -«we,

-ku-. -cobe

-ku-. -ube,-ei>be

•ku^. -a^kca

•ku.. -a-ku

He, him, his

U-ria.

•coge

Gu-i(o.

Ozu, (0-lya,

Uyu.

Wi^dia.

We.

Wa-, A-.

Wa-.

We-ne.

U-, A-.

Wa.

A-, Wa-.

-m-, -mw-.

-mu-. -ege

U-, A-.

-kwe. -mu-.

-mu-. -a-kwe

-mu-. -a-kwe

-a-e

•mu-. -a-kwe

-a-kwe

We, us, our

Be-twe.

Be-twe.

Fwefwe,

Fwe-bca.

A-fwefwe.

Sweswe.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Fwe-bo).

I-fwe.

Tu-.

Tu-.

-tu-. -etu

-tu-. -a be-twe

Tu-.
-tu-. -etu

Tu..

-isu. -tu-.

-esu

•tu-. -itu

•tu-. -ittt

Ye, you, your

Be-nwe.

Be-nyi.

Mwemwe,

Mwe-bo).

Mwemwe.

Mwemwe.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Mwe.

I -mwe.

Mu-.

Mu-.

•ba- ? -enu

-ba- ?, mu- ?
-a be-nue

Mu-.

-mu-,-mi-,-ba-.

-enu

Mu-.

-inoj. -mu-.

-enoj

■mu-. -inu

-mu-. -inu

They, them,

Babo>.

Babco.

Baba, Ba-lya.

Babcd, Wawo).

Au.

0).

their

Ba-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

A-.

A. or Ya.:

-ba-. -babu

-ba-. -a bebbi

-ba-. -bco

-ba-. boj.
-a^beo

•a-, -a-eo

■a.; •ya-. -a-co

All

-ose

-onze

•onse

•onse

-onsi

-ensi, onsi

This, these

Uu, baba ; iiii.

Guju, baba ;

Uzu, aba; O'c.

Uyu, aba;

Wi, aa ; u,

Wiwi, aa;

ii ; didi.

guju,giji;6-f.

uwu, iyi ;

ii; &•€.

uu, ii ; Src.

gaga .' ; kiki,

ili, aya ; ici,

bibi; &-c.

i& or iyi or i^i;
ulu ; utu ;
aka; ubu;
uku; apa;
umu (uwu)

That, those

U-lia, ba-lia ;

Gu-lia, ba-lia;

U-lia, ba-lia ;

Uyw, a,bco;

Wi-dia, a-dia;

Wi-lia, a-lia;

u-lia, i-lia, ;

gu-lia, gi-lia ;

&'C.

&^c.

^-c.

&'C.

iSr'c.

U-lia, ba-lia ;
u-lya, i-ria;
li-ria, a-lia ;
ci-ria, fi-ria;
i.ria, fi-ria ;
lu-lia; tu-lia;
ka-lia; bu-lia;
ku-lia; pa-lia;
mu-lia (a-lia)

Bad

•bl

■hi

•bi. •bi^pire

•bi

•wi

Ku-eola

Black

-ilu

•gasuke

•a-fi. .fit-ile.
-a ka-fifi

-ya-fita

-tifl

-tifi

Female

•zi-ana

-ba-kadzi

•kuta. .kazi.
Mw.anakazi,

Mw-anakasi,
Na-kapi

•nki or -nci
Mw^anaci

-dnaki

Kazi.ana

194

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

39-

40.

41.

43.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari

Gnha

Tabwa

Bemba

Luiigu

Mambwe

39 a. Ki

•lega

(Ki^emba)

Fierce, sharp

■kali?

•kali

■kaU

■kali^pa

•kali^pa

Good

■swa.

■scoga

•weme.

■suma.

•zipa

Ku^zipa, •zipa

-vaci

■suma'

■wama

•suma

Great

■kule.

-kulu. -kata

■kata.

■kulu.

•kalamba.

•kuru.

-kuru.

•la

■kulu

■kalamba

•kulu

•kalamba.

■ile

•kuju

■kalamba

<u-m^pito

Little

-kcale. sekase.

•anike. -ke.

•nini. ■nconu.

■nini

-nonu

•nunu

■keke.

■sese

•sicd

■ike

Long,high,taIl

•le (39 a)

■la

■le. -tari.
■le^pele

•tala. -le^pa

(verb)

...

-tari

Male

-lume

-ba-lume,
■lume

■lume

Mwa-ume.
■lume,
-ka^lume

•onsi

•onsi, M-onsL
-ka-lume

Old

•kongwe (39 a)

■kute.

■kotele, kcote.

■kcote

••■

-a mpiti.

■kulu

(Ku^keota = to
be old)

-a^kcota

Red

...

■kasuke

■kasi-
•kasik^ile

•kapika.
•sata

...

-yenzu

Rotten

•boa-vu"

■boj^le

■beo^lele

■bco-la

• ••

-oala, Ku-cala

Short

...

■ihi

■ipi

■ipi

■ipi

-ipi

Sick

...

•lugua.

-m-isa

•Iwere.
Ku^tonga.
(Ku^lwala)

■Iwala,
■luere

White

•aa

■munge.
•munke

-a swe.
buta

-ya wuta,
•buta.
-pemba

•tiswe

-tiswe

Above,up,on

He^gulu

Ku^manga.

Ku-mulu,

Pa-pera,

top

Pe-yulu

Pa-mulu, &"€.

Ku-pera

Before

...

...

Pa-kyeni pa-.
Ku.ntanzi

Ku-ntanpi

...

Ku^mansoj?

Behind ...

...

Ku-nimba

Ku^kyamba.
Ku^musana

Ku-nnuma,
Pa-nnuma

...

Ki-sila

Below, down

...

Ha^nsi

Pa^nsi.
Ku^insina

Pe-samba,
Kw-isamba.
Ku-npi.
Pa-npi. P-efwe.

•■•

Ku^isika

Far

Ku-tali

Ku-tali

...

Ku^tari

Here

A-no)

Haha"

Vapa.
Ko>-nu.
Pa-nu.
Pe-nka

Apa

Apa

Apa. Pa^no)

In, inside ...

Mu-

M^na

IMlcd-nu. Mu-.
-meo

Mu. Mukati

...

Mu^. -mca

Middle

...

Ha^kati

Pa-kati

A-kati

• ••

Mu^kasi

Near

...

Ha^buyi

Pepi-nu.
Pabw-ipi

Pepi. Kw-ipi

• ••

Pipi

Outside ...

...

Ha-nje

Pa-nze

Ku^nse,
Pa^nse,
Mu^nse

• ••

Ku^nsi

Plenty, many

-i.ni

-i-ni or -i^nyi

-ngi. -vula

-i^ngi

•ingi

-i^ngi

There

Kuku

Ku^lia

Kco-lya

Ku-lia, Pa^lia

Kuku

Papeo

Where? ...

I?

Hi? Kwi?

Pi ? Ku-pi ?

•kwi?

...

Pi?

Bw-inu = adv. well ! good! Ku-wama = to be good.

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

195

39-

40.

41.

42.

43-

43 a.

English

Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega

Guha

Tabwa

Bemba
(Ki.emba)

Lungu

Mambwe

No!

Wayi!

Nabena !
Ndagile !
Mm ! Itgu

Abe ! N-deoco.
Fcoco. Te.

(adv.).

Lika ! lyco.
Awe !

Awe

Awe!

Not {with verb,

-si- {after pro-

•si-, zi-, -di-.

Si. ; ■si- ; Ta-

Te.. -^l- (1st

•ta-, •sya- ;

as prefix, in-

nominal pre-

(allpersons) ;

(Tco^, Ta^tu,

pers. sing.).

Si-

fix, or suffix)

fix, Ne-si-,

•ngeo, •koo

(Sv<;.);.fco;^pa,

Ta^u-, Ta-,

•mco (neg-.

A-sa-, Tu-sa-,

-sile. Na-ndi-.

Ta^tu, Sr'c. ;

pronominal

is^c.)

Tana — e (not
yet). Te-kuti-

■i^. •kana,
■leka^

suffix)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

. ..

-bula

-uma. -puma

■uma. -puma

• ■•

•uma

„ buy, sell

■ula

•gula, •ula

-ula

-gita

• ••

•kara

„ come ...

-vwa

•sia. -hika

•iza. -fika

■isa

■ ••

-iza

„ cut ...

•tena

-kala,
-gala

...

...

...

•putula.
•sinda

„ dance ...

-keena

•kinda

■cinda

...

•kina.
•kiondcd

„ die

-fwa

•kia

•fwa

•fwa

...

■fwa

„ eat

•ria

-lia

.lya

•lya

...

•lya

„ give ...

-kua
(Ku-kua).
•elezia. -wa,
wele

■ha

■pa

•pa.
-para

■pa

•pa.
•pera

,, go

-yata

-gia. (Gi-ile =
pret.)

-ya. -ila

•ya. -enda

(walk)

...

•pita

„ kUl ...

-wa

-niga

■ivaya

•ipaya

...

■kcoma

„ know ...

•izi

•manya
-iji, -dzi

•mana.
•iziba

•manya

■manya

„ laugh ...

•seka.
-seva (39 a)

-seka

•seka

•seka

•seka

■seka

„ leave off,

-lekela or

•leka

■leka

•leka

•leka

cease

-leka

„ love, want

•sima

•Icogelelwa.
-tcokela.
■kunda

-temwa.
-kunda (co-
pulate)

•kunda,
•temwa

•kunda

„ see

•mona

■mona

■mcona. (-Icola

= to look)

-mcona

•Icola. ■ona

(pret. ■wene)

„ sit, remain,

...

■ikana

■ikala

■ikala

•tensi.

abide

-ikala

„ sleep ...

■lala

■lala.
■biji

-lala

•sipula. •lala

(to lie down)

-kasula.
•lala

„ stand, stop,

■jimana

■imana

•ima

-imilila

be erect

,, steal ...

-iba

■giba

•iba

•iba

■iha

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KABWARI AND KI-LEGA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu^, Mw- (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba^ (ba) ; 3. Mu^, Mw- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi^ (rai-, i) ; 5. Di^,
!■ (di) ; 6. Ma. (ma-, ga?) ; 7. Ki-, Ky^, €'■ (ki, ci) ; 8. Bi- (hi) ; 9. N-, Ny, »■ (n-, i) ; 10. N., Ny-,
V- (n-, i-, zi.'); 11. Lu-, Lco^ (lu) ; 12. Tu^ (tu) ; 13. Ka^, Ke- (ka) ; 14. Bu^, Vu^, U^ (bu, vu) ;
15. Ku^ (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha); 17. (prepositional) Mu-.

Traces of -ana, diminutive suffix.

196 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &C., IN GUHA

Virtually no preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (m, wi-, u-, gu-, ju-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, U-, — (mu-, gu) ; 4- Mi- (mi,
gi-, ji) ; 5. Li-, — (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. BJ- (bi) ; 9. — N- (M-), »-, Ny, In- (n-, gi-,
ji); 10. In.,N- (M-), N-, Ug- (ji orz\); 11. Lu-, L»- (lu, lo); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Bu-
(bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, A- (ha-, a) ; 17 (as a prepositional prefix). Mu-.

PREFIXES, &C., IN TABWA
No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, Mw- (mu, u-, zu-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mw- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li- (li) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- or Vi- (bi, vi) : 9. N- (M-), »- (n-, i) ; 10. N- (M-), N-, Kg- (zi-, i) ;
II. Lu- (lu-); 12. Tu- (tu); 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Bu- (bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa); 17- Mu- (mu).
Si- iionorific or ' male ' (or ' father ') prefix.

Several of the prefixes— notably Ba-, Ka-, Tu-, Ki-, Bi- (Vi-), Lu- are used in addition to others
(making two prefixes in all) to qualify words— as : Ki-mu-ti ; Vi-mu-ti. Ki- and Vi- are used as aug-
mentatives. Lu- as the ' long ' prefix, Ka- and Tu- as diminutives. *

PREFIXES, &C., IN BEMBA

Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu- (mu, u-, yu-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa- (ba, wa) ; 3. Umu- (mu-, u-, wu) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i,
yi-) ; 5. Hi-, I- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a, ya-) ; 7. Iki-, Ici- (ci) ; 8. Ifi- (fi) ; 9- In- (Im-). N-, »g-
(n-, i) ; 10. In-(Im-),N-,Ng-, pin- (n-, fi); 11. Ulu-, Du- (lu) ; 12. Utu- (tu) ; 13. Aka- (ka) ; 14. Ubu-
(bu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).

PREFIXES, &C., IN LU»GU AND MAMBWE
Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu-, Mu- (mu, wi-, u-) ; 2. A- or Ya.- (a); 3. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Imi-, Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Di-, Li- or I- (li, 1'-) ; 6. Ama or even Yama, Ma- (ma-, ya-, a) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi-
(vi); 9. In- (Im-), N- (n-, i) ; 10. In-, Ingi-, Zin- (zi) ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ;
14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).

Si- is used as an honorific prefix, apparently from a root meaning ' father '.

39. Kabwari is spoken on the north-west coast of Lake Tanganyika and is called either Mwaka-
bwari or Kibakabwari. Kilega (39 a), at first taken to be a related dialect, is in reality a distinct language
equally related to Nos. 143, 144, which is spoken inland of the Bwari coast-belt as far north as Lake Kivu
and the range of Ruanda, and as far west as the allied Elila-Lcowa or Balega group (EE.).

40. Gulia is spoken on the west and north-west coast-belt of Lake Tanganyika from Ubwari on the
north to about 6° 30' South latitude on the south and inland to the basin of the Lualaba-Congo.

41. Tabwa is spoken on the west and south-west lands of the Tanganyika basin, from about 6° 30
South latitude to Cameron Bay (south-west comer of Tanganyika) ; and inland to the vicinity of the
Lualaba and the Rua or Luba domain.

42. Bemba or Kiemba is spoken in the western part of the Nyasa-Tafiganyika plateau, northwards
to the south-west corner of Tanganyika and to the north end of Lake Mweru and the Upper Lualaba,
and southward to Lake Bangweulu and the Cambezi river.

43. Luiigu is spoken at the south end of Lake Tanganyika between the Leofu river on the west and
the Kilambco on the east.

43 a. Mambwe is spoken in the region immediately east of the south end of Lake Tanganyika,
south to the Upper Saisi river and the Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau and north to Maraungu.

GROUP L

THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES {continued)

44 a. Bco^wa.Usi (Bausi)

44 b.

Lala-Lamba

46

. Nya-lungwa (Rutigwa)

44. Bisa (Wisa)

45. Fipa. 45 a. South Fipa 47

. Ci-na-mwanga

44 a.

44v

44 b.

45-

46.

47-

English

Boi;^wa. Usi

Bisa (Wisa)

Lala-Lamba

Fipa ^ and

Ki-pimbwe

45 a. South Fipa

Nya-lungwa
(Rungwa)

Ci-na-mwanga

Adze

M-basoj

M-basoi

M-pateo

Im-pasa

Animal, wild

I-nama

I-nama.

• ••

•••

...

beast

Ci-kcokoj

Ant

...

M-pasi.
Mu-nyeng^

Ci-wengele.
Mu-nayu.
M-pasi

Kalandu

...

...

Ant, white

Mu-swa.

Mu-swa.

,,,

• ..

...

(termite)

Huwensi

Mu-wenpi

Ape (chim-

...

...

...

I-sike

...

...

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

...

Ol)k(o-bukco or
Ku-w«koa ;

Ku-wukco ; ma-

I-kasa.
Uii-kojnoj

...

•••

Arrow

...

ma-
Mu-fue ; mi-

Mum-fwi

lii-kyetoj;
iii-kyeteo.
Mu-vwi or
Umu-vwi

...

•••

Axe

...

I-sembe ; ma-

I-sembe.
Ka-temoa.
M-baT)iri>

Im-pasa.
M-palanga

...

Im-pasa

Baboon

...

Kcolcoe

Kcolcoe

• *>

...

...

Back

...

Mu-sana

Mu-sana.
I-ntima

In-thindi.
N-gongoj

{hump)

M-suna.
Kum-suna

In-sizi'

Banana ...

...

Li-konde; ma-

I-t<oce.
I-kconde

In-sambala.

N-dizi.
Mu-konde

...

• ■•

Beard

...

Mw-efu

Mw-emfu.
Mw-embe

Iki-rezu.
Ka-lezu ; tu-

...

...

Bee

...

fn-simu

Lu-simu; n-

In-zimu.
N-zuki

...

In-zimu

Belly

...

Ma-la. I-fumco I-fumoo. N-da In-da

In-da

...

Bird

...

N-uni or
Niii-uni

N-uni. C-uni.
K-coni

C-uni

Ny.uni ;
uny-uni

Iny-uni

Blood

...

Mco-lupa

Mu-lwpa.
Ka-luwula

Bw-azi

...

Uw-azi

Body

...

Mu-wiri

M-wili

..•

...

Umu-wiri

Bone

Li-fupa

I-fupa

...

...

...

Borassus palm

...

...

..•

...

...

..*

Bow

...

OOwu-ta; ma-ta U-ta,

Vu-lahwa.

...

...

Bu-ta

U-ta (S.)

Bowels

...

Ma-la

Ma-la

Ama-la

...

Imi-Ia

Brains

...

Tompwe

Tompwe; wa +

• >■

...

• ••

Breast (man's)

...

Ki-fua

Ci-fuwa.
N-tiwi

Ki-fua

...

Ci-fuwa

Breast

Li-were ;

I-wele ; ma-

Ama-bele (//.)

• ■•

Ma-bere

(woman's)

ma-were

' (A''.) indicates northern dialects and Ki-pimbwe ; (5.) the southern, 45 a.
' The ib which appears in these vocabularies is an undecided b verging on w.

198

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

44 a.
Bcozwa. Usi

Brother ..

Buffalo

BuU

Buttocks ..
Canoe
Cat

Charcoal ..
Chief ... ..

Child ... ..
Cloth

Cold ... ..

Country
Cow ...

Crocodile
Day ...

Devil (evil
spirit)

Doctor (medi-
cine man)
Dog

Donkey
Door ...

Dream

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant ..

Excrement

44v
Bisa (Wisa)

44 b.
Lala-Lamba

45-

Fipa and

Ki-pimbwe

45 a. South Fipa

46.
Nya-lungwa

(Rufigwa)

47-
Ci-na-mwanga

Mw-ina ;

Mu-w'.

Mu-nina.

I-lumbu

Umu-nyina

we-ina

(Mu-w-anji ;
Mu-W'owe).
Mum-bale

Mu-tca.
Mwi-eki (S.)

M-b«Mo

Nj.ati.
M-bcowco

M-bcogu

...

Mu-cende

Mu-cende.
Mu-ombe

...

...

...

Ma-takto

Ma-takco

Ma-takco

t ■•

.. .

Bu-atco

U-ateo

Bw-athco

...

Ubw-atto

Ty-oana

M-paka.
C-cona

U-nyaw

...

Mi-sangalala

Ma-simbi

I-kala ; ama-

...

M-fumco {pi.

M-fumco.

I-yiimbe.

• ..

Umu-fumu or

m-fumu)

Mu-sumba.
Ka-longa

Um-wene ;
aya-, aba-

Im-fumu

K-ana; tw-ana

Mw-ana.
Ka-ice

Mw-ana

Ka-keke

U mw-ana

In-salu

N-salu.
N-guwco

(bark)

Mw-enda;
mi-enda.
N-seketa.
N-sarco

Ivi-zwalco

M-pepco.

Mpepoj.

...

...

...

Mu-tonto>

Mu-tontoo.
Celele

Ci-alu

Calco

Iky-arco

...

N-si. M-bali

N-ombe

N-ombe
yana-kazi or
m-pwisi

N-ombe

N-ombe ;
zin-ombe

lii-ombe

lii-wena

iW-andu

N-gwena

...

Lu-siku.

N-siku.

Vw-anda ; pi.

• ••

M-pindi

(K4-so>va =

Ka-suwa

am-anda.

daylight')

Ci-ngulco

Ki-wanda,

Simwe or

Nulu.

...

Ici-wa ; ivi-wa

Ci-wanda

Ci-simwe.
Ci-wanda

Muzi-zimu.
Mu-kisi

Eka-nama

Mu-laye.

Si-fianga.

Ifi-ngatiga ;

Si-iiaiiga.

Mu-iianga

Nanga

bafi-

Si-ka-pemba

Im-bwa

Im-bwa.

I-vwa (N.).

Um-bwa ;

Sim-bwa

Mum-bulu

Isim-bwa ; pi.

ma-bwa

{wild)

yasim-bwa.
Kasim-bwa ;
tu-

Umco-dcogcowe

Mw-insi.

Ci-si ; fi-si.

...

...

...

Mu-liango>

Ci-wi.
Ci-sasa.

Mu-liangco

N-ccDsi.

Ci-lcotoi.

Ki-rcotco

...

•••

N-dutcD

Ccosi

N-ooma

N-eoma

N-gtoma

...

...

Ku-twe; ama-

Ku-twi

Ku-twi ;

I-twe ;

lU-ku-twi.

ama-twi

ama-twe

Ily-enza

Idi-ni; ama-ni

I -Sana. I-ni,
Li-ni ; ma-ni

■■■

...

...

Nyi-sci»fu

N-scofu

N-zcovu.
N-tirya (S.)

...

...

Tu-fi

Tu-fi

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

199

English

44 a.
Boizwa. Usi

44v
Bisa ( Wisa)

44 b.
Lala-Lamba

45-

Fipa and

Ki-pimbwe

45 a. South Fipa

46.

Nya-lungwa

(RuSgwa)

47-
Ci-na-mwanga

Eye

Face, forehead

Fat

Father

Fear

Finger

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

Fowl

Frog

Ghost

GiraflFe
Girl ..

Goat ...

., (he)

God

Grandparent

Grass

Ground

Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Id-insoa ;
am-ensbi

Kum-ensoj

Ma-futa

Tata. Wisi

Umw-ensoj
Mu-nfie

Mu-lil»

In-swi
Lu-kasa : ma-

Ic-onde;

ifi-onde.

Mu-situ
N-kcokcd

C-ula

Isco,

L-is<o ; m-esu.

M-ba>ni
C-insoa.

N-ktope
Ma-futa.

Ci-kasa
Wata, Bata

(= my father),

Wisi. Wis-oj.

Tata. Si
Umw-ensco.

(Ku-tina,

Ku-co-pa)
Mu-niie

Mu-lilco

In-swi. I-sawi
Lu-kasa.

Mu-siele
M-panga.

Ma-yanga

^f-kcokco.

N-sumbi
C-ula.

Wombe ;

wa-t-

L-iso>; il-inscd Il-isca; am-es«

Ma-futa

I-tata ; //. Tate ; wa-tate

ya-tata (S.)

(jierb :
Ku-oyoa-ha)

Mu-nwe ;

imi-nwe.

Ki-ara
Mu-riro).

M-oth« (S.)
N-swi. I-sawi
I-gasa.

I-kandu
Mu-situ

Um-oto)

N-gcakco

Il-insoi ;
am-insu

Ma-futa

Tata, E-tata.

E-yisi,

Umukwa-si,

Mon-si
Uku-tina

Umu-nwe

Umu-lireo

In-swi
Ili-nama

In-kcakcd

Ikin-singwa.

Cin-singwa.

Mu-zimu ;

mi-

Mu-zimu

Umu-zimu ;

Mu-pasi.

Ci-wanda.

imi-

Mu-simu

Mu-pasi

Kam-butu.

Mu-sungu,

• ••

Ka-keke.

Umu-kazi-ana

M-buli.

N-sungu.

Ka-kuta.

Mw-ali

Mw-ali.
Mu-simbi ;
wa-. M-oye

Kadi-ana

M-buzi

M-busi

M-buli

Im-buzi ;
ama-buzi

Im-buzi
in-gcosia.
Im-buzi
in-goita
(female)

Im-buzi

Lesa m-kulu

Lesa

Leza

I-dzuwa

Leza

Kuku

Si-kulu S.
Na-kvdu }

...

...

Yisi-kuru

Li-sani; ma-

C-ani

•••

-..

I -state

N-si, Pan-si,

Mu-sili.

In-si,

• ..

N-si

In-si

Pan-si

I -si

M-balala

N-siawa

Bu-futha

•••

...

Li-kanga ;

Li-kanga

I-kanga

.*•

ama-

M-futi

M-futi

Mundusi

*.•

...

I-sisi

Mu-sisi.

Mu-sisi.

I-nyele

I-nyele

I-saku

Ma-yuiri

(PQ

300

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

44 a.

44--

44 b.

45-

46.

47- ^

English

Bea^wa. Usi

Bisa C^isa)

Lala-Lamba

Fipa and

Ki-pimbwe

4Sa.SouthFipa

Nya-lungwa
(Rungwa)

Ci-na-mwanga

Hand

...

Ki-sanza; ifi-

Lu-pi ; mu-pi.
Ci-sanza

Ku-kconeo.
Ki-ganza

I-kasa

I-kasa ; ma-

Head

...

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Ki-twe

I-twe

Umu-twe

Heart

...

Mu-tima

Mu-tima.
N-tiwi

Mw-enzo».
(I-tima=//wr)

Umw-ezoj

Heel

...

Iki-tende

Ci-tende.
Ka-sisUoj

...

...

Hide

...

Im-papa

Ci-sewa

Mu-kwa.
Ki-ganda

...

HiU

...

Aka-lima; utu-

Lu-pili.
Mu-tunta

Aka-piri ; utu-

• ••

Hippopotamus

...

M-viiu,
M'Vubu

M-viiii

N-tcomombw.
N-tcomondo>.
In-fii.
N-kambwe

Hoe

...

Lu-se; ma-se

Lu-se

...

.*.

Honey

...

Uw-uci

U-tici^

V-iinci. B-uki

...

N-zima

Horn

...

Ili-sengco ;
ama-.
N-colwa

Lu-sengco ;
i-sengca.
M-bata

Lu-hembe

...

*•"

House

...

Nanda

Nanda.
Nanda; ma+

N-umba.
N-ganda

Iny-umba ?

I -nanda

Hunger ...

...

N-sala

N-sala

N-zala

...

>••

Husband ...

...

Mu-lume

Mu-lume

...

>••

Hyena

...

Iki-mbwi

{old dialect).
Ci-mbwi

Ci-mbwi; wa-f.
Ci-mbcoleo

I-viti."
Ki-mbwi

...

M-pumpi

Iron

...

C-ela

C-ela

C-ele ; fy-ela

Ny-ond<a

••ii

Island

...

Ki-sinziri.
Ki-rumba

Ci-si.
N-sumbu.
Ci-tcobco

Ki-sera

...

•••

Ivory

...

Ny-ina
n-zcovu

I-nyanga
n-s<ofu

Lu-hembe Iwa
n-zcovu

...

•••

Knee

...

Li-konluo

I-kufi

...

...

I-kwkola

Knife... ...

...

Mw-ere.
C-amcd.
Ci-weyoa

Mw-ele.
Lu-wepi.
Ci-mai.
Ci-pula

Mw-ere.
N-kumba.
Lu-kala

■ ••

Lake

...

Ci-siwa.
Mu-mana.
Iny-anja

Ci-siwa.

Nyanja

Mu-mana.
Ki-rambi.
Ikwa.
Ki-ziba

•••

E-sumbi

l^ET

...

Mu-konz«.
K-ulu

K-ulu; m-colu.
Mw-endoj

Ukw-ulu

^1.

Ili-nama

Leopard ...

...

Ifi-gCf*

In-gco; wafi-gw.
M-balale.
N-kense

Ka-bwima.
In-gwe

...

...

Lion

...

N-kalamu

N-kalamu

N-simba.
I-kalanga

...

••♦

Lips

...

Mi-rcomcd

Mu-lcomcij ; mi-

Mi-r<omeo

...

...

Magic

...

N-dcoci

U-ltosi. U-fwiti Ubu-lwzi

...

...

Maize

...

Vi-tonga.

Ma-saka

Ci-tonga.

Ma-tawa

...

...

...

Man

Mu-ntu;

Mu-ntu ;

U-ntu ; ba-ntu

Umu-ntu ;

Umu-ntu ;

wa-ntu,

wa-ntu

(S.). U-nthu;

awa-ntu

awa-ntu

ba-ntu

ba-nthu.
Mu-nu; va-nu
(N.)

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

44 a.

44v

44 b.

^ '^^' ■

46.

47-

English

Boj^wa. Usi

Bisa (Wisa)

Lala-Lamba

Fipa and

Nya-lungwa

Ci-na-mwanga

Ki-pimbwe

(Rungwa)

45 a. South Fipa

Man, vir. ... ... Mu-lume

Mu-kulu

•••

Meat ... N-ama

In-ama

>■•

«.•

Medicine ... ... Mu-ti.

Mu-samu.

Un-ti

...

...

Mu-yanda

Mu-ti.
Mu-nkwala

•

Milk ... Mii-kaka

Mu-kaka.
Ma-kapa
{■)s.BxasL=verb)

Ma-ziva

...

...

Monkey ... ... I-sanje

N-sanje.
I-tumbwili

•••

...

•••

Moon ... Mw-ezi

Mw-esi

Umw-ezi

Umw-edi

Umw-ezi

Mother ... ... Ya-ngu or

Nyina ; ba-.

I-mainga

U-mai

Nyina

Na-ngu.

Bama or

Nyina.

Wama. Na.

Nyco-kcii

Nyoj-kco or
U-noj-ku)

Mountain... ... Ulu-pili ; ma-

Lu-pUi

Mw-amba.
Mu-piri

...

Mw-amba

Mouth ... ... Aka-nwa; utu-

Ka-nwa ;
tu-nwa

Aka-mwa

Umu-loomw

Umu-lumco

Nail (of finger ... Ici-ala ; ifi.

I-ala; m-ala

• ••

• ••

...

or toe) Di-ala;

ma-ala

Name ... I-sina

I-sina

Zina

• ■■

Zina

Navel ... Mu-twtco

Mu-tcdtco.
I-kombeo.
Mu-kcowa

Mu-sojfu

...

...

Neck ... Mu-nkcosi

Mu-kcosi

N-sing<a

■ ■•

N-singco

Night ... Bu-siku.

U-siku.

Bu-siku.

...

Uwu-siku.

(Im-finsi

(M-finsi

(N-finsi

(M-finzi

= darkness)

= darkness)

= darkness)

= darkness)

Nose ... Um-ona (old).

M-punoo

Culu.

[m-puna

•••

Im-punco

M-cona

Oil palm ... ... Mu-sikisi

...

•■•

...

Ox ... In-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

In-ombe

Paddle ... ... lii-kafi

N-kafi

Mu-kingi

• ■•

.*■

Palm wine, ... Ama-nyemco

...

...

...

Vi-m-pensya

beer

Parrot ... ... Cusu

...

...

...

Penis ... Wukala.

Um-bcaloa,

...

...

.*•

M-bcolu

Mu-bcolto

Pig ... N-guluwe.

N-kumba.

N-guluwe

..•

Ka.pwli

N-kumba

N-guluwe

Pigeon ... ... Ic-iwa; if-iwa

N-kunda.

Ki-huli

...

• ■•

or iv-iwa

C-iwa ; f-iwa

Place ... Apa.

Ci-fulco.

Alaha

...

;.•

Pa-conde

Pa.

Rain ... M-vula

M-vula

...

...

...

Rat ... Mbewa.

M-bewa.

...

•••

Kuswe ; ba +

Kuswe

Rhinoceros ... Ici-pembele

Ci-pembele.
N-kuli

...

...

•«•

River ... Aka-nika; tu-.

Mu-mana.

Mu-longa

...

•••

Mu-mana.

I-nika.

Mu-ronga

Mu-longa

Road ... Insila.

N-sila.

N-zira

•.«

N-zira

N-kwakwa

Mu-seu

Salt

...

Mu-keri

Mu-cele

Mi-kere

*.•

I-membe

202

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

44 a.

Bisa (i^isa)

44 b.

45.

46.

47-

English

Boi^wa. Usi

Lala-Lamba

Fipa and

Nya-lungwa ?

Ci-na-mwanga

Ki-pimbwe

(Rungwa)

45 a. South Fipa

Shame ... ... In-sconi

N-stoni.
N-ktope

...

...

In-soani

Sheep ... . Im-panga

M-panga.
M-belele

M-fwere

...

Ifi-onzi

Shield ... ... Ntdu

N-gaweo

...

• ••

...

Shoulder ... ... Ici-fusi. Ici-pi

Ci-fusi.
Ku-weya ;
ma-weya

...

•••

Ici-weya

Sister ... N-kasi.

M-ii-. N-kasi.

...

U-witu ?

N-kazi

Ini-kas'.

Mum-bale

Skin ... N-kanda.

Mu-kopco.

Ki-ganda

• ••

• ••

Ci-kumba

Ci-wewe.
Ci-pale

Sky ... I-kumbi

I-ulu.

M-ulu

I-yulu.
Ma-fimbi (//.)

I-gulu

Yulu

Slave ... Ka-pcolco; ba + .

Mu-sya.

Mu-^a ; ya-za.
Un-^a; ^

Mu-zia

Um-usya ;

Ka-lume.

-

aba +

Ka-pcolco

aya-^a

Sleep ... Utu-lco

Tu-lco.
Sinsila

...

...

■••

Smoke ... ... Uw-usi ;

Usi

Mw-onjsi or

...

•••

am-cosi

Iki-unsi

Snake ... ... I-seoka

N-scoka

...

...

In-zcoka

Son, boy ... ... Mw-ana lume

Mw-ana lume

Mw-ana
mu-lumendco

Mw-ana.
Mka-lumendu

Umw-ana

Song ... Ulu-imbeo;

Lu-imbco ;

Lu-lundwa

...

...

ny-imbco

ny-imbco

Spear ... I-fumoa

I-fumu.
Mu-kondco.
Mu-sumbu

I-sumco ; ama-

...

...

Spirit, soul ... OOmu-simu

Mu-pasi.
Mu-simu

...

Mu-zimu ; mi-

Umu-zimu

Star ... N-tandala

Lu-tanda.
Ka-tandala.
Ka-wanga

Lu-tanda

[-tongwa

N-tanda

Stick ... ... ... Ici-ti.

Kaci-ti.

N-tuba.

N-sonzco

Mu-sakeo

Mu-kcotco

Ka-mama

Stone ... I-bwe

I -we.

Iri-bwe.

...

I-we;

I-hwe

Vinga,
I-finga

ma-we

Stool ... Ici-ptma or

Ci-puna

N-thebe

...

...

Iki-puna

Sun ... Ka-sojwa

Ka-suwa

Limi.
Aka-zua

i-dzuwa

I-lanzi

Tail (of an .„ Mu-kila

Mu-cila.

...

...

...

animal)

Ci-suka

Tear ... Mun-seozi.

Mu-scosi

Lin-scozi

...

Imin-soazi

Mun-scopi

Testicles ... ... Ma-kandi.

I-kolwa.

...

...

• ••

Ama-cende ?

Ma-cende

Thief ... Pompwe;ba+ Pompwe.

Mw-ifl

...

Umu-nw ;

Mu-ngco

awa-nco

Thigh ... Ici-weloo

Ci-welco. Ci-sco

...

•••

• ••

Thing ... Ici-ntu;

Ci-ntu ;

Iki-nthu ;

Ici-ntu;

ivi-ntu

fi-ntu

ifi-nthu

ivi-ntu

Thorn ... ... Mu-figa

Mu-figa

...

...

Umw-unga ; imy

Tobacco ... ... Fwaka

Fwaka

N-suiigu

...

..•

To-day ...

...

Lelco

Lelco

I-rerco

...

I-lerco

GROUP L

: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

203

44 a.

44-.
Bisa (Wisa)

44b.

45.

46.

47-

English

Bco^wa. Usi

Lala-Lamba

Fipa and

Nya-lungwa

Ci-na-mwanga

Ki-pimbwe

(Rungwa)

45 a. South Fipa

Toe

Ici-kumco

Ci-kumcd

To-morrow-

•••

Ama-irco

Ma- ilea.
Ma-suzi

...

...

Mu-tondco.

{Za— day after)

Tongue

>••

I-rimi ; ama-.
Ulu-limi ;
n-dimi

I-limi.
Lu-mini.

Mu-laka '

Lu-limi,

Ulu-limi

Ulu-limi

Ulu-limi

Tooth

...

Ir-incii; am-enu

Inco,
Il-inoo ;
m-enoa

ll-inco ; m-enu.
lli-cekcd ;
ma-cekco

Il-inu ; am-inu

...

Town

Mu-si, Mu-si

Mu-si

Un-zi ; imi-zi

...

K-aya; tw-aya

Tree

"•

Mu-ti

Ci-ti

Umu-ti or
Un-thi ;
imi-ti. Ki-ti

Umu-ti;
imi-ti

Twins

Wam-pundu

Ma-pasa.
Wan-tembwa

I-hasa ;
ma-pasa

...

...

Urine

...

Mi-s«

Mi-kcosco.
Mi-ame

Ma-tunzi

...

—

Vein

...

Ulu-sipa

Lu-pipa

...

...

...

War

...

Vi-ta

...

...

...

. . .

Water

...

M-ezi,
Me-nzi

M-enda.
M-enzi

Ma-nzi,
Ama-nzi.
Ami-nzi

Ama-ndi

Am-inzi

Well, source

Ici-sima

Mu-kaloi.
Ci-sima

...

....

White man

...

Mu-sungu

Mu-sungu

Un-zungu ; va-
or ba-zungu

...

Wife

...

Mu-kasi ; awa-

Mu-kasi ; wa-

Mu-kcota ?

Mu-kcata

Umu-ci

Wind

...

Mw-era

M-pepco.
Ka-wesia.
Ci-pupu

M-behoj

Um-iiza.
Mu-pera

Witch

...

M-fwiti,
I-fwiti

N-dcosi.
M-fwiti

Mu-loozi

• ••

...

Witchcraft

...

Uwu-lwci

U-lcosi.
U-fwiti

Bu-lcozi

...

Woman ...

Mu-kasi

Mw-anakasi

Mw-anace

Mw-ana
mu-kcota.
Mu-kadi

Umw-anaci

Womb

...

I-fumco

I-pafu. I-mita

. ••

Uwu-la

Wood (fire-

In-kuni

N-kuni

Lu-kwi ;

wood)

n-khwi

Yam

...

Di-peta,
Iri-peta ; ama

...

...

Year

...

Mw-aka

C-aka.
Ci-limika

Mw-aka

...

Umw-aka

Yesterday...

...

Ama-ireo

Ma-iloj

I-yulu

...

...

Zebra

Im-bisi

Cim-bwete.
C-tolwa.
Ci-ngeoli

...

One

-mu

-mco

-mwi. -onga

•mwe

•mwi

Two

•wiri, -wili

-wili

-biri, -yiri

-wili

-wiri

Three

•tatu

•tatu

-dathu, -tathu

•satu

•tatu

Four

-nne

-nne

•ne, -ni

-nne

•ni, -ani

Five

...

•sanco

-sanu

■thanca or
-sanu

•tanco

•sanco

7%« root of the tongue, -laka is an ancient and widespread Bantu root for ' tongue '.

204

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

44 a.
Bozwa. Usi

44v
Bisa (Wisa)

44 b.
Lala-Lamba

4S-

Fipa and

Ki-pimbwe

45 a. South Fipa

46.
Nya-lungwa

(Rungwa)

47.
Ci-na-mwanga

Six ... .

Seven... .

Eight... .

Nine ... .

Ten ... .
Eleven

Twenty .

Thirty

Forty ... .

Fifty ... .

Hundred .
Thousand ,

I, me, my .

Thou, thee,
thy

He, him, his

We, us, our
Ye, you, your

They, them,
their

-sanco-na-

•sancd-na-

Mu-kaga (N.).

M-kawaga

Mu-tanda

kamcd.

(ka)-mco.

•tandathu

M-tanda (old)

Mu-tanda

(S.)^

•saneo-na-

Ci-luwa.

M-pungate

M-samvu

Mu-nenu-

tu-wiri.

-san(o-na-(tu)-

(N.).

la-m-bali

M-fungati

will

M^tanda (?)

(old)

Sanoa-na-ta-

•sancii-na-(tu)-

Mu-nane,

Mu-nane

Ka-nani-

tatu. Ici-nani,

tatu

•nane

mon-si

Ki-nani (old)

Sanoo-na-'nne.

Sanco-na-'nne

Kenda (N.).

Kenda

Mu-fundi-

Mw-enda((7/(/)

Ka-mpusyw'

kam-bali

Di-kumi or

I-kumi

Li-kumi,

hkumi

I-kumi

Iri-kumi (old)

I-kumi

Di-kumi la

I-kumi na-'mu

Li-kumi ni

...

•••*

di-mco

•mwi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Araa-kumi

a-wiri or

a-wili

ya-yili

ga-wili

y a-wiri

ya-viri (old)

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-tatu or

a-tatu

ya-tatu

ga-tatu

ya-tatu

ya-tatu

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-nne

a-nne

ya-nne

ga-nne

ya-ni

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

a-sanco

a-sanco

ya-sanw

ga-tanu

ya-sanw

Mw-anda.

Mw-anda

Mw-anda ;

I-gana

Umw-anda

Iki-kumi (old)

mi-anda

Ki-rcoba,

...

• > t

•••

• *•

Ki-rcowa

I-ne. Ne-wco.

Ne-wo). Ne.

Nene. ^ N-.

U-nene.

Nene.

Ni-ne. N-.

Ni-ne. N-.

-ni-, -n-. -a-ne

N-, Ni-.

N-.

-ni-, -n-. -a-nji

-n-. -a-nji,
-a-ngi

•ni-. -ene ?

-n-. -a-ne

We-wco. U-.

We-wto, We.

We, Wewe,

We. U-.

Wewe.

-we. -ku-.

U-.

Ne-we. U-.

-ku- ? -a-kw

U-.

•wwe

•we. -ku-.
•wwe

•ku-. -a-kw

-ku^. -a-kw

I-ye, Ye.

I-ye, Ye.

Ye-ne ?

U-yu. A-.

We-ni, We-figa

U-, A-.

U^, A-

U-, A-.

•mu-.' -a-mwe?

A-, W-.

-ye. -m-,-mu-.

•ye, -mu.

-mu-. -a-kwe

Mu- (imper-

-a-kwe

-a-kwe

sonal), -raix:
-a^kwe

I-fwe, Fwe.

Fwe-wco, Fwe.

Sweswe.

CO-sweswe.

? Sweswe.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

•fwe. -tu-. -esu

-fwe,-tu-. -esu

-tu-. -itu

-tu-. -etu

■tu-. -itu

Mwe-vo). Mu-.

Mwe-wco, Mwe.

Mwemwe. Mu-.

Mwe. Mu-.

Mwemwe,

•mwe-, -mu-.

Mu-.

•mu-. -inu

•mu- ? -inu

Mwe.

•enu

-mwe. -mu-.
-enu

Mu-.
•wa^. •inn

Bawu.

Waww (Babw),

Be-ne. Ya-.

U-ww. Wa-.

A-ww.

Ba-, Wa-.

Mbw, Mba.

•ya-. -a-bw,

-wa-. -a-ww

Wa-.

-WW. -wa-.

Wa-.

-a-ww

•wa-. -a-ww

-a-wto

•WW. -wa-.
-a-ww

'^ A form recorded by Stanley. Doubtful.

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES

205

44 a.

44;,

44 b.

45-

46.

47-

E

nglish

Bcozwa. Usi

Bisa (Wisa)

Lala-Lamba

Fipa and

Nya

•lungwa

Cina^mwanga

Ki-pimbwe

(Rungwa)

45 a. South Fipa

All

•onse -onse

■onsi

•onsi

•onsi

This,

these

Uwu-, uyu- ; awa ; uwu, uyu ;
iyi ; ili or idi ; a ; ici ; ifi or
ivi ; iyi or ii ; isi ; ulu ; utu ;
aka ; uwu ; uku ; apa ; umu

-u or -wi ; -ya ;

u- ; yi ; li ;

ya ; ki, ci ;

fi ; i ; zi ; lu ;

tu; ka; bu;

ku ; ha ; mu
•no» (wi-no),

ya-nw, u-nco,

yi-nco, (S-c.)

A-yu-, a-wa- ;
a-wu^, a^yi- ;
a-li-, a-ya- ;
a-ci-, a-vi- ;
a-i-, a-zi-,
a-lU", a-tu;
a^ka^, a-wu- ;
a-ku-, a-pa- ;
a-mu-

That,

those

N-gu; mba; n-gu; n-ji; n-di ;
ii-ga ; n-ci; m-vi t'r m-fi ; n-ji ;
n-si; n-du; n-tu ; fi-ka; m-bu;
n-ku ; m-pa ; m-mu

Uww, uyeo ; awca ; &>€.

N-gco ; m-bco ; 6^c.
-no> (u-nco, figu-nw, &'c.)

•dia or -lya (u-lya, iigu-lia,
mba-dia, is^c.)

Also: demonstratives with a
negative sense : ' not this ',
' not that ', &>€. ; formed by
duplicating class concord :
mumu, wawa, mumu, ii, cici,
lulu, S^c.

Wiwi ; yaya ;
uwu ; yiyi ;

-lia, -lya, -rya
(wi-lia, ya-lya,

&'C.)

•Wco ; -yaco ;
&^c.

-nina, -neya
(wi-nina, ya-
neya, 6-1:.)

W-enye w-ee,
wco-nye
w-coco (l),
wa wco-nye,
wa wco-nye
wcoco (2);
wco-nye
wcoco (3),
yco-nye
ycoco (4) ;
lyco-nye
lycoco (5),
yco-nye
ycoco (6) ;
cco-nye
ccoco (7),
vyco-nye
vycoco (8) ;
yco-nye
ycoco (9),
zico-nye-ziwco

(10) ; &^c.

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp
Good

Great

Little
Long, high,

tall
Male

Old

Red ..
Rotten
Short..

Sick ..

White

1734

•wi, wi-pa

•wi, •fi-, -wi-pa

-yi-fu. -yi-ha

-bi

•fita

■fisi, -fita

-fi-su

• ••

-ana^kasi

-kasi,
-ana-kasi

•ce

•kcota

•kali

•kali

-kali

• ••

-wama

-ine. -ne.
-wame, -weme

-ziha

-ncoga

•kulu

-kulu

-kulu

■ike. -nini

•ce. -ke. -nini

•tali

•tali

-tali "'

...

-lume

•lume

•onsi, -cosi

-lume.

(Mw-onsi)

-dume

-kcote.

•iikcota.

...

•kalamba.

•kulu.

•cekulu

-pemba

-kasika

-kasika. -sweta

■kasuke

...

-cola

•cola

...

•ipi

•ifi, -ipi.

•guhi'(N.).

•nini

•ihi (S.)

-Iwele

-Iwele,

•luile (verb).

...

(Ku-duara =

•Iwala

•Iwala,

to de sici (old))

•dwala

-a wuta, -buta

■tuisi. -tuwa.
■wuta, -buta

-tiswe

...

-ci

•cete. -longco.
-zima
•kuru

-Iwale

206

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

44 a.
Bco^wa. Usi

44v
Bisa (Wisa)

44 b.
Lala-Lamba

45-

Fipa and

Ki-pimbwe

45 a. South Fipa

46.
Nya-lungwa

(Rungwa)

47-
Ci na-mwanga

Above, up, on
top
Before

Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty, many
There

Where? ...

No!

Not {with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

To

beat . . .
buy, sell
come . . .
cut

dance ...
die
eat
give ...

go

kill ...
know ...
laugh ...
leave off,

cease
love,want

see

sit, remain,

abide
sleep ...

stand, stop,

be erect
steal ...

Pa-mulu,

Ku-mulu

...

•gulu.

. . •

Ku-mulu

I^gulu

Pa-ntansi

Pam-ensco.
•ntansi

...

Ku^mbele

...

Ku-numa

Ku-numa

• • •

Ku^nyuma

Pa-nsi, Ku-nsi

Pa-npi, Ku-npi

Pa-nsi

. .•

Ku-tali

Ku-tali

Ku-tali

Ku^tali

...

Kuneo, Mpanw.

Kimco.

...

Panu

•<■

N-ku, M-pa,

Panca

&•€.

Mu, Mwa

Mu-kati

Mu-, Mwi

-kati

■kati

Pa^kasi

Pepi

Pepi

Hihi (Pipi)

Pimpi

...

Ku-nze

Kw-isonde

...

• ••

-inji, -iiigi

-inji, -indyi

. . .

...

• ••

M-paria,

Ku-lia,

...

...

• ••

N-kuria,

Pa-lia

Kudia

Ku? Kwi.'

Ku-lipi ?

-kwi ?

Li-rikwi ?

Kwi-la-kwi?

Kwi-la-kwi ?
Ku?

Yai! lyto.

lyco. Te !

Yco ! Nto !

...

•••

Ta!

Tau. Kcokco

Ahe!

Ta. Ta-pari-.

Te. Ta-pali.

-ta-. -ku-. -si

• ••

•ta^; •ti^.

Si", Ta-u-,

Teti- [all per-

{jiegative verb)

•sina.

Ta-a-, Ta-tu,

sons) -yaxa.

•%\(neg.ofto

Ta-mu-,

pi-,N-pi,Ta-u-,

Ta-ba-.

Ta-a-, Ta-tu,

•i- (with im-

Ta-mu-,

perative)

Ta-wa-, &'c.

(Oku-

Ku-

Uku-

Uku-

Uku-

•puma. -pama. -kuma

-huma. -uma

Pula

...

-wula

-sita

...

...

•isa

-iza

-idza

-yiza, -fika

■tema. -ceka. -sesa

...

...

• .•

-fina, -siana.

-kinda, cinda

•bina. -kina

•cina

-fwa. -sila. -sweka

■fwa

-fwa

•fwa

-dia.

-lia

•lya

. •■

•lya

•pa.

-pela

-ha

-pela

•pa

•ya. -ima.

-enda. -pita

-ya. -hita

•pita

-ya

■kcome-ka. -ipaya

...

-kuma

•isiwa, -isi

-manya

-manya

•seka

•seka

• •<

-seka

•leka

•leka

•leka,

■reka

•temwa. -londa. •fwaya.

-kunda

• •*

•kunda.

■funa

-londa

■wona, -wena

151a. -laba,

-wuna (-wine

...

-Icola.

•lawa.

-langa

= preterite).
■Icola

■lainga-nyia

-ikala

...

-ikala

-ikala

■lala.

-sinsila

•sendama.

(■oaz.= snore)

...

-pune-ca

•ima.

-imilila

•ima.
•imika

-imilila

-yila,
-yimi-rira

•iba, •iwa. -pamba. -pcoka

•iya

...

...

GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES 207

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE EISA DIALECTS

Preprefixes present in Bisa but nearly absent in Lala and Lamba.

Class I. Umu-, OOmu-, Mu- (mu, m-, wu-, yu-, gu, u-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa-, Wa-, Ba- (wa-, ba-) ;
3. Umu-, (jOmu-, Mu- (mu-, m-, wu, yu-, gu, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, yi, ji, !-) ; 5. Idi-, Iri-, Hi-, Li-, I- (li) ;
6. Ama-, Ma- (ma-, a, ga) ; 7. Iki-, Ici-, Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Ivi-, Ifi-, Fi- (vi, fi) ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, N-
(M-), Ini-, Ni- (n-, yi-, -ji-) ; 10. same as 9 and with Ny- (si) ; II. €lu-, Lu- (lu-, -du-) ; 12. Utu-, Tu-
(tu-) ; 13. Aka-, Ka- (ka-) ; 14. Uwu-, Bu-, U- (wu-, -bu-, u-) ; 15. OOkto-, tOku-, Uku-, Ku- (ku) ;

16. Apa-, Pa- (pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-).

PREFIXES, &c., IN FIPA

Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu-, Un-, Mu- (un-, -mu-, wi-, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Va-, Ay a-, Ya- (ba-, ya-, va-) ; 3. Un-, Umu-
(un-, wu, U-) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i-, yi-) ; 5. I-, Hi- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Iki-, C- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ifi- (fi) ;

9. In-(Im-),I-(in- lim-), i); lo. In- (Im-) (zi-) ; 11. Ulu- (lu-) ; 12. Utu-(tu-); 13. Aka-(ka-); 14. Bu-,
Vu- (bu-, VU-) ; 15. Uku-(ku-); 16. Ha- (ha-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

Ipi- or Isi- is used as an honorific prefix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN NYA-LUNGWA

Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu-, U- (m-, mu, u-) ; 2. Wa-, ?Awa- (wa) ; 3. Umu- (m-, mu-, ?) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i?)
5. m-, I- (li?); 6. Ama- (ma-, ga-) ; 7. ?Ci-, ?Ki- (?ki, ci,) ; 8. ? ; 9. On-, Un-, In- (Im-) (n-, i ?)

10. Zi- (zi); II. OOlco-, Ulu-? (lu?); 12. ?; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. ?; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa? (pa)

17. Umu- ? (mu-). -ana diminutive stiffix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NA-MWANGA
Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu- (mu, yu, u-) ; 2. Awa- (awa-, wa) ; 3. Umu- (mu-, uwu, u) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, yi) ; 5. Hi-,
I-(ili-, li); 6. Ama- (ma-, aya, ya) ; 7. Ici- (ici-, ci) ; 8. Ivi- (ivi-, vi) ; 9. In- (Im-), In-, Iny-, N- (m-, yi);
10. same as 9 (izi-, zi) ; 11. Ulu- (ulu-, lu) ; 12. Utu- (utu-, tu) ; 13. Eka-, Aka-, Ka- (aka-, ka) ; 14. Uwu-
(uwu-, wu); 15. Uku- (uku-, ku); 16. Apa-, Pa- (apa-, pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, mwi-, -nye, -nyi).

Si- ' father ' prefix ; E- honorific personal prefix ; -ana diminutive suffix.

44 a. Bco^wa and Usi dialects are spoken in the region south of Lake Mweru, west of Lake Baiig-
weulu and north of the Luapula river. Also on the islands of Lake Bangweulu.

44. Bisa is spoken east of Lake Bangweulu, south of the Cambezi river and the nth degree of
South latitude, west of the Luangwa and south of the 13th degree of South latitude.

44b. Lala-Lamba is spoken north of the Luusefwa-Muluiigup rivers and the Butoiiga country;
west of the Mucinga mountains and the Bisa country ; east and north of the Kafue watershed, south of
Lake Bafigweulu, south and west of the Luapula river, as far west as the Upper Lualaba, and north to
about 10° 30' South latitude.

45. Fipa is spoken on the south-eastern shores of Lake Taiiganyika south of the Luguvu river and
Wukawendi ; as far east as the Mkafu-Rurigwa river, the depression of Rukwa Lake and the Nyamwanga
people, north of the Kilambo river and the Lufigu-Mambwe peoples.

46. Nyalungwa is spoken east of Fipa, between the Mkafu and Rungwa rivers, north of Manda and
the Rukwa depression and south and west of the Nyamwezi (Kimbu) dialects.

47. Cinamwaiiga is spoken in the middle portion of the northern part of the Nyasa-Tafiganyika
plateau between the Nyika and Mambwe peoples, and between the sources of the Cambezi river and the
valley of the Saisi river.

P 3

GROUP M

THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

48. Uiigu (Ici-wungu) 48a. Ki-manda '

49. Ipi-nyixa (Ipi-wanda, Ipi-wiwa)

50. Ici-wandia (Ici-rambia, Ici-ndali)

51. Ikinyi-kiusa (N-konde). 51a. 'M-wamba',

Ci-scociri or Iki-kukwe

52. Ci-henga^ 52 a. Ci-tumbukan«(f Ci-kamanga

53. Ci-tonga. 53 a. Ci-siska or Ci-sisya

48.

49.

50.

51-

52.

S3-

English

Ungu or

Ifi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci-tonga

Ici-wungu "

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Adze

Ka-temco ; tu-

AKa-themcj

Aka-themco

Ka-temco

Ka-temco

Animal, wild

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama,

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

Kiny-ama-na

Ant

In-sungwa

In-d6ndumi

Ici-ndundu

N-gesa.
Umu-ng^ulu,
Mu-nguru ;
a-f and'xmx-.
Nka-nyegesi.
N-sewere

Ki-ndundu ; vi-

Ny-erere.
Sungunungu

Ant, white

Ru-swa

Ru-8wa; ama-

Uru-swa ; ama-

Iki-ulu.

...

Mu-swa

(termite)

Un-swa ;
mi-swa.
In-swa.
M-bulika

Ape

• ••

...

*••

...

• •*

•.•

Arm

Um-ktonoj ;

I-xoanoj; ama-.

Ici-anza

Ru-pifwa(5ia).

Ka-wcoko> ; //.

J-anja ;

imi-

Umu-fitonoj

Lu-kongi ;
iii-gongi.
Lu-ete.
Lu-mojlume.
Iki-bukco ;
//. ifi-

ma-

m-anja

Arrow

Umw-ambi

Li-ere; am-ere

Umu-vwi ; imi-

Un-tipuru ; mi-

Mu-vcoe

Mu-vwi

Axe

In-demco

Themto

In-themco

In-duwanga

M-bavi

Ka-temco ; tu-

Baboon ...

In-dumbi

Im-bwadyi

U-korwe; awa-

Kaki; ba + .
M-bwengi

M-bweiigco

Mu-nkweri ;
■pi. vvamu-

Back

M-gongoj or

Um-tenzi; imi-.

Um-ongeo ;

Lu-gongco.

Mu--yongco.

M-sana

Uii-gongco ;

Umu-sana

imi-.

Ro-mia ?

Muci-wunu

imi-

In-sizi

N-sana

Banana . . .

N-gombwe

N-kombwe

N-kombwe ;

ama-.
Iki-yindya

Ili-tojki; ama-.
N-gegoj.
Iki-jinja.
N-difu (51 a).
N-diali (51a)

Di-kombere

Dcoci or
Ru-deoci ;
//. ma-toci

Beard

N-devu

N-defu

Iki-refu

N-defu or
Ru-refu

Mw-embe

Mw-embi

Bee

In-zuci

Ndu-zupi,
N-zupi

Uru-zimu ; in-

N-dznki or
In-yuki

Ru-zimu

N-juci

Belly

In-da ;

Ru-anda ;

A-kati.

Ru-anda.

N-tumbco

N-tumbco

nyin-da

iny-anda

Mu-kasi

Ili-fundtibili.

Mun-da.

N-domboroj

(SI a)

Ki-manda is said to be no more than a dialect ^yUngu.

Including Ci-pcoka.

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

209

English

48.
Ungu or
Ici-wungu
5 a. Ki-raanda

49.
I?i-nyixa

50.
Ici-wandia

51-
Ikinyi-kiusa
(N-konde)

51a.
M-wamba

52.

Ci-henga

52 a.

Ci-tumbuka

Ci tonga

53 a. Ci-siska

or Ci-sisya

Bird

In-uni, Ic-coni

ivi-

Ipi-yunyi ; hi-.
I-nuni

Iki-yuni; ivi-

In-juni

Ki-yuni

Ci-yuni; vi-

Blood

U-landa

M-nanda

Uwu-yazi ;
amabu--yazi

I-rcopa or Ili-

N-do>pa

N-dcopa

Body

Um-wiri

Mu-wiri or
Mu-vili

Umu-wiri ;
imi-

Um-biri ; imi-

M-tupi

Ru-vavu

Bone

I-fupa

I-fupa

I-fupa ; ama-

Ru-fupa; pi.
i-fupa or
ama-fupa

Ci-wangwa

Ci-wanga

Borassus palm

M-kcoma

I-xuma ; ama-

Umu-kcoma ;
imi-

N-kcoma ; imi-

M-k<oma

Mu-vumu.
Di-kama

Bow

Uwu-ta

Wu-dabi

Uwu-ta; ama-

Wu-pindco ;

Wu-ta

Wu-ta

Bowels

Uvvu-Ia

Uwu-ra

Ama-ra

imi-
Uwu-ra

Ma-tumbcd

Brains

Uw-ongco

Uw-ongco

Uw-ongo3

B-ongco

W-ongcij

W-ongo9

Breast (man's)

Iki-fua

Ipi-fua

Iki-fua

Ku- or
Ki-pambaya

Ki-fua

...

Breast

Ama-were

I -were; ama-

I -were ; ama-

I-were ; ama-

Di-were ; ma-

Ma-wee

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mw-an-'itu.
I-lumbu

Umu-ninu.
Umu-zuna.
VVa-mw-inyu

Umu-zuna

U-niiguna.
Umw-ina ;
ab-ina.
Um-suma ;
awa-

M-nununa

Mu-kuwangu

Buffalo

Im-bcoo>

Im-bcogcd

Im-bcogco

Im-bugu>.
Inj-ati

Nj-ati

Nj-aU

Bull

In-dume

N-copa

N-kambaku

N-gambaku

• • t

...

Buttocks ...

Ama-takca

Ipi-duru ; ivi-

Uru-tungu; in-

I-tanga ; ma-

Di-takoj ;
ma-taku

Ci-skunku ;
vi-skunku

Canoe

Uw-atco

Uw-atto

Ubw-atco ;
amaby-atco

Bw-atco;
mi-atco

W-atu

W-atu

Cat

I-nyaco

U-nyawu ;

Aka-nyawu ;

Niaru ;

M-buyaco.

M-buya«

awa-.

utu-

wa-nyaru.

(K-ana-m-anga

Alia-nyawu

Aka-ruk'a

? little child of
the coast)

Charcoal ...

. .*

...

Ama-wawoj

...

...

Chief

Umw-ene ; a-

Umw-ene ;

Im-fumu

Ili-fumu

Fumu.

Fumu.

amw-ene

{counsellor) ;
Mw-ara-fi-ari
aw-ara-fi-ari.
Umu-twa '

M-fumu; //.
ma-

Akweni

Child

Umw-ana;
aw-ana

Umw-ana.
Umu-cece

Umw-ana

Umw-anike ;
aw-anike.
Uiikeke.
Umw-ana

Mw-ana

Mw-ana

Cloth

Mw-enda

Umw-enda

Umw-enda

Umw-enda ;

N-guweo

Saru

Cold

...

...

...

imi-
Iki-pepco.

Ma-kute

...

...

Country ...

In-si

In-si

In-si

Iki-su ; ifi-

C-aru

C-aru

Cow

In-ombe.

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe.

N-ombe

N-ombe

1-senga

n-tiganco

n-dama

In-dama.
lii-gcolombe

yana-kazi

yi-ntikazi

Crocodile ...

In-dco;51u

N-dcoworoa

lii-wina

Ifi-gwina

Mii-wina

Mu-n»na

' Ubu-twa = lordship. Mw-ara-fi-ari is often pronounced Mw-ana-fi-ari.

2IO

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

J8.

Ungu or

Ici-wungu

48 a. Ki-manda

49.
Ipi-nyixa

. SO-
Ici-wandia

51-
Ikinyi-kiusa
(N-konde)

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-henga

52 a.

Ci-tumbuka

. 53;
Ci-tonga
53 a. Ci-siska
or Ci-sisya

Day Uwu-siku. Uw-anda; Ubu-anda or

I-siku am-anda. Uby-anda

Mu-sanya

Devil Um-zimu;a-, I-piwa. Umu-zimu

awa- Umu-kwalanzi

Doctor (medi- ... Umu-ganga

cine man)

Dog Im-bwa Im-bwa. Im-bwa

(N-thende =
ditch)

Donkey
Door ...

Dream
Drum ..

Ear ...
Egg ...
Elephant
Excrement
Eye ... .

In-dugwe.

l-siiika
Ulu-igi ; p/.

ing-iyi or

in-iyi
Ki-rotto
In-coma

I-dcogoowi
I^i-riangco

I^i-r5tca
N-thaya

Face, foretiead Kum-insco

Kum-insu

Fat ..
Father

Fear ..
Finger

Fire ..
Fish ..

Foot ..

Ama-futa Im-pama

U-tai; awa-tai Tata.
Yise

Uw-owa

Ul-towe.
In -to we

Um-otco.

Umu-lilcd
In-swi

Iki-nama.
Un-gulu

Uw-coga
Ru-sanzca

Umu-rirto.
Umvv-otco
In-swi

Uru-aiyto.
Ny-aiyeo.
I^i-nama

Im-bunda

Uniu-riangco.
Uru-tanga

Iki-rotcj
In-coma

I-twe or Iku-twi Iku-tu

Iku-twe; ama-

I-yi ; ama-yi I-dyi ; Iri-enza

ama-dyi

I-zeovu I-zo)Vu In-zcofu

Ama-vi I-vi ; ama-vi I-mvi ;

ama-mvi

Iri-nsu; ama- Idi-insco; Ir-insoj
am-inscii

Kum-insco
Ama-futa

Uw-»!a
Ur-owe

Um-otco
In-swi

Iki-nama

Uwu-siku.

(Pa-mcosi =

dqy/i£-/ti.)

In-gulila
M-basi.

Ru-embe
I-nanga.

Un-nyagco
Im-bwa.

(Im-bwa

nya-mbara

= i. Im-

bwakazi = 5)
Im-bunda

Uru-igi ;
ny-igi

Wu-siku.
Suka

Ci-wanda.

Ki-hene
Si-iianga

N-cewe.
Nyim-bwa ;
zim- (52 a)

Punda
Mu-riangu

In-jcosi Ci-rutu

In-coma. Ncoma

Iki-mbimbi.

N-dingara
Im-buni. Ku-tu

Ku-tu
Ili-fumbi; ama- Sumbi ; ma-

I-scofu,

N-scovu
Ama-fi,

Ama-vi
Idi-sco ;
ama-sco.
Ru-sige ; i-sige
Kuma-sco ;

ama-sco.

Iky-eni ;

ify-eni
Ama-futa
Tata ; aba -I- .

Ugu-sco ; aba-.

Ugw-ise.

Un-kco
W-oga

Ur-obe,

Ur-cowe ;

in-we
M-oto>

I-swi, In-sw^i.

M-berere.

N-gumba
Lu-jaijco,

Ru-yayco

or UUi-jajo ;

/>/. in-yayco,

in-jajco

Zoavu

Ma-vi
D-isco

Kuma-sco
Ma-futa

B-ofi, W-ofi
Mu-niie

M-5tco
Somba

C-ayco ;
vi-ayco

M-sana

Si-nanga
Gam

Punda.

Bori
Kcomco ; ma +

Ku-rcota
If coma

Ku-tu or
Gu-tu
Zia ; ma-f

N-jcovu

Ma-vi

J-isu

Ci-su
Ma-futa

W-eni-ma-nta.

Ku-opa
Mu-niie

M-5to9
Somba

Pazi ; ma +

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

48.

49.

50.

51-

52.

53-

English

Ungu or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci -tonga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

*

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Forest

M-situ

I -situ

Umu-situ

Ulu-singi

Ma-kuni

Mu-situ

Fowl

Ifi-guku

In-guku

In-guku

In-guku

Kuku

Ny.<uli

Frog

...

...

...

Iki-ula ; ifi-.
Iki-ura ;
ifi-ura

...

...

Ghost

Umu-zimu

Umu-zimu.
Ipi-nziunguri

Umu-zimu.
Iki-nsiunguri

Un-siuka ;
mi-siuka.
In-siunguru

(= shadow)

Ci-wanda

Ci-wanda

Giraffe

...

• .•

..•

...

..•

Girl

Un-sungu.
Un-dindw-ana ;

awa-lindu-ana

Goat

Ini-buzi

Im-buzi

Im-buzi

Im-beni

M-buzi

M-buzi

M (he) ...

Li-pongco

Ili-pongoa

M-bongco

...

...

., (she)

Lugcota

...

Im-beki

...

...

God

Mu-rungu.
U-zuwa

Umu-ruiig^u,
Umu-lungu

Umu-rungu

M-bamba.
Ki-ara

Mu-rungu

Mu-rungu

Grandparent

...

...

...

Mw-isukuru S.
Un-nyenya 5

...

Grass

I-sote

I -sure,
I-scole

I-scote

Ir-isco,
Il-isu

U-teka

U-teka

Ground

I-rongo>

I-twpe

Iri-ongcij

Um-fu

Dongco

Pa-si

Ground-nut

Im-balala

Im-balala

In-siawa

I-siawara

Ru-siawa ;
syawa

M-barara

Guinea-fowl

I-khaiiga

I-xainga

I-kaiiga

Ili-kaiiga

N-kanga

N-kanga

Gun

Bundusi

Bundusi

Iny-undusi

I-ndusco ; ma-

Fuuti

Futi

Hair

I-nyere

In-sisi.
Vu-sepe

I-sisi

In-yuwire

ipl.)

Sisi

Sisi

Hand

I-yaza

I^i-anza.
Umu-fieonoj ;

ama-

I-kasa

Iki-anja.
Iki-bcokcd ; ifi-.
Li-wtokco

(SI a)

Ci-manja

Ci-kufi

Head

Umu-twe ; imi-

I-tue

Umu-tii

Un-tu, Mu-tu;
mi-tu

Mu-tu

Mu-tu

Heart

Um-oyco

Umw-aya

Um-oyco

N-dumbura,
N-dumburu

M-oyeo

Mu-tima

Heel

In-dinginya

I?i-hankari

Ici-tende

Iki-tende

Ci-grunu

Ka-ngcolingeoli

Hide

N-guba>.
Ulu-gubcogubto.
Um-papa.
Iki-kanda

Cu-kumba

Hill

...

...

Ki-amba.
Ki-fimba

...

...

Hippopotamus

I-vuii

Im-vuwu

Im-vuwu

I-fuwu.
I-fubu.
In-dumondoj.
N-gupi

Ci-gwere

Ci-gweri,
Ci-bweri

Hoe

...

...

...

Li-kumbulu

• •■

...

Honey

Uw-uci

Ubu-upi

Uw-uci

R-uki

W-uci

Uci

Horn

Im-pembe

Uru-pembe

Uru-pembe

Ru-pembe ;
m-bembe

Ru-sengwe

Sengwe,
Li-sengwe

House

Iny-umba

Iny-umba.
H'-aya;
tw-aya

Iny-umba

Iny-umba.
Ki-waga.
Mw-idu

(51a)

Ny-umba; zi-l-

Ny-umba

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

48.

49.

50.

51-

52-

S3-

English

Ungu or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-hefiga

Ci-tonga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Hunger

In-zala

In-zala

In-zala

N-jara.
In-dzara

N-jara

N-ja

Husband ...

■ ••

...

...

Un-dume ;
aba-lume

...

...

Hyena

Im-bisi

N-zumbi

Uci-mbui

Iki-ndingco.
Ili-patama ;
ama-

Ci-mbwe

Pundu ;
a-pundu

Iron

Ic-era.
Ili-cuma

Ipij-era

Ic-era

Iki-era

C-uma

N-thali.
M-porokcdtcd

Island

In-tipa

...

Ici-ntenserezia Lu-sungoa.

Ci-rumba

Ci-rwa

Ru-syengesisi

Ivory

Ru-pembe

U ru-pembe

U ru-pembe

M-bembe

Mu-nyainga

Mu-nyanga

Knee

1-kokoIa

If-izwi

I-kukora

Li-fundu

Kongconu

Gongconoa

Knife

Ru-kamanga

Umu-fiu

Umu-fiu

U-magi ; mi-

Ci-maye

Ci-mayi

Lake

Ikwa

U-sumbi

U-sumbi

Sumbi.
Iki-siba

...

...

Leg

Um-ntindi

I^i-nama

Iki-nama

Iki-rundi ; ivi-

or ama-

Rundi; ma-

C-iga; vi-

Leopard . . .

N-gcoi

In-zoiwe

Un-ziera

Ili-wole.
Ili-bcole.
N-jusi

Yi-ngeo

Nya-rubwi

Lion

...

...

In-galamu

...

Lips

Mi-lcomco (//.)

Umu-rtomoj ;
ama-

Umu-rwmM ;
imi-

Un-dcomcd ;
mi-roimco

Mu-rtomco

Mi-rcomoj

Magic

Un-d<ozi

Uwu-ro>zi

Uwu-rcozi

N-dwsi

Wu-hawi.
Mu-nkhwara

Fwiti

Maize

Ma-saka

I-saxa

Iki-rombe

Iki-rombe; ifi-

N-g5ma

Ciii-goma

Man

Um-tu :

Umu-ntu ;

Umu-ntu ;

Umu-ndu ;

Mu-ntu ; wa-

IVlu-ntu ; wa-

awa-ntu

awa-ntu

awa-ntu

or aba-, awa-

Man (vir.)...

Nya-mbara

Un-dume.
Unnya-mbala.
N-kangali
(51a)

Meat

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Ny-ama

N-yama

Medicine ...

• ■•

...

Uii-kcota

Mu-nkhwara

. . .

Milk

...

...

—

Iki-senga.
Ulu-kama

Li-wise

Monkey ...

Im-bwadzi

In-tumbi

I-tumbiri

Kabukabu.
Kaukau.
Salila

M-buyi

Pusi

Moon

Unw-ezi

Umw-ezi

Umw-ezi

Umw-ezi

Ny-aiiga

Mw-ezi

Mother ...

U-mai ; awa-

U-nyina

...

Yuwa (?r Jiiba.

Un-nyco-kco.
Un-na

...

-..

Mountain . . .

Umw-amba

I-gamba

Ici-piri

Iki-amba

Ru-piri

Piri

Mouth

Un-dcomto ; imi

I-lcomu

...

Nka-mwa

...

■ >•

Nail (of finger

I-ningwa

Uru-zura

Ur-owe ;

Ki-ara.

Nj-cowe

C-ara

or toe)

iny-cowe

Ur-o»we(si a).
Iky-ala

Name

Ir-ina

Iz-ina

Iz-ina

In-g^amu

Z-ina

Z-ina

Navel

...

Ili-tumbu

Neck

I-singca

In-sing(o

In-singu

I-keosi

Mu-kusi.
Singed

Kcasi"

Night

Wu-Riku.

Wu-siku.

Wu-siku.

Bu-siku.

Usiku.

U-siku

(1-cisi =

I-pisi

I-kisi

I-kilco.

(Cisi =

darkness)

(Pa-kiru =

darkness)

darkness)

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

213

j8.

49.

50.

,.51.

52.

53-

English

Uiigu or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikmyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci-toiiga

Ici-wungu

(K-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Nose

Im-pula

Im-bula

Oil palm . . .

...

. . .

...

M-sikisi

Ox

In-ombe
in-dume

In-ombe

In-ombe

In-ombe
im-fule.
(Aka-gombe =

small ox)

N-ombe
yana-lume

N-ombe

Paddle ...

...

...

...

Ru-kafi ;
in-gafi

...

...

Palm wine.

...

...

...

Ubw-alwa

...

Ma-kama

beer

(ieer)

Parrot

...

...

...

...

N-kulekwe

Penis

I-rua

Wu-xara

Im-borco

Im-borco,
Im-bolco.
Ili-sinco;
ama- (51 a)

M-borco

U-ka.
Tongco

Pig

U-kapodi

I-guruwe

In-guruwe

In-guluwi

Ki-henehene

N-guriJi

Pigeon

In-dziwa

N-gugu

In-toazi

N-gungu
widza.
N-gunda

N-jiwa

Khunda

Place

W-ono>

Pawu-gconoj

Uwu-raru

Bu-gconco.
Witugarco

Pa-

C-aru

Rain

I-vula.
In-semba

Im-vura

Im-vura

I-fura

Vura

Vua

Rat

M-biringa

U-kuza

U-kuza

Im-bewa

M-bewa

Ma-janca (pi.)

Rhinoceros

...

...

...

Pembele or
Ki-pembere

...

...

River

Uni-bana; imi-

I-dzendze.
U-sumbi

Uru-izi.
U-sumbi

Uru-isi.
Ulvv-esi.
Sumbi

(51a)

Mu-ronga

Mu-sinji

Road

I-zira

In-zira

In-zira

In-jira,
In-dzira.
Um-pulco,
Um-pusco

N-tcohwa

N-teowa

Salt

...

Li-veya

...

Um-unyu ;
imi-unyu.
Iki-lambco

...

...

Shame

I-sconi

Sheep

Inozi

I-nonzi ;
ama-gonzi

I-nonzi

In-osi

Berere

M -berere

Shield

...

...

...

lii-guru.
Ili-tera

...

...

Shoulder ...

...

...

*•>

Iki-beja

...

...

Sister

Mumbu or
Rumbu.

Umw-engi ;
awa-

I -rumbu

Umu-yemba

I -rumbu ; ama-

Dumbu

Mu-sice

Skin

In-cimba

In-gora

Iki-kuwa

Iki-kanda.
In-g^bco

Ci-cimba

Ru-wavu; ma-

Sky

Ku-lulu

Kumw-anya.
I-wingco

Kumw-anya.
I-wingu

Kumw-anya.
I-wingu

Kuc-anya

Mi-tambu

Slave

Umu-dzia ;
awa-

...

...

Im-pina,
Um-pina

...

Sleep

Utu-rco

Utu-rto

Utu-rw

Utu-rco

Tu-rco

Ku-ru.
U-siwa

Smoke

Idi-cosi

Iri-cosi

Ic-usi

Ili-5si

J-cosi

J-cosi

Snake

In-zuka

In-jcoxa

In-zcdka

N-jeoka

N-jcoka

N-jcoka

814

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

jS.

49-

SO.

SI-

. 52-

53-

English

Ung:u or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci-tonga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Son, boy ...

Umw-ana

Umw-ana

Umw-ana

Umw-ana ;
ab-ana.
Umw-anike ;
aba-.

Un-dumi-ana ;
aba-lumi-ana

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana-lume.
K-ana

Mw-ana

Song

Uru-imbca

Uru-imbca

Uru-imbci>

Uru-imbco

Lu-imb<o

Ru-sumeo ;
sumu

Spear

Lupalala

Im-parara

Im-parara

Ifi-gwegto.
N-gurco (51 a).
Iki-kcosa

Mu-kondco

Mu-k5ndco

Spirit, soul

M-pepto

Um-ojjco; imi-

...

. . .

Star

N-tongwa.
Ny-cota

Uru-zota

Uru-tondwa

Uru-tondwa ;
in-dondwa

Ny-enyezi

Ny-enyezi

Stick

N-tuwa

Ndisa

M-kcomu

In-giri.
Ki-piki

N-thonga

N -tonga

Stone

I-finga

I -we.
I-vwiga

I-bye Qr i-bwe

Idi-bwe ; ama-

Ri-be, Di-bwe ;
ma-we

Mw-a; mi-a

Stool

...

...

Iki-kcota

...

...

Sun

M-sanya.
Idi-uwa

I-ziia,
I-zuva

I-zua

Idi-suwa.
Camba (51a)

Dazi

Dazi

Tail (of an

...

...

Un-swigara ;

...

...

animal)

imi- or wa-.
Um-pepe

Tear

Um-scozi

In-scozi

In-stozi

Iri-swsi ; ama-

Di-scozi

Mi-scozco

Testicles ...

1-turu

I-turu ; ama-

I-turu ; ama-

Uru-tungu ;
in-dungu

Di-tongco ; ma-

Ma-toiSgco

Thief

Umw-ivi

Umw-iwa

Um-unto

N-heji ; ba-heji Mu-iikhungu

Mu-nkuingu

Thigh

...

...

In-sangeo.
Ny-uma

N-dapatapa

...

...

Thing

Iki-ndu

Ifi-ntu,

Iki-ntu

Iki-ndu ;

Ci-ntu;

Ci-ntu;

AKa-ntu.

ifi-ndu

vi-ntu

vi-ntu

Ic-rnna ;

ivw-uma

Thorn

Ir-ifwa

Idi-imviva.
I-cese

Um-unga

Mw-ifwa;
im-ifwa

Mu-nga

Mu-nga

Tobacco ...

I-tumba

I-tumba

I-tumba

Iii-gamb<o

Hcocona

Fcoja

To-day

Leru

Merco.
Umu-san'-unoa

I-lerco

Di-rinu.
Umw-ising:u.
Um-visi-ugu

Lerco

Le

Toe

Um-niie

Uru-sanzu ;
in-sanzu

Uru-sarara

Ur-6iwe;
iny-owe

Mu-nue

...

To-morrow

M-laco

N-davi

M-dawi

Ki-laboj

Ma-cerco

...

Tongue

Lu-limi

Uru-miri

Uru-rimi

Uru-rimi

Ru-rimi

Li-limi

Tooth

Il-inco

Idi-inu

Ir-inco

Il-inco, Ir-inco ;
am-inco

U-inco; m-inu

J-inu ; m-inyco

Town

K-aya ; ma-f

liik-aya

Ak-aya ;
utw-aya

K-aija ;
tu-aija

Mu-zi

C-aroD, vy-arco

Tree

Um-ti

I-kwi;

ama-kwi

I-kcomu>

Um-piki ; imi-.
In-giri (51a)

Kuni

Cimu-ti.

Mu-ti

Twins

I-mbaza; ama-

I-pasa ; ama-

I-pasa ; ama-

I-pasa ;
ma-basa.
Wam-basa

(51a)

Ma-pasia

W-ana na
mw-oli

Urine

Ma-tuzi

Aman-tunzi

Ama-tunzi

Ma-tusi

Ma-tuzi

Ma-kcozco

Vein

...

...

...

Ru-kcole ;
n-gcole

...

...

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

215

^48.

49-

50.

51-

52.

53-

English

Ungu or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Gi^toiiga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci^siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

War

U-luwu or
Bu-luwu

Uwu-rugu

Uwu-rugu

Bu-ite.
Uw-iti. Ki-su

N-khondco

Nlihondco

Water

Ama-zi

Amin-zi

Amen-zi

Mi-si or Me-si
{correctly
Ame-si).
Ma-lenga
(51a)

Ma-ji

Ma^ji

Well, source

. ..

...

• .*

Ik-ina ; if-ina

• ..

. • .

White man

Um-ziungu ;

Umu-zungu

Umu-zungu

Mu-zungu ;

Mu-zungu ;

Mu-zungu ;

a-ziungu

ba- or wa-

wa- or ba-

a- or wa-

Wife

Um-cima-ne

Um-ipi

Mu-kazi

Ufi-kikuru; ba-.
Uii-kazi

Mu-kazi

M-tikazi

Wind

Im-bepco

Im-pep<B

Im-pepoa

Um-berco; imi-.
Im-bepto

(51a)

Mw-era

M-phepco

Witch

Um-loazi

Umu-rc9zi

Umu-rcozi

N-dcosi ;
ba-rcosi '.
Mu-rtosi (5 1 a)

Mu-hawi ; wa-

Fwiti

Witchcraft

Bu-lcijzi

Uwu-l»zi

Uwu-reozi

Bu-r<osi

Woman ...

Mw-anace.

Mw-an'tanda

Mw-anakazi.

N-kazi ; ba-.

Mw-anakazi

M-tikazi ;

Un-kima ;

Umu-kazi

Ufi-kikuru

an-tikazi

awa-

Womb ...

...

...

I-papirco (51 a).
Ubu-gcogco

...

...

Wood (fire-

In-gwi

Uru-kwi

Uru-kwi

Du-babu ;

N-kuni

N.khuni

wood)

//. im-babu
or im-bau

Yam

...

I-tugto

Iki-tuwu

Iki-tugu.
Iki-tuwu (5 1 a)

Ci-awca

Ci-yaco

Year

Umw-aka

Umw-axa

Ic-aka

Iki-enja.
Iki-inja

Mw-aka

Ci-limi-ka

Yesterday

Y51u

...

Ma-byira

Ma-jwloj,
Ma-yorto

Ma-yireo

...

Zebra

M-sami

U-jiga

U-corwa

I-sendzewere

Bori

C-apinda

One

Ka-mwi, -mwi

eoka. W-cokco
(W-toka,
Y-uka)

-coka, w-eka.
Y-caka, iw-eka

-mco. (Ju-mo),
Ku-moj)

■mo>

-mtoza

Two

•wiri

•wiri, -vili

•wiri,
-vili

-beli.
•wiri ?

•wiri

•Wl

Three

-tatu

tatu

-tatu

-tatu

-tatu

•tatu

Four

•ni

■nne

•nne

-na

-naye

•nai

Five

-sanu

Zi-fundisire

Zi^sanco

•lianco

-sanoi,
Tu-nkonde

-ii-khonde

Six

Tuli-ntanda ;

Zi-fundisire

Zi^sanco

I-liano3

Sanco

Konde

also Ka-kaga

na puru

WCdku

na purwe
iw^eka

na ru-mcij.
Ntandatu

na ka-mu

di ci-mcoza

Seven

M-pungate.

Zi-fundisire

Zi^sanci)

I-hanco

Sanco

Konde

Ka-funga

na puru
wa-wiri

na purwe
wa-wiri

na i-wiri

na tu-wiri

di vi^wl

Eight

M-nane.

Zi-fundisire

Zi-sanco

I-hanco

Sanco

Konde

M-nana

na puru
wa-tatu

na purwe
wa-tatu

na i-tatu

na tu-tatu

di vi^tatu

Nine

I-cenda.

Zi-fundisire

Zi-sanu

I-hanu

Sanco

Konde

Kenda

na wa-nne

na wa-nne

na i-na

na tu^naye

di vi^nai

Un^nyagco = priest in religious mysteries.

2l6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

J^-

49.

50.

51-

53.

53-

English

Ungu or

Ipi-nyixa

Ici^wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci-tonga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

Ten

I-kumi

I^kumi.
I^^umi

I^kumi

Mu-rongM or
M-longco; //.
utu-longco

Kumi

Cumi

Eleven

I-kumi

I-kumi

I^kumi

Mu-rongM

Kumi

M-kati

na ka-mwe

na puru
w-coka

na purwi
iw^eka

na ru-mco

na ka-mco

ci-mcoza

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-rongo>

Ma-kumi

Ma-cnmi

ya-wiri

ga-wiri.

Ama-^umi

ga-vili

ga-wiri

ma-wiri ; or

Utu-longto

tu^beli

ga-wiri

ya-vi

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma^rongM

Ma-kumi

Ma-cumi

ya-tatu

ga-tatu

ga-tatu

ma-tatu.

Utu-longco

tu-tatu

ga-tatu

>a-tatu

Forty

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-rongco

Ma-kumi

Ma^cumi

ya-ni

ga-nne

ga-nne

ma-na.

Utu-long<a

tu-na

ga-naye

ya^nai

Fifty ...

Ma-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ama-kumi

Ma-rongco

Ma-kumi

Ma-cumi

ya-sanco

ga-fundisire

ga-sancd

ma-hanco.

Utu-longco

tu-lianco.

(s!X/y =

Utu-longco

n-tandatu)

ga-sano>

yaii-konde

Hundred ...

Igana.

■ ■■

Ama-kumi

Ma-rongco

Ma-kumi kumi

Ma-cumi

Ka-gana

geka i-kumi

mu-rongco

yafi-konde-
mi-kumuku

Thousand...

...

...

• ••

...

I, me, my ...

Nene.

I-ne. Nene.

U-ne. Nene.

U-ne. Ne.

I-ne.

Yi-ni.

N-, Ni-.

- N-.

I-ne. — , N-.

N-, Ni-.

N-, Ni-.

N-.

-n-. -a-ne

-n- (•m^).

•n. (-m-).

-ni-ne. -n-.

-ni-, -n-, -ndi^.

•ndi^. -a^ngu

-a-ne

-a-ne

-a-ngu

-a-ne

Thou, thee,

Wewe.

I -we.

U-we.

Ugwe. Gwe.

I -we.

Yi^we.

thy

U-, W-.

U-, Yu-.

U-.

U-.

U.

U-.

•ku-. -a-ku

-ku-. -a-x',
-a-xco, -a-fici>

•ku-. -a-kco

-nu-ngwe.
-ku-. -a-kco

•ku-. -a-kco

-ku-. -a-kco

He, him, bis

Wiyco Ayu.

Wu-yco.

Yuyco.

Dyudyco, Jujco.

Yuyu.

Uyu.

Y'-, A-.

Uwene.

A-.

Jco. A-.

A-, Wa-.

Wa-.

•mu-. -a-kwe

A-.

•m-, -mu-.
-a-kwe

•mu-. -a-ce

-gwe. -m-, -n-,
•n-. -a-ke,
-a-kwe

-m-, -mu-.
-a-ke

•mu-. -a-ke

We, us, our

I-sweswe.

Sweswe,

Sweswe.

Uswe. Twe.

I-se.

Yi-fwe.

Tu-.

I-swe.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Ti-

Ti-.

-tu-. -e-tu

Tu-.
-tu-. -itu

•tu-. -itu

•uswe. -tu-.
•etu

-ti-. -itu

•ti^. •idu

Ye, you, your

Mwemwe or

Mwemwe,

Mwemwe.

Umwe. Mwe.

I-mwe.

Yi-mwe.

U-nyenye.

I-mwe,

Mu-.

Mu-.

M-, Mu-.

Mu-.

Mu-

Mwe-ka.

•inu

-umwe. -ba-.

•mu^. -inu

•mu-. -inu

? -wa-, -mu-.

Mu-.

-enu

-e-nyu

-va- -inyu

They, them.

Wawco.

Wuwoj. Ava.

Wawoj.

Awa, Aba, Bco,

Awco. I-wco.

Yi-weo.

their

Wa-.

Ba-, Wa-, Va-

Wa-.

Babco-, Ba-.

Wa-, Ba-.

Wa-.

•wa-. -a-wo)

•wa-. -a-ww,
-a-vto

-wa-. -a-wco

•bco. •ba-.
-a-bco

(52 a).
-wa-, -ba^.
-a-wcj

•wa-. -a-wco

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES

217

48.

49.

50.

51-

52.

53-

English

Ungu or

Ifi-nyixa

Ici-wandia

Ikinyi-kiusa

Ci-henga

Ci-tonga

Ici-wungu

(N-konde)

52 a.

53 a. Ci-siska

48 a. Ki-manda

51a.
M-wamba

Ci-tumbuka

or Ci-sisya

All

-ose, -onse,

-onti, -ont'

-onse

-osa

•ose

-ose

This, tliese

pie

Unu, awa or

We, awa .' ;

Ju- ; ba- ; gu- ;

Uyu, awa,

Uyu, awa ;

ava ; ?, ? ;

wu, yi ; &'c.

gi- ; li- ; ga- ;

aba ; uwu.

wuwu ; O'c.,

irijgania; Syc.

ki-; fi-; ji-;
si- ; ru- ; tu- ;

iyi ; ili, a-ya ;
ici, ivi ; iyi,

much as in
Heiiga-

•

ka- ; bu- ; ku- ;
pa- ; mu-

izi; ulu; utu;
aka ; uwu ;
uku ; apa

Tumbuka

Tliat, those

• >•

•ra. (U-ra,

-ra. (Yu-ra ;

Uju ; aba ;

-ra or -wa

...

wa-ra ; 6-'c.)

wa-ra ; (sfc.)

ugu; egi; ili;

(yu-wa, b-a ;

Wu-yo>

Wco, awoj ;

aga ; eki ; efi ;

wu-wa, yi-ra ;

(Vu-yco),

wto, iyaj ;

eji ; esi ; ulu

li-ra, ya-ra ;

vva-wco ;

lico, gco ; &^c.

or uru ; cs'c.

ci-ra, vi-ra ;

wu-ycj, yi-yeo ;

Jujco ; babu ;

yi-ra, zi-ra ;

di-lcd (li-lu),

dx'c.

a-c.)

ga-gco; &=€.

-la (ju-la, ba-la

Mw-eniyu,

•ninco, -ni-

(a/j<)ju-la-ju-la.

b-enaba ;

(wii-ninco (6) ;

ba-la-ba-la,

w-eniwu,

vi-ni-vi (8))

&'c.)\ gu-la,
gi-la; &€.)

y-eniyi ;

1-enili,

g-enaya ;

c-enici,

vy-enivi ;

ye-niyi,

z-enizi ;

Iw-enulu ;

tw-enutu ;

k-enaka ;

6-<r.'

Bad

■wi. -eha

•wiwi

•wiwi

■bibi. -gasi

•hene

-heni

Black

-hiru. -iru

-tifl

-titu

-fipa

■fipa

Female

N-kima,
•kima

■rindu

{humanity).
•an-thanda

{animals)

-anakazi

-n-dindu-ana.
-bwa-kazi.
-gi-kuru

■anakazi

-ntikazi

Fierce

>■■

■kali

-kali, -ugi

...

...

Good

•scoga

■inza

•iza

■nunu

•erne

-a-mampa

Great

-m-piti.
■kani

-kuru

-kurumba.
-ny-wamu

-kuru. -rara

-kuru

Little

...

■indu; ■ndu

-nandi

-nandi.
-nini

•dono.
-ntini

■mana^vi ;
-mana

Long

-tali

■tali

...

-tali

...

Male

•lume ;

-an'a-vuri.

•rume-ndo).

-n-dumi-ana.

•anarume

■rumi

n-dume,

-nuza

-anarumi.

-nya-mbara.

(yi^nturume)

■dumi

-n-kambaku

-n-gAmbakoj

Old

• .•

■kuru, -kulu

...

...

Red

...

...

...

•fube-fu,
kese-fu

•••

...

Rotten

...

...

-olu

...

Short

...

...

...

■pimba

. ..

!!!

Sick

...

•pungco

...

-bina

...

White

...

-zeru

•swe-pu

■erco, -elu

-tuwa

-i^tuwa

' Also: Mw.eni.yu^ra, b-eni^ba^ra, dr"!:.

2l8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

48.

Ungu or

Ici-wungu

48 a. Ki-manda

49-
Ifi-nyixa

50.
Ici-wandia

51-

Ikinyi-kiusa

(N-konde)

51a.
M-wamba

52.

Ci-henga

52 a.

Ci-tumbtika

53-

Ci-tonga

53 a. Ci-siska

or Ci-sisya

Above, up, on C-anya

top
Before
Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside . . .

Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty
There

Where? ..
No!

Not (with verb
as prefix, in-
fix, or snfiix)

Ku-mbele
Kun-yuma
Pa-nsi
Ku-tali

Pale-pipi

Nco!

To

beat ...
buy, sell
come . . .
cut

Uku-
-pcdla

•iza "*

dance ...
die ...
eat

-wu-fa
•lia

give ...
go

■pa
•genda

kill ...
know ...
laugh ...
leave off,

...

cease
love,want

...

see

sit, remain, -kala

abide
sleep ...
stand, stop, -wima

be erect
steal ...

Pamw^anya

...

Pamw-anya,
Kumw-anya
N-kyeni

Pa-hanya

Ku-hanya

Mw-isinda

...

N-yuma

Kun-yuma

Kun-yuma

Pa^nsi

...

Pa-si

Pa^nsi

Pa-nsi

Ku-tali

...

Pa-tali
Apa

...

...

U-mu

••'

U-mu.
Mu-n(o.
Mumcd

Mukati

...

...

•••

N-kati.
Pakati
Pa-pipi

Pa^kati

Pa-kati

Kulu-vazu

Pa-ndja

Ku-nja

Ku-nja

-inji

-enji

-ingi

-ingi

-nandi

Kura.

Para

Para. -pco.

Para, -pco

Kuwa

Mumwo}

Uku.

^i-ni-pi ?

• • •

Pcoki?

N-ku?

Ndari !

Awe!

Mma!

Cara! Aja !

Ca!

Ta-, -ta-, -ti-.

Ta-, ti-, -ta-

•di^, ■ti^.

-ta. -ti-; -ta

Reka.

•ndali

■ga^, ■ka^.

-k&j. Si- (as

Kuti-. -ca

■nga-, ■ngi.

a prefix to

Si-, -livi

na, ■na

all persons and
tenses in
Tumbuka).
•rivie (neg.
verb)

(neg. verb,
' cannot ')

Uxu-

Uku-

Paku-, Uku-
■kcoma

Ku-

Ku-

•kara

■wura

•ula, -ura

•guura

-saska

-inza

■iza

-isa

•iza

-za

•temera

-temera

-butira

-tema.
•temera

•dumuwa

■kwanga

•cina

-fina

•vina

•tumba

■fwa

-fwa

-fwa

•fwa

■fwa

•ria or -dia

-dia

-dia

■lia

-rya, -rya

■pa

•pa

•pa

■pa

•ninka

•wuha.

-wuka

-wuka, -biika.

-wuka

•ruta

-jenda

-enda

■gcoga

-kuma

-gojga. -kuma

•kcoma

•baya

-manya

-menya

•manya

-manya

•iziwa

•sexa

-seka

■seka

•seka

•seka

-leha

...

-leka

•reka

•reka

•kwanza

•ronda

-ronda.

•penja.

■lembe.

•gana

-temwa.
•ronda

■kumba

■Iciila, -dora.

-ndora

-ngeta.

•wuna

•cona?

■enya

•ona

•••

• ••

•tugala
-gcona

•kara

•kara

•ra (Ku.ra)

•imilila

...

■ema

...

...

•iwa, -iva

-iba

•iba. -heja

-iba

•bba

GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES 219

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN UNGU
Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu-, Urn-, Un- (umu, um-, u-) ; 2. A-, Awa- (awa-, a) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, Un- (umfl-,
um-, u) ; 4- Imi-, I- (imi-, yi ?) ; 5. Idi-, Iri-, I-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ya ?) ; 7. Iki-, Ic'- (ki, ci) ;
8. ?; 9. I-, In- (Im-), N- (n-, i) ; 10. Inyi-, Nyi-, In-, Ing- (n-, i-?, zi?); li. Ulu-, Ru- (ru, lu) ;
12. Utu-, tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka-(ka); 14. Uwu-, Bu- (vvu-) ; 15. Uku-, Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-; 17. ?.

PREFIXES, &C., IN ipi-NYIXA AND ICI-WANDIA
Preprefixes present.

Class I. Umu-, Um-, U- (umu-, -m-, -mu-, wu-, u-, vu-) ; 2. Awa-, Aba-, Ava- (awa-, aba-, ba,
va) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, U- (umu-, um-, wu, u-) ; 4. Imi- (imi-, yi) ; 5. Iri-, Hi-, Hi-, Izi- (li-, di) ; 6. Ama-
(ama-, m'-, ga, ge, ? gama) ; 7. Isi-, Ici-, Iki- (gi-, ki, ci) ; 8. Ivi-, Ivw-, Bi- (vi-, vw'-) ; g. In- (Im-),
Ny- (n-, yi) ; lo. Zi-, In-, Ny- (zi) ; 11. Uru-, Ulu- (lu) ; 12. Utu- (tu) ; 13. A&a-, Axa-, Aka- (fia-,
xa-,ka); 14. Uwu-, Bu-, Vu- (wu-, vu) ; 15. Uxu-, Uku- (ku-, xu) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).

PREFIXES, &C., IN IKINYI-KIUSA (N-KONDE)
Preprefixes present very markedly.

Class I. Umu-, Um-, Un- (un-, um-, umu-, -m-, -n-, ngu, gu-, ju-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa- (aba, ba) ;
3. Umu-, Um-, Un- (un-, um-, gu) ; 4. Imi- (imi-, egi, gi) ; 5. Hi-, Idi-, I- (ili-, eli-, li) ; 6. Ama- (ama-,
ma-, aga-, ga) ; 7. Iki- (iki-, ki, -eki) ; 8. Ifi- (Ivi- .?), (ifi-, fi, -efi) ; 9. In (Im), Iny- (in- in-, iny-, i, ji,
•eji) ; 10. I- and usually same as 9 with the addition of si as pronominal particle ; 11. Ulu-, Uru-, Udu-
(ulu- (uru-), lu (ru) ), pi. I-, In-, and Nyi- ; 12. Utu- (utu-, tu) ; 13. Aka- (aka-, ka) ; 14. Ubu-, Uwu-
(ubu-, ub'-, bu); 15. Uku- (uku-, ku); 16. Apa- (apa-, pa); 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-) ; 18. Ugu- (?ugu,
gu), //. Aba-.

The -ana diminutive suffix is present and a good deal used.

PREFIXES, &c., IN HENGA (TUMBUKA) AND TONGA'

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (m-, mu, u-, yu-) ; 3. Wa-, A-, Ba- (wa, ba) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, wu, u-) j
4. Mi- (mi-, yi); 5. Ji-, J-, Di- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. — , Yi-, N-
(M-) (n-, yi); 10. — , N- (M-), Zi- (zi, n-) ; 11. Ru-, Li- (ru, lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka); 14. U-
(u); 15. Ku(ku); 16. Pa (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

' In the northern dialect ^Tonga (Ci-siska) and in a lesser degree in Tonga itself and in Henga
rt«rf Tumbuka occurs the remarkable phonetic combination {/or Bantu) of %\i in pronunciation. 7 his
really descends from sy and in some districts is heard as sx or ly.

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

48. Ungu is spoken in the region immediately east of Lake Rukwa in the valley of the Sofigwe-Lupa
river ; as far south and east as the Upper Sofigwe and Usafwa, as far west as Wanda and Unyixa, and as
far north as Ukimbu. 48 a Kimanda is spoken on the north-east shore of Lake Rukwa, west of Ufigu.

49. Ijsinyiza, with its allied dialects, is spoken in the region of the Nyasa-Taiiganyika plattau
between Lake Rukwa and the Cambezi basin ; eastwards to Wufigu and Urambia and westwards to the
Mambwe and Fipa countries.

50. Iciwandia and its dialects are spoken in the eastern part of the Nyasa-Tafiganyika plateau
between the sources of the Cambezi and great Luafigwa river on the south and the Unyixa and Ukukwe
countries on the north. Also in the mountain country of north-west Nyasaland between Bundali and the
southern Soiigwe at the loth degree of South latitude.

51. Ikinyikiusa and 51 a Ikikukwe are spoken at the north end of Lake Nyasa from the Rukuru
(Karonga) river on the south-west to Langenburg and the Rumbirco river on the north-east ; and some
distance northwards into the mountainous interior as far as Bundali, Porcotoo, and Ukinga. Their range
includes the Ukukwe country.

52. Cihenga and 52 a Citumbuka are spoken over a considerable portion of north-west Nyasaland
from the loth degree of South latitude in the north to the valley of the great Rukuru and lat. 1 1° 30' in
the south. Their range as Ci-heiiga in the north and east and Ci-tumbuka in the west and south extends
from the west coast of Lake Nyasa on the east to the valley of the Luangwa river (Sefiga country) on
the west.

53. Citonga and 53 a Cisiska are spoken in the coast-lands of west Nyasa from Usisya or Usiska
(Ruarwe) Bay on the north to the small Luafigwa river in the south (latitude 12° 30' South). It is
especially the language of the Bandawe district, the ' Atonga' country.

54. Yaco

GROUP N

THE YACO-NGINDO) LANGUAGES

55. Ci-ngindco (North Ngindco, South Ngindw) 55 a. Ci-mpwtca

GROUP O

THE MOgAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

56. I-makua (Tulugu, ' Mo(ambique')

56 a. Northern Makua (Meteo or Medco, M-bwabe)

56 b. Lomwe (Western Makua)

57. I-cuabo> or Cuambw (' Quelimane')

54-

.55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

Yaw

Ci-ngindoi

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabu or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambu

South)

'Mofambique ')

Metcd or

Makua

('Quelimane')

55 a. Ci-mpcotco

Medco

Adze

Ka-wagco.
Semu

M-bcopco (55 a)

I-basu

...

...

Semu

Animal, wild

Ny-ama.

Ci-lwhi ; hi-.

En-ama

In-ama

N-ama

beast

Ci-ko>ku

Ci-keokco(55a)

Ant

Salau.

Harahu.

E-tui ;

E-nenele.

Talakoo.

N-yerere

Li-pipi.

I-pamba,

f>L tui.

1-talaku

Ny-ipini

M-bamba

M -pamba

E-nenele.

M-ZCdZOJ

Ant, white

N-jece,

M-keke

O-vera

N-cere.

Namara-koleo.

U-cece.

(termite)

U-cece.
M-gumbi.
Ci-kula.
U-likwi

U-cepe

U-wepi

Ma-gugu

Arm

M-kconci>

Ci-wcdku ; hi-

M-onci>;
mi-ono>.
Na-teke ;

mi-teke

M-ono> ;

pL mi-5n<o

Mu-coneo ;
mi-ojnci>

M-canct

Arrow

M-pamba

M-pamba; mi-

N-tere; ma-

M-teri ?

N-tere; ma-

Mu-vi

Axe

Li-waga>

Li-wagto

E-pazco or

I -paced

E-pasu.

Badu; di-.

Li-waco (55 a)

1-basu.
Ma-inpadu

Ka-^emu

Semco

Baboon ...

Li-jani.
M-cimbco

Li-yani

Kule or
Kcoli

Kcole ; a-

Mn-yani

Bongwe

Back

N-gongo,

Ngongeu

M-tana ; mi-.

M-bana

M-tana

M-tana.

M-goiigco

N-yima (55 a)

M-^ogca.
I-duli

Dttni

Banana ...

Li-gombco

Li-tcoki

Nika.
E-nika.
(Mi-niga =

tree)

I -nika

(//. same)

M-bipu ;
pi. mi-wub<o

Ma-figwi

Beard

N-deu

Ci-njuemba.

N-defu,N-dehu

E-rcori.
E-reru

E-rori

E-reru.
E-bwetu

N-devu

Bee

N-yuci

N-juci

E-zui.
E-nui ;
i-nui

I-nui

E-nii

Nui ; de +

Belly

Ci-nena.
Ki-tumbco,
Lii-tumbco

Lu-tumbeo,
Uru-tumbeo

E-rugulu

Ma-nipc9

E-rukulu

Ci-fu ; vi-fu.
Ma-subto.
E-rugulu.
Mimba

1

222

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

Yau

Ci-ngindco

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabcd or

(North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambeo

South)

'Mozambique ')

Metco or

Makua

{'Quelimane')

5 5 a. Ci-mput«i>

Med»

Bird

Ci-juni

Ci-yuni ;
i-yuni orhx-

Mwa-niini ;
fil. api-.
E-nuni

Sanuni ;
//. a + .
E-niini

E-palame

Balame ; de -1-

Blood

Mi-azi or

Mw-ahi,

E-pcome,

I-p<ome

Li-kame.

M-lo)wa.

Mi-asi

Cahi,
Mw-asi

I-ptome

Mu-lcova

Maiim-loipa

Body

Ci-wiru.
Ci-ilu

M-biri

E-rutu

I-rutu

Ka-dada

Ma-nugti

Bone

Li-upa

Li-hupa,
Li-fupa

Ni-kuva ; ma-

Ni-kuwa; ma-

Li-kuwa.
Ni-gcokwjcokci>

Ni-kuva; ma-.
Li-kuva; ma-

Borassus palm

M-laza.
N-gwalangwa

N-kcoma-fi-gcoma

M-vumcd

...

M-gwarangwa

...

Bow

U-kunji

Wu-ta.

MuQ-ra ; mi-

Mu-ra ;

Muu-ra.

U-ra,

U-pindi

miu-ra.
E-nyangara

COra

Wu-ra ;
miwu-ra

Bowels

N-dumboj

Ama-tumbu

Ma-rubco

Ma-rupoa

...

Brains

U-tutu.
U-wong<o

W-ongci>

(jO-gcogw

U-keoko

Ma-rcohi

W-ongoj

Breast (man's)

Pa-m-tima

...

E-betco.

Mu-rima

Vami-rima-ni.
Ekagaja

Zonpe.
Wam-rima-ni

Breast

Li-wele; ma-

Li-were ; ma-.

Ma-bele (//.)

Ma-pele(//.)

Li-wele ;

Ni-bere; ma-

(woman's)

Ma-wela(5Sa)

me-ele

Brother ...

A-kulu.

N-dongco :

Mu-lebale.

Mwa.muna-ka.

Oi)-hande; a-.

M-bale.

M-kulugco.

//. ma-longco.

M-rwkoro>,

A-mwuna

Muna-munoi

Rare

M-pwa'-.

M-nununa,

M-reogoroj ; a-.

M-pwanga ;

Nununa(5Sa)

Mu-hima

//. aci-pwanga.

(-aga = my).

M-longco

(A-muzi
= brethren)

Buffalo ...

Nj-ati

Nj-ati

En-ari.
Itada

In-ari

En-ari.
Pulubu

N-ari

Bull

N-ombe ja
ji-lume.
M-kombaku

Li-kambakos.
N-gombake

(55 a)

lii-ope

...

...

...

Buttocks ...

Li-takco; ma-

Ma-takcd

Ma-kutu

Ma-kutu

Ma-ru

Ma-rao>

Canoe

W-atu ;
ma + .
Li-galawa.
Li-gungwa

U w-atu

Mw-adia.
E-kalawa ; i-

Ikalawa

Mw-atea

Mw-adia ; nii-

Cat

C-io»me ;

M-buyari.

M-kanu.

Paka ; a + .

Mo-hae

Paka

i-ycome

Ki.mlamco ; fi-

Kwadu

M-inja

Charcoal ...

Ma-kala

Ci-tihi

Ma-kala

Ni-kala ; ma-

Ma-kala

Li-kala; ma-

Chief

Aci-mwene or

M-fmncD.

M-bewe

A-mwene.

A-mwene

Fumu.

Mci-mwene ;

A-mbuya.

M-bewe

Mambu

//. wa-i-mwene.

Bambeo ;

M-tenga

ma-wambeo
(55 a)

ChUd

Mw-ana

Mw-ana; wa-.

Mw-ana ;

Mw-an-hima ;

Mw-ana

Mw-ana.

Ak-ana; utw-.

pi. ana-ga

pi. aci-hima.

Mu-ima

•

Ka-keke ; tu-.
Ki-lemba; vi-

(-aga = my)

Mw-an-gudu

Cloth

N-guoa

N-guwco

Guu ; e-guoi.
(I-pida

= bark)

I-kuco

E-kUM

Gucii

Cold

M-bepoa

Ci-pwepwe

CO-riria

I-pico

Na-kudu

...

Country ...

Mu-si.
Ci-rambco

M-dima
or N-dima

E-lab«

I-wani

E-lapu

N-zicD

GROUPS N AND O: YAtO-NGINDW AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

223

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57.

English

Yaw

Ci-ngindu

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabu or

(North and

(Tulugn,

Makua and

Western

Ctiambu

South)

^ Mozambique ')

Metco or

Makua

i'Queltmane')

55 a. Ci-mpcdtu

Medoi

Cow

N-ombe

N-ombe

E-nope.

I-n5pe

N-ombe

N-ombe

ja n-kcolu

ya ii-kcoro>

Ifi-ope

yco m-tiana

yo m-tiana

am-tiana

Crocodile ...

N-gwena

M-wina.

E-gtonya

Ik-oanya

Eki-tonya.

Nya-kcokco ;

or N-gconya

In-wina

Mu-kaku

ma-t-

Day

Li-uwa.

Li-cuwa ;

OO-hiu.

Ni-huku.

CO-hiu ;

Siku.

(Mu-usi =

//. ma-cuwa.

co-tana

U-t>ana.

ma-hiu.

Mu-tana.

daylight)

(MQ-nhi =
daylight)

M-cua

(60-tana =

daylight)

(Labo> =

daylight)

Devil, evil

Li-swka ; ma-

Li-ho>ka

Ni-pepa?

Ni-|Suka.

A-nepa

M-zimu

spirit

M^nepa; mi-

Doctor (medi-

Juam-tela

,,,

M-naka.

M-naka

...

I-nanga; di-

cine man)

M-gulukana

Dog

M-bwa

Naka-wa; pi.

Mwala-bwa ;

Mwala-pwa;

Mwana-pwa ;

Mwana-bwa ;

wakanaka-wa.

//. Ela-bwa

pi. acila-pwa

ana-pwa.

ana-bwa

Jim-bwa;

Samla

im-bwa

Donkey

M-bunda

M-bunda.
N-jcowe

Puru; a +

Puru; a-f-

...

..a

Door

M-langoj.

N-diangto,

M-kora; mi-

M-kora.

Am-lakeo-ni.

I-sekcd.

Li-tan ga

M-lyangto

N-jele.
M-lakto

CO-lageo

M-lagu.

M-su<a

Dream

Li- or

Ma-h«ka.

0-lcoha

U-ltoha ;

(jO-rcoha

Ma-tulu.

Ma-sagamiloj

Ku-lcota

ma-luhco

U-rcaa

Drum

N-gcoma

Ma-hambco

E-gojma

I-koima

C-kcoma

N-coma

Ear

Li-pikaniI(o

Li-kutu

Ni-aru ; //.

Ny-aru ;

Li-naru.

Ni-oru ;

m-aru

m-aru

M-aru.
Ni-wiwi

//. ma-yant

Egg

Lin-danda.

Li-humbi

Ni-ycoce;

Ny-o9ce ;

L-ci)ci ;

N-zai;

Li-umbi.

m-cijce

m-coce

m-coci.

ma-zai

Li-Jele.

Ni-hala^u^

Li-kononda-

Li-taji

Elephant ...

N-dembu

N-dembu

rebbca or
E-tebco

I-tepo>

E-tepcd.
Na-kumali

Dcau;

de- or ti -f

Excrement

Ma-i.
Ma-nyi.
M-cimba

Ma-hi

Ma-vi

Ma-vi

Ma-pi

Ma-ri

Eye

L-iseo ;

L-ihu,

N-itu;

N-iboa;

L-itu;

N-inti ;

m-es<o

L-ihco ; m-ihca

m-etco

m-ebw

m-etu

m-etco

Face, forehead

Pau-syoj.

Ci-wtingi

Jl)w.ito>.

E-kove. ^

W-itoa-ni.

Kupe.

Kum-eso»

E-yuji ; i-

W-itco.
I-k(owe

E-kcove

COm-et»-ni

Fat

Ma-uta

Ma-huta

Ma-kura

Ma-kura I

VTa-kura.
E-kura.
Ma-lesu

Ma-kura

Father ...

A-tati.

A-tati, Titi

A-bibi,

Baba

Wese.

Aka-tate

A-biribi ;

( Wese-gwe =

pi. same.

his father)

(A-tata =

ancestors)

Fear

W-o)ga

W-<uva

U-cukula OOva

Ma-ta. W-Mva

Finger

C-ala;

Ci-uwu ;

S'i-k(ok«.

I-Jisi. E-punu.

[-bunco ;

//. iy-ala.

hi-nwu.

E-legwe ;

Ni-kcoko9.

Mu-ne;

vi-bunci).

(Ci-kongM =

N-gonji,

i-legwe

E-libue.

mi-ne

I -bun we ; vi-

thumb)

Ci-angonji ;

hi-

(Ni-ata =
thumb)

Q 2

224

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

54-

. 55-

56.

;6a.

56 b.

57-

English

Yato

Ci-ngindu

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabci> or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambu

South)

'■Mozambique ')

Metcd or

Makua

{'Quelimane')

55 a. Ci-mpcatco

Medco

Fire

M-oto>. Li-otcd

M-otco

M-oro>

M-orco

M-ulu.

M-otoa;

{warmth)

M-orto

mi-ot(d

Fish

Somba

Li-homba,

Hyomba(55a)

E-htoba

I-bcopa

E-homba.
I-tubi

Oba

Foot

Li-sajco,

Lu-ayco ; malu-

Ny-ato ;

Mw-eto9

Ny-alu

Nny-aloo.

Lu-sayu.

N.gonji(55a).

m-aoj.

Mw-edco

Li-kau

Li-koiiunu

Bi-kawi

Forest

M-sezco.

Mi-koiigco(;)/.).

E-tapa.

Mw-ibupi.

CL)-sambene.

Mw-iru.

Li-gonde

Ma-ham ba.
Ci-hcoli (55 a)

E-takwa

Mu-iiii

Mu-hiru

Paka.
Kcokula

Fowl

N-guku

N-guku

Mwala-ku ;
ela-ku.
E-kii

Ila-kii

Mwana-ku.
E-k5

Mwana-ku.
E-ku;
pL re-ku

Frog

Ci-ula ; y-ula.
Li-ula ;
//. m-cola.
Na-sonda

Li-ngula

Mu-rojnyi ; mi-

Ma-rapi

Na-idue ; a +

Ghost

M-zimu or
M-simu

Ci-wanda

M-nepa

M-nepa

M-nepa

Mu-zimoa;
a-zimco

Giraffe

N-ja

N-dwilca.
C-unju

...

I-tata

...

...

Girl

Amvv-ali,
Mw-ali ;
w-ali,
aci-wali

Mu-hinja.
Na-waji ;
wakana-wali.
Mii-yake; wa-

M-irao

Li-buru ; ma-

Goat

M-buzi or
M-busi

M-buhi or
M-ene

E-buri

E-puri

E-puri.
E-cehu

M-buzi

„ (he) ...

Tonde

Li-poiigco

E-ltobw-ana

...

...

God

M-lungu

M-bamba.
M-lungu

M-luku

M-luku

M-hale.

Mu-rimu

Mu-lugu

Grandparent

M-buje ;

Bwabu.

Gbwui,

A-muna.

...

Bibi.

am-buje,

Kaka (55 a)

Gwia.

A-buya

Na-buiya

acam-buje

Tata

Grass

Li-nyasi

Ma-nyahi.

Li-nyasi(j/»^.)

Ma-lajsi

Ma-nyajsi

Ma-nasi

Ma-ani

Ground

Li-taka

Li-taka.
Lu-kumbi.
Li-dupi

O-toope ;
ma-tope

I-wani

E-taya

Taka

Ground-nut

N-jama.

N-jugu.

Ma-nduvT

M-tepa

E-lco.

Ma-ndiiwi

M-tesa,N-tesa

Ma-rawi

Ma-ndawi

Guinea-fowl

N-ganga

Li-cundu

E-kaga

I-kaka.
I-kolcolu

E-kaga.
E-kcolulco

Kaga

Gun

U-ti,
ma-iiti

HuU

Ka-buti; i +

Ka-pwiti

Ka-puti.
M-tapikoa.
M-bila

Futi; de-t-

Hair

Lu-umbu ;

Li-junju,

E-karali

I-karari

M-ehe,

N-titi.

pi. umbcd

Li-unju.

M-ihi

Mu-riU

or ma-umbu

N-juile

Hand

Li-gaza,

Li-wcokcd.

Wa-sanja ;

M-ta or

N-tata; ma-

N-dada,

Li-gasa

Ci-ganja

e-sanja.

N-tata

M-baba ; ma-

N-nada,
L-anda ; ma-

Head

N-twi ;

N-duturu.

Mu-reo

Mu-rru,

Mu-ru.

Mu-ru

mi-twi

Mu-twe,
M-iitu

Mu-ru

Li-kuva

Heart

N-tima,
M-tima ; mi-

M-tima.
M-oyco.
N-ntima

M-rima

Mii-rima or
M-rima ; mi-

Mu-rima

M-rima

GROUPS N AND O: YACO-NGINDO) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

225

54-

.55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

Yaco

Ci-ngindu

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

(North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'■ Mozambique 'j

Metu or

Makua

{'Quelimane')

55 a. Ci-mpcatu

Medu

Heel

Ci-ndende

Ci-sukururoj

E-gcogwinoj.
E-keotsa; i-

I-kcotcokutco.
E-kcokwinyco

Eny-ingala

I-tilini.
E-guguncd

Hide

Li-kombwa

Hi-ega .'

E-kataka

N-dabala

E-^abala

Hill

Li-tumbi,
Ka-tumbi

Ci-tumbi ; hi-

Mw-ageo

N-rima.

Mw-akoa

Namw-agoj

...

Hippopotamus

N-dcdinond(o

N-dtomondw

Tcomondu

I.pitu

Napetu.
E-pwitu

Tomodco

Hoe

Ci-leka
Li-jela

...

E-hipa.
Ni-npadu

I -hi pa

M-peseri

E-iba, Iba ;
v-iba

Honey

Ma-sega

W-uci

O-ravoj

U-raeo woj
i-ntJi

Ma-kalapa.
I-niii

Uci and Ui
or W-uyi

Horn

M-seng<o.
Li-penga,
Li-wengwa.
Mny-anga

Mara or
Li-mara.
Li-nyelcij (55 a)

Eny-aka

Mny-aka.
Ni-penga ;
ma-

Ny-aka

Ny-aka

House

N-yumba.

N-yumba.

En-upa

Iniipa

Mpa,

N-uba,

Ka-jumba.

N-khati

£-mba

n-umba ; //.

Li-kcome.

den-umba

Li-wasa

Hunger

Sala

N-jara.

E-dala

I-bala

E-tala

Dala

Husband ...

A-sconoj or
M-sconcogcd

...

M-lojpw-ana

Namu-Ikwe

...

Hyena

Li-tunu.
Li-tunungu

Li-pundu

Ku-zupa; a +

Ku-jupa ; a +

iCu-zupa.
E-japua

N-tika.

Nam-gudu.
Nyamu-ngunu

Iron

Ci-pala.
M-lapco
(iron ore)

Li-vumbu.
C-uma.
Ny-eiige

E-yiima

I<yuma

Vl-kcokco

U-tale

Island

Ci-lwa ; i-lwa.
Ki-rumba ;
i-rumba

Ci-lwa ;
fi-lwa

E-kisira

N.tinji

[t)ci-lwa

Suwa

Ivory

Mny-anga.
Li-penga

N-dembco

Miny-aga

Ny-aka nw
tep<o

Vlu-yaka

Ny-aka

Knee

Li-rungci),

Ci-yuwa ;

Ni-kuta ; ma-.

Ni-kuba ; ma-

Li-kuta

Ni-bodco or

Li-lungoj

hi-yuwa

Ne-geota.
tO-gtokora

Bondo] ; ma-

Knife

Ci-pula.
Ci-maje

Ci-pura

Mw-aico

Mw-aloj I

Vl-padL
Beni

M-beni

Lake

Ny-asa.

Lu-ci N-rata

N-tia ; An-tia

•>•

Li-tanda

nia-tia

Leg

Lu-k6nguIcL>

Ci-wuru ; ma-. Mw-etco;

Mw-edco Mw-etu

Mw-edco.

Li-gulu(55a)

pi. m-etto

Mw-entoj; mi-

Leopard . . .

Ki-suwi,

Li-huwi or Ci- Havara

Havara Keregere.

Nya-nigwe ;

Ci-sui

Severe

ma-f

Lion

Li-simba

Li-simba Karamu

Karamu. Mw-atto

Pcodcogcoma.

Mu-kaiigu ;

Mu-andcae

pi. amu-kangu

Lips

Lu-gumco ; m-.

Mi-rcomoj N-dere

[•yanco U-lcamco

Vli-rumoa

M-lomco ; mi-.

Lu-jemco

Magic

U-sawi

U-hawi. O-kwiri

U-kwiri U-kwiri

Senga.

Hi-hilu (55 a)

Ma-le

Maize

Ci-manga ;

Ci-rombe Na^kuco

Ma-kuco ; Na-hepwe

S^am-bedi.

i-maiiga

ana-ku(o

Li-vilamanga

Man

Mu-ndu; wa-

Mu-ndu; wa- M-tu; a-tu

M-tu ; a-tu Mu-tu;

Vlu-tu ; a-tu.

a-tu

Mu-ntu ;
a-ntu

226

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

54-

J5-

S6.

56 a.

S6b.

57.

English

Yaco

Ci-ngindo>

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambu

South)

'■Mofambique ')

Metoa or

Makua

CQuelhnane ')

55 a. Ci-mpoatu

Med CO

Man, vir. ...

Juam-lume

Mu-lume.

M-lcopw-ana ; a-.

M wam-lopw-ana.

M-lc9gw-eni

Mua-mtina.

Ka-kombco

Mu-lugw-ana

Mu-loobw-ana

Mu-lcopw-ana

Meat

Ny-ama

Ci-liwi

En-ama

In-ama

En-ama

N-ama

Medicine ...

Ci-lagu.
M-tera,
M-tela

...

...

M-rete

...

...

Milk

Li-kama.
Ma-wele

Lu-kama

...

Ma-pele

...

Ma-knka

Monkey ...

Ki-tumbiri

Li-tumbiri

Koatoi ; a +

M -pap we.
Tupili

Na-karama

Kcolu or
Koru

Moon

Mw-ezi.
Li-tumba

Mw-ehi

Mw-eri

Mw-eri

Mw-eri

Mw-eri

Mother ...

A-maco.
Aci-kulu-gwe

Akw-itu

Mae

Manyi

Maa

U-ma

Mountain ...

Li-tumbi.
Li-cenje

Ci-tumbi

Mw-aku

Mw-aku

Mw-agu

Mw-aiagco

Mouth

Ka-mwa

Ka-nwa.
M-lumco,
Nn-dcomcij

M w-ano>.
Ey-anc» ;
iy-anco

I-yanw.
Ma-lagu

Wayanuni

Mu-lcomu

Nail (of finger

Ci-kalawesa

Ci-uhu

E-kata; i-

E-kata ;

E-karuka.

Y-ala ;

or toe)

i-haba

Ma-karu (//.)

vi-ala

Name

L-ina ;
m-ena '

Li-hina

N-zina

N-cina

N-sina

N-zina

Navel

Ci-scou

•*.

M-jombeo.
N-teku; mi-

M-teku

N-twku

Mu-toy«.
Mu-tcoku

Neck

Lu-kcosi ; ma-

Hingu.
Li-kcoloimelco

Sikoi or
E-sikco.
Milco

I-^iku

Li-k«hi.
Na-lukcolcdku

Nikwti

Night

C-irco,
C-ilo>.

(Ci-pi =
darkness)

K-iru,
K-iIco

O-hiu

Uhiii

Ma-hiu

Ma-tiu

Nose

Lu-pula

M-bunu

E-pula

[•pula

E-puna

Punoj

Ox

N-ombe
ja ji-fure

N-ombe

E-n5pe

[■nope

Eii-ombe

N-ombe
ya kapadu

Paddle ...

N-gavi

...

...

...

N-ombo»

Palm wine,

U-cima,

N-dahi'

Sura

U-wema

Wiema.

beer

U-cema.

Ma-jenga.

U-kana,

(Utu-lwa =
sweet beer)

(W-alwa =•
beer)

Parrot

Na-mame ;

Li-hekwa

E-kwia

E-kuei

Na-mame

•••

pi. aki + ,

aci-f-.

N-gwalu,

N-gwesi

Penis

Li-oloj,
Li-wcolcd.
Y-alto

M'boru

M-boalcd

..«

M'pcolcii

Sondu

Pig

Li-guluwe,
Li-gcolule

Li-uluwe,
Li-guluwe

E-guluwe

I-kuluwe

Guluwe

Guluwe

Pigeon

N-juwa.

N-juwa,

E-knnda.

N-cia

N-bia

Ka-ngaiwa.

N-gunda

N-jiwa

Nzia

Na-nyeokco;

' Maj-ina = respect.

GROUPS N AND O: YAOJ-NGINDGJ AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

227

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

l^aoj

Ci-ngindeo

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'Mozambique ')

Metcd or

Makua

{'Quelimane')

55 a. Ci-mpcotco

Medo>

Place

Ki-ramboj.
Pa-. Ma-l<o.
Pa-ndu

N-dima

Ni-bar«.
Va-tu

Va-citu

E-lap<o.

Ni-burco

M-but«»

Rain

Ula ; ma -t-

I-hura,

E-bula.

I-pula

M-sonkwe.

M-zogwe or

Hula

Suwa
Ni-kule; ma-.

E-bula

Mu-tjseokwe

Rat

Li-kooswe.

M-cenje

Ni-kule ; ma-

N-silu.

M-cilu,

Li-buku

E-mede

Ma-cili {pi.)

N-jilu; ma-

Rhinoceros

M-bela.
Ci-pembere

—

M-cojjo),
N-jcojo>

Pela

pe-pembere

Pueti

(hippo ?)

River

Lu-sul(o.
Lu-jenda

M-kuka,
Nn-kuka

Mu-rci>

Mco-luku

Mu-hici.
OOlu-si

Ny-anja

Road, path

Li-tala.
Li-kondu

N-dira

E-piro)

E-pirco or
I-piro>

E-tila.
Em-pitoj.
Me-dala

Dila

Salt

N-jete

>*•

Ma-ka

Ma-ka

Ma-ba

Mu-inyu

Shame

Sbjni

Hooni

Haya

I-^coni

...

...

Sheep

N-gojza.
li-gondcolcd

Berere.
Li.nuhi ; ma-

E-butibuti

I-kondorc».
Putiputi

E-pila

Bira '"

Shield

Ci-kupa

Ci-kcopa

Ici-kcopa

...

Shoulder ...

Li-koyw

Li.wega

Ni-kata ;
ma-kata.
E-turi

Ni-kaba.
W-eturi

N-turi.
Ni-kata

E-turi; vi-

Sister

Lumbu ;

M-gtoli.

N-rubco.

U-rcokora.

Mii-rukco.

M-lcogco.

pi. aca +

M-numbo»

Mu-rcogora

A-rcogora

A-b<osie

Mu-nanti

Skin

Li-pende.

Ki-ega

E-kata-ka.

U-rapala

Ni-kada.

Li-kugu ; ma-.

Li-kombwa.

Ni-kuli; ma-

Tebe

Li-kwimba.

Li-kunami

Sky

Kw-iunde.
Ku-inane.
Li-unde

Ku-nani.
Ma-hundi

W-irimu

I-rimu.
Ni-hute

Mi-rapoj

N-drabu

Slave

M-kapcolca

M-manda ;
a-wanda.

M-banda ;
a-wanda (55 a)

M-sare ; a-

I-pota.
A-kaporco.

M-lcoku
(M-lwkw-aka);
//. a-lcokii-
(a-lcokw-aka)

Mu-bare

Sleep

Lu-gconci»

Lu-goonto

0-ruba.
E-ko3ve

I-keove

E-rulu

Tu-lw

Smoke

Li-eosi

Li-cohi

Mw-ipi

Mw-ipi,

Mw-isi.

Mw-ici or

Mco-insi

E-tutu

W-uji

Snake

Li-jcoka

Li-coka,
Li-juka

E-nua,
E-nco-ya

I-ncoa,
I-ncoya

E-ncoa

Ncoa; de +

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana,

Mw-ana

Mw-ana ;

Mw-ana

Mw-ana

(M-songcolo,

K-ana

m-lcopw-ana

pi. ap-ana

m-lcopw-ana

m-leopw-ana

M-canda =

boy)

Song

Lu-imbco ;
ny-imbeo.
Ma-lumbo3

Lu-imbcd ; ny-

E-zib»

N-cipti>; ma-

...

Ny-imboo

Spear

Li-panga

M-kuha

Ni-vaga.
Songa

Ni-vaka

Li-vaka

Mw-alagu ; mi-

Spirit, soul

M-tima?

Umi

M-rima ?

Vl-kuluba

Star

N-dondwa

Lu-tond&>.
N-dondwa(55a)

E-tcodwa

I-tcotwa

Teneri

Neneri

Stick

Ngongco.

M-bihi.

E-kcopco.

I-kupu.

2m-wiri

N-dwdoa.

Bokcola.

M-sagi.

N-tale ; mi-

N-tonda>

Fimbcoa

N-dindisco

Himbati

238

ILI-USTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

S4-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

Yau

Ci-ngindb>

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

1-cuabco or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

' Mogambigue')

Metcd or

Makua

(' Quelimatu ')

5 5 a. Ci-mpoatco

Medu

Stone

Li-gonga.
(Li-wala =
rock)

Iri-we ; ma-.
Li-w» ; ma-u
(SSa)

N-lugu ; ma-

N-luku

Lugu.
Ni-bucwa

Mw-ala

Stool

Ci-tengu

Citihu

E-hlce

I-hice

...

...

Sun

Li-tiwa

Li-uwa,
Li-cuwa

N-zua

N-cuwa

N-8ua

N-zua,
N-tscoa

Tail (of an

M-cila

...

...

Mw-ila

*••

Mu-ira

animal)

Tear

M-seozi,
Li-susi

M-hcali ; mi-

W-unla

Mi-bori

M-8(odi

M-tori

Testicles ...

Li-tongcd ;
ma-tong<o.
Lu-pwala

Ma-tongw

E-kete

•■•

E-pulu

Puru

Thief

Jua-wi

M-kungu.
Mw-ii ; w-i
(55 a)

Mw-iyi;
eyi

(Ow-iya

Nim-iya

M-bava

Thigh

Ci-walco.

Lu-leta

I-tari.

M-baja.

Na-tundulu

Taku;

Li-ciga

Mw-ebeli ;
pi. me-beli

Na-tundulu

ti-baku ; di-

Thing

Ci-ndu ;
i-ndu

Ci-ndu ;

hi-ndu

E-tu

I-tu

E-lu

I'lcobco; vi-

Thorn

Mw-iwa

Mw-iha.
Nn-ha; mi-

Mw-iwa ;
m-iwa

Mw-iwa

Mw-uva

Mu-nga

Tobacco ...

Scona

Li-hcona

Scone

^cane

Scola.

Fcodia

Hcora

To-day

Lelu

La-rinu,
La-linco

E-lelco

Lelcd

E-lelco

Dabunco,
Dabuinco

Toe

Ci-ala.
(Ci-kongoa =

big toe)

Pitco

Ni-kuku ; ma-

E-kcokoo

I-bunco

To-morrow

Ma-lawi

. .•

M-elco

M-el»

(O-jsepelu

Ma-ngwana

Tongue

Lu-rumi

Lu-lime

N-Umi

N-limi

Lumi

M-lumi

Tooth

L-in».
(Li-jengu =
molar.
Li-soiigco =

canine)

L-ineo ;
mi-no>

N-innu ;
m-ennco

Ninoi

L-inu

L-inco

Town

Mu-zi.

Mu-zi.

E-labco,

E-lagwco ; i-.

Wa-wani

M-zinda.

M-tete

Ci-kaya; hi-

E-lagwco ; i-

I-tcogco,
E-tegco; i-

Mu-bi ;
mi-bi

Tree

M-tera,

M-tengo>.

Mu-ri.

Mw-iri ;

M-t^pikco

Mu-ri

M-tela

M-bihi.

Nn-tongci).

Nn-kongco

M-tali

mi-iri

Twins

Ma-wira

Ma-paha

M-asa

Na-vata,
Ma-vata

An-asa
am-bili

Ma-gwira

Urine

Ma-kwezcij

{verb,
Ku-tunda)

Ma-kcoj<o

Mi-nyeozu

U-ruca

U-ncosco

Mi-rudu

Vein

M-tasi ; mi-.

...

M-tinga ; mi-.

M-titari; mi-.

. • •

Mu-jiji ;

M-sindo> ; mi

N-tiga ; mi-

N-sempfa

me-jiji

War

N-gondw

N-gondeo

E-kotoj,
Kodcd

I -kcotco

E -kcotco

Kcodco

Water ...

M-ezi

Ma-ji.

Ma-ri,

Ma-pi,

Ma-inji.

Ma-inje

Ma-ci (S5 a)

Ma-zi

Ma-si

Ma-hi

Well, source

Ci-sima.
U-liwa

Ci-liwa.
Ci-hunu

I m -para we.
I-himi. llupi

...

GROUPS N AND O: YACU-NGINDCO AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

229

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

n-

English

Yaco

Ci-ngindeo

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

^ Mozambique ')

Metco or

Makua

{'Quelimane')

55 a. Ci^mpcotu

Medco

White man

M-zungu

M-sungu

M-gunya ; a-

Aguinya

M^zungti

M-zugu;
va-zuku

Wife

A-sconu ; pi.

M-bumba.

M-ti-ana ; a-.

M-t»i^ana

Mw-ar-aka

Mw-adie,

ac'a-sconco

Ny-umbco

Mw-ar-aga

Mw-adi

Wind

M-bepoj.
M-bungco

M-bepeo

E-peu

1-peco

Li^pevco.
E-tako>

Pevoo

Witch

M-sawi

M-hawi

M-kwiri.
(OO-lcoa =

to bewitch)

M-kwiri

M-kwiri

M-kuri

Witchcraft

U-sawi

U-hawi

U-kwiri

...

Woman ...

N-kongwe ;

Mu-hanco.

M-ti-ana

M-bi-ana.

M-ti-ana

Mu^i^ana.

ac'a-.

M-kigi ; pi.

Mw-ana-ti

Mu^iy^ena ; a-

M-bumba ;

aki-kigi.

aca-f

M-bumba

(55a)

Womb

N-dumbco

I-rukula

...

Wood (fire-

Lu-kwi;

Hanju

E-kuni'

I-kuni

E-kntii'

Mu^ri

wood)

n-gwi.
Lu-sasu ; sasu

Yam

Li-peta.
Li-jimbi

Ci-paru

Eki^razi

Ni-peta; ma-

E^telu

M^zama or

Mu-tsama

Year

C-aka ; y-aka

C-aka ; y-aka

Ey-aka

Y-aka

Mny^aka

Gale

Yesterday

L-isco.
Li-jusi

Li-gorco

N-zana

M-jana,
N-jana

...

Nzilu

Zebra

M-bunda

M^bunda,
M-punda

E-tugeo

I-puta

Mu-pisi

...

One

•mu

•mwe,
-mco

Mcoza

I-mcoka

Mcosa,
Mcoha

Moda

Two

-wiri,

•wiri,

Bill or

Pili

Pili

Bill, biri,

-wili

-viU

Peli

-beli

Three

-tatu

•tatu

-tatu,
-tarco

•taru

•taru

•taru

Four

•cece,
N-cece,
M-cece

N-cece.
I-cece

■jepe

•pe?i,
•cepe

-nai

-nai

Five

•sanco

Mu-hanco

•tanu

•banu

•tanu

•tanu

Six

•sanco

Mu-hanco

-tan' na mcoza

•banu

•tanu

•tanu

naki-mco

na ci-mcoe

na i-mcoka

na m-coha

na moda

or -sanco

ku-pambula

li-mco

Seven

•sanco ni i-wiri
or -sanco
ku-pambula
ga-wili

-banco ni wili

-tan' na peli

•banu na pili

•tanu na pili

•tanu na beli

Eight

•sanco ni i-tatu
or -sanco
ku-pambula
i-tatu

•tan' na taru

•banu na taru

•tanu na taru

•tanu na taru

Nine

-sanco
ni m-cece
or -sanco
ku-pambula
m-cece

•tan' na jejie

•ttanu na -jiepi

•tanu na nai

•tanu na nai

230

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57.

English

Yaeo

Ci-ngindco

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

(North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'Afofambigue')

Metu or

Makua

CQuelimane')

55 a. Ci-mpo>tcd

Medco

Ten

Li-kumi

Kumi.

M-leagcd,

Kumi.

Li-kumi.

Kumi

Li-cira

Mu-lcogcd

Mu.lcogto

M-l<okco

Eleven

Li-kumi

Kumi

Mu-lcagu

Mu-ltogco

Li-kumi

Kumi

ni ki-mco

na ci-mo>e

na mcoza

na i-meoka

na mcoha

na moda

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

M-lcogu

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kum-m-edi

ga-wiri (also

ga-wiri.

mi-ili

m-eli

me-eli

in Old Vauj,

? Ma-cira

Di-jira ;

ga-wiri

pi. ma-jira —

teste Bleek)

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Mi-loogco

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

ga-tatu

ga-tatu

mi-raru

ma-raru

ma-raru

ma-rarco

Forty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Mi-lcogu

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

n-cece

-ncece

mi-jepe

ma-cepe

ma-nnai

ma-nai

Fifty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Mi-lcogcd

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

ga-sanco or

m-hanco

mi-tanu

ma-banu

ma-tanu

ma-tanu

m-sanco (sixty

(sixty =

= Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

m-sancd

ma-banco

ni li-mco)

na ni-mcoka)

Hundred ...

Li-gana

Li-cira '

(li-mwe) ;
pi. ma-cira.
I-gana

M-lcog<o
zene m-lugw

Ma-kumi
m-lcokco ?

Zana

Thousand...

Mw-anda '

...

...

...

■■•

Ci-kwi

I, me, my ...

Ne-ju, U-ne.

Ne-iiga.

Mico.

Mi. Mi-nyano.

Mi-a, Mi-anco.

Mi-co.

N-, Ni-.

Ni-, N-.

Ki-.

Ki-

Gi-

N-, Ndi-, Di..

•n-. -a-ngu

-n-, -ni-. -a-ngu

-ki- or -gi-.
-a-ga

-ki-. -a-ka

-gi-. -ka

-di-. -a-ga

Thou, thee,

U-gwe,Gwe-ju

We-nga.

We.

U-we. We-yu.

I-we, I-we-anco.

We-yo).

thy

u..

U-.

0)-, U-.

U-.

(0-, U-.

U-.

•ku.. -a-kco

-ku-. -a-koj

•hu-, -wu-.

-U-. -a-co

-U-. -a-o

-U-. -a-o

He, him, his

A-jco, A-jeojoo.

Nunco ? Yg> ?

-a-co
a)le.

Ycoyco.

E-y».

lye-ne.

A., Ju-.

Yombe.

0)-, U-.

A-.

U-.

U-, Ba-.

•m-, -mw-.

A-.

-m-. -a-we

-m-. -a-we

-mu-,-m.. -we

-U-. -a-i

-a-kwe

•m-, -mu-. -a-ke

We, us, our

Uwe, Uwe-iu.

Twe-iiga.

Hi-o), Hi-nya>,

Hi-yano).

Hi-yanco.

I-y(o.

Tu-.

Ti-.

Hi-yan(o.

Hi-yco.

Ni-.

Ni-.

•tu-. -e-tu

-ti-. -i-tu

Ni-.

■ni- (?-gi-,

-ki-). -e-hu

N-, Ni-.
-ni-. -i-hu

•ni-. -i-hu

-ni-. -e-u

Ye, you, your

Umwe,

Mwe-iiga.

Nyu, Nyu-o),

Nyenyu.

Nyu-anco.

Nyu-co.

Umwe-ju.

Mu-, M-.

Nyenyu.

Nyu-a).

Mu-.

Mu-.

M-, Mu-.

•mu-. -i-nu

M-, Mu-.

M-, Mu-, N-.

-e-nyu

-e-nyu

•wa-. -e-nu

-hu-. -e-nyu

-n-, -ni-.
-i-nyu

They, them.

Wa-le. Ao).

We-nga ?

Ahtowa.

Ya-yco. A-yco.

A-yco.

Aw-ene.

their

A-.

Wombe.

A-.

A-, Ya-.

A-.

A-.

-a-, -wa-. -a-ca Wawere?

-wa-, -ha-.

. -a-, -a.ya

•wa-. -a-e

•a-, -a-wa

Wa-, A-.

-a-ya

-wa-. -a-to,

-a-wcij

' This sometimes means one humired, and apparently sometimes merely ten.
' Mw-anda in Yaco means ' a great number which cannot be counted'.

GROUPS N AND O: YAOJ-NGINDOJ AND MOgAMBIQUE LANGUAGES

231

54-

,55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

En

glish

Yaco

Ci-ngindco

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuaboa or

{North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'Mozambique ')

Metcd or

Makua

{' Quelimane')

55 a. Ci-mptotco

Medco

AU

-ose;

•ose-pe

•uha

(Ote-ne

-onke-a

Ate-ne ;
-te-ne

-obe-ne

This,

these

A-jco orjn.

U-yu, a-wa ;

U-la, a-la ;

U-la, a-la ;

U-yco, a-yco ;

U-du, a-wa ;

a-wa ; a-u,

?, ?; i-ri.

u-la, ci-la ;

u-la, ci-la ;

u-yu; ?

u-bu or oj-bu,

a-ji; a-li,a.ga;

a-ga; is'c.

n-na, a-la ;

n-na, a-la ;

? ; e-ni ?,

a-ci, a-i ; a-ji,

i-la, ci-la ;

i-la,ci-la(?lo);

a-ma ? ; i-ci ?,

a-si ; a-lu ;

uu; va-a;

iiii; va-a;

i-vi ? ; ? ; de-ne,

a-tu ; a-ka ;

muu

muu

esi?; &'c.

a-u ; a-ku ;

o-pa; a-mu.

A-juju ;

a-wawa ; dr'c.

Aju-noo,

awa-nco ;

au-nco ; ^'c.

That,

those

(Ju-ele-ju ;

J(o-la ; wa-ra ;

U-le ; a-le ;

U-le ; a-le ; &>€.

(lO-le; a-la;

Udu-le ; awa-le;

w-ele-wa ;

?; ?; le-ra;

u-le ; ci-le;

Yto-le ; ya-yca ;

cD-le; &'c.

ubu-le ; ^'c.

w-ele-u ;

gaTa; &■€.

n-ne ; a-le ;

yto-le; ceci-le;

j-ele-ji ; 6-c.)

&-€.;

une-ne ;

A-jco, a-wco ;

va-le (16);

ya-le (6) ;

a-<a ; a-jeo ;

mu-le (17)

ye-le ; ceci-le ;

a-lyoj ; a-goa ;

woj-we (14) ;

dr'c.

va va-le (16);

[

Aju-la, Awa-la;

ma)mu-le(l7).

au-la, aji-la ;

T;i-(o.la(i);

ati-la, aga-Ia;

pi-a-yco or

aci-la, ai-la;

pi-ya-la (2) ;

aji-la, asi-la ;

pu-ya)-la (3) ;

alu-la; ^'c.

pi-ceci (4) ;
pi-ne-na (5) ;
pi-ya-la (6) ;
pi-ye-la (9) ;
pi-ceci (10) ;
pu-wcowu (14);
pi-vava,
vava-w (16) ;
w(jow-o> (15) ;
pu-mcomu(i7).

Bad ... .

Expressed by

•himu.

Wcolcj-wa, cr'c.

•nanara

(0-warara

•takala

* not good'' ;

•bi

-co.bakala

also -bi =

* black',

Black... .

'angry'.
•pilyuu ;

•piri

-o-ri-pa.

-o-ri'pa.

-oj-ri-pa

-wri-ba,

•pilila,

-co-takala

-u-takala

-u-ri-pa.

•bi^

Ki-ko«de-le

Female

•kcongwe.
■kcolu

•dara.
■klgi.
•ana-wa

ke

•ti-ana

•bi-ana

•ti-ana

•i-ana ;
•seva

Fierce

■kali

...

•caca

,

Good .,. .

•mboane.
•kcota.
•lumba-na

•nco^fu.
-halile.
•nyahi

-o^rera

-co-rera

-to-ha-pa ;
-o^rera

-u^kcode^ra

232

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

S7.

English

Yaoj

Ci-ngindoi

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabo> or

(North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'Mozambique ')

Metco or

Makua

CQuelimane')

55 a. Ci-mputu

Medco

Great

•kulungwa

•kurungu.

-kulu-bale ;

•kulu-bale.

-tukutcoku.

•indimiia.

•kulungwa

-ulu-ljale.
-wu-niia

•mulu-pale.
-wu-nua

-ulu-pale

-e-ula

Little

•nandi

•cuku-pe.

-am-kane,

•kani

-nanju.

I-nconco.

-ncuku

-kane.
-yeya

or -kane.
-ye-wa

■ncononconcd

-e-nye-wa

Long

■leu.

-leu-pa

{verb)

"•

-to-rega-ma

-co-tali-va

•cimpa

-u-la-pa

Male

-lume.

•pongco.

•lubw-ana

-m-lcopw-ana

Mwa-luku;

•lubw^ana.

■kambakco

-ana-lume.
-kambako)

•leopw-ana

Pogeo

(animals)

Old

-kulu ;
-kala

Wu-wala

-co-kalai.

Ehto-tala.
-ulu-pale

...

Kalamba

Red

•cejeu

...

-o-peria

-kwila.
co.pera

...

...

Rotten

-uule

• ■•

-vunya

-unta

-u-vunda

Short

-upi,
-ipi

...

•kuvi.
0)-kuve-ha

-kuve-a

•ivisi.
An-ivisi

...

Sick

-Iwele,
-Iwala

...

-wo-reya

-reta.
-we-reiya

...

•reta

White

■swela

-bara-fu

-o-tela

-o-tela

Yco-wela

-cena

Above, up,

Canya.

Ku-nani

-va-zulu

-m-culu,

...

-va-zuru

on top

Pa-canya.
Ku-inani.
Pe-nani

va-culu

Before,in front Ca-mbuju,

I-mugi.

U-hcol«

Mi-hoilu

...

U-zogoru

Pa-mbuj<a

Pa-lungi

Behind, last

-n-yuma.
Ca-mbesi

In-yuma

U-duli

U-buli

...

...

Below, down

Ku-si,
Pa-si.
Kw-iwanda

Pa-hi

Va-ti

Va-W

...

-va-ti

Far

Ku-tali-ka

Kuli-pa

(x)-tawene.

Va-de

U-tai.
Va-be

...

...

Here

Apanu

A pa

Vava.
Unco.
N-nu

Va

Ava.

Va!

(Okuneo,
Apanco

In, inside ...

Mw-e.
M-kati

M'., Mu-

Mu-hina.
Ne-bani.
Mw-a-, -ni

Mhina; -ni

M-, -mw-e

M^, Mu-are

Middle ...

Cisi-kati,
Cili-kati

...

Iri-are

Iri-ari ya-

...

■are

Near

Pa-ngulu

Pahipahi

Wa-kivi-ru

Wa^tama

...

I -kuvi

Outside ...

Ku-sa

Ku-uma,
Pa-uma

U-ta(?).
Va-de

Va-be

...

U-dambco

Plenty

-jinji

•ingi

-njene

•inji

-n-ceni.
-n-cici

•inji

There

Kulakula.

Ku-nio

Kura

Vale,
Vavoj.
N-we

Vale

Uwto

Apale

Where? ...

Kwa-pi?.

■••

Va-i.'

Va-i?

...

U-vi?

•

Va.yi.'

GROUPS N AND O: YACO-NGINDOJ AND M0(;;AMBIQUE LANGUAGES

233

54-

55-

56.

56 a.

56 b.

57-

English

Ya«

Ci-ngindco

I-makua

Northern

Lomwe or

I-cuabco or

(North and

(Tulugu,

Makua and

Western

Cuambco

South)

'Mo(ambique')

Metco or

Makua

(' Quelimane ')

55 a. Ci-mputu

Medco

No

N-gwamba I

Lietu !

lii! Aa! Ata !

Kiimoi !

Aki-pale !

Seye ! Ke !

Not (u'ith verb,

Nga., Nge-,

Ki- (isipers.

A^ki-, A^gi^(ij/

X-V\(\stpers.);

A-ki

Ka.

as prefix, m-

Ngi-, Ngu-,

sin^.).

pers. sing.) ;

Ka., K'. ;

fix, or suffix)

Ngini.,

■lietu (nega-

Ki.crGi-.Ku-;

-hi- (-si-) ; and

Ngana-i

tive suffix).

Ka- [all per-

much as in 56

Ngunu- ;

Nga- ; .nga^ ;

sons) ; Ne-,

»gasa-,

Ka-, ka- ;

Ni- (subj.) ;

»gisi-i

•naka- (55 a) ;

-na^ ; •hi-;

Ngusu. ;

•tupu (neg.

•le (suffix).

Ngi-kini-,

verb)

-na- (infix)

Nga-kana-,

Ngu-kunu- ;

-ka (-ga-) -ga

(or -je) ;

.

•kasa-, -kaja-

To

Kii

Ku-

0)-

U-

U-

U-, 0)-

„ beat ...

•menya

•puta.
-menya

■mana

-wata

...

-vada

„ buy, sell

•suma

-gura

-tumi-ha,
-tuma

•buma

-tuma-li,
-tuma

-ngula

„ come ...

■isa or

-ica

•wa

■ua

-rwa

da

„ cut

•ica
-tema

-dumura

-tigila

■Wkila

-kata,
-kakata

-rema.
-gwada

,, dance ...

•wina,
-ina

•ihina

•rugunea.
-wina

-twela.
-wu-ina

■ihina

-ceta

„ die ...

•uwa

•fwa,
-huwa,
■hwa

•kwa

•kwa

■pwa

-kwa

„ eat

■Ha

•ria,
■dia

-ja

-Ua

■ca

■ja

,. give ...

-pa

-pa.
•pika.
-wana

•va-ha

■kumi-ha ;
■nya.
•va^ha

-inya

•va-a

,. go

-enda ;

•genda,

-rua;

■wet>a.

-rcoa;

-dwa.

-jenda ;

-enda

•eta

-rcoa

-ka

-famba

„ kill ...

-ja
•ula.ga

■ku>ma

-iva

■wiva

-ipa

-pa, -upa

„ know ...

■manya

-manyi,
•manya

-zuela

■cuela

■suwela

-zewa

„ laugh ...

■seka

-heka

-tea

■tiea

■tea

•bea

„ leave off,

-leka

•leka

•hia

-hia.

■tia

cease

-leha

„ love, want

-nonyela.

•londa.

■tuna ;

-tuna

-tuna ;

■dana ;

•saka

-hana

•ntuna

-iikwela

■funa

„ see

•wona,
-ona.
Icola

•Icola.
•liiiga

•ona

-wcona

■cona,
-kcona .'
•bali

■cona

„ sit, remain,

•tama

•tama

•kala^ti

-kala-tii

■kala-ti

abide

„ sleep ...

•gona

•gona.
•gcolco^ka

-rupa.
■ncona,
•kcona

■rupa

...

■gcona

,, stand, stop,

■ima,

•yima

•eme^la

•weme-la

...

■ime-la

be erect

•jima

II steal . . .

■jiwa

•jiba

•wia

•wiya

•iya

•iba

234 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN YAO)
No preprefixes.

Class I, Mu-, M-, Ju-, A-, Aci-, Aca- (m, ju-, jua-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A-, A-ki-, A-ci-, A-ca- (wa-, -a-) ;

3. Mu-, M- (wo)-, U-) ; 4. Ml- (mi-, ji) ; 5. Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (gama-, ga) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. I- (i, yi) ;
9. Ny-, N- (M-), a. ai, jan'-) ; 10. Ny-, Kg-, N-, N- (M-), — (si) ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka
(ka) ; 14. U- (u-, wco) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (m-, mu-).

Also the prefix Na-, without concord.

The plural double prefixes Aci-, Aki-, and Aca- seem to be used (together with A-) in both a plural
and a singular sense, and always as a token of respect or politeness. Aca- is an honorific prefix, = ' Mr. '
or ' Sir ', when preceding a proper name. This particle becomes 'Ce in south-west Yaculand. The Ci- in
these prefixes is sometimes heard as Ki- (as also in Ci-ngind<o), and may be nothing but the 7th singular
prefix in an augmentative sense. The 'Ce or 'Ca (Ace-, Aca-) may be the equivalent of the 'father'
prefix ^a-, pi-. Si- in cognate tongues. When Aci- is employed in a singular sense in Yaco, its plural
prefix is Wa-i- (2 + 8), which would strengthen the supposition that Ci- = Ki- (No. 7).

PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NGINDO) AND CI-MFOOTtO

Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, Nn- (mu, jfo-, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, Nn- (mu-, wu, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Li-, — (li, ri, le-) ; 6. Ma-, Ama- (ma-, ga, -ya) ; 7. Ci- (ci-) ; 8. Hi-, Fi-, Vi- (hi, fi, vi) ; 9. In-
(Im-), In-, Iny-, N-, Ny-, Jim- (n-, i) ; 10. same as 9 (hi, hy, i) ; 11. Uru-, Lu- (lu) ; 12. Utu-, Tu- (tu) ;

13. Aka-, Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Hu- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17 ? Na-, Na-ka- (honorific) ; //.
wa-ka-. Aka- (13) is also honorific in some words. There are traces of a La- (' time ') prefix.

PREFIXES, &c., IN THE MAKUA DIALECTS : I-MAKUA, MEDO), LOMWE

Only faint traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, A- ', Mwa-, Mwala, Mwara (possibly a contraction or slurring of ' Mw-ana ') (m-,
mu, mwam-, u-, to-, yo)-, tii-) ; 2. A-, E-, Aci-, Api-, Api-mi- (a, co-, ya-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (m-, mu-, u, wto-,
wi-, yto) ; 4. Mi-, N- (mi-, i, ci-) ; 5. Ni-, N-, Li-' (n, ni) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, to-, (ova-, a, ya-) ; 7. Surviving
without definite concord as E-, Eki-, I-, Ici-, Ey-, Y- ; 8. ly-, I- or absent ; 9. E- or I-, In-, En-, Yco- (i) ;
10. 1-, E-, Coa- (i-,ci) ; 11. missing; 12. missing; 13. Ka- (without concord and treated as of Class I with
Class 2 superimposed as plural ; 14. U-, CO- (u, wco-) ; 15. U-, CO-, Wca- (u, wco-) ; 16. Va- (va- ? pu, ? pi,
p<o ?) ; 17. (plural also to 16) M-, Mu- (mu-, mco-, m-, -ni).

-ana diminutive suffix.

Also Na- prefix with A- as plural, superadded. According to Maples, Na- (which is inseparable from
root-word) has usually the concord of Class I , but sometimes that of Class 5 or Class 9.

PREFIXES, &C., IN CUAMBCO
No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, -du, u-) ; 2. A- (anciently Va-) (a) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, -bu-, u-) ;

4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Ni-, N- (anciently Li-) (ni, ? li) ; 6. Ma- (ma- ?) ; 7. Ei-, I-, Ci- (i, ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ;
9. — , N-, Ny- (n-?, i ?) ; 10. Di-, Ti-, De-, Re- (?de-, di); 11. missing; 12. missing; 13. missing;

14. U-, Wu- (old) (u) ; 15. U-, CO- (u) ; 16. Apa-, Pa-?, Va? (pa ?); 17. M- (?).

-ana diminutive suffix.
Nya-, Na- as prefix without concord : plural. Ana-, Anya-.

' Honorific singular prefix, derived from No. 2. "^ In Lomwe the ith prefix is usually Li-.

GROUPS N AND O: YAOJ-NGINDU) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES 235

54. Yaco is spoken from the Middle and Upper Ruvuma river in the north to the south-east coast of
Lake Nyasa, the Upper Shire, the middle of the Shir^ Highlands, and Mlanje Mountain in the south;
especially along the valley of the Lujenda river as far east as the Medo) and Lomwe countries.

55. Cingindco is spoken chiefly inland between South latitude 8° 30' and the watershed of the Middle
Ruvuma river; west of the Matumbi and Mwera languages, and east of Pogorco, Sutu, and Nindi ; also
in scattered colonies on the Kilwa coast : Cimpcotco, in the East Nyasa coast-lands between South
latitude 10° 40' and 11° 30' ; as far east as Upper Ruvuma river.

56. Imakua is spoken in the Mozambique district of Portuguese East Africa between the Lurito
river on the north and the Tejufigco river in the south ; and from the sea coast westward to the Lomwe
country.

56 a. Northern Makua is spoken in the interior of Portuguese East Africa between the Ruvuma
river on the north and the Luriio on the south, between the Kerimba or Mabiha country on the east and
the Lujenda valley on the west.

56 b. Lomwe is spoken in the region west of the Makua people and east of the Lujenda ^•alley
and Lake Chilwa. The northern range of the Lomwe dialect is about 14° of South latitude, and its
southern limits lie a little to the south of the l6th parallel.

57. Icuabco <7r Cuatnbco is spoken in the coast district of Ouelimane, north of the Zambezi delta, as
far as the Mazemba or Tejuiigco rivers. Inland its range reaches nearly to Mounts Cipertoni and
Mtotomtonco and the Upper Lukugu river.

y

GROUP P

THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

58. Ci-mazarco (Ci-kunda or Ci-gunda)
58 a. Ci-podz«

59. Ci-nyungwi ('7>/f ') 593. Ci-sena

60. Ci-mbco (Ci-cinjiri)

61 a. Ci-mananja (South Nyanja)

6r. Ci-nyanja (East Nyanja)

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarca

Ci-podzu

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbo»

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Adze

N-semco ;
an-semcd

...

Paza?

N-semco

N-sompto.
Zenga

...

Animal, wild

N-ama;

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama.

Ny-ama.

beast

din-ama

Ci-rombw

Ci-kcokco

Ant

N-yerere.

N -yerere

N-yarere.

N-tuta.

N-yerere.

N-yerere.

Gugu ; ma + .

Ma-gugu.

N-cirafu

N-yanyaco.

Li-ntumbwi

Nye;

Nye;

Li-ntvmibu.

ma-nye.

ma-nye

M-dzcodzco

N-dcodu ; mi-

Ant, white

U-cenje.

U-yece

Mu-cenye.

Ka-lanzi

Ci-swe.

N-swa.

(termite)

U-jeci; ma-.

N-yamu;

din-yamu

U-cenpe(59a)

In-swa.

Ka-lanzi.

U-lomwe

Ci-swe.
N-gumbi

Arm

N-gconu ; mi-

N-kci>nco; mi-

M-ktonco.
N-gconw; mi-

N-cafu

M-kconco

M-kconco.
Janja

Arrow

Mu-bvi; mi-

M-phina

Mu-bvi.

M-pamba

Mu-bvi.

Mu-bvi,

(same in

Mu-zeve ; mi-

Ci-songa.

Mu-vi ; mi-

plural, but

N-cetci>

-dzi = plural

concord)

Axe

M-badzco or

M-badzc»

M-badzo> or

Li-wagco

N-kwangwa.

N-kwangwa

Badco.

Badu;

Ka-temo>.

or Xwafigwa

Ka-nyimbwi ?

ma-badcd

Gcoma.
Ganco.
Ka-nyembe.
Pomp we

Baboon ...

Bongwe.

Bongwi

Bongwe ; a -t- .

Bongwe

N-yani

N-kwere or

Korco;

Koro;

Mii-kwele.

a-korto

a-koro

M-xweri ; wa-

Back

N-tana ; mi-.

Wa-korokoro.

M-sana.

Gongca

M-sana.

M-sana.

Ku-nduyu

Perepere

Ku-nduyu

M-buyco

M-buyo)

Banana

M-figu

Figu (li-J ;

Ma-figu (pi.)

Ma-gonibwa

N-tcoci.

N-tcoci

{Portuguese)

ma-t-

(pi-)

M-lanya

Beard

N-debvu or
N-devu

N-debvu

N-debvu or
N-devu

N-debvu

N-debvu

N-debvu

Bee

N-juci or
N-nji;
din-iiji

N-yui,
N-uzi

Ny-uci.
N-uji ;
din-uji

Ka-luma

N-juci

N-juci

Belly

Ci-fu or
Ji-fu.
Mimba

Mimba

Ci-fii.
Mimba.
Ma-tumbo>

Cin-tumbco

Mimba

(abdomen).
(Ci-pfu =
stomach.
Ci-nena =

puhcs)

Mimba

Bird

M-balame

M-barame

M-balame

M-balame

M -balame

M -balame

Blood

Mu-lcopa

Mi-rcopa

Mu-lo>pa

Ma-gasi

Mw-azi

Mw-azi

Body

Ma-nungu ; //.
mama-nuiigu

Ma-nuiigeo

Ma-nungoj

Tupi

Tupi ; ma ■¥

Tupi ; ma -^ .
Ma-lungco

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

»i?

English

58.
Ci-mazarco
(Ci-kunda)

58 a.
Ci-podzcd

59-
Ci-nyungwi
59 a. Ci-sena

60.

Ci-mbco

(Ci-cinjiri)

61 a.
Ci-mananja

(South
Nyanja)

61.
Ci-nyanja

(East
Nyanja)

Bone

Kug(i>da> or
Gugcodu ; pi,

ma +

Gugudu

Ku-gcodco.
Gcogcadu

Li-gci>do>

Pfupa

Ci-fupa,
Fupa

Borassuspalm

Bvumu; ma +

M-dikwa

Dikwa

Bvumto

M-vumo).

M-laza
U-ta

Ci-gwalangwa.

Bow

U-taor U-ra;

U-ta ; ma +

U-ta, U-ra;

Cima.figanze

V\'u-ta or

//. au-ra

au-ra (//.)

U-ta

Bowels

Ma-rtimboi

...

• ..

• •*

Ma-tumbci>

Ma-tumbw

Brains

W-ongco or
Y-onoj; dji-

W-ongCi)

W-ongco.
Y-ofito ; dzi -f-

Tompwe

Uw-ongo>

W-ongco,
Uw-ongo*

Breast (male)

Ci-kua

...

Pa-m-tima.
Didi.

Pa-m.tima-nzi

Ci-pfua ;
zi-pfua

Ci-fua

Breast
(female)

Brother

t

Buffalo
Bull ...
Buttocks
Canoe...

Cat ...
Charcoal
Chief ...

Child ...
Cloth ...

Cold ...

Country

I Cow ...

Bere or Be ;

iTia + .

Tconyeo ; ma +
M-bali;

a-balL

N-siaor

N-jira; di-f.

M-pwa.

Drongco
Ny-ari or

N-ari
N-ombe

ya ka-pali
Ma-rakco or

Ragco; ma-t-
Mw-adia.

C-ombco ;

vi-ombco

M-bhaka ;

a-phaka
Kala;

ma-kala
M-fumu; ma-.

Ji-ni ; vi-ni

Mw-ana ;
ana

N-guco;

difi-guco.

N-kuco ; ziii-
Ci-ridu ;

vi-ridu ("i Port.

^frio,freido')
Idz-ikco ;

ma-ikco.

N-drunda;

nii-runda
N-ombe ; di 4-

yan-sika-naor

di-sika-na

Bere ; ma -v

M-bali

Nz-ati

N-ombe
mo-mbwa-na
Ma-takco

Mw-adia

M-phaka

M-fumu

Mw-ana ;
ana
N-guco

T-igu

N-ombe.
I-siga-na

Ci-fua or

Ci-kua
Bere;

ma-bere.

Zuku ; ma -f
M-bali.

N-sia,

N-jira.

M-pwa

Ny-ati

Ma-takco

Mw-adia.

Mu-kondco.

C-ombco ;

pi-ombco (59 a)
M-paka

Mambco.

Mu-pinda.
Fumu

Mw-ana ;
ana

N-guco ;
di n-kuco or
diii-guco [pi.)

Ci-ridu

Dz-ikco ;
ma-ikco

Li-zamwe ; ma- Bere ;

ma-were

M-bali

Ny-ati

Ma-takco
Bw-atco

M-lamu.
Mw-enye

M-fumu

Mw-ana ;
ana, b-ana
Li-fuka

N-taka

N-ombe ;

zi- or di-.
N-ombe
ya n-sika-na

N-ombe ;
zin-ombe

Njira.
M-bale.
M-longco

Nj-ati

M-pongco

Ma-takco.

N-kcolco
N-galawa.

Bw-atco; ma-l-

M-paka

K-hala.

Tsimbe; ma +
M-fumu.

Lundu.

Bambco.

Ci-rembwe.

M-buye
Mw-ana.

Ka-nda
N-garu

Zizira.
Ci-sanu

Dz-ikco ;
ma-ikco

N-ombe

Ma-wele

M-lofigco.
Mpwa.
M-bare,
M-bale

Nj-ati or

Ny-ati

M-pongco

Ma-takco

Bw-atco ; ma +

M-paka.
M-bwiyaco
Ma-kala

M-fumu.
M-kulu

Mw-ana ;
w-ana
N-caru

Zizila.
M-pepco

J-ikco;
ma-ikco

N-ombe
ya taji

238

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58 a.

59v,

60.

61 a.

6i.

English

Ci-mazaru

Cipodzto

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbu

Ci-mananja

Ci«yanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Crocodile ...

N-cona; pi.
a + or di +

N-oona

N-cona.
Nya-koakca

N-conantondo>

N-cona

N-oana,
M n-cona.
M'amba

Day

Tsiku or
Siku.
N-tana.
M-punga

Ma-sikati

Siku

Tsiku

N-siku

Siku.
U-sana

DevU

N-zimu

A-fiti

N-dzimu.
Tsa-n-dukwa

Li-fuka; ina + .
Gcogoa

M-zimu

M-zimu ;
wa-zimu

Doctor

Ifanka; ma-t-.

...

N-ganga; zi +

...

Si-nanga

Si-nanga

Dog

Sa-penda ;
ma + .

Mw-iyanya ;
a-yanya

Mw-ana-m-bwa Mw-ana-m-bwa Mw-ana-m-bwa; Im-bwa

ana-m-bwa.

Donkey ... Bum; ma +
Door,doorway Ci-tsekco; vi-.

Ci-dzaco.

N-suco ; mi-
Dream ... Tuleo; ma + .

N-dcota

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant ..

Excrement
Eye

Face

Fat

Father

I n-coma ;

pi. difi +
B-aru ;

m-aru

N-suco.
M-suco; mi-

Ku-rcota

N-coma
Ku-tu

Zai or l-Azai; Zai,

Fear ...

pi. ma.zai
Dcou or

N-tcou; pi.

an-tcou
Malu-bvi

L-isco ;

m-esco.

D-isco ;

mad-isco
Kcope ; ma -f .

Ci-usco

Ma-kura

Baba ; a -t- .
T/ie honorific
Sa- or Se-
prefix

Ma.nta.
Ycopa,
Gcopa

Li-zai ; ma-
N-zco

Matu-bvi

D-isco ;
ma-su

N-khcope

Ma-fttta

Gcopa

M-bwa ;
zim-bwa

Ci-sekco ; pa-,
N-suco

N-dota

N-coma ;

zi- or di-
Ku-tu ; ma + .

Ba-rco ;

ma-rco
Zai ; ma -f

N-zcou

Matu-bzi

D-isco ;
ma-sco.
M-bconi

Kope;
n-kcope.
N-kuma

Ma-futa

Baba.

The honorific
Sa- or Se-
prefix

Ma-nta.
Gcopa

Ci-tsekco.
N-kcowa

N-dota

N-coma
Li-pilikanilco

Lin-danda

Gam

Ci-tsekco ; zi-
Fa-kcomco

N-tulco ;

a-tulco.

N-deota.

Ma-lcota
N-coma

Ku-tu or

Khu-tu ;

maku-tu
Dzira ;

N-jcobvu.
Dzimwe

N-dembco.
Ma-tsutame

Ma-ngwenu (?) Tu-bzi ; ma -^ .

M-cimba
Dz-isco ; D-isco, dfc.

ma-sco

N-kcope.

Ci-tseo

Ma-futa

Ma-nta

Ma-futa.

Ncona
Tate;

a-tate.

Probably also
the honorific
Tsa- prefix.
This is some-
times Atsa-
Ma-nta.
Ci-ntente.
Ci-ntewe.
N-tenu.
(Ku.copa=7'^.)

Gam

Bulu ; ma +

Ci-cekco ; vi-

Pa-kcomo>

Lcota.
Ku-lota

N-coma ; zi -t-
Ku-tu; ma +

ZUa
N-joavu

Tu-bi or

Ma-vi
D-isco

Ma-sco.
N-kcope

Ma-futa

Tate;
a-tate

Ma-nta.
(Ku-copa=T'i.)

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

239

English

58.
Ci-mazarco
(Ci-kunda)

58 a.
Ci-podzbi

59-
Ci-nyungwi
59 a. Ci-sena

60.

Ci-mbcii

(Ci-cinjiri)

61 a.
Ci-mananja

(South
Nyanja)

61.

Ci-nyanja

(East

Nyanja)

Finger

Fire ... .
Fish ... .

Foot ... .

Forest
Fowl

Frog, toad
Ghost

Giraffe

Girl ...

Goat ...

„ (he)
.. (she)

God ...

Grass...
Ground

Ground-nut

Ci-bunu : vi-

Ci-buno>; vi-

Mu-nwe ; mi-.

Ka-pfunya

C-ala ;

Cala;

Ci-bunu ; vi-.

dz-ala

vy-ala

C-ara; pi- (59 a

M-otu ;

M-Stea

M-otoj

M-otoj.

M-oteo

M-5t«

mi-otco

Nan-sail

N-somba or

N-somba

N-somba or

N-somba

N-somba

N-comba

I-somba ;

I-somba;

di- or yi-

di-, yi, or zi-

Ny-al<o.

Ny-ala

Ny-alw.

Mw-endco

Mw-endoj.

Mw-endoa.

Tavu ; ma -t-

Mvv-endci>.
Tavu ; ma -f .
N-say<o

Pazi

Pasi or
Pazi

Mu-situ

M-situ

M-situ

N-situ

M-situ.
N-kalang».
Teiigco

N-kalangu.
M-situ

Mw-ana-m-kuku- N-kuku

Mw^na-n-kuku

N-kuku.

N-kuku

N-kuku

Yi-kuku ; di-.

Kuku,

Dzoye

Sekese

Yi-kuku ;

di-, zi-

Nya-cidwe ;

...

Nya-cidwe ;

...

C-ule; a-^.

C-ulwe.

a +

a -f . guri.
Sezi; ma-^

Nam-tusi

Ci-lealombe

M-dzukwa.

Dzimu

Mu-zukwa ;

• ••

M-dzukwa

Ci-dzodcogwa;

N-dukuyu ;

a-zukwa.

//. vi-.

nia + .

N-dukuyu.

M-zimu

Kwiri; a + .

Kwiri ; a + .

N-zimu ; mi-

N-zimu ; mi-

Mw-ali ;

...

Buru; ma4-

• ••

M-sika-na.

Mw-ai'i!

mi-ali.

Namw-ali.

Butu

Mw-ensika-na.

Ka-tsimba.

Butu or

Butu

Burn ; ma +

M-buzi

M-buzi

M-buzi; di-f

M-buzi

M-buzi.
Gugco

M-buzi.
Gcogca

Bcoku ; ma -f

Sa-beokeo

Bcokco ; ma-

M-pema

Tonde,
Ci-tonde

Pepe.
M-pongo»

M-buzi

• ••

...

...

M-cota.

M-buzi ya

ya tsika-na

M-buzi
ya kcoleo.
M-soati

taji

Mu-lungu or

Mu-lungu

Mu-rungco (a/so

M-pambe

M-lezi.

Mu-lungu

Mu-iungu

= ' rain ')

M-pambe.
Mu-lungu.
Ci-uta '

M-buya

...

M-buya

...

Khcolu ; ma -f .
M-buye

Am-buye

Ma-nyasi

Ma-nyasi

Mau-dzu.
Ny-asi; ma-f

Ma-nyazi

Mau-dzu,
U-dzu

Ma-uju

U-kaka ; ma+.

Ma-taka

Taka.

N-taka

N-taka

N-taka

N-kaka.

U-kaka

Ma-raga (//.).

Taka

Ma-nduwi

Ma-ndiii

Ma-nduwi.
Dzi-ndwe; ma-

Ci-wirinkate

N-tedza

N-teza.
M-balala

' M-lezi, /row Ku-leza, fo sustain. Ci-iita = M? rainbow. M-pambe = //i^ '■ excetler', also ^ great rain' and
thunder'.

R2

240

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Ci-podro*

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mboi

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Guinea-fowl

Kaiiga

Kanga

Kanga

N-joipilco

N-kanga

N-kanga

Gun

M-futi

Futi

M-futi

M-oteo ('Jire')

M-futi

Futi

Hair

Sisi or
I-titi

Sisi

Ititi.
Tsisi

T-sitsi

Tsitsi.
M-pombe

Cici

Hand

fiantia or

Dz-anja ;

Dz-anja ;

Dz-anja ;

Dz-anja ;

J-anja ;

Danta;

ni-anja

m-anja.

m-anja.

m-anja

m-anja

m-anta

Da-nta ;
m-anta

Ka-funya

Head

Mu-ru

M-sorco

M-sorco

N -soldi

Mu-tu

Mu-tu;
mi-tu

Heart

N-drima ;
mi-rima

N-rrima

M-tima

M-tima

M-tima

M-tima

Heel

I-tiri.

Ji-sondto; bi-

Ci-tiri.

Cin-zoiigciiniku Ci-tende ; dzi-.

Ci-katco; vi-

Ci-bili.

Ci-tende.

Ci-ndende

Tavu ; ma +

Tavu ; ma +

Hide

Tembe; ma +

N -tembe ; ma -1-

Ci-kcopa,
Ci-kwapa.
N-guco (of
sheep or
goat) •

Ci-kwetu.
Ngulu

Hill

Piri

...

Piri

•••

Ci-tunda.
Piri

Piri

Hippopotamus

Tomondcd

M-vu

M-vu

Dumondtd

M-vii ;
am-vu.
M-pangwei

M-viiu.
Ci-gwele

Hoe

Ji-simba; vi-

...

«.«

...

Kasu.
M-dzedze.
Guco

Kasu ; ma -f .
Ci-nkojma

Honey

Uwi.
Ma-sinci
a n-uji

Ma-ta

Uci.

Ma-sinci
a n-uci

N-juci

Uci

Uci.
Ma-seka

Horn

Ny-anka

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

Ny-anga.
Mandadalala

Ny-anga

N-ciwa.
Ny-anga.
Li-penga

House

N-umpa or
N-umba; di-

Ny-umba

Ny-umba

Ny-umba

Ny-umba.
Banja

Ny-umba.
Li-banda

(oblong)

Hunger

N-tala

N-daya or
N-da

N-jala

Ca-lema

N-jala

N-jala

Husband ...

Mu-ombw-ana;
a-. Ma-muna;
a +

...

Baya

...

Mwa-muna

Wama-muna

Hyena

Na-nkunu or
Nya-nkunco

Tika; ma +

Tika

Pesi.
Lubvu

Fisi; ma-t-

Fisi ; wa-f .
Fid

Iron

U-tali

M-para

U-tale

Dzi-fuzeo

Ci-tsulu.

M-pala

Ci-oulo>

Island

N-sua ; di +

Pan-sua

N-sua

Ci-gunda.
Ci-senjerere.
Ka-lungu

Ci-si;
dzi-si.
Ci-lumba

Ci-lwa ; vi-.
Ci-rumba; vi

Ivory

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

N-dembw

Ny-anga
ya n-jeobvu

Ny-anga
ya n-jcovu

Knee

I-bondca; ma-

Bonded

Bondto ;
i-bondcd

Bondco

Bondco

Ci-gonconco.
Bombconco

Knife

M-beni

M-peni

M-peni.
Ci-su

M-beni.
M-kaloj.
M-p<op<a

M-peni

M-peni.
Ci-pula

' showing that the otiginal sense o/N-gubco (cloth) was a hide for wearing apparel.

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

341

58.

58 a.

59v

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Ci-podzeo

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbo>

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Lake

Ny-ansa ;

di+ or ma. +

...

Tavare.
Ny-anza

...

Tamanda.
Oziwe

Ny-anja

Leg

Mw-endo>

Mw-endea

Mw-end<o

Mw-endeo

Mw-end<a

Mw-endu

Leopard . . .

Nya-lugwe

Nya-rugwe

Nya-lugwe

Ka-mbuku

Nya-lugwe

Nya-lubwe

Lion

N-kalam&>

...

}?-kalamcd.
M-pondorco

...

M-kangu

M-kaagci>

Lips

Mw-ioMnu.
Mi-icomco

Mu-r<omoi

Mi-rcomo)

Mi-loimu

Mi-la>mci>

Mi-lo>mca

Magic

...

Ufiti

Ma-le

Tsenga

U-fiti.
Tsefiga.

Ma-ere

U-fiti

Maize

Piamanga

Ma-pira-
manga '

Ma-pira-
manga

Pa-mangwe

Ci-manga.
Ka-gcolu

Ci-manga

Man

Mu-tu ; a-tu

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-tu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

a-ntu.

a-ntu or
wa-ntu

pi. zi a-ntu

a-ntu

wa-nta

Man, vir. ...

Mu-mbw-ana.
(U-swaka. =
manhood )

...

Mwa-muna.
Mu-mbw-ana.
M-swaka

Mwa-mna

Mwa-muna

Mwa-muna

Meat

N-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

M-nufu.
Ny-ama-
N-kwiru

Ny-araa

Medicine ...

N-drombwe ;
mi-rombwe

...

Ma-ngware.

Mu-tombwe

...

Ma-nkwala.
U-sinanga

Ma-nkwala

Milk

Ukaka

Ukaka

M-kaka,
Nkaka.
Ma-ziwa.
Ma-ere or
Bere.

(Ku-kama =
verb)

Li-kama

Monkey ...

Kcolco.
N-simbu

Korw

Kolca.
Pusi.
N-pima.
Bonkwe

N-janjama

Pusi ; a + .
N-cima

Pusi

Moon

Mw-eri ; mi-.
Dendendi ;

ma +

Mw-edai

Mw-ezi.
Mw-eri

N-dende-
ke-zuwe

Mw-ezi

Mw-ezi

Mother ...

Mama

• ••

Mama.
N-dende

•••

Mai ; ma-.
Maco

A-mai

Mountain ...

Piri

Piri

Piri

Piri

Piri ; ma -I-

Piri

Mouth

Mu-rumoi.
Nga-nwa

...

Mu-rumcd

...

Ka-mwa

Ka-mwa

Nail (of finger

N-geole.

Ky-ara

Ny-ala or

Ci-ka-nam-bira

Ci-kabadco.

Ci-kabadco

or toe)

N-yaya,
N-aia ;
din-aia

N-para ; zin-.
N-gore(59a)

Ka-dabto ; ti-

Name

Dz-ina

Dz-ina,

Z-ina

Dz-ina

Dz-ina ;
ma-ina

J-ina;
ma-ina

Navel

Mu'jombco ; mi-.
Mu-ombw; mi-

...

...

...

M-combu.
Ci-dudu

M-combo>

Neck

Kcdsi or
Kuti.

Kcosi

Kuzi

Ci-kcota

Kusi,
Khoisi

Khcosi

Ci-gtogoj

Ma-pira-maiiga = sorghum of the sea coast.

242

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58 a.

S9-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazaroi

Ci-podzu

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbos

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Night

Ma-tiku.
(Dima =
darkness)

Ma-siku

U-siku

U-siku

U-siku.
Tsiku.
(M-dima =
darkness)

U-siku.
(Ci-dima =

darkness)

Nose

Punu ; pL rai-

M-punu

Punco

•-•■

M-punoa

M-punu

Ox

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

N-tofiga

N-ombe

M-fule.

ya ka-pale

ya ka-padcj

ya m-fule

N-ombe

Paddle ...

N-ombco.

(Ku-capa =
verb)

• *•

N-ombu

•*•

Capa,
Kapa.
N-gombca

N-kafl

Palm wine,

W-iema.

U-cema

U-cema

N-soamco

U-cema

U-cema

beer

Badwa; ma +

Parrot

Cin-cerekete.
Lomwe

Tangwi

N-geowe.
•^i-mpie

Ci-nkwe

Ci-nkwe ; dzi-

Ci-nkwe ; vi-

Penis

Sondco.
M-borco; di +

M-boro>

Sondco

M-bo>lco

M-boolco,
M-bcole.'
Cende

M-bolu

Pig

N-kumba ;

man-

N-kumba

N-kumba

Gudani

N-kumba

N-kumba.
N-guluwe

Pigeon

Kafiga-iwa,
N-khanga-iwa

J-iwa

Kaiiga-iwa

...

N-kunda.
N-jiwa

N-kunda

Place

M-buro>.
Dalco ; ma +

M-butci>

M-butoo

M-butu

M-butoo.
Ma-lca

M-butco.
Ma-lM

Rain

Mu-ungu ; ^
mi-unku(^/.)

Mu-lungu.^
Ana-vumba

M-vula

M-bvula

M-bvula

Vula

Rat

Ciu

N-ciru ; ma-

Ciru

Koswe.
Gudani ?

Koswe; ma-f.
M-puku

Koswe.
M-bewa

Rhinoceros

Ci-pempere;vi-
Dcogoi.
Pwele

••'

Ci-pembere.
Pueti

...

...

Ci-pembere

River

D-ombasi.
N-guoj;
mi-guca

Ny-anza

Ny-anja.
Ci-mazi.

Mu-kuroi

Ny-anja

Ny-anja.
M-tsinje

M-cinje

Road

N-sia

Nsia

N-jira

N-jira.
Kw-alala.
N-kwasa

N-jira

N-jUa

Salt

Mw-enyu

Mu-inyu

...

M-cele,

M-cere.
Ci-cere.
Ci-kungu.
Ci-duloj

M-cele

Shame

Ma-nyasi.
Ma-nyadco

...

Ma-niazwi

"•

Ma-nyazi.
U-nyala

N-ceoni.
Ci-sconi.
Ma-nyazl

Sheep

Bia; di +

Bia

M-bira.
Bvu. (Bvu-
rume = ram)

N-kcdsa

N-koisa.
Bira

M-belele.
N-kusa

Shield

Dcaa; ma +

...

...

••«

Ci-kcopa.
M-kupco

Ci-ktopa

Shoulder ...

Ci-turi ; vi-

...

Pewa

»a*

Ma-nyembe.
Puzi ; ma + .
Pewa ; ma +

Pewa; ma+.
Ci-kuta

Sister

N-ronkorioj.

M-bau.

Mw-ana-n-kazi M-longco

M-longw; a-

M-longo»; wa-

M-bai. N-gu. Mw-ana-
M-pwa siga-na

' Derived from -txola, (o pierce; a widespread Bantu verb-root also meaning' sting''
''■ Compare root-word for God, -lungu, in East African Bantu.

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

243

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Cimazarto

Ci-podzM

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbcd

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

593. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Skin

Ktinku.

Kungu

Kanda.

Kungu

Kungu.

Kungu.

I-kamba

N-tembe

Ci-kcopa

Ci-kwetu

Sky

Tambco ; ma +

Tambcd ; ma +

N-tambto

Ku-dzulu

Khcogulco.
Tambco.

Kumw-amba.
M-nenere

Mi-tamboo (/>/.)
M-lenga

Slave

Ka-porca

• ••

Ka-pcolco.

M-ntemba.

M-donda.

M-dza-kazi, 0
Tulco

Ka-polco.
M-keole ; wa-

Sleep

Ji-ruto or

Ji-ruea

Tulw

Tulco

Li-tulco

Ci-rueo.

Tu-l<o

Smoke

Uci ; ma +

Uci

Uci

N-tunzi

Utsi

Uci

Snake

N-»ka

N-wa

Ny-ojka

N-jcoka

N-jcoka.
(Mamba

= cobra,
M-pwi

= viper)

N-j»ka.

M-pili

Son, boy ...

Mwa-ima.

Mw-ana

M w-ana

Mw-ana wa

M-nyamata

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

nombw-ana

mwa-muna

m-lumbw-ana

(youth).

M-nyamata

m-ombw-ana ;

Mw-ana

anaombw-ana

wa mwa-muna

Song

Ny-imb«; di +

Ny-imbco

Ny-imbcd ; zi-

Ny-imboj

Ny-imbco

Ny-imbco.
Ma-lumbco

Spear

Dipa.

N-tungu; a +

Mwa-raiigcii

Dupa

N-kondca

N-tung<a.
N-gamco

N-tungco

Spirit, soul

Mu-unkwa.
N-zimu ; a +

•••

Manda; a-f.
M-zimu ;
a-zimu.
M-oyo»

M-zimu.
M-oyco

Star, planet

N-eneri,
n-neri
N-inyezi;

ma +

Tondcoa

N-tondcowa.
Ny-enyezi.
Tanda

Ny-enyezi

N-yenyezi.
N-dondwa.
N-tanda

N-tondwa

Stick

Golomondco.

N-donga

N-gcoloimondb

. N-dciidci>

N-dcodco.

N-dcodco.

Fimbu

M-simbcd

N-gcolcomondco

M-simbati

Stone

Mw-ala; mi-

I-bwe,
ma-bwe

Mw-ala

Tsanga-la-bwe

Mw-ala ;
mi-ala

Mw-ala ; mi-

Stool

M-pandto ; mi-

...

Panyeo.

Mu-panda
(59 a)

...

M-pandco

M-pandco

Sun

Dzuwa,

Zua ; ma +

Zua

Zuwa,
Dzuwa

Dzuwa

Dzuwa

Jua

Tail (of an

Njia ;

• -•

Mu-^ira

...

M-cira

M-cila

animal)

mi-jia

Tear

M-sori

M-sori

Tscozi; ma + .
M-scozi,
N-swdzi ;
mi-

M-scozi

M-scozi ; mi-

M-scozi ; mi-

Testicles ...

Ma-jendi.
M-pumba.
Ci-tconconca;

vi-

Ma-jende

M-pumba.

Ma-cende

...

M-pulumoi.
Ma-tcodzco.
Ma-cende,
Ma-cenda

Ma-cende ?

Thief

M-bava.
J-ieo.

Wo-yanda ;
u>-yanda

M-bava ; ma-

Bava

M-bala

M-bala.
M -kungu

M -kungu.
Wo-kuba

244

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazaru

Ci-podzco

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mb(o

Ci-maiianja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Thigh

...

...

Mu-endco.
Cafco

...

N-cafu

N-cafu

Thing

Cintco; vi-

Ci-ntu ; //.

Ci-ntu ;

Ci-ntu

Ci-ntu ;

Ci-ntu ;

vi-ntu or

bzi-ntu or

dzi-ntu.

vi-ntu.

pi-ntu

pi-ntu (59 a)

Ka-ntu ;
ti-ntu

Ka-ntu ;

ti-ntu.

C-uma

(things,
property)

Thorn

Mu-nka

Mu-nga

Mu-nga

Mu-nga

Mu-nga

Mu-nga

Tobacco ...

Foria,
Foiya

Fcodia

Fojdia

Fcodia

Fcodia

Fcodia

To-day ...

Dam-bwinto

Dam -bunco

Leico,
Lerco

Lerco

Lerco

Lerco,
Lelco

Toe

Ci-buno> or

Ci-ara ;

Ci-bunco

Ka-funya

C-ala,

C-ala ;

Ji-bunu

pi-ara

Z-ala

vi-ala.

ca tavu

Ci-koiigco

To-morrow

Ma-ngwana

Ma-ngwana

Ma-ngwana.

Mu-kupa

...

Mawa,

Ma-ngwana

Mawa

Tongue

I-yumi

Li-rumi

Ri-rimi

Lu-lime

Li-la ka.
Lu-limi,
Li-lumi

Li-lime

Tooth

Dz-inu

Dz-inw ;

Z-into

Dz-inco ;

Dz-inco ;

J-inco;

ma-nco

ma-nco.
M-singco

(molar)

ma-inoi

ma-inco

Town, village

Mu-di

Mu-dzi

M-zinda.
Mu-dzi

M-zinda

M-zinda.
Mu-dzi ; mi-

Mu-dzi,
M-zinda

Tree

Mu-ri.^
N-tengco;
mi-tengco

Mu-ti

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

M-tengco

M-teiigoj

M-tengco

Twins

Ana-pata (;>/.).
Pata ; ma +

Ma-pata

Anam-pasa

M-pasa

M-pasa

Wa ma-wili.
Ma-wira

Urine

Mi-rundco.
Ci-kodzco

Mi-tundcd

Mi-tundco

M-kudzco

M-kodzco

Ma-kcojco

Vein

Dzi-via; mi-via

...

Nka-konkaka.

U-dzingo>.
Ru-zuangto

..♦

M-sempa or
M-tsempa.
M-dzipe

...

War

I-kondu.
Dipa ; ma +

N-kondM

N-kondu

M-pamba

N-kondco

N-kondu

Water ...

Ma-dzi.
Ma-sinje,
Ma-sinke

Ma-sinje

Ma-zi

Ma4zi

Ma-dzi

Ma-ji'

Well, source

M-cela

...

Mu-pera,
Mu-dzera

•v

Ci-sime

Ci-time

White man

M-tsunku
M-dzuiikti

N-zungco

M-zungu ; a-

M-zuiigu

M-zungu,
N-zungfu ; a-

M-zungu ; wa

Wife

N-gadi,
N-gadJe ;
a-gadie

N-kazi

M-kaz' ace

(= his wife)

N-kazi

N-kazi.
M-tsaneo;
a-tsanco

M-kazi ; wa-

Wind

Pevwoj,
Pepw,
M-pepu.
M-uya

Peww

M-pepo)

M-pepco

M-pepco

M-pepco

' Ci-ny-ezi means dampness, moisture.

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

24S

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Ci-podz(i>

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbo»

Ci-mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Witch

M-kwiri.
Ku-mbasa.
(Ku-lodza =

verb)

M-kwiri

M.fiti

M-sawi

M-fiti

Wau.flti

Witchcraft

U-kwiri

U-fiti

U-sawi

U-fiti

U-fiti

Woman . . .

M -tsi-kana

M-si-gana

M-liazi

M-kazi

M-kazi,

M-kazi; wa-.

Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

Year

Yesterday
Zebra..

One ..
Two ..

Three ..
Four ..
Five ..

Six ..
Seven..

Eight ..

Nine ..,
Ten ..
Eleven

Budu ; ma+
Kuni ; di + Kuni ;

n-kuni
M-pama

J-aka

Zurcd

M-ziii; mi-

P«si,

-bcote
Piri,

•biyi.

lei, -ill, -ei,

-wiri
Raru,

-tatu
Ci-na,

■nai
-tanu, -f>anu,

-sanu.

■jsanu
-tantatu.

Tan-a-bode
Ci-nomwe ;

•nomwe.

Tan-am-biyi
Sere.

Tan-a-taru.

-^anu

ndi -tatu
Femba.

Tan-a-nai
Kuml

J-aka ;
pi-aka

? N-zura,
.'N-zilo*

M-bizi

Ptosi,

-bcozi
Piri,

-wiri

-tatu

•na

-sancii

-tandatu
-nomwe

A-sere,
-sere

Femba
Kumi

N-kuni

M-pama

C-aka ;

bz-aka,

py-aka.

Gore ;

ma-gore
Zurco

M-bizi

Pcosi,
-bcodzi

Piri,
•wiri

-tatu,

-thatu
-na,

-nai
-panu

•tantatu

Ci-nomwe,
-nomwe

Seri,
Sere

Femba,

•pfemba
Kumi,

Khumi
Kumi na pcosi.

Kumi na

ni-btodzi

N-kuni
Ci-cece

Ny-aka

Mcddzi
•wiri

-tatu

•nai

•sanu

N-tanda
?

•tanataru

Kumi
M-pambu

N-kazi ; a-
M^bumba.'
M^si-kana

N-kuni

Ci-lazi ; dzi-

Peta.

M-pama
C-aka ;

dz-aka.

Ma-k<onci>

Dzulu

M-bidzi

•mcodzi
-wiri

•tatu

-nai

-sanu

•sanu ndi
-mcodzi

•sanu ndi
-wiri

-sanu ndi
•tatu

fsanu ndi
-nai
Kumi

Wam-kazi ;

wana-kazi.

M-bumba ;

//. acim- ( =

a dependant)
Mimba
N-kuni.

M-tengeo
Cim-benya; vi-

C-aka ;
vi-aka

Kumi na pcosi f>r Kumi na bcozi
Kumi ni bote.
(Kuminaei =

twelve)

' See Yao). M-bumba means a female relation or dependant.

Kumi ndi
ci-mcodzi

Julco.
Jana
M^biji

•mcsji
•wUi

•tatu
-i-nai
•sanu

•sanu ndi
i-mcoji

•sanu ndi
•will

•sanu ndi
-tatu

-sanu ndi
-i-nai
Kumi

Kumi ndi
i-m<oji

246

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58a.

59-,

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Ci-podzco

Ci-nyung^wi

Ci-mbu

Ci-mafianja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Twenty ...

Ma-Yumei.

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

?

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kum'ei

a-wiri

a-wiri.

Ma-kumi

ma-wiri

a-wiri

ya-wiri or

Ma-kumi

a-wili

Thirty

Ma-Yum-a-rarca.

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

• >«

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

a-tatu

ma-thatu

a-tatu

ya-tatu

a-raracd

Forty

Ma-Yum-a-nai.

Ma-kumi a na

Ma-kumi

...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

ma-nai

a-nai

ya-nai

a-nai

Fifty

Ma-Yum-a-banu.

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

• %•

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

a-sancij

ma ^anu.

a-sanu

ya-sanu

a-tanu.

(Sixty =

(Sixty =

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

ma-tantatu)

a-tantatu.

Seventy =

Ma-kumi

a-nomwe)

Hundred ...

Dzana,
Zana; ma-t-

Zana

Dzana

Dzana

Zana. Cila.'

(The Arabic
numeral Mia
more often
employed)

Thousand...

Ci-kwi,

Ci-kwi ;

C-uru ;

• ••

Ci-kwi

Kalume

Ji-gwi ;

pi-kwi

bz-uru.

(derivedfrom

pi. vi-kwi,

Ci-kwi ;

No. 58)

pi-kwi

pi-kwi (59 a)

I, me, my ...

I-mi.

I-mi,

I-ne.

I-ne.

I-ne.

I-ne.

Ndi-, Na-, N-.

I-mi wano).

Ndi-, Nd-.

Ndi-.

Ndi-.

Ndi-,

•ndi-.

Ndi-.

-ndi-.

•ndi-.

-ndi-.

•ndi^.

-a-iika.

-a-nka

-a-ngu, -a-nga

-a-nga

-a^nga

-a-nga

Thou, thee, thy

I -we.

I -we.

I -we.

I -we.

I-we.

I-we.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U^,

u..

•u.

-ku-.

•ku-. -aw

-ku-.

■ku-.

•ku.

-a-geo, -a-kco

-a-keo

-a-kci>

-a-kcd

-a-keo

He, him, his

I-yene, I-eni.

1-ye.

l-ye.

I-ye.

I-ye, U-yu.

I-ye.

A-.

A-.

A-, Wa-.

A-.

A-, Ye-,

A-, Wa-.

•m'-. -2je,

•m-.

-mu-, -m-.

-m-

-m-.

-m-, -mu-.

-a-pe

-a-ce

-a-ce

-a-ce

-a-ce

We, us, our

I-su, I-si-,

I-fe

I-fe.

I-fe.

I-fe.

I-fe.

I-su-wanci).

Ti..

Ti-,

Ti-.

Ti-.

I-.

•ti-

•ti-.

•ti-.

•ti..

-e-su

-a-tu

-a-tu

-a-tu

-a-tu

Ye, you, your

I-nyu.

1-mwe

I-mwe.

I-nu.

I-nu.

I-mwe.

Mu-, M-.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Nco-, Mu-.

Mu-.

-e-nyu

•nj, -ku, -ni
(ohj.). -a-nu

-a-nu

•ku-
-a^nu

-a-nu

They, them,

A-wene.

Awoj

I-wco.

I-w&>.

I-wto, AWM.

Iwu, Awcd.

their

A-.

A-, Wa-.

A-.

A-.

Wa-.

•a-, -a-o

•a-, -wa-. -a-o

-a-, -a-o

-a-, -a-o

-wa-. -a-o

Cila (Di-cila, Li-cila) is a vague numeral for a large number, which appears in Yam and Ngindo)
as ' t-wenty ' or ' hundred'. See also North CoHgo and Fernando Pi vocabularies, p. 230,

GROUP P : THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES

247

English

58.
Ci-mazarco
(Ci-kunda)

58 a.
Ci-podzcd

59-
Ci-nyungwi
59 a. Ci-sena

60.

Ci-mbei)

(Ci-cinjiri)

61 a.
Ci-mananja

(South
Nyanja)

61.
Ci -nyanja

(East
Nyanja)

All

•ote-ne

-onse-ne

-entse.
•ontse.
-entsene

•onse

-onse

•opse

This, these

•uyu, -awa ;

-uyu ; au

&-(.-. -yu, -wa ; -yu,

-u, -awa ; -u.

•nw (u-nu ?,

( The same as in

•yi ; -ri, -ya ;

ii, dfc: and

a-nw, u-nu ?,

Mananja,

-wene-u,

-ci, -bzi (-pi.

much as in

i-nu ?, li-nu,

allowing for

•wene-wa,

59 a); -yi, -zi;

Mananja

a-nu, ci-nu,

slight differ-

a^c.

-ru, -ri-, -tu ;

-ka ; -bu ; -ku ;

■pa ; -mu
Uyu, awa ;

uyu, iyi ; (Sr'c.
-nw (u-nw,

wa-nu ; u-nco,

i-nco ; &^c.)

zi-nu, &^c.)
Uyu, -yu ; -u,

awa ; uwu,

•u; iyi,-i;

-li, ili; -u,

awa ; -ci, ici ;

-dzi, idzi;

•i, iyi ; -zi,

izi ; -li or -lu,

ili ; -ti, iti ;

•ka, aka; -bu,

ubu or -wu,

uwu; -ku,

uku; -pa,

•apa ; -mu,

umu
•mene(u-mene,

a^mene,

u-mene,

i-mene,

li-mene, &■•€.)
A-mene-yu ;

a^mene-wa ;

u-mene-u ;

i-mene-i ;

li-mene-li ;

•mwe (u^mwe,
a-mwe, &•(.)

ence in concord
particles.
•mwe is muck
in use as a
demonstrative
root.)

That, those

•ye(u.ye;a-ye;

•yeo, w«o ; yco,
yco I reo, yco ;

Uyw, aww ;

Uyu ; au ; uu ;

iyu ; «5^'6".
•ja or -dya
(u-ja ; a-ja ;

u-ja; i-ja;

•re(u're; wa-re;

li-ja; &'c.)

u^re ; i-re ;
ri^re ; ya-re ;

cSr»<r.)

Bad ...

Black...

Female

•i'baya
•rimba.

•psi-pa
•tsika-na.

•seva

Fierce, sharp, -gaie
bitter

•i-baya .
•rimba

•siga-na

•i-pa
•swi'pa.

•psi-pa

•sika-na.

•seba

•kari

■sakala
■da

•kazi

•Ipa
•da.

•bi
•tadzi,

•kazi,

•m-sutl.

m-kuta.

•kulu
•kali

(•kali-pa)

•ipa. -bi
-ku-da.

•bl .
-kazi.

•taji {animals)

-a u-kali

248

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

58.

58 a.

59-

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Cipodzco

Ci-nyungwi

Ci^mbco

Ci-mananja

Ci^nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Good

-didi

-didi

•didi

•bwinoi

-bwincij.
-kuma

•bwinoa

Great

-n-dumu-ka

-n-dimu-ga

-kulu

-n^kulu

•kulu.
-tatao.
•nete.
•tunta

-kulu

LitUe

•nunoi

-iiciinoi

•nconu

-u^ncanu

•noinco.

•ce^pa

■nconu

Long

-to-la-pa,
-cu-ya-pa

-tari

•tali,
•tali^ka,
•tani^mpa.
Ku-

■tali

Male

-m-umbw-ana.

-i-nombw-ana

Mwa-muna.

M-pongoo.

-muna.

Mwamuna.

-ya m-cobw-ana.

-pongu

a-miina

•ponged

M-pongo»

Sa- tn-pong(o

Old

-a-gai

...

-karamba

• ••

•kale,
•kalamba

-kale

Red

-fia

(co-fia)

...

•fuira

•*•

•psyu,
•pyco.
•fiira

-a ku-fuila

Rotten

-vunda

..•

•bvunda

• ■•

-cola,
•bvunda

•vunda.
•cola

Short

•via

(ii)-via)

...

•fupi

• ••

-fupi,
fupi-ka

•fupi

Sick

-co-yada

•dwara ?

•dwara.
-tenda

...

-dwala

•dwala

White

•cena,
-jena

•cena

•cena

-yera

-era,
•yera.
-dembe.
-mbu.
-tuwa.
•ndala

•yera

Above, up, on

Pa-dzuru,

*••

Ku^zuru,

•••

Pa-m«-amba.

Pa-mw^amba

top

Pa-duyu

Pa-zuru

Ku^dzulu.
Nana

Before

•tsagoru

...

Ku'dzugoroa,
Pa-tsugoru

• ••

Tsugolca,
Pa^tsogoroj.
Ca^mimba.
Cam^pumi

•ccogcolco

Behind ...

Kun-duyu

...

Mum-btiyco,
Kum^buyco.
Mun-duri

• ••

M^buyca, Pa-

-m^buyco

Below, down

Pati

• ••

Pa^nze,
Pa-ntsi.
Mu-fufuntsi.
Mu^nyantsi

•nsi, Pa^nsi

•nci,
Pa-nsi-po)

Far

-gun-dala

...

N-gure.
Ku-tari

...

•tari,
Ku-tari

Ku^tali

Here

runu,
Kunco.
Panca

Apa

Kuno>

Kunco

Kunco.
Panco.
Pompa

Kunco.
Apa

In, inside ...

Ngari.
M., Mwi-,
Mu-

...

Mu-katl

'••

Mu^, M'..
Momwe

Mkati.
Mu^

Middle

Pa-kati

Pa-kati

•••

Pa-kati

Pa-kati

Near

■andamana

...

I'a^fupi

•••

Pa-fupl

Pa^fupi

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYAS ALAND LANGUAGES

249

58.

58 a.

59;,

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazarco

Ci-podzco

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mboj

Ci^mananja

Ci-nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

Outside ...

Ku-dambco

...

Ku-npa

•nja

•bwalu

(Pa.nja),

Ku-nja

Plenty, many

•inji.
-mw-eni

-nji pa

-z-inji

Ma-ere

-m.biri

-m-biri.
-ny-inji.
-ii-khana

There

Apai. Awo),

• •■

Apoj.

Apu

Apcd.

Apcd.

Avco,

Ku-re.

Uk<o

Lkco

Apcd.

Ukto

Apaa-a.

Ukw

Where? ...

Ku-ti ?

...

Komwe ?
Ku-pconi ?

...

Ku^ti ?
Pa^ti ?

Ku-ti ?
Pa-ti ?

No!

Tayu !
Nyonyoo !

...

Tayu!
Aiai !
Kwe!

I-ai!

lai!
I^si!

lai!

Not (with verb.

Se-, Si.. Ka-

...

Si- (all per s).

Si^

Si^,Sa^';N^ka^;

{Much the

as prefix, in-

andmuchasin

Ne-, Ka-,

U^ki-; -sa^;

same as in

fix, or suffix)

No. 59

Nkha-(59a);
-rini, -ribe,
•be, -bi; tayu

(59 a)

-i (-tai, -te),
•be, -bi, or -je
(suffixes
applied gener-
ally to aux-
iliary verbs)

Idananja)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-bubudwa

...

•menya

...

•menya

•menya

„ buy, sell

•gura

...

•gula,
-gura

■gula

-gula.
-suma

-gula

„ come ...

-da,
-da

...

-dza

•dza

•dza

-ja

„ cut

-dura,

...

-dula.

•dula

•dula.

-dula.

-duya.

-gwata

•tema.

•tema

-rema

•kakata

„ dance ...

■jina,
-ceta

-bvina

•bvina,
■bzina

-bvina

•bvina

•vina

„ die

■kwa

*■•

■fa

-fa

•fa

'fa

„ eat ...

•ya

...

•dia

■dia

•dia

•dya

„ give ...

-vasa,
-pasa

...

•patsa,
-pasa

■patsa

-patsa

■paca.
•niiika

., go

-nenda.

...

-nenda.

■nka

•nka.

•yenda.

-enda.

-yenda

-yenda

•muka

•famba.

•pita

„ kill ...

-upa

• ••

-pa

■pa

•pa

•pa

„ know ...

■dziwa

...

-ziwa,
-dziva

■dzive

•dziwa

-jiwa

„ laugh ...

-teka

■ >.

-seka

•seka

•seka

-seka

„ leave oflf,

-leka

• ••

•reka

...

•leka.

•leka.

cease

•sia

•sia

„ love, want

•konda

• Si -ndi =
Su
Sa

■funa

= nnt I. Si
= not thou. Si
= not he. A

•konda

ti = not we.
mu = not ye.
sa = they not.

•konda.
■anja,
-yanja. -funa

•konda.
•funa
{search for)

250

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANCxUAGES

58.

58 a.

59-^

60.

61 a.

61.

English

Ci-mazaru

Ci-podzco

Ci-nyungwi

Ci-mbo*

Ci-mananja

Ci.nyanja

(Ci-kunda)

59 a. Ci-sena

(Ci-cinjiri)

(South
Nyanja)

(East
Nyanja)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ see

•una

...

•ona

...

•ona.
•bcona

•ona.
-penya

„ sit, remain,

■kaia

• •■

•kara

...

-kala.

-kala

abide

■tsala

„ sleep ...

-gciina

• ■•

•gcsna

■guna.
■lala

(io be worn
out)

-guna.
•lala

„ stand, stop,

•imea

■ ••

■da.

..•

-ima

•ima

be erect

•ima

„ steal ...

-ba,
■iba

...

■ba

•ba

•ba

-ba.
•landa

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-MAZARO) AND CI^PODZO)

No preprefixes, except in Class 16.

Class I. Mu^, M^ (mu-, m, u-, -yu) ; 2. A- (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu^, M-, N-, N- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ;

5. -, D'-, Dz'., Di., Li^ (li) ; 6. Ma^ (ma-, a) ; 7. Ji^, Ci-, Yi (?) (ci) ; 8. Vi-, Pi-, Bi- (vi) ; 9. N-, Ny-,
— (n-, i) ; 10. Di-, Din-, N^, Ny^ (di) ; 11. missing?; 12. missing.?; 13. Ka. (ka), //. Vi. ; 14. U-,Wu.
(u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. M-, Mu- (m-, -n).

The Sa- or Se- (father) prefix and Na- (mother) prefix are present.

PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NYUNGWE AND CI-SENA

Slight traces in Class 9 of preprefixes in Ci^nyungrwi.

Class I. Mu^, M- (Ngu^*) (mu-, m, yu-, u-, iigu-) ; 2. A-, Wa^ folder form, Va-) (Mba-') (wa,
mba-); 3. Mu-, M- (Ngu-') (u-,iigu) ; 4. Mi- (Nji- ') (i-, yi, nji-) ; 5. — . Dzi-, Dz'-, D'- (Ndi^') (ri, ndi-) ;

6. Ma- (Nga-'i (ya-, a, ma-?, iiga-) ; 7. Ci- (? Si- in Ci-nyungwe) (Nci-*) (ci, nci-, nc'a); 8. Bzi-, Bz'-,
Psi-, Pi- (Ci-sena) (Mbzi-, Mpi-') (bzi, mbzi-, mpi-) ; 9. In- (Im-), N- (M-), Ny-, I-, — (Nji- ') (i-, yi, nji-) ;
10. same as 9, and Zi- (59), Di- (59 a) (Nzi-, Ndi- ? ') (zi-, di-, nz'a-) ; 1 1 . Ru-, Ri- (? Ndu-') (ru-, ndu ?,
ndi-); 12. Tu- (Nthu-') (absent in Ci-sena, where its place is taken by Pi- (8); very little used in
Ci-nyungwe, and then generally prefixed to the singular prefix of another Class. Concord, tu, nthu-,
nth'-) ; 13. Ka- (Nkha-') (little used in Ci-nyungwe and generally prefixed before the retained prefix of
the word which Ka- turns into a diminutive. Concord, ka, fikha-) ; 14. U-, Bu- (Mbu-') (u-, bu, mbu-) ;
15. Ku- (Nkhu') (ku, iikhu-) ; 16. Pa- (Mpha-') (pa, mpha-) ; 17. Mu- (Nghwa-') (mio-, mu-,nghu-).

The Sa- or Tsa- (masc, honorific) and the Na- or Nya- prefixes are present.

PREFIXES, &c., IN Cl-MBO) (CI-CINJIRI)

Traces of preprefixes in No. 9 Class.

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, u-) ; 2. A-, Wa-, ?Ba-'' (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (rau-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i); J. Li-, Dzi- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ?) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. ? ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, Ny- (i ?) ; 10. ?same as 9
(concord?); 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12.?; 13. Ka- (ka); 14. U-, Bu- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa);
17. Mu- (mu-).

• With nasal directive N- (M-).

' I have heard ' Ba- '/or No. 2 prefix inland, south of the Ruui, near Mount Ciperuini.

GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES 25^

PREFIXES, &c., IN CI-MAIfANJA AND CI-NYANJA
Traces of preprefixes in Classes 16 and 17.

Class I. Mu-, M- (Ngu-') (m-, mu, u-, yu-) ; 2. A-, Wa- (61 a) (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (Ngii-")
(mu-, u, ngwa) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, -yi) ; 5. — , Dzi-, Dz'-, Di- (li) ; 6. Ma- (Nga- •) (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci- (? Nci-)
(ci) ; 8. Dzi-, Zi- (zi) ; 9. — , N-, Ny- (i-, yi, n-, nj-) ; 10. — , N-, Ny-, Zin- (zi) ; 1 1. Lu-, Li- (scarce)
(lu, \\), pi. No. 6 superadded); 12. Ti- (rare except in East Nyanja) (ti) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (bu) ;
15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa-, Pa- (Mpa- ') (pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu-, M- (mu-, m-).

The Tsa- or Sa- ('master oi'— plural, A-tsa-) and the Na- (plural, A-na-) prefixes are present,
with concords of 1st and 2nd Classes. The plural A- or Wa- (No. 2) is often used' as an honorific
prefix in a singular sense. Sometimes this is combined with Ci- (No. 7) and produces by fusion Ca- or Ce-
(or Ke-). To this again may be prefixed A-, so that Ace- is a common honorific prefix. Na- is some-
times followed by M- (N-) and Ka-, producing the compound prefix Namka or Nanka.

Note also the particle I-, applied often to the pronominal and adverbial roots or prefixes, ' with the
idea of emphasis ' (Ruffele-Scott, Mahanja Dictionary).

58. Cimazaroi is spoken on the Lower Zambezi between the Ziwe-Ziwe and Shird confluence and the
beginning of the delta.

58 a. Cipodzcd is spoken in the Zambezi delta between the River Mahindu) in the north and the Luabu
in the south.

59. Cinyungwi is spoken on both banks of the Lower Zambezi, west of the Ziwe-Ziwe confluence at
Sena, especially at Tete and Sena, as far west as the 32° of East longitude, where it grades into Cinseiiga
and Cinyai, and as far north as the Makanga country, the watershed of Lake Nyasa, where it grades
into Maravi or Cipeta.

60. Cimbco is spoken on the Lower Shir^ and in the Macinjiri country south of the Ruca ; also along
the east bank of the Lower Shir^ river down to Mount Morambala.

61 a. Cimananja is spoken in the Shir^ Highlands and the regions of south Nyasaland where Yao)
does not prevail. It extends from Mount Mlanje and Lake Cilwa on the east to the Rucd river and the
west Shird district on the south and west.

61. Cinyanja is spoken in the coast-lands along the east of Lake Nyasa, from about 11° 30' South
latitude southwards to about 13° 30'; also on the islands of Likioma and Cisumulu ; and wherever
Anyanja settlements still exist among the Yaco people of east Nyasaland.

' These forms are relics of the ^prefix plus directive nasal ' which appears more prominently in
Ci-nyungwe and in south-west and south Bantu.

'' ' Almost universal before names of people '. Rev. Herbert Barnes in 'Nyanja-English Vocabulary,'
1902.

GROUP P

THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES {continued)
61 b. Ci-peta (Ma-ravi) 61 c. Ci-cewa (West Nyanja) 62. Ci-nsenga (Seflga)

GROUP Q

THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES

63. Ci nyai (Ci-nyau or Lcoze) and Ci-nanswa
64. Karana ' dialects (Ci-swina, ^una, e-t.) 64 a. Ci-ndau (Va-ndau, ' Sofala ')

61 b.

61 c.

62.

63-

64.^

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, is'c)

(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')

Adze

Ka-temu

...

M-bazo>

...

M-bez«.
Tsendco

Tsendco.
M-bezco

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

• ••

Ci-rombeo.

M-buwu,

beast

I-muka,
M-huka.
Ci-kara

Ci-rombco.
M-huka

Ant

Ny-erere.

Li-ntumbwi

M-pasi,

• ••

Hu-nyunyu.

Cu-sunji,

Li-ntumbu ;

(//. same)

M-pansi.

Rii-menyco.

Usunji or

niali + .

M-nyanyau

-sweswe

Sonzi.

Nyanyao

(ma- ; bu-)

Tscotsa

Ant, white

N-swa,

...

C-usi.

Mu-tate ?

Mi-cenye(j*/.).

Mu-cenje.

(termite)

Ci-swe

Mu-swe

Sxwa.

Mi-juru {pi.)

Mu-tate.
I-^wa

Arm

M-kciincii.

Z-anja ;

Kw-anja ;

Lu>-boik<o

Ru-bukcd ;

Bukco ; ma -f

Dz-andya ;

m-anja

m-anja

pi. ma-

m-andya

Arrow

Mu-bvi

Mu-vi; mi-

Mum-vwi

Gtoba.
Sakasa

Mu-sebe.
N-gcabe.
Moriene.

Moj-vi

Um-paca; mi-
Mu-pewe.
M-hatu

Axe

M-kwaiikwa.

Xwangwa

M-bazci).

U-bga.

l-^anu.

M-behura; ma-

Guma

Ka-temto ; tu-.
Ci-temco

I-sanu

Ganco.

Demcd.

Di-muru.

Badzu.

Hubya

Baja.
Santco

Baboon

N-kwere.
Ny-ani.
N-cimbco

M-xweri ; wa ^■

Kulcoe

Tede; ma +

I-gudu.
Dirco.
I-bvene.
Gudoi

Dede.
Korco ;

;5/.,i + .
Pfene

Back

M-sana.
M-buyo>

M-sana

M-sana.
Ku-vuli

(cf. shadow)

M-tootca

M-pana,
Mu-sana.
Ci-bunw

Mu-sana

Banana ...

N-tcoci

N-toice

Ci-konde ; vi-.
Mumbu

...

Htdboa.
Hcova

Keoboj ; ma -1-

Beard

N-debvu

N-debvu

N-devu

Dempfn

\-debvu.
In-devoj

M-birutAnco

' To this group belongs the 'Kilimanse', ' Chilimanse' of African explorers of the middle nineteenth century.
Karana is the Makalaka of Livingstone. There is considerable dialectic variation in Karanga or Karana as well
as in the local pronunciation of the principal name of the language, which was formerly Karanga a/id now is more
often Karana (to the Becunna, peoples it is Kalaka). The principal local dialects are {besides Ci-ndau) .• Ci-manyika,
Ci-govera, and Ci-mali. But there is not enough information to hand to separate them further.

GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 253

61b.

61 c.

62.

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci.peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, iyc.)

(Va-ndau,
'Sofala')

Bee

Nj-uci

Nj-uci

N-zimcd

Iny-coci

Iny-nci

Belly

Ci-pfu,

Mimba

Vumu

Ptombu,

I -mimba.

In-da-ne.

Ki-pfu;

m-ptombu

Dumboj.

U-tumbco

pi. -psi.

Ci-su.

Mimba ; ma +

I-niimbu

Bird

M-balame

M-barame

K-o>ni ;

I-|siri.

I-piri

I-ciri or

tuni.

N-y»ne

I-piri

C-uni

Blood

Mw-azi

Mw-azi

Mu-rcopa

Ma-leopa

Ma-rcopa

Rcopa.

Mu-siya

Body

Tupi.

Ma-rung<o

Tupi; ma-t-

Mu-wiri

M-bili

Mu-biri

Mu-hiiiri

Bone

Pfupa or
Li-fupa

Fupa

M-fupa ; mi-

Fupa; ma-f

I -pfupa.
Godco

Goodco.
Fupa ; ma +

Borassus palm

M-vumoj

M-vumcij

...

• ••

M-lala

Mu-cindwi ?

Bow

Bu-ta,

Wu-ta ; ma -^

U-ta;

Lto-ta

Bu-ta.

Bu-ta ;

U-ta;

mau-ta

Bu-dade.

mbu-ta

pi. ma +

I-dantire

Bowels

Ma-tumbu

Ma-tumbu

Ma-ra

...

Mabu-ra

Mimba.
N-kumbu.

Wu-ra

Brains

B-ongM

Uw-ongoj

Tompwe.
W-ongo»

•••

Bu-runi.
Bu-rupi.
Bu-ruzwi

U-ruvi ; ma-

Breast (man's)

Ci-pfua.
N-tima

Ci-fua

Ki-fua

Hana or
Gana

Ci-fuba.
Hana

gi-fua

Breast

Bere ; ma +

Ma-were (pi.)

Ma-ziwa

Gamu ;

I-^amu,

Dundu.

(woman's)

//. ma-f-

I-aamu.

Ma-zuku [pi.)

Diti; ma-l-

Brother ...

Sibweni.

Mbare.

Ka-rangcozi ;

Nungu-na.

Hama,

Kcoma ; ba -(- .

M-pwa.

M-longcd

vi-.

Mu>-lukca-ana

M-kcoma.

Ne-vanji.

M-bali.

M-kwa.

M-kuru.

Mu-nukuna,

N-jila or

M-lisa

Mu-nu.

Mu-kuna

N-gila

Mo-rombala.
U-niinu-na

Buffalo ...

Nj-ati

Ny-ati or

nj-ati

M-bcooi

Parapara

Iny-ati

Iny-ati.
gawa

Bull

N-ombe
a-ina

N-ombe
i-lume

N-kconco.
I-handira.
I-hconco.
I-hunzi

Mu-kconco

Buttocks ...

Ma-takoj

Ma-tako>

Ma-taku

Nunzi

I-bat«.
Ma-takca.
Dakco

M-bata ;
man-bata

Canoe

Bw-atco ; ma +

Bw-atoj

W-atto,
Uw-atco;
maw-atcij

I-gwa

Bli-atco,
Bv-ateo.
I-gwa

M-garaba ;
ma-garaba
(Ngalawa)

Cat

M-paka

Ccona;
wa-cuna

M-buyao>.
Ccona

...

Une-mange

Cima-ngcobe.
Paka

Charcoal ...

Kala; ma +

Ma-rahla

Ma-simbi

Chief

M-fumu; wa +

M-fumo>

Fumu,
N-fumu.
Akw-eni.
A-bwana

Mambca

Di pe, ?e ;
//. ba-se.
I-cinda.
Mw-ene.
I-hcosi.
I-hcosi afe ?.
M-rongco.
Mambco

Mambco ; pi.
maji-mambco.

Mu-cinda

»S4

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6ib.

6ic.

63.

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravij

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, S^c.)

(Va-ndau,
'Sofala';

Child

Mw-ana;

M w-ana ;

Ka-saza; tu-.

Mnw-ana ;

M w-ana ;

w-ana

w-ana

Mw-ana
m-tont«.

Lu-cece(ma+)

//. b-ana.

M-cece.

Ci-bhyere

ab-ana.
^i-pwere

Cloth

N-saru

Saru

Salu.
N-yula.
N-anza

Nguza

Jira.

N-gubco
(a goatskin
pelt)

Jira or
Gira.
Guvco; ma-f

Cold

...

...

M-pepca.
U-tontole

M-tutu

Imepco.
Candcd

Imepco

Country ...

Dz-ikco ;

Z-ikco,

Cialu

In-yika.

Iny-iga

Iny-iga.

ma-iku

muz-ikco

Ma-vu

N-ika ; ma-f

Cow

N-ombe \va

N-ombe

N-ombe

...

In-ombe

M-gombe

m-kazi ;

ei-kazi

ana-kazi

hadzi.

kazi ;

pt. zi +

or i-kazi

I-mcou

(? ostrich)

;*/. m-gombe
zio-kazi.
Umbe
kaji

Crocodile ...

Ntona

Nn-oana

M-wena,
N-wena

N-gwena

l-gambiiiga.
I-gagwe,
I-garhwe,
I-gavwe

N-gcomombco ;

ma-f.
N-gwena

Day, daylight

Tsiku.

Siku.

N-siku.

...

I-^uba.

I-^^uba,

Sana

M-sana

(Ka-suwa =

daylight)

M-si.

Mu-si

Zuva ; ma-f.
Ma-pati {pi.)

Devil, evil

Tscoka; ma-t-.

Ci-wanda ; vi-

Li-pawi ; ma-

Ci-bandu.

Mu-caici or

spirit

M-zimu ; wa-

C-erco

{spirit)

Mu-^aip.
^awe

Doctor (medi-

Si-nanga; wa +

Si-nanga

N-ganga

...

I-nanga

Ci-remba

cine man)

Dog

Garu ; wa +

Garu

Im-bwa ;
zim-bwa

Im-bga

M-bha.
M-bcoga

Im-bya.
Im-bwa;

mam-

Donkey

...

...

...

M-bizi [zebra)

M-bongorco.
Bemhe
Ruvi ; ma -f .

Door, door-

Ci-tsekeo,

Kconico

Ci-sasa.

I-gconi.

way

Ki-tsekeo.
Pa-kojmco

Mu-liangca

M-kcoba.
M-subco.
Dimba

Mu-suvco

Dream

N-dcota

N-do>ta

C-eozi

...

Rcota

Rcotco ; ma -f

Drum

N-coma;

pi. zi +

N-coma

N-coma

N-geoma

N-gcoma.
I -dumba

N-gcoma ; ma-

Ear

Ku-tu ; ma-f

Ku-tu ; ma +

Li-twe.
Kwa-tu ;
ma-tu

Zebe

N-zebe or
N-zeve.
I-gere.
I-twi

Ku-zwa.
In-dzeve

Egg

Dzira,
Dzela

Dzira

I-gumbi

or Li- ; ma-

Zae; ma +

I-zai

Zanda ; ma -f

Elephant ...

N-jcobvu

N-jeobvu

N-Zcovu

...

N-^cowu

N-jcohu ; ma-

Excrement

Tu-bzi

Tu-vi

Tu-vi

...

Ma-tcokco.
Matu-zwi

Matu-vi

Eye

L)-is<d,

L-isco

R-isco ;

Egco ; m-egco

Z-isco ;

N-jisco ;

Dz-iseo ;

m-esco or

m-esco

ma-ji^co

ma-Sco

me-nsco

Face, fore-

Ci-dzco ;

Kuma-sco

Kuma-nsco

• ••

Ima-n^co

Hcope.

head

//. psi-.

Hu-su

M ma-SCO.

M-pumi

GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NY'ASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES ^55

61 b.

61 c.

62.

63.

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

(iiiilects
(puna, isfc.)

(Vandau,
'Sofala')

Fat, oil ...

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

...

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Father

Tate,

A-tate

Wa-ta.

•.•

U-dade.

Baba.

Tete,

Aw-isi

Bambco.

\-f^ {' chief ')>

Wa-tate

(Aw-isi wakco).
An-sco

Palea

Se- prefix
{or Ji ?)

Fear

Ma-nta.
(jOpa.
Ki-ntente

Ma-ntha

Ku-topa.
U-cowa.
Mw-ezto

B(o-tiha

I-hana

Ko-uteoca

Finger

C-ara ;

C-ara ;

Mu-ntie ; mi-

Mu-ng<oe; me-

Mu-nwe

Ci-nfie ;

ps-ara

vy-ara

(Gu-nwe =
thumb)

//. zi-nue.
Gu-nwe

Fire

M-otc» ; mi-

M-otti>

M-otciJ.
Mu-lilo>

M-otoo

M-otco,
Mw-oteo,

M>-OtM

Mo-rirco ; mi-.
M-otco

Fish

N-somba ;

tsi +

N-somba

Sawi ; ma-

Lube

I-h5be or
Yobe

Hoabe,
Howe ; ma -(-

Foot

Padzi.

Mw-endoj ; fl.

Kw-endco ; mi-

Le-hcdka or

I-gumboj.

Mu-renge

Mw-endu

Miny-endto

Ulw-ay<o ;
malw-ayto

Le-gcoka

Ny-ar«

{or -renje) ;
mi-. Ci-renge

Forest

N-kalangco

Thengco

4

M-sanga

•■•

I-paka.
1-dzese

Gua^a; ma-f.
Sangu.
Dondcd

Fowl

N-kuku

Kuku

Kuku

••• *

I-huku.
Hukco

Ukco; ma-f

Frog

C-ule ;

ps-ule

■••

C-ule; a +

...

I-zura.
I-taca

Dafl.

Mu-tawa;ma-

Ghost

Ki-dzudcogwa

; M-tunzi ; mi-

Ci-nsingwa.

Ma-rombM(//.'

M-nweya.

Z-ungube.

//. psi-

Ci-wanda.
Cim-vwili

Mu-dzimu.

M-oyco,

C-erw

Mu-dzimu

Giraffe

...

•■•

...

...

Xwisa,
N-swiza,
I-suma

...

Girl

Butu ; ma +

Butu ; ma +

M-buntu.
M-simbi

Mu-sikana.
M-andara.
M-siga-na.
Hombe

Mu-swa-na.
M-handara

Goat

M-buzi ; zi-

M-buzi ; zi +

M-buzi ; zi -^

Puzi

M-budzi

M-buji,

M-busi ; ma-f

„ (he) ...

Donde,
Tonde

•••

•••

...

Gcotcogcotco.
Nongco.
M-bcocco

Gutcokcotco.
Gweme

„ (she)...

M-buzi
wa m-kazi

...

...

...

Nunzwi,
Dumbzi.
Bembza

...

God

Mu-lungu.

Cuu-ta

Reza,

Mu).limu.

Mw-ari,

Ma-rure.

M-panibe.

Leza

(Mco-limoj

M-nwali.

Mu-ruSgu

Ciu-ta,

{thunder)

miu-kuru =

Mu-dzima

Cuu-ta

great God)

Grandparent

M-buyco.
A-ni-buye

...

Asi-kulu

...

U-tateguru.
M-buya 5

Mum-kuru.

Se-kuru.

Wa-m-buya 0
C-ani.

Grass

Maii-dzu

U-dzti

U-j5wa ; ma-.

Roj-gtoa

U-swa.

U-cani.

Bu-hwa.

Bu-swa

U-zu

M-heova.
Ru-swiswi

' Mu-bari =/>a/v«/.

s 2

256

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BAl^TU LANGUAGES

English

61 b.
Ci-peta

(Ma-ravi)

6$c.

Ci-cewa

(West Nyanja)

62.
Ci-nsenga

63. I

Ci-nyai, 1
Ci-nanswa

64.^
Karana

dialects
(^una, dr-c.)

64 a.

Ci-ndau

(Va-ndau,

'Sofala')

Ground

Ground-nut
Gmnea-fowl

Gun
Hair

Hand ...

Head ...
Heart ...

Heel ...
Hide ...

N-taka

N-teza.

N-tentsa; mi-
N-kanga ;

zi+ or

tsi +

M-futi; tsi +
Tsitsi

or Tsise ;

ma +
Dz-anja ;

m-anja

Mu-tu,

N-tti ; mi-
M-tima ; mi-

M-rtota.
Pa-si,
Pa-nsi.
C-alco.
Li-tco
Ka-mburundzi N-ziama

N-kanga

Futi ; zi +
Sitsi

Dz-anja ;
m-anja

N-kaiiga ; zi-
Li-celwe

Futi; zi +
Sisi

C-anzanza

Mu-tu; mi- Mu-twe,

Mu-tu
M-tima ; mi- Mu-tima

Ma-vu

Ny-emba

Vuzi ; ma -f .

Lco-bcokcii.

C-aga or

C-aha
I-soro).

M-pongorw
Dunga

Ci-tende; psi-. Ci-tende;
Ci-kongconu ;
psi- or dzi-

Ci-kupa

vi- Ka-tende ; vi- Ci-cinco

M-kupo).
M-papa

Lu-pasa

Hill

Ki-dumbi; psi-

Ka-pili

• (•

M-dunda

Hippopotamus

1 M-vii

M-vii

M-vu,
M-vflu

...

Hoe

Ka-su ; raa -f

...

Kam-bwili.
M-suka

...

Honey

Uci or
Buci

Uici

Uci wa
n-zimu.
U-uci

...

Horn

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

Ny-anga.
Lu-sengo»

...

House

Ny-umba ;

zi- or tsi +

Ny-umba ; zi-f

N-anda; zi-

N-gomba.
(Kio-mcoga
at home)

Hunger

N.jala

N-jala

N-gara

M-dala

Husband ...

Mwa-muna

...

Mu-lume

...

Hyena

Fisi ; wa-

Fisi; wa-f

Ci-mbwe,
Ci-mbwi

Iron

Ci-sulo>

Ci-tsuru

Ci-sengco.
C-ela

Dare

Island

Ci-lwa.
Ci-rumba ;
//. psi-

Ci-phcole ; vi-

Ka-ndindi ; vi-
N-sumbu

...

Ivory

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

Miny-anga
n-jwvu (//.)

...

I-vu.
M-sece

N-emoa
I-haiiga

I-pfuti
Vuzi ; ma -h .
Sisi

Ru-bcakco.
C-ansa

M-sorco,

Miu-soreo
M-oyoj,

Mw-oyeo,

Mv-oyoj
Ci-tsitsinu,

Ci-tsinoj.

N-hende.

Ci-dondoba
DebYe.

Palame.

I-guguta.

N-gubo>
1 -gcamco,

Ci-gcomco,

Ka-kumu
M-vubu.

N-gwindi
I-badza

B-uci

Runy-aiiga.

I-scona
I-mba.

Umba.

Ifi-umba
N-^ara
Mu-rumi,

Mio-rume
Ci-pere.

Tika
I-dari,

Dale.

I-mangura
1-ciwi

Runy-anga
gwe-;)cowUj

Ma-vu.
Ny-iia

N-duwe.
N-zungco
Hanga ; ma-

M-futi; ma-f
Vudzi ; ma +

Many-ara?

{fingers)

Ny-ara
M-sor<o; ma-

M-oyoa ; ma +

Ci-sisinindco;
/i/.zwi-sisinindcd.
Ci-^inindu ;
zwi-

Dehwe,
N-hewe

Duntci

M-vco.

M-vuhu; ma-l-
Badza

H-uci

Ny-anga; ma-f

M-basco ; ma-.

Ny-umba.

Mba
N-jara

Mu-rume

Tika; ma + .

Bere; ma-t-
U-tare ; ma-.

Simbi

Ci-jsirgwa;

zwi-.

3-irwa
Runy-anga ;

ma-

GROUPS P,Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC, LANGUAGES 257

61 b.

61 c.

62.

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(puna, Qfc.)

(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')

Knee

Kongconco.

Kongconu

Koiiku.

Guna; ma-f

I-bvi.

I-dvi ; ma-.

Bonded ;

N-kcokcoIa

(-pfugama =

Go-kcove

ma-ondu

to kneel. Cp.
E. Bantu)

Knife

M-peni

Ci-pula.
M-kal«

Ru-ezi or
Du-ezi ; ma +

M-paka

I-panga,
Baiiga

Ci-panga ; zi-

Lake, sea ...

Taware.
Nyanja

Ny-anja

Ci-tenga

•«•

D'ibi.
i-gawa.
Ny-anza

Gandwa

Leg

Mw-endco ; pi.

M-soroa

Mu-konzci).

. ..

Ci-dzwa.

Mu-renge; ma .

ny-endco or

Kw-endoj

Bimbira.

Gumbu

mi-endco

{pi. mi-endco
or m-endeo)

I-gumbco

Leopard ...

Nya-ribwe

Nya-rubwe

I-ngto,
Ka-ingco;
pi. vika- or

IU- +

[-ngwe.
M-bada

Kamba; ma-^

Lion

N-kangw ; mi-

M-karamu

N-kalamu

C-umba

3umba.
I-mondorco

Pondorco.

^umba

Lips

Mi-lumu

Mi-lcorneo

Mi-rcomco

Mi-lwmeo

Vli-reomco

Ma-rcomco

Magic

U-fiti.
Ma-ere

M-sinanga

Lcozi.
U-fwiti

Rcowa,
Bu-royi,
Bu-rcowi.
Bu-iianga.
Gwere

Nin ji ; ma +

Maize

Pa-manga

Ci-manga

Vi-tonga.
M-sali

Ci-maiiga.
Ci-bakwe

Bonore ; ma +

Man

Mu-ntu ; wa-

Mu-ntu;
wa-ntu

Mu-ntu ; wa-.

Vlu-nu ;
ba-nu

Mu-ntu;
ba-ntu

Man, vir. ...

Mwa-muna

Mwana-Iume.
Mu-Iume

Mco-rume.
N-kcoma-na.
(Moj-sika-na,
young man)

Vl-rumi.
(N-zuma,

young man).
Jaya

Mu-ruihe

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

>J-ama or
Ny-ama

...

ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

Ma-nkwaru

...

...

VIo-rimw Mu-ti.

Mu-tomb<a

Mu-rimco.

M-ponga.

Inyanga

Milk

N-kaka.

Ma-ziwa.

M-kaka

M-lcaka.

Mu-kaka

Ma-ziwa

M-kaka

(Ku-kama =

to milk)

Monkey ...

Pusi.

Pusi.

Ma-ncanca (//.).

1

-^kco

Ccokco ; ma + .

N-cima

N-cima

N-sanji.
Ceta.

Korea ;
ji- or jji-

'

M-boiigwe

Hoon

Vlw-ezi

M\v-ezi

Vlw-ezi Ngu-ezi. Miiw-edzi,

^lu-eji

(Gu-eti =

Mw-ezi,

moonlight)

Mv-edzi

Mother

Mai;

Maye Wa-ma.

Mai Mayi

//. wa-mai.

Nyina.

Ma-

Ny«-k(i)

Mountain ... Piri ;

Phiri Lu-piri: ma + .

I

-gcomeo Dundu ; ma +

ma-piri

Cilu-pili

Songwe

Mouth

<a-njwa

...

va-mwa : tu-

Mu-rcomco Mu-rcomco

Nail (of finger

Vy-ara.

Ci-kamba ; vi- C-ala ; vy-. Zala Run-zara Du-ara ; ma -f

or toe)

Ci-katawu

Lun^i-ala ; {>!.
nzi-ala.

Umwe ;
ma-umwe

2=;8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6ib.

6i c.

62.

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Cicewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karaiia

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(puna, &-f.)

(Vandau,
' Sofala ')

Name

Dz-ina ;
ma-ina

Dz-ina ;
ma-ina

Z-ina

Sidara.
Setha

I-zita

N-zima; ma-H

Navel

M-combo> ; mi-

M-combo>

...

...

I-guvu,
I-combco

Ci-kuvu

Neck

Kusi

Khcosi

Mu-kcosi

Huleo

M-tsipa,

Mu-tsiba

Hurco; ma-f

Night

U-siku

U-siku

U-siku.

(Finzi =

Suku

Bu-siku.
(Dima =

U-siku.
Si-rima.
Bu-^iku

darkness)

darkness)

Nose

M-punco

■••

M-punco

M-inea

M-inco,
Binco.
Pconco

M-irco

Ox ...'...

N-ombe

}f-ombe

N-ombe ;

N-gombe ;

N-dume.

N-ombe ; ma +

ni-fule

pi. vi-

pi. iii-gombe

N-zombe;

zi + .
N-ombe ;

ziii- or i-

Paddle ...

M-capco

...

Kafi-

(Ku-capa =

verb)

...

Mu-capcD

Kafe

Palm wine,

U-cema

...

W-alwa (beer)

...

Uc-arwa (beer)

U-cema

beer

Parrot

Ci-nkwe ;
psi-nkwe

Ci-mpse ;
vi-mpse

Kupekcope

I-hwenka,
Ci-wenga

Guanga ; ma ■^

Penis

M-borto

M-boreo

M-borco

...

M-borco.
Cam-bcokco

M-bcoloj

Pig

N-guluwe.
Nkumba.

M-dudu

N-guruwe

N-guruwe

...

Humba.

N-guluve

N-gumbi;ma-h

Pigeon

N-kunda.
N-jiwa

N-jiwa

C-iwa ;

v-iwa.

...

N-jiba

Cora ; ma +

N-kunda

Place .*

P«.

(in ?nany
combinations).
(Ma-rco =
a sleeping-
place)

Paja

C-aru.
M-alco.
Pa-.
Apa; peo-

Panco

I-dzimba.
Dunu.

iJu-garco

U-garco ; ma-

Rain ... ...

M-bvula

M-vura

Vua.
M-vula.
Ma-inza.
(Mi-lcoci =

heavy rain)

M-vula

M-vura

M-vula

Rat

M-bwea,

Ktoswe

Li-rindie ; ma-.

...

I-gonzco,

Ngonsco ;

M-bewa.

M-bwewa.

Gco:;co.

ma-f

Kcoswe

Kcoswe

M-bewa

Rhinoceros

Ci-pembere

Ci-pembele

Ci-pembele

Ci-pembere

I-nema

Tema,
N-hema

River

Ny-anja

M-sinje.

Mana or

Lo-ngira.

Kw-izi.

Mu-rambco ;

Ny-anja

Ka-mana

Ku-ezi or
Kit-izi

Rg-wizi.
Ru-kcoba

mi-.
Ru-izi

Road

N-jira

N-jira

N-zira,
N-jila

...

N-2iira.
Mu-gwagwa

N-jira.

Mu-va

Salt

N-cere or
M-cere

? N-cere

Mu-nyu

Mto-nyu

Mu-nyu,
Mo-nju.
Cayi

Mu-nyu.
Mu-tomba

Shame

M-nyartij.
Ma-nyazi

Ci-suni

N-suni

Ma-nyadzco

I-^coni.
Ku-nyara

Ny-cowa

GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 259

61 b.

61 c.

63.^

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, dr"*:.)

(Va-ndau
'Sofala')

Sheep

M-bira.

Bira

M-belele; vi +

Guae.

I-hwai,

Bu-iji; ma+.

N-kusa.

N-godcobge

Gai.

Gundata ;

M-pojuIoj S

I-gondobhye

ma-f.
Hondcohwe

Shield

Ci-kcopa.
M-kupoj

...

M-papa

I-jsangu

I-nuboa,
N-hcoww

Duvu

(N-deoVto)

Shoulder ...

Puzi or
Pcasi

Pewa ; ma +

Pfutsi

I-pfudzi.
Ma-peco.
I-bipitco

Fudpi

Sister

M-loiigco or

Mlongco ;

Mu-kwasoj.

I-hanzwadzi.

Mu-kunda;ba-.

Mu-rongci>

//. wa-rongoa

M-lisa.
M-longcosi

Bali.
Hama

Anju-azi

Skin

Kungu

Khunga

Kanda.
Ntembe.
Mpapa

Lto-kanda

I-ganda.
I-guguta

Dcobco ; ma -f

Sky

M-tambu

M.tambco

Mu-kumbi.

-dinga

I-denga.

N-gore ; ma-.

Kum-ulu.

(U-dinga,

Gore

Cf. year

Leza

CO-linga,
OO-tinga)

Slave

Mu-temba.
Ka-porco;wa + .

...

Ka-poleo.

Mu-^la 5

...

Mu-randa.
I-nabha.

Mu-batwa

N-tsa-kazi 0
Tii-1«

Mu-rombw.

Sleep

Tu-ru

Tu-lco.

OOpe.

I-heope,

Hope.

(Ku-lala, 7 •«•/')

((u necope = ^«
is with sleep)

Hope.

Ku-bata {verb)

Ku-vata

{verb)

Smoke

U-tsi,
Wu-tsi

Uci

C-usi

...

Bu-tsi.
Ci-utsi

Vu-ci,
Vu-si

Snake

N.jcoka

N-jojka

N-jcoka

N.yojka

Iny-cijga

Ny-ooka; ma-l-

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana wa

Mw-ana wa

Mw-ana ;

• ••

My-ana.

Mw-anaruma;

mwa-muna.

mwa-muna

w-ana

M-lisa-na.

ba-.

N'Zombwe

M-kcoma-na.
Mnw-ana

Mu-rumbv-ana,
Mu-rumbw-ana

Song

Ny-imbu

Ny-imboj

Ulu-imbci> ;
nz-imbco

...

Ci-imbco.
Ru-ombcd ; dzi-.
Ru-iyco

Ru-yco; ma-f .
Rgw-iyoa

Soul, spirit

...

...

•••

■"

My-eya,
Mw-eya ;
mw-iya

•«•

Spear

N-tungoo ; tsi +

M-kondo>

Fumw ; ma-

...

I-pfumu ; ma-

Mo-kond»;mi-.
Tungco

Star

N-yenyezi

N-thanda

Ny-enyezi.
N-tandala.
Lu-tanda ;
pi. vin-

N-yerezi

Iny-enyedzi
or N-jenezi

N-yaredzi,
Ny-eredzi.
Tondoi

Stick

Ndcodoj ; zi-

N-dcod(o

Kcota ; viii-f-.
Ka-nkule

Su-imbu

I-swimbcij.'
Mu-dong<o.
Pzimbco,
Pswimbo*

N donga ;
ma-)-.
Ru-ponda

Stone

Mw-ala ;
mi-ala or
ni-ala

Mw-ara; mi-

Dz-iwe ;

ma-we.
M w.ala

Im-bge

I-bhye.
I. bye

Bwe ; ma +

Stool

M-pandco ; mi-

..•

Ci-limba

...

Ci-garos

.■■

Sun

Dzuwa,
Dzurua,
Dz-uruwa

Dzuwa

Ka-zuwa-
Zua

Suba

I-^uba.
I-zwari.
Dzwa

Zuba

Tail (of an

M-cira

M-cira

M-cila

• a*

Mn-wisi,

Mu-swe

animal)

My-ise.
Mu-pwe

26o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6ib.

6i c.

62.

63-

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, &=€.)

(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')

Tear

Dzbizi ;

nia-suzi

M-suzi

Mu-nscozi; mi-

...

M-s«dzi

Mu-kcoji ; ma-

Testicles ...

Ma-tcodzco.
M-pulumeo

Ma-cende

Ma-kandi

...

Ri-cende; ma-

Ma-cende

Thief

M-kungu.
Mbara

M-kungu

Pompwe; vi +

Im-bafa.
I-nuba

I-babva

Mu-bi ; ba-.
Im-bava

Thigh

N-cafu

N-cafu

Ci-tewerco,
Ci-tawelca.
Ci-welbi

Kumba; ma-f

Ci-dhla,
Ci-dza
Ci-tumbi

...

Thing

Ci-ntu ;

Ci-ntu ;

Ki-ntu; vi-.

I-zue ;

Ci-nu ;

Nc-ir«;//.

psi-ntu,

vi-ntu.

(C-uma

ma-zue

zw-inu.

zw-irca or

iDzi-ntu.

(C-uma =

= things.

C-irco

few-irco.

Ki-ntu ;

property)

property)

^-uma

pfi-ntu {oid)

Thorn

Mu-nga ;
mi-nga

Mu-iiga; mi-

MQ-nga

...

Mu-wa

Mu-dziia,
Mu-ndzwa

Tobacco ...

Fcodia

Fcodia

Fwaga

...

I-feodya

Forya,
For-ya,
Fcoldya

To-day

Lerco

Leru

Leroj

Eku-zuinto

Nasi

Nya-masa.
Nya-mapi

Toe

C-ara ;
ps-ara

C-ara ;
vy-ara

Ci-kumco

...

Ciku-nwe,
Gu-nwe,

Mu-nwe

Mu-niie ; mi-

To-morrow

Mawa

Mawa

Ma-ilco.
Mawa

Ma-iagcoana

Ma-ngwana

Ma-ngwana

Tongue ...

Li-lime or
Li-rume ;
//. ma-nime

Li-rimi

Lu-limi

Lu-limi

Ru-rimi

Ru-rimi ; ma-

Tooth

Dz-into ;

Dz-inu ;

L-into

M-enca (//.)

Z-inco ;

N-zinco.

ma-no>

ma-neo

m-eneo.
(Zeyco =

molar)

Dzeycd

Town

Mu-dzi

Mu-ji

Mu-nzi ;
mi-nzi

M-pa,
Mio-pa.
Kanye.
(' Kw-etu ' =
our town)

Mu-^a.
Dorupa
{Dutch)

Mu-zi ; mi-

Tree

M-tengca.
N-toyangco ;

mi-

M-teiigti>

Ci-muti ;
vi-muti

Mco-tondco

Mu-ti

Mu-ti.
Mum-buti;
mam-

Twins

M-pasa

Ma-pasa

Ama-pasa

...

Ma-wambe.
Ma-zana

Zinya-mbire or
Manya-mbjre.
Ma-patxia

Mu-tundco.

Urine

M-kodzca

M-ktojci>

M-kcszta

M-tundco

Mu-kamco

Vein

N-tsempa ;

mi"

...

...

...

Mu-tsinga

Mu-tsinga

War

N-kondco

Kondco

N-kondco

...

Gugwa.

Mu-renga

Fumco.
Hondco

Water

Ma-dzi

Ma-ji

Ma-nzi

...

M-vura.
Dirira

Um-vura.
Ma-ji

Well, spring

■ ••

••■

Ziba

[■dzime.
Mu-godi.
Giwa,
Kiwa.

Dziwa

White man

M-zungu ; wa-

M-zungu ; wa-

M-sweta ;
a-sweta

Kiwa ; ma -I-

M-rumbi.
M-zungu

Mu-zuiigto

GROUPS P,Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 261

61 b.

6ic.

62.

63.

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravl)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, dfc.)

(Va-ndau,
'Sofala')

Wife

M-kazi ; wa-

M-kazi; wa-

M-kazi

(called by
husband
' mw-ana ')

•••

M-kadzi

M-kazi

Wind

M-pepc*

Phepco

M-pepeo.
Ciii-knka

...

I-mepu.

Mfi-wandu.
Mn-weya

M.pepu.
M-bambara

Witch

M-fiti

Fiti

N-fwiti

...

M-royi

Mu-rroi

Witchcraft

U-fiti

...

Ma-lcoza.
Ufwiti

•••

Bu^royi

Bu-rroi,
Wu-royi

Woman ...

M-kazi ; wa-

M-kazi; wa-

M-kazi

Mco.katsi

M-kadzi

M-kazi

Womb

Mimba

Mimba

Vumco

...

Ci^su.
I-mimba

Zwaru

Wood (fire-

Ci-dziki ; psi-.

Kuni

Saiiga.

Hunye

I^huni

Huni

wood)

Ci-kuni.
N-kuni

N-kuni

Yam

Ci-razi; bzi-

Ci-nkumba ; vi

...

•••

...

Year

C-aka ;

Ci-rimika

Ci-limika.

•••

I-kore or

Gore,

bz-al(a

C-aka

Ri-kore.
My-aka

Gule

Yesterday...

Dzulco

...

Ma-ilco

...

I^zuru

Zuru

Zebra

M-bidzi

Ci-mpwete; vi-
M^bwete ;
//. aci +

M-bizi

Buiji

One

•modzi

•mcdzi

•mu

Mutse,

■nwe

Pwsa.

(Ka-moa)

•mutse.
•mwe?

(M-nwe).
•putsi

?.mwe

Two

-wiri

•wiri

•wiri

•bili,

•bin.

Piri,

(Tu.wiri)

•will

(M-bili)

Piri

•biri

Three

•tatu

•tatu

•tatu

-tatu.

(N-atu)

-tatu.
N-atu.
N-hatu

•tatM

Four

•nai

■nai

•ne

•na.

(I-nna)

•na .

•na,
-ni

Five

•sanu

•sanu

-sanu

Canu, •canu

•panu

•canu,
•^anu

Six

•sanu ndi

•sanco ni

•sanu na •mu

Tanatu

Tanatu,

Tantatu

•modzi or

■mcozi

(Ka-mu)

Tanhatu

N^tanda

Seven

•sanu ndi

•san«a ni

•sanu na

pi-nongwe

Nomnwe or

Ci-nume or

•wiri or

-wiri

•wiri

Ci-nomwe

Si-numwe

Dzimbi,

(Tu^wiri)

Tirimbi, or

Tsimpi

Eight

■sanu ndi

•sanco ni

•sanu na

^to-sere

Tsere,

Sere or

•tatu or

•tatu

•tatu

■

Ru-sere, or

Zere

Duera,

Zere

Dwere

Nine

•sanu ndi

•sanco ni

•sanu na

Fubamwe

Fumbanwe or

Fumbawe or

■nai or

•nai

•nai

Pfunibamve.

Fumbamwe

Mu^inda

Femba,
Pfemba

Ten

Kumi

Kumi

Kumi

Kume

Gumi or
Kume

Gumi

262

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

61 b.

61 c.

62.

63-

64.

64 a.

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai

Karana

Ci-ndau

English

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(puna, 6-f.)

(Va-ndau,
'Sofala')

Eleven ...

Kumi pambu

Kumi

Gumi ne

Gumi na

(ci)-modzi or

n-kate

i-mwe

pcosa

Kumi ndi

(ci)-mojzi

(ci)-modzi

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Kume

Ma-gumi or

Ma-gumi

ya-wiri or

a-wiri or

a-wili

m-bili

Ma-kumi

ma-biri

Ma-kum'

ya-wiri

ma-biri or

a-viri

.^

Ma-kumi
ma-yiri

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

..•

I

Ma-gumi

Ma-gumi

ya-tatu

ya-tatu

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

Forty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

...

...

Ma-gumi

Ma-gumi

ya-nai

ya-nai

ma-nna

ma-ni

Fifty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

...

...

Ma-gumi

Ma-gumi

ya-sanu

ya-sanco

ina-panu

ma-canoj

Hundred ...

Dzana or
Ki-kondye ;

Zana

Zana

I -zana

Ri-zana ; ma-

Zana or
Ki^zana

pi. dzi-kondye

...

...

...

Gumi

Thousand...

Dzi-kondye
kumi

Ci-kwi

re^zana.
Gumi re
ma^jana

I, me, my ...

I-ne.

Ine.

Ne-o), Ne.

1-ni.

I-mi or 1-ni.

I-nini. Di-ni.

Di-, Ndi-.

Ndi-.

Ni-, N-.

Ndi-.

Ndi-.

Ndi-.

•ndi-. -ne.

-ne. -ndi-.

-ni-, -n-.

-ndi-.

■ndi-.

-ndi-.

-a-nga

-a-nga

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngu

-a-ngo>

Thou,thee,thy

I -we.

1-we.

We-o), We.

I -we.

I-we.

I-wewe.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

•we. •ku^.

-we. -ku-.

-ku-.

-gu-.

-gu-, -ku-.

-ku-

-a-kca

-a-koj

-a-kci>

-a-kco

-a-kb>

-a-ko>

He, him, his

I -ye. Wico.

I -ye.

Yeo-ve or Iw-ca,

I -ye.

I-ye.

I-we. I-ye.

A-.

Wa-, A-.

Ye-.

a)-.

U-, A-.

U-.

•ye. -m-.

-ye. -m-.

U-, W-, A-.

-mu-.

■mu^.

-mu-.

-a-ci, -a-ce

-a-ce

■mu-, -m-.
-a-kwe

-a-ke

-a^ke

-ena

We, us, our

I-fe.

I-fe.

Seco, Se.

E-sw. Tco-ga.

I-su. I -si. I-fe.

1-sisu. Tisu.

Ti-.

Ti.

Ti-.

Tco-, Ti-.

Ti-.

Ti-.

•fe. ti-.

•fe. •ti^.

-ti-.

•ti-. ?

-ti-.

-ti-.

-a-tu

-a^tu

-a-su

-i-du

-e-dco

Ye, you, your

I-nu.

I^nu.

Mweco, We.

E-mcoi,

1-mnwe,

l-mwimwi.

M-, Mu-.

Mu..

Mu-.

Ni-mwi.

l-myi.

Mu-.

•nu. -ni-,-ku-

•nu. ?

-ni. mu-

?. \

Mu-.

-mu-.

-a-nu

-a-nu

(also with -ni

suffix).

-a-nu

•mu-.
•inyu

-inyu

They, them,

A-wa, I^wco,

Ya-wa.

tO-ve or A-ww,

■>

l-bo> or I -Wco.

Ivco.

their

A^wcij.

Wa-.

Wco.

Ba-, Wa-.

Ba-.

Wa-.

-wa. -wa-.

A-.

• -ba-, -b«

-ba-. -bu

-wa. -wa-.

-a-weo

•a-, -wa-.

-a-o

-a-o

All

ise -onse -onse -ose-pa -cose or -ose

* ' Ngu-etsi enu)- kara' = the moon sits down; i.e. thirty days are complete.

-ese,
Mu-ese

GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC, LANGUAGES 263

English

61 b.
Ci-peta

(Ma-ravi)

61 c.

Ci-cewa

(West Nyanja)

62.^
Ci-nsenga

63-

Ci-nyat,

Ci-nanswa

64.
Karana

dialects
(puna, ^'c.)

64 a.

Ci-ndau

(Va-ndau,

'Sofala')

This, these

I

That, those

Bad .
Black .

Female

Uyu ; awa ; Uyu; awa; Firstly,thepre-
u- ; i ; iri ; 6^c. (tnuch as prefix : as U-

awa ; ici ; in Ci-peta) in U-mu-, A-

ipsi ; i ; izi ; in A-wa

ili (ulu) ; iti ; (U-muntu =

aka ; ubu ; The, this man).

uku; apa;, Secondly:

umu. Uyu, awa ;

Uy<o, aco ; uu, uu, ii ; ili,

iu ; &=€. awa ; ici, ivi ;

iyi, i^i ; ulu ;

utu ; aka ;

uwu ; uku ;

apa
•nu (yu-nu,

wa-nci> ; u-nco,

i-nco ; 6^^:.)

Fierce, sharp -kali

-dya (u-dj

/•a,

• ■•

•la (yu-la,wa-la;

wa-dya ;

QT'C.)

u-la, i-la; 6-<.-,)

•mene (a-mene,

Also the n

Sr-f.)

directive (ni-,
ny-, na-. n-)
Na-ye, na-wco;
n-yu(?), n-yi;
n-di, fi-ga ;
n-ci, m-bi ;
n-yi, ni-^i ;
n-du; n-tu;
n-ka ; m-bu ;
is-c.

•i-pa ;

•i-pa

•i-pa ;

•bi

■wi

Biririri.

ya ku-da

•fi-pa

-ku-da.

•da.

Biriwiri

-kazi

•kazi

•kazi

•kali

...

•kali

i-dema

•katsi

Uyu or 1-ye
(1), aba or
i-baba (2) ;
uyu or i-ye or
i-hoyu (3),
i-yi (4) or
iyoyi ; iri or
irire or irori
flr iji (5), aya
or i-wcowa or
awco (6) ; ice
or iccdce or
iceciya (7),
izwi or ezwi
or izwcozwi or
idzi or edzi or
idzcddze (8) ;
iye or iyoye
(9), idzi or
edzi or
idzcodze or
ijojji (10);
uru or iruri
or ugu or
i-guri or
i-ga>gu(ll);
(12 and 13
apparently
missing) ;
hugu«t7r
i-gcogu(i4);
ugu or i-gcogu
(15); papa(?)
(16)

Uyoa, abco ;
i-bco ; ^fc.

U-ya, ba-ya ;
o-ya, i-ya ;
S^c.

lyeu-ya,
ibcoba-ya ;
&fc.

Hoya orhoyu,
aba or awu ;
hoya or hoy u,
iyeo or eyi ;
eri or eji,
aya or cowa ;
eci or ecipu,
edzi or ezwi ;
eye or eyi,
edzi or eji ;
egu or hugu
(II), (14), (IS)

i-pa

ka-jsata,

•pata

duna,

•swl-pa ;

•nema,

-si-pi.

•dema.

-si-fu

•swi^fu

kadzi;

-hadzi

•hadzi

ne-hapa

...

264

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

61 b.

6.C.

62.

63-

64.^

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyat,

Karana

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanjaj

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(^una, is'c.)

(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ';

Good

•bw-inu

-ya bu-enco

•weme ;
-cowama

...

-ru-rama.
-naka.
-buya

-naka.
-pcone,
-pswene.

(Bi-|Scone)

Great

•kuru

■kuru

•kulu

• •■

-kuru,
-huru,
-guru

•kurco

Littie

•nunu.
•ce-pa

•ce-pa

•tontco

• *•

•dcokco,
-diki.
-dukco-ane

-dcokco,
•duku.
•tsonga

Long

•tali

...

•tali

• •'•

•re-fu.
■re-ba

-re-fu

Male

•mwa-muna.

-mwa-miina.

-lume

• ••

-kconu.

•kesnea.

M pwongo) or

M-pwongco

-dume.

-dume

M-pongco.

-rume.

•ina

-handira

Old

-kale

-a kaluamba

-kale.
-coOccota,
-kuta

...

-kare.
-kuru.
■paru

-harahwa

Red

-flira.
-psyu

■ ••

•sweta

-tsuku

-tsuku.
-paba.
■pswuku

-puka

Rotten

-cola,
•bvunda

...

"fiAlA

•••

•bora

•wora

Short

-fumpa.
-fupi

...

•fupi

...

-fupi

-pfupi

Sick

•duara

...

-Iwala

...

•gwara

-rwara

White ...

-yera.

•yera

-tua

-ebve.

•cena.

-cena

.

•yela

-pfene

•jena

Above, up, on

Pa-mw-amba

Kum-ulu

Mco-gcomco

Pe-^^ugu,

Ku-msoru

top

Pa-zuru.

Pa-msorco.

Gu-denga

Before

Pa-tscagorca

• ••

Pa-ntanzi

Pa-mberi

Pa-mberi

Pa-mberi

Behind

Pa-m-buyoo

...

Pa-nseli,
Pa-vuli

...

Pa-sure

-sure.

Ma-sure

Below, down

Pa-nsi

• ••

Kunya-nsi,
Pa-nsi

...

Pa-si.
Nya-si

Pa-si.
Pa-nyasi

Far

Pa-tali

...

Ku-tali

...

Ku-re.
Re-fu

Tambco

Here

Apa.
Panco.
Kunco.
Pompa

Kunco.
Apa

■ ••

Nco,
Panco,
Panu.
Pa-.
Papa-

Panco

In, inside ...

Mgati.

...

Mkati.

*•*

Mkati.

Mu-.

Umu

Mu-

Mu-

Mu-kati

Middle ...

Pa-gati

...

Pa-kati

• •>

Mkati

Pa-kati

Near

Pa-fupi.

...

Pa-fupi

..•

Pe-dyu.

Pe-dico,

Pa-furapa

Pa-fupi

Pe-dlco,
Pa-hlco

Outside ...

Pa-nja,
Ku-nja

...

Ku-nja

...

Gu-nze

Pa-nze

Plenty, many

-m-biri

...

-ny^inji

-n-cinci.

-,.in2ji

-lingi

Panya

GROUPS P, Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC, LANGUAGES 265

61 b.

61 c.

62.

63.

64.

64 a.

English

Ci-peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karana

Ci.ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects
(puna, &•(:.)

(Va^ndau,
'Sofala')

There

Apcd.

Ap<o.

?

•ku.

A^pcd.

Ukco.

Ukco.

I^kcaku

I-yoa.

Pompu.

Ku-la,

U-keo

Ku-mene

Pa-la

Where? ...

Ku-ti ?
Pa-ti ?

...

Kuni?

Va-pi ?
■pi.'

•pi.'

-pi.'

No!

lai!

...

lai! Na-na!

Gwete !
I^nema !

Ahina!

'^ot{withverb.

Si-; sa-; n-ka-,

...

Nga-. Te-, t-;.

...

Ha-, A^ ; -sa^.

A- {and chang-

as prefix, in-

n-ki-. -je, -be.

-liye- ; -lico- ;

•si^', •t«^

ing terminal a

fix, or suffix)

-bi

Msa- ; -sa- ;
•ye; •ve

suffixes

•singa- ;
A — ti- — ,
A-ka — ,
A —nga- — .
•rega- {infin.)

to i) ; -sa- {and
as in Karana)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Kco-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-menya

-menya

•nyata

...

•rcoba,
•pfura,
•pura

•rua

„ buy, seU

-gura

• ■•

-sita

...

•tenga ;
•jsupa.
•^ambadzira

•tenga

„ come ...

•dza

-za

•za

...

•uya,
•buya

-za.
•via

„ cut

-tema

-tema.

■tenda.

...

•tema.

•tema.

-senga

-tema

•ceka

-gura

„ dance ...

•bvina

-vina

•vina

•pambira

•dzana ;
•tamba

-zina.
-tamba

„ die ...

-fa

•fa

•fwa

-fa

•fa

•fa

„ eat

-dia

-lia

-lya

•dya.
•la. •dhla

-rga

(Ku-rga)

„ give ...

-ninka ;
•padza

...

-pa;
-pela

-pa

•pa

•pa

., go

•yenda.

-enda

•ya;

•venda ;

-hamba,

•enda.

-enda,

•yenda ;

•vamba.

-famba,

-famba

-eaka

•pita,
-luta

•enda ;
•pinda

-enda,
-inda,
-wenda

„ kill ...

-pa

...

•paya

•baya

-baya,
-buraya

-uraya

„ know ...

•dziwa

•jiwa

•ziwa

•ziba

-dziba

•ziba,
•ziwa

„ laugh ...

-seka

...

-seka

•••

•sega

•seka

„ leave off,

•leka or

-leka

•leka

..•

•rega

•rega

cease

-reka

,, love,want

-konda ;

...

•temwa.

•ncoda.

■da

•no>da.

-anja

•pangwa

•da

-da

,1 see

-tona

...

-lula.
-cona

•bcona,
-tarira

-ona,
-vcona

,, sit.remain,

•kala.

...

■kala

•kara,

■gara

■gara

abide

-sala

-gara

(pret. -kere)

Kpret. -gere)

„ sleep ...

•guna

•guna

-lala.

(•ktona =
snore)

•bata

•bata.
•rara

■vata.
•rara

' -si- iti Karana also has the meaning of ' in the habit 0/' as well

as a doubtful meaning approachin

g the negative.

266

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6ib.

6ic.

62.

63-

64-.

64 a.

English

Ci

•peta

Ci-cewa

Ci-nsenga

Ci-nyai,

Karaiia

Ci-ndau

(Ma-ravi)

(West Nyanja)

Ci-nanswa

dialects

(Va-ndau,

(puna, 6-c.) '

'Sofala')

To Ku-

Ku- Ku-

Ka>-

Ku-

Ku-

„ stand,stop, -ima

•ima .ima ;

...

-mira,

-sim-uka

be erect

•panama

-miriga.
-sima ;
-siniba

„ steal ... -ba

■punsa

-tonga

-ba.
•tapa.

-ba

-tora

• PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-PETA AND CI-CEWA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M- (yu-, u-, -m-, mu-) ; 2. Wa-, A- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (u, mu-) ; 4. Mi-, Ni-
(mi-, i) ; 5. — , Di-, Dzi-, Dz-, Zi-, Li- (especially in Ci-cewa) (li, ri) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, a, wa) ;
7. Ki-, Ci-, C (ci, ki) ; 8. Psi (bzi), Pfi- (old), Vi- (Ci-cewa) (psi-, vi) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny'-, — (i, n-,
ny-) ; 10. i,i- (zi) ; 1 1, (rare) Li-, Ri- (li-, ri) ; 12. (rare) Ti- (ti) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Wu-, Bu- (bu-,
u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa); 17. Mu- (mu-, -mco).

PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NSENGA
Slight traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, Um-, M-, — , Si-, Asi-, Aci-, A-, Awa-, Wa- (mu-, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A-, Awa-,
Aci- (wa-, a) ; 3. Mu-, Um-, M- (u-, -u-) ; 4. Mi- (i) ; 5. — , Li- (li) ; 6. Ama-, Ma- (a-, wa) ; 7. Ci-
(ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, N-, Nj- (i) ; lo. same as 9 ; also Nz- (concord zi, ^i) ; 11. Ulu-, Lu-,
Du-, Ru- (lu) ; plur. Ma-lu ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; plur. sometimes Vi-, sometimes Tu- ; 14. U-
(u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-, Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).

The honorific prefixes are Si- and Ci- (more often preceded by A-) and also the plurals A- and Awa-
used in a singular sense. There is much doubling of prefixes, Ci-mu-, Vi-mi-, Ka-mu-, Tu-a-, Vi-u-, 6^c.

PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NYAI (CI-NANSWA)'

Traces of preprefixes in Classes 9 and 14.

Class I. Mo>., Mu., Nu.>(?) ; 2. ? (?) ; 3. M-, Mit-, Ngu-, Gu- (?) ; 4. Me-, Mi- (?) ; 5. — ,"l-, Ji-,
Le-(?); 6. Ma- (?) ; 7. ?; 8. ?; 9. In.(Im-), Iny.,N., - (?) ; -10. ?; n. L«- ; 12. ?; 13. Ka- ; 14. Ub'-,
U-, Bo>.(?); 15. Km.; 16. Pa-, Va- ; 17. M«-.

' Very uncertain. The recorded fragment (^ Ci-nyai h^is evidently been garbled by a Mu/cu»na
interpreter.

GROUPS P, Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 267

PREFIXES, &C., IN KARANA DIALECTS AND IN CI-NDAU
Virtually no preprefixes, except in concords and demonstratives.

Class I. Mu-, Mco-, U- (?), Mnu-, My (mu, u-, ye-, yu-) ; 2. Ba- ', Wa- (aba, ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mo>-,
M-, Mnu-, My'- (u, yu-, uy'-) ; 4. Mi-, M'- (i, iyi-) ; 5. Ri-, I-, Ji-, or Zi- (Zi- is usually an augmenta-
tive), — (r'-, ri, ir', ij'-) ; 6. Ma- (a, aw'-, w') ; 7. Ci-, Ji- ? (ci-, ic') ; 8. Zwi-, Dzi- (zwi, dzi-, izw'-)
8a(?). Swi- (swi) (//. Bu-, Vu-, No. 14)"; 9. N- (M-), I- (i, iy'-, eyi-) ; 10. same as 9 ; and Dzi-, Zi-,
Dzin-, Ji-, Jin- (dzi-, ji-, idz'-, ij'-, eji) ; 11. Ru-, Rhu-, Rg- (gu-, ru, uru-, ugu-, ur') ; 12. Tu- (toi-, itcu) ;
13. Ka- (ka-, ikco) ; 14. Bu- ', By-, Bhu-, Wu-, Vu-, U- (bu, by-, iboj, ubco, uhwio) ; 15. Gu-, Ku-, Hu-,
U- (gu-, ugo)) ; 16. Pa- (pa-) ; 17. Mu- (m-, -mu).

The Nya- prefix is present in ' Sofala ' (Ci-ndau) and so also is Ji- as an honorific prefix : perhaps
the Nyanja Ci-. Wa- is occasionally an honorific prefix in the plural. The diminutive suffix -ana is
present.

61 b. Cipeta is spoken west of the Upper Shir^ river on the south shores of Lake Nyasa as far to the
north-west as the Lintipe river ; thence southwards to the sources of the Ruongwe and the Ciritse-
Luafigwe and westwards over the Undi country almost to the north bank of the Zambezi and the vicinity of
the great Luaiigwa confluence.

61 c. Cicewa is spoken in the south-west coast-lands of Lake Nyasa, south of the Nyasa-Luaiigwa
river, north of the Lintipe and the Upper Bua and east of the great Luaiigwa watershed.

62. Cinsenga is spoken over a wide range of country, chiefly the whole eastern half of the valley of
the great Luaiigwa river from near its sources down to its confluence with the Lunsefwa and to the Undi
or Maravi country. The ' Unsefiga' region (as it is called by the Anseiiga) is however invaded on the
east by colonies of Ra-tumbuka and Aiigoni-Zulus and on the west by Babisa and Balata.

63. Cinyai is spoken in south central Zambezia, south of the Middle Zambezi between the Hanyani-
Angwa affluent on the east and the Gwai-^aiigani river on the west. On the south it grades into the
Karaiia dialects of Matebele- and Mapunaland ; on the north into Cinsefiga and Maravi. Under the
name of Cinyau it is spoken at Zumbco.

64. Karana dialects are spoken south of the Zambezi, from near the Zambezi on the north to the
Upper Sabi river, Zimbabwe, the borders of the Mapfigane country and the Matopto hills on the south ;
east to the Anglo-Portuguese frontier, westward to the range of the Nyai language and the Zambezi plains.

64 a. Cindau is spoken in the coast country south of the estuarine Zambezi, from about 18° 40' South
latitude southwards past Beira to the River Gorofigcozi in Sofala Bay. It also extends inland in patches
to the mountains separating Portuguese South-East Africa from Rhodesia.

' There is a tendency in one or more Karana dialects to pronounce the initial b more dentally, more
like a V.

' This prefix Swi- is a diminutive.

GROUP Q'

THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES {coniinued)

65. Ci-teve 66. Rongerco (Ba-zaruteo /■".)

65 a. Ci-tombwji or M-tombcoji 67. Ci-rue^ (' Vatua' of Burue or Burue)

68. Ma-pafigana ('Shangaan ', ' Chaiigana ')

GROUP R>

THE ^ENGWE-RO^GA LANGUAGES

69. ^eiigwe or Gi-tonga (Southern ' Vatua' or ' Inhambane")

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongerco
(Ba-zarutu)

Ci-nie

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Adze

...

...

Li-pata.
N-tsanga

...

N-tsanga

Li-pada

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

Ku-jsonza

Bz-eare (//.).

Ny-ama-zana

Ny-ama

Ny-ama.

beast

Ny-ama

Bz-eare (//.).
Bara.
Gi-rengoj ; pi-

Ant

Sundzi

Sunji

U-sunzi

Tu-tuane

U-sunje

Scokole.
U-gugude

Ant, white

(termite)
Arm

...

...

...

...

...

M-uo>

Mu-vukeo.

Boikfo

Mu-<i>ko>

M-koinca

Mw-uku

RambukulcD ?

M-kton<o

Bcokco,
Rcokco

Arrow

M -sen we,

M-sewe

M-paca

Tare

M-paca

M-kondco

Li-pogco.
In-sebe.
Tungi.
N-gcowe

Axe

Sandu

Buire

pi-pwka

Beura

Sandw

Li-ycoga.
^i-pcoka.
Li-cad CO

Baboon ...

...

...

...

In-fene

In-dede.
?Ko>lco

Im-fene ;
jim-fene

Back

M-sana

Sure

IMi-sana {pi.)

M-sana

Me-sana {//.)

^i-kcose.
Gi-wunu.
In-deza

Banana ...

Kcobu ; ma +

M-kcobu

M-kcobco

Ma-kcobeo (pi.)

M-kcobo>

Mu-kcova.
Mu-abco

Beard

M-puiigco

M-pungco

Devu

M-pungM

M-ptmgu

Ki-revco.
Gi-lidco

• The reader will notice that the designations of Groups Q and R differ somewhat from those given on page 43,
and corrected in Addenda at Corrigenda. The later rendering is more in accord with affinities and geographical
distribution.

' The inclusion o/Ci-rue in Croup Q is rather problematic, as is the language or dialect itself, which may be more
nearly related to No. 76 (A-ngoni or Gaza). Many ' Vatua ' or eastern Zulu words have been incorporated into
No. 69 f^engwe). Vatua merely means ' Bushmen , ' fiygmies'. It is explained in the Notes.

' Bleel^s ' Inhambane'. IVe hai'e here no doubt a mingling of distinct dialects, the preponderating type of lan-
guage being the Gi-toiiga of Inhambane.

GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ^ENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 269

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombwji

Rongerto

(Ba-zarutoa)

Ci-riie

Ma-pangane

pengwe
(Inhambane)

Bee

Ma-ve (;)/.)

N-yusi

N.yukl

N-yuci

N-yuci.
(Ma-ve; //.
= wasp)

N-kabini.

L-ombe or
Lombe

Belly

Dane

Dane

Mimba

Dane

Mimba

Gi-rumbco.
Mimba.
Kirre

Bird

Ciri

Ciri

Dziri

Ciri.
Ny-oani

Ciri.

Iny-ooni

Nyambane,
Nyanyane.
In-yconi ; }i +

Blood

Un-gaze

Gazi

M-lcopa

Mu-rcopa

M-lupa

Nuba.
Mu-lupa.
Kata

Body

M-virto

M-uiri

Mu-mire

M-uiri

Mu-bire

Gi-bili; ?i-.
M-irri, M-irre

Bone

Fupa ; ma +

Pondu

Fupa

Fupa ; ma- +

Fupa; ma--(-

Ki-rambu ; fi-.
Gi-kugulu

Borassuspalm

...

• •■

*.>

Dekwa; ma-t-

...

...

Bow

U-ta

U-ta

Hu-ta

U-ta

Hu-ta

Wu-lavu,
Vu-lahu.
Hu-rra,
Wu-ra

Bowels

*..

• ••

...

...

Ma-hembe

Brains

U-rtobzi

U-r«bzi

U-lubzi

U-rtobzi.
K'cobto

U-rubzi

B-ongto

Breast (man's)

• ..

• ••

A-ana

Ci-fua

A-ana

Gi-fuba

Breast

Diti

Diti

...

Diti

.. .

Tsombu ; ti +

(woman's)

Brother ...

Bu-rurto

Hama

Duni

M-ko>mu

Mu-kcoma

Ndi.
N-duye.
Mu-longu

Buffalo

Iny-ati

Ny-ati

Ny-ati

Iny-ati

Ny-ati

Nz-arri

Bull

...

...

...

...

• ••

Gi-kula gya
ii-ombe

Buttocks ...

Ma-takoj

Ma-takco

Ma-takci>

Ma-takco

Ma-takca

Ma-tagu

Canoe, boat

Garaba

M-kumbe

Ci-ngalabawa

M-kumbe

Galaba

Wu-aru.
N-galaba

Cat

Paka

Mangwe

M-baka

Mangwe

M-baka

Gimanga

Charcoal ...

...

...

...

Ma-gale

Chief

Mambco

Mamboj

Hasi

M-koase

Mambca

Husi, E-husi.
Pfumu.
Mu-ni.
(M-buzu =

kingdotn)

ChUd

Ci-pgere

Mu-ana

MCi-ana-na

Mu-fana

Ci-pwerere

Mu-ana-na;ba-.
Gi-ana-na ;
pi. ^'-ana-na

Cloth

Guco

Ma-cira (//.)

In-do>z«

Hia

Ufi-guoo.
Jira

Ma-kila.
Tiii-guu [pi )
Mw-enda: my-

Cold

*•*

><■

Gi-rame. Pibu

Country ...

Ny-ika

Nyika

Ny-ika'

I-zue

Ny-ika

Li-tigu.
Li-fuma.
Wu-langa

Cow

M-ombe -kazi

Gabe -kazi

Gombe a-kaji

M-kcomto

Gombe a kaji

Nombe.
Tere

Crocodile ...

Guena.
Gomombu

Guena

Un-gwena

Gomombco

Un-gwena

N-guna,
Gwenya,

1731

In-gwenya
T

270

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongerco

(Ba-zarutco)

Ciriie

Ma-pangane

pengwe
(Inhambane)

Day, daylight

Sik»

Zua

Nyama-se

Tonga

Zua

Gambco
or Dambco.
Li-cigu ; ma-

Devil, evil

Pongeo

Mu-zimu

M-fukwa

Zi-tuta (?//-)

Mu-lungca

Mu-fukwa.

spirit

Gi-kuembco

Doctor (medi-

•..*

...

...

...

-..

In-yanga

cine man)

Dog

Im-bga

Im-bga

Im-bwa

In-dja

Im-bwa

Im-bwa ;
//. ji-mbwa

Door

M-suu

M-suu

Tu-vi.

Mu-sua

Ci-vae

Lu-vi.
Mu-sua

Lu-bati.
Ki-kene.
Li-dimba.
Ny-angwa

Dream

Ku-r«ta

Hcope

Ku-lcoca

U-tcomco

Ku-lcota

Ku-lora
{verb).
N-dorco; ji +

Drum

Gcoma

Gcoma

In-gcoma

Zinyu-mbuyco

Gcoma

lii-gcoma

Ear

Zeve

N-zeve

Dema

N-zeve

lii-gibe

N-jebe or
N-zeve; ji + .
Dema.
N-dejeli

Egg

Ma-zanda {i>l.\

Ma-zanda (//.)

M-anda

Ma-phanda

Zanda

Danza,

Li-anza ;
m-andza

Elephant ...

DZOMO

Dzcoco

Zcooa

N-joovco

Djcoco

Jcovco,
I n-jeovco.
En-^olfoo

Excrement

Matu-ji

Matu-bzi

Matu-bze

Mtu-bvi

Mata-bze

Ma-cimba

Eye

J.isco ;

J-isco ;

Dz-isco

J-icco ;

J-isco

L-isco or

ma- +

ma-so>

m-ecco

D-ipco ; //.
ma-^co

Face, forehead M-kcope

Hcope

Hcope

U-sco

M-esco

Gcoe

Fat, oil ...

...

...

Ma-futa

...

Ma-futa

Tsumbeo.
Ma-fura

Father

...

...

...

...

Babe.
Ny-ehe

Fear

Ku-tia

Ku-tia

Ku-tia

Saba

Ku-tia

Ku-taba,
Ku-caba

Finger

Bg-inco

Gu-niie

Tun-duala {;>/.)

Mu-nfie

Ciku-niie

Lu-tico, Le-tiu.
Ny-al^

Fire

Mu-riro9

Mu-riru

Mu-rirco

Basco?

Mu-rirw

Dzirco,

In-dzilco.
Mu-nilco.
N-delco

Fish

Hcoe

Hcoe

A-hcobe

C-andzi ?

A-hcobe

In-janj6.
'Bi-canve(//.)
Ki-kaga ;
pi-kaga

Foot

Scoka

Scoka

Mu-kondco

I-nyau

Lu-scoka

Ci-pama.
M-lenge.
Muii-gondco.
Gi-rende

Forest

M-sora

Guaca

Mi-ti

Cati

Mi-ti

Ti-simbco,
Ti-sinya(;i/^.)
Kwatt.
Li-kabe.
Gi-tsinga

Fowl

Huko

Hukco

Hukca

Kukco

Huku

Kugu

GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 271

65.

65 a.

65.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongeroo
(Ba-zaruto>)

Ci-riie

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Frog

Ghost

R'-fuba.

Ku-patika.

Vuli "■

Kco-coioa.

M-vuii'

In-zuti.

Ce-ngejua.

Ce-ngwajco

Ka-tipinzioa

Gi-kwembco

U-jsinga

Giraffe

...

•••

...

• ••

• •*

...

Girl

...

...

...

"•

•"

Gi-ana-na.
Gyagaja-na.
Gia-gadi-ana

Goat

Budzi

Budzi

M-vuta ?

Budzi

Buji

Psete.
Buti,

M-bute.

„ (he) ...

...

.•■

...

...

•

Pongco ; ji -H

„ (she)...

...

...

...

...

God

M(o-lungo»

Mu)-lungu

Mum be

Pe-zuica

Mumbe

Tilco,
I-tilco.
N-tsuma.
Nunguiigulu

Grandparent

...

...

...

...

•••

Grass

Mu-anje

Mw-enji

Ma-tate

M-cane

Ma-nsua

Gi-anye.
Sinya.
Ma-kuco.
Mu-asia-na

Ground

Pa-si

Pa-si

Ma-vco

Pa-nzi

Pa-si

Ma-fu.
Sawa

Ground-nut

Man-diie

Man-zungoj

Ma-ndcoim

Man-dungcomani

Ma-ndcoim

Ma-nga; ti-(-.
N-ycome; ti +

Guinea-fowl

Hanga

Hanga

Mangera

Pangeya

Hukco^
i manga

Mangera ; ji -f

Gun

Futi

Futi

M-vuti

Ci-bamco

M-futi

M-benye.
Ki-pisa.
Gi-bamco

Hair

Vuzi

Vuzi

Ma-vudzi (//.)

Zi-nue (//.)

Ma-vudzi (//.)

Mi-sise.
Mu-duju

Hand

Ny-ara

M-anja (//.)

Ny-ala

S-anja

Ny-ala

Gi-anja or
C-anja ; pi.

ma-nja

Head

M-sorco

M-sorco

Mu-solco

Khanda

Mu-sorco

^cokco.^
N-sungco; mi-.
Mu-hungco.
Mu-hugwco
Pala.

Heart

M-oyu

M-oyco

M-oyco

Cizico or
■cizico

Vl-oyco

Im-bileo.
M-onyco; mi-

Heel

Ci-kcokora ga
n-scoka

Ci-sisindco

Ki-rendze

Ru-nyau

Si-dimindco

Gi-renza.
Gi-cinidoi

Hide

• • •

.*•

*••

...

Li-dcowco

Hill

...

...

...

...

Gi-gonyco,
Gi-gcomco

Hippopotamus

M-vu

M-vuca

Vugco

Bcoma

VI-vuw

M-vuco.
Em-bama

Hoe

• ••

...

• •*

...

...

Pata ; ma -f

Honey

Uci

Uci

Pudzi ^

U-iombe

Suzi.

Wu-lombe

Hu-uce

Horn

Ny-anga

Ny-anga

Bi-zua

Pondco ]

Ny-aiiigu

Lu-nanga.

Ti-monza(//.).

Kweco

House

Ny-umba

Pasco,

M-pasco

Ny-umba

In-djco, ]
In-ji

Ny-umba

Ny-umba,
Ny-omba

T 2

272

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongerco

( Ba-zarutco)

Ci-rue

Ma-pangane

pengwe
(Inhambane)

Hunger

N-zara

N-zara

Zala

N-jara

Jala

In-jala

Husband ...

Ncona.
Muhcoma.
Mw-ama,
Mw-ane

Hyena

Bongco

Bongco

Duku

Pisi

Bongco

M-isi.
Dugu ; nia -f

Iron

Simbi

Simbi

Bu-tare

Simbi

U-tare

^i-kedzi or
Gi-kete; fi-

Island

M-cetoa

C-iwi

Me-tundco (//.)

Ci-tsina

Ci-lundoa

Gi-runzto,
Gi-rungco

Ivory

Maz-into a

Iny-anga a

Ny-anga a

Pondco ra

Ny-anga

Lu-onzco.

ZCKO

ZbXd

jcoco

n-jcoo>

Li-nanga
la n-jcovco

Knee

Ma-ve (//.)

I-bvi

Gcogcobvi

Doyu

Gcagcobvi

Dzcolco.
Pugumudi.
Dondu ;

ma +

Knife

Ci-panga

Ci-panga

Um-panga

C-ikco

Ci-panga

Mu-gala,
N-kala.

Mu-kwa-na

Lake

Li-tsivu,
Li-civa.
(Bimbi =

sea)

Leg

Mu-renge

Mu-renge

Gumbco

Mu-enze

Gumbco

Nengi,
Nenge ; mi-.
Ritandco

Leopard ...

Kamba

Kamba

Kamba

lii-gwe

Kamba

Ifi-gwe.
Kamba

Lion

...

...

...

...

...

Bondco,
Bonda

Lips

Mu-rcomeo

Mu-reomco

M u-lcomco

Mu-icomco

Mu-lcomco

Mi-ltomco or
I-ncomco (//.)

Magic

•■•

...

Mu-lcoi

...

Mu-loi

M-oi or
Bu-loi.
Wu-nanga

Maize

Ma-bconore

Ma-bconore

Ma-fundi

Mumbco

Ma-fundi

Ma-hira.
Gi-fake

Man

Mu-ntu ?

Mu-ntu ?

...

Mu-ntu ;
a-ntu

Mu-tu?

Mu-tu; pi.
ba-tu

Man, vir. ...

Mw-anarume

Jaha.

M-anarume

M w-analume

Mu-esa

M-anahume

Na-nuna.

Mu-ma ;
ba-ma

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama-zane

Ny-ama

• Ny-ama

Medicine ...

...

...

...

...

Mu-rende ;
mi-rende.
Ma-kani

MUk

...

• •<

...

...

...

Ma-pisa

Monkey ...

Ma-tede [pi)

Tede

Samba

...

Kcolco

In-^cogco

Moon

Mw-ezi

Mw-edzi

Mw-eje

Iny-anga

Mw-eje

Mw-ete.
N-gima,
Mu-gima

Mother ...

...

? A-mai

• ••

...

Maiji

Mountain ...

Ma-tundoj {pi.)

Duntco

Duntco

Tawa

Duntco

Gi-gcomco ; fi-

Mouth

*. .

■ ••

• *•

■ ••

• ••

Gi-hcofu.
Li-kana.
Ci-pcofu

GROUPS Q, R : THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, fiENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 273

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongeroo

(Ba-zarutco)

Ci-riie

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Nail (of finger

Du-ara

Dzipca

Indu-ala-na

Dzipco

Du-ala

Ki-kata.

or toe)

J.nunala.
Gi-ala ; ^i-

Name

Z-ina

Z-ina

Z-ina

B-izeo

Z-ina

L-ina

Navel

...

...

...

...

...

Mu-rugcD.
N-dende

Neck

M-sipa

M-sipa

Huleo

M-sipa

Hulw

N-tamco,
N-amto.
N-kojlco ;

//. mi-

Night

Sik«

M-sikca

Bu-sikco

Sukw

U-sikco

Bu-sikto.
(Gi-dema =

darkness)

Nose

...

■ ••

...

...

Tomfu ;

//.ti +

Ox

M-ombe

Gabe rume

Gombe
mw-ana hume

Kumco

Kumdzi

B<oa.
Kuze.
Hcobe; ti +

Paddle ...

• ••

...

...

Palm wine,

U-cema

Ci-sura,

Bu-tsema

Ku-kaya

U.cema

Wu-cema,

beer

U-cema

Anga

Parrot

Guaiiga

Dzapazapa

...

Guanga

...

...

Penis

Borco

Boroi

M-beolco

M-tondco

M-bcolco

Lu- or
Li-bcolco

Pig

Kumba

Gurue

Kumba

Gurue

Kumba

Kumba ; ji + .
In-guluwe

Pigeon

Jiwa

Jiwa

Dziba

Jiwa

Jiba

Li-tuba

Place

Pa-m-tundoa

Mu-tundco

1-zue

Mu-tund«

Gi-ta.
Mu-to,
Mu-^te.
Danga

Rain

M-vura

M-vxura

Vula

Ma-ndzi

Vula

Im-vula.
N.tsuma.
N-jaji

Rat

Konzco

Kundana ;

ma +

Gcosco

Kundana

Gonjo)

Konjua,
Konjw

Rhinoceros

...

• ••

...

Bembere

River

Mu-ranibco

M-fuia ?

Me-lambco{//.) M-fuia

Me-lambco{^/.)

Nambco.

Mu-ccogco

Road

M-seu.
Jira

Patw

Zira

Jeia

Jira

Jera,

In-jela,
N-jila ; ji-

Salt

...

• ••

• ■•

>■*

...

Mu-nyu

Shame

• ..

...

...

Sheep

Puizi

Puizi

Vuta ""

Im-vu

Vuta"*

M-vuta.
W-ivto ;
ti-ivu

Shield

...

...

• ■•

•••

Dcobco

Shoulder ...

...

Kata

Sister

Hama

Andi.atsi

...

Datu-eto)

Teta-je

Ma-kwer<a (//.).
N-dconi

Skin

Jubco

Duu

Songe

Ci-kumba

Dcobco

^onge.
Di-zcobco,
Li-dcowco.
Ccogi

Ba-cani.

Sky

Gure

Ma-kore

Kco-hombe

Pe-zulo)

Gojle

N-jaji

Slave

...

■■•

•••

■ >•

Pumbi

2 74

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6s.

6s a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombojji

Rongero)
(Ba-zarutco)

Ci-rue

Ma-pangane

pengwe
(Inhambane)

Sleep

Hupe

Hupe

Hcope

Tongoj

Hcope

Bu-rongo>,
Wu-rongco

Smoke

Use

Ji-utsi

Mu-isi

Mu-si

Hu-isi

Mu-si,
Wu-ci,
Wa)-zi

Snake

Ny-oaka

Iny-uka

Ny-ooka

In-hojka

Ny-oaka

Iny-coka or
Ny-«oga

Mw-ama-na

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana

Ci-pgere.

Mw-ana

Mu-fana

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana

Ci-pwerere

Song

Ku-imba

Runy-imbco

Ku-emba

Ku-cabeia

Gcoma.
Humbu

Lu-simu.
Ku-imbelela

Spear

M-kondoa

M-kondb>

Mu-kondu

Ci-t'ibw

Mu-kondcd

Mu-kondto.
Tari.
Li-fumco.
Klare ;

ma-klare

Spirit, soul

...

...

...

...

...

Ci-kwemboa.
Li-puboj

Star

Ny-erezi

Ny-erezi

Ny-areje

Zinya-ezi (//.)

Tondu

Jiny-eleji (;>/.).'
Ny-uladi

Stick

Donga

Donga

Gori

M-tcoma

Goori

Nonga

Stone... ...

Pfie

Ma-pue (//.)

Bwe

I-ce

Bwe

Ri-kwe or
Ri-bwe.
Gi-windi; pi-

Stool

• ••

...

...

...

...

Sun

Zua

Zua

Zuba

Tanga

Zuba

Li-dambco.
Li-ani.
In-sani

Tail

...

>••

...

...

...

M-r<otcD

Tear

M-sunzi

Ma-s«azi (/>/.)

Me-s«ji {pi)

Zinyam-bezi

Me-s«^j'i ipi.)

Mi-ptoti.
Ronge ;
ma-t-

Testicles ...

Ma-cende

Ma-cende

Ma-kendi

Ma-sende

Ma-cende

Ma-kenzi

Thief

Kuba

Bava

Bava

W-iaba

Bava

L(-kamba.
M-bafa ; ji +

Thigh

...

• ■>

...

...

Tombi ;

ma-H

Thing

Ci-reo

Ji-roa

Ci-rw

U-tto

Ci-rto

Gi-loj ; ji-.
Ko-kare

Thorn

Mi-zeo {pi.)

Mi-zua {fl.) _

Mu-zua

Ema-hiva(^//.)

Mu-sua

Mw-iba.
Mu-zua
or -tua ; mi-

Tobacco ...

Forga

Forga

Forga,
Folya

Gwai

Folya

(Portuguese
' Folha')

Fcole.
I-fole

To-day

Inyama-se

Inyama-se

Nyama-si

Inyamu-ce

Nyama-si

Mu-hunu.

Nyamu-ci,
Nyamu-ca.
Nyau-se

Toe

Ji-no9 re swka

Ji-nco

Gume

[i-noa-ja ra
u-nyau

Ci-kume

Lu-tihco.
Li-tiu

To-morrow

...

...

...

•••

Ma-nguane.
Ji-mindu

Tongue ...

Uru-rimi

Ru-rumi

Lime

U-imi

U-lime

Lu-rime

Tooth

Z-inco

Z-inu

M-eneo (/>/.)

Z-iu,
Z-in«a

M-en« (//.)

D-inw ;
ma-noo.
Li-kwaha ;
ma-kwaha

GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ^ENGWE, ETC, LANGUAGES 275

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongeroj

(Ba-zaruteo)

Ci-rue

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Town, village

M-tercopa

Dircopa.

Ny-ika

Dirupa.

Ny-ika ya

N-te;

(Dutch).

Mu-pa

ba-zungcd '

I-kaya

ba-zungco

mi-te.

Mu-zi

N-danga

Tree

Mu-ti

Mbu-ti.
Mu-ti

Mu-ti

M-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-^imbco.
Mu-ri.
N-tanda; me-

Twins

Manyam-biri

Manyam-biri

Ma-ba

Ma-pac<a

Manya-bire

Ma-ha^a,
Ma-pasa

Urine

Tundco

Tunda

Ma-tund»

Mi-tundco

Ma-tundu

Mu-runzu.
Ku-rundza

{verb)

War

Fumco

Huondco

Imbi

U-imbi

Imbi

Li-tunga.
Tsunga.
Ny-umpi.
Ny-imbi.
Iny-epe

Water

Kuma

M-vura

Villa

Ma-ndzi

Kuma

Ma-ti

Well, spring,

...

...

Nambco

source

White man

Mu-zungM

Mu-zungco

Mu-zungco ; ba-

Mu-iungco ;
a-iungco

Mu-zung» ; ba-

Mu-lungco; ba-

Wife

Mu-kazi

Mu-kadzi

...

M-fazi

...

Mu-kate or
G-ade.
Ng-aja

Wind

Dutcd

Dutcd

M-pepw

M-vya

M-pepco

N-kayi.
Li-pubco

Witch

M-roi

U-takati

Mu-loi

Ku-nkui

Mu-loi

Noi,
I-neoi,
Doi^

Witchcraft

...

...

• ••

...

...

Wu-nanga.
Bu-roi (?)

Woman ...

Mwana-kazi

Mw-adzi mai

Mwana-kaji

M-fazi

Mwana-kaji

Mwafi-gaji.
Nyamayi.
Mu-gade?

VT UlliU ...

Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

M-fisore

M-fisore

...

Mu-karara

...

Tiii-gconi

Year

Kore

Kore

Gole

Zuia ra
pe-zuiw

Gore

Mw-aga ; mi-
Lembe.

Yesterday...

...

• ••

...

...

Mu-gua
Nya-noya.
Bu-noava.

Zebra

...

...

...

...

...

Nya-tuleo
Mangua

One

Pcosi.

Pcosi.

Pusa.

Mu-nyi,

Pousa.

•mfie.

-mwe

•mwe

-mwe

■nye

•mwe

Moyu.
Mwedeo,

Moidco

Two

Piri,

Piri,

Pire,

-bihi

•wire

-m-bire,

-wiri

-wiri

-wire

-bili,
-vili.
-bere,
-bede

' Li/. : ' country of the white man '.

276

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

65.

6s a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)

Ci-riie

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Three

-tatco

■tatoa

•tatoj

-tatu

■tatco

•raru.
■tarrco,
■rarco

Four

-na

•na

Mu-na,
-nft

-ne

Mu-na,
-na.

Mu-longa
mu-na

-ne,
■ni,
-na

Five

-sanco

-pancd

-panca.
Hu-bande or

■panco

■panco

Li-bande or

Ru-bande.

Lu-bande

-tanco,
-panco

Six

Tandatoa

Tandatoa

Tandatco.

-panb3 na

Tandatco.

Tandarco

Mamu-mwe

me-tu

{or mu-ntu)

mu-nye

Mamu-mwe

(old).

Li-bande na

li-mwedco.

■panco-a-

li-mwe.

Ni-ji-mwe

Seven

Ci-nume

Ci-neame

Ci-nomwe.

■panci) na
a-ntoo

Ncomwe

Li-bande na

Nami-vire

-bili.

a-bihi

Ni-ji-m-bili

Eight

Sere

Sere

Sere.

■panco na

Sere,

Li-bande na

Name-tatca

a-ntoj
a-tatu

I -sere.
Name-tatco

tatu.

Ni-ji-n-arco

Nine

Femba-mwe

Femba-mwe

Fumba-mwe

-panco na a-ntb
wane

Fumba-mwe

Li-bande

na-na.

Numu-ne.

■panco

a-mu-ne

Ten

Gume

Gume

Kue-gume

^ume

Gume

Kume or

Li-kumi

Eleven

Gume na

Gume na

Sume-mu-mwe

Sume na
mu-ntu

Sume ina,

Kumi ni

i-mwe

i-mwe

mu-mwe

i-mwe.

mu-nye

Kumi na
mwedoj

Twenty ...

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-pum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

a-biri

a-biri

a-wire

a-bihi

a-wire

bari ' or
Ma-kum'
a-birre or
Ma-kumi
ma-bili

Thirty

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-pum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kumi

a-tatco

a-tatco

a-tatcd

a-tatco

a-tatco

ma-raru.
Ma-kum'
an-arreo

Forty

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum>a-na

Ma-pum'

Ma-kum-a-

Ma-kumi

araiigcomu-na

arangcomu-na

wa-ne

longo)-mu-na

ma-na.

Mu-na-ma-na

kume

Fifty

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-pume

Ma-kum'

Ru-bande

a-panu

a.pancd

a-panca

a-panco

a-panco

la ma-kumi.
Tana-mana-
kume
Ma-kumi
li-bande ^

Note the West African -bari (' two ')

Sixty = Ru-bande (Ru-pande) na ma-kumi na kumi mwedco (Bleek).

GROUPS Q.R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, [sENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 277

f

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombuji

Roiigerco

(I5a-zaruto»)

Ci-riie

Ma-pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Hundred ...

Zana

Zana

Zana

Zana.

(ri-nye = one)

Zana

Li-zane

Thousand . . .

Zana gume

Zana gume

? Lu-bande

Zana ptmie or

Gumi

Kume

ma-zana

^ume na

na-ma-zana

gama-zana.

(? 500)

ma-zana

Ma-zana kumi

I, me, my ...

I-ninca.

I-nini.

Ki-ne. I-ne.

Mi-na.

Mi-na, I-ne.

Eni.

-a-figco

-a-ngoa

Di-, D'-, Ni-.

•di-.

-a-ngu

-ha-me

Mi-,
-ni-, -n-.
-a-ne

Nyi-.
•nyi.
-a-ngu, -a-ne

Thou, thee, thy

I-wewe.

I-wewe.

K-ena.

Ue-na.

We-na. I -we

Uwe, Iwe.

-a-kco

-a-ku

-a-kco

-a-ksa

U-.

•uwe. -a-gco

He, him, his

I-ena.

I-ena.

Ki-na.

I-ena-ico.

...

Uye. Oyu.

U-.

-a-kwe

-a-pe

Yu-.

U.,A-.

-a-ke

-a-kwe

-mu-.

-a-ye, -a-ge

We, us, our

Tiseo,

Isco.

Tis».

Tico-kco.

Ti-na. Itu

Hihi.

I-susu.

-e-dca

-e-dco

Si-.

Hi-.

-a-doj

-iti; -ki-ti

-hi-, -a-tu

Ye, you, your

Mu-ese.

»*.

longwe.

• ••

Enu.

-e-nyco

-e-nyoj

a-nu

Mu-.

-mu-, -mi-,
-a-nu

They, them.

...

• •*

...

•■■

We-iia

Aba.

their

Ba-.

-y-awe, -a-we

All

J-ese,
-ese

-ese

•ose

■oiige

-onke

■ope?
N -tsabco,
Cabco

This, these

U

Uo>

Ym

Uyu, awa ;
uwu, ii ;
ili, aya ;
egi, epi;

•yco (u-ycD,
ki-yco, &'c:)

That, those

...

-ondcou

...

•ya

...

-le (u-le, &'c.)

Bad

Ka-pata

Ka-pata

...

-ka-bie

...

Kio-i-pa.
Ka-ndigwadi.

I-bi-hele

Black

•pipa

-Sifbl

••ipa

-nyama

-nyame,
•nunyame

•ntima,
-nlima.
Ny-ipula

Female

■kazi

-kadzi

-a sate

-faza-na

-a-sate

-a-sate

Fierce, sharp,

...

...

...

bitter

Good

Ka-naka

•dizi.
Ka-naka

-yana

-ce

-selya

•cambe,
•camba.
-i-nene

278

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

6s.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombtoji

Roiigercd
(Ba-Tiarutco)

Cj.rtie

Ma.pangane

^engwe
(Inhambane)

Great

■kuru

•hurco

-reba

■kuico

■da

■lera.
■de.
•kongcolcd

LitUe

•dukco

•dcokco

■dcokw^ane

-n-ana

■muny-ane

■sosgcony-ane,
•muny-ane.
■dcokw-ana.
In-dcDtco

Long

■ ■•

■••

...

■te

...

•la^pile

Male

•nime

-rume

-ana rume
■hume

■duna

-ndcada

•nuna.
■ndcoda

Old

...

...

•*•

•••

•kalekale ;
•kuramba.
•cikwa.
O-kumbele

Red

>••

...

...

...

...

-a-favi^la

Rotten

...

...

...

...

■wenila

Short

...

...

...

...

■fupi,
■fubi

Sick

...

...

• ••

...

■dwale

White

•cena

■cena

-pena,
■cena

■ccope

■poape

•p»pe ;
■pena

Above, up, on

Bindi.

top

Ba^cani

Before

...

...

...

...

...

Lmbele or
Mbeli

Behind ...

...

...

...

...

...

Tagco ku-.
Hw-ane

Below, down

...

...

...

...

...

Baba^ci.
Ba^si

Far

■ ■«

...

• ••

• •■

Mw^ingco

Here

...

Pondupco

...

lapa

Kwaba.
Kunaba

In, inside ...

• ••

...

...

...

• ••

I-ndani

Middle

■ >•

...

...

...

• ••

Ba-kori

Near

...

...

...

...

• •■

Va.fupi or
Ba-fubi

Outside ...

• ••

...

...

...

Baba^nie
■zitere.'

Plenty, many.

■bea

-geona.

Anda

•bea

■inge

much

■bea

-ingi

There

Apoo

I»

Genoa

le

Na-paia

Abco.
Aba

Where? ...

...

...

...

...

Iti-pi?
Ba^pe ?
B-ebi ?

No!

...

Ahina !

...

...

...

Ne!
Karu!

Not [with verb,

A.

A-

A-

A.

• ••

■ka- ; -si- ;

as prefix, in-

-nga-.

fix, or suffix)

-mwalco

(with nouns).
Gima =
never. Ter-
minal -a
changes to -i

' Compare Swahili Tele.

GROUPS Q, R : THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ^ENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 279

65.

65 a.

66.

67.

68.

69.

English

Ci-teve

Ci-tombcoji

Rongerco

(Ba-zarutto)

Ci-itie

Ma-jsangane

Sengwe
(Inhambane)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku^

Ku-

„ beat ...

...

-beta

„ buy, sell

...

...

-tanga ?

...

•tanya

-tenga,
•renga, or
-jsawa

„ come ...

•via

■via

-uya

-buya

-buya

•ta.
-bua,
•buya

„ cut

...

...

...

...

...

-kcoka.
-pila

„ dance ...

•tamba

-tamba

-lamba

•ajaia

-sina

•hana.
-kina,
-gina

„ die ...

•fa

-fa

•fa

-fa

■fa

-fa

„ eat

•rga

• •■

-dia

•r^a .'

-lya

•la or •ga

„ give ...

-pa

•pa

-pa

•nika

-nika

•ninga.
•ba

„ go

•nenda,
•enda

•enda

•pinda

-hamba

-ambia ?

•ya.
•inda or
•enda

„ kiU ...

•oral

■oraya

-gula

-buiaya

■gumia

•gubia.
•jaya.
•songa

„ know ...

-gisiva

■zuia

•ziziwa

-wiaazi ?

ea-gu-aze

•ti,
-tiba

„ laugh ...

■seka

•seka

•seka

-peka

-seka

■hega,
•{seka

„ leave off.

...

...

...

• ■•

•dijsa,
■dica.

cease

-ciya

„ love, want

...

...

•funa.
•bzinga

...

-funa

-funa ?
-halaja

„ see

-cona

una

...

■bcona

-ona

-wona.
(•keja =
/ooi)

„ sit,remain,

...

*■•

...

...

•••

-kala

abide

„ sleep ...

•••

...

...

...

•lala,
•ilala.
•roiama

„ standjstop.

...

...

...

...

...

•emila.

be erect

-ema

„ steal ...

-ba

...

■ba

*••

•ba

•ba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-TEVE, CI-TOMBCDJI, CI-RUE, RONGERO)

AND MA-pANGANE

Preprefixes are present in Classes 9 and II.
Class I. Mu., M-, A^' (concord, .') ; 3. Ba-, A^ (Ci^rue) (ba-, a) ; 3. Mu-, »!•, ? Gu^ (?) ; 4. Mi-,
Me. (?) ; S. Ji-, Dzi-, - (ri) ; 6. Ma- (a) ; 7. Ci-, Ji-, Ki- (ci) ; 8. ?Bzi- (?) ; 9. In- (Im-), Iny-, US-, N-,
Ny-, — (?) ; 10. same as 9?, Zi- (Ci-rue) (zi) ; 11. Ur»-, Ulu-, Ru^ (ru, lu) ; 12. ? missing ; 13. Ka ?
(Ci-rue) (?); 14. U^, Hu-, Bv, Bg^, Bu^ (concord probably same as prefix); 15. Ku^ ; 16. Pa^, Pe-
(pa) ; 17. ? (-ni, -ne) ; ? 18. Gu^.

The Nya- (Inya^) prefix is present.

' ? A^ honorific.

28o ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &c., IN pENGWE (INHAMBANE)
Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M-, Wa-' (mu-, yu,u ?) ; 2. Ba-, Wa- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (wu ?) ; -4. Mi- (i) ; 5. Li-,
Di-, D', — (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) : 7. Gi-, Ki- (gi, ki) ; 8. ^i-, p'- (in dialects, Zi-, Bzi-) (fi-) ; 9. In-
(Im-), N-, Ny-, — (i, n-) ; 10. Jin-, Ji-" (ji) ; 11. Lu-(lu); 12. ? missing; 13. ? missing; 14. Wu-, Vu-
Bu- (u-, bu) I 1 5. Ku-, Hu- (Ku-) (ku) ; 16. Ba-, Va- (pa-, ba, va-) ; 17. ? Im- (-ni, -ne).

The Nya- prefix is present and the -ana dimin. suffix.

65. Citeve is spoken behind the Sofala coast of Portuguese South-east Africa, east of the Rhodesian
frontier, between the Upper Pungwe river and the Buziw.

65 a. Citombcoji is spoken in the region behind Sofala, about the upper waters of the Buzicu and as
far south as the Sabi.

66. Rongerco is spoken on the Bazarutto coast and islands south of the Lower Sabi river.

67. Cirue is spoken in the Bcorue country and Gorongcoza, between the Rhodesian frontier on the
west and the Sofala-Zambezi coast belt.

68. Ma^angane is spoken between the Middle Sabi river and the Limpcopco, east of the Rhodesian
frontier ; also in southernmost Rhodesia.

69. ^engwe is spoken in the coast district of Inhambane from Cape Sao Sebastiao to Cape Corrientes.
' Wa- (ist Class), perhaps, is honorific. ^ Perhaps in some dialects Tin-, Ti-.

GROUP R

THE ^ENGWE-RONGA LANGUAGES (continued)

70. Ccopi or pi-tswa (^i-leiige, Hleflgwe)

71. Thofiga or Ronga '

71 e. ^i-loi (Nwa-lungco)
7 1 f. ,Si-gwamba

GROUP S

THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES
.72. Ci-venda 73. Se-suthw 73 a. Se-pedi (Peli)

I

70.

71-

71 e.

71 f..

72

73-

English

Ccopi or

Ronga

^\-\oi or

^i-gwamba

Ci-venda

Se-suthw

Si-tswa
(^i-lenge,

Nwa-lungca

73 a. Se-pedi

Hleiigwe ?)

Adze

N-zanga

^i-kumu

Lu-kwea

Petlu

Animal, wild

Ci-hari

^i-hari

...

pihari.

Ci-puka.

Se-cedi.

beast

^i-vanja-na

Ci-d&jdco.
Ci-vanda

Se-eoka.
Se-bata-na

Ant

Vu-stokeoti

(ants in
swarms)

N-suktoti,
Bu-sukcoti

N-sukcoti

Vu-sukcdti

Lu-sunzi

Phcophulco

Ant, white

Mu-swa.

-..

Mu-hlwa

Mu-cenze.

M(o-swa,

(termite)

Vu-scohaha

Mu-tywa

Vco-swa

Arm

Ptokco

Btokto; ma +

Bukco ; ma 4-

Vcokco ; ma +

Vcohcj ; ma. + .
C-anda

Le-tsuxco ;
ma-vcoxto.
McL>-xcona>;me

Arrow

N-gcove,
N-tsiri.
N-seve

Cem-beti

N-seve ;
mi-seve

Mu-sevhe

Mco-kcovo; me-
Mco-seme; me-
Mcosevco.
Mio-tswe.
M(o-tsu

Axe

N-gwangwa ;

ci-

Kaula ; ma +

...

^i-hluka

M'badu

La)-mela.
Se-lepe

Baboon

Fene;
pi. tsi + .
Psene or
Pryene

M-fene; ti-t-

Tyhcoheo,
Thubcd

Moj-ktoni.
Cwene

Back

N-sana

N-hlana

Moo-hlana; me-

N-hlana

Mu-tana

Mco-tlhana,
Mcohlana.
Mco-keotoj.
Se-hulcohcolco

Banana ...

N-komva.

N-ceiige;
n-tsenge

N-senge

...

N-kombva

Mu-omva

...

Beard

Ci-letsu

Ma-lepfu {//.).
In-defeo

Ma-lebvu

Ma-lebvu

N-debvu.
Lu-lebvu,
Ku-debvu

Ma-lelu ; -telu

Bee

Nombe ; tsi-

Ny-ojsi

Ny^opi

Ny-eosi; ti +

N-eoci

N-cose.

(//•)

Le-pcoka-ne

Belly

Mimba.
Susu

Khuri

Khwiri

Thumbu

Mco-rcopa.
Lcp-vala ;
pi. li-pa'.a.
Se-nana
(abdomen)

1

' According to H. Junod,1\\ori%a. or Ronga divides into the folloiving dialects : 7iaBila (north-east); 71b
Hlanganu (west); 7 1 c Jonga (71'est central } ; 71 d^\-k.onie (south, on Afa/uta river), ^i-loi 71 e, 0/ the North-east
Transvaal, is probably only a dialect o/"Thonga ; and tite same must be said about ^i-gwamba.

282

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

70.

Ccopi or

pi-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71.
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
^i-grwamba

72.
Ci-venda

7^3.

Se-suthcb

Tl a. Se-pedi

Bird Ci-nyana Nyanya-na

Blood Ncoha Ngati

Body M-idi;//. mi+ M-iri

Borassus palm N-lala; tni-
Bow Vu-lasu

Bowels

Brains

W-onga

Ci-tamulcd

Ndeu ;

ti-ndeu.

Rumbu ; ma +
B-ongwe;ma +

Breast (man's) N-g:anga ;
itsi + .
Ci-fuba

Breast

(woman's)
Brother ...

Cumbu ;

tsi + , ti +
Makwa.
Nongco

^i-fuba

Bele ; ma +

Makwa.'
N -disa-na

Buffalo
Bull ...

Buttocks

Ny-ahi

M-bcowa.
Duna

Ny-ari
N-kuzi ; ti +

M a-taku ( //.). N -caku,
Ny-onga; tsi- N-thaku

Canoe

Gw-aru.

By-atu.

Tareo

In-cene

Cat

W-onga.
(Tsimba =

a wild cat or
leopard)

^i-paka-na

Charcoal ..

Khala

Khala ; ma -f

pi-nyanya-na;

Ci-n<oni ; zwi-

Non',

swi-

Nonya-na

N-gati

Ma-lofha

Ma-li.
Le-teli

Mm-eri ; mi -I-

Mu-vili

Mm-ele,
Se-vele,

Mw-vele

Rambcd ; ma-l-

^ambos

Le-xwele.
Le-^apu ; //.
ma-rapoa.

Vu-ra*"

Vu-ra"

Vo-ra."
N-kcope.
Se-phetha

Ma-rumbu

Ma-rumbu.

Vco-la.

Vhu-la

Ma-umo>.
Se-bco

By-ongco

Vhu-luvhi

Vco-cokco,
Vci)-bcokcij

^i-fuva

Damu

Se-fexa or

•phexa.

Pe-*uba.

Se-fura ; le-.

Peta
Le-tsele ;

ma-vele

Makwa

Mu-k<oma-na.

N-naka.

Mu-rathu

Nw-ana

{with poss.

■pronoun).

Wa-mine.

Mo)-ena.

Mco-xeolco.

M(o-nya-ne

Ny-ari

N-ari

N-are.
Kxulumco

•••

M-buhu

Pcooj,

{cf. root words

Pcohto,

for' Buffalo')

Phcolu.
Kxutcokco

N-jakcd ; ti -f

Ma-rahb> or

Se-bono,

Mu-rahu

Se-vunu.
Ma)-raxo) ;
me ;

Se-rcopa.
Le-ra<o

By-acco ; ma + .

Gungwa

Mco-korto

pi-kaka-fu

^i-manga

Ci-mange.

Phaxa.

Phaha

Se-maka.
Tlcoli

' Makw'eru = my, lit. 'our' brother.
Meikw-enu = thy {your) brother.
Makw-abu = his (their) brother.

GROUPS R, S: THE pENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 283

English

70.

Ccapi or

^i-tswa

(Si-lenge

Hlengwe .')

71-
Ronga

71 e.

fji-loi or

Nwa-lungca

Chief

Li-busca

^i-fuyco. Hcosi

(■busa = to

govern).

Hcos-ana.
Mu-fumo>.

In-kcoma

(Ku-fuma =

Child

Mfi-ana-na

to rule)
Nw-ana

Cloth

Mu-enda ?

Ma-rojto).

Cold

M-behto,
Pehco

Kapura-na
pi-rami

Country ..

Ikco;
ma-ikco.
T-ikco ; ma +

T-ikco

Cow

N-ombe.

Hcomu ya

Hcotnu

n-tsele.
gi-fuyco?

(= chief)

Crocodile... N-geona; tsi +

Day, daylight Di-siku. Siku or

(Tsikari = Di-siku; ma -f

day-time)

evil

Devil,
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

N-diki.
N-guluvi
Nanga

Im-bywa

Donkey
Door, door-
way
Dream ... Ci-lcohco

M-bongcolco
Timba

Drum ...
Ear ...
Egg ...

Elephant

N-gcoma

N-dzeve,
N-zeve

D-anda ;
m-anda

Ifanga ; ti -f

M-bya-na.
Yim-bya

M-bongcolco
Ci-falco

Norco;
mi'lorco

Mun-tinti.
Danda-ne
N-dhlebe

T-andya ;
m-andya

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

71-
Se-suthco

73 a. Se-pedi

N'Zoafu; tsi- N-dlcopfu

\-dlcopfu

Husi

Khoasi.

Kxcopi.

N-duna

Ma-pale.
Mco-rena.
(Le-fumco' =

riches)

Nw.ana ;

Nw-ana

Nw-ana,

va-ana

Mw-ana ;
v-ana

N-guvu ; ti -f

Nw-enda.

Kxai.

Sila

Kcovco

^i-rami

Ci-fefco or

Phefco.

Phephco

Vco-ruru.
(Ma-riha,
Ma-rexa =
cold season)

T-ikco; ma-f

^angco

Le-fatse.

Naha

Hcomco ya

Khulukadzi.

Kxcomco.

n-tswele.

Khcolcomco

(Kxanwa =

(Hcomco =

milch cow.

cattle ; pi.

Kxcomco,

ti-hcomco)

l.\-Me = cattle)

N-gwenya

Ng-wena

Kwena

Siku

Mu-si.

Mio-se.

Dyuvha

Mco'hla.
Le-tsatsi.
Ny-ene.
Nakco
(time, season)

Nanga

Nanga

Naka

Mco-vei.
Mw-alafi ;
va-alafl

M-bya-na

M-b-ya.

M-p2|a,

M-bya,

M-pya.

M-bwa

Mco-tlape.
Pheke

Nn-anzwa

Vco-thi'; pi.
ma-hco-thi

M(o-liaku

Norco ;

Mu-lorco ; mi-

Li-loro,

mi-lorco

Ha)-lora.
Torco.

Bo-rcokcd

N-gcoma

N-gcoma

Kcoma

N-dleve

N-deve

Tseve

T-andya

Gumba.

Le-he.

{egg-shell is

Le-kxcopa.

Ganda ;

Le-nata.

ma-kanda)

Le-cae,Le-tsae

N-dlcopfu

N-d»u

Tlcou

' M(u-fum' a-hali = Queen, lit. ' chief— female.'

284

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

70.

Coapi or

^i-tswa

(^i-lefige,

Hlengwe ?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-luSgeo

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci -vends

7J-
Se-sutbu

73 a. Se-pedi

Excrement

Mi-cimba {pi.)
N-dojve

...

Eye

D-is<o ;

T-ihlto ;

ma-soj

tna-hlu

Face,forehead Kcohe; tsi + .

Bu-sco.

Ma-seo-ni.

L-isto.

M-ombco

M-ombco

Fat

Ma-fura or
Ma-fuha

Ma-fura

Father

Tati

Tata-na.
feorw'-

(ftorw'aiiga=
my father,

Fear

Ci-tavu.

Bu-toya.

Ku-tava

N-cabu,

{verb)

Ku-caba

Finger

Li-tsihu

{pl. tsi-)

Li-tihco; tin-

Fire, heat...

N-dilco,

N-dyil»; mi-.

Ndilu.

(M-otye =

(Ku-coka = to

light of fire)

■warm oneself.

•coka = roast.

-cota, root

word)

Fish

Tsanzi ; tsi +

N.hlampfi;ti +

Foot

N-kondco

N-kondyco ; mi-

Forest

...

Mu-chu,
Mu-thu.
N-timu

Fowl

N-guku

N-kuku,
Huku

Frog

...

...

Ghost

N-guluvi.
M-oya

M-oya

Giraffe

...

N-hutlwa or
Huhlu

Girl

Li-kenji.

N-hwa-na ;

Ci-kunzu.

wan-hwa-na

Mu-hora-na.

Nya-mayi.

M-biri

K-isco

N-cabu

Ma-cimba

Ma-cimba

Le-sepa.
Le-thete

T-ihlco; ma +

Itco,

Le-is<o ;

D-iteo,

ma-so>

D-isto ;

m-esco,

ma-toi

M-omboi

Khwfe,

M(o-xo>fe.

Khufe-ni.

Phateo.

Ci-fatuwco

Se-fata.
Le-bala

Ma-fura

Ma-pfura

Ma-iura,
Ma-fura.
V(u-no>na

Tati-ana

Khcotsi

Rara,
Hara.
N-tata.
Papa

N-caveo

Ny-ufhu

Mco-voifco.
Tsabu

Ri-tihoj ; //.

Mu-nwe.

Moj-nto ;

tin-tihoo

Gu-nwe

me-neo

{bigfinger.

Mco-nw-ana

thumb)

N-jUca ;

Mu-Ulco.

Mco-leloj,

mi-rileo

M-otco

Vo)-lilo>.

{poetical)

M-olleo (73 a)

N-hlampfi

Khcovhe

Xlapi

Nenge ;

Mu-lenze

Le- or

mi-lenge

Lcu-naco.
Le-cotco,
Le-kcotco

^i-hlahla

Daka

Se-kxwa.

Mo-ru (73 a)

Huku

Khuhu

Kxcoxco,

Mc.)-kcokco

...

Ci-runzi

Se-hcohco.
N-ketu.
N-koolane

M-oya

...

Mtjo-limco ; me

...

...

Thuhlco,
Thutwa,
Thutco

N-hwa-na ;

Mu-sidz-dna

Mon-tsana.

ba-hwa-na

Mco-nyana.
Mw-4le,
Nw-ale ;
v-ale.
Mio-thepa

GROUPS R, S : THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 285

English

70.

Ccopi or

pi-tswa

(pi-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71-
Ronga

Goat

(he) .

(she)

God

Grandparent

Grass .

Pongo

Ma-bongwe

M-beha

In-kulukumba.
(N-guluvi =
a departed
spirit)

Kcdkw-ani

M-buti.
Sim-but-ana
= kid; pi.
P?i-

Kukw-ana

Vu-asi

By-anyi

Ground

Ma-fu

Mi-saba (//.)

Ground-nut

Tsi-numi or
Ti-numi

...

Guinea-fowl
Gun

M-hangela
Ci-bamu

^i-balesa

Hair

N-sisi

N-sisi

Hand

D-anza;
in-anza

^i-papa

Head ... .

I-pungu,

N-hlcijkco;mi +

Heart...

In-pungu
.. M-bilu

M-bilu

Heel ...
Hide ... .

Ci-hende

^i-renje
Si-khumba.
. N-tehe

Hill ... .

Ci-dyuri

N-tyunga

Hippopota
Hoe ...

mus M-vulwa
N-suka

M-pfubu.
(IJwa-m-pfubu,

hotwrijic)

Honey

Vu-lombe

Bu-lombe

Horn ...

.. Kehu

Li-hondai ; //.
tim-hondw

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

73^
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi

M-buti

M-budzi

Puli

Thuku,
Phuku

Mco-ribi

^i-kwembu

Mu-dzimu

Moo-limoj

Kukw-ana

Ma-khulu(/5/.)

Mu)-xcolcoxcolo>.
N-kxcono> 0.
Kcokco,

Kuku.

Rra-kxcolco $

By-anye

H-atsi.

Vco-yan,

Fundwi ;

V^an.

ma-hundwi

M(o-nyane

{thick grass)

Mi-saba {pi.)

Ma-vu

Vco-theoa.
Lefa-ce.

Mco-bu

Ma-nza (pi)

N-duhu

T-luu,
Tuu,

ti + orx\-\-

Maiigelu

Khanga

Kxaka

^i-bamco

Ci-bamu

Tlhcobolco.
McD-pcopcd

N-sisi

Ma-vudzi.

Mam-wele

Mto-riri

^-andla

C-anda

Le-bcohoi.
Se-atla,
Se-ata ;

pi. ti- or ri-
Mto-xwnoj ;

me-

N-hlcokeo

Thohco

Hlcohco.
Xlcokco

M-bilu

M-bilu

Pelco

Si-renje ; swi-
N-hlonge

Ci-rethe

Se-rethe

Mu-kumba

Moi-kxupa.

Le-papa.

Se-tlalco

Ganza

Ku-tava.
Ma-vhundu

Thava-na

M-pfuvu

M-vuvu

Kuvu; ti-.
Ma-rcota-ne

^i-kcomu; swi-

Dzembe ;

Se-xuma.

ma-lembe

Mo)-hcoma

Vu-lombe

Vu-ci.

V-cose,

Mu-toli

N-«se.
Le-tlcoli

Rim-honjeo

Lu-nanga

Naka
(Se-, L(o-).
Le-phcatcd

u

286

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

70.

Ccopi or

^i-tswa

(pi-lenge,

Hlengwe?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.
gi-loi or
Nwa-lungcd

71 f-
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

73;
Se-suthu
73 a. Se-pedi

House.

Htmger
Husband
Hyena
Iron ...

Island
Ivory...

Knee

Knife ...

Ny-umba. Yin-dlu ; ti + . N-dyangco

Kaya {home). Kaya
Vw-akori

N-zala

Ndlala

N-dlala

Mw-aha-na;va- Nuna.

N-kata ; ba-
M-hisi M-hisi

Ci-kete

Ci-ningu

N-simbi

N-simbi

Dundu,

Tscoleo

Lundu ;

//. tsi +

Mu-kwa

Mu-kwa; mi

Lake

.

Tiba ; ma-f.
(Lw-andle *

Leg

Nenge

sea)

Nefige ;
mi-lenge

Leopard ..

.

Yiii-gwe

Lion

Lips

Magic

. N-gala,

Nala
N-lebete; ,

mi-lebete
Vu-nanga.

Vu-loyi

N-dyau; ti-f

N-gala
Numco;

mi-lcomco
Vu-roi

Yiii-gwe

Maize .

Ma-faki

^i-tamu

Yin-dhlu

N-du,

N-tlu; li-.

Ku-du,

N-tco ; //.

Li-du.

ma-to8.

(Vumba =

(Le-tscopa,

clay walls of

M(o-vcopa =

house)

clay walls
of a house)
(-umba).

Mvv-akco; //.

ni-akco.

(Hae = home)

N-dlala.

N-dala

Tlala.
Le-phafu

Nuna; va-l-

Mu-nna

Tcota.
Bco-hali

M-hisi

Phele

Phiri.

Le-flri-tscoane

N-simbi

Tsimbi.

Vco-rale,

Lu-rale

V<o-rala

(metal).

N-gwedi

(iron ore)

Si-hlala

Ci-tanga-dzime

Sekeli

...

Lu-nanga

Se-l(opa

Iwa n-dcou

Ccolco

Gcona.

Khuru.

N-dolco

Le-nole.
Le-tcolco

Mu-kwana

Lu-fanga ; //.

M(i)-faka,

phanga.

Mco-phaka.

(Ku-panga =

Se-thipa

small knife,

Banga =

large knife)

Tiva

Dzivha

Le-wata.
Le-tsa
Le-coatle'

Nenge

Gvv-endco,

Le-kcotco.

Mw-endco

Le-cotu.
Mco-comoj

Yiii-gwe

N-gwe

N-kwe.
Le-naco.
Le-pcoxco

...

N-dau

Tau.
Le-kakuba

Neomeo ;

Mi-lcomu (pi.)

Pcounama.

mi-lcomco

Ma)-lcomco;me-

Swa vuri-goama Ma-dambi.

Vco-fephe.

Ma-lingco.

Vtu-loi.

Vu-nanga

(Xa)-loya =
to bewitch) '

' Ma-vele

Ci-kcoli

Se-fela. Chake

' Evidently borrowed from Zulu. ' Le-coatle is the posa Ulw-andhle (-anja) = sea.

' Additional words for magic and magician, soothsayer, diviner, ^c, in Se-suthco : — Mco-kcome, Vto-loi, Mto-loi,

M(i)-lekco, -leka, -Icoa, -loiea.

GROUPS R, S : THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 287

English

70.

Ccopi or

gi-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungoB

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

7|.

Se-suthcd

73 a. Se-pedi

Man

Man, vlr. ...

Mu-ndu ;
va-ndu

Mhu-nu ;
bha-nu. Also
Mu-nhu
(/onga) and
Ma>-hu.
(Dyaha =
young man)
Tsuna

Meat

Medicine ...

Ny-ama

Vu-nanga.
Mu-rende

Ny-ama

MUk

Ma-hwa.

Ma-si

N-tywamba

Monkey ...
Moon

Kavu ; tsi +
N-cima

Hw-eti'

Mother ...
Mountain ...

Mamani.

(Nyco =
vagina)

Dyuri

Mama-na.
Nwa-

(wi/h posses-
sive particle)
N-haba

Mouth

Ci-pcofu

Ncomco ; mi +

Nail (of finger
or toe)
Name

C-ala ; pi.
s-ala
T-ina; ma-f

Bitco ; ma-f

Nbw-eti

Mana

Navel...
Neck ...
Night...

Nose ...
Ox ...

Tamu or
N-dhamu

In-kava

En-k51<o.

^i-kcosi.

Namu
Bu-siku

Vu-siku.

N-tema.

(Puu =

darkness)
Tomvu; ma-f Nhompfu,

A-nonfoo; ti-f
N-ombe Hcomu ; ti + N-ktomu

Mo-nhu ; pi.
ba-nhu

Nuna

Ny-ama

Mi-vu

Mu-thu ; va-

Ma-fi,
Ma-si

N-kab<o
N hw-eti

Manana

N-cava

Ncomco ;
mi-lcomco

N-hwala

Vitco ; ma -f

N-hlana
Vu-siku

Ti-nhumpfu
Havi

' T/ie sound of thick milk falling in clots.

Mu-nna

N-ama

Mu-re ?
Mu-songa

Mu-khaha.
Ma-fhi.

{verb— -hama,
-yama)

Nw-edzi,
M-edzi.
(C-edza =

' moonlight ')
Mme

Thava,
•tava

Mu-lcomco

Lun-ala ; //.
n-ala
Dz-ina

Lu-khcovco ?

Mu-tsinga

Vu-siku

Ningco

Kholcomco

(with various

prefixes

-gcolcorau,

■kolcjmco).

Phulu

M<o-thu ;
va-thu

Ma>-ncana.

Mo.nna;//.va-.

Va)-t<ana.

Tcota

N-ama

Vu-re.

Mco-lema.

Bto-laco
Ma-fi, Ma-fsi.

Le-bese.

Bele.'

(-xama verb)
Kxavco
Nw-eli,

Kxw-eli.

(Se-etsa =

' moonlight ')
Mme.

Mama

Thava.

M(o-kulco.

Le-looti
Mu-lcomco.

Mcoma.

Le-hanco
Len-ala, Lco-

Le-ina.

Le-bitsco
Ma)-huvu,

Mto-khubu.

Le-khuthu
Thameo.

Mco-lala

Va)-six<u,

Vco-sixco.

(Le-fifi =

darhness)
N-koo ; lin-kca.

M-mcopoo
Kxcomco.

Li-ve.

Phcolco

V a

288

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

70.

Ctopi or

^i-tswa

(Si-lenge,

Hiengwe .')

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
^i-gwamba

Ci-venda

73-

Se-suthco

73 a. Se-pedi

Paddle

Palm wine, Vu-adwa.
beer Vu-cema

River...
Road ...
Salt ...

Shame
Sheep...
Shield...
Shoulder

Sister...

Skin ...

Sky ...
Slave...

Sleep ...
Smoke

Wombe; ma +
By-ala

{beer).

Bu-sura

Parrot

...

...

Penis

Peke?

^ircd?

Pig

Kumba.
(N-guluvi =
a departed
spirit /)

N-gulube

Pigeoli

Ci-duva-ne

Tuba; ma+

Place

M-bangu.

M-bangu.

N-da».

gi-bati

N-yumuj-imu

{} sleeping-)

Helc<»( 'mahali

•

Swah.)

Rain

N-zuma

...

Rat

M-beva.

M-beva.

Konzco

Khondlcd

Rhinoceros

Ci-dawane ;
mu-kombcd

Me-lembe

Nambu
N-zila

Mu-nyu

N-gana

' M-vuta.
Hamba
I-cang^ or
Tlangu
Kata

Nongcd

N-zuma-ni
Mu-kumbi

(Ma-lalcd =

place)
Mb-utsi.

M-usi

Nambu.

N.fula

N-dlela

Mu-nyu

Im-pfu
Hamba ; ti -t-
^i-tlhangu

Katla ; ma +

Makwa

N-hlonge.

N-thee
TU«
^i-kirawa.

N-hltoko3.

Nanda

M-usi

V(o-cema

Mu-thcobi.

Vto-yalwa

Halwa

(beer)

Hcokwe.

Khwamba

Ny-enga

M-bolco

N-ny«o ?

N-teatoj.
N-cucu.
PojIco.

Mco-sukw

N-guluve

N-guluve

Kcolcove.
Fariki

Tuva

Li-ivha

Le-eva,
Le-eba

N-jau

Fhe-thu

Fe-l<o.
Ng-alco

M-pfula

M-vula

Pula

M-beva

Buku

Le-phcohco
Peva ; li +

...

...

Phera.
Tsukulu.
Tsere.
Le-xcofoi

Nambu

Mu-lambco

N«ka.
Mo>-lapci]

N-dlela

N-dila

Tsela

Mu-nyu

Mu-nu

Le-tswai.

(Mco-ny« =
a relish to
food)

Ti-ngana

Thconi

Xlon,
ti-xlon

Nyim-pfu

N-gu

N-ku ; li-, ma-

^i-tlangu

Ci-tangu

Se-phemelo).
Thebe

Katla; m +

^ada

Le-ruli.

Le-xetla.

Le-zcape

Makwa

Khala'dzi

Mo]-xcolco.

Mco-rathco

N-jcoVco

Lu-kanda

Le-thalco.
Kcobu

Tilto

Lu-tombo>

Le-xcoli-mu)

Khumbi

Phuli

Moj-ruwa; va-
Le-kape,
Le-kapa ; ma

Vu-roSgu

Khojfhe

Le-itho3.

Bu)-rcokco

M-usi

M-utsi,
\'-utsi

M-topi

GROUPS R, S: THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECU ANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 289

English

70.

Ccopi or

Si-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungcd

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

73-

Se-suthu

73 a. Se-pldi

Snake
Son, boy,
youth

Song

Spear

Spirit, soul
Star

Stick

Stone

Thief

Thigh

Thing

Thorn

Tobacco . .

Mamba
Nw-ana,

Mu-fana,

N-sata-na.

N-jambi.

Jaha.

Jambi-ana,

Nuna-na
N-emboa.

N-dhandu
Di-cari

Dhloazi
Ny-eleti ;

tsiny-eleti
N-cisco.

Kutongelco.

N -donga
Diri-gwe; ma-

Ci-windi

Ny-eoka
Mu-fana ; ba-

Nw-ana ;

ba-ana.

Dyaha

Li-simu ; //. ti-

Tlhari ; ma + .
Fumu

M-oya
Ny-eleti

Ny-onga ; ti + .
N-khabi

Ri-bwe,
Dyi-bye; ma +

Ri-bye

Stool

...

...

Sun

D-ambu or
Gambw,
T-ambu ; //.
mad-ambu

D-ambu

Tail

N-cila,
N-kila

N-kUa

Tear

N-rongco ;
mi-rongco.
N-Stotsi ; mi-

Ny-embeti ; mi

Testicles ..

Ma-kende

...

Dy-ambco

M-bafa ; tsi + . ^i-yibi ; pgi-
(Vu-kamba = Kamba

robbery)

M-lenge

Ci-lto ; zi-.
(C-uma =

things,
property)
Mu-pa

Fcola,
Fcowa

Tombi,
An-cumbi

N-cumu ; mi- pi-lco ;

Pfi-ld)

Mu-twa

Fcola

Ny-coka
Nw-ana

N-oowa
Mu-rwa

Ri-simu

Lu-imbco

N'coxa
Mo-rwa.
Mco-fana

Kujsa

Thlari

Pfumu.

Le-rumco ; ma-.

N-nthi

Ccoza.
Le-tlele

M-oya

M-uya

Mco-limco ; va-

Ny-eleti

Na-ledzi

Na-leli

N-honga

Thanda

Le-re ;

ma-re.
Mco-sema

Ri-bye ; ma +

T-ombco

Le-swika,
Le-itswe,
Le-ntswe.
Le-ywe,
Le-ye.
Le-v^e

...

Ci-dzulto

Se-tulco

Dy-ambco ;

Duva,

Le-laka.

m-ambu

Duvha

Le-tsatsi,

Le-caci.

Le-vakco

N-cUa

Mu-cila

Mo-sela.
Le-ccova.
Mco-hatla

N-hl«ti

Mu-tcodzi ; mi-

Keleli.

or ma- pi.

Mco-xcokxco

Ma-kende.

Ma-cende

Le-kata ; ma-.

Vu-djco<onyoj

Le-scothco ;

ma-.

Le-rete

Khamba

M-bava.

Se-liva.

Fobvu.

Le-fcotha.

Dz-iva,

Mco-utswa,

T-iva

Mcu-utswi

Le-sufu.
Se-rope.
Le-vale ; //.
ti-pale

Ci-loa ;

Ci-thu,

Se-lco.

p^i-lbi or

Di-thu

Nthco;//.K-f.

pi-lcd.

Taba

Swi-lco

Mu-kwa

Mu-pfa

Le-eva.

Ma-eva,
Mco-tlwa; me-

Fale

Fcola

MtO'Ccokco

290

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

^70-

71-

71 e.

71 f.

73.

73-

English

Co>pi or

^i-tswa

(gi-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

Ronga

gi-loi or
Nwa-lungco

^i-gwamba

Ci-venda

Se-suthc&
73 a. Se-pedi

To-day ...

Ny-ansi

Namu-nhla

...

Namu-nhla

Namu-si.
Naa-si

Ka-lieno).
Ka-jenco.
Na-se.
Namco-se.
Le-iuncd

Toe

...

...

...

gi-kujw-ana

Ci-ku-nwe.
Gu-nwe

Mco-nw-ana.
Mcj-noa

To-morrow

• ••

Mun-duku

...

Mun-juku

Ma-cel«o

Mco-so

Tongue

Li-dimi

Li-dyimi

Ri-rimi

Ri-rimi ;
tin-jimi

Lu-limi ; //.
n-dimi

Le-leme,
Lo)-leme

Tooth

D-inos ;

T-inyco;

...

T-into ;

L-incd,

Le-inco ;

ma-nco

m-enyca

m-inci>

Inu;

ma-nca

ma-inco,
me-eneo

Town, village

N-ti;
mi-ti

Mu-ti.
N-tsindya

...

Mu-ti

Mu-di

Mo)-tse

Tree

N^dongoa,
N -donga.

Mu-pi

Mu-ri

Mu-ri

Mu-ri

Mco-xlare;
me-.

Le-fate,
Se-fate.
(Ma).re,
Vo-re =
drug, poison)

Twins

Ma-hasa

...

..•

Ma-hahla

Li-fata ; ma-

Ma-fa^a
(sing.
Le-faxla)

Urine

Ma-rundoj ?
(Ku-runda
verb)

Mu-ronda

...

Mu-runja

Mu-rundca

Mto-roteo.
Mcu-tlhapco

Vein

...

...

...

N-siya ; mi-

Lu-tsinga

Le-sika.
Mcu-thapu

War

Ny-imbi

Fumu.

Mu-bangu.
Y-impi

Mto-bangu

M-bangco

N-ndwa

fci-ra.
Le-pheke.
Xco-lwa

Water ...

Ma-ti

Ma-ti

Ma-ti

Ma-ti

Ma-di

Ma-etse.
(Bio-liba =
deep waier)

Well, spring,

Ci-sima

...

• ■■

gi-dziba

Ci-sima

Se-liba.

source

(also ocean,
abyss) ; pi.
p^i-dziba

Ma>.pima.
Mco-tsweli

White man

Mu-tlojka.
N.dima

Mu-lungu ; ba-

...

Mu-lungu ; va-

Mu-lungu.
Mu-khuwa

Le-kxoia; ma-

Wife

Nsi-kaU.

N-sati or

...

N-sati.

Mu-sadzi

Ma)-xaca,

N-katsi.

Wan-sati,

N-kata

Mco-xali.

N-hrima.

Ababa-sati, or

(Se-antco =

(Vu-katsi =

Baba-sati

a woman who

marriage)

succeeds her
sister as

wife)

Wind

Puhco

M-hehoo,

...

M-oya

M-uya.

Phefw.

(Li-puhco ;

M-oya

Phephco

Le-limeo ;

tsi-puhco)

.

ti-timu

Witch ...

Noyi; va-f

Noi.
Mun-guma

Noyi;
va-loyi

Mu-loi

Ma)-fifa,
Mio.fifi.
Mu>-leki,
Mu-leko>.
Mu'loi

GROUPS R. S: THE ,SENGVVE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 291

70.

71-

71 e

71 f.

72.

73-

English

Ccopt or

Si-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

Roiiga

^i-loi or
Nwa-lung«

^i-gwamba

Ci-venda

Se-8uthc&
73 a. Se-pedi

Witchcraft

Vu-loyi.
Ku-loya(i/^r*)

...

< ••

Woman ...

N-katsi

Wan-sati.

{bride).

Em-psele

N-satsi

Womb ...

Susu.
Mimba

Khuri

Wood (fire-

Kuni; tsi 4-

Li-kunyi ;

, ,,

wood)

ti-hunyi

Yam

N-silu

Year

Lembe ; ma +

Nvvaka.
Lembe; ma +
M-ak'a)no) =
this year
(M-aka)

Yesterday

Nya-neova,
Nya-tuleo

Ttoloj

...

Zebra

Mangwa.

M-hangwa ;

...

Duva

ti +

One

-mweyoj,
■m we Ceo

-nwe

•&we

Two

-m-bidi

-biri,
-bidi

•beri

Three

•raru

-rani or
N-haru

-raru

Four

-ne

Mu-ne

•ne

Five

Li -hand i

N-tlhanu

■thlanu

Six .

Seven.

Eight .
Nine .

Ten .

{Combinations {Combinations -thlanu

(j/^Li-handi <?/■ N-tlhanu na nwe

and the first and the first
four numerals, four numerals)

Vide ^i-lenge

Grammar)

-kumi

Khume

Khume

• ••

Vhu-loi.

Vo3-loi.

Vu-nanga

Tcoco.
Ma-lcowa.
H<D-reba.
Hco-neha

N-sati

Mu-sadzi,
Ci-sadzi
{dimin.)

Mu)-sali
Popelea

Ri-kunyi

Lu-huni ; pi.

Kxon,

khuni.

Li-kxon,

(Guni =

Le-xon

a big piece)

N-hlata

Mu-rambu

...

Lembe

Nw-aha,

Nw-axa {y^ a),

M-aha ;

Ny-axa,

min-waha

Ny-aha

Teolco

Mu-lcovha

Ma^lojva,
Ma-ltova-ne

Mangwa

M-bidi

Pitse.
Qwaha

•nwe

-thihi

•nje.
•nwe

•beri,

•vili,

•veli

M-biri

-vhili,

(•peli,

M-bili

•beli)

•naru,

-raru.

•rarco,

-raru,

-tharu

■tharco

N-haru

Mu-ne

-na,
-nna

•ne

N -thlanu

-tanu,
-thanu

■xlanco

{Combinations

•tanu

•ratarco,

o/N -thlanu

na thihi.

-thatarco.

and the first

-tanAnthihi

Mco-tave

four numerals)

{i. e. thumb).
Tselela

)j

Tungula.

Li-pupa {or

Thanu

M CO -pupa ;

na m-bili

t. e. the index
finger on the
hand)

ij

Thanu

Voo-fera

na tharu

me-nto e
me-veli

9t

Thanu

Se-nyane

na-nna

Vu)-fera

moo-noj

o-te

Khume

Fumi, -humi

Le-stome

i

393

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

70.

71-

71 e.

71 f.

7..

73-

English

Cupi or

Ronga

pi-loi or

Si-gwamba

Ci-venda

Se-suthc6

pi-tswa

(Si-lenge,

Hleng:we ?)

Nwa-luiigu

73 a. Se-pedi

Eleven

Kumi ni

Khume

Khume na

Fumi na

Le-peome cwa

-mweyoB

na -nwe

fi-nwe

n-thihi

xa-nwe or
xa-nye

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kume

Ma-khume

Ma-khume

Ma-humi

Ma-^come ale

mam-bidi

ma-biri

ma-beri

ma-beri or
mam-biri

ma-vili

ma-veli

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kume

•••

Ma-kume

Ma-humi

Ma-pcome ale

ma-raru

ma-raru

ma-raru

ma-raru

ma-tharco

Forty

Mu-ne

Mu-ne wa

• ••

Mu-ne wa

Ma-humi

Ma-pcome ale

wa ma-kumi

ma-kume

ma-kume

ma-na

ma-ne

Fifty

Li-handi la

N-tlhanu wa

*••

N-thlanu wa

Ma-humi

Ma-peome ale

ma-kumi

ma-kume

ma-kume

ma-tanu

ma-xlanco

Hundred . . .

Tsana; wa-f

Dzana

Dzana

Dzana

Dana;
ma-dana

Le-kxcol5

Tliousand ...

Kumi da

Khume da

•••

Khume ra

Ma-dana

Se-kete; li-

ma-tsana

ma-dzana

ma-dzana

a-fumi

I, me, my ...

A-ni. Mi-na.

Mi. Mi-ne.

Mi-na. Me-e.

Me-na.

N-ne.

Me-na, N-na.

N-, Ni-.

Ndyi-. Ndi-,

Nri-.

Nji-, Ndi-,

N-, ? Ndi-.

Ke-.

-ni-. -a-ngu

Nd'.,Ndzi-,Ni-.

-nri-. -a-nga

Nda-

-n-. -ndi.

-m-, -n-.

-ndi-. -ene.

-ndi-. -a-nga

-a-nga

ka, -esco,

-a-nga

-a-me

Thou,thee,thy A-we. We-na

We. We-ne.

We-na. We-e

We-na, Vco-na.

I-we, Vhco-ne.

We-na.

U-.

U-, Ku-, W'-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

0)-.

-ku-. -a-ku

■nhu. -ku-.

-nhu. -ku-.

■U-, -ku-.

-U-. -vhto-ne,

-XCO-. -eno.

-a-ku

-a-ku

-vci3-na?-a-ku?

-a-u

-xcoxco, -xco

He, him, his

Yu. Ye-na.

Ye-ne. Ye.

Ye-na. Ye-e.

Ye-na.

E-ne

Ye-na.

Ya-, A-, 0)..

A-, 0-, I-,

A-.

0)-.

U-, A-.

A-, O)-.

-mu-. -a-kwe

A-wa-, I-wa-.
•mu-. -a-kwe
or -a-ke

-mu-. -a-ke

-mu- ? -nw,
-nwe, -kwe

-mu-. -a-we

-mco-. -xwe,
•xaxwe

We, us, our

A-tu. Hi-na.

Hi-ne. Hi.

Hi-na. He-e.

Hi-na.

Ri-ne.

Re-na.

H'-, Hi-

Hi-.

Hi-, H'-.

Hi-.

Ri-.

Re-.

-hi-, -a-tu

-hi-, h'-.
-iru, -eru

-hi-, -e-ru

-he-, -eru

-ri-. -a-su

-re-, -re-na,
■rco-na, -ecco,
-esco

Ye, you, your

A-nu. Mwi-na

Nwi-ne. Nwi

Nwe-na.

Nwe-na, Mi-na.

Inwi.

Leo-na, Le-na.

Mu-, M'-.

Mi-, M-, Nw-.

Nwe-e

M-.

Ni-.

Nye-na.

-mi-, -a-nu

-m-, -mto-.
-nwco, -inu,
•enu

-mi-, -mu-.
•enu

-ni-. -a-nu

Le-.

-le-. -le-na,
-Ico-na, -enco

They, them.

A-va. Vto-na.

Bo>-ne. Bco.

Bco-na. Bcou.

Bco-na.

Va, Vha

co-na. Bco-na.

their

Na-.

Ba-, B'-.

Ba-, Va-.

Ba-, Va-, Be-.

Vhco-ne.

Va-, Ba-.

-va-. -a-we

-ba-. -a-bu

-ba-. -bu

-ba-. -bco,
-vco

Va-.

-va-. -a- vco

■va-, -ba-.
-vco-na,-bco-na,
-a-vco, -a-bco

AU

-cose.
Hikwe-

Hikwa-
(Hikw-eru =

Hikwa-

-epe {in the

Hikwa-

-othe

-oxle

all we ;

sense of ' that

Hikwe-nu =

is all'}

all ye ;

Hikwa-bu =

'

all they ;

Hikwa-wu,

Hikwa-yu,

&-€.)

GROUPS R, S : THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 293

English

This, these

That, those

70.

Ccopi or

^i-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
[ji-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

73-

Se-suthcd

73 a. Se-pedi

Yu-, va- ;

yi", Cs'c.
A-yu-wa, a-yu ;

a-va-wa, a-va ;

a-wu, a-wu-wa;

a-yi, a-yi-ya ;

a-di, a-di-ya ;

a-wa ; a-ci-ya,

a-ci ; a-si,

a-si-ya ; a-yi,

a-yi-ya ; a-tsi,

a-tsi-ya ; a-li,

a-li-ya ; a-vu,

a-vu-ya ; a-ku,

a-ku-wa
Aycij, avw ;

cs^c.
Ayu-lee (i) ;

ava-lee (2) ;

is'c.
Ayu-leyaa (l);

&'c.

wu-, Lw-e-, Iw-eyi, Leo, Ico-yi,

la-ba ; lea or
Icij-wu, le,
le-yi ; le-dyi,
la-wa ; le-^i,
le-pfi ; le-yi ;
le-ti ; Ico-lu ;
le-byi ; Ico-ku ;
la-ha

Lw-eym (l),

la-bco (2) ; b^c
Lwa-ya,

Iwa-ya-n,

ye-lw-e (l),

la-ba-ya,

la-ba-ya-n (2),

bcj-la-ba,

bco-la-bco (2) ;

led, loa-wu,

lca-W(o,

loj-wu-ya,

Ico-wu-ya-n,

wco-lto-wu (3),

Qr'c.

la-ba ; Ico-wu,
le-yi ; le-ri,
la-ya ; le-ci,
le-pci ; le-yi,
le-ti ; rca-lco ;
lye-byi; loi-ku;
la-ha

Leo, ba- ; la-,
le- ; le-f i.
le-swi ; Ss'c.

Lo-ye; &'c.
Lu-ya, lu-yan,

yco-lco,

yco-lo-yi (i);

ba-la-ba ; 6^6-

Uyu, ava ;

uyu, -iyi;

ill, aya; ici,

izwi ; 6fc.
Ho-yu, ha-va;

ho-yu, he-i ;

Ss'c.
Ho-yo), ha-v(o;

he-yco : S^c.

Lu.ya,le-ya(i);
le-fiya (7),
le-swiya (8)

(jO-neo-yu (l),
v-ene-va (a) ;
y-ene-i (9) ;

QJ'C.

tO-nto-yco (i),
v-ene-vo) (2) ;
y-ene-yco (9) ;

00-noj-hco-yu,
co-nto-ho-yoj

v-ene-ha-va,
v-ene-ha-vo)
(2) ; O'c.
U-la, va-la ;
u-la, i-la ;

H«o-u-la,
ha-va-la ;
he-i-la is)\&fc.

E<o, va-io; oj-co,

e-io; le-a),a-a);

se-oj, ce-oj ;

lca-(o ; V^co-O).
E-neo, va-nu ;

le-ncd, ^j^c.

Eco-la, va-la ;

o-la, e-la ;

le-la, a-la ;

se-la, ce-la ;

e-la, ce-la ;

loj-la ; vijM-la

(14) or
Eu)-na, va-na ;

-ne (E(o-ne ;

Bad

-walu.

Ku-bi-ha.

Ku-bi-ha

-fani

Black

-nzi. -ntima

-ntima

Female

-satsi.

-sati.

-katsi.

-kati,

-m-baha.

-ati.

-psele

Mi-, -ntjsele

Fierce, sharp

...

Good

-nene.
-ti or
•ati

■nene

Great

-kulu.

-kulu,

•hombe

■hulu.

-bi-ha

-ntima
-sati

-kulumba

Little N-d<ot<o, -tongoj.

N-dcotw-anani -tyana-na

-kulu

-tongeo

•bi-ha (verb).

(.pret.,

-be-hile)
■ntima
•sati

-WO) leva

•nene.
-co saseka

•ktilu.
kulukumba

-thongco,
■ncoiigu.
■thanana

■VI,

-vhi

•ve,
•mpe

-tswu. -rema -ntsco, -tsto

■kadzi,
■hadzi,
■sadzi

■hali

■vhuya

•hulu
■tuku

-xali.

-tse-hali.

•sali.

•tsali
•xale, •xala.

•lila {bitter)
•tie

xcolu.
•nene

{quantity).
-n^gata
•nyane.
•nyenge.
•nana

294

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

o7°-
Ccopi or

gi-tswa

(pi-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71;

Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
Si-gwamba

. 72-
Ci-venda

Long,high,tall -la-pa.

-le-ha
Hale Nuna,

-dvina

Old ...

Red ...

Rotten
Short...

Sick ...

White...

N-dcaw,

N-ZbXO.

Psuu,

•psu-ka
-bca,

-mbco
-fuhi.

-kuma

-Iwala,
-Iwali,
•Iwatsi

-djaa.
Ku-basa

•lan-foD.

-o le-ha
•tune,

-nuna

-khale

-a li-bung^

-bcola

-wa ku-gcoma.

•fuefui ?

-suhi?
•babya

-wa ko) le-ha

Above,up,on
top

Ci-tsimwi ka

A henhla

Before
Behind
Below, down

Ma-soj-ni ka
N-sana ka
Ha-nsi ka

Ma-hlwe-n
N-thaku ka
A ha-nsi ka-

Far

Ku-le

Ku-le-ni

Here

Aha-wa

Hale-n.
La.
Lcomu'

In, inside ...
Middle

Ndani ka.
-a-kahi ka.
Mu-

Nden— ka.
Ma-kari — ka

Ma-kaH,
gi-kafi

Near

Outside ...

Ku-fuhi ka
Ha-nze ka

Ku-suhi — ni
Ha-ndle — ka

-nuna

-a khale

-co tswuka

■boila

Se-suthcli
Ti a. Se-pedi

-la-pfu,
-la-fu
-lume

■lala

-tswuku

•lele,

-tcopu
•ncona.

-tuna.

■pheke,

•keke.

-lume
-kekcolu,

•xcoloi.

-tala
•hivilu

-boolu

-is> kuma.

-pfufi

-khuts-ane,

•suhe

•khufe.
■khup-ana

-a vabya-ka

-Iwala

•Iwala.
•kcala

-co basa

-cena

-eu,

-phepa.
■c5,
•tua.
-seu,
-tsweu

Henhla ka-,

Nthla ha.

Nthla.

Henhla,

N-ntha.

Xco-limu

le henhla

Dulu

Ma-hlwe-n

Phanda

Pele

N-jaku

Mu-rahu

Mu)-raxu

Ha-nsi ka

Fa-si-ha-,

Fa-se.

Da-si-ha-

Tla-se,
Vatla-se

Ku-le

Ku-le

Xio-le,
Hio-le

Hale-nu

Hafa.

Fa,

Fanu.

Va.

Henefa.

Muna.'

Afa

Kamu."
Muklu 1

Njen.

If genu.

Mu.

^i-kari ka

Ngei.
Ngumu '

Vco-te.

-n. Katen

^i-kari

Fari.

Xare,

Vu-kati ha

Le-kxate.
Mco-kxala

K(o-suhe

Tsini '

...

Ha-ndle

Nda

Ntie, nte.
Ka-nte,
Kwa-nte

' A trace here of Class 17 ; likewise in the -n and -ni suffixes.

GROUPS R, S : THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LA^fGUAGES 295

„7°-

71-

71 e.

71 f.

73.

7J-
Se-suth^

English

Coapi or

Ronga

gi-loi or

^i-gwamba

Ci-venda

^i-tswa
i^i-lenge,

Nwa-lungw

73 a. Se-pedi

Hlengwe ?)

Plenty, many

•ngl.
Anda

-nyingi

...

N-jalo9.
-nyingi

-n^ji

Nee.
Bo-ngata

There

Ahale,

Lahaya.

Kuna

Lahaya

Fala,

Media, Mconco,

Ahawa.

Kulahco

Hafala.

Mulaa

Ahi

Henefcd.
Hafco, Afoj,
Henefala

(see note,
p. 294).
Vale. Kcoco

Where? ...

Ha-hi?

Kw-ini ?

Kw-ihi ?

Kw-ihi ?

Nga-fhi ?

Kae.',

-fe ? '

Nya!

No!

Ge!

I-hi!

Ehg!

Aiwa!

Ce!

Not (with verb,

A-hihi.

A-, Aka-,

...

A-, -nga-

-si-

Ha-, Haa-.

as prefix, in-

A-yi-wa.

Aku-, -nga-.

-sa-, -sa-ka-,

fix, or suffix)

Hinga.
A., Aka-,
Ak'-, -nga-,
•si-, -sanga-

(and change of
terminal a
into i) ;
-ngambi-,
-ambi-

•liki-, -hingi-

(and alteration
of terminal a
of verb-root
to i) ; -nga-bi-,
•nga-cuke-,
Si- not yet),
Sanga-

-ka-ke-,
•ke-ke-, -se- ;
•e-soi- (notyet)j
(and aorist
terminal -a
changes to -e)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Kco-

Ku-, K(o-

U-

Xo)- .

„ beat ...

-hima.
-peka

-ba.
-da

...

• ••

-tea.
•khcoba.
•capa.
-cotla

„ buy, sell

-renga

...

...

-pava,
-savisa

-renga

-reka

„ come ...

•vuya.
-ngcona !
•ta

-ta.
-buya.
-pfa

■ ■•

•ta

-da

-tla.
-tlcoxi

„ cut

-tema

•cema,

• ■ •

■peka

-cea

-tsela

-tyema

„ dance ...

•kina,
-sinya

-kina

...

-cina

-cina

■vina,
-bina

„ die

-fa

-fa

...

-fa

-fa

-pwa

„ eat

•gya

-da

...

-dya

-la

-lya

.. give ...

■nika.

-nyika.

.■•

-nyeka

-nea.

-fa.

-ha (-pa) ,

■hwa

-fa

-nea.
■kata

„ go

-enda.

-ya.

•ya.

■ya

-ya.

•ya.

-tsula.

-famba.

-famba

(Venda

-ea.

-famba.

-hamba

possesses

-eta.

-ya

-enda, in

derivatives)

-feta.
•kita

„ km ...

-baya (old),
-paya
■dziva

-diaya

...

■diaya

-vhulaha

-voalaea

„ know ...

-tiba

•tiba

■tiva

-diva

•tseva.

-itse

„ laugh ...

■seka

-hleka

••

-hleka

-sea

-sexa,
-tseha

„ leave oflF,

■leka

•tika

...

•tyika.

-litpa or

-lesa

cease

-tyikila

■Uca

' In sense of ' which place f '.

296

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

70.

Cojpi or

Si-tswa

(^i-lenge,

Hlengwe ?)

71-
Ronga

71 e.

^i-loi or

Nwa-lungco

71 f.
^i-gwamba

72.
Ci-venda

73-

Se-suthu

73 a. Se-pedi

To

Ku-

Ku-

K<o-

Ku-, Ko).

U-

Xto-

„ love, want

-randa

-dyula.
-randa

...

-randa,
-randya.
-lava

-funa

-rata

„ see

■vuna

■buna,
-laba,
-labisa

•buna

■vuna.
(-laba =
search)

-vona

•vona,
■Vuna

„ sit, remain,

•kala

-chamisa.

•tchama

-sala.

•dzula

■^la or

abide

•thama,
-tama.
-sama.
-sala

-tyhama

■xlala or

•sala.

-lula

„ sleep ...

- -ruama.

-tlela,

•tlela

•elela .

-lala.

-lala.

-lala

-yetlela

■edela

-rubala

„ stand.stop,
be erect

■ema.
-emela

-yima

• •■

-yima

•ima

-yema,
-ema,
■emela

„ steal ...

-pa.
-kamba ?

■yiba

...

-yiva

■tsa,

-tswa

-utswa.
•uba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CCOPI, RONGA, AND DIALECTS, INCLUDING

pi-GWAMBA

Few traces of preprefixes, except in southern dialects of Si-ronga and Si-konde.

Class I. Mu^, Mhu^, Mu^, Amu (^i^konde), Wa^ (honorific) (mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Ba^, Bha^, Va-,
Baba- (honorific), Aba- (^i-konde) (ba, va-) ; 3. Mu-, M-, Mu-, Nu-, N-, Amu- (pi-konde) (wu, u-) ;
4. Mi- (rai-, i, yi-, j'-) ; 5. Dyi^, Ji^, Gi^ (in Cupi), D'^, Di^, Ti^, T-, Ri-, — (dyi-, ri, gi-) ; 6. Ma-,
Ama- (ma-, ya-, a) ; 7. gi., Ci^ (fi, ci) ; 8. Pzi^, Bzi^, Swi^, Zwi^, Si^ (psi-, pci-, bzi-, swi-, zwi-, si) ; 9. In-
(Im^), Yin, N-, Ny-, «f-, — (n-, i, yi-); 10. Tin-, Ti-, Tsin-, Tsi- (ti, tsi) ; 11. Li-, Ri- (li, ri) ;
12. missing; 13. missing; 14. Bu-, By-, B'-, W'-, Wu-, Vu- (Cupi) (vu-, bu, by-); 15. Ku^, Ku^,
Khu- (ku) ; 16. Ha^ (? Pa- in some Ronga prepositions). Aha- (ha-, pa) ; 17. Mu^, M- (scarce) (-mu,
-ni, -n).

Si^ is a masculine and honorific prefix in Ronga. Nwa- is an honorific and qualitative prefix often
masculine in sense, with concords of Nos. I and 2 ; Mi- is a feminine prefix ; the Nya- or Na- prefixes are
present (usually masculine). Rara- is a ' father ' prefix, sometimes complementary to Mi-, the ' mother '
prefix, -nyana and -ana are diminutive suffixes. The preprefix vowel is either a, e, or i, where present.

PREFIXES, &C, IN CI-VENDA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu^ (mu, U-, yu-, co-) ; 2. Va^, Vha- (va) ; 3. Mu-, N- (mu-, u, yu-, (o-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, yi-,
ye-) ; 5. Li-, Di-, I- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. Zwi-, Bzi- (zwi-, bzi) ; 9. — , N- (i, ? n-) ;
10. • — , N- (often only represented by an aspiration of initial consonant of root-word); 11. Lu- (lu) ;
12. missing; 13. missing (unless 'Ku- takes its place); 14. Vhu-, Vu- (vu) ; 15. U-, Hu-, 'Ku- (u-,
hu, 'ku); 16. Fa-, Fha- Pha- (fa) ; 17. missing? (-mu, -ni) ; 18. Gu^, G'^ (.'gu).

GROUPS R, S : THE ^ENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 297

In addition there are two prefixes not easy to classify. Ku- (spelt by Meinhof and some missionary
authorities 'Ku, and described as ' semi-nasal ', but by other informants rendered simply Ku-) is a prefix
in the singular number, used very decidedly as a diminutive, with prefixes 8, 10, and 14 as plurals. It
replaces No. 13 (Ka-) ; and, but that the change from Ku- to Ka- is unprecedented in Bantu, might be
taken for a modified form of 13. No. 8 is also diminutive in application. Di- (a variant of No. 5) and
Gu- (? No. 18) are markedly augmentative. There is not only the diminutive suffix -ana; but this is
often doubled -anana.

PREFIXES, &C., IN SE.SUTHOi) AND SE-PEDI
No preprefixes.

Class I. Moj-, Noj. (mo), eco-, e-, to) ; 2. Va- (va-) ; 3. Mm- (ma>-, co, 6-) ; 4. Me-, Ni- (rare) (me-, e) ;
5. Le- (le, y'-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Se- (se) ; 8. Ri-, i-i- (ri, ce-) ; 9. — , N-, Jf- (— , n-, e) ; lo. i.i ', Ri-
(? Di- in Se-pedi) (ri-, tse, ce-) ; II. Le- (rarely Loa-) (Ico-, le); 12. missing; 13. Xa-^ Ha- (almost
extinct, rare in a prepositional or adverbial form); 14. Veo- (vcu, v^to-) ; 15. Xca-, Hoj- (xoa, h(u) ; 16.
Fa-, Va- (fa, va-) ; 17. Mw (-n).

The Na- or feminine prefix is present ; also the -ana diminutive suffix.

No/e that in the Se-sutbco of the French missionaries a more ' Secuana ' complexion is given to the
prefixes and concords ; thm-efore Xa- takes the place o/Ha.-, Xco- ofRa; Va- becomes Ba-, Vco- becomes
Bed-, and Fa-, Ha-.

70. Ccopi is spoken on the coast of Portuguese South-east Africa between Cape Correntes and the
mouth of the Limpojpco.

71. Ronga is spoken in Tongaland (Delagoa Bay district), between the mouth of the Limpoopco river
and Lake St. Lucia — inland to the Lcobombco mountains and the Komati river.

71 e. ^iloi is spoken in the Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa, between the Lipalule and
Umkojmati rivers.

71 f. ^igwamba is spoken in Portuguese South-east Africa and the North-east Transvaal between
the Limpiopu) and Lipalule rivers and as far north as the south-east flanks of the Zoutspansberg.

72. Civenda is spoken in the North and North-west Transvaal, and perhaps also immediately north
of the Limpcopo) river in Southern Rhodesia.

73. Sesuthco is spoken in Basutoland and the eastern part of Orange Free State ; Sepedi in the west
and south-west of the Transvaal.

' The initial consonant of the &th and loth prefixes in Sesuthu is often spelt L where it is not heard
as R ; but most authorities seem to be agreed that this alveolar consonant approximates more to the
Polish t, which is therefore used in this book. In any case the prefixed 'L or R is derived from an earlier
D and that from a still earlier Z.

^ The form Ka- which appears so covunonly in Se-suthto and in cognate tongues is really a con-
traction of Kwa- (Ku -t- a).

GROUP S

THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES {continued)
74. Se-cuana Z>/a/<f<:/f ' 74 a. Se-mafigwatca 74 b. Si-kcolcolco 74 c. Njenji ^r Zinzi

GROUP T

THE ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES

It,. ^'b%z.{^ Kafir' dialects) 75 a. Zulu 75 b. Swazi 75 c. Tebele (Sin-debele) =

76. Gaza-A-ngojni i^N.E. Zulu)

74-

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

Se-cuana

posa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

{Kafir dialects)"

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngMni)

74 b. Si-kcolulco

74 c. Njenji

Adze

Petleo or
Petlu.
Paloj (74 b)

Isi-penpe.

Isam-potco

Sa-ndele

Isa-ndeli.

Kin-jenje.

Animal, wild

Se-cedi.

I si-lea.

Isi-leo.

Si-lco ; zi-lco

Iny-amaza-ne

Iny-amaza-na

beast

Se-toka.

Se-batana.

Fcolcofcolco

(74 b)

I-bubesi.
Im-bulu

Iny-amaza-ne

Ant

Ccoswa-ne,

Isa-pompulco.

Pompolco.

In-tfutfwane.

Izim-pcolcompcolco.

M-bamba.

Cco^wa-ni.

Im-bo>va-ne

Im-bcova-ne.

Itin-dangcose

Ubu-nyongco

In-tuta-na ;

Si-rui (74 b)

In-tutw-ane

izi-

Ant, white

Mu-tlwa,

In-tlwa

-hlwa.

Umu-hlwa

Umu-hlwa

Mu-Bwa

(termite)

Moj-tlhwa ;
//. me-.
N-thlwa.
Bu-twa (74 b)

Mu-hlwa or
Umu-hlwa

Arm

Le-cohci> ; //.

Um-konto.

Um-koanco.

Umu-khconco.

Ifi-galco,

C-anja ;

ma-bcoxcd.

Isi-konu.

In-galo) '

In-galco

U-galu

ny-anja.

Li-zubu.

In-galco

In-galco

Li-stofto (74 b)

Arrow

Mco-cwi,
Mio-cu,
Mco-ci.
Li-P"(74b)

U-tcolco,
I-tolco.
U-dalco

Um-dibipeloj

Ubu-c<oki

Um-ccokco

M-ccohi.
Um-dibiccolco

Axe

Se-lepe.
Se-kxubco.
Chaka (74 b)

I-zembe

I-zembe.
Im-bazco.
I-gaulco

Li-zembe or
I-zembe.
Im-bazco

I-hlcoga

Li-zembe ; ama-

Baboon ...

Cwene.

Im-fene.

Im-fene.

Im-fene; iti-f.

In-dwanu

Li-ani

Kxatla(74a).

In-g51eo

In-zinga.

In-gcobiyane

Pombwi(74b)

lli-konde

' 74 represents the speech of the Ba-tlarco, I?a-tlapin (or -xlapin), Ba-rcolon, Ba-hurutse, Ba-wanketsi, and
Ba-kwena. 74 a stands for the Se-mangwatco of Khama's country and the f^gaiiii basin (Se-twana) ; 74 b is
Si-kcolcolco, the ' MakUilCiilU)' trade language of the Upper Zambezi valley; and y^c, Njenji or Ziazi, would seem to
be the northernmost vestige ofCxs&rxa. influence in N. BarUtseland, The many Si-luyi (Si-rcotse) words in Si-kcolcolco
are not given.

' 7 he word Le-tevele in Se-suthco = ' Red Kafir '.

' The dialects include Fengu, Bada, and Pondco words, and the woman's speech, Hlconipa. HI- after a word is
an abbreviation for Hlconipa. (F.) stands for Fengu.

* The Old Bantu root -bcokco for ' arm ' probably exists in Zulu in the words Um-bcokco {elephant's trunk) and
Ulu-bcokco {a long staff for old men, a ' long arm ').

GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 299

0 74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

Posa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatto

(Kafir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcolcolca

74 c. Njenji

Back

Mu-tlhana.

Um-blana.

Um-hlana

Um-hlana.

Um-hlandhla

M-sana.

Mu-kotla.

Um-vS.

Um-hlubulco

Ki-nutu

Mu-kcokcotcd

I-qolco

(74 b)

Banana

Li-kondi (74 b)

...

U-kcova

U-kcova.
Ifi-kamaiigco

Li-huva

Beard

Tedu;

In-cebe.

I-levu ; ama-.

Isi-levu ; iti-

In-devu,

Ki-refu

di-tedii

In-devu; u-

Isi-levu

Isi-devu

Bee

N-cose,
N-ootshe ;

pi. di--f .
N-tsi-ya-
n-cotsi

Iny-osi

Iny-cosi

Iny-osi ; iti-

Iny-cosi

Luny-cosi

Belly, abdo-

M-pa

Isi-su.

Isi-su.

Isi-sii ; iti-

Isi-su

Lu-Stt

men

Lo)-bala.
M-ba (74 b).
Mu-hcolu
(74 b)

Isi-nene

Um-bili-ni

Bird

N-cony-ane

In-taka,
I-daka

Iny-oni.
In-taka

Iny-oni

Iny-oni

Ny-<ani

Blood

Ma-di,

I-gazi.

Igazi

In-gati

I-gazi or

N-gazi,

Ma-H.

I-bende.

In-gazi

I-gazi

Le-tsadi

Ubu-bende

(•wound )

(blood of
cattle)

Body

Mm-ele ;

Um-zimba.

Um-zimba.

Um-timba.

Um-zimba.

M-zimba.

//. me-ljele.

Isi-bili

Isi-bili,

Isi-bili

Isi-bili

M-biri

Mu.bili(74b)

(the trunk,
torso)

Um-bili

(trunk)

Bone.

Le-sapco ; //.
ma-rapco

I-tambco

I-tambco.
Isi-tupa

(small bone,
finger bone)

Li-tsambco

I-tambb9

Li-tambu

Borassus palm

Mu-kulwani,

Mu-lala (74b)

...

I-laka

Mala

Mala

Li-lala.
M-kcoma

Bow

B<o-ra ; //.

Is-apeta,

Um-dibityelco

Ili-gubu.

Um-dibityelco.

M-ccohi

ma-ra.

Isi-peta.

Bu-tycoki

In-gcobelco

Le-kampha-ne

In-pumbu

Bu-ta (74 b)

Bowels

Le-la ;
ma-la

Ama-tumbu

Ama-tumbu

Ema-tfumbu

Ama-tumbu

Lu-tumb<a.
M-biri-ni

Brains

Bco-bcokco

Ubii-dcopco,
-qcopu

Ubu-dcopco

Ubu-dopco.
Bu-<;5pco

Ubu-dcopco

U-dopco or
U-qopco

Breast (man's)

Se-huba.
Si-fuba(74b)

Isi-fuba.
U-ganga,
U-kaka (F.)

Isi-fuba

Isi-fuba

Isi-fuba

Ki-fuwa.
N-ganga

Breast

Le-tsele ;

I-bele; /5/.ama-

I-bele; ama-

Li-bele or

I-bele; ama-

Li-wele; ma-

(woman's)

ma-bele.
Li-sweli (74 b)

I-fele ; ama-

Brother ...

N-kxconco-ne.

Um-na-

Um-ne.

Um-na; pi.

Um-na,

M-fco.

M(i)-Xcolcoli.

(U-nina-we).

Um-kulu-we

boni-na.

Um-ne.

M-tana-.

Mo-nna'-,

(Um-na kwetu

Um-zalw-ane.

Um-zalw-ane

M-kuru.

"Nna-ke, Ss'c.

= our brother).

Um-fco ;

Ki-nini

Mw-ana-heso).

Um-7,alw-ana

bom-fco,

Ka-iseli.

-aba-fco.

Mu-hulw-ani

Um-na-ketfu

(74 b)

5

300

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

74.
Se-cuana

p^^^

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.
Tebele

76.
Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatoj

{Kafir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-ko>lcolu

74 c. Njenji

•

Buffalo ...

N-af,
N-are.

N.ali(74b)

Inyati

Iny-ati

Iny-atsi

Iny-ati

Ny-ati

Bull

P5o.'
Pcdhco (74 b)

In-kunzi

In-kunzi

In-kunt'i

In-kunzi

...

Buttocks ...

Le-^axco ; //.

Izi-bunoi ; urn-.

Izi-tibili.

Iti-bunco.

Izi-bunu

Li-takto; ma-

ma-raxco.

Iny-onga.

1-tyweba

In-tsula

(Lca-razoa =

J.kafu.

large but-

Im-pundu.

tocks)

Izi.bini

Canoe

Mw-koreo

Um-kombe

Kepe (Isi-).
Um-kumbi

Um-khumbi

Um-kcolco.
Isi-kepe

M-kumbi.
Li-gwamba

Cat

Phaxe

Im-paka

Im-paka.

Madu,

Uii-kazi ;

M-paka.

Im-bwdhla.

Mat'u;

on-kazi

M-lamu.

In-dluzi

oj-mat'u

N-wawi

Cattle

Ma-tlhape.
Li-kumo>

(74 b)

In-kcomu.
I-nomb'e^

Izin-kumco

Itin-kcamu.
lii-ombe ?

In-kcomco

N-kcomca

Charcoal ...

Le-xala ; ma-.
Ma-pala(74b)

Mahle

Ama-lahle

Ema-lahle

Ama-lahle

...

Chief

Kxcosi.

lii-koasi,

In-kcozi,

In-g(Dsi ; ama-.

lii-kcozi

Li-kcozi.

(Bco-xcosi =

liikcos',

In-kcos'.

Si-kulu

Li-duna.

chieftainship).

In-gcos'.

In-duna

M-lum-zana

Mu-rena(74b)

Uku.mkani

Child

Nw-ana ;

Um-ntw-ana ;

Um-ntw-ana

Umn-tfw-ana.

Um-ntw-ana.

M-tw-ana

b-ana

aba-ntw-ana.
U-sana ;
in-tsana.
U-sapoj ;
in-tsapca

In-gan'

lii-gane

Cloth

Kxai.
Kubo.

Si-apalo»(74b)

Ifi-gubco

{blanket).
Um-nyobe

In-gubto

lii-gubca.
Li-hiya

Iri-gubco

Ny-ura

Cold

Tsi-didi.

■gudula.

Ma-kaza.

Ema-kata.

Ma-kaza

Li-qwa

Se-rami

-banda.
I-pepco.
Ubu-sika

Ma-kazi

Ama-kati

Country ...

Le-hatshe.
Naha (74 b)

Ili-zwe

Ili-zwe

Ili-ve

Ili-zwe

Li-zwe

Cow

Kxumco e

In-komcd.

In-komu

Iii-komci>.

In-kojmco-kazi.

N-kumco-kazi

nama-xadi.

Imazi

lii-kom-ati

In-sikazi

Kumu e

yen-kcomu

sihali (74 b)

Crocodile ...

Kwena

In-gwenya

lii-gwenya

*

In-gwenya

lii-gwenya

N-gwenya.
In-gwa ny-ama

Day

Le-tsatsi.

U-suku ;

U(lu)-suku.

Ulu-suku.

U-suku.

Lu-siku.

Mu-tsi

in-tsuku.

Umu-hla

Umu-hla

I-lana

M -plana

Mw-tlha.

I-mini.

Li-zazi (74 b)

Um-hla.

Uku-sa.

U m-sco. -sa

Devil, evil

• X

I-zabula-ne.

...

...

...

...

spirit

Um-pcolcogu

■ Cf. M-boigu, ^buffalo'.

' This word is only used in the Hlconipa or woman's dialect. An interesting sun'ival of the -ombe for ' cow ', ]
' cattle ', preserved in the Hlcanipa dialect.

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 301

74.
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

pSsa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

{Ka/tr dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcol<olco

74 c. Njenji

Doctor (medi.

leaka,

Iny-angi or

Iny-anga,

Iny-anga.

Iny-ana.

Ny-anga

cine man)

Naki.
Mw-alahi

(74 b)

Um-.
Is-anu-se.
Um-nisi.
U-gcixa

Um-elapi

Iny-angi

Is-anu-se

Dog

N-ca;

din-ca.
M-psa.
Se-heke S

In-ja.
I-bet'a {HI.)

In-ja

In-ja

In-ja

Yin-ja.

Kayin-ja

Donkey ...

Phike

Im-bongolco

Im-bongoloj

Li-duwe

Door, door-

Se-cwalco.

Um-nyaiigco,

Isi-valoj.

Isi-valco.

Isi-val<o.

Ki-vareo.

way

Si-kwalco.
Mco-yako
(74 b)

U-hlango>.

Isi-valcd.

I-sangco

Um-nyangco

Um-nyangco

Um-nyangco

Mi-aiigeo,
Li-sangco.
M-samco

Dream

Torco

I-pupa

I-pupa.

Uku-budza.

Li-pupa.

{see ' sleep ').

Ili-pupoi

Li-budvoj.

U-tongoa

(Lora =

Uku-b'ojda

to dream.

Mco-lori =

dreamer)

Drum

M(o-ro>pa.

I-gubu.

Isi-gubu.

Ifi-gungu.

In-kunu

Numburu

Mu-lupa(74b)

(In-go()ma =

a song or
dance sung to
drum accom-
paniment)

(In-gcoma =
a dance to the
dru?n)

In-ttmibula.
Isi-gube

Ear

Tsebe.

In-dlebe,

In-dlebe.

In-dhlebe

In-dlebe

N-plewe,

Zebe (74 b)

In-jlebe

Uku-tu
{behind the

N-jewe

Egg

Le-e ;
ma-e.
Li-yi (74 b)

I-canda.
I-tyanda (///.)

ear)

I-danda or
I-qanda

I-dandz'a

I-qanda

Li-qanda

Elephant ...

Tlcou.

Tcou(74b,c).

In-dloovu,
In-jlcovu

In-dlwvu

In-dhltovu

In-kubu

N-jslcofu

Excrement

Bu-bi :

U{lu)tu-vi,

Utu-vi (Ulu-).

Ubutu-vi.

Ubutu-vi

Ma-simba (//.)

ma-bi.

-tu-we.

Ma-simba(^/.)

Ama-simba,

Se-bi.

Uku-nya

Ema-simba

Ma-sepa {pi.)

{pi.)

Eye

Le-Itlhco ;

Il-isu ;

Il-isM ;

Il-isco ;

Il-ihlco ;

L-isco;

ma-itlheo.

ama-sco.

am-eblca.

am-ehlcd

am-ehlco

m-es(d

L-itto (74 b)

Il-ihlu;
am-ehlcd

(Um-bcanto =

vision)

Face, fore-

Se-ha-tlh5xoj.

Ubu-sto.

Ubu-sto

Ubu-sco.

Ubu-so)

U-SM

head

Pata(74b)

I-bunzi

I-bunti

Fat, oil ...

Ma-hura.

Ma-fula(74b).
Ma-fura (75 c)

Ama-futa.
■noncd

Ama-futa.
-nona

Ama-futs'a

Ama-dcobco

Ma-futa

Father

Hara,

U-so>,

Ubaba.

U-baba,

U-baba.

Bawa.

Kara;

U-yise =

U-yihlio.

Babe.

U-yihlco.

Isu,

//. ba-ra.

father.

U-yise

U-yihl«.

U-yise

Ise

Ha-re.

U-bawco =

U-yise

Rra.

my father.

N-date(74b)

U-yihlco =

thy father

Fear

Poiho.
Boiha

Uk'-oyika

Ukw-esaba

Ukw-esaba

U-valco.
Ku-saba

N-gwara.

Ku-sawa

1734

X

30»

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

74.
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

posa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

7^ a.
Se-mangwatco

{KAfir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-ko>lcoleo

74 c. Njenji

Finger

Mo-nw-ana ;
//. me-

Um-nwe ;
imi-nwe.
(U-bonzi,
Isi-tupa =

thumb)

Umu-nwe

Umu-nwe.
(Isi-tupa =
thumb)

Umu-nwe

Mu-nwe

Fire

Mco-lelco

Um-lil<o.
Um-basco.
(Uku-ota =
to -warm.
Is'-ota =
heat)

Um-lilco.
(Uku-5ta =
to warm one-
self at fire)

Um-lilco

Um-lilco

M-basco

Fish

Tlhapi.

Tapi(74b)

In-hlanzi,
In-tlanzi

In-hlanzi

In-hlanti

In-hlanzi

^anzi ; pi.
zi-^anzi

Foot

Lco-naco ; di-.
Li-utu (74 b)

U-nyawco

U-nyawco.
Um-lenze

Ulu-nyawco

Ulu-nyawoi

Lu-nyaco

Forest

Se-kxwa.

Mu-situ (74 b)

I-hlati

I-hlati

I-hlats'i

I-hlati

Li-jslati.
M-dondco.
Li-pcogorco

Fowl

Kuku.
Kcohco (74 b)

In-kuku

In-kuku

In-kuku

In-kuku

N-kuku

Frog

Se-xwaxwa.

I-sele.

I-selesele.

I-sele

I-pcopu

Cule.

Sini-beotwi

I-poapeo

In-dhlandhla

Li-curuwe

(74 b)

Ghost

Se-dimco,

Um-londe,

Isi-tunzi.

Si-yiya-ne.

Isi-tuhw-ane.

Li-^lcozi

Dimco ;

Um-nyanya

Ili-dhlcozi

Um-kcobco.

Um-kcobco

b(o-dimu.

Isi-tunti

Bu-lombco

(74 b)

Giraffe ...

Thutlwa.
Tutwa

(74 b)

I-duwa.
U-ncohuda

In-dhlu-la-mi-ti

In-tudhla

• *•

Girl

Mco-setsa-na.

In-tombi.

In-tombi.

In-tfombi.

In-tombi

N-tombe,

Mto-rcoba.

In-domba-zan'

Cjikiza

I-cici.

N-tomba-zana

Mu-sisa-na
(74 b)
Pudi.

In-t'ombi

Goat

Im-b'uzi.

Im-buzi.

Im-buti

Im-buzi

M-buzi

Puli(74b)

I-bokwe

Isi-buzi-kazi 5

„ (he) ...

Phoko

Im-pongco

Im-pongco.
Isi-beva

...

...

Li-pongco

God

Mu) -dimco

U-hlangd ; pi.
in-tlangA
(' sun ').
U-thip<o

U-tipco

Un-kulu-fi-kulu,
Mu-kulu
mu-ndanti,
Um-kulule

Um-limco

Mu-lung^

Grandparent

Hara-mio-xcoloj.
Rra-rn'mw-xoalco.
Kuku ; ho) +

(74 b)

U-bau-m-kulu.
U -ma-kale 5

U-kulu.
U-kcoko>

Gcogco

Gcogco

Grass

Bco-yanu,
Bu-dyanu.
Bu-jwafigi
(74 b)

Le-hatshe.

U-tyani.
Ifi-kcota.
In-da

U-tyani

Ubu-tyani

Ubu-tyani

U-cani

i

Ground

Um-hlaba.

Um-daka.

Um-hlaba

Um-hlaba

M-bu.

U-daka

Um-hlabati

Li-fasi

(74 b)

{soil)

Ground-nut

In-dhlubu

In-dhlubu

Aman-tongama

Li-tabele

ne

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 303

74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

7SC.

76.

English

posa

{Kafir dialects)

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcolcoloj

74 c. Njenji

Guinea-fowl

Kxaka

Im-pangele

(' he runs
before')

Im-pangele

Im-pangele

I-tendele

Pangea.
t*gera-ii-gera-ne

Gun

Tlhcobcalo.

Ttob«lco(74b).
Tcoborco (74 c)

Um-pu.
Um-bobcij

Isi-bamu

Isi-bamu

Um-pcobto

Ki-bamtt

Hair

iMo-riri ; me-.
Mu.lili(74b)

U-nwele,
I-nwele

U-nwele

Lu-nwele ; ti-

U-nwele

Lu-nwele

Hand

Se-atla.

(Lco-xcohe =
palm).

Li-zcohco(74b)

Is-anthla,
Is-andla

Is-andhla

I-hlanza,
Is-anza,
Is-andhla

Is-andhla

C-anja

Head

Tlhoxo.

In-tloakoa.

I-kanda.

I-kanda.

I-kanda.

Li-kanda.

Tcohco (74 b)

Ifi-klcokcd.
Ifi-kanda

In-hlcokco

In-hlcokcd

In-hlcoku

^cokco

Heart

Pelco.
Pilu (74 b)

I-papu.
In-tliziyco.
Um-pel<o

In-hliziyco.
Um-damangu

In-hlitiyoj

In-hliziyco

^izico

Heel

ge-rete,
Se-rete.
Li-zcotu (74 b)

Isi-tende

Isi-tende

Isi-tsendse

Isi-tende

Ki-tende ; vi-

Hide

Le-tlalco

Isi-kumba.
U-gogco.
In-hlonze

Isi-kumba

Isi-kumba.
Ulu-goga>

Isi-koikco

Ki-kumba

Hill

ThtotS.

Isi-duli,

Um-mangw.

In-tsaba.

In-taba

Ka-ntawa.

T'aba.

In-duli

I-duli.

In-t'aba

Ki-duli

Li-lundu(74b)

In-taba

Hippopotamus

> Kubu

Im-vubu

Im-vubu

Im-vubu

Im-vubu

Ki-bwkca

Hoe

Mco-xtoma.
Mu-huma

(74 b)

I-kuba.
I-kaba

I-kuba

I-kuba

I-kuba

Li-quwa.
Li-kwece

Honey

Din-ojse.

Ub-usi.

Ub-usi.

Itiny-cosi.

Iny-cosi

Uci

Lin-wzi (74 b)

Ug-uzi

{Pondui).

In-dindi

UI-uju.
Iziny-cosi

Ulu-ju

Horn

Lw-naka

U(lu)-pondM

U{lu)-ponda>.

Ulu-pondvoj ;
itim-pondvM

Ulu-pondco

Lu-pondco

House

N-tica;

In-thlu,

In-dhlu.

In-dhlu

In-dhlu.

I-plu. ^

ma-tlcd.

In-dlu.

I-kaya

I-kaya

N-gongwe.

Gae,

U-pande ;

Ku-kaya

Le-gae.

iii-pande,

N-du (74 b)

ulu-pande.
fl-kaya =

home ')

Hunger

Tlala,
Tala (74 b)

In-dlala

In-dlala

In-dlala

In-dlala

Li'pangco

Husband . . .

Mco-noana.
Mu-nna (74 b)

Um-yeni.'
In-doda

In-doda

In-dva>dsa

•••

N-dwela.

Lin-dcoda

Hyena

Phiri.
Thukwi.
Si-tuiigwani

(74 b)

Im-pisi.
Ifi-duka

Im-pisi.
I-dela-bu-tongeo

Im-pisi

Im-pisi

Iron

Cipi,
Ts'ipi.

In-tsimbi.
Isi-nyiti,
Izi-nciti

In-simbi

In-simbi

In-simbi

Simbi.
U-tali

Sipi(74b)

' Ubu-m<a = a

welling. Ubu-me = condition. l-mo> = abode. Um-mi = inhabitant.

X 2

304

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

Dosa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatoj

{Kafir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kuloilco

74 c. Njenji

Island

Se-tl'ake.

Si-coli(74b)

Isi-qiti

Isi-qingi

Isi-hlenga

Isi-hleni

Ki-rumba

Ivory

Lti)-naka

Ama-bamba

U-pondo)

Ulu-pondvco

U-pondco

Li-zinyo9 lya

Iwe n-dhlcovu

Iwe n-dhlcovu

Iwe n-kubu

n-plcofu

Knee

Le-nole.
Li-ngwele

(74 b)

I-dcolu

I-dcolco

Li-dv'colco,
Li-d'colco

I-dcolco

Li-doroa

Knife

Thipa.

Isi-cece.

U-mese

Umfi-kwa.

lii-qamu

Mu-kwa.

Tipa(74b)

I-mela

I-gcodywa
Li-dibi.

M-kondco

Lake, sea ...

Le-ts'a.

I-d'ibi.

I-dangu.

I-dibi

Ki-siwa.

Li-sa(74b)

I -dike.
I-dweba.
Isi-ziba.
Ulw-andle ;
pi.\-

Ulw-andhle

I-dami

Lu-anpe

Leg

Le-kutu ; ma-.
Le-utu (74 a),
Ki-utu (74 b)

Um-lenze.
In-tungco

(shin)

Um-lenzi

Um-lent'e

Um-lenzi

M-lenze

Leopard ...

Le-nau.
N.gwi (74 b)

lii-gwe.
I-hloizi,
In-dlcozi

Ifi-gwe.
lii-gwavu

In-gwe

In-gwe

lii-gwe

Lion

Tau

In-damse.

I-bubesi.

I-bubesi,

Isi-lwana

M-pondoreo.

Ifi-geonyama.

Im-bube.

Im-bube.

Ki-rwani.

I-bubesi

In-gconyama

In-gconyama

M-pcozongco.
N-gwenyama

Lips

Pcounama.

Um-lebe; imi-.

U(lu)-debe ;

Udebe.

In-debe

M-lcomco ; mi-

Mu-lcomcd

Isi-lebe ; izi-.

izin-debe.

Bebebe

(74 b)

Im-bojvu

Imi-lcomco

Magic

B(o-loi.

Ubu-ti.

In-takatco.

Uku-loya.
Um-lingoi

Ubu-tagati.

U-takati.

T«oc» (74 b)

{The root

(Ubu-lcozi ==

(Loya =

U-lcowi

-Icoza

magical

to bewitch)

connected with

•whistling,

ventriloquial

ventriloquism]

■whistling).

Isiny-angco

Maize

Mm-idi.

Um-bcona.

Um-bila

Um-bila.

Umu-mbu

Mu-mbu.

Mco-vcopu.

Um-bilco.

Um-lungu

Ki-manga

Se-maka

U-tiya

(74 aV

M-bo»nyi

(74 b)

Man

Mu-thu;

Um-ntu;

Umu-ntu ;

Umu-ntfu;aba-

Umu-ntu ; aba-

Mu-ntu ;

ba-thu

aba-ntu.
M-fco

(a mortal) ;
aba-fco '

aba-ntu

wa-ntu

Male

Mu>-nuna,
Mo-nna.
(Boj-thcj =
manhood)

In-dcoda.
In-duna

In-dcoda.
-silisa.
In-duna

Um-duna

In-duda

Meat

N-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Iny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

Mo-re.
Mto-lemw.
Setl'are.

I-yeza.

Ubu-ti.
Isi-ny-angoj

Umu-ti.
I-kubalco

Umu-tsi

Umu-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-li-ana(74b)

Cf. Ci-manga of\iM>.

From Um-fo) {mortal), comes fern. Um-fazi (-f azi).

GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 305

English

74-

Se-cuana

74 a.

Se-mangwatco

74 b. Si-kcolcolu

74 c. Njenji

75-
posa

(Kafir dialects)

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.

Tebele

(Sin-debele)

76.
Gaza

(A-ngcani)

Milk

Ma.si,

Ama-si.

Ama-si.

Ema-si.

Ama-si.

Lu-isi.

Ma.p'.

U-bisi.

U-bisi

Lu-bisi

Lu-dagca

Ma-si

(•xama =

(-senga =

to milk).

to milk.

Mu-silili,

■kama =

Li-bisi (74 b)

to squeeze
teat)

Monkey ...

Kxatla.
Kxabco.
N-jcokco (74 b).
Bonji (74 b)

In-kau

In-kau

In-kau

In-kau

Li-geoca-ne

Moon, moon-

Kxw-edi.

I-nyanga.

I-nyaiiga.

Uluny-ezi.

I-nyana

Nyanga

light

Nw-edi (74 a).
Kweli (74 b)

Uny-ezi.
(Ikw-ezi =
planet)

Uny-ezi

I-nyanga

Mother ...

Mma.

U-ma.

U-mame.

Make.

U-mame.

Mama.

Me (74 b)

Nyeo-ko)

U-nyeo-ku).

U-mame.

U-nyco-kco.

Nyco-ko).

(thy).

U-nina

U-nyco-kco.

U-nina

mna

U-nina

U-nina

(his, mother

in general).

(I-nyto =

vagina)

Mountain ...

Le-ncwe.
Thaba

In-taba

In-taba

In-tsaba

In-taba

N-tawa

Mouth

McD-lcomco

Um-lwmu

Um-lcomeo

Um-lcomco

Um-lcomco

M-lcomco

Nail (of finger

Lcon-ala

U-zip<o

U-zipco

Lu-galco

Ulu-zipeo

Lu-zipco

or toe) . . .

Name

Li-ina.
Le-bitsoj.
Li-biz« (74 b)

I-gama.
I-bizco (HI.)

I-bizco

Ili-bitco

I-bizco

>

Li-bizcs

Navel

Khubu.

In-kaba.

In-kaba

In-kaba.

In-kaba

N-c|awa

Mu-kubu(74b)

Isi-bonco

Isi-bonco

Neck

Thamto.

In-tamoj

In-tamco.

In-tsamco.

In-tamco

N-tamu.

Mu-lala(74b)

Isi-jingco.
Um-qala

Umpimbeo

M-sunduru
Ki-natco

Night

Bco-sixco.
Ba)-siu (74 b).
Li-fifi (74 b)

Ubu-suku.
(Ubu-flfi =
darkness)

Ubu-suku

Ubu-suku

Ubu-suku

U-siku

Nose

N-kS.

N-ku(74b)

I-pumleo,
Um-pumlco.
Um-bombco

(the bridge)

Im-ptimulco.
Um-bombco

Im-p'umulcd

Im-pumulco

M-pumulco

Ox

Kxcomcd.

In-kcomcd.

In-kabi.

In-kabi.

In-kabi

N-kcomco.

Kumco (74 b).

In-gcomco.

Im-bapu.

I-nombe

Li-boya.

Pulu (74 b)

In-kabi

In-kcomoi

Kawi

Paddle ...

Si-laboj (74 b)

U-pini

I-pini

Ulu-gwehla

. . .

Palm wine,

Bco-yalwa,

Ubu-tyalwa,

U bu-tyala

Ubu-tywala.

Ubu-tyala

U-cwala.

beer

Bu-jalwa

U-tyala

Bu-fyema-ne

U-gai

Parrot

. . .

Isi-kwenene

...

Isi-kwe

...

Penis

Polo.

U(lu)-bolco.

U(Iu)-bolco.

Ulu-bolco.

Ulu-boloa.

...

N-cuku

Um-tondu

Um-tondo)

Um-tcotco

Um-tondoa

Pig

Kulube.

In-gulube.

In-gulube.

Ifi-gulube.

Ifi-gulube

N-guruwe

Kulubi (74 b)

I-hangu

In-kcotcotco

I-unji

Pigeon

Le-eba.
Le-peoi.
Liba (74 b)

I-zuba.
I-hcdbe

I-juba

Li-tuba

In-kwilimbi

Li-jiwa

3o6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

74-

Se-cuana

74 a.

Se-mangwatu

74 b. Si-kulcolu

74 c. Njenji

75_-
posa
{Kajir dialects)

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.

Tebele

(Sin-debele)

76.

Gaza

(A-ngconi)

Place Heloa;

ma-helca.

Xcolo.

Lu>-baka.

Ha- (prefix)

Rain Pula_

Rat (sometimes Le-budi.
large mouse) Le-kcote. Peba
Rhinoceros Chukudu.

Keninyani.

KobaSba.

Kxetlua
River N-coka.

M(o-lapca
Road Tsela.

Zila (74 b).

Mu-kwakwa

(74 b)

Salt ..

Shame

Sheep...
Shield...

Shoulder

Sister...

Skin ...
Sky ...

Slave...

Le-cwai.
Li-swai (7 b)

Di-tlhon ; ma-
Bu-swaba

(74 b)

N-ku.

N-gu (74 b)
Thebe

Le-rudi.

Le-xetla.

Li-heta (74 b)
Kxan-tsadi,

Kxai-tsadi.

Kai-seli (74 b)
Le-tlalo.

Li-talco (74 b)
Le-xco-dimco.

Li-hu-lim<o

(74 b)
Mco-lala: ba-.

Le-xoba.

Le-lata;ina.g.

(Mo.tl'anka

= servant),

Mu-tanga

(74 b)

In-dawo)

Im-vula
Im-puku.

I-buzi
Um-kombe

In-dawu

Im-vula
I-buzi.

Im-puku
U-peja-ne

Um-lambo>.

Um-fula
In-dlela.

Um-b'udu

(HI.).

Um-endeo.

In-tlele.

Um-zila

(cattle or

waggon track)
I-tyuwa.

I-tyiwa.

(Mu-ndu =

sour, brackish.

-munya ■=

sucking ;

-munyu =

' sweets ')
In-tlconi.

(-hlcona ==

to be afraid).

1-hlazco
Im-vu.

I-gusa
I-k'aka.

I-kawu.

I-hau
I-gdalaba

U-dade ;
tei-dade

Ulu-su

I-zulu.
Isi-bagabaga

I-ko>bcoka

Um-lambco.
Um-fula
In-dlela

Umu-nyu-sa.
Mu-nyu
(also ' acid ')

Izin-hlconi,
Ama-hlconi.
I-hlazu

Im-vu

Isi-hlangu.

I-rau or

I-vau
I-hlombe.

I-deba

U-dade

Isi-kumba
I-zulu

In-Cjoibuka.
Isi-(^ili

In-dzawto

Im-vula
I.gundw-ane

Um-kombu

Um-fula.

Um-lambco
Um-kangco.

Um-gwancco.

In-dhlela

Lu-tswayi.
U mu-nyu

£ma-hluni-
In-hlcani.
I-hlazcd

Im-vu

Isi-kapu,
Ili-hawu.
Si-hlanga

Li-hlombe.
Li-debe

U-dzadze

Lu-gogoj
Li'-tulu

Si-gdili

In-dawdi

I-zulu
I-gundw-ane

I-beja-ne.
Um-kombu.
Um-hojfu

Um-lamboa.
Um-fula
In-dlela

I-cwai

In-hlcani
Im-vu

I-hlombe

U-dade

Isi-kcoku
I-zulu

Um-sutu.
I-cina.
Li-h(oli

N-dawti>.
Ki-kunga

M-vula
Li-gundw-ane.
M-bewa

M-fula
N-jira

Mu-nyu

^coni ;

zi-pconi

Yira-vu ;
zim-vu

Li-sombe

U-dade ;
o}-dade

Ki-kumba

Li-zuru

Mu-fu.
M-cawa

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 307

74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a-

75 b-

75 c.

76.

English

Posa

(Kajir dialects)

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwateo

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngwni)

74 b. Si-kcolcdlcd

74 c. Njenji

Sleep

Boj-roko.
Bu-lcakco

(74 b)

Ubu-tongco.
Ubu-tuya

Ubu-tongco

Ubu-t'ongoo,
Ubu-tfongco.
Zela.
U-lele

Ubu-tofioa

U-tong(o

Smoke

Mcj-si,

Um-si,

Umu-si.

In-tfutfu.

In -tutu

Mu-si

M-usi

Ulu-si

I si -si

In-tut'u

Snake

N-oxa,
N-coha.

(Si-bidi =

viper)
(74 b)

Iny-oka.
(I-mamba =
pythmi).
I-fcoli.
I-nunu

Iny-oka.
(In-hlwatu =
python).
I-mamba.
(I-pimbi =
puff-adder)

Iny-oka

Iny-oga

Ny-oka

Son, boy ...

Mo-rw'-.

Um-ana,

Uny-ana.

Um-sawa.

ln-d«ada-na.

M-tw-ana.

(Mo-rw-ake =

Uny-ana,

In-dcoda-na

In-dvcodza-na.

Um-fa-na

M-ta'.

my son.

Um-fa-na.

In-dcoda-na

M-fa-na

Mo-rw-aoj =

Ifi-kwenkwe

thy son)

Song

Pina

I-(!ulco.

I-gama.

lii-gcoma.

Isi-hlabeli.

U-yimbfis

(dance, also).
Koma

In-gcoma

I-hubo

Isi-hlabelelco

I fi-gcoma

Isi-hlabelelco

(drum).

Binco (74 b)

Spear

Le-rumw

Um-kontco.
Isi-kali,
Isi--yele

Um-kontco.
Isi-yeleyele.
I-qaqa

Isi-kali

Um-kontoo

M-kondco

Spirit, soul

M-oJa.

Um-oya.

Um-oya.

Um-kcobco.

Um-oya.

...

Mw-eya,

Um-pwlcogu

Um-lcozi.

M-pefumlco

Um-pefumulco

Mvv-ea.

I-dhlcozi.

Mcu-dimca

I-tongco

Star

Na-ledi

Ikw-ezi.
Ifi-kwe-fikw-ezi
Ifikany-esi

Ifikany-ezi.
Ikw-ezi

liikany-eti

liikany-ezi,
Ifi-kwe-kw-izi

Lukany-ezi

Stick

Tsamma.

Ulu-ti.

Ulu-ti

Ulu-ti.

Ulu-ti.^

N-duku.

Thupa.

In-t'onga.

In-dvuku.

In-tona

N -tonga.

T«ba-ni

Ulu-swazi ;
in-tswazi

In-dugu

Lu-swazi

Stone, bare

Le-ncwe ;

Ili-tye,

Ili-tye

I-gbwe.

Ili-tye

Li-ce

rock

ma-ye,
ma-dye.
Li-jwe (74 b)

Ili-ce.

Ili-wa.

I-tala

I-je,
I-j'e.
Ili-tye

Stool

Si-pula (74 b)

Isi-hlalco

Si-hlalco

Isi-hlalco

Sun

Le-tsatsi.

Li-zazi (74 b)

Manga.
!-gala.
Is- Ota (HI)

I-langa

I-laiaga.
I-cisa

I-laiia

Li-ranga

Tail (of an

Mco-xatla.

Um-sila

Um-sila.

Ili-^ba

Um-sila

Li-ccowa.

animal)

Mu-hata

(74 b)

I-ccoba

M-sira

Tear, tears

Keledi.

Mw-wkco(74bJ

Inye-mbezi

Unye-mbezi ;

pi.\-

Inye-mbeti

Inye-mbezi

Nye-mbezi

Testicles ...

Ma-rete
(sing, le-rete).
Li-leta (74 b)

Ama-sende,
1-sende

Ama-sende

I-sendze ; ama-

...

...

Thief

Le-xcodu.
Li-pcoH (74 b)

I-sela.
Ny-ong«za

I-sela

Li-sela

I-sela

M-bafa

Thigh

Se-reope.
Si-lupi

(74 b)

I-tanga

I-tanga

I-tanga,
I-tsanga

...

...

3o8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

pSsa

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwat(o

(/Ca/ir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcolcoloa

74 c. Njenji

Thing, things,

Se-15, Se-o.

I-ntto ;

I-ntu ;

I-ntfu ;

I-ntcd

I-ntca;

property

Di-15, Di-6.

izi-ntco.

izi-ntco.

iti-ntfoa.

zi-ntcd

Si-ka (74 b).

I-ni.

Ulu-tco

I-nt'ou

N-too ; tu-tci>

U-t'oa

(74 b)

Thorn

Mu-tlwa ; mi-.

I(l-i)va ;

Ili-iva ;

Iliny-eva.

Il-iva ;

L-ifa ;

Mu-klwa.

am-eva.

am-eva

Emany-eva

am-eva

m-efa

Mw-utwa

Ukw-eva.

(74 b)

Um-nga;

imi-nga.

Um-kiwa-ni

Tobacco ...

Mco-ccokaa.
Gwai (74 b)

I-duba

U-gwai

Ili-gwayi.
I-kwai

U-gwai

Li-gwayi.
Li-fcoli

To-day

Xo-mpi yencd.
Ka-yenca.
Ka-cek<o(74b)

Nam-hla.
Nam-hla-nje

Namu-hla

Lcomu-hla

Lamu-hla

Namu-pla

Toe

Mo-nw-ana

U-zw-ane ;
in-zw-ane.
(Ulu-zw-ane ;
Izin-zw-ane)

U-zw-ane

Ulu-zw-ane.
Lu-tw-ane

U-zw-ane

Lu-zipoa Iwa
lu-nyau

To-morrow

Kamco-^o.
Kamu-seo(74b)

Ngom-sco

Ngcomu-sto

Nge-mu-scj.
Ku-sasa

Umu-seo

Ku-sasa

Tongue

Lio-leme ; //.
di-teme.
Li-limi (74 b)

Ulw-imi

U(lu)-limi.
(Ui-laka =
uvula, soft
palate, root
of tongue)

Ulu-lwimi

U-limi

Lu-limi

Tooth

Le-ino ;
m-enu

I(li)z-inyeo ;
am-enyeo,
ama-zinycd

Ili-zinyco; ama-

Li-tinyeo ; ama-

I-zinyco ; ama-

Li-zinyu ; ma-

Town

Mco-tse.
Mu-zi (74 b)

Um-zi

Umu-zi

Umu-ti.
Weba-lumbi

{i. e. the place
of white men)

Umu-zi

Mu-zi

Tree

Se-tl'are.
Kcota (74b,c).
Mo-re {cts a
source of
medicine)

Um-ti ; imi-ti

Umu-ti

Umu-tsi.
Isi-hlahla,
Si-hlcohla

Isi-hlahla

Kimu-ti

Twins

Ma-hatla

I-wele ;
ama-wele

Ama-pahla.
Ama-wele

Ema-pahla.

Ema-wele

Ama-pahla

Li-papa ; ma-

Urine

Mco-trapco.

Um-damco.

Um-tycobingoj.

Um-tfondvco.

Um-tondoa

M-tundcd

Mu-lutu (74 b)

Um-kamto.
Um-tondco.
Ubu-tuntioj

Um-tondcj

Um-tundu

Vein

Lu-sika ;
di-tsika.
Muthapu

Um-tambco?
(Um-sip'a =
sinew, nerve,
vein)

Um-tambw

Um-tsambo>

Um-tambu

War

Di-ra."

Uku-lwa,

Izi-ta,

Im-pi.

Ugu-lwa

Yim-pi.

Xco-lwa.''

Uku-lw-ana.

Uku-lwa.

Uku-lwa

Ku-lwa

N-twa (74 b).

U-tabi.

Im-fazwe.

Tl'abanu

Im-fazwe.

Im-pi

(74 a)

Ubu-fa

(violence)

» The classical ' W-ta.'

• The classical ' Ku-rwa '.

GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 309

English

74-

Se-cuana

74 a.

Se-mangwatco

74 b. Si-kulcolu

74 c. Njenji

75-
posa

{Kafir dialects)

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.
Tebele

(Sin-debele)

76.
Gaza

(A-ngoani)

Water ...

M-etse.
M-ezi (74 b)

Ama-nzi

Ama-nzi

Ema-nti.
Ama-nti

Ama-nzi

Ma-nzi.
Lw-anjse

Well, source

Se-diba

Um-tombco.

Ama-ze

Um-tombco

Um-jeleo

...

Li-puputoo

White man

Se-khoaa ; pi.

Um-lung^ ;

Um-lungu ;

Um-lumbi ;

Ili-kiwa

...

di-khua.

abe-lungu

abe-luingu

aba-, abe-

Le-khcoa;ma-.

Mu-kuwa

(74 b)

Wife

Mio-sadi.

Um-ka.

Um-ka ; pi.

Um-ka.

Um-fazi.

M-fazi,

Mu-ta-wa-ka

Um-fazi

om-ka.

Um-fati.

Um-ka

M-fasi

(74 b)

Um-fazi; pi.
aba-fazi

Um-sikati

Wind

Pheho.

I-pepco.

Isi-pepto

Um-oya

Isi-pepco.

M-oya ;

Mo-iya (74 b)

Im-bepci>.
Uni-oya ;
imim-oya

Um-oya

mi-oya

Witch, sor-

Mco-loi.

l-gqwiya.

Um-takati.

Um-loyi.

Um-tagati

M-tagati.

cerer

Se-hep'e(74a).

Um-takati.

Um-lcozi.

Um-tsakats'i

Ny-anga.

Se-tlwdi.

Um-lcozi.

Um-gcoma.

Iny-anga.

M^lcowi

Mu)>takhati.

Isa-nuse

Um-lcozi-kazana

Um-gcoma

Mu-loyi (74 b)

(/;^£7;«-nuka).'
I-pinganisa

Witchcraft

Toxo. Bm-loi.

Ubu-takatco.

Ubu-takatco

Ubu-tsakatsco.

Ubu-tagatco.

U-takati.

Boj-tubi,

Isi-pinganiscd

Uku-loya

Ubu-loyco

U-lcowi

Bu-loyi (74 b)

Woman ...

Mu-sali,

Um-fazi

Um-fazi.

Um-sikati

Isi-faza-na.

M-fazi

M(u-sadi.

(/. e. ^female

-kazi.

Um-fazi

Mco-reoba.

tnorial"").

I-nina

.

Tsali,

-kazi.

Cadi =

Ifi-kaza-na.

women in

I-nina

general

Womb ...

PupSlco.

Isi-zalco.

Isi-su.

lii-gcobcoti.

Um-hali^kazi

Se-bcopelco

(Enya =

vagina)

Isi-zalco

In-hlapco

Wood (fire-

Lco-xon ;

U(lu)-k'uni;

In-kuni

Ulu-khuni ;

In-kuni

Lu-kuni ;

wood)

di-kxon

In-k'uni.
I-hlati

tin-

ziri-kuni

Year

Nw-axa ;
liny-axa.
Ny-axa.
Mw-aha (74 b)

Umny-aka

Umny-aka

Uny-aka ;
iminy-aka

Umny^aga

Mny-aka

Yesterday...

Maabane

I-zwloa

I-Zcol(d

I-tuloa

I^zcolu

I-zcoloi.
Pe-zorco

Zebra

Pitse.

I-dawu,

I-dube,

I-dfuba,

I^dube

Li-duwe

Pizi (74 b).

I-dauwa.

I -tube

I-duba

Kululu (74 a)

I-dube.
I-kwaxa.

One

•nwe.

I-tjwaya
I-nye,

I-nye,

I-nye,

•nye

•nye.

■mwe (74 c).

•nye

•nye

•nye

-mcozi

N-tlha.

•ngwe (74 b)

To smell out. In-ganga = a man of high position.
Uku-lcoza = to -whistle, bewitch. Um-lcozi = a ventriloquist.

-ganga = bold, exalted. Ukuny-anga = to bewitch.
" From Um-fco (« person, a mortal) -^ -azi.

3JO

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

74-
Se-cuana

75-

75 a.

75 b.

75 c.

76.

English

posa

{Kajtr dialects)

Zulu

Swazi

Tebele

Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

(Sin-debele)

(A^ngconi)

74b. Si-kulcolu

74 c. Njenji

>

Two

Peli.
-beli.
•bele (74 c)

-bini,
-m-bini, -bill

-bili

-bili

■bUi

•will

Three

Tharto,
•rarti).
-tal«,
■lalco (74 b, c)

-tatu

-tatu

-tsatfu.
tatu

•tatu

•tatu

Four

Nne. -ne.
■nem 74 c)

-ne,
-nne

-ne

•ne

•ne

•nne

Five

Tl'anco,
-tanco (74 b).
Keta-li-zcohco

(74 b)'.
Li-kitalizco

(74 c)

-hlanu,
-tlanu

-hlanu

•hlanu

•hlanu

•planu or
-sanco

Six

Thatarco.
-ratarco.
Tp'elela.
Keta li-zcohco

ka-ngwe(74b)

•tandatu

Isi-tupa'

Si-tfupa,
Si-tupa

•tan tatu

•planu na
mcozi

Seven

gupa

-pabela.

Kombisa ' or

Li-sontfco.

Nconye

•planu na

Kombile or

I-sondco

wUi

In-pomba

I-nk5ta

Eight

Fera {or Roba)

-bcopco.

piya-ngalco

Si-pcohlongco.

Fida

•planu na

ele me-beli,

-b'cozco.

lorn-bile *

Gcobe-n-galco-

nem-bile

tatu

or Fera

-m-bcopco.

m-bili

"m-eli

Isi-pcohlongco.

Tcoba

'mnwem-bini

Nine

Fera

I -tcoba.

^iyagalco

piyagalto-

Fida

•planu na nne

mo-nw-ana

Tcoba

lu-nye '

lu-nye.

ncomu^nye

coli mo-ncoe

'mnwem-nye

Geobe-galeo-

lu-nye

Ten

^comg,
Le-peome.

Li-pumi(74b).
•sumwe (74 c)

1 -pumi

1-pumi

Li-pumi

Cumi

I •cumi

Eleven

^come-cwa-

I-pumi

I-pumi

Li-pumi-lwi-

Cumi

I-cumi na

ka-nwe

elina-nye

na-nye

iiga-nye

na nye

mcozi

Twenty ...

Ma-pcome

Aina-pumi

Ama-pumi

Ema-pumi la

Ama-cumi

Ma-cumi

ale-ma-beli.

ama-bini

ama-bili

ma-bili

ama-bili

ma^wili

Ma-pumi

ama-beli(74b)

Thirty

Ma-pcome ale

Ama-pumi

Ama-pumi

Ema-pumi la

Ama-cumi

Ma^cumi

ma-tharco

ama-tatu

ama-tatu

ma-tsatfu

ama-tatu

raa^tatu

Forty

Ma-p<ome ale

Ama-pumi

.■\ma-pumi

Ema-pumi la

Ama-cumi

Ma^cumi

ma-nne

atna-ne

ama-ne

ma-ne

ama-ne

ma-nne

Fifty

Ma-pcome ale
nia-thanco

Ama-pumi

Ama-pumi

Ema-pumi la

Ama-cumi

Ma-cumi

ama-tlanu

ama-hlanu

ma-hlanu

ama-hlanu

ma-planco

Hundred . . .

Le-kxcolo.

Li-kcoleo(74b).
Mi-anda(74b)

I-kilu,
lli-kulu

I-kulu

Li-kulu

Li-kulu

...

Thousand...

Sikiti

I-wtUca

1-kulungwa-ne

lii-kulungw-ane

Isi^giti

...

' Finishes the hand'. ' ' The thumb '.

^iya izin^galco ezim^bili = ' leaves two members ' (/'. e. fingers) before ten.

^iya n-galco lulu-nye = ' leaves one member'.

^ Point' {with index finger).

GROUPS S, T: THE BECU ANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 311

English

74-
Se-cuana

75-
posa

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.
Tebele

76.
Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

{Kafir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcolcolcd

74 c. Njenji

I, me, my ...

N-na,

M-na, Mi-na.

Mi-na.

Mi-na.

Mi-na.

Mi-nne.

Nk.a.N.,N-co.,

Ndi-, Di-.

Ngi-, Nge-.

Ngi-.

Ni-.

Ngi- or Ndi-.

K-ea., K-e-,

-di-, -ndi-.

-figi-. .mi.

•mi. -ngi-.

-ni-. -mi.

-ngi-, -ndi-.

K-a-.

-m, -mi. -a-m

-a-mi

-a-mi

-a-mi

•mi. -a.mi

-n-, -m-. -me,

-ka (my)

Thou, thee,

We-na.

We-na.

We-na.

We-nu.

We.na.

We-na.

thy

(x)- or (Jd&:

Ku-, U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-.

■xo>.. -xaxco,

-ku-. -we,-ku,

-ku-. -we.

•ku-. -we.

•gu-. -kca.

-ku-. -wu.

-h-au (74 b)

-kco. -a.kco

-a.kco

-a-kco

-a-kco

-kco. -a-kco

He, him, his

E-na, E-ne.

Ye-na.

Ye-na.

Ye-na.

Ye-na.

Ye-na.

Ye-na (74 b).

U, Ka-, A-.

U.,E-,A-,Ku-.

U-.

U-.

U-, A-, I-.

E., A-, 0).,

-m-. -ye.

-mu-, -m-.

•m-. -ye.

•mu-, -m'..

•mu.. -yu or

OO-a-.

-a-ke

-ye,' -ke.

-a-ke

•ke

-ngu, -ke

•mw-. -xaxwe.

-a.ke

-ha-i (74 b)

We, us, our

Rco-na, Cu-na.

Ti-na.

Ti-na.

Tsi.na.

Ti-na.

Ti-ni.

Lu-na (74 b).

Siti-, Si-.

Si-, Sco-.

Si-.

Si-.

Ti-.

Re-, Roj-,

-ti. -ti-.

-ti, -iti. -si-.

-si-.

•si^.

•«••

Re-a-.

-etu

-etu

-tfu, -tu

•itu

-itu

•re-, -rco-na,

•cco-na

Ye, you, your

Lco.na,Nye-na.

Ni-na.

Ni-na.

Ni-na.

Ni-na.

Ni^na.

Mi-na (74 b).

Ni-.

Ni-, Nco-

Ni..

Ni- or Li-.

Mu^.

Leo-, Lco-a-.

-ni-. -nini,

-ni-. -ini.

-ni..

•li-.

•wani-.

-Ito-. -Ico-na,

•ni.

•enu

-nu

•inyu

-inu

-nye-na

-enu

They, them.

Beo-ne.

Bco-na.

Bco-na.

Bco-na.

Bco-na.

Weo^na.

their

Bco-na (74 b).

Ba-.

Ba-, Be-, Bco-.

Beo-, Ba..

Ba-.

Wa-.

Beo-, Ba-.

•ba-. -a-bco.

•ba-. -bco.

-ba-.

-ba-

-wa-. -co or

•ba-. -bco-ne

-babco, -bco

-a-bco

•bco

bco

-wco

All

-tlhe ((o-tlhe,
&^c.). Kau-fela
(74 b)

■onke

•onk-ana,
■onke.
Ku.pela

•onke

-onke

-onge

This, these

E-oj, e-nco ;

Leo, aba ; Ico,

Leo, Icona ;

Leo, aba ; leo.

Leo, la-ba; leo.

Leo-yu, la-wa ;

ba, ba-nco ;

le ; eli, la ;

la-l}a ; Ico,

le ; eli ; Q^c.

le; le-li,

Ico-u, le-i ;

CO, co-nco ; e.

esi, ezi ; le,

Icona ; le,

la-wa ; le-si.

le-li, la-ga ;

e-nco; ye.

ezi ; colu ;

lena; le-li ;

le-zi ; le.

le-ki, le-vi ;

ye-nco; a.

cobu ; coku ;

la, lana ;

le-zi ; Ico-lu ;

le-i, le-zi ;

a-nco ; se,

apa

le-si ; le-zi ;

Ico-bu ; Ico-gu

leo-lu ; lu-tu ;

se-nco ; tse.

le, lena ;

la-ka ; Ico-wu ;

tse-nco ; ye.

le-zi ; Ico-lu ;

Ico-ku ; la-pa ;

ye-nco ; tse,

Ico-bu ; Ico-ku

Ico-mu

tse-nco ; Ico,

lu>-nco ; bco.

bcD-nco ; xco,

xcj.nco ; fa,

fco, ha, he-nco.

Ya or yco ; ba.

baco ; u or

wu, e, yco ;

le or leco, cfc.

(74 b) ; -ani

(74 b)

Ngiiye = emphatic ' it is he '.

312

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

74-
Se-cuana

75-
Dosa

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

75 c.
Tebele

76.
Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatcp

yK»fir dialects)

(Sin-debele)

(A-ngconi)

74 b. Si-kcolulo»

74 c. Njenji

That, those

E-co, ba-M ;

Lco-wcu, Lco-wa;

Loa-wa, Ico-wio ;

Lco-wa ; e-loa ;

L-uwoa, 1-aboa;

Lcoyani or

CD-CO, ey-eo ;

ab-co, aba-ya ;

la-bo) ; Ica-wco;

d^'^.

1-oawco, le-yco;

Luya ;

ye-co, a-co ;

lu-wa>, lco-wa ;

le-y(o ; le-lco ;

le-loa, I-awco ;

La-wa-yani,

d^c.

le-yio, le-ya ;

la-wco; la-wa;

le-sco, le-zca ;

La-wa-ya; dr'f.

co-le, baJe;

el-co, eli-ya ;

le^so) ; (S^f.

le-yoa, le-zoa ;

(o-le, e-le;

la-\v<o,

Loaya or

loj-loj ; loj-boa ;

ye-le, a-le;

la-waya ; es-co,

loa-wa-ya ;

Iu)-kco

6-f.

esi-ya; ez-co.

la-ba-ya; &'c.

Lco-wa-ya ;

■all (74b)

ezi-ya ; le-yo),
le-ya ; ez-co,
ezi-ya; col-co,
tolu-ya ; cob-co,
cobu-ya ; cuk-oa,
u)ku-ya ; ap-co
With N direc-
tive : — If ku,
■nkco; -ba.-bco.
Ngu, -figco ;
-ntsi, -ntsco ;
•li or -Ico, -nga
or -ngco ; -si
or -SCO, -zi or
-zco ; -lu or
-Ico ; -bu or
-bco ; -ku or
-koa

With N direc-
tive : — If gu,
■figoa; -mpa,
&'c. ; -nku ;
-ntsi; -nti;
-nka; -si; -zi;
-ntsi ; -zi ; -lu
-ntu ; -mpu ;
-ku

la-ba-ya ;

&-C.

With N direc-
tive : — nu,
•mpa ; -fiku,
-nsi ; -nti,
-nka; -nsi,
-nzi ; -nsi,
-nzi ; -ntu ;
-mpu ; -fiku

Bad

-ike-pco.
(Xoj-ike-pa =
to be bad).
Ma-8we (74 b)

•bi

-bi

■u

-bi

•wi

Black

•ncco.
-nsu (74 b)

-mnyama

-mnyama

•mnyama.
-ntima

-mnyama

-mnyama

Female

•cadi.

-kaza-na.

-si-faza-na.

-n-sikati

-sifaza-na.

-ifazi.

-nama-xadi.

-kazi.

-si-kazi.

-sikazi

-isikazi

-hali(74b)

-m-azi.
-fazi

-kazi

Fierce, sharp

-xale.

Giala..

Nco-laka.

N<o-lunya

Lco-laka.

•kali

Bco-xale.

-kali.

-kali

Lu-hlanya

-hali (74 b)

(Uku-lcola =
to sharpen).
-bazi

Good

•lem».

-hie.

-hie.

-nhle.

-luna,

-pie

-nde(74b)

-m nandi.

(Uku-lunga =
to be good).
Cf. LugAndA

Fanele.
-lunga,
-lungi-le

-lungi-le

•Infinite,
-m-nandi

Great

■gcolco,
•zcolco.
•hulu (74 b).
•tuna (74 b)

-nene,
-kulu

•kulu

-kulu

-kulu

•kuru

Little

•nye.

•nyenyani,
-nyani (74 b)

•n^indi.
-n(3iny-ane.
-efi<Je

•ndi(!i

•nda-ne.
-n(ja-ne

■niiii

-nyani

Long,high,tall

-telele

-da;
-de;
-de-pa

•de

■de

de

-de

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 313

English

74.
Se-cuana

75-
Qosa

75 a.
Zulu

Swazi

75 c.
Tebele

76.
Gaza

74 a.
Se-mangwatco

(Ka/ir dialects)

(Sin^debele)

(A^ngeoni)

74 b. Si-kcdlulcd

74 c. Njenji

Male

■nuna.

-doda.

-n-duna.

■dfuna,

•lisa.

•dcoda.

•tuna (74 b)

•duna

■duda.

■lisa,

■silisa.

-ma-lume

(relation)

■duna

•duna

•duna

Old

Cu>-hala.
Su^pezi (74 b)

■dala

•dala.

•guga

■dsala

•dala

•dala,
-dara

Red

Kwibidu.
Hubidu.
•fubelu (74 b)

•bomvu

•bomvu

•boavu

•bomvu

■bomvu

Rotten

-bodu.
•bojla,
-bcoli^li

•bojU^le

-buli^le

bcoli^le

■boali^le

■vira.
■bcola

Short

Khutsh^ane.
Kusw-ani
(74 b)

•fupi.
•fus^ane

•fupi

-fipa,
-flea,
-duze

•fity^ane

■fic^ane

Sick

•Iwala.
Ba)-b<ola.
•kula (74 b)

■Iwelwe

•gula-yo),
•gula

•gula

■gula

•gura

White

Ceu, peu.

•mhlojpe.

-mhlcope.

-mhlcope.

•mhlojpe

■mslcope

(Chw-ana, in

•ca<^aula

-ndwe

-kanya

1

a feminine

(very like

sense).

qaqaula)

•sweu (74 b)

Above, up, on

Xco^dimco.

P'e-zulu,

Pe-zulu,

E-tulu.

Pe^zulu,

Pe-zuru

top

Gco^dimcd

(74 a).
Hu-limcd

(74 b)

Pe^zu

Pe-zu

Nge-tulu

Pe^zu

Before

Pele.

Pa-mbi,

Pa^mbi,

Nge-mbile.

Pa-mbile

Pa-mbele^pa-

Pidi(74b)

Pa-mbili,
Pa-mbile

Pa^mbile.
Ku-qala

E-mbile

(or -kwa-)

Behind

Movraxo.
Mu-lahco

(74 b)

E^mva

Ka^muva.
Ngase^muva

Nge-mtiva

E^mva.
Esi^pundu

Muva

Below, down

Kwa^tlhats'e.
Kwa^tasi

(74 b)

Pa^ntsi.
Eza-ntsi

Pa-ntsi

Ngenda^nsi,
-ntha^si

Pa^nsi gu

Pa-si

Far

Kxakala.
Huli (74 b)

Ku-de

Ku-de

E-kudze-ni.
Kudze. Le.
Ka.cane

Ka^cana

Ku^de^ni

Here

Ha^no),

Apa

Lapa.

Lapa

Kco^na.

Apa.

Fa-no).

Keo-na-lapa

Pa.

Ku^na.

Xo>-na.

Lapa

Pcone^rapa

Kwa^no).

Kwa-nu (74 b)

In, inside ...

Mco.

Pa-kati.

Pa-kati.

Nge^katsi.

Pa^gati.

Mu-kati.

-n (suffix).

E ni. (-mco

E ni

E ni

E ni

Mu^ ; -ni.

Ten.

as a noun-root,

(suffix)

£■

Mwahali

7iieaning

(74 b)

' dwelling ')

Middle

Xare.
Kahali,
Fa^hali (74 b)

Pa-kati

Pa-kati

Em^katsi^ni

Pa^gati

Pa-kati

314

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

74- I 7;

Se-cuana '^^

„ 74 a. l(A-«/fr dialects)

74b. Si-kulcoloij
74 c. Njenji |

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
SwEuei

75 c.

Tebele

(Sin-debele)

76.

Gaza

(A-nguni)

Near

Outside

Plenty, many
There

Where ?

No!

Xa-fihe,

Xa-uhi.

Ha-ufi,

Ka-ufi (74 b)
Ntle.

Kwa-ntle.

Kwa-ndi (74 b)
Ntsi.

Ha-hulu
Hon,

Xcona.

Hale,

Fale.

Ten,

Teni ' (74 b).

F<a.

Mani (74 b)
Ka-e ?

Ka-i?

Nya!

Ku-fupi

I-ndle,
Pa-ndle,
E-ndle

Ninzi

Apu.
Paya

Not (wM verb, Xa-, Ha- ;

as prefix, in- Se-, Si- ;

fix or suffix) Sa- ; -ba,
-6-pe, -pe
(suffixes)

To

„ beat

„ buy, sell
,, come

.. cut

„ dance
„ die...
» eat

.. give

X(o-
-betsa.

-nata.

-Ota (74 b)
•reka, -leka
•tla,

•ta (74 b)
■sexa,

-seha.

■puma (74 b)
-bina

■pwa

■ya.

•ja.

-ku-ra (74 b)
-aba.
-naea.
•nts'a.
-fa (74 b)

Futy-ane.
E-doze

Ipa-ndhle

Ningi

Lapco.
Kuna.
La-

E-dfute.
E-tuze

Pi-na ?

Hai!

A-, Ana-, Ka-;
-nga-, -nge- ;
-nga, -anga.
Musa-

(Musa-ni-)
luith impera-
tives. Also
by changing
terminal -a of
verb-root to -i

Uku-, Uk*
-beta

Pi.>
U -pi-na ?
N-pyipi ?

Ca !
Hail
Qabcd!

A- ; -nga-,
•nge-, -ka-
(not yet) ;
•nga-. Also
by changing
terminal -a
of verb-root or
auxiliary verb
into -i

-tenga
-iza,

■za
-sika.

-tena

■sina,

-pina
•fa.

-bcopa
•dla,

-tya,

•ja
-nika.

■pa

Uku-
•tyaya

-tenga
-za,
-eza
-sika

-sina

-fa

-dhla

-nika.
•pa

Futy-ane

Hgapa-ndhle Ipa-ndhle

Nyenti

Lapu.
Kwna

Nini
Kci>nap<o

Pa-fic-ane

Pa-nje or
Pa-n^le

Lapu.
Na-paya

Pi?

Pi?

Pi?;

Na-pi .

•pi?

da!

Aci!

Nco!

Ca-bo) 1 {very

da!

like Ka-bo) !)

A-; -nga^;

A-, Ka

; -na-,

A-, Ka- ; -nga-

-nge, &'c.

•ge- ; -

na, •fie,

•fioj-, -ng<u-;

(terminal a

•zana

(neg.

-nga. -si (in

of verb-root

verb).

Yaka-

verb 'to be')

changes to i)

(Yeka

•ni-)

with impera-

tives.

Also

terminal a

into -i,

<5^'C.

Ku-

Uku-

Ku-

•caya

-caya

-caya

•tsenga

-tena

•tenga

•ta.

■za

•za

-fika

•juba

•siga

-sika

•gidza.

-gida.

•gida

•sina

•&

•fa

•fa

-dhla.

•dhla

•^la

-nkiba

.•pa.

•niga.

-pa.

•nika

-pa

•pasa

' Rather remarkable form, related to North-West Btntu.

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 315

English

74-

Se-cuana

74 a.

Se-maiigwatco

74 b. Si-kulcolca

74 c. Njenji

75-

Dosa

(Kafir dialects)

75 a.
Zulu

75 b.
Swazi

To

go

Xco-
-ea,

Uku-, Uk'
■hamba.

Uku-
hamba.

Ku-
-hamba.

75 c.
Tebele

(Sin-debele)

Uku-
•hamba.

■eta.

-ya.

-ya.

•ya.

•ya

■ya(74b).

-enda (to go

(-endco = a

-muka

-zamaya

away to be

going)

(74 b)

married).
(-endu, -endco
= road,
swift).
-muka. = to
go away

„ kill ...

-bcdlaea,
•bcolaya

-bulala

•bulala

•bulala

-bulala

„ know ...

•itse.

-azi,

■azi.

•aU

•azi

-ziba (74 b)

-az'

(-manya =

to join to-
i^ether)

„ laugh ...

-cexa,
tse'xa.
-seha (74 b)

-hleka,
•tleka

•hleka

•hleka

•hlega

„ leave off,

•lesa

-yeka

-yeka

•yeka.

•yega.

cease

•suka

•yege-Ia

„ love, want

•rata.

-tanda.

•tanda.

•tsandza.

-tanda

-lata (74 b)

-enda
(marry).
-funa (want)

-funa

•funa.
■kanuka

„ see

buna.

•bona

-bona

•bona.

-bcona.

■leba

■buka

-kanela

„ sit, remain,

-dula.

•hlala.

•hlala

-hlala.

-hlala

abide

-hara.
-ina (74 b)

-co-tama

•sala

„ sleep ...

•rcobala,
Icobala.
(Ha>-laco.=
sleeping-place)

•lala.
-kona,
•xcona =

S7wre

•lala

•lala

-lala

„ stand, stop,

-ema

•ma.

•ma.

•ma,

-ma.

be erect

•simama.

•yima.

•cumama

•simama

•ema.
•kaula

•ema

,, steal ...

•ucwa.

-b^,

•ba.

•ba

•eba

•uzwa

•iba,
-eba

•eba

76.

Gaza

(A^ngooni)

Ku-

•hamba.
•ya

•yaze,
•yeza

■seka

-leka.

-sia
-tanda

-bcona.
-buka

•slaza
•lala

•yima

•yiba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN SE^CUANA AND SI-KOOLOOLO) (74b)

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mco., M^, Jfw^, Mu^ (74 b) (w-, a)-, mco, eco) ; 2. Ba^, Be^ (ba) ; 3. Mco^, Ifw^, Mu^ (74 b)
(w-, o>, mo)-) ; 4. Me^, Mi- (74 b) (me-, e, ea-) ; 5. Le-, Li- (74 b) (ye-, le) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Se^,
Si^ (74 b) (se, S-) ; 8. Li^, Di^ (tse-, ts-, li, c'-), Bi- (in 74 b) ; 9. — , N- (e, c-) ; 10. Li^, Di- (tse-, ts-,
li, c'-, CO)-) ; II. Leo-, Lu- (74b) (Ito); 12. missing in Secuana but Tu- in 74 b ; 13. Xa- (e.'jtinct so far

3i6 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

as concord goes), Ka- (with ka- concord) in 74 b ; 14. Bco-, Bu- (74 b) (bto, yio-) ; 15. Xeo-, Ku-, Hu-
(74 b) (xo), x'-); 16. Ha-, Fa- (rarely used in Secuana, present in 74 b) (ha, fa-, xto, h'-) ; 17. Mc»-, Mwa-
(-n, -ni, 74 b).

The Na- prefix is present, though not noticeably. Its plural is usually Bco+ . The suffix diminutive
•ana is much used and generally in a feminine sense. There is a real ' feminine ' gender in Secuana and
Sikcolcalcd, conveyed by the -ana termination.

PREFIXES, &c., IN pOSA AND ZXTLV

Preprefixes present and much used.

Class I. Umu-, Um-, U- (u-, co-, um-, om-, m, mu, -ye, wu-, fiku-, -ngu) ; 2. Aba-, Ba-, Abe-, (i)-
(ba, b'-, -mpa) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, U- (u-, wu, um-, mu-, m-, -ngu, -iiku) ; 4. Imi-, I- (i, yi, mi-, -ntsi) ;
5. Hi-, I- (li, 1'-, -nti) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a, wa (-wa-), w'-, afig'-, ay'-, -iika or -nga) ; 7. Isi-, Is'- (si, s'-) ;
8. Izi- (zi, Z-. -nzi) ; 9. In- (Im-), I- (in-, i, yi, -ntsi) ; 10 Izi-, Izin- (zi, zin-, -nzi) ; 11. Ulu-, U- (lu,
-ntu) ; 13. missing ; 13. Ka- (only surviving as an adverbial prefix to numerals and roots referring to
time and space or honorific titles) ; 14. Ubu- (bu, -mpu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa-, Pa-, Pe-, E- (only
surviving as a prefix to prepositions or adverbs); 17. absent (concord, -mco, a rare suffix, and -ini or
-ni locative suffix). The place of Pa- and Mu- (16 and 17) and to some extent of Ku- is taken by the
locative particles O)- and E-, possibly both derived from the fusion of a with u or with i respectively.
E- may be an abbreviated Pe-, as in Swazi it is We-.

The diminutive suffix -ana (also -ane) is present, and as in Nos. 73 and 74 conveys a feminine
signification.

PREFIXES, &C., IN TEBELE (SIN-DEBELE) AND SWAZI
Preprefixes present.

The prefixes are much the same in Tebele as in Oosa-Zulu, except No. 15, which is Gu-, Ugu-, in
place of Ku-, Uku-.

In Swazi the Sth prefix is more usually heard as Li- and not I- or Ili- ; the full form of the 6th
.prefix is usually Ema- instead of Ama- ; Iti- takes the place of Izi- (No. 10) ; itge- is a locative prefix
which takes the place of No. 16. The shortened locative prefix E- in Zulu (which may be derived from
Pai-) becomes We- in Swazi in some adverbs.

In Gaza-Ngcuni preprefixes are not so much in use as in the more western and southern dialects. The
concord of Class i is sometimes -yu. In Class 2, Wa- or Awa- (concord wa, -mba) takes the place of
Aba- ; the concord of Class 6 is ga ; the 7th prefix is pi-, Ci-, and even Ki- (ci, -ke) ; the Sth prefix is
Vi- (vi), but perhaps Zi- in the south ; Classes 12 and 13 (Tu-, Ka-) are present and much in use, probably
borrowed from the indigenes. Class 16 is Pa- and Class 17 Mu- (-mu, -ni).

In Zulu, Swazi, and Tebele there are traces in the demonstratives and adverbs of a locative La-
(Lcd-, Le-) prefix.

In addition to the well-known Cuana-Suthcfi languages and dialects, I have recorded the possible
existence of one which, from scarcity of materials and geographical definition of locality, it is difficult to
rank as an independent speech. This is known as Njenji or Zinzi, and is mentioned by Capello and
Ivens. It is said to be spoken near the northern borderland of Northern Rhodesia in Eastern Barotseland.
One or two travellers have suggested that it is a vestige of the Hurutse (Guana) dialect which preceded
Sikcdloilu. The following is all that there is to illustrate it so far :

' Elephant ' = Li-ttou ; ' fat ' = Ma-fura ; ' gun ' = Tcaboroi ; ' tree ' = Kcota. Numerals : I = -mwe,
-mumwe ; 2 = -bele ; 3 = -laloj ; 4 = -nem ; 5 = Li-kitalizeo ; 6, 7, 8, and 9=5 (Li-kitalizco) plus i,
2, 3, 4; io = Li-sumwe; 20 = Ma-sume-ama-bele ; 30 = Ma-sume ama-rarco; 40 = Ma-smne
ama-nem.

GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 317

As regards the pronouns, ' I ' (before a verb) is Na ; ' thou ', W-ena ; ' he ', Y-ena ; * we ' Ru-na ;
' you', Kimi-na ; ' they ', Kibeo-na.

' Rotten ' = -bcorire ; ' go ' = -zamaya ; ' sit ' = -kuna ; ' stand '= -lukema ; ' sleep ' = -lubala :
' eat ' = -cia.

It is probable that Capello and Ivens simply wrote down a few words of the most corrupt fomi of
Sikcolcolu which had penetrated into northern Barotseland. At the same time, the form Li-kitalizu for
' five ' is remarkable for its close correspondence with the Keta-lizcohco (' finishes the hand ') of Sikulcolca
(74 b). For the present Njenji or Zinzi may be catalogued as 74 c.

74. Secuana dialects are spoken in Bechuanaland, north of the 28th degree of South latitude; west
of the Transvaal and of the pa^i river and south of the 20th degree of South latitude. Bounded on the
west approximately by the Kalahari desert and Lake Ngami. 74 b. Sikcolulco is the trade language and
lingua franca of the Upper Zambezi basin and Barotseland west of the Victoria Falls, north of Khama's
country, south of the Zambezi-Kabompco confluence, and east of the 20th degree of East longitude.

75. posa is spoken in eastern Cape Colony (including Pondcoland) south of the Drakensberg.

75 a. Zulu is spoken in Natal and Zululand up as far north as Lake Santa Lucia and the Upper
Pong(ola river (Usutu).

75 b. Swazi is spoken in Swaziland.

75 c. Tebele is spoken in Southern Rhodesia by the Amandebele Zulus.

76. Gaza-Angconi is spoken in Gazaland (south-west part of Portuguese Trans-Zambezian East Africa)
and sporadically up to Lower Zambezi. Again in West and in East Nyasaland.

m

GROUP U

THE WEST CENTRAL ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES

77. Lenje (Upper Kafue)

78. Ila or Yila (Ci-ila, ^ukulumbwe, ^ala).

78 a. Ci-lumbu

79. Tonga {' Batcoka ', Tcotela, N-dawe,

Lima, Leya). 79 a. Ci-we

80. Subia (^ubia, ^ubea)

GROUP V

THE WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES
81. Yeye (Ma-kcoba, Bakheoba) 82. Nyeiigoo (South Luyi, ' Bampukusu ') '

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (puku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengco

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, pala)

(' Batcoka ',

(Ma-kcoba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bakheoba)

' Bampukupu ')

Adze

M-bezco

I-bezco

Im-bez<a

M-bezco

M-beco

Ma)-engi

Animal, wild

Ny-ama,

Muny-ama

Muny-ama; ba-

I-nycdlcozi ; zi-

Mu-nyasia ; ba-

Iz-ama

beast

Muny.ama

Ant

Mu-puka.
Bafi-mu-nyeu.
Bumbu-swa.
Bu-sulubi.
Mara-jenji

Li-neco ; ma-.
In-silibi.
Ka-nyenyene

Ka-huka ; bu-

Ant, white

Mu-swa ; mi-.

Lu-mcoma.

C-ulu ; pL

Lu-mcoma.

...

...

(termite)

N-swa

Mu-lan^i

z-ulu.

M u-cenje.

I n-swa

Mu-nanzi ;
//. mi-

Ape (chim-

Sokwe

• ■•

Pcogwe,

N-zcokco; ba-t-

...

panzi or
gorilla)
Arm

Sokwe ; ba +

Li-ansa ;

I-tapi.

Ku-bcokco or

Ku-bcdkco ;

En-gorco.

Kcokco

m-ansa.

Mu-kconco.

Ku-b<ogco; ma-.

//. ma-.

Le-cdkco

Mu-kconco; mi

Ku-bcokco

Mu-kconco

(fore-arm)

Ka-; tu-

Arrow

Mum-fwi or
Mu-fwi

Mu-vhwi

Ka-lembi; tu-.
Mu-vwi ; mi-

Mu-zwi ; mi-

Ko-co. Rii.
Mco-vi.
Mco-cu ; me-

Mco-kiri ; me

Axe

K-embe;

K-embe ;

Ci-aiikuni.

M-bezco.

Efi-kakara.

Kamu

tw-embe.

tw-embe.

K-embe ;

In-salume

Ka-embe

C-embe ; //.

Bu-kana.

tw-embe.

f-embe

I-bahga

Bu-kanco

Baboon ...

Scokwe

Pombco ; ba -f

Scogwe or
Sokwe ; ba +

I-pombwe

...

Back

Mu-sana.
I-sule

I-numa.
Bu-kcome

Ku-suli ; ma-.
I-sule.
Mu-sana

Mu-sana ; mi-

Mco-^na

M-ongco

Banana ...

Li-konde ; ma-

I-konde; ma-

Beard

Ci-lesu,
Mu-lesu

Mu-levu

Ci-lezu; zi-.
Mu-lezu,
In-dezu

Ka-lezu.
N-dezu,
N-dethu

In-dezco

Moj-levco

' Livingstone's Banyenka.

GROUPS U, V : THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 319

I

77.

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (guku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengcd

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, pala)

(• Batoaka ',

(Ma-kwba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukusu ')

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bee

^uki,
N-suci

In-zuki.
Kan-sama

In-zuki

Im-puka

...

...

Belly

Li-fumco

I-bumbu.
I-fu,
Ci-fu

I -da or
Ndi-da.
Bumba.
I-kulu

I-vumco ; ma-

a)-ra

Li-vcomcd

Bird

Ka-yuni ;

Mu-zune,

Mu-yuni

Ka-zuni ; ba +

M-yene or

E-yiinye or

t-uni (pi.).

I-zune,

N-yini ; zi +

N-yunze

Ci-yuni ;

Ka-zune {dim.)

Blood

fi-yuni
Wu- [or
Bu-)loawa

Bu-lcaa

Bu-lcoa

Ma-laha

Ma-rcapa

Ony-enka

Body

Mu-wili

Lu-seba.
In-seba

Mu-bili

Mu-biri

Mu-biri

Mco-iri

Bone

Ci-fuwa ; pi-,
Li-fuwa

Ci-fua.
Indi.
iMw-indi

Ci-fua

Ci-ftiha ; pi.

ma- or zi-

...

Se-fcopa

Borassus palm

Ka-lala

? Kan-kunka

...

■ . .

Bow

Wu-ta {or
Bu-ta ; //.
ma-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta ;
ma-ta

Boj-ta

ca-ta

Bowels

Ma-la

Bu-la ;
ma-la

Bu-la

Mi-la

Le-kcopu

...

Brains

W-ongto

B-ongM

B-ongoa

Bu-lubi

...

Breast (man's)

C-amba ;
g-amba

C-amba

C-amba

Ci-zuba; zi-

Se-dzuva

...

Breast

Li-wele

Lu-kealc0.

Lu-kcolcd or

• ■•

Ze-vere ;

...

(woman's)

(I-bele =

udder)

Du-kcoloj

ma-vere

Brother ...

Mu-kw-esu.

Mu-ci^i.

Mvv-anike ; ba-.

Mw-anc-angu.

Mco-panga.

Mu-kw- iposs.

Mu-kandco.

Mu-pati-afigu.

Uii-kcosi

Moi-z-atu

suffix added)

Mu-nina.
(Bu-nina =

brotherhood)

Mu-kul-anoj

afigu.

Mw-alco,

Mu-ce,

Mu-nyina,

Mu-kw-esu.

Buffalo

Ny-ati

Muny-ati

I ny-ati

I ny-ati

Onj-ati,
Ony-ati

Ny-ati

Bull

Mii-cende.
Mu-sune

Mu-cende

Mw-enze ;
b-enze

...

Buttocks ...

Li-taku ; ma-

Ma-takcd

I-takto; ma-

I-takco ; ma-

Canoe

Wu-atco ;
m-atco

Bw-ato>

Buw-atco ; ma-

Buw-atco ;
m-atcd

W-«tu

W.at«"

Cat

• . .

Kaze

Mangoi

Ci-noonco ; zi-

>>•

...

Charcoal ...

Ma-pimbi

Ma-pimbi

Ma-sizi

••■

Chief, king

Mw-ame

M w-ami

Mw-ami

Si-mwine.
N-k«si.
M-fumu

3i-kate

Fcomco

Child

Mw-anike.

Mw-ana ;

Mw-ana,

Mw-ana ;

Nana(?).

Mto-keke

Mw-ana.

b-ana.

K-ana

b-ana.

M-cona

Ka-cece

Mw-anice.

Mu-;5ale.

Ka-npco

Mu-hwile ;
ba-hwile

Y 2

320

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengea

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, gala)

('Batcoka',

(Ma.kcoba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tojtela,

i\-dawe, Lima.

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

i
1
1

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukupu ')

Cloth

N-salu,

lii-gubu.

I-sani.

I-sila.

Le-tsera

Le-ina

N-gu>^co,

I-sani.

I-sUa.

In-gubco

Li-sani.

Bu-luba

In-gubto

(= skiji,

^ule.

covering)

Lu-kwa (iari)

Cold

M-peyco

Im-peyoa

M-pey<o

...

Om-pepco (?).
Se-pipo»

...

Country ...

Ci-si

In-pi

In-si

lii-kanda

Ici-se

M(o-dionga

Cow

M-pwipi.

Im-pwi^i.

Im-pwizi

N-ombe

N-gombe

N-gombe

N-ombe

In-ombe.
(Bu-tanga =
cattle)

in-gombe

yana-kazi

eii-kaze,
N-kombe

Crocodile ...

N-tali.
Ci-tale.
N-gwena

Ci-wena ; ba-,
zi-

I n-tali or
In-tale

N-gwena

...

Day, daylight

Siku.
Li-sua.

Bu-piku.

Bu-zuba.

I-zuba; ma-

Ma)-8e(?)

Mco-si (?)

Bu-zuba,

I-zuba

C-ilo»,

I-zuba.

K-ilca

Mun-za

Devil (evil

• ••

...

Muzimu

••■

Mu)-zimco ; ba-

...

spirit)

Doctor (medi-

Mu-nganga.

Mun-ganga.

Mu-silisi

Si-anga

N-anga

N-anga

cine man)

Mu-sendepi

Mu-pidipi

Dog

Mu-bwa,

Mu-bwa.

Mun-kala.

M-bwa or

Om-bwa

...

Ka-bwa

M-biza

Mu-bwa

Um-bwa

Donkey ...

...

Im-bongcolu

...

...

...

...

Door, door-

Mu-liango>.

Citendele.

I-kcoma.

Mu-diangco

...

**•

way

Ci-sasa

Mu-diangu

Ci-jasico.

Ci-liangco,

Mu-Iiangco

Dream

Ci-lcdtca

Ci-lcdtoa

-Icota {verb)

•Icota {verb)

...

...

Drum

N-»ma

In-gcoma

In-gcoma

In-gcoma

...

...

Ear

Ku-twi

Ku-twi

Ku-twi

Ku-twi

Ka)-ti, Ku-ti

Ku-tue

Egg

Li-i; ma-i

I-i ; //. ma-yi

I-ji

I-yi ; ma-yi

...

...

Elephant ...

N-sufu

Mun-zojvu

In-zojvu

In-zcovu

On-jcovco

N-dambi

Excrement

Ma-pi.
Tu-pi

Ma-^i

Ma-ziii.

Ma-zi

TQ-iizi

...

...

Eye

L-isco;

D-inso> ;

L-isco,

D-insco ;

^■*P"' ,.,

Li-bico

me-su

m-ensu.
(Im-b<one =

pupil)

L-ipw,
L-insco

m-ensco

am-ep«j. (Also
Le-ikleikion,

according to
Livingstone)

Face, foreheac

I Wu-?u

Bu-pu

Bu-syu

Bu-su

...

...

Fat

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ma-futa

Ama-zi,
Ama-dze.
(Ma-puta =
cream, milk)

Ma-bimae

Father

Tata.

Tata.

Tata.

Ta-y<u.

Tati,

Tate

Isca.

U-sca.

U-sco,

I -SCO,

N-tate

I-pi

U-pe, U-pa.
(Mu-kwa =
father-in-law
and many
vague relation
ships)

U-se,
U-pa.
W-isi.
Si-

I-se.

N-danda.
Si-, Se-, Sa-,
Su-

GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 321

I

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ha (puku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengto

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, pala)

('Batcoka',

(Ma-koaba,

(South Luyi,

•

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Twtela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukupu ')

79 a. Ci-we

Fear

Y-«wa

Ku-tia {verb).
B-uwa.
Mam-puba

Kw-iua

Ku-tiya {verb)

...

...

Finger

Mu-nwe

Mu-nwe

Mu-nwi

Mu-nwe

Mu-nwe; mi-

Moj-nwe; me-

Fire ... ...

Mu-liloo.
(-cota = to
warm oneself
by fire)

Mu-diloj

Mu-lilcd

Mu-dilu

Mon-giroj,
Mon-dirco,
Mon-deroa

Mbu-iji

Fish

N-gwi.
Lun-swi

In-swi

Mu-swi.
In-swi ; nin-

In-swi

N-pwe ;
zin-pwe

E-bi

Foot

Cim-panta.
Mw-endco

I-tende.
Ci-fumba

Ci-tuta; zi-

I-tende

^e-kondoa

Li-kondca ; ma-

Forest

Lundu,

Mu-sanza.

Lu-saka.

Mu-ziika

Gco-mcoti.

Mco-thutu *

Li-lundu.

Ka-saka

I-paka.

Si-te

Mu-sansa.

Londe.

Lu-saka

Mu-siteo

Fowl

N-kuku

lii-kuku

In-kuku

Ifi-kuku.
N-kcobto

N-kcoku.
Si-enjepi

Supiia

Frog

Wombwe

Bombwe

Cula ^

• • •

...

...

Ghost

Mu-jsimu ; //.
mi-

Mu-zimca.

Mu-sangu.

I-saku

Mo)-zimco

...

^i-kazwa.

I-banda ;

Kan-cinya

ma-banda
{cf. Ru-anda)

Giraffe

■ >■

In-tutwa

I-tutwa

• ■•

Om-bape

■ *.

Girl

Mu-moye.
Mu-lindu.
Kam-wali

Mu-pimbi.
Kamw-ale

Mu-simbi ; ba-

...

Moo-kana

Mon-donda

Goat

M-pongoj ; pi.

Im-pongoj

Im-pongco

Im-pene

(O-puli.
M-pene

M -bongo

,, (he) ...

M-ongb>

Si-jembwe

. . .

M-bongoa

,, (she) ...

...

M-ongco
Mu-donta

...

God

Lesa

Leza

Leza.

Ku-julu

Leza

OO-reja

Ny-ampi

Grandfather,

Kapa.

Kaka.

Si-anene,

. ..

grandmother

Mu-wipikulu

N-kambco

B-anene

Grass

W-isu ; pi.

Bw-izu.

K-ezu.

Bu-izu.

Mo-dzcddzco,

Mco-nye

m-esu.

C-ani.

Bw-izyu.

Ma-ne

Mcj-podzcd

M-ani.

Mu-seme

K-ani,

Ci-seokwe

M-ani

Ground

N-pi

In-pi.

Iny-ika.

I-vu

Le-vu ;

Mo-mvoa

lii-kanda.

I-pukeo.

moo-vu

I-vhu

N -devu

Ground-nut

N-yemu

In-yeme0

In-dongto

N-dongo) or
In-dongco

CO-yengora

...

Guinea-fowl

N-kanga

In-kaiiga

In-kaiiga

Ifi-kanga

■ •■

• •.

Gun

Futi

In-tubcolu

In-futi.
In-tcobcdlu.
Ci-fwefwe

In-tcobulu

Tu-boroa

• •>

Hair (of head)

Li-susu,

Mu-susu

I-sus«.
In-suki

I-pupu

In-suki

Zi-n^izi,
^e-pipi or
pe-paipi

Hcoki

^

' Dr. Livingstone' s spelling is followed. This is sometimes 6 and sometimes ' th ', without its being certain whether
the writer intends 1> or an aspirated t (th) to be understood.

322

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

n-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengco

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, ^ala)

('Batuka',

(Ma-kcoba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,
N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)
79a. Ci-we

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukupu ')

Hand

Li-ansa.
Lu-paka

I-tapi

I-janza

I-anza

Ri-anja

Se-kaha

Head

Mu-twi.
Ci-twi

Mu-twi

Mu-twi

Mu-twi

Ma)-porco

Mco-twe

Heart

M-oyu

M-Cijzoj ;
mi-uzco

M-oyo>

Ifi-kulco

(ji)m-oyco

McD-tima

Heel ... ...

Ci-fiindi.
Ka-pipilcd

Ci-pindi

Ka-singi.
Ci-cindinde ;

Ci-sizina

...

.-.

Hide

Ci-kanda.
M-paya

I-salco.
Ci-kanda

ZI-

I-kanda

Ki-kabi

Eri-gcoco.
Si-kabi

Mu-komba

HiU

Ci-lundu.
Lu-pili

Lu-pidi

Ci-lundu

E-bwe

Ccoe

Kco-bina

Hippopotamus

Fuwu or
M-fuwu

Ci-vhubwe

Im-vuvu

Um-vuvu

On-v<ovoj,
On-vuvu

N-vu

Hoe

Li-se

I-amba

...

Si-pamba

Li-temu

Honey

W-uci

Bw-ici,
B-uci.
Kan-sama

B-uci

B-uci

...

■ ■*

Horn

Lu-ica ;

Lu-iya ;

Lw-ija.

Lu-zia ;

Le-singa

L-ia

m-eca.

m-eya.

Mw-embo>

ma-zia.

N-pansa

C-anza.

Lu-sengeo

Lo-iya

House

N-anda,
N-anda;
pi. same, or
si-, ma-.
Mu-sumba

I n-anda ; //.
m-anda.
(-anda =

roof).

liig-anda ; pi.
m-anda

N-zubco ; ma-

N-ju

N-duco

L-ongco ; pi.

Hunger

N-pala

In-zala

In-zala

In-zala

En-jara

Husband . . .

Mu-lume.
Ibe;
b-ebe

Mu-lumi

...

Mu-kwa-me

A-rora

...

Hyena

Suntwe

Ka-bwenga

Suntwe ; ba- +

Un-tuu ; pi.
n-tuu

Om-porco,
Uni-puru

Sene

Iron

C-ela.

C-ela.

Ci-bulco

In-simbi ; zi-

O-tari.

L(o-ondco.

Wu-tale

Bu-tale.
(In-pimbi =
iron imple-
ments).
I-bulto

Ka-ira

OO-tale.
Loj-elco

Island

N-sumbcd

Ci-lwa

Ka-stia.
In-sumbco

Ci-da;
zi-da

...

...

Ivory

Lu-ica

-..

Ny-anga

Iny-anga.
Ma-ziya (pi.)

...

...

Knee

...

I-vhwi

I-zwi.
Kongcojcd

I-zwi

Li-dzi,
Li-dza ;
ma-dza

Ma-nue (pi.)

Knife

Lu-wepi ;
m-bepi

Im-pcokca

Ka-pang&

Intipa.

Ka-furu.

M-cokco

Ka-fcolco

E-ferco

Lake

I-^iba

I-dambwa

..•

...

Leg

Mw-endco

K-ulu.

K-ulu ;

Mu-hindi.

M-on(!u or

M(o-fupa

Mw-endco,

ma-ulu.

K-ulu ; fil.

M-onzco

I-tende

Mw-endco,
Mw-endi

ma-ulco

GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 323

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (puku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengoj

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, ^ala)

(' Batcoka ',

(Ma-kcoba,

(South Luyi,

.

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bakhcoba)

'Bampukupu')

Leopard ...

^i-luwe ; wa +

^i-luwe

Si-lwe

N-gwe

Nkue

N-bco

Lion

N-kalamu

Sumbwa,
U-pumbwa.

Mu-lavu.

N-davu

On-tavco

N-de

Mu-kalamu.

In-davu

N-emba

Lips

Mu-lcameo ; mi-

Mu-lcomcd

Mu-lcomco ; mi-

Mi-lcomco

Si-porco {sing.)

Magic

Wu-lc»|si

Bu-l«2ii

Bu-lcozi

Ma-bibco

Maize

Man-cewele

Ma-ptapwe

Ci-pcoga.
Ma-pcopwe

Mun-dale

...

...

Man

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ; ba-.

Mu-ntu;

Mu-ntu ;

COmto-toa; pi.

Mco-noj ;

wa-ntu.

Mu-lombw-ana

ba-ntu.

ba-ntu.

ava-tco.

ba-nco

Mu-lume,

Mwa-lumi

Mco-rume

M\v-analume

Man, vir. ...

*>•

N-dumb-ana

...

Mu-kwa-me;ba-

Meat

Ny-ama

Bu-zane.
Ny-ama

I ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ony-ama,
Ny-ama

Iny-ama

Medicine . . .

Mu-samco.
Mi-yandaC//.).
Wu-ganga,
M-anga

Mu-samoo

(' tree ')

Mu-samu

Mu-sameo

Ci)-anga

00-anga

Milk

Ma-kupa.
Ma-ndili.
(•kama =

verb)

Mu-kupa.

Ma-bipi,
Hw-anda.
(-kama = verb)

Ma-kupa
(-kama)

Ma-suta

...

Monkey . . .

Scokwe.
C-anga.
M-puya

Sukwe

Ceta

I-pombwe or
Um-pombwe

...

>..

Moon

Mw-epi

Mw-ezi

Mw-eze

Mw-ezi

(ji)kw-ere or

Ku-izi

Ku-ebi

Mother ...

Mama. -ma.

Ba-ma; ma-.

Ba-. Ba-ma.

Ma-yco.

Ma.

Nana

Nco-ko).

Noa-ko),

Ku-liswi.

Mama.

Nyena

Nina

Ba-ina

Ba-nyco-kco.
Ny-ina

Nyco-kco.
Nyina. Na-

Mountain ...

Mu-lundu.
Lu-pili

Mundu

Ci-lundu

I-lundu

...

...

Mouth

Mu-lcomco.
Ka-nwa

Mu-lcamoi.
Ka-nwa

Ka-nwa

Ka-hcolco or
Ka-gcolco

Cisi.porco

Ka-nwa

Nail (of finger

Lu-ala

Lw-ala

I -gala.

I-zala

Eii-gara ;

Thala

or toe)

Li-ala,
lli-ala

zen-gara

Name

L-ina ;
m-ena

I^ina

Iz-ina

Iz-ina

...

...

Navel

Li-kombco

Lu-kombco

Lu-kombco

...

...

...

Neck

Singco.

In-singcD.
Mu-k«pi

In-singco.

N-singca

£-zong(o.

Dingco

Kcopi

Kun-kcosi

M(o-lcoco

Night

Wu-siku

Ma-piktt

Bu-siku.

Ma-siku.

Ma-sukco.

(jO-thikco.

(Mu-dima =

(Mo-rima =

(Mco-rema =

(Mi-lema =

darkness)

darkness)

darkness)

darkness)

Nose

^conco

I-nangcd.

(Ma-nangoj =

nostrils.

Mu-ombombu

= bridge)

Im-pemco.
Ti-pconco (?)

I-thcolco

Le-rco,
Le-irco

Li-oilco

Ox

N-ombe

Mu-sune

M-ongco ;
bo-ngco.
Mu-sune ; ba-

N-gombe

OO-porco.
N-gombe ;
zifi-

N-gombe

324

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengoj

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, ^ala)

( Batcoka ',

(Ma-k«ba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tojtela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukupu ')

Paddle ...

In.kapi

In-Sbige.
Ki-jazco

Ki-rahco

Se-rapco

Se-laboo

Palm wine,

W-alwa

Bu-kandi.

N-zaru.

OO-ara.

Ma-lci>vu

beer

Bu-kcokoj.
Im-b«te

Ma-lcovu

U-kube

Parrot

• •■

N-kwenga

.>•

Penis

In-teoni.
Im-pala.
(I.bcolM =

testicle)

In-tcdni

In-tconi

Pig

N-guluwe

N-gulube,
Culube.
Ku-ntula.
(^a-nk<ale =

■wart-hog)

M-uma.
Sici-pongu.
Mwin-giri.
In-kulube

In-jili

On-gire
(wart-hog)

Pigeon

N-kulimba

In-kwidimba.
In-^iba

In-kwilimba

In-kuba

...

Place

Wu-loa ;

Bu-sena.

C-il«.

Ci-baka.

...

...

ma-lco

Cikadi-lco.
Ku-ntu

A-Ha

Ha-ntu

Rain

Fula.
Mi-lcoci

Im-vula.
Leza

Im-vula

Im-vula

Yto-vora,
(jO-vora.
En-fera

M-vula

Rat

Kcoswe.
M-bewa.
Fukco

pi-ko>swe

I-ko>s«,
I-kco^cd.
In-kuswi

Im-peba

...

'••

Rhinoceros

Ci-pembele

^em-pela

Ci-pembele

Im-pembele

On-pojgcojco,
CO-^ongcodzo>

Le-pembele

River

Mu-longa

Mu-longa

Mu-longa

Lw-izi.^
Mu-longa; mi-

Mo-ronka.
Ka-dom'.
E-klu

Ma>-lonka.
Li-coka

Road

N-pila.
Mu-kwakwa

Mu-kwakwa.
In-zila
Mw-ineo.

In-zila.
Mu-kwakwa

In-zila

N-jera

N-dera

Salt

Mu-nyu,

...

Ku-tsuai

Mw-inyu

Tw-inca (dim.)

Shame

N-sconi

In-suni

In-8»nL
Bw-eme

Ku-swaba

(verb)

Sheep

M-belele

I-mbelele

I m-belele

Im-belele

Un-ku

M-berere

Shield

...

I n-tubo>

In-t<obcd

Komba

Le-lclebe

Tomba

Shoulder ...

Ci-fupi

Ci-funzi.
I-kuk(o

Lu-ezco.
Egw-ezito;ma-
Ikuku

Ze-kwaba (pi.)

Sister

••'

Mu-cizi.
Mu-kw',
Mu-kwa

Mu-cizi

N-cizi angu.
N-cizi or

Un-cizi

Mco-ganya

Skin

M-paya.
Ci-kanda,
Li-kanda

Lu-kanda

Lu-kanda

Cirkabi

En-gojoj

> *•

Sky

I-jnlu.
Ku-julu

I-zeulu

I-julu.

Ma-jcoba

I-ulu

L-eru,'
L-iru

Li'ulu

Slave

Mu-pa

Mu-^ike

Mu-zike

M(o-bik-ana

Mco-via

M-peka

Sleep

Tu-lo)

Tu-lco

Ifi-onzi(-gonzi

{•)i.an&=veri)

.

...

...

' Cf. Lerco, Lelcd = ' to-day ' in most Bantu tongues.

GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 325

English

Lenje
(Upper Kafue)

78.

Ila (puku-

lumbwe, ^ala)

78 a. Ci-lumbu

^79.

Tonga

(' Batccka',

Tcotela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

80.
Subia

81.

Yeye

(Ma-kcoba,

Bakhcoba)

82^.

Jfyengco

(South Luyi,

' Bampukujsu ')

I

Smoke

Wu-pi

Snake

N-scoka,

Ci-scoka

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana.

Mu-sankwa

Mu-lombe

Song

Lu-imbco ;

ny-imbco

Spear

Li-sumco

Li-tempco

Spirit, soul

Mu-pimu

Star

Ny-enyepi

Stick

Lu-sakco

Stone

Li-bwe

Stool

Ci-una

Sun

Li-sua

Bu-pi.

I-pi
In-zcoka

Mw-ana.

Ka-mbe^i.

Ka-lombw-ana
Lu-imbcd

I-sumco.
I-yoiiga

Mcj-za

In-tongwe^i.
(In-tanda =

meteor, even-
ing star)
Ka-samco.
Lu-suti.
Mu-saku

I-bwe.

Mw-ala

Ci-una
I-zuba

Bu-si

In-z5ka

Mw-ana
mu-lorabi

Lu-imbco ;
iny-imbco
I-sumco ; ma-

M-oya.

Mu-jsimu
Kany-inyezi.
Iny-enyezi

Ka-pondco.

In-kcoli.

Ka-kcoli.

Ci-samu
I-bwe

Ci-bula
I-zuba

Bu-si
In-zcoka

Mu-swizu

Lu-zimbco

Mu-dinga,
Mco-ringa
M<u-hcot>a

lii-kani

In-kcoli.
In-cupa

Mu-si

Mu-si

Mo-romb-ana. Mcj-ebese.
. M-cona ? M-cona

I-bwe

I-zuba.

(Ka-mwi =
burst of sun-
shine.

Ka-nyange =
heat of sun)

Ru-anga or

Loj-aiiga
OOm-eoa

Sienj-ata ;
ziny-ata

Ka-ti.
Ka-kcone ;
pi. zin-kcone

Le-weri.
Cue;
ma-we

Le-ba or
Li-va.
(Li-e = light)

Tail (of an

Mu-cila

Mu-cila

Mu-cila

Mu-cila

animal)

Tear

Mu-scopi

Mu-scoj;i.

I-scozi.

Mu-nscozi.

Testicles ...

• . .

Ma-bcolco.
(-cende = a
bults scrotum)

In-cendi

I-bcolco; ma-

Thief

Mw-ifi or
Mw-ipi

Mu-teu

Mu-teco

Mu-sa

...

Thigh

Li-wekco

Ci-belco

Ci-belco.

Mu-kascolco

...

Thing

Ci-ntu,

Ci-ntu;

Ci-ntu ;

Ci-ntu

Ka-ntu

bi-ntu,
si-ntu.
Ka-ntu

zi-ntu

Thorn

Mum-fwa

Bw-iya ;

Mu-mvwa.

Mu-iya ;

m-eya

Kam-vwa

mi-iya

Tobacco ...

Fwaka

Tombwe

Tombwe.
Pcolia

Tombwe or
U -tombwe

(honorific)

Miu-tombe

To-day ...

Sunco.
N-piku i-neo

U-sunu

U-siinu

Sunco

...

Toe

Ka-kumco,

Ka-lulcome ; ci-

Mu-nwi.

Ci-zala.

Z-ena.' (//.)

Ci-kumeo.

Ka-nwe.

Ci-kandeo

C-ondo>

Ci-kumco

Li-onga ; ma-
M(o-kco

Thi-kcone

Li-we

Li-cowa

1

;26

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

11a (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengco

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, ^ala)

(' Battoka ',

(Ma-kcoba,

(South Luyi,

78a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bakhcoba)

' Bampukupu ')

To-morrow

Cilco.
I -scon a

U)-zuna

I-junza.
I-jhcona

I-zcona

Le-ca

Pe-onda

Tongue

Lu-jimi.
Mu-laka

Mu-laka.
Lu-dimi.
Lu-laka

Lu-dimi

Lu-limi

Ru-rime

La)-lime

Tooth

L-inu ;
m-enoo

D-inca

D-ino> ;
m-enco

D-inco ;
me-inco.
Di-ziya ; ma-

Am-encs {pi)

Li-yeg»; ma-

Town

Mu-pi

Mu-n^ji

Mu-nzi

Ma>-zi

Ma).zi

Li-mbco.
M-onde

Tree

Ci-samco ; pi-,
mu-

I-samcd.
Ka-sanzi
{dim.)

Ci-samco

Ci-samcd

Si-te

E-pakco

Twins

Ma-pasa.
Ma-pundu

Ma-nga

Ma-inga.

Ma-m-bili

Mam-biri

...

...

Urine

Mi-kusco

Mu-npu

Ma-npu,
Ma-nsico

Mu-sihu

...

Vein

Lu-pinga

Ka-jsinga

Lu-singa ;
in-singa

...

.

...

War

N-kondw

In-kondu

lii-kondco

Ifi-kondco

(Kco-rua-na =
tofi^ht)

...

Water

Ma-npi.
Lu-inpi

Me-n^i

Ma-nzi.
Me-nda

Me-nzi

Am-i

Me-yo9

WeU

Mu-kaleo

Mu-kalcd

Ci-kala

White man

Mu-lungu or
Mu-rungu

Mu-kua; {pi.)
ma-kua

Mu-kua ; pi.
ma-kua

Mu-kuwa

...

...

Wife

Mu-kasi.
Mu-ka

Mu-ka:^i.

(Mw-ina-figu
= my wife).
Mw-ina-

Mw-anakazi.
Ma-lel<a

Mw-anakazi

Wind

M-pey«,

Mu-weo.

I-giiwco,

Lu-huhco

Pipco.

...

Lu-wco.

I-kunku

I-gueo

Mco-pcopco

Mu-woa

Witch

N-fwiti.

Mu-l(opi

Mu-lco^i

Mu-lcozi.
Mu-looco .'

Mu-lcozi.
(Ku-lcowa =

to bewitch)

...

...

Witchcraft

Wu-fwiti,
Wu-lcopi.
Wufi-ganga

Bu-lcd^i

Bu-lcdzi

.. •

• *■

Woman ...

Mw-anaka|si

Mu-kai-ntu.
Mu-ka^i.
(I-kai-ntu,

&'C.

Bu-kai-ntu

= woman-
hood).

Mw-anakazi

Mw-anakazi

Mco-kazi

Mco-kathi

Womb

. . ■

I-zadild

C-aba-ce-mbele

>.•

Wood (fire-

N-kuni

Lu-kuni

Ifi-kuni.

Lu-kuni ; iii-

• «•

wood)

Ci-samco

Yam

...

...

Cim-bondongco

Bu-idi

...

...

Year

Mw-aka; mi-

Mw-aka ; mi-

Mw-aka,

Mw-aga ; imi-

Mu-aka

M(o-aka

Mco-aka

Yesterday...

C-llco

CO-zcona

I-jiln

I-zcona

Oreo

Li-kcolcoa

Zebra

U-bipi

Ci-bizi

Im-bizi

M-bizi

M-bl

M-bi

GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 327

77-

78.

79.

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

NyengM

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, pala)

(Batcoka ',

(Ma-ktoba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-Iumbu

Tcotela

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

Bakhwba)

' Bampukupu ')

79 a. Ci-we

One

-o-mwe,
-nwe

-o-mwi

•mwi

Yo-nke.
•mwe.
•ngi

(Ma).)keke

•moya

Two

-oj-wil-co,

-(u-bili,

■biU

-co-bele,

-viri (va-viri)

-bibi, -ibi

-i-wili,

-bidi,

•bele

{perhaps also

-wili

-bili

•ibe)

Three

-tj'tatwe,

-co-tatwe,

■tatwe or

-co-tatwe,

•tatco

•atoj or

-i-tatwe,

-tatwe,

-tatu

-tatwe or

-hat«

-tatu

•tatu

•tatu

Foixr

-o-nne,
-i-nne

-oo-ne,
■ne

•ni or -ne

-co-ne,
•ne

-ne

-i-nne

Five

-o-sanwe

-w-sanwe.
•sanu

■sanu or
•sanwe

-co-sanwe or
-sanwe,
or Zimane
anza

Mawari-anja*

-tanu

Six

Mw-aya

Ci-sa mbomwi.

-sanu a

Zimane anza

Mawa ri-anja

•moya (begin-

mu-nwe

Ka-k»le(78a)

ka-mwi

niyi-mwina

[and other
circumlocu-
tions)
Zimane anza

va-raqa

ning on left
hand)

Seven

Mw-aya

Ci-lcoba.

•sanu a

Mawa ri-anja

•ibi (continuing

-(o-wil-o)

Tu-k«le
tu-bili (78 a)

tM-bili

ni zoj-bele

va-rasupi

on left hand)

Eigiit

Mw-aya

Lu-sele.

-sanu a

Zimane anza

Mawa ri-anja

•hatcii (continu-

-w-tatwe

Tu-keole
tco-tatwe

(78 a)

tco-tatu

zco-tatwe

va-njenisa

ing on left
hand)

Nine

Mw-aya

I-fuka.

-sanu a

Zimane anza

Mawa ri-anja

-i-nne {continu-

-o-nne

Tu-k&jle
tu)-ne (78 a)

tu-ne

ni zco-ne

va-rane

ing on left
hand)

Ten

Li-kumi

I -kumi

-kumi

I -kumi or
I-kume

-kcomiki

•tanu, also
Li^kume

Eleven

Kumi

1-kumi

I -kumi a

I •kumi ni

Va-kwmiki

N i-kume na

n'o-mwe ?

dio-mwi

ka-mwi

yo-nke

va-raqa

ka-moya '

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kum'

Ma-kumi

Mawa ri-anja

Na ka mco-tanu

(o-wil-co

co-bili

a-bili

co-bele

ava-tto va-viri

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kume

Mawa ri-anja

...

u) -tat we

(o -tatwe

a-tatu

co-tatwe

va-raqa
ava-to va-tato)

Forty

Ma-kumi
o-nne

Ma-kumi co-ne

Ma-kumi
nga-nne '

Ma-kumi co-ne

...

...

Fifty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

...

>••

co-sanwe.

co-sanwe.

a-sanu

a-mane anza

(Ma-kumi

(.Ma-kumi adi

or Ma-kumi

mw-a-y-a

ci-sambomwi

oj-sanwe

mu-nwe =

= sixty)

sixty)

Hundred ...

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

...

Thousand...

Mi-anda
ili-kumi

...

...

^

' Ri-anja = hand in this strange compound. Twenty is ' hands of two men '. Thirty seems to be ^five x six '
' 12 = N i-kume na tu^ibi. 13 = N i-kume na tu-atu. 16 = Na ka moya. 17 = Na ka tu.ibi.
' According to Tor rend.

328

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

77.

78.

Tonga

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Subia

Yeye

Nyengco

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, ^ala)

('Batcoka',

(Ma-kcoba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Twtela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci'We

Bakluoba)

'Bampukusu')

I, me, my ...

Ne-w(o. Me, Ne.

tO-me.

I-me, Me^bo).

I. me.

Ge-me. Ndi.

Ma., N., Na^

N-, Ndi..

Ndi-me-na.

I -me.

Ni-.

Me.

•n-.

Ndi., Nda-.

N^.

•ni-, -n-.

Na^, Nd'^

•me, -a-ngu

•n-, -m-.
•me, -a-ngu

-ndi-.

-a-ngu

-me, -ngu

Thou, thee,

We-wco. We.

U-we.

U-wi, 1-we,

Kwe.

Gwe

*<•

thy

0)!

Nd-iwe-na.

Ue^bco,

u..

u..

U-, Wa..

Ye^bu).

•ku.

•ku..

■ku-.

U^.

•we, -koj

■we, -U'kco

•we, -ze, -koj

•ku^, -a^ku

He, him, his

We-w(o. We.

Wa-lco.

U^we, N-gwe.

I-ye. A.di.

Mu (?).

Mu (?).

U-, A-.

Ngu-we^na.

U-, A-.

U-, Mu-,<;rA-.

U-, ii>:

U^, Mco-

•mu-. -we,

U-, Wa-, A-.

-mu-. -n-gue,

■mu-.

•mcd-.

•wco, -ngwe,

•mu-. .we, -ze,

-a-kwe

-ye, -kwe

-a-kwe

-kwe

We, us, our

Swe-woj.

U-8we.

I-swe, Swe-bu>.

I-swe.

...

• ••

Tu..

Ndi^swe-na.

Tu..

Tu-.

■tu-.

Tu^, Twa-.

-tu-.

-tu-

•swe, esu

-tu..
•swe, -isu

-esu

•swe, -etu

Ye, you, your

Mwe-wco. Nm.

U-mwe.

I-nwi, I -mwe.

I-nywe.

...

■ ••

Mu-.

Ndi-mwe-na.

I-nyne-b<o.

Mu..

•mu-.

Mu-, Mwa-.

Mu-.

•mu^.

•nwe, -mwe.

-mu-, -ma-.

-mu..

•nywe, -enu

-a-nu

•mwe, •inu

-enu

They, them.

Wa-wu).

Ba-lco.

Abto. M-babco.

Bco. Ba-di.

...

>>•

their

Wa-.

M-beobco^na.

Ba-.

Ba-.

-wa-. -awe or

Ba-.

ba-

•ba-.

•awe-wco, -wco.

•ba..

abu

•bw

•aw-co

.boj

All

This, these

•onse

Uyu, nguyu,
awa, m-bawa;
uu, nguu ; ii,
njii; ili,
n-dili ; aya,
n.gaya; ici,
njici ; isi.
njipi; ii,
njii; ipi,
njipi ; ulu,
ndulu; utu,
ntutu ; aka,
iigaka ; uwu,
mbuvvu ; uku,
iiku ; apa,
mpu ; umu

•onse.

(-o-nge^ana =
a few, some)
We-zu, we.ncj ;
baba, ba.nu ;
we-zu, e-zi,
enu ; ledi,
aza, a-nco ;
ceci, pepi,
se-nco orbiebi,
bie-nco ; e2;i,
e-nu, pepi,
se-nu ; Icolu,
l(u-nco ; tcdtu ;
&fc. ; kaka ;
bobu ; kcoku ;
awa(<»ra-nti>)

'Onse

Oyu, (ou-neo ;
aba, aba-nto ;
oyu, ei,
ei-nw ; eli,
eli-nco, aa-nco,
aya ; eci, ezi ;
ei ; ezi ; colu ;
utu ; aka ;
ubu ; uku ;
awa (pa-nu) ;
umu, (omu.nu

-onse ; onke ;
-una '

Uzu or zu-nu,
aba or ba-nu ;
uu or u-nu,
ii, cr^f. ; edi,
aa ; ici, izi ;
ii, izi ; ulu;
utu ; aka ;
ubu ; uku ;
aba ; umu

•nu (co.nu, &'€.)

■onke and .una (.ena) are also used as a suffix, in the sense of ^ some ', ' alone ', ' together'.

GROUP U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 329

English

Lenje
(Upper Kafue)

78.

Ila (puku-

lumbwe, jSala)

78 a. Ci-lumbu

79-

Tonga

('Batcoka',

Twtela,

N-dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

80.
Subia

81.
Yeye

(Ma-kcoba,
Bakhcaba)

82.

Nyengoj

(South Luyi,

'Bampukupu')

That, those

Oy-co, nyto-yoa,
aw-oa,mbaw-o};
u-co, mbu-co,
i-Qj, nji-ci> ;
il-<o, ndi-loi ;

U-nc9, rigu-noj,

wa-ncd,

mba-no> ; &•€,
U-lya,

ngu-lya,

wa-lya,

mba-lya; ^'c.

Wez-cij, bab-co ; Oy-oa, a-bw ;

vvez-eo, ei;-to ; &'c.

Qs'c. (Ou-lia, aba-lia;

We-dia, &■>(;.

ba-dia; we-dia,

ye-dia ; &=€.

U-zeo, a-bco ;

u-zo), iy-co ;

edi-eo ; &>€.
Zu-na, ba-na ;

u-na, ji-na or

i-na ; di-na,

a-na ; &=€.
Ngu, njiye,

mba ; ngu,

ngcowco,

nji; 6^'c. ; ndi,

figa; nci,

nzi ; nji,

nzi ; ndu ;

ntu ; ilka ;

mbu ; nku ;

mpa, mpahcd ;

moimco

-ya (to-ya, is'c)

Bad ...

Black...
Female

Fierce, sharp
Good

Great

Little ...

Long, high,
tall

Male ...

Old ..,

Red ..

Rotten

Short..
Sick ..

White

-wi,

-wiwi
•sia
•Kasi,

-anakapi.

•pwizi.

-a lu-tundu
-kali
-wotu.

-ine
•nene.

-kulu.

■kandcd
-nini.

-ce,

-ke
-lamfu.

-lale,

•kale {time)

•lume,

-analume,

-n-dume
■kulu.

-cembele.

-a cindi
•fwete.

-ka^ika
-wcala.

-funda
•fwifwi
-ciswa.

-Iwapi
-tuwa.

•twite

-biabe

■pia
•jjaJii.

•tumbe.

-pwizi

•kadi
•beotu

■kandco.
•kcomena

•pontci>

•lamfu

•lomb^wana ?

•lombi.

•lume
•cembala

•bi

-sia (verbal)
-kazi.

-ziazi.

-m-pwizi

-kalala
•botu

-pati

■nini

-lamfu

-enzi.
-a-lumi

•subila

•txo^i

•fwafwi
•Iwapi

-tuba

•yuma

-ciswa
•tuba

•bi

■seha
•kazi.

-ina-kazi

-kadi
-Icotu,

-dtotu
-kando).

•kulu

-tiini

-nde or

-i-ndende.

■le,

-lele
-in-kwame ?

-kulukulu

-subila
-bcolete
•fcdhifuhi

•tuba

■sipa
•kazi,
•kaze

•hure,
•kure,
•tl'uri

f ece (.'),
•ce (?)

•elco
•kathi.
■kabi

•nine

•nyconyu

•korto^moj-kcome

•loibathi.
•kare

Bw^tua,
•tcoa

•kehco

33°

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

n-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (puku-

Toiiga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengu

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe, pala)

(' Batuka ',

(Ma-kuba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-lumbu

Tcotela,

N-dawe,Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

Bakhuba)

' Bampukupu ')

Above, up, on

Ku.julu ;

-i-zeulu

I -julu

-e-yulu,

KcD-rira

top

pa- (or a-)
julu

-i-yulu

Before

Kunembco

Ku-mbele

A-mbele

Ha-busca

...

■ ■•

Behind

P-esule,
Kw-isule

Mu-numa

■isule (Ku-)

Mu-isule,
-isule.
Ku-icu

...

...

Below, down

Ku-npi,

Ku-npi,

Mu-nse.

H a-nsi,

Ep-epe

Ku-ezi

Pa-npi

A-npi

A-nsi

Ku-nsi, &-C.

Far

Ku-lamfu,
Ku-lale

Sakene

Ku-le-ku-le

Ku-le, -le

-re. (COkhu-re,
?i-re)

Kcona-le-pa

Here

Awa.

Mu-nu),

0-ku-noj.

Ha-no).

Ku-ni.

Ku-nco

M-pa.

Koi-nu],

Awa

Aha.

Ku-tiri

M-pece.

A-nu

The(?)

Pa-no),

Ku-nco, &'c.

In, inside ...

Mu-.

Mu-kati

Mu-

Mu-.

Mu-kati

Mu-
U-mco.
Mumu

...

...

Middle ...

Kati

Mu-kati

Kati

Kati

Kate

Near

•fwifwi

A-fwafwi,
Ku-fwafwi

A-fwi,
A-fwifwi

Ha-ftohi. Ha-

Pa-pupe,
Se-pupe

Pepi

Outside ...

Pa-nse,
Ku-nse^
Pa-nsengwe,

A-nsengwe,
•nseiigwe

A-nze

Ha-nze,
Ku-nze

Plenty

■ngi,
Wu-ngi

Bw-ala.
-nji,
-njinji

-ifigi

■ingi

•*■

There

Ku-no),

Mcamco.

0-ko).

Ahcd.

Kco-na

Kco-na.

Kulyco, (s'c.

Kcokto.
Awco

A-nto.
Pa-munya

Ha-na, dfc.

Kco-nyiko)

Where? ..

Ku-li?, 6-<:.

Kwi?
Ukwi ?

Ku-li ?
A-li ?

Ku-hi ?
Ha-hi ?
■hi.'

Ko-ri ?

Ku-pi-ne ?

No!

Ta-wa !
Kaka!

Pe!

Pe!

Nanta !

Patlco !

Not [with verb

pi (l.f/ pers.

Si-, Ta- (also

Si-, Too-, Ta-

Ki-, Si-, Ka-.

Ka-. -se-, -si-.

Ka-, Se-

as prefix, in-

sing.); Ta-

«jtfo/"Ku-ina=

Keti.. -sa-.

Pa-(?)

fix, or sufiix)

(with other
pronouns) ;
Ku-, Ta- (in
infinitive)

to be without,
not to, not to
have, a nega-
tive verb)

(Ki is a nega-
tive verb.
Ki mbabantu
= not the men

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

-Ym-

Kco-, Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-uma.
■panda

-iima

■uma

...

„ buy, sell

•ula ; ^ita

•ula

-ula (K'ula =

buy)

•cora,
wora

-ola

„ come ...

-isa, -sa

-eza

■eza. -bcola

-iza. -bula

-iya

• ••

„ cut

■tema

■kcosula

-tema.
tenda

■temena,
■tema

...

„ dance ...

-pana

■^ana

■ziana

-zana or
-t>ana

•imba

-kina

GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 331

77-

78.

79-

80.

81.

82.

English

Lenje

Ila (^uku-

Tonga

Subia

Yeye

Nyengu

(Upper Kafue)

lumbwe,

Sala

(' Batcoka ',

(iMa^kuba,

(South Luyi,

78 a. Ci-liimbu

Tcotela,

Bakhuba)

'Bampukusu'

N^dawe, Lima,

Leya)

79 a. Ci-we

ro

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

K<u-, Ku-

Ku-

„ die

fwa

•fwa

•fwa

•fwa

•fa, -fu

•fa

„ eat

■lia

•dya

•lia

•dia

•lia

„ give ...

-pa

•pa

•pa

•ha

•kunda

•naba

„ go

■ya.

•ya.

•ya.

■enda.

•enda

-enda.

-enda,

•enda,

-nda,

■ya

-ea

•yinda

-endenda.

•ndenda.

•ila

•nika

„ kill ...

-jaya

•yaya

-jaya

■ibaya

•ra(?)

•ipa

„ know ...

■ipi

■W

•ziba.
•izi

•izi

•daivu.'
■tzire

•iva(?)

„ laugh ...

-seka

•seka

•seka

-seka

•peka

•aye

,, leave off,

-leka

•leka

■leka

-leka

•Use or
•lijsa

■teneka

cease

„ love,want

■yanda.
•sum a

-funa

•yanda.
(■kunda =

copulate)

-saka

•sene (?)

-binge

., see

■wcona.

•bcona

•bcona

■buna

-muna.
•liaia (?)

•muna.
•lepa

., sit, remain,

-ikala

•kala

•kala

■kala or

•sikama

•ikala

abide

•kada

., sleep ...

■oona (-gwna)

•una

-una

•lala

•rangara

•kindama

., stand, stop,

■ima,

•^ima

-ima

•zima (?)

•gema (?).

■imana

be erect

■imika

•ima

,. steal ...

•ba, -iba

•iba

■ba (Ku^ba)

•iba

•iva, •iba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LENJE

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu- (mu, u-, uyu, iigu, nguyu); 2. Ba^ orWa.- (ba or wa, mba, mbawa) ; 3. Mu- (mu-,
U-, uu, mbu, ngu, figuyu) ; 4. Mi^ (mi-, i-, nji) ; 5. Li^ (li-, ndi, ndili) ; 6. Ma^ (ma-, a-, ya, iiga, ngaya) ;
7. Ci^ (ci-, nci, njici) ; 8. ^i^ (?i-, npi, njifi) ; 9. N^ {M-), »•, Ny-, — (i-, ii, nji) ; 10. N- (»!•), N-, Ny-, —
(pi-, npi, njipi) ; 11. Lu^ (lu-, ndu, ndulu) ; 12. Tu^ (tu-, ntu) ; 13. Ka^ (ka-, iika, ngaka) ; 14. Wu^, Bu-
(wu-, bu-, mbu, mbuwu) ; 15. Ku- (ku-, fiku) ; 16. Pa^, A- (pa-, a-, mpa) ; 17. Mu- (mu). Masc. and
fem. prefixes (Si- and Na-) exist but are little used.

PREFIXES, &C., IN ILA AND CI-LUMBU

No preprefixes, except in Classes 9 and 10.

Class I. Mu-, U^ (honorific) (mu, u- (co), we, ngu, -zu) ; 2. Ba- (ba-, mba) ; 3. Mu- (rau-, u, iigu,
-2u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, nji, -2^1) ; 5. I-, Di- (di-, 1', ledi, ndi-) ; 6. Ma^ (ma-, a-, figa (figu), -aza) ; 7. Ci^ (ci,
nci-) ; 8. ^i-, Bi- (pi-, bi, npi, mbi-) ; 9. In- (Im-), In-, Ing-, Iny- (i, in-, ni-, -^i) ; 10. In- (Im), In-,
Ing^, Iny^ (pi, in-, npi-) ; 11. Lu- (lu-, ndu) ; 12. Tu- (tu-, ntu); 13. Ka^ (ka-, iika (fiku) ; 14. Bu^ (bu-,
mbu) ; 15. Ku^ (ku-, iiku); 16. A- (a-, awa, figa) ; 17. Mu^ (mu-, mco). Also the masc. prefix Si^, Se^,
or ^a.; and the fem. prefix Na- ; and the extended form of the diminutive (No. 13), Kanga-.

' Doubtful.

33» ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &c, IN TONGA AND Ci-WE

No preprefixes, except in Nos. 4, 9, and 10.

Class I. Mu-, U- (mu, U-, yu-, ngu-) ; 2. Ba- (ba, mba-) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u, -yu, ngu) ; 4. Mi-, Imi- (mi-,
i-, ei, nji-) ; 5. I-, Li- (li, ndi-, -ndeli) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a-, aya, figa) ; 7. Ci- (ci, nci-) ; 8. Zi- (zi, nzi-) ;
9. In- (Im-), In-, Iny'- (n-, i, nji-) ; 10. same as 9, or Zi- (zi, nzi-) ; 11. Lu-, Du- (lu, ndu-) ; 12. Tu-
(tu, ntu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-, nka) ; 14. Bu- (bu, mbu-) ; 15. Ku- (ku, fiku-) ; 16. Pa-, A- (pa-, a-, nipa ;
17. Mu- (mu-). There is a Si- or ' father ' prefix, and a (rarer) Na- or ' mother' prefix. U- seems to be
an honorific prefix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN SUBIA
No preprefixes, except in Classes i, 9, and 10.

Class I. Mu-, U-, Um- (mu, u-, ye, zu, njumu-) ; 2. Ba- (ba, mba-); 3. Mu- (mu-, u (o>), uu,
iigumu-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-, ii, njimi) ; 5. Di-, I- (di, I'-, ndi-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a, nga-, ngama-) ; 7. Ci-
(ci, nci-) ; 8- Zi- (zi, nzi-); 9. In- (Im-), In-, Iny'- (in-, i, nji-) ; 10. same as 9 (zi-, nzi); n. Lu-
(lu, ndu-, ndulu); 12. Tu- (tu, ntu-); 13. Ka- (ka-, nka); 14. Bu- (bu-, mbu); 15. Ku- (ku-, nku) ;
16. Ha- (ha, mpa-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-, -mco).

The honorific male and female prefixes Si-, Se-, S'-, and Na- are present. U- is an honorific
prefix. The diminutive suffix -zana or -ana is much used.

PREFIXES, &C., IN YEYE OR MA-K(i)BA AND NYENGCO'

Preprefixes present sometimes, especially in Classes i, 2, 6, and 9.

Class I. COmcd-, Mco-, (mu), u-, ?) ; 2. Ava-, Va-, Ba- (ba, va-) ; 3. Om'-, Mco- (mo)-, u, ?) ; 4. Me-,
Mi- (?) (?) ; 5. Le-, Li-, Ri-, Ni- (82), Ze (?) (li, ri-) ; 6. Ama-, Ma- (?) ; 7. ^i-, Se- (?) ; 8. Zi-? ; 9. On-,
Om-, 0-, In-, En-, Ny'- (?) ; 10. Zi-, Zin- (zi-) ; 11. Ru-, Lu-, Leo- (lu) ; 12. Tu-, Teo- (tu, tco-) ; 13. Ka-
(ka) ; 14. Bu-, W»-, CO- (?) ; 15. OOkw'-, COkhu-, Koo-, Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Pa-, Ep- (?) ; 17. ?

77. Lenje is spoken in Northern Rhodesia between the Lukinga mountains and Upper Kafue in the
north, and the Mulunguije-Lunsefwa river in the south ; bounded eastwards by the Balala, north-west
by the Kaonde or Southern Luba, westwards by the Bayila and Basala and south by the Batoiiga and
Basefiga.

78. Ila (Yila, pala) and 78 a. Cilumbu are spoken in the basin of the Lower Kafue as far north as
about 14° of South latitude and as far south as 16° South latitude.

79. Tonga and 79 a. Ciwe are spoken in the basin of the Central and Upper Zambezi river, mainly
on the north of that river, as far east as the Lower Luafigwa, and as far west as Sepeke and the Tcotela
or Tutala country and the western bend of the Kafue (say 15° 30' South latitude).

80. Subia (^ubia) is spoken in the region west of Segeke, between the Linyante, Ccobe, and Zam-
bezi rivers, mainly to the south and west of the Zambezi and as far south as Pandamatenka.

81. Yeye (Makcoba, Bakhcoba) is spoken in the region between the Upper OOkavaiiga) river and the
shores of Lake Ngami, west of the Moremi stream, east of Ongo)va.

82. Nyengco is spoken in western Northern Rhodesia, west of the Ccobe or Kwando river, north
and east of the OOkavangco-Kwitio and south of about 16° South latitude.

' There is little trace of preprefixes in Nyengco. The material for the study of both these tongues
is exceedingly scanty and derived from Livingstone and Andersson. Their interpreters have severally
imported Secuana and Hererco corruptions into the form of the words.

GROUP V

THE WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES [continued)
83. Si-luyi ' or ' Barotse ' 83 a. Si-kwafSgwa

GROUP W

THE NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES

84. Luena (Lu-ina) or Lubale

85. Mbunda 853? Ka-luiana^

86. Lujazi (Lu-imbi)' 86 a. Ngafigela

86 b. Western Mbwela (' Ambwela ')

87. Nkoya ' (Si-iikoya)

87 a. Mbwela

88. Kicokto (Kicokwe, Jok, Ci-bokwe)

English

83-
Si-luyi or
' Barotse ' '

83 a. Si-
kwangwa

84.

Luena or

Lubale

85.

Mbunda

85 a.

? Ka-luiana

86,

Lujazi '

86 a. Ifgangela

86 b. Western

Mbwela

87.

Nkoya

87 a. Mbwela

Kicokco or
Ci-bokwe

Adze ...

Animal, wild
beast

lAnt ...

|Ant, white

(termite)

lApe

I Arrow

M-beco,
M-bayoj

I-ama-na (p/.),
Si-ama-na

U-twa

N-jcokco ;

an-j<okco
Ili-kaa.

Kco-bukco or

K-cokco ;

m-cokca

Umu-poj ;

imi-poi.

U-lembe
Si-repe.

Sam CO.

Umu-binge

Kany-ama ;
vatuny-ama

Li-kenyi ; ma-

Ka-swa ;
tu-swa or
vatu-swa

Ka-tsembe ; tu-

Ka-hitu ; tu-.
^i-ama-ua ; hi

Tu-mwemwe

iPQ (85 a)

Mu-swa ; mi-

tu-

Li-wuk<o ; ma- Li-boskw : ma-

Mw-ivwi ;
mi-ivwi

N'-gimbu ; ^iri-

Mu-kili ; mi-.

Lu-ku|sa.

Mu-vi ; mi-
N-gimbu ; tii + ,

Ci-banga; hi-

M-baico.
N-gyimbu

Ka-setco,

Ka-sitca.

N-cit&j.

Ny-ama
Ka-lume ;

(86 a).

N-tsiritsi
Im-bundyi ;

zim -f .

Ma-kezi(^/.)
Ka-mumi ;•

ba-, tu- (86 b)
Ku-vo>kci> or

Li-bcokca; ma-.

Li-vo>kca ■

(86 a).

Dzi-bcokco

(86 b)
Mu-kuri,

Mu-kiri; mi-.

Mu-tyili (86 a)
Gimbcd,

N-gyimbu,

N-gemb<o.

N-dyimbu

(86 a)

Ka-t>embe,

Ka-dembe

(87 a)
g i-ama-na ; bi-. Ny-ama

Ny-ama (87 a)

Di-sendi ; ma-

Ka-mumi

Di-beokw. U-weokco; //.

Dzi-bcokco m-<okoo.

Mco-se

Mu-vi ; mi- Mu-ivi ; mi-

Ci-banga ; bi-. Ka-sawu
^i-baiiga ; bi-

' A/so known as Luiana and Lue ; as Sikubu ; and in different dialects as Si-kwangwa (83 a), Si-kcoma (83 b),
^ and Si-kwandi (?) (83 c).

* TAe Ka-luiana 0/ Capello and Ivens may be a dialect of Mbunda; So also may be the ' Miponda, ' of various
early explorers, though the ' Mapondd' of Livingstone seems more related to Lujazi.

' The Balojdzi of Livingstone {apparently also called LvLArabi) and perhaps also the Ma.pondA of the same writer.
Ngangela appears to be nearly the same language in its western form ; so also Western Mbweln {the speech of the
Ambwela or Bdtnbwela of S. E. Angola).

* Nkoya and Mbwela {which may be allied to the ' Ambwela ' of Angola — 86 b) only seem to differ dialectally.
Other dialects of the same stock are known as Ma-jsapa and Si-galu.

17>< Z

334

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicdku or

' Barotse '

Lubale

853.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Baboon ...

?N-JMku

Sukcd.
Puya ; va -t-

Buya?

Puya; bam-

Puya ; bam-

..•

Back

M>onge» ;

Ny-ima.

Mw-ongo>; mi-

Ny-ima.

Ma-fube.

• ••

mi-ongco

Jim-bunda

{loins) •

M-ongco.
Lum-pati ;
zi-(86a)^.
Mwa-langa

Kuny-ima

(87 a)

Banana ...

Li-konde ; ma-

Li-konde ; ma-

Li-konde ; ma-

Li-hondyco.
Hoiigia

...

Dikondi ; ma-

Beard

Mu-Iep«a ; nii^

W-evu

Mu-jeW; min-

Mu-ezi or
Mun-jezi.
Mu-levu(86b)

Mu-levu ; mi-

U-evM

Bee

M-uka; ti +

Puka; va-f*

M-uka; t,i + .
Lu-puka ;
puka

Puka or
M-puka; va +

Puka,
Lu-puka
(//. im-puka,
87 a)

Puka ; ma -1

Belly

Li-pume*

Mu-jimuor

L-imoo;

Imco,

Di-vumu.

Jimu; ma-t-

Li-pmnbu

Li-^imw.

m-emto.

Limco, or

Ji-fu ; ma-

Lu-fu ;

Di-vumco

Zimu

(87 a)

jilu-fu

Bird

Ny-unyi; iti-.

Ka-jila;V^-

Ka-bila; tu-

Ka-zlra; tu-.

Ka-yune ; ba-,

Ka-jila; tu-

Aka-unyi; utu-

tu- or vatu-

Ka-t»ela ; tu-.
TJisi.

Ka-zila (86 a)

tu-

Blood

U-nyinga.
Ma-nyenga

Ma-nyinga

Li-ninga

Ma-ning^.
Ma-nyeiiga.
Sonde (86 a)

Mu-keba

Ma-yinga,
Ma-nyenga

Body

MwUi.
L-oitco or
L-utu .

Mu-jimba ; mi-

Mu-bila; mi-

Mu-bila,
Moj-bela,
Mu-vila

L-utu;
biny-utu.
{fil. Ma-rutu,
87 a)

Bone

Si^fcoba; i-.
Si-fuba

Li-fuhwa ; ma-

Ci-biya ; bi-

Ki-tea,
^i-tea.
Li-tsiha

^i-fupa ; bi-

• •*

Borassuspalm

...

■ <a

*••

Kcome

...

...

Bow

U-tib; ma-ta

U-ta

Bu-ta ; ma-ta.

Li-khupu.
U-ta,
Bu..ta,
Vu-ta

pi-pandeo ; bi-

U-ta

Bowels

Mu-la; mi-la

Ma-jingwaor

Ma-^ingwa

Mu-la; mi-la

Mi-ra,

Mi-la.
Li-sandya

Mu-la; mi-la

'*•

Brains

U-lui

W-ongo»

Ki-pvgi » (85 a).
W-ongoj

Vu-ongco.
Ma-vu (86 a)

U-lui.
U-ruyi (87 a)

...

Breast (man's)

...

...

...

N-suka.

In-tulM(86a)

...

...

Breast

Li-ele; m-ele

Li-vele; raa-

Li-bele ; ma-

Vere ; ma-.

Di-bele,

Pamboj

(woman's)

Li-vele (86 a)

Ji-bere

Brother ...

M-ina

Soagco.

M-ana

N-kulu-ntu.

Mu-kondco.

Pwetoj ?

iyoung-er).

N-dumba or

wa-yala.

M\v-ana-et«).

Yayi

Mu-kulu

N-dumbwa

Mu-na nana ;

Ka-lenge.

{elder).

ba-f

Yaya

Mw-abange;

abange

' Where one authority spells ' j ', another substitutes ' ^ '.

Noteworthy.

GROUPS V, W : THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 335

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicokco or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Buffalo

N-otco.

Iny-aU,
Iny-aci

N-gombe wa
pasa

Ny-ati; t>i-H

Ng-ati
(? Ny-ati).
Pakasa.

In-yati(86a)

N-gombe

M-buau

Bull

...

• ••

• •■

M-onti

...

...

Buttocks ...

Ma-takco

Ma-takco

Ny-onga; bi-

Li-takco ; ma-

Ma-takco

...

Canoe

W-atco

W-atto ;

W-atco;

W-atco,

W-atco ;

W-atco

m-atu or

m-atco

Vu-atco,

m-atco

ma-w-atcij

Bw-atco.
M-birika

Cat

Si-nunu

Ka-mepi

...

M-bisi

...

...

Charcoal ...

Ma-kala

...

Li-nungu.

• ••

. . .

Ma-kala

Chief, king

M-bumu.

M w-ana-n-gana;

Mw-ene ;

Mw-ene ;

Mw-ene ;

Ka-lamba.

Mco-lia.

pi. vami-ana-

ba-be-mi-ene

vami-ene '

bami-ene

Mw-ana-fi-gana.

Mu-ywandi ;

n-gana.

Ki-lcoloo.

//. a-ywandi

Mw-ata.
Mu-kulwa-ne

Jaka?

Child

Mw-ana ; a-na

Mw-ana ; //.

Mw-anike ;

K-anike.

Mw-ana.

M-cona.

K-ana ;

mi-ana and

ba-anike.

M-cona

Wamu-kata ;

Ka-lenge

tw-ana.

v-ana.

Ka-keke ;

baba-kata.

Mw-anuke.

Kemba :

batu-

Ka-nunke;

M-pututu

va-kemba.
Ka-nyike;
va-nyike

ba-tw'-anunke

Cloth

Ulu-ambi.
I-kubela

Li-hina

L-ina

I -nanga

...

...

Cold

Om-pcolu,
Kum-btola.
Mu-bebco

Ci-pika

Ci-sika(85a).
Li-bika

Le-t>ika.
Ma-sika.
N-tuema.'

...

Cika

Country ...

Li-tunga.
Mu-ronga

Li-fuci

lyi-futi; ma-

Nonda.
Ci-fute,
Tyi-huti

Di-tunga.
Ji-tunga (87 a)

Ki-fuci

Cow

N-gombe ; tin

N-gombe
ci-hueveo ;
van-gombe
va-ci-huevco

N-gombe; tiiii-

N-gombe
na-tcola.
N-gyindi,
N-dyindi

(86 a)

lii-gombe ;
tiiii-gombe

N-gombe

Crocodile ...

N-gandu,
Ifi-gandu,
Un-gandu
{hotiorific)

N-gandu

N-gandu ; feiii-

N-gandco

N-gandu

N-ganzu

Day, daylight

Li-ywa,

Li-neki ; ' ma-.

Li-tangwa

M-ene.

Mu-tena.

...

Ili-ywa ;

Li-kumbi;ma-.

Li -tang wa

Mw-ana (Z^ a)

ma-ywa.

Mu-sana ; mi-

I-nji,

Mw-inji

Devil, evil

Ka-munu.

Li-hamba ; ma-

Ka-ilabiiigu

Hamba

...

...

spirit

U-lumba

Doctor (medi-

Nanga

Cim-buki ; vi-

Cim-banda;

Cim-banda

M-buki

cine man)

bim-

Dog

M-bwa ;

Ka-wa ;

Ka-tali; tu-

Ka-tari,

Ka-wa ;

Ka-wa ,•

am-bwa

vatu-wa

Ka-tali

ba-tu-wa

tu-wa

Donkey ...

Cim-bulu

' Noteworthy.

'

Z 2

33<5

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

»koya

Kicokco or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ifgangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Door, door-

Si-atitu.

Ci-jcolco.

Ci-nalamba ;

Pitco or

^i-pana ; bi-.

way

Mw-elu

Ci-k<alco.
Ci-s;ilco

bi-

Li-pitco

^i-hala

Dream

-Icota (verd)

N-dzuzi.
Zonzi.
N-dyicosi

(86 a)

Drum

N-gcoma or
N-giima,
Ifi-gcoma ; //.
tiii-gcoma.
Li-uma ; ma-

Ci-kuvu ; vi-

N-guma; tin-

N-gcoma ; zi +

In-guma ; tin-

N-gcoma

Ear

Ku-twi ;
ma-twi

Li-twitwi ; ma-

Li-itwi ; ma-

Li-twitwi and
Ku-twe ; a/so
Xeba and
Zebe, mean-
ing ' ear ' or
' hearing '

Di-tu,
Ji-tu

Ku-twe

Egg

Ili-ki ;
ama-ki

Li-landa; ma-

Li-bmida; ma-

Li-vunda

Di-ngi,
Dji-iigi ;
ma-ngi

Unda;
ma-unda

Elephant ...

N-dcopu,
N-dupu

N -Jamba

N -Jamba

Jamba.
In-yamba
(86 a).
Ng-yamba

N-bcovn,
N-dcovu

N -Jamba

Excrement

U-tuti.
U-tcokco

M-bilco.

Tu-bi.
Bu-lcokco

Tu-zi

...

...

Eye

L-itco or

L-isoj ;

L-ipco;

L-ipco;

Di-hco,

Di-esco ;

Li-tico ; //.

ma-sco

iTi-epco

m-epco.

Dji-hto

m-esco

m-iyco

L-isco (86 a)

Face, forehead Lu-bala;

Lu-hcolu

Lu-ala ; ma +

Tyi-hanga.

Lu-pala

>.■

ti-mala

Tyi-pala.

Lu-jilco?

Lu-coico

•

Fat

Ma-ze,

Ma-ji,

Ma-bi

Ma-zi,

Ma-futa.

Ma-ji

Ma-ati.

Ma-Jji

Ma-be.

Ma-de,

Ma-iye.

Ma-bi,

Ma-de (87 a)

Li-suzco

Ma-ye

Father

Tate.

pa-ngwe =
my — ; I-tco-e
= thy (Si-t(o,
83 a); I-ta-e
= his, their

I-se, I -SCO, 1-si.
Tata!
Se-tu,
Se-nu

Tate; ba +

Tate,
N-tate.
Tata.

I -SCO,

I-se

Tate

Tata

Fear

M-coa (?).
(Ku-cila, verb]

W-ooma

Bu-coma

W-coma .'
{veri, -coba,
•ua).
Li-oova (86 a)

Ku-tina.(vefi)

Finger

Urao-nue; mi-

Mu-nwe ; mi-

Mu-nye; mi-

Mu-nye

Mu-nwe

Mu-nwe ;
nyi-nwe (//.)

Fire

Mu-lelca or

Ka-hya; tu-.

Kese.

Tu-ca,

Mu-dilco.

Ka-hia or

Mu-lil<a

Li-yena

Tu-iya

Tu-ya,
To-ya.
Tuima.
Tu-hia (86 a)

Mun-jilco(87a)

Ka-gia

Fish

N-di; ti-ndi

I-pi; va-f

I-bi ; t>i-bi

I-si ; disi.

In-pi; bin-pi

Yi-pi

In-tsi (86 a)

GROUPS V, W: THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 337

. 83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicokco or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngaiigela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Foot

Ili-kondw ;

Li-hinji; ma-

Ci-kanbi ; bi-

Ki-liateo ; bi-.

Di-ulu; ma-.

K-ulu;

ama-

L-inde.

Li-henje.

Tyi-liatco

Ka-uru; ma-

m-colu.
(Ka-ulu?)

Forest

Ili-yungu.

Ci-tapa; vi-

Mu-kula (8s a).

Diicu-tija.

Di-saka,

Mu-ditu ; mi'

Mu-situ

Nunda ; bi-

Li-kongcola.

Mu-senge

Ji-saka ; ma-

Fowl

N-uku

Ka-sumbi.

N-zcolco(85a).

Ki-ari.

Di-hungwa ;

Ka-sumbi.

N -demba

Li-koro-m-bcolco
Fumbi ;
tii-bumbi '

Demba.
Ha-bombi.
Ka-pumbi '

ba-

Demba

Frog

Sim-bcotwe ;
im-bo>twe.
Ifi-undu

Cim-bcotwe; vi-

Lin-junda

Lin-dyunda.
Nonga

...

...

Ghost

^i-lumba ; //.
u-lumba '

Mu-jimco; va-

N-dumba ; bin-

Mu-zimco; ba-.
Mu-ku(86a).
Mu-kulu

Mu-kijsi

Mu-jimco ; a-.
Wa-fa

Giraffe

M-bwa^i

..■

...

Dondo. N-duli

. ..

...

Girl

Mu-kata-na ; a-.

M w-ana-pwevco;

Mum-banda ;

M-puebco

. ..

Ku-emba

Umu-pimpe; a-

pi. v-ana,
vama-pwevco

bam-

N-tsimbe ;
tin-

Goat

Um-bongco ;

Pembe; va-f

M-bongu ;

M-pembe

Pongco ; bim -^ .

Pembe or

am-

bim-

M-pongco,
Im-pondco

(87 a)

M -pembe

„ (he) ...

...

Ci-zamba

•"

£i-yamba

(86 a).
Zamba

...

„ (she)

Pembe wa
ci-hwevco

...

...

...

God

Ny-ambe

Ka-lunga
(va-tu -(- in pi.)

^a-bcozi

Ban-toiiga.
ga-bozi.
Suku.
Ka-lunga

Ny-ambe

Suku ne
ma-wezi

Grandparent

Nyakoi $

Kaka ; va-(-.
Numba; va-h

...

Kukco.
Sukulu (86 a)

...

Kaka.
Kukco

Grass

Um-eopeo or

Ci-kcokcd.

Mw-ila

Mu-ila.

Mw-ila,

Mu-angu.

L-upu

Mw-ila

Bu-ambco.

Vu-angu(86a)

Mw-ira

Mu-handeo

Ground ...

Mu-mbu.

Umu-pu

Ma-vu

Li-bu

Li-bu ;
ma-vco.
Li-seke (86 a)

Dim-vu

Ma-vu.
Ma-tcoteo.
Ki-fuci

Ground-nut

N-dongM

Ci-elu; vi-

Bi-elu [pi)

Vi-elu (pi.)

Ny-emu

Katabi ; tu-

Guinea-fowl

lli-nanga: ma-

Kanga; va-f

Mu-kanga; mi-

• t •

Di-kanga

Kanga; ji-

Gun

Tuboloj; ti-H

U-ta

Bu-u-ta ; ma-

U-ta,
Vu-ta

^i-pandco.
Teoborco ?

U-ta

Hair

Li-gupu.
I-nuki.

Lu-kambu ;

TJiii-gambu

Zifi-kambu

Lu-huki

N-kambco

ji-kambu^

(86 a).

U-ambcd

Mi-singa.
N-kambco,
Tliii-gambco,
Lin-gambco

Hand

Kukco or
U-kcokco ; //.
am-cokco.
Ili-kaa
Ili-janza

Li-wcokco

Ci-kandeku

Li-vcokco.
Mum-panda

Si-kamba sa
di-bcokco.»

Ka-beokco(87a)

Ki-Iama

' Noteworthy.

• Ku-kamba=

-back of hand.

338

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kioiku or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

.' Kaluiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Head

Mu-twi.
Umco-tu

Mu-twe ; mi-

Muu-twe ;
mi-twe

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Mu-twe

Heart

MoD-cima.
Um-oyco

Mu-cima ; mi-

M-bonge ; tsim-

Mu-tima ?.
M-bonge,
M-bunge

Mu-tima

Pimbi.
Buiigwe

Heel

Li-sitoo; ma-

Kaku-kunya

Li-lumba

Sinsinco.

Sipindi; bi-l-.
pindinca; fci-

< • ■

Intsintsinyw

(86 a)

Hide

Isi-toa; i-to>.

Swama

Ci-konde ; bi-

Ci-kanda.

Di-parco

• ••

Lu-kundu.

Cipa

Si-tumba

Hill

Im-bwla (?).

Pili;

Liiigtilu

M-biribiri.

Pidi,

«■•

Li-lonta (.').

ji-pili

Ka-punda

M-pJji

Li-lundu

Hippopotamus

M-bu,
Um-buu ;
ti-mbu

N-guvu

N-gubu; tiin-

N-gcovu.
N-gueve(86a).
N-gebe

Vubu; ban-t-

N-guvu

Hoe

Ili-kaco; ama-.
Ili-jamba

Li-temoj

Li-temco

Li-tem»

Di-kaho)

Lu-kasu

Honey

W.ike

W-uci

Uci (85 a).

Uki,

U-si,
IJ^ipi

•••

B-uki

V-utkyi.

V-uci(86a)

Horn

Lu-ia or
Lu-iya ;
tilu-ia and
tin-ya

Sengu ; ji +

Li-biba

Li-beba.
M-binga

Lu-pengu ; ma-

House

N-doa;

itin-du

Zuvu ; ma +

N-jcabo> ; tiin-

N-jubco or
N-dzuvco or
N-jcoboj,
Zfa-va.
In-dyivci>(86a)

U-ra; ma-ra

N-zuco

Hunger

Li-pebu

Zala

N-dala (85 a).
N-jala

N-jala,
Nd-yala

N-bala,
N-dara

N-zala

Husband ...

M-bumu.

Lunga.

Mu-nalume

Li-ala,

Baya-.

• •■

M-bumoi

U-sanda

Muy-ala

Fumu

Hyena

I-siwi.

Mu-nguli.

f*-ganga.

Li-sumbu ?

Mu-tambwe

• •■

N-diwi(83a).

Cim-bungu ;

Ki-mb«.

Mo-ngari.

Zondu

vi-

Mun-guli

Ci-mbwe.
Ka-nguli-
nguli

Iron

Ma-kankco

Si-ondu ;
i-ondoa

Ci-kungu

Ci-kubcd; bi-

Bu-tare,
Vu-tale.
Ci-kubu

^-ondu ;
bi-ondu

U-tali

Island

Si-kuli; i-

Li-tungu or
Ci-tunu

Li-seke.
Li-nupe ;
ma-iioipe

Ki-kulu.
Tyi-lui

pi-kuji

•".

Ivory

Ulu-ya or
Lu-iya

Jim-binga

Ciny-aiiga ; bi-

M-binga

...

...

Knee

Li-nue or
Li-nwi ; nia-

Lim-buli ; ma-

Li-buli

Li-bure,
Vuli, or
Li-bwu ; ma-.

Ny.oaleo(86a)

Di-nongoj.

Ji-nungco(87a)

Knife

Mu-ele; mi-

Pcdkco;
ji-pcdku

Moakoj; tii -1-

M-pcoka,
Pukcd, or
M-oiku.
Mu-khebi

Pukco ; bim +

Puku; ji-

GROUPS V, W: THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 339

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

ffkoya

Kiuku or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka4uiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

\

Lake ...
Leg ...

Leopard
Lion ...
Lips ...

Magic...
Maize...

Man ... .

Man (vir.).
Meat ... .

Medicine .

Milk ... .

Monkey .
Moon ... .
Mother

Mountain ..
Mouth

Si-tia or

Li-isa
Ili-kondco.

Kcolcolu

}*-genge.

Ci-ziva
Mu-kcon<i>; mi-
Li-hinji; ma-

Li-sali ; ' ma-

» Mw-endci>(8sa),
Li-indi

Ndto ; ti-ndcd Ci-supa

N-de ; an-de.

In-di ; tin-di
Ili-lcomco; ama-.

Mu-lcomco; mi-

Mu-lo>ti
Ama-pu.

Ulu-honga.

Mun-dali
Mu-nu ; a-nu

Mu-lume.

Ulu-lume
Iny-ama.

(I-ama-na =

animals)
Mu-tondw

(tree).

Mu-sambco
Ulu-tak«.

Ma-we

N-jukco

Umw-ezi.
Mw-eti

Mawe.

Nyoo-ko).
Nyina

Li-Iundu

Ka-wa,
Ka-nwa.
Mu-lcomu

N-gwe
Mu-nyime

Ma-vumbu(/>/.) Ka-nco

(? Ka-mco),
Ka-nwa ;
tu-nwa
N-ganga

Ci-vwali Mun-dele

Mw-ihulenu. Mu-nu ;

Li -tali.

E-civa
Li-hindi; ma-

Mu-kela.

Mu-pupu.

Ci-tea
lii-gwe.

Ki-|sumba
N-dumba or

Domba

jMi-lcomu (86 a) Mu-vumbu;
mi-

Di-ulu.
Ji-uru (87 a)

Tojwco.

Kam-pulu
Kalamu

Mu-tu ;

va-tu.

Mu-ka ;

va-ka.
Lunga:

ma-lunga
Ny-ama

ba-nu

N-jara.
Mu-nalume
Tiitu

Vu-anga

Li-puiigco. Diii-gombe

Ma-sa

Mu-ntu (86 a) ; Mu-ntu ; ba-
va-ntu.
Mw-nu ;
ba-nu

Vi-tumbu {pi.) Bi-emba (//.)

Ma-vele Ma-yere (85 a),

Ma-pwe

Puya ; va + . Buya (.').

Scokco N-ima ;

tiifi-ima

Mama.
Noa-k<o.
Na-ye

PUi

Ka-nwa

I-ala,

Y-ala
M.bunda(86a)

N-citco,

TJitu
Bi-emba or

Bi-bemba.

Vum-banda
Ma-vere ?

Ma-hini.

Ma-na,

Ma-pia.

Ma.vi8i(86a)
Pundco

Mu-luma,
Mu-rume
Ny-ama

Jiba; ma-f
UIu ; ma-iilu

Tambwe
Ni-vumbci> (pi.)

U-ang:a
Ki-vuale

Mu-tu : a-tu

Lu-nga; ma-l-
I-fu

Yi-tumbu (//.)

N-gonde; feiii-

Gonde or

N-gonda; fei+

U-ji,

N-gonde.

Mw-eji.

G-ezi

Ka-kuje

Mamai.

Nana.

Mama

Mama

Ba-ina

Ina(S6a).
Nyco-kco.
Ba-naa.
Ba-ena

Pide (?)

Kim-bongo».

Pidi

Mu-lundu

Lin-gulu

M-biribiri.
Tyi-punda

{86 a)

Ka-nu.

Ka-mia,

Mu-kanwa

Ka-nuM,

Ka-nwa

Ka-nwa

Ka-nua

' Interesting penetration southwards of the Central Sudsn root-word CeA, Sari /or 'great river\ ' lake '.
' Note^vorthy.

340

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

83-

84.

85.

86.

87-

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Kkoya

Kiuku or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwaSgwa

Mbwela

Nail (of finger

Ndu-ala or

^ala; ma-(-

Cala ;

Ki-ala or

Diny-ala

Lum-bondi;//.

or toe)

Lu-ala ;
tiny-ala

bi-ala

J-ala or
Tyi-ala ;
bi-ala

m-bondi

Name

Li-tina,
Ili-tina

Li-jina ; ma-

Li-bina

Li-zina

'Ci-bina ; ma-.
Ji-dina ; ma-

...

Navel

Mu-ko>l<o

Mu-cinji ■

Li-kulu

Li-timbi

...

Neck

Dingu or

Singca.

Tiingcj ; bi +

In-tsingoi.

^ingu,

Kuta' '

N-dingu

Ka-panga

Mo-riboj

N-pingu

Night

U-siku ; //.

U-fiiku ; ma-.

Uu-biki

Bu-teki,

U-piku

U-fuku

itin-diku

Mu-tonga.

Vu-tsiki,

(Mi-lima =

Bu-tuki (86 a).

darkness)

(Bu-sise =
darkness)

Nose

Ili-o>lb> or
Li-yulu

Mu-zulu

Li-^ulu

Zuru.
Li-yulco,
Li-yulu

Mu-bulu.

Mu-duru(87a)

Zulu ; ma -H

Oil palm ...

• .•

...

N-dende

N-gapi

Ox

I fi-gombe ;
tin-gombe.
Na-tula ; a +

N-gombe; va +

Pulu; bi +

N-gombe

I fi-gombe

N-gombe

Paddle ...

Si-rabco or
Si-laboj

Ci-lapu

Ci-lapo>

N-ganda.

N-gasi ;

zifi-gasi.

Ci-kasi.

^i-lapu
W-alwa.

Mu-sangu ; mi-

Palm wine.

Ma-lci>pco

W-ala

Bu-ala

Ma-luvu

beer

Bu-ala,
Vu-ala

Parrot

Si-cikwele

Ka-longa

Mu-kewe

Tyi-kenge

...

...

Penis

Ku-usca

{ polite ■word=
' in front')

Loimu

Ku-mala

( polite iL>ord=
^ in front')

Li-kutu

...

i

Pig

Kulube; ti-(-

C-ombco ;

C-ombto ;

N-guru,

^ingwe ;

bam -)- .

N-gulu

bi-ombo>.

bi-ombo3

N-gulu.

N-gulu ; va +

N-gala.
ponge

N-gurube

(87 a)

Pigeon

N-kwilimba.
Li-kwici.
Li-kwinge

Ka-tela.
Li-yembe

Nuti; tpi +

Pomba(?/'<j;-/.).
Ka-tere

Di-bembe

Ka-telya

Place

Si-lalcd ;
i-lalu

Helu

^i-lala-nda

Mu-hela

...

Mu-hela; mi-

Rain

M-bula.
Ni-htola (?),
Heola (?)

Vula

Nyonbi

Ny-ondi,
Ny-ondzi

M-vura

M-vula

Rat

M-uku

Tumbi ; va +

M-uku ; ti -(-

N -tumbi

Puku

...

Rhinoceros

Se-embele

...

...

^i-kuvu.
Em-pembele

^iii-kombwe.
^i-laiigwa

(87 a)

...

River

Ili-ambai.

Kalu-iji; tu-

N-donga ; bin-

N-doiiga.

Mu-pint>e,

Lu-iji ;

Umu-ronga

Lu-ngebongu

Mu-pindi.
Lu-enge ;

malu-iji

Road

N-dila,

E-jila;//.

N-gna

N-gela,

t>ing-enge
XUa; t>in-t>ila.

N-dela.

ji-jila.

N-zira,

N-dira (87 a)

M-gond<o(?)

Mu-kombwela

N-gyila.
Li-konku

GROUPS

V, VV: THE

WESTERN

AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 341

83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicoku or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Salt

Mu-ngwa

Mu-kele

Mu-kele

Mo-ngwa

Mu-ngwa

Shame

Ma-ene

Sconyi

Sconi,
U-tsconi.
N-kyuAmiia

(86 a)

N-^coni

Sheep

Im-belele.

Mu-kbikoi; mi-

Ngu;

M-panga.

M-belele; t.i + .

M-panga

Ngu;

bi-ngu

M-belele

M-berere;ba +

li-ngu '

Shield

Si-tomba.
Tebe

Lukepwi

M-banda

M-banda ; zim-

...

...

Shotilder . . .

Li-futi

Ci-fwiji ; nia-

Ci-bili.
Ci-peeoka

Kin-sinze.
Tyi-tyitsi.
Ci-tsindzi

•••

...

Sister

Manda

N-dumbu or
N-dumba wa
pwevco

M-ana-kuet<o.
N-d<okat>i

N-dumbu

M-panda

Dumbu

Skin

.Si-toi; i-tco.
L-utu ;
tiny-utu

Ci-ktova

Ci-konde

Kcova.
Ki-lambco.
Li-aka? (86 a)

Mw-ai.
Di-parco

■"*

Sky

I-vulu.
Li-wilco,
Ku-wilu

Ki-vilu.
Li-lu ; ma-

Li-lu

Li-lco.
Mw-elo>

Kcolco

Slave

Jfete.

N-dung<a; va + .

N-dungu

N-dungco,

Dungco ; ba -f .

. ..

Mu-bika ; a-

iVIu-kuli; mi-

Dongeo
Mu-pika

Mu-bike; ba-

Sleep

Tu-l<o

Tu-loa

Tu-leo

Tu-lco.
Ku-kcosa

Tu-rco,
Tu-lco

Tu-lco

Smoke

In-koj.

W.ipi

Bi-t>i or

U-si or

U-ipe.

...

Mw-ise

Wi-W,

Mu-isi,

C-upi

C-ise (85 a)

Mu-ezi,
Bu-ezi

Snake

N-yeoka,
Li-yuka

Li-nuka

Lin-yoaka

Lu-ntoka.
Ci-ncoka

Di-yeoka; ma-.
Ji-ycoka ;
bama-ycoka

Lu-lcoka

Son, boy ...

Lu-keke ; pi.

Mw-ana

Mw-ana; bana Mw-ana.

...

Ka-mike

itin-geke.

lunga.

Mu-kwendye.

Mvv-ana.

Mu-kweze

Mu-keze.

Mu-lombe.

Mu-neke,

Mw-anuk-ana.

Mu-aneke

M\v-anuke

Song

Ulu-simco ;

Ku-imba.

Li-t>ina

Tyi-vala.

Lu-imbco ?

. ..

tin-dimco

Mw-asto

Mu-asa

-imba {verb)

Spear

Im-binji; itim-

Li-kunga ; ma-

Li-kunga

Li-kunga.
Li-lesu.
Li-oiiga

Mu-dinga,
Mu-jiiiga

Mu-lumbu

Spirit, soul

Si-ywa.
Um-oya

Mu-jimu.
M w-conu.
Mwim-bimbi.
Mu-cima

...

Mu)-nyo>.
Ponbe.
M u-kulu

...

...

Star

Iny-ata.
Nun-gweti ;

ti +

Tanganyika
Ka-hconuse ;

Ng-ongo>ncobi

Li-gongcone.
N-tongoncosi,
Li-gongconcodzi

Nyenye; bi +

Tongonoaci

tu-, va +

A Ma-kcolcoico word.

342

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

. 83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-liiyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicokco or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ifgangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Stick

»<oli.

Lu-tete.

Li-|S«ak(a

Ci-koine ; bi-.

Mu-wana

Mu-tondco

Lu-kconye.

Ci-tondo>; vi-

Ci-ti,

Isi-tondu or

Ki-ti.

Lu-tondo> ;

Li-tale

ti-nondco

Stone

Li-we ;
ma-biwe (?)

Li-lolwa ; ma-

Li-manya '

Li-vwe.
Li-manya

(86 a)

Di-manga.
Ji-manya

Di-we

Stool

Si-unu ;
i-unu

C)-twamci>

...

...

N-gwanza.
Ka-baka?

Sun

Ili-ywa,

Li-kumbi; ma-

Li-tangwa

Mu-tanya.

Mu-tena.

Di-tangiia.

Li-yua.

I-tanya.

Ji-tena

Mu-alwa; mi-

Ili-|ia)ba.

Li-tangwa

anil D-ey& —

Ka-mwe

sunlight, light

Tail (of an

Umu-sila

Mu-kila ; mi-

Mu-kila

Mu-tyila

...

animal)

Tear

Mi-ci>kca(^/.) or
Mi-coti

Li-saiji

Li-zcosi (85 a).
Mu-scobi ; mi-

Ma-8«zi (pi.)

Mu-hcote,
Mu-hoati

...

Testicles ...

Ma-tuba

Mam-bindu

Lim-bindu ;
mam-

Zim-bindn(//.)

Ma-borco

...

Thief

M-buyi; a +

Mw-iji ;

U-kombe.

Mu-izi.

Mu-it>e ;

Mu-iji; mi-

v-eji

Mu-it»i ;
be-W

Ci-paka

b-et»e

Thigh

Si-lupi

Li-tafu

Li-takoi

Ci-tea.
.' N-tumba.
Ci-cala

...

■••

Thing

Si-nu;//.

Ci-uma ; vi-.

Li-inge ; ^

Ci-kanda.

^-uma ;

Ki-uma

i-nu

Ci-kumba ; vi-

bili-inge

Tyi-mantu

(86 a)

bi-uma

Thorn

Mu-unga ; mi-

Muii-gaya; mi-
Muii-gonga

Mun-gwiya ;
mi-

N-tsonga.
Li-angia (86a)

Mu-hongela

...

Tobacco ...

Li-kaya

Li-kanya

Li-kaya

Ma-kaya

Di-fnka,
Ka-fwaka

Ma-kaya

To-day

L-elto,
Bal-elM

L-elci>

L-elo>

L-erco,
L-elo3

Mu-scon<o

Toe

Mu-nwe ; mi-

Mu-nwe

Li-napa

Mu-nye

Di-nye)[ta.

• ••

Kan-tente

(87 a)

To-morrow

Bi-unda

Ha-mene

I -mene

1-mene,
Mene,
He-mene
L-onza

Ha-mene

Tongue ...

Ulu-leme,

Li-limi

Li-laka.

Rimi,

Lu-dimi,

Dimi

Lu-limi or

Li-limi ; ma-

Leo-lime.

Lu-jimi

Li-limi ; />/.

In-daka

ma-limi

Tooth

Li-yew; ma-

Li-zu ;

Li-y w ;

Li-zco,

Di-yewco.

Di-zco ;

ma-zcd

ma-y«a

Li-bo>;
ma-zo>

Ji-erwe;
ma-yerwe

(87 a)

ma-zco or
ma-se

Town

Mu-ndi ; //,

Ku-imbo>;»

L-imbcd ;

L-imbco.

Ki-hunda

mi-ndi

pi. m-embu.

L-imbco.

N-ganda

m-embcii

Mto-tse.
N-ketco.
Iin-bandya

(86 a)

' Noteworthy.

Related to root for ' knowledge',

'know'. ' Noteworthy. '

Diminutive of L-imb«»=fo^ town.

GROUPS V, VV: THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 343

. 83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-liiyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kiuku or

• Barotse '

Lubale

853.

86 a. Ifgangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Tree

Si-tondoi or
Mu-tondu

Ci-tondu; vi-

Ci-ti ; bi-ti

Ki-pako»; bi- ?
Mu-ti

^i-tondu.
Mu-tondu

(87 a)

Mu-tondu

Twins

Ana n-doipu

V-ana

B-ana ba.

V-ana

Bamam-paswa

...

va mpasa

bim-buyu
Ny-ana (85 a)

va masa.
Va n-jamba

(//.)

Urine

Mu-ndco

Ma-su

Ma-su

Ma-jsugu ?
Ma-su

...

...

Vein

Mu-singa

Mu-pisa

Xinga; bi-h

Li-sipa

• ••

Caha;
ma-caha

War

M-pi.
I-ta

Ji-ta; ma +

Nji-ta or
Nbi-ta ;
binbi-ta

Zin-ta,
Ndzi-ta

N-kondu

...

Water

Am-ei

M-eya

? M-ema

M-ema

M-ema

M-eya

Well, source

Li-kwina

Li-pima

"•

Li-sima.
Ci-simco.

Mu-ava

...

Mu-sulu; mi-

White man

Mu-nu

Cin-dele ;

Mu-nu wa

Cin-dere.

Mu-kua

Jungu

mu-kenu

vin-dele

ku-buka

Ci-venga.
OO-buka

Wife

Mu-kati

Pwevco.

PwevM.

Mu-kentu.

Mu-kaba,

Po

Mw-enga

Mw-endi ;
bamw-

Mafi-gyivu.
M-puevco

Mu-kabe

Wind, air ...

M-ebco

Pehea.
Mw-Uu

Li-undi

Ponzi.
Bonde.
Li-honde.
Lu-hund^i

N-gupa.
N-gundu-
iigundu

Witch

Mu-lcoti ;

Nganga.

Mu-ruci or

H-ganga.

Mu-lubi.

N-gana; ba-t-

a-lcoti

Mu-lco^i

Mu-l»bi

Cim-banda

Mu-rube

Witchcraft

Uu-lcoti

U-lco^i

Bu-l<obi

Vu-anga.
Vum-banda

6u-lubi

...

Woman ...

Mu-kati

Pwevci)

M-banda.
Mu-nakabi

Mu-kencD.
Mo)-ncakazi.
M-puebco.
Im-puevcd

(86 a)

M-buyama.

Mu-kabe

Po; ma-po

Womb ...

Li-jsimenu

Li-jimoj ; ma-.
Ci-semencD

Ci-ka^a

...

...

Wood (fire-

Ti-nunt

Lu-tete.

I-ti.

Tyi-ti

Lu-kuni

• ••

wood)

Ji-kunyi

Bi-tali (//.)

Yam

^-gulu

Li-sefi

Bu-kcDla

*<•

...

Year

Umw-aka

Mw-aka ;
mi-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mw-aka; mi-

Yesterday

lii-gorcd.
Bin-gcdlwa

Zau

I-lau

Zawa, I-zacd.
Hin-dele,
Sin-dele.
Ka-leiige

N-zau

Zebra

M-bi;
tim-bi

H-guia

Ngwlw

N-gcolto
In-gcolco

Vlu-tinkwe

...

One

mweya.

mwe

Mco-lika.

K-usi,

mu, COmu

-imwe.

•moyco

-mci)

K-osi,
Musi.
Mtt)-nye.
Mco-rika.
-umco, -mu

•kapi

344

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

83-

Si-luyi or

' Barotse '

83 a. Si-

kwangwa

84.

Luena or

Lubale

85.

Mbunda

85 a.

? Ka-luiana

86.

Lujazi

86 a. Ngangela

86 b. Western

Mbwela

87-

Nkoya

87 a. Mbwela

Kicoku or
Ci-bokwe

Two

-ili,

-vaU

-bali

K-ari, K-ali,

-bidi,

-i-adi or

-yili or

and -ban ;

-biji

k-ari

-eri

a/so -vali
an/i -beri

Three

•atu,

-tatu

-tatu

K-atu and

-hatu.

-tatsu or

-yatu

■tatu.

-satu (86 a)

-satu

-tatu

Four

•ne, -nne

-wana

-wana

-wana,
-viiane

-ina, -na

-in-ilana,
-in-wana,
-wana

Five ... ...

-tanu

•tanu

-tanu

-tanu,
-tanu.
-sanu (86 a)

-tanu

-tanu

Six

-ombcdmwe '

-tanu na

•lana na

Sambanu.

-tanu na

Sambanu

li^mwe

u-mu

-tanu na
umu.
Pandu ?

umu

Seven

-mbaeri'

-tanu na

-tanu na

Sambari.

-tanu na

Cimbiadi

li-vali

-bali

-tanu na
ba-bari.
Pandu vali ?

-bidi {or -biji)

Eight

•mbatu '

-tanu na

-tanu na

Nake.

-tanu na

Nake

li-tatu

-tatu

-tanu na

ba-tatu.

Tyi-nana

-satu or
-hatu

Nine

Bati'

-tanu na

-tanu na

Iwa, L-iwa.

-tanu na -na

U-vua.

livva-na

-wana

Tyi-ela.
-tanu na
ba-wana

I-vua

Ten

Li-kumi

Li-kumi

Li-kumi

Li-kumi

Di-kumi,
Dji-kumi

Kumi

Eleven

Li-kumi na

Li-kumi na

Li-kumi na

Li-kumi na -umu

. Dikumi na

Kumi ni

mweya

li-mwe

-meo

Ku-umu

-mu

ka-manika

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

a-ili

a-vali

a-bali

a-bari,

Ma-kumi

a-vali

a-bidi

adi

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

atu

a-tatu

a-tatu

a-tatu

a-hatu

a-tatsu

Forty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

a-ne

a-wana

a-wana

a-wana,

Ma-kumi

a-vuana

a-na

a-wana

Fifty

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

a- tanu

a-tanu ^

a-tanu

a-tanu '

a-tanu

a-tanu

Hundred ...

Mw-anda ;
mi-anda

Li-kulukaji ;
pi. ma-

Li-kulu

Ci-ta,
Tyi.-ta ; p/.
vi-ta, bi-ta

? Mw-anda

Ki-tuta

Thousand...

Mw-anda ne
^eko>

Li-kombakaji

p/. ma-

Ma-kululu

Ulukai (86 a)

...

Kulaka^i

' TAese are the forms given by Livingstone and are possibly formed from other tongues. Otherwise Si-luyi has
nothing but paraphrases and metaphors connected with the fingers of the left hand to express six, seven, eight, and nine.

' Ma-kumi a-tanu na li-mwe = sixty. Ma-kumi a-tanu na ma-kumi a-vali = seventy
ma-kumi a-tatu = eighty. Ma-kumi a-tanu na ma-kumi a-wana = ninety.

' Ma-kumi a-sambanu = sixty. Ma-kumi a-sambari = seventy,
ninety.

Ma-kumi a-tanu na

Ma-kumi nake = eighty. Ma-kumi iwa =

GROUPS V, W: THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 345

83.

84.

85.

86.

&7.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicoku or

'Barctse'

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

I, me, my ...

Mene.

A -mi.

Nji.

Ya-nge, A-nge.

A-mu-wa.

Ya-mi.

Ni-.

Na-, Ifgu-.

Nj., Nja-.

Di-, Ki-, Gi-,

Ka-, Na-, Jf-.

Ng-

•ni-.

-ngu-. -a-mi

-nji-.

»gji- ?

-n-, -m-.

•ngi- ?.

-a-nge

(ngwa-mi)

-a-nge

-a-nge

a-mi

-a-mi

Thou, thee,

We-ne. Fi-we.

OOve. ?Y-covo>.

(jObe.

I-cobe. (JL)ve.

OObe-wa.

We-na.

thy

U-.

U-.

U-, Kw-.

Ku-.

Wa., U-.

U-.

•U-, -ku-.

-ku-.

-ku-.

-cove

•ku-.

•ku- ?.

-coe

-cave

-kw-a, -wbe

-cobe

-we-na ?

He, him, his

0-yco.

Iki-ye.

? Endi.

Ge, lye, Endi.

A-iye.

Mwene.

U-, A-, Wa-

Mu- or Mwa-,

A-, Na-

U-.

U-, Wi-

U-.

•mu-.

A-, Aka-, U-

-mu-, -mw-a-.

-mu-.

•mu^.

-mu-.

-a-ye, -a-e

-mu-. -enyi

(ngvv-enyi)

•endi

-ty-indi

-ye, •ende,
-anji

•ye-na

We, us, our

A-ci.

Y-etu, Etu (?).

E-tu.

Y-etu. Etu.

A-twe-ba.

Ya-twe.

Tu..

Tu-.

Tu-

Tu-.

Tu-, Twi-.

Tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-

-tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-.

-etu

-etu

-etco, -ty-etu

-e-tu

-e-tu

Ye, you, your

A-nyi.

Enu.

E-ni.

Enu. Eni.

A-mwe-ba.

Ya-nwe.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Mi-

Mwi-, Mu-.

Mu-.

■mu-.

-mi-, -enu

■mu- ?

•mi-.

-mu-.

-a-nwe

-enu

(ngw-enu) '

-ty-eni

-e-nu

They, them.

Aco.

Va-ki-vco.

Babco.

Vava. Iva.

Babco.

Bcobe-ne.

their

A-.

Va-.

Ba-

Avco.

Ba-.

A-.

•a-.

-va-.

•ba-

Va-.

-ba-.

-o>

-a-co or -co

-a-ve, -a-voj

(iigwa-vco)

-a-bco

-a-bco, -a-vco,
-ty-avco

-a-bco

All

•onje

-cose-na

-upe (B-eope,

•cose

-mwa-

(ni-mwa-wco,
ri-mwa-ya),6-t-.)

-cosco

This, these

Uyu-, aa- ; u-.

COu, ava ; eou.

-co, ? -ba ; -co,

(jOu, ava, o-t.

tOwco, aba ;

• ••

ii ; eli, aa ;

ii ; &'c.

■e; eli, ■a;

u-nco, i-nco ;

esi, ii ; &^c.

-noa (u-no9,
ci-noa, &>€.)

eci, ebi ; ei,
eti; &-<:.

cli-nco, a-nco ;
epi, ebi ; eye,
ebe ; lu-noo,
bi-nco ; cotco ;
aka; bwe; kwe

That, those

U-nu, a-nco,

-co (covv-co, av-co,

•nco (u-nco,

-ye(u-ye,va-ye) Wyco, ba-ya;

...

6-6.

(ocy-co, evi-oa,

ba-nto; &-'<.•.)

-ze(u-ze, va-ze;

cowco, eyi ;

Oy-co. a-o), &'c.

&-€.)

-je (u-je, ba-je ;

(S-f.)

diyco, ayco ;

U-ya, a-ya.

-ze (u-ze, va-ze;

a-c.)

co^co, cobico ;

a'c.

ci-ze, drc)

oyco, cobco;

U-ca, a-ca, dr^c.

lu-ya, bi-ya ;
ka-ya, tu-ya ;
bwe-hi-bo ;
kcokwa
COyco, ba-ya ;
o-ya, i-ya ;
di-ya, a-ya ;
pi-a, bi-a ;
i-ya, bi-ya ;
lu-yo, bi-yo,
ka-yo, tu-yo ;
bwebw-a;kw-a

' In Luena, it is worthy of remark thai the suffix to the plural imperative representing the 2nd pers. plural, is not
•ni, as in most B*ntu languages, but -nu or -inu. Thus : Hana ! = give thou ! Han-enu ! = give ye.

346

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-liiyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kicokoa or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-Iuiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Bad

-yi

-pi (Lu-pi =

evil).
•pi-ba [verb)

•bi

•pi, -bi,
-vi,
-bibe.

Mua-hi

...

•ibi

Black

-ilu,
-iru

-ila-va

•wtii

-la-va.
-zivala.
•bebala.
-ibebala

-bi, -be

•la

Female

-alikati.
-kati

-pwevco,
-huevu

■kat>i

-tula,
-eny-ange.
•hange

...

Fierce

...

•ten-uka

-kalu

(Bu-kalu)

-kalu.
-n-gola

...

...

Good

■wa.

-mw-ene.

•wa

-pua.

•wa-he.

•bema

W-inco

-enia.
•aza

-idea.

-ngulu.

-pacd

-ya-mpe (87 a)

{cf. Swihili
•pema)

Great

-nene ;

-keke.

-e-nene (85 a).

Ca-kama.

-nene.

...

•nene-ba

-nene

Kama

•kama.

-kata-mpe

(cf. Swaltili

-nene

(87 a)

-nene-pa).

-kulu

Littie

-nyonyco.

-n-dende.

-n-dondco

-dende,

•pe.

...

-cana

-nyi-ke

-n-dondo>.

(Kaka-dende)

-cece (87 a)

Long

■le

-suku

-laja

-a laha

...

...

Male

-lume

-lunga

■iara,

-a-yala (85 a).
-lume

•iaia.
-iikomba.
-n-dume

...

•lunga.
•demba

Old

-kulu.
-kcaloj-bati.
-a kale

...

-ku-kula-bala

Kulukulu.
-a kale,
-lajalaja

...

•knln

Red

•cu

Ci-lana or
Ci-nana

Ku-benga

Li-tira ?.
-venga

...

...

Rotten

K(u-oila

■pcola

-bola

-vcala

...

...

Short

-ibi

ihi

■ii

•iki,
•hihi

...

...

Sick

-tuma

-songeo.
■viza (verb)

-binja

Ka-timcoku .
Ku-vera

[verb),
-vela

White

-kena

■tcoma {verb)

Ku-tcdka

-u-tira.
-tcoka.
-vuka

• ■•

Ci-to>ma

Above, up, on

Ku-wilu.

Ka-li.

Kw-ilu.

Ko-ilco,

Kw-iwuru

top

Be-ulu

H-elu (?)

Aka-mwa

-ilu

Before

Ku-s<a

Kum-eso)

Ku-mala

Kcomu-twe.
-luha.
KulQ-tue

• ••

• ■•

Behind

Kuny-iraa

Kuny-ima

Kun-ima

Kion-ima

Kunj-ima

>■>

Below, down

Ba-nji,
Ku-nji

Mu-pi

Ku-ibi

Kii-vanda.
Kua-lebu.
Khu-ese.
Ha-zi.
Kuin-tsi

Pa-npi

GROUPS V, W : THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 347

83.

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-lSyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Nkoya

Kiukbi or

' Barotse '

Lubale

8s a.

86 a. Ngaiigela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwangwa

Mbwela

Far

Ku-le

•suku

Ale

Ku-lajakco.
Ka'kcalaja.
■lahe.
-hale

Pa-tadi

...

Here

Ba-. boj.
Mumca.
Aba, ar'c.
Banco

Ha.
Kunco.
Hanco

Kunco

Kconco,
Kunco

•

Haene

In, inside ...

Mu-

Mu-tulu.
Mu-

Mu-.
Li..

Mu-kati

Mu-.
Mco-

...

...

Middle

Ba-kaci

-kad

•kati

Akati.

Mu-ceci

...

Near

Bibe,
Beebi

...

Mu-yei

Amu-yeye,
Mu-hehi

...

...

Outside ...

Ba-nde

.. .

A-nca

Halu-huu

...

•••

Plenty, many

U-nene.
I-pulu

Ci-kuma.
Vulu

-ngi

-ingi.
Nana

-ingi

There

Ku-. Kwa.
Ku-ya. Kco.
Uku.
Kunco.
Ku-le

Kuze

COku

Hana.
COkco.
Ku-ye

Hcohco.
Kcokco

Where? ...

•bi?

Ku-bini ?

Kuli-hi ?

Kw-ikoi?

Ku-ekco ?
Ku-li .'

Kuli-hi ?

-kuti,
•ti

...

No!

Apwe ! (?).
Awa!

N-duma !
Ci-pwe !

Piama !

Talala !
Hcohu^ !
Kuahi !
We!
Na-kana !

Bico!

Ka!

Not (with verb.

Ka-, Si-, -si-

Ka-, Ha-.

■nwine.

Ka-, Ke-, Si-,

Ka-.

...

as prefix, in-

•cepi-. -kto

Also changes

-bi-, -kece-,

Ci-

fix, or suffix)

terminal
vowel of verb-
root from -a
to -e

-kco, -nge

To

Uku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

-fula

•veta

-kasa.
■nbalia

•pupa.
-veta

.kama.
-puma

■Icomco-na

„ buy, sell

•ula

•landa

-landa

-landa

■landa

-landa

„ come ...

-iya

-eja,
-eza,
•iza

-ija

■eza.
-iya.
-indya.
•heta

•yeka.
-idanga

-iza

„ cut

-batula

-teta

-batula

-teta.
-batura

-tema

-kcosa

„ dance ...

-pemba.
-nenga

-kina

-kina

-kina

...

-hangana

„ die

■fa

•fwa

•ta

-t>a
-tsa

.fwa

-Icomco-ka

„ eat

-lia

•Iya,

■lia

■lia

-ria,
-lia

-dia

-dia

„ give ...

-ba

-ha-na,
-ha-nyina.
-pangila

•awa

-a-va-na,
•ha-na

'••

-ha-na

348

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

. 83-

84.

85.

86.

87.

88.

English

Si-luyi or

Luena or

Mbunda

Lujazi

Ifkoya

Kiukco or

' Barotse '

Lubale

85 a.

86 a. Ngangela

87 a. Mbwela

Ci-bokwe

83 a. Si-

? Ka-luiana

86 b. Western

kwaiigwa

Mbwela

To

Uku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ go

■ta.

-iya.

-enda.

•enda.

-enda.

•ya.

•enda.

■ya-kco.

-ya

•maya.

-yanga

•enda

■bita

-tamb-uka

-maye.
-buka .'

„ kill ...

-ibaa

•jiha

-ca.
-bia

•tjja,
•tsiha,
•t>ea.
-ria?

•puna,
-biha,
-diha

•jaha

„ know ...

•lim-uka

•nying-ika.
-tank-iza

-bib-uka

-biza,
-iigi-biza ?
-iziva (86 a)

•mu-ka

•nying-ika

„ laugh ...

■^eka

-seba

•jcola

-zora.
-yola,
-gola

-hesa

•seha

„ leave off,

-siya.

-eca.

-eca

•eca.

•••

•ekia

cease

•lesa

-hula.

-lesa

„ love,want

-singa

•^la
-zanga

•mba.
-betela

-asa,
■apa.

-haka-k(o.
-lema

-haka

•scona?
•lema ?

„ see

-mcona.

-mtona.

•bcona (85 a).

•tala.

-mtona (pref.

•mtona

■ala

•tala

-mtona

■mcona

-mwene)

„ sit, remain.

■ikala.

-twama

•tumbama

■ikala,

-ikala

•tuama

abide

-siala

•kala.

•tubama,

■tumama

„ sleep ...

•langa-na,

-savala

-lala

•kcosa (86 a).

-laiiga-na.

-bomba or

•langa.

-lala.

-ranga-na

•pomba

•lala

•pabala

„ stand,stop,

-ima,

-ma-nyina.

•ima-na

•ima-na

-ima-na

•ma^kana

be erect

•ima-na

-ima-na

„ steal ...

-iba or

•k-eva.

•kombe.

-iba.

-yiba

•iya

■ita.

-iVa

-iba

-eba.

•iba

-punda

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LUYI
Preprefixes are present in most Classes.

Class I. Umu., Mu^, U^ (mu, u-, uyu, utto) ; 2. A^, Aa- (a) ; 3. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Imi^, Mi^
(mi-, i) ; 5. Hi-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ama-, Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Isi-, Si- (si) ; 8. I- (i) ; 9. In-, N-, In- (i-, ti,
t'-) ; 10. Iti-, Itin- (ti) ; 11. Ulu-, Lu-, Ndu- (lu) ; 12. Utu-, Tu- (tu) ; 13. Aka-, Ka- (ka) ; 14. Uu-,
U- (u) ; 15. Uku^, Ku^ (ku) ; 16. Aba^, Ba^, Bi^ (ba) ; 17. Mu^ or Umu- (mu-).

There is a diminutive suffix, -k^ana or •ana ; and there are traces of the feminine prefix Na^, and
the masculine Si^ or pa- To Si- there is sometimes an honorific plural, U-. U- is also an honorific
prefix in singular.

GROUPS V, W: THE WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 349

PREFIXES, &C., IN LUENA
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, — (mu, u-, .' ngu) ; 2. Va- (va) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li-, — (li) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a); 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N-, — (i) ; 10. Ji-, Jin- (ji) ; ii. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu);

13. Ka- (ka); 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (? dimin.) ; 16. Ha- (ha); 17. Mu- (mu).
There is some trace of a diminutive suffix -ana.

PREFIXES, &C., IN MBUNDA, LUJAZI, NGANGELA, AND WESTERN MBWELA
Class I. Mu-, — (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Va- (ba, va) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li-, I-, —
(li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7- Ki-, Ci-, ^i- .' (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi-, Bi- (bi) ; 9. N, — (n-, i, e) ; 10. Tli-, Ti-, Di-, Li-

(bi, ti) ; II. Lu-(lu); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Bu-, U-, Vu-, Bco- (bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. A-,
Ha- (a, ha): 17. Mu- (mu).

Traces of Sa-, masc. prefix, -ana diminutive suffix.

PREFIXES, &C, IN NKOYA AND MBWELA

No preprefixes, except traces in No. 9.

Class I. Mu-, Wa- (mu, u-, <o, wu, yto) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu- (<o, u) ; 4. Mi- (i) ; 5. Di-, Dji-, Ji-

(di, ji) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. ^i- (fi, ?'-) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, N- (i, mi (87 a) ) ; 10. TJi-, Xin-,

tJiny-, TJing- (bi) ; II. Lu- (lu) (/)/. Xi-, Tiin-, TJiny-, TJing'- or Ma-); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ;

14. U-, Bu- (u, bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- ( ? pa) ; 17. ?. ? Wa- honorific.

Traces of -ana, diminutive suffix. Prefixes often superimposed on others, especially in plural.

PREFIXES, &C., IN KIOOKO)

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-(mu, U-) ; 2. A-, Ya-, Ba- (a, ?ba); 3. Mu-, U- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi-,Nyi-, Ni- (mi-, nyi, i) ;

5. Di-, - (di) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. ? Yi- ; 9. N- (M-), »-. Ny- (?) ; 10. Ji-, N- (M-),

— (ji); II. Lu- (lu); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (?); 15. U-, Ku- (?) ; 16. Ha- (ha, hco) ;

17. Mu- (mu).

83. Siluyi is spoken in Barotseland mainly to the east and west of the Upper Zambezi, south of the
Kabompa) confluence, and westwards to the Kwand<o-C(obe basin and the Lucazi or Lujazi country.
Bounded south by about 16° of South latitude.

84. Luena-Lubale is spoken on and about the Luena river, west of the northern Zambezi main
stream and between the Zambezi-Kabompm junction and the Luiiguebungu ; and generally in the Lubale
country as far north nearly as the sources of the Zambezi.

85. Mbunda or Kaluiana is spoken in the northern part of Barotseland, north of the Luena-
Luampa river, east of the Kabompco, west of the 25th degree of East longitude, and south of 13° 50'
South latitude (approximately) ; also across the Zambezi, south of the Luiiguebuiigu as far west as the
Lujazi country (Mavik(o).

86. Lujazi-Ngangela possibly ranges with some dialectal variation over a wide area of inner Angola,
between the south bank of the Upper Luiiguebufigu and the Ambwela hills and the upper course of the
Kwanza and sources of the Kuncne, the head stream of the Kwitu) and the northern Kubaiigo). It extends
near to Bihe (Luimbi).

87. Nkoya is spoken in eastern Farotseland, south of the Dofigwe affluent of the Kabompo) and
north of the i6th degree of South latitude ; west of the Kafue basin and east of Mbunda and 24° 30' of
East longitude. Mbwela is spoken immediately east of Nkoya, in the western basin of the Kafue in its
great western bend north of 16° South latitude.

88. Kicokco or Cibukwe is spoken across the Zambezi-Kasai water-parting, from the Upper Lufigue-
buiigu and Luena on the east, to the Upper Kwanza and Kwafigco on the west : as far north as about 10°
South latitude, and sporadically right across Lundaland, from south-west to north-east.

1794 A a

GROUP X

THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

South-West Africa Sub-Group.
89. Oi)ci-herer«, tOci-mbandieru, 6^^:. 90. CO^i-ndonga (ti)tyi-amb») 91. Kuanyama

South Angola Sub-Group
92. COlu-nyaneka 93. Ndombe 94. Um-bundu (Nanco)

92 a.

Lu-nkumbi

93 a. OJlu-kcorcoka

94 a. {ji)-viye

English

89.
COci-herereo '

89 a.
OOci-mbandieru

go.
OOfi-ndonga"
((jOtyi-atnbw)

91.
Kuanyama '

COlu-nyaneka '

92 a.

Lu-nkumbi

93-

Ndombe °

Q3a.

COlu-kcorcoka

94-

Um-bundu

(Nanw) «

94 a. 0)-viye

Adze

E-tookore

tOtyim-bisi

Oityim-bisi

COtyim-bisi

Kco-kSla.
(JL)-nevo»

Animal, wild

(ji)tyi-puka

OO^i-yamakuti

COfii-fitukuti

OOtyiny-ama

CO-nusi

beast

Ant

Om-buka.

Om-buka.

(jOka-puka.

(jl)hi-nyinyiki

Olun-jinje.

Oru-Vingoj.

OOpe-enene

Om-huka.

COci-ngwi.

(Omu-kerenyeu

COpi-henene

(ji)ci-sonde.

On-den8e

On-guni

Ant, white

CO-hwa.

OOka-xwa ;

CO-hedi ;

W-fua

E-swa.

(termite)

O-humburi

uu-xwa

ee-hedi.
co-fa

COva-swa.
Om-bunji

Ape

• ••

• ■•

... ,,

...

Arm

COku-cakco.

Ci)ku-cdku

OOku-eokoj

COku-tokca COku-oakoi COkw-cokoj

E-kconco

Arrow

COtyi-ku.

OOfi-kuti.

OOmu-hofigto.

tOmu-hongco

U-songM

COmu-zi.

Om-vi ;

OOfi-kuti.

OOci-nyomba

CO-hongco,

coom-vi.

(Jl)-hengco.

(Oru-hongco.

On-jinja.

On-davi

Cl)-heco.

On-dai

E-pojva

Axe

E-kuva.

E-kuya

E-kuva

E-kuva.

tO-nevco.

OOty-ike

On-khava

E-kuva.

Baboon
Back

On-dyima.

Oka-ima
E-tambco.

Om-bunda.

(jOni-ongco ;

On-dyima

Om-bunda.^
COmu-ngongca

On-hima
Om-buda

OOmw-ongoj

(= loins).
Ony-ima

Banana
Beard... .

ojmi-

Oru-yezu,
Oty-ezu.
(jL)ma-inya

(jOIu-yeswi.
(jOom-beswi

E-hondyco

Olun-jedi

En-gie3i

Onon-dyeri

On-diavite.
COci-dambala.
E-kula.
E-scomco
E-vovoj

Ony-ima

E-hondico

OOlon-jele

* The speech of the ' Datnsra'. The language includes Andersson's vocabulaTj of Eastern Hereru (OOci-mbandierco),
in which p often replaces h, and z becomes it, t> ; and also OOci-cimba or N. E. Hererea and OOci-kacokco or N. W. HererU.

' Including CO^i-kuangara. ' Handa, Kuamati, Humbi are alternative names.

' This is probably the speech also known as Ngambue, Kubale, Hai, Lindco, Jau ; and the Lu-nkumbi or
Lu-nkombe of Bihe.

' This language of the Mossamedes coast-belt is also styled (Olu-ndombe, OOlu-kwandco, OJlu-kuisco.

' This is the ' P&ngeli ' of Koelle and the ' Behguel* ' of other writers.

GROUP X : THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

351

89.

90. ^

91-

92.

93-

94-

English

OOci-hererco

OOfi-ndonga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi-amboj)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanco)

(jOci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

COlu-kcorcoka

94 a. CO-viye

Bee

COny-nityi

Ong-upi,
Ony-upi

Ony-iki

Ony-iki

•••

Cx)Iuny.ihi

Belly

E-zumcd.
COp-ehuri

COpe-ela or
Ela

E-dimco ; coma-

E-imco

•"

COci-lena.
Tmco,
Vimco

Bird

On-dera,
-zera,
Oiika-zera

On-zUa

OO-dila ;
ee-dila.
COka-yangia

Otyi-ila.
E-ila

On-jila

On-jila

Blood

Om-bindu,'
•vindu

Om-binswi

OO-honde

OO-honde

...

CO-sonde

Body

Oru-tu.

(jOlu-tii ; pi.

COlu-tu ;

COlu-tu.

E-timba

E-timba

Omu-tundu

cotu-tu

(omalu-tu

E-timba

Bone

E-tupa

E-sipa

E-kipa

En-khipa

. • .

E-kepa

Borassus palm

Cji)mu-runga

OOmu-lunga

COmu-lunga

COmu-lunga

. . .

.•*

Bow

OOu-ta ;

Uu-ta,

(jOu-ta ;

On-khondyi.

CO-honji

comau-ta

OOmuu-ta

toma-ta

(Otyilunda-
u-ta
E-la;

Bowels

OOmau-ra

En-janja

En-jaja.

COva-la,

Man-janja

(oma-la

COva-na

Brains

Wu-ruvi

Uu-Iui

COu-luvi

COw-ongco

...

COw-onco

Breast (man's)

Orukorw.
Oty-ari.
(jOtyin-gava

On-tvilca

On-hulco

On-tulu.
Onon-t'ete

...

On-'ulco.
CO-nete

Breast

E-vere

On-dete.

E-vele

E-vele

...

E-vele

(woman's)

E-gunji.
((jO-pagco =

udder)

Brother ...

E-rumbi.

Om-tangu.

COmu-kulu.

Omu-kulu.

...

E-kcota.

Omu-angu ;//.

Omw-ayima.

On-denge

On-denge

Huva.

<ov-angu.

Omw-ameme.

M-anje.

OOmu-zamuniwe.

On-denge

E-palanga

a)mu-kw'-

Buffalo

COny-ati

(JL)ny-ati

Ony-ati.
OOra-anta

Ony-ati

Ony-ati

Ofi-gelenge.
? OJny-ani.
On-wima

Bull

On-duezu '

On-tsueswi.

On-huedi

On-tw'ei

...

COn-tii

Buttocks ...

E-takco ; coma-.
OO-nusco

00-nufu.
E-takco

E-takco ; coma-.
(jO-nfu

E-takco

E-taku

Canoe

>>•

...

OOvu-atco

COw-atco

COw-atto

COw-ato)

Cat

COka-hwe

COkam-bisi

(jO-fimba.
COkam-bipi

COtyim-bisi.
E-lcolco.
COlu-simba

...

Ka-lenge

Charcoal . . .

E-kara

E-kala

E-kala

E-kala

...

E-kala ; coma-

Chief

(Omu-hcona.

COmw-a.

COmu-hungu.

CO-homba.

CO-bamba

CO-scoma.

Om-bara

COmu-kaniliia.

COmu-yamba.

(jOmu-pungu

E-amba

(Hekulu =

senhor).
On-kinyi.
Mw-ene.
E-lombe

Sekulu

ChUd

(jL)m-una ;

OOmun-cona ;

OOka-ana ;

COm-cona ;

•■>

COm-oana.

(ov-ana.

aan-cona

(oun-cona

(ov-ana

COci-sembe.

COmu-vena

COk-ana.

COn-usi

COmii-ace ;

COkalu-kembe

(ovan-ace

' Noteworthy.

Aa 2

35"

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91.

92. 93.

94.

English

COci-hererto

Oi)fi-ndonga

Kuanyama

(jOIu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

((Otyi-ambco)

92 a.

93 a-

(Nanco)

COci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

Oi)lu-kcorcdka

94a. CO-viye

Cloth

On-guii,

On-giioj,

On-guo>.

On-guto,

OO-nanga

Oii-guyu

Ofi-gugoj.
E-kunka

E-kunha.

On-hanga.

E-lapi

On-guwo9

Cold

Om-bepera.

Uu-talala

(jOku-fu ; coma-.

On-talala

OOci-kakala.

Ou-tara-zu

COmu-ni

Om-bambi

Country ...

E-hi;

OO-kuti ;

Ci)tyi-long«

(Otyi-rongw. Ol)tyi-longti>

(jO-feka

coma-hi.

(uma-kuti

00 -hi.

Ou-ye.

E-heke '

Oru-veze.

a)-kuti

Cow

On-gombe

On-gojmbe.

On-gobe

On-gombe

On-jindi,

on-dendu

On-siiinsui.

o3i3i.

o-ina

On-jende,

Om-puizi.

On-jali.

Oii-gindi.

On-jali

(jOmu-idi

Ofi-gombe
iii-kai

(Cattle) ...

COzon-gombe

On-gombe.
En-yanda

Eefi-gobe

OOvi-pakto

...

Crocodile ...

Ony-eoka

CO^i-kcokoi

OOfi-kcokcii

Oii-gandu

On-gandu

y'com-eva.

fu)m-ea

fcom-eva.

Oii-gandu

Oii-gandu

Day, daylight

E-yuva.

(Omu-tenya.

OOmu-tenya.

E-kumbi.

E-teke ; //.

Omu-tenya.

£-suiku

E-fiku,

(OOmu-tenya

loliD-neke.

Mu-huka

COu-fiku

= daylighf)

U-tanya

Devil, evil

On-dume

...

OOkua-mungu

COtyi-lulu

E-liapu (Port.f

spirit

COcilulu

Doctor (medi-

On-gainga.

On-ganga

OOdudu

OOtyim-banda.

OOcim-banda

cine man)

Omu-pange

Em-bumba

Dog

Om-bwa.
Om-bco-na,
Oka-wa

Om-bwa

Om-bwa

Om-bwa

Om-bwa

Door, door-

(jOmu-veroa

OOfi-eeloa;

0)fi-velu

E-pitco.

E-pitco.

way

ii-yelco.

Om-bundi.

U-velco.

(Wlu-iha,

OOmu-hiiigeo

Ori-gundi

tOtu-ihco =

window)

Dream

Oru-rtotoj.
On-jcoze

On-dycozi

On-jcodi,
N-dioSi

On-dyoi

On-joi

Drum

On-guma

On-tunda

On-geoma

Oii-gcoma

Oil -coma

Ear

COku-tiii ; coma-

OOku-tsui ;

<oma-ts5i

OOku-tui

COku-twi

E-tui

Egg

E-i or
E-yi. _
COmu-hui

E-yi

E-i ; coma-i

E-yiyi

E-saela,
E-sala

Elephant ...

On-dycoii.
On-dyamba.'
On-djcohu

On-dyamba

On-jaba

On-dyamba

On-jamba

Excrement

OOtu-ze

Q)matu-zi

Etu-di

...

A-nina.
CO -nine.
E-tupa

Eye

E-hto;

Ehw;

E-ipu;

E-iho9 ; Isco ;

Isco;

om-eheo.

(om-ehco

toma-ipto

(»ma-ihco <oma-isc9

u)va-sco

E^;

(om-esto

Face, forehead OOmu-rungu

COmu-lungu

OOci-pa'a

(Otyi-pala

...

OOci-pala

Noteworthy

' Cf. the -tembu of SwMli.

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

353

I

89.

90.

91-

92.

93

94-

English

COci-hererw

COpi-ndonga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

(Ol)tyi-ambo>)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanu)

COci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

(O'.u-kurcoka

94 a. CO-viye

Fat

OOka-zura.
On-dura.
OOma-be

(Oma-gazi

OOma-adi

Omu-lela ?

...

U-lela.
O-senje.
OOm-asi

Father

Tate.

a)-tate.

CO-tate.

Tate.

rate.

Tate.

I-hco ; //.

Oi-hoj.

a)-he_; //.

Hto.

Se-.'

Sci).

(ozui-hco.

OO-he

(o<o-fte.

He

He.

I-sia or

I-he. Hi-

OO-hoj

H«

Se.

((jO-h<a-kuru =

(U -se-kulu =

uncle).

ancestor,

I-p«, I-pe

' ancient ')

(Eastern dia-

lects)

Fear

(jOQ -coma.
OOku-tira.
00ku-t>a

E-tila

E-tilco.
OL)um-bada

(On-uma

• ■>

U-sumba,
Ofi-gweli

Finger

Omu-nwe

OOmu-nwe

COmu-nwe

OOmu-nwe

...

Omw-ina,
Omw-ine

Fire

(JOmu-riroa

COmu-lilco

COmu-lileo,
COmu-dilto

COtu-pia

COtu-pya

On-dalu,
On-dilu

Fish

OO-hi;
cozoj-hi.
E-hundyu

CO-hi

oa-pi

a)-hi

...

Olu-si.
Otn.bisi

Foot

Om-baze.
Orn-pat>e

Om-pasi

COm-hadi

Om-phai

...

(jOm-ai,
OOm-ahi

Forest

COlyi-hua.
E-hua

E-hwa

E-konhcola

(jO-hika.
OOmu-hcokw

...

E-sisi.
E-kongo>la.
U-senge

Fowl

COn-dyuhua.
On-dera,
On-tera

On-dyuhiia

W-ftuftua

CO-fufua.
(Dtyi-ktiku

U)-fufwa

U)-sanje.
E-kuwe.
E-yuyi.
COci-vuvu

Frog

COtyi-sume

E-luiya

E-luva.
E-fuma

...

...

OOcim-bcatu.
E-nonga

Ghost

OOtyi-ruru.

Om-bep<o

M-hepeo.

COhande.

...

OO-sande.

Otyim-bojsi

(jOm-uku

Om-phepco

E-kisi.
OOci-lulu.
Ondeli.
On-dumbu

Giraffe ...

Om-bahe,
Oni-bape

Om-bafte

On-duli

On-duli.
Om-bahe

...

On-duli

Girl

(jOmu-kaz-wna.

OOmu-kaz-a>na.

OOmu-fukoj.

COmu-hikw-ena.

tOmu-hikw-ena

U-fekoj.

(jOmu-sukoi

(jOmu-fukco

(jOmu-kad-cona

(Ji)mu-kai-nthu

Ka-m<osu

Goat

On-gombco

OOpi-kombco

(x)fi-komba>

On-khomboj

. . .

OO-homboj

„ (he) ...

COpee-pepe

COpihe-pepe.
U>|i-mpe!li

Ehe-pepe

...

tOn-upi.
COci-tupi.
(jO-selenge

„ (she)...

...

...

...

Oi)-hombu-iii-kai

God

Mu-kuru.

Ka-lunga.

Ka-lunga

Huku.

...

Suku.

Ka-runga.

Um-biW

Sukcd (92 a)

Ka-lunga.

COka-lunga

(a)ka-lunga=
spirit world)

Grandparent

• ■•

Tatekulu

Kuku ; //.
covco-kuku

...

Kuku.
Se-kulu,
Ina-kulu

Grass

E-hcazu.

(Omu-izi ;

E-idi.

...

...

COw-ongu or

Oi)ny-ase, 6^^.

ojcomw-izi or

OO-huluftulu

Aw-angu.

E-^tu

(umu-ibi

E-suku.
On-jombia

^

354

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91-

92.

93-

94-

English

(Oci-bererw

OOpi-ndonga

Kuanyama

Oi)lu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

((Otyi-ambu)

92 a.

93 a-

(Nanco)

COci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

COIu-kcorcoka

94 a. OO-viye

Ground

E-hi

E-vi or
E-wi

E-Su

OO-hi.
E-heke

...

a).si

Ground-nut

• •>

...

OOpi-fukua

On-dombe

■ ••

Oloii-gupa

Guinea-fowl

On-ganga

On-ganga

On-kanga

On-khanga

On-kanga

00-hanga

Gun

tOcim-bari.
On-dyembto

On-dyejnbo>

COu-ta

a)u-ta

U-ta ; pi.
tovu)-ta

Hair (of head)

On-dyise;a)zon-.
On-kise

E.fufu ;
toma-fufu or
cuma-bubu

CO-huiki

COlu-hnki

COci-fukco.
OOciii-geonya.
OOci-same.
00-sive

Hand

E-ke.

OO^i-kaha ;

E-ke

Peke.

•t •

E-ka;

Eri-a.

ii-kaha

(JL)ma-ke.

<uva-ka.

En-gaha

COku-coku ;

maw-cokco.

OOtyi-kanda

COci-kanda

Head ..> ...

0)tyi-uru

COmu-tse ;
comi-tse

COmu-twe

OOmu-twe

...

U-twi,

U-tue

Heart

(Omu-tima

OOmu-tima

COmu-tima

OOmu-tima.
Om-bunga

...

U-tima.
OOvi-tima

Heel

COtyi-pande.
Oi)mu-se

COs-isi ; pi.
i-isi

I-flfifima.
OO-fifinwa

OOtyi-hinginyoj

...

OOci-sende

Hide

OOmu-ktova

(jOfi-pa.

COsi-pa.
OJ-dikwa.

OOtyi-kcova.

■ • •

Om-bandwa

OOpi-mbansua.

E-inya.

On-zikwa

(jOsi-mbadwa

Om-bandwa

Hill

Omu-rii.

OOmu-tunda.

E-filu.

Oii-gongco.

• • ■

E-lundu.

On-dunda

E-tuni.
OL)ka-lunda

E-tunda.

COsi-vanda.

OOkam-punda

OOtyi-punda

OOw-ulu.
(OOlu-angco =

ridge)

Hippopotamus

On-duu.
On-gantu

On-dyamba-
m-ea

(elephant oj
water)

On-gcijlcola

Ofi-geve

Ofi-geve

Oii-geve

Hoe

(Oty-ike.
Caty-ivete

E-temoa

E-temco

E-temoa

...

E-temu

Honey

a)u-tyi or

a)Q.pi ;

tOu-pi,

(jOw-iki

COw.igi

COw-iki.

COw-ici

(omau-jsi

OOvu-igi
tOlu-vinga ;

E-sima

Horn

OO-nya.

COn-iya

Om-binga ;

Om-binga

Om-binga.

On-dyemboo

eem-binga

pi. on-

E-pamba

House

On-dyuoj.

On-dyu<a.

E-pata .'

E-pata.

• ••

On-jco.

On-danda

E-tsuali.

O-duda.

E-umbu.

E-pata.

On-tanda

E-tuali.
On-handa.

On-dyuo>

E-lombe.
E-kaka

Hunger
Husband

Hyena
Iron ...
Island

On-dyara On-dyala

COmu-vareke. Om-busiki
OOmu-rume-ndu
Om-bungu Em-bungu

OOtyi-tenda

E-hi-ekoj-verua

OO^e-ela :
iye-ela

//.

(E-umboa =

farm,

dwelling).

(On-dabco =

nest of animal)
On-jala
OOmu-valeki.

OOmu-nyumbco
OOpim-bungu

OOpi-vela {also
copper)

On-dyala

Efi-galanga.

E-hunyu.

Om-bungu
OOtyi-vera

On-jala

On-jala
Veya.

U-lume
OOci-malanka.

OOcim-bungu

U-tali.

OOci-vela.

OOlio-manya
OOci-kcolco.

OOci-fuka

GROUP X : THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

355

89.

9°- .

91.

92.

93-

94.

English

tOci-hererto

OOfi-ndonga

Kuanyama

OOlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi-ambco)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanco)

0)ci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

OOIu-kcaruka

94 a. 00-viye

Ivory

COma-yoo.
(jOoniytou

...

Om-binga

Om-binga

...

Om-binga

Knee

On-gorci)

On-gcolco

On-geolco

On-geol<o

On-goalco

Knife

Oru-vioa

OOmu-ele ; loco-

tOmu-konda

On-khiki

OOm-cdku

OOm-coku.
U-hel»

Lake

(jL)mu-vare.
COtyi-rambco

E-zia

On-deobe.
00 -^na

...

...

OOc-iva

Leg

OOku-rama ;

(jOku-gulo) ;

OOku-ulu

Otyi-kalco ;

OOku-gulu

OOk-ulu.

wmn-

ooma-

ovi-kalco.
OOk-ulco ;
tomak-ulco

Olu-mwasa

Leopard ...

On-gwe.

On-gwe.

On-gwe.

Ofi-gwe.

Ofi-gwe

Oii-gwe.

COtyi-mbarungwe

E-hinga or
E-^inga

E-hinga

On-khapi

Ka-honju.
OOlu-simba

Lion

On-geama.

OO-nime.

On-ho3si

On-khurika.

N-dumbu

00-htosi.

On-dumbi

On-geopi

1

On-dumbu

Oii-guli

Lips

OOmu-na ;
comi-na

(JOmu-lungu

OOmu-lungu.
Om-unyu

OOmu-lungu

...

OOm-ena

Magic

tOun-ganga.
Oun-dyai

•'•

OOvu-anga

OOu-anga.
OOtyi-hemba

...

Um-banda.
OOw-ikila.
OOw-anga

Maize

COvi-hcozu

COma-puiigu

E-pungu

E-pUBgU

E-pungu

Man

OOmu-ndu ;

Wmu-ntu ;

OOmu-nhu ;

Omu-nthu ;

OOmu-ntu ;

OOmu-nu ;

(ova-ndu.

aa-ntu.

(jova-nhu.

cova-nthu

a-ntu

(oma-nu.

Omu-rumendu.

(jOmu-pungu.

OOmu-lumenhu ;

U-lume ;

(jOka-ndu

COmu-lumentu;

cova-

lova-

Meat

Ci)ny-ama.
Om-bihu

aa-
OJny-ama

Om-belela

OO-hitu.
OOtyiny-ama

...

OO-situ

Medicine ...

OOmu-ti

...

Oim-bodi

OOmu-ti

OOci-hemba.
E-senge

Milk

OL)ma-ihi,

COma-hini.

OOma-^ini.

OOma-hini.

...

A-vele or

(x)ma-isi.

OOmo-nsui

(-kama = to

OOma-vele

E-vele.

COma-yere.

press a teat)

(-kanda =

uJma-kande.

to milk,

(•kanda =

-kama = to

/o milk.

■wring)

-kama =

to squeeze)

Monkey ...

On-dyima

On-dyima

On-hima

OOtyin-dondi.
OO-tukcdlco.
On-tyima

On-kima

00-sima

Moon

Omu-eze,
(Omu-ebe

COmu-ezi ;

pi. 0)0)-.

OO-kana

Ca-hani

00-hanyi

00-sani

00-sai

Mother ...

Mama.

CO-meme.

00-meme.

Me.

Me.

Mai.

Nyoj-kio.

(x)-nyci>-k<o.

00-ina.

Me-yco.

Nycd-k(i>.

Nyeo-ho).

Ina.

OO-yina

O0-ny<a-kco

O0-nyoj-k(o.

Ina

Ina

OUc-ina

00-ina

Mountain ...

On-dundu.
OL)ka-runda

On-dundu

On-dudu.
OOfi-punda

Om-phunda

...

OOm-unda

Mouth

tOtyi-nyco.
OOka-nyco

U)ka-na ;

coma-

Ka-nya

OOmu-lungu

•••

OOm-ena or
OOm-ela

Nail (of finger

(jOny-ara.

tOluny-ala ; //.

OOluny-ala

OOlu-huka ;

• *•

OOlunj-ala

or toe)

On-tungeo

u)ony-ala

conio-

Name

Ena;
(oma-na

Ez-ina or
E-bina

E-Sina

En-yina.
On-dukoi

...

On-dukeo

3S6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91-

92.

93-

94-

English

COci-hererca

OOfi-ndonga

Kuanyama

tOlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundn

89 a.

(OOtyi-amboj)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanco)

(jl)ci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

OOlu-kcorcoka

94 a. OO-viye

Navel

tOmu-ttiii.
On-gua,
Omu-kua

E-kuvu

E-kotca

On-k'copa

...

Oi)-hcapa

Neck

Cl)-sengoj.

0)-singeo.

W-fingco.

E-kcohi

• . .

00-singco.

En-kcoti

E-kcosi

E-ktofi

E-kcosi

Night

tOu-tuku.

Uu-siku ; //.

(jOka-fiku ;

En-thiki.

...

U-teke

(Oi)iTiu-zema =

ci)ma-siku.

cow-fiku.

COun-thiki,

darkness)

(OOmi-lema =
darkness)

(00:nu-laulu=

darkness)

OOtyin-thiki

Nose

E-uru,
E-juru

E-yulu.
(Om-bururu =

nostrils)

E-yulu

E-yulu

...

En-yunca,
En-yulu.
U-jJcolco

Ox

On-gombe.

Oii-gombe.

On-gobe ;

Oii-gombe.

On-gombe

Oii-gombe.

Ondu-ombe

On-dume-tana

een-gobe

OO-hcove

00-scove

Paddle

...

•■■

On-gasco

Palm wine,

OOma-ltovu.

ODma-lcoSu.

Ori-khela

...

OJtcim-bombco

beer

Om-pembe

Om-hembe

Parrot

...

OO-hiii

...

...

OOci-kenge.
Ka-longeo

Penis

Oru-tyingto or
•tyengu.
COmu-huku.
Oi)mu-sepa

a)-nufu

00-scolule

Pig

On-guruve.

Om-pinda.

Ofi-guluve.

Oii-guluve.

■ ■•

Oii-gulu.

Om-binda

tOfiii-gulu

tOfifi-gulu

Oii-gulu

Oci-pinyco.
On-dumbi.
Oii-guluve.
OOci-ombco

Pigeon

On-guti

Om-bcolcot

Oii-kuti,

E-kutipongco.

• • •

00-nende.

On-guti

On-huti

Ori-khundyuva

00-kuti

Place

OOpco-na,
(Omo)-na,
00ka)-na.
OOci-rongco

(JOpco-nima,
Oikto-nima.
COfi-longco

(Op6-ima,
COko-ima,
(jOmo-ima.
OJfi-longeo.
On-tele

Om-phangu

Rain

Om-bura

Om-vula

a)-dula

Om-bila

Om-bila

Om-bela.
On-jule

Rat

E-puku

E-puku

Om-huku

Om-phuku

Om-puku

tOni-uku

Rhinoceros

Oii-gava.
Ci)-hengava

Om-pelele.
Om-panda

E-humba.
E-pcoa

Om-phala

OOci-manda

River

On-dondu.

OOmu-longa.

OOmu-longa.

E-nyana.

...

OOlu-wi ;

Omu-ramba.

Oka-longa.

OOmu-loala

On-dongi

(olon-dwi

Omu-ronga

OOmu-sima.
On-dendu

Road, path

On-dyira.

On-dyila.

OOmu-linda.

OOmu-Ula.

On-jila

(jOmu^vanda

E-ptola

On-jila

On-dyila

Salt

OOmo-ngwa

OOmuo-ngwa

COnio-ngwa

Omu-iigwa

OOmu-ngwa

OOmo-ngwa.

E-kelewa
00-soi

Shame

OO-heoni

00-hconi

00-hconi

00-heonyi

Sheep

On-dii,

On-swi,

00-Si ; ee-di.

Ofi-gi

• ...

00-meme.

On-thu.

On-bi.

E-ftona.

OOlum-buli

COka-zu,

(On-swi-gcona

Ony-adi

Otyi-zu

= littnb,
OO-scona,
OO-bcona =

rant)

Shield

Oru-vaoa

OO^i-kandekisco OOpi-keelelifu

00-tevele

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

3S7

English

OOci-hereroj

89 a.

COci-mbandieru

90.
OO^i-ndonga
(COtyi-amboj)

91-
Kuanyama

92.

COlu-nyaneka

Q2a.

Lu-nkumbi

93-

Ndombe

93 a.

OOIu-kcoruka

94-

Um-bundu

(Nancd)

94 a. CO-viye

Shoulder ...

(Oci-tuve.
E-vambi

COpi-pepe

E-pepe

COtyi-pepe

(Oci-tai.
E-pepe

Sister

OOmu-tena.
E-rumbi.
OOmu-ang^

(See Brother)

OOkande

Om-phange

Mu-kai.

M-anje;cova-l-

Skin

tOmu-kcova

CO-pipa

(jO-pipa.
OOlu-duSi

(Otyi-kcova.
Om-bandwa

0)-cipa.

Sky

E-yuru

E-gulu

E-tilu

E-ulu

Ilu.
Kilu

Slave

(jOmu-twa.

Omu-pika

tOmu-piya or

Omu-pika

OOmu-kalangeo U-pika.

COmu-karere

(J0:nu-pika

OJkam-banda

Sleep

(jOzcom-btotu.
(Oku-rara

(jOom-pcoswi.
COku-lala

Em-cofi

(jOtum-phoaki

Utu-leo

Smoke

COmu-ise

OOlu-isi ;

a)ma +

(Jl)mu-ifi

(i)mu-ihi

COw-isi

Snake

(Ony-coka

E-uka

E-coka

OOny-coka

(jOny-eoka Ony-eoha

Son, boy ...

OOiiiu-zandu.

OOmw-ana ;

OOm-cona ;

OOm-tona ;

Nununu.

(jL)in-una.

coy-ana.

cov-ana.

cov-ana.

OOm-eola,

COmu-ace

OOmu-mati

OOmu-mati

COmu-inguna

(jOm-ala,
COkam-cola.
Um-anehe.
(jO-kwenju

Song

Ei-mbariroo

OOlu-imbco

OO^i-kcolcolco

OOtyi-imbco

OOci-sungoa

Spear

E-nga

E-onga,

E-onga.

E-onga,

On-jelia,

E-gonga

OOpi-kayua

E-fuoj

On-deli.
tOci-lelembia.

Spirit, soul

OOmu-ruru.

COmu-enycij.

OOmw-enyw

E-lulu,

COlum-

Oiii-bepco.

Om-bepoj.

Wtyi-lulu.

buiigululu.

Omu-inyo).

00 mu-sisi ; aa

Om-phepoj.

Mu-sisi

Omw-enyto

Star

COny-cose,
OOty-cose

(jOny-cosi

Ony-tofi

(jOnon-tungul»ilu

Tandela

Stick

(jL)ka-ti.

(jOka-ti ;

a)ka-ti.

On-gendelcj

U-ti.

Ora-bani.

uuka-ti.

(jO-dimbco.

Om-bweti

^

Oru-hongwe

On-zimbta

(Om-bcolco =

staff, pole)

Stone

E-coe

E-manya.
E-we ;
coma-we

E-manya

E-manya

E-tali.

E-we

Stool

OOtyi-haverco

COsi.pundi
E-tangM

COpi-pundi

00-mangu

Sun

E-yuva

E-tango>

E-kumbi.

E-kumbi.

OOmu-tenya

U-tanya,
Vu-tanya.

((jO-nya = ^i?«(')

Tail (of an

Omu-cira

COmu-pila

(jOmu-sila

COmu-tyila

U-sese.

animal)

COci-sumba.

U-cina.

OO-handi.

Tear

E-hcoze ; coma-

E-hcozi

E-hcodi

Oii-kh«kn

E-swenena,
Eswelela,
A-suelela

Testicles ...

E-teoni.

>..

Em-bulu(?)

...

OOci-pumbu ?

COm-buma

E-tondci9

A-yaki

Thief

E-runga

(limu-fusi

E-lunga

0)tyim-phulu

Ka-piaiigu.
OOci-munu

Thigh

E-tumbcd.

Epi-payco ?

E-tunji.

Om-bambco ?

COci-kalu.

E-vangeo

E-tunji

On-tumba

COci-nama

358

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

9'-

93.

93-

94.

English

(ji)ci-herer(u

OOfi-ndofiga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

(OL)tyi-Rmboj)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nantd)

COci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

OOlu-kurcdka

94 a. CO-viye

Thing

OOty-ina ;

OOpi-nima ;

COfi-ima ; <

jL)tyi-puka, ... COc-ina.

(ov-ina.

ii-nima

om-ima

Om-phuka. Oi)lu-t».

COka-na.

COty-uma ; pi. COncome-tu

OOtyi-tyuma

ovity-uma

Thorn

OL)ku-iya ;

tOku-ega ;

Wku-iya or

E-kete ... CO-songw

ku-iya.

tomaku-ega

OOk-iya

(jOmu-iigondco

Tobacco ...

(jl)ma-kaya

Oma-kaya,
E-kaya

E-kaya ]

E-kaya ... E-kaya

To-day

I-ndinu

CO-nena

^ena

jOmii-heoneo ... E-tali

Toe

COmu-nwe

OOmu-nwe

LOmu-nwe (

JL)mu-nwe ... CO-mai ;

cobcu-mai.
COmu-ine

To-morrow

OOmu-huka

On-gula

VIon-gula

Mu-huka ... Hena,

Hela

Tongue

E-raka

E-laka

E-laka

El-laka ... E-limi.

E-laka

Tooth

E-yoj;

E-yegco ;

E-ycoca; coma-

E-yci> ... E-yu,

(oma-yoj

coma-.
E-|sendyco ;
coma-

I-yu

Town

On-ganda.
COtyi-hurco.
Oru-ze

E-gumbco

Om-bala

il-umbo ... Imbed.

I -tula.
Om-bala

Tree

(Ji)mu-ti

COmuti

tOmu-ti (

jOmu-ti ... U-ti

Twins

COma-paha

E-paxa; coma-

I-papa ; coma-

£-paha ; ... Olon-jamba
coma-paha

Urine

COma-nyune.
COma-tata.
OOma-nyina

CD ma-suita

Oi)ma-hu

DOma-hu ... C0va-s5

Vein

OOmu-sepa

COon-sipa

(Omu-flpa

E-sipa

War

OOvi-ta (8),

li-ta (8) ; i>l.

Oi-ta (8).

U)vi.lua. ... COvi-ta.

COmavi-ta (6).

comi-ta

(OOku-lua =

COku-lwa. COci-punda.

OOku-rwa

tofight)

Ci)vi-ta COku-lua

Water

(Om-eva.

(i)ma-ea,

COm-eva,

OOm-eva ... COva-va

COn-iva

Om-ea

OJn-iva

Well, source

CDmu-sema.

(jOmu-sima.

OOmu-fima.

Z-vvB. — well, ... CO-noj

Oru-wi

E-zia

(jO-fifiya

spring

White man

U)tyi-rumbu ;

COsi-lumbu or
Um-lumbu

OOpi-ndile

COmu-ndele, ... COci-ndele.

//.covi-rumbu

Otyi-ndele (Ocin-jungu.

On-jungu

Wife

(Omu-kaze-ndu

Omu-ali kafli

OOmu-kai. ... U-kai,
Tembcd E-tembed

Wind

Om-bepto,
COci-vepeo

OL)m-beptij.
E-pepo)

tOm-hepo>

Om-phepcd ... CO-fela

Witch

On-ganga.

On-ganga

OO-dudu.

On-ganga ... COci-liangu.

On-dyai

On-ganga

On-ganga

Witchcraft

OL)u-anga

Uun-ganga.

(jOu-dudu.

Ci)a-anga ... Q)w-anga.

(Oma-lcozi.

(x)vu-anga

(•lojwa = to

(Uu-leozi =

bewitch).

poison)

Um-banda

Woman . . .

OOmu-kaze-ndu.

COmu-kii-ntu.

(Omuali kaili.

COmu-kai ... U-kai

Oi)mu-kazeona.

(COmu-ali ;

(COmu-ali =

(OOmu-ari =

aay-ali =

a woman in

"

a woman in
childbirth)

a ivoman in
childbirth)

childbirth)

Womb

On-dumbco

..*

• ••

• ••

...

CO-cuva

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

359

89.

90.

91.

92.

93-

94.

English

COci-hererto

OOfi-ndonga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

1 (COtyi-ambeo)

92 a.

93 a.

(Naneo)

OOci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

COIu-kurcdka

94 a. (O-viye

Wood (fire-

tOzon-gune.

li-kuni ; pi.

Oi-kuni.

Onon-kw'i

OL)l(o-hwi

wood)

(Oru-kune ■=
piece of fire-
wood)

(oa>-kuni

OOfi-ti

Yam

>*•

*•■

•■•

Wcisi-akala

Year

Om-bura.
COci-ondu

Om-vula.
Omu-vco

COmu-doi

S-nima

...

U-nyamci>.
U-lima

Yesterday

E-rerto

OO-hela

On-kela

\Io-ngiilco

...

Hena

Zebra

On-gorco.

On-gcolca

On-golu

On-gtolci)

On-golco

On-gcolto

CO-hambarundu

One

■mwe

•mwe.

-mwe.

•ike.

Mcojsi

Mcope,

Mapi

Kafi,

Mcohi.

Musi,

Kasi

Moipi (92 a)

Kcosi.

•mwe

Two

•vari.

•all.

■all.

•vari.

•ball

•vali,

M-bari

M-bali

K-ali.
M.bali

•bari (92 a)

-vari

Three

■tatu.
N-datu

•tatu

•tatu.
N-hatu

•tatu

•tatu

•tatu

Four

•ne

•ne

■ne,
Kene

Kwana '

Kwana

Kwana,
Kuala

Five

-tano).

•tanco.

•tanto.

•tan CO

•tanu

-tanu,

N-danco

N^tanco

N-haneo

-taico

Six

Hambto-u-mwe

Hamanco,
Xamanco

N -banco na
i-mwe

Pandu '

...

E-pandu

Seven

Hambco-m-bari '

Heali

Nhancd na
m-bali

Panduvari

...

E^panduvali

Eight

Hamboj-n-datu •

Helatu,

N-hanoa na

Tyi-nana.

Eci^nana.

Hetatu

n-hatu

Ci-nane (92 a)

Ece^lala

Nine

I-miiviu

Om-goyi,'
OOmu^goi

N^hancd na 'ne

Tyi-ve.
Ci-vcoa (92 a)

...

Eci^a,
Eci-eha

Ten

COmu-rongoa'

OOmu^loiigco

COmu^longu

E-kwi.

E-kui

E^kwi.

gu^mwe

u-mwe

E-kumi (92 a)

E.kwin,
E^ktii

Eleven

ODmu-rongto

OOmu^longco

tOmu^longcij na

E^kwi na

...

E^kwi la

na-mwe

na^mwe

{■mwe

r-ike

ci^mwe.
E-kwin la

Twenty ...

tOmi-rongca or

tOmi^longM

COmi-longw

OOma^kwi

...

mcA^i
A-kwi a^vali.

Imi-rongcij

m^bari

i-vali

e^vari

A^kwin a^vari

vi-vari

Thirty

COmi-rongM

OOmi-longoa

Ol)mi-longci>

OOma-kwi

...

A^kwi a^tatu

vi-tatu

n-datu

i-tatu

e-tatu

Forty

OOmi-rongto
vi-ne

OOmi-longco 'ne

OOmi-longco 'ne

OOma-kwi
kwana

...

A-kwi a-kwana

Fifty

(jOmi-rongeo

OOmi-longco

OOmi-longoj

OOma-kwi

• ••

A^kwi a^tanoa

vi-tanoi

n-tancd

n-hanco

tanco

Hundred . . .

E-sere ri-mwe.
Wrni-rongw
rongco

E-sele li^mwe

E-fele'

OOtyi-ta.'
Ci-ta (92 a)

Oici^ta

Thousand ...

E-ycovi ;
(oma-yojvi

E.yo»vi

E-ycowi

...

...

OL)-huke or
OO-hulukai

' Noteworthy.

36o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91-

92.

93-

94-

English

COci-hererca

OOfi-ndonga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Uin-bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi^ambco)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanco)

(Ji)ci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

COlu-kcarcoka

94 a. OO-viye

I, me, my ...

OOw-ami, Ami.

»gae,

Ame.

Ame, Ame-vo).

Ame.

Ndyi-, Mbi-,

O-ngame,

O-ndi-.

Ndy'-, Ndyi..

Ndi-, Ngu-.

M., Mb-, E.,

N-game.

-i-, -ndi-.

•ndy-, -m-.

-ndi-, -ngu-.

Me-

Ndi-.

•e, -nge.

•n^, •mb-.

-a-nge

•ndyi-.

-nje-. -ndye,

-a-nge

-a^nge

-ngu, -a-ndye

-a-ndye,-a-nje

Thou, thee, thy

(jO-ve.

Hg-taie.

(Ove.

0)ve, COve^vo).

,.,

a)ve.

U-, W-, 0)-,

Ong-oye.

OOu-.

U^

O)-.

Meo-.

U-.

-U-, -ku-.

-ku-.

•ku-.

•ku-.

-ku-.

•ca, -wye

-cave

•oave

•ngu, -wye

-coje, -oye

He, him, his

Eye.

U)-je, O-ye.

0-je.

Ae. COmu.

...

Eye.

U-, W., Au-,

(JUgU-, (JL)-,

Ye-, Cu-ku-,

U-, W-.

U)-.

Ma-.

Ku-, A-.

Ku-.

•mu-.

-oa-, -U-.

-mu-.

■mu-.

-mu-.

-ae

-a-e, -a-ye

-ngua, -e

•e

-a, -a-je

We, us, our

(O-ete, Ete.

0-tsue.

O-fie.

On-t'we.

...

Etu.

Tu-. Ma-tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu^, Lu^.

•tu..

•tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-.

•tu-.

-mbu, -etu

-etu

-etu

-etu

•etu

Ye, you, your

(O-ene, Ene.

a)ne.

O-nye, Nye.

0-nwe.

.*•

Ene.

Mu-, A-mu-,

Ne, Mu-.

Mu-.

Mu-.

Vu-, Voabo)-.

a-c.

•mil-.

-mu-, -mwe-.

-mu-.

•vu- or -U-.

■mu^.

•eni

■eni

•enyi

-ene, -ciibca

•mbu, •enu

They, them.

OO-vco, (jO-woj.

0-yco.

OO-vco.

Ava.

...

(jOvco.

their

Ve-, Va-,

Ol»-, Ya-.

Va-.

Va-.

Va^,Voaba-na-

A^va^, dr'c.

-ya-.

-va-.

•ve^.

-va-.

■ve-.

-ajeo, -a-yoa

-o»ve, -a-VM

-a-vco

-avco, -cdbco

•mba, -a-wci)

All

•he (Au-he,

•xe or -he

•pe (Au-pe,

A — hoa

-si, -ha, -co-si.

ave-he; au-he.

(Au-he (I),

av-ejse ; au-pe.

(Ave-hci> ;

-co -ha

avi-he ; ari^he,

aj-exe or

ad-ipe; ali-pe,

a-mi-hca ;

ae^he ; 6^f.)

a-ehe (2);

a-epe; as-ipe.

a-li-hoa ; d^c.)

This, these

-ngu-i, -mba;
•mbu-i (3),
-mbi (4) ;
•ndi (s),
-nga (6) ;
•hi (7),
•mbi (8) ;
•ndyi (9),
•nda (10) ;
•ndu^i (11);
•sui (12) ;

agu-he (3),
ad-exe or
az-ehe (4) ;
ali-he or
aly-ixe (5),
ag-ehe or
ag-exe (6) ;
ap-ihe, a-ihe ;
ai-he, az-ehe
oraS-exei&'i:.)
a)-gu-, o-yoa- ;
o-gu, o-yi or
o-zi ; co-li-,
o)-ga; o)-pi,
(o-yi ; (o-yi,
CO zi ; co-lu,
to-tu- ; co^ka ;
co-u ; co-ku

a-ipe ; a-ipe,
ad-ise ; alu-se,
6-<:.)

»gca-ka (i),
mba (2) ;
ngo>-ka (3),
ndi ; ndi,
nga ; si, mbi ;
nji, fiai; ndu;
nlca ; mbu-i ;
nku-i

Q)w-, Mva^ ;
cow-, evi ;
eri-, a ; etyi,
evi ; ey-,
ombu ; colu- ;
cotu ; •aka ;
cow- ; coku- ;
apa ; camu

U-, vava,ava;
U- or yu-,
vievie ;
lielie, ava ;
ceci, vievie ;
yi, vievie ;
lucolu ; tucotu ;
kaka ; yu- ;
kcocoku

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

361

89.

90. ^

91.

92.

93-

94.

English

Wci-hereroj

6i)p^ndonga

Kuanyama

COlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Urn-bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi-ambto)

92 a.

93 a-

(Nanco)

COci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

(Olu-kcorcoka

94a. OO-viye

This, these

■nga(i3);

tfgu^i, ngco,

Ngto, mbo) ;

{continued )

■mbu-i (14) ;
■figu-i (15);
•mba (16)

ngu, ngu^ka or
ngu^nio, &'c.,
Mba, ds^c. ;
Ngu^i, mbi,
6^f.; Ndi,c^f.,
Jfga, b'c. ;
?i, Mbi ;
Ndyi, c^'c,
Nzi, a)o^nzi,
dfc. ; ndui ;
&=€. ; Mbu- ;
Ngu-; &'c.

S^c.

Ngui-jaka,
mbe^jaka ;

That, those

I-ngu^i, i^mba ;

W-i^rU^i (I),

U-nci>, va-nco;

...

U-, vtovco ; &•€

&=€, (I, 2)

ava or ve(2) ;

u-nco-, vi ncd ;

U-na, va-na;

VSa>,rabui,&'c.;

w-i (3), edi or

iS-C.

yu-na ; ore.

(1,2)

dii (4) ; eli or

(A), coveo ; ^'c.

Ngu-ini,

cole or li (5^,

U-na, va-na ;

Mb-eni (1,2);

aa or e (6) ;

^-c.

O'C.

epi or co^epi

Ngu^ina,

(7), ei, ai, or

mb^ena; &=€.

ii (8); ti or

•ngu, -mbe ;

1 (9), edi,

•mbu, •mbi ;

codedii, dii

-ndi, -nge ;

(10); lu.i(ll);

-tyi, -mbi ;

aka (13); eou

-ndyi, nde ;

(i4);ojku(i5)

■ndu ; -tu ; •ke ;

Uco, vco, is'c.

•mbu;^ku;-pu

U^inya,

[as suffixes,

v-enya ;

almost an-

u-inya.

swering to a

d-inya or

definite article)

e inya ;
Mnya, enya ;

Bad

-vi (m-bi).
-na-vi.
-ninde

-na-1

-na^i

•vi

■vi

-vi

Black

-zoro-ndu ;
■zor&j-zu

•luu-ze

■laula

-n-thikcovei

-tekama

Female

•kaze or

-comu-kii-ntu,

-kadi.

•kRi

...

■kai.

n^gaze.

•kii-ntu.

-didi

co-mange.

-ze-ndu.

-on^suinsui

<oci-venje

•nde-ndu.

kaze^ndu.

•nde^ma

Fierce, sharp

•rura

•lulu

■lula

•lula

...

-lula.
(o-manya.
-tema

Good

-wa,

-m-bwa.

-na-wa

■wa

•wa

•wa

•wa

Great

■pwe
•nene.
•tue-2u

•nene

■nene

-nene

-nene

-nene

Little

■titi

•^<ona.
•gcona

-nini.
-ningbili

-tutu

...

•tites

Long

•re. -n-de

•le

-le

•le

...

•le-pa. scovi

362

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91.

92.

93-

94.

English

(jOci-hererco

COpi-ndonga

Kuanyama

OOlu-nyaneka

Ndombe

Um-bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi-ambco)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nancd)

(Oci-mbandieru

Lu-nkumbi

COlu-kcoruka

94 a. OO-viye

Male

•rume,
-rume-ndu.
•za-ndu.
-n-dume.
-tue-zu,
-n-due-zu

COmu-lume-ntu;
aa-lume-ntu.
On-tue-sui

■lume,
-n-dume

-n-dume

•••

•lume

Old

-kuru

kulu

•kulu.

-kulu

•••

akuka.

Red ...

Rotten
Short...
Sick ...
White

•sauna.

•sera-ndu.

■sa-zu.

Pyu
Wora or

-ora
•supi

-vera,

•vere

-vapa

(om-bapa)

Above, up, K(oty-iuru.
on top Kom-banda

Before,in front Ku. Pu.
(Ji)-hunga.
Kcu-mehco,

Behind, last Kom-bunda

Below, down Ke-hi

Far (jO^keokure

Here 1.

In, inside

Middle

Near ...
Outside

Plenty, many

Mu, Mco.
OOpu, Po).
OOku. Mba,

Mu-,
OOmu-,
Mo-.
Mcoukcotu

COpio-kati

Pco^pezu
Pe-ndye,
Ptoma-ndye

-ingi,
•engi

Tii.
-tili-gane

-nje
-fupi
■ala
■tcdke-le

Aku-he.

Ape-he.

Kom-banda
Kcu-mehu

Kcj-nima

K(o-hi ;
pe-vi

Kukule

Muka.

M-paka.

Ngu. Poo.

Pene
Mco.

Meni,

CO-meni

-o)-kati

Pcj-pepi
Po-ndye

-enyi,
-inyi,
•inji

•kulu-pa

^ee.
-tili-jana

•nje.

•ola

-fiupi

-vela

-tcoka

Kom-baila
Ku-mesca

Ku)-nima

KoD-pi.
Pe-du

Kcokule

Pene.
Apa

Meni or
tOmeni.
Mu,
COmu,
COmu^

-to-kati

Pa)-pepi
Po-nje,
Pe-enje

•hapu

-ii^khuku

-vcala

•supi

-veri,
-vera
-n-gonga

Kom-banda.
Ke-ulu

Kumehu

Kio-nyima.

On-gari
Kom-bwelu.

Kco-hi,

P(o-hi
Kukule

Apa,
Kunu, Ssrc.

M(o-kati; -mu,
M'.

(x)-kati

P(o-pepi
Ko-ndye

-ny^ingi

•khuhu

•ale.
-kongu.
•kula,
-kulu
-ku-suka

•voola

•hupi.
-m-bumbulu
-vela, &'c.

-yela.
(OD-hela =

white lime)

Kilu

Ka)-vas«

Kcu-nyima,

Vto-nyima
Poj^si,

Kto-si.

Veme-hi
Ku-pana,

-pala.

-palaku
0)pu.

Apa.

Pa

Mu or Vu.

Vi-. (jOmu,

Mumu,

Mulu,

Muna, &"€.
Pco-kati,

•kati
Ci^pepi
tOlu-wa.

OO-samwa,

P(o-samwa
■alwa,

•aliia

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES

363

English

89.

OOci-hererco

89 a.

COci-mbandieru

90. ^
COpi-ndonga
(OOtyi-ambco)

Kuanyama

92.

OOlu-nyaneka

92 a.

Lu-iikumbi

93-

Ndombe

93 a.

COlu-kcoruka

94.

Um-bundu

(Nanco)

94 a. (ji)-viye

There...

Where ?

Mba.
OOku.
OL)pu

N-kuka

Peni;

Pe?
Pi?
Pu?

Ku-tyine ?
No! Kakw! Awe!

Ind6_! In-

Ayee I
Not (wit/i verb, Hi-, Koj-, Ka-, I-, ^i-, H'-,
as prefix, in- Ha-, A-, E- K'-, Ka-

/ix, or suffix)

Ku-inya

Peni?
Papeni ?

Ahahue !

OOpu.
OOku.
Paka.
Kuna,
Muna,
Pana

co-pi .?

Ndati !
Dathi ! A !
Ambi !
I-, H'., K'.. Ka- La-, Hi- or Si-,
Ha- or Sa-,
Ka-.

-ha-, -kio.
La- {adverbial)

Kukco,
a)k(o.
Kulu, &'c.

-pi I

Ndati !
Kcotcdku !

Ka-, Ha-, K'-,

Ka-ndi-,
Si- {ist pers.
sing.), -koj.
La- [adverbial)

To ...
„ beat

,, buy, sell
„ come ...

„ cut

„ dance

die

,, eat
,. give

,. go---

„ kill
„ know

„ laugh

(Oku-
-tuna.
-ka

-randa
-ya

•tenda.
•konda.
-ka

COku-
-zenga,
•tiza

-land a
•ya.

-swa.

■sui
-honga

■punda

(nouns lire
Ol)mu-hiva
andOn-tyina.)
-ba

-na
-pa

-yenda.
-i(ya).
•pita,
-hita

-zipa

-tyiwa.
•i (<jL)ku-i)

•yora

-sa.

-bua-

•bui
■lya

-pa, -pe.

-pele.

•sanja
•inda.

-end a

-zipaga
•tsuea

•y«Ala

COku-
•Senga

•landa
•dya.

-di.

-ya
-tenga.

-teta

-fia,
•fi

•lia

-pa,

-pe.

-yanja
-enda.

-ia, -i

-3ipaa,
-dipaja

•sivllue.
•pjva,
-pia,
-piwa

•y51a

COku-
-veta.
-hoava.
•tycopa

-landa
-ya.

(Endyu! zwyj.]

-ama
-teta.

-honga.

■ka. -tycoka.

■scola.

•lenga.

-kcokcola
•nyana

•nkhia

•na
-pa

-enda.
-ya

-ipaa

•i (coku-ij,
-tyi

(Oku-
-veta.

-tipula.

■tatula.

-papula
-landa
•iya.

-enju

•teta.
-kindcola

-cma.
' piluka

-fa.
■taka

•lU
-ava.
•yiha

•enda.
•pita

-yipa

•wi.
-kuniha

-ycola

•yojla

3^4

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

89.

90.

91-

92.

93^

94.

English

OOci-hereroj

OOpindoiiga

Kuanyama

OOlu^nyaneka

Ndombe

Um^bundu

89 a.

(OOtyi-ambco)

92 a.

93 a.

(Nanu)

OOci-mbandieru

Lu^nkumbi

U)lu^kuruka

94 a. CO.viye

T<

J

(Oku-

tOku- COku- COku-

(jOku-

')

leave off,

•yeka,

-esa.

•efa

■yeka

...

•sia

cease

■yesa

•siga

5)

love, want

•suvera.

■bcola.

■hula.

■hu'.a.

■ ••

•sula.

-zera.

-lenga

(•luma =

■amena

•yongula

•hcocora

copulate,
•kunda =

greet)

)I

see

•muna

■muna

•muna.
•tala

■muna

...

•muna.
-lete

,y

sit, remain,

•kara {'sit'

■kala

■kala

•kala

...

•kala (he).

abide

and ' be ')

(remain, be)

•tumana

IJ

sleep ...

-rara.

•lala.

•nangala.

-lala

..•

■pekela.

(•cona =

(-gtona =

(•una =

•lala.

snore)

snore)

snore)

■una

»»

stand, stop,

•kurama.

.' -sikama

•fikama.

■talama

...

■vutuka.

be erect

•sekama

■mana

■talama

»»

steal ...

•vaka

•ta.
-iaka

•vaka.
•ta

•vaka

•iva.

•hwanga,
•kwanga

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN HERERO)!
Preprefixes present.

Class I. (jOmu^, U^, (*)■ (comu-, -mu-, u-, iigu-) ; 2. OOva^, COu- (ova-, -va-, ve-, -wco, mba-, mbu) ;
3. (Omu^ (comu-, -(0U-, mhu-, u-) ; 4. COmi^ (comi-, tovi-, -vi-, mbi-) ; 5. E. (contraction of Eri^) (e-, -ri-, r'-,
ndi-) I 6. CDma-, COme^ (coma-, e-, ye-, -ya-, -a-, co-, wa-, figa-, nge-, iigu) ; 7. (jOtyi^ or COci^ (tyi-, -ci-,
-hi) ; 8. (ii\'\- ((ovi-, -vi-, mbi-) ; 9. CO^, On^ (Cm.), On-, Ony^ (on- (om-), on-, -i-, y'-, ndyi-) ; 10. (Ozo^,
COzon^ (COzom^), OObu^, CObon^ or COdu^, &c. ((ozon-, cozom-, ze (de), zco (dm), nda, ndu, &c.) ; 11. COru-
(oru-, -ru-, ndu-) ; 12. OOtu- (cotu, -tu-, su-) ; 13. OOka^ (coka-, -ke-, figa-, iigu-, ku-); 14. COu- (tou-, -u-,
mbu-) ; 15. OJku- (ku) ; 16. COpu^ (the influence of an older OOpa^ is just traceable in certain words)
(-pa-, -pco, mpa-, pu-) ; 17. Oiimu^ (mu-, -mio).

Diminutive suffix, ■una.

PREFIXES, &C., IN OJ^I^NDONGA AND KUANYAMA

Preprefixes present.

Class I. Q)mu^ (comu-, gu-,ku-, tou-, u-,-mu-) ; 2. (x)va^, Aa^ (cova-,coma-, cove-, ava-, aa-,ja-, mba-) ;
3. tOmu-j (comu-, cogu-, mu-, cou-, u-); 4. COmi. (comi-, di, codi, ndi-, mi, i-, di-, codi-, vi-) ; 5. E- (e-,
lyi-, li-, 0I-, eli-) ; 6. tOma- (coma-, m^t-, ga-, ma, coa-, coc:, «yco-, aa-) ; 7. OOjsi^ (copi-, pi-) ; 8. li-, tOi^
(ii, -hii, y'-, mbi-) ; 8 a. li-, OOi-, &c. ; 9. 00-, On- (Om-) (oi-, yi-, nji, i-, j-) ; 10. COu^, £«• (coon (coom).

' A note might be inserted here on the phonology of Hereru. There is great dialectal and personal
variability in the pronunciation of the dental and alveolar consonants and of the combined dental alveolar s.
Some OOva^hereru pronounce s and z, d and t, as we do in English. Others — individuals or tribes — give
the sab sound, the z an utterance more like d or b, and render the d and t after n in a more ■j'elar fashion,
like the Arabic ^J, and ^ (in tny phonetic spelling 3 and 1). Some Ger/nan philologists have exag-
gerated these slovenly pronunciations ; others, like A. Seidel, wisely ignore them and stick to s and z,
d and t. The further distinctions are of no philological value.

GROUP X: THE SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES 365

oi, o>di ori\, -nzi, di, d') ; 1 1. Oi)lu- (colu-, lu, -ndu-) ; 12. COtu- (tu) (only in COpi-ndonga and very rare) ;
13. OOka- (ka, cuke-) ; 14. Uu-, Oi)mu-, (jOu-, (jOvu- (uu-, u, huu-, -mbu) ; 15. (JOku- (oiku-, ku, -nku) ;
16. (prepositional) Cl)pu-, OOpoj-, OOpa-, Apa- (pa, pco-, pe-, mpa) ; 17. OOmu- (rau-, -mco).

In the prepositions there are traces of the -ni locative suffix. Dim. suffix : -una, -go>na, -ena.

PREFIXES, &c., IN (jOLU-NYANEKA AND (OLU-NDOMBE
Preprefixes present.

Class I. Oimu- (comu-, U-, (ow'-, oyco-, -mu-, -coco) ; 2. OOva-, A- (ava-, cova-, va) ; 3. COmu- (ojmu-, u,
low-, oyco, -toco) ; 4. OOmi- <?r OOvi- (comi-, vi) ; 5. E- (ri) ; 6. COma- (a-, a, coma-); 7. OOtyi- (etyi-,
ci) ; 8. COvi- (evi-, covi, i) ; 9. 00-, On-, Ony- (i-, yei or t\, oii-, oiig-) ; 10. OOnco- (mb-, mbu) ; 11. (jOlu-
(lu); 12. OOtu- (tu) ; 13. OOka- (ka) ; 14. OOu-, tOwu- (tomu-, u, low'-) ; 15. OOku- (ku) ; 16. Apa-,Pa-,
COpco- (pa-, po)-, pu) ; 1 7. Mu- (mu-).'

In the Nyaneka prepositions there are traces of the -ni locative suffix.

In Nos. 92 and 94 there is a masculine or ' father ' prefix, Se-, He-.

PREFIXES, &C., IN UMBUNDU (NANO))

Preprefixes present.

Class I. (jOmu-, U- (ngu-, u-, -u-, -00-) ; 2. COma-, Va-, A- (va, a); 3. (i)mu-, U- (ojmu-, yu-, u) ;
4. OOmi-, (jOvi- (vi-, i) ; 5. E- or I- (li-, i) ; 6. A- or COva- (a-, va) ; 7. 0)ci- (ci) ; 8. COvi- (vi) ;
9. O)-, On-, Ony- (i-, yi) ; 10. OOlco-, OObco- (vi) ; 11. OOlu- (lu) ; 12. COtu- (tu) ; 13. COka- (ka);
14. COu-, COw-, U- (u-, yu); 15. COku- (ku) ; 16. (prepositional) Apa-, Pa-, Pco- (pa-, pu-, pco); 17. COmu-,
COvu- (vu-, mu-, VCO-, -mco).

89. COciherero) is spoken in South-West Africa at some distance from the Atlantic coast ; north of
the Swakop watercourse and of 22° 30' South latitude, south of 19° 30' South latitude, and west of
20" East longitude. COcihererou probably includes the OOcimbandieru and OOcicimba clialects in its
eastern range. In the north-west its range extends over the Kacokco plateau.

90. COpindonga is spoken in COvambcoland (north-east part of Damaraland) north of the COmu-
rambawa or Ndzira river ; south of the COkavaiigco river and 17° 30' South latitude ; eastward to Ongcova
and the Scodana river; and westward to the Lower Kunene and the vicinity of the Atlantic coast
(COvapanyama and COvayare).

91. Kuanyama is spoken in northern COvambcoland and southern Aiigola, in the region between the
pela mountains and Kunene river on the west and the COkavaiigco (Kubaiigco) river on the east. North-
wards it is bounded almost by the 16° of South latitude and grades into Nyaneka.

92. COlunyanyeka is spoken in southern Aiigola north of 16° South latitude, west of the Kubaiigco
river, east of the ^ela mountains (Serra da Chella), and south of 14° 30' South latitude.

93. Ndombe is spoken in the coast-lands of southern Aiigola (the Mossamedes coast), between the
^ela mountains and the sea, south of about 13° 30' South latitude as far as Great Fish Bay and the
vicinity of the Lower Kunene.

94. Umbundu is spoken in the Beiiguela and Bailundco districts of southern Aiigola, north of
14° 30' South latitude, south of 11° 30' South latitude and east of the Upper Kwanza river.

Bb

GROUP Y

THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

95. Kisama (M-bwiyi, Sumbe, Sele, Ki-bala,

Tunda)

96. Liboloo* or Lu-b«lu (N-dulu, Haka)

97. Soiigco

98. Kim-bundu (M-baka, M-bondco)
98 a. Ngola

99. Mbamba (Mu-temu, Haiigu)

95-

96.

97.

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Liboloa or
Lu-lxolu

Songco

Kim-bundu

Ngola

Mbamba

Adze

K-gimbca.
Cicalco

...

...

Di-suwi

N-gembco

N-g^mbu

Animal, wild

...

...

Ki-ama

...

...

beast

Ant

■••

Sipikinya.
Sinji.
Ji-nzeu.
Ki-sonde

Ki-sonde.
Finja-songco.
Ki-cikinya

...

Ant, white

...

...

Sualala.

Ri-talamena

Ki-umba

(termite)

Ki-umbua

Ape (chim-

...

...

Ki-ngana; i-

. . .

...

panzi)

Arm

Luku-akco

Luku-akcd

Luku-akco

Luku-aku ;
m-aku (,pl.)

? Kalco-enki.
Peosele.
Kikw-akw

Luku-aku

Arrow

Mu-sangu (?)

Mu-songco ; mi-

Mu-fula ; mi-

Ri-unda.
Scosa. Mu-fula

M-songto; mi-

Mu-fula

Axe

Di-k»a

Ny-anga

N-jimpu ;
^in-pimpu

Di-kua; ma-.
N-gimbu

N-gembeo ; ^i -t-

N-gimbu ; ^i -t-

Back

...

...

...

D-ima or
R-ima.
Kunda

Ri-kunda

Di-kunda

Banana ...

...

...

...

Ri-honjco

Ri-konjeo

Di-konju

Beard

...

...

• •■•

Mu-ezu

Mw-ezci>.
OOlofi-geri

Mu-evu

Bee

Ny.eki

Luny-eki ;
niny-eki

Ny-ci>ki; zi-f

Ny-uki,
Ny-iki

Ny-cski

Ny-uki; ^i +

Belly

Di-fumco; ma +

Li-fumco ; ma +

Dimco;
ma-dim«o.
y4/jtfDi-fumoj;
ma-

Ri-kutu.
Di-vumoa

Di-fumu ;
ma-fumco

Di-vumu

Bird

N-pila ; pi +

Kan-sela ; tu-n-

Kan-sila; tu-n-

\'-^ila; ijin-zila N-jela ; pi-f

Blood

May-enga

Ma-hapi

Ma-hapi

Vlany-iSga

Ma-has^i

Ma-hajsi

Body

...

...

Mu-kutu

Mu-kutu

M u-ila

Bone

Ci-fooba ;

Ki-f«ba ;

Ki-fcowa ;

Ki-fuba

Ki-fo»ba ;

Ki-fua

i-fcaba

i-fcoba

bi-fcowa

i-f«ba

Borassuspalm

...

Ka-lwloj?
Di-teba.
Ri-ko»ma

Ka-dima

Bow

(0-ta ; ma-ta

CO-ta ; ma-ta

Wu-ta ; mau-ta U-ta

CO-ta m-songco ;

U-ta

ma-ta

me-songco

Bowels

...

...

...

Mi-dia.

Ma4a

Mii-ria ;
mi-ria

...

Brains

...

W-ongco

...

W-ongwa

Breast (man's) Tulto ; pi +

Tu-lca; mi +

Tulco ; zi-tuloa

Tulu

Teta; ^i-teta

Teta

' Koelle names this Lu-balu ; but his geographical indications identify it with Lu-bulu or Libolco. Koelle's
correspondence of prefixes, singular zuith plural, is given here, but cannot be counted on as correct.

GROUP Y : THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

367

English

95-
Kisatna

96.

Libolco or

Lu-bcalu

97-
Songco

Kim-bundu

Ngola

99-
Mbamba

Breast
(woman's)

Brother

Buffalo
Bull ...

Buttocks
Canoe...

Cat

Charcoal .
Chief, king.

Child ...
Cloth ...
Cold ...
Country

Cow ...

Crocodile

Di-ele ; m-ele

Kcota.
N-denge

N-gombe
a ri-ala

00-lungu ;
ma-lungu

N-kana ; pi.
pin-kana.
Gana

Li-ele ; m-ele Di-bele ;
ma-bele

J*-gombe
N-kandco

Day, daylight Mulu-anya

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)
Dog

Donkey

Door, doorway

N-ganga ;
pin-ganga
M-bwa

Di-witeo.
Pu-mw-elco

Dream
Drum ...
Ear ...
Egg ...
Elephant

N-guma ; pifi-

Di-tiie;

ma-tiie
Di-ake ;

ma-yake
N-zamba

Ktota.
Pangri
a n-denge

N-ombe

a li-yali

(0-longu ;
ma-longu

Ifana ; //.
ni-iiana

Kcota.
Pangete

N-gombe
ya n-tumbe

W-at« ; ma-

Simba ; zi-.
Ka-simba

Sekulu (see
father) ;
tsi-sekulu

N-ombe
N-andco

Mulu-anya

N-gombe
N-gandu
Mu-anya

Kim-banda ; pi. Kim-banda ;

yim-banda bini-banda

Im-bwa Yim-bwa : ziii

Li-bitcd.
Pu-mw-eloa

N-uma ;
nin-coma
Li-tiie

Li-yaki

N-zamba

Di-biteo.
Bu-mw-el»

N-gcoma ;

zin-gcoma
Li-tti ;_

ma-tui
Di-ake

N-zamba

Ri-ele = teat ;

//. m-ele.

^i-homba =

breasts
Ri-kcota.

N-denge

Pakasa

Ma-taku
U-lungu,

N-dongu.

W-atu
Cimfa.

N-gatu

{Port.)
Di-kala
Scoba.

N-gana(J/r.).

Mu-kulu.

Mu-adi
M-una ; ana

N-gubu {large).

Tanga
M-bambi.

N-talala
N-gongci>.

I -si,

Oi-jsi

N-gombe
N-gandu
Ki-zuwa.

(Di-nangu •

daytime)
Di-ki^i.

N-dele.

Di-hamba
Kim-banda

Im-bwa ;

^im-bwa

Burru

(Port.)
Ri-bitu.

Mw-elu

N-zcoji

N-g<oma

Ri-tui

Ri-aki ;

ma-iaki
N-zamba,

N-zambi

Di-ele ; m-ele Ma-bele (//.)

Kcota.
N-denge

Ka-palu

(ji)-lungco.
Kim-txola

Cimfa

Di-kala
Scoba. M-ani.

Fumu.

Mw-ene.

Mu-adi
M-cona ; ana.

N-denge
Mu-lele

Ko).

pe

N-gombe;^in-l-

N-gandu

Mu-anya

Kim-banda
Im-bwa

Di-bitco.

Mw-elco ;

mi-elco
N-zcoje

N-gcoma; :ii-

Di-tiie ;

ma-tue
Di-yaye ; ma-.

Ri-kake ; ma-
N-tsamba

Yaya.
Pange; ^i-f-

Pakasa

U-atu

Kala ; a-kala
Fumu

Taiiga ; ^i -H
Hcola

Im-bwa

Ha-raw-elu

N-zeoji
(•luta, verb)

Di-tui
Di-ai ; m-ai

Bb 2

368

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Fear ... .
Finger

Fire ... .

Fish ... .

Foot ... .

Forest
Fowl

Frog, toad

Ghost

Girl

Goat

„ (he) ..

„ (she)
God

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolu or
Lu-bulu

Songu

Kim-bundu

»g51a

IVIbamba

Excrement

Tu-ji

Eye

D-isco ; m-esco

L-isu ; m-esci>

L-isu ; m-esM

R-isu ; m-esu

D-isco ; m-esco

Di-esu ; m-esu

Face, fore-

M-p<olco; f\ +

Pcol&j ; />/.

M-p<oloa ; //.

Pcolco.

M-pcoloa

M-bunzu.

head

m-peoloj

bi-po>lco.
Bu-pcolco

Di-bcomu

Mu-pala.
Mu-esu

Fat

...

...

...

Ma-ji

Ma.ji.
(-neta = uiij.)

Ma-ji

Father ...

Tate

Pai.

Papa.

Papai-i.

Pai.

Tate.

M-fcoa

Se- {pre/x)

Tate,

Tata

Su. Se-

Ground
Ground-nut

Mu-lembu ;
mi-lembu
Tu-wia

M-bipi

Ku-dema.
(Di-kanda ■■
foot sole)
Mu-pitu

Sanse ; pi +

Di-sundu

Mu-nye;
mi-nye
Ti-bia

M-bijsi ;
nim-bisi
Li-kunda

Mu-situ

Sanpi ;
ni-sansi

Li-zundcs

Mu-na Mu-ana

mu-hatu ; pi, mu-hetu
ana a-hatu

Hombca Honibu

Homboa

a ri-ala

N-zambi. N-dzambi.

Gana-n-zambi. Suku
Suku

Grandparent Kuku
Grass

N-z<o;

pin-zu

Se-Yepi

Lufi-guba ;
nin-guba

Mu-lembu ; mi-
Tu-bia
I-pi ; zi-pi
Di-kunda

Punti ;
bi-punti
^cdsua ; zi -f

C-ula ;
y-ula or
bi-ula

Kahetu ;
tu-hetu

Hombo)

N-gana-
n-zambi

Tata.
So>. Se.

(Se-kulu =

tincle)
VV-eoma
Mu-lembu

Tu-pia or
Tu-bia ; ma +
M-biji

Ki-nama.
Ri-kanda

Ri-tutu.

Mu-pitu
Sanji'; ji-f

Kifi-gcolo>l<a.

Ka-zundu.

Di-zote
N-zumbi ;

/>/. ^i + .

Kin-zunzumbia
Kamu-hatu.

Ka-lumba.

K a-hatu
Hombco

Ki-8uto>

N-zambi

Kuku

Ki-elH ;
bi-elu

Kuku ;
^i-kuku
I-angu

Ipi.
Mapco
f*-guba ; ^i +

M-coma
Mu-inco ;
m-Tnu
Tu-ya ; ma -f

Ki-kele ;

i-kele
Ki-sende ;

i-sende

Mu-petu

panje.

Ki-k<owa ;

i-kcdwa
Di-so>tco ; ma-

Ri-sundco

Ki-lulu

Ka-minina

(Port.)

Hombco ; pi + .

N-kombu ;

pin-
Hombco

ya di-yalu

N-tsambi

a-pung(o.

(Ka-luiiga =

heaven)
Afco.

Kukco
Y-angco.

M-bwa ;

^im-bwa
Dunda

Lu-ngcoba ; ^i-

Ha-kanda,
Hama-kauda

Di-hutu

Kin-goolco

Kamu-ketu

N-zamti

Kukulu
Mu-aiigu

Ma-vu
Lun-zu

' From Ku-sanda = to scratch.

GROUP Y: THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

369

9S-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolcd or
Lu-bulu

Songu

Kim-bundu

Ngola

Mbamba

Guinea-fowl

Hanga

Gun

(jO-ta ; ma-ta

OO-ta; ma-ta

Wu-ta;
niau-ta

U-ta

(jO-ta ; ma-ta

(JO-ta '"

Hair

M-beta • ;

Lun-temba ' ;

Kampu;

N-demba ; ^i-

Jin-demba'

Lun-demba

fim-beta

nin-temba

zi-kampu

ipi-)

Hand

Di-kunda,

Li-kunda or

Ui-kunda.

Lu-kuaku

Lukw-okw ; pi.

Di-kanda

Li-kanda

Bum-okoj

m-oku

Head

Mun-tue ; //.
min-twe

Mun-tue

Mu-twe ;
bimu-twe

Mu-twe ;
mi-twe

Mco-twe

...

Heart

Mu-pima.
M-pumbulu.
(Mu-pima =
also liver)

N -^undu

N-zundu.
(Mu-cima =
liver)

Heel

Ki-santera

Kalian-jsepi ;
tulian-pepi

Ku-dima kwa
ki-nama

Ki-sende

Ka-pcolepcole

...

Hide

• • •

• •■

K-iba

...

K-ibari

Hill

...

...

...

Ka-lundu,
Kamu-lundu

Ka-lundu

...

Hippopotamus

...

.*.

N-guvu

N-guvw

...

Hoe

Di-temo)

Li-tem<o

Di-tampa

Ki-temu

Di-temco

...

Honey

Wu-iki

Wu-iki

W-empa

U-iki.
W-emba

W-emba.
M-ike

U-emba

Horn

...

...

M-binga,
Lum-biiiga

...

N-gela

House

N-zM ;

In-zco ;

Yin-zci> ;

In-zu ;

In-sco;

E-mbu

pin-zu

nin-zu

zin-zci>

i;in-zci>.

E-mbu.

Lumbu

(courtyard),

Ri-bata

pi-nsto or

^i-ns<o.

Lumbco

Hunger

• ■•

...

N-zala

N-zala

Husband ...

. *•

•■•

...

Mu-nume

Mu-lume

Hyena

...

...

...

Kim-bungu.
N-gudi

Kin-bungoa.
Kima-lanka

N-gudi

Iron

Ci-kate

Fuelu {Port.

Bi-tampa

Ki-tadi.

Ki-tadi ; //.

...

'ferro ')

Wi-feru (Port.)

Felu (Port.)

i-tari

Island

...

...

Ki-sanga

Ki-sanga

Ki-kulo>; i-

Ivory

D-ipco
da n-zamba

L-izco
lia n-zamba

D-izu, &-'c.

Ma-;^u
a n-zamba

D-izu

...

Knee

Puna;
pi-puna

N-gcolco

Puna ; pi +

Puna,
Ki-pumuna

Puna,
Ki-p«muna

Puna

Knife

Pcaku;
pi-pcakoi

Pwkw;
ni-poiku

Mcoku ; pi-

M-poiku ; ^i +

Pcoko) ;
^i-pcokco

M-pwkeo

Lake

(Ka-lunga =
sea.
Ri-zanga =

lagoon)

(Ka.lunga =

sea)

Leg

Ki-nama ;

Ki-nama

Ki-nama ;

Ki-nama ;

Ki-nama ;

...

i-nama

bi-nama

i-nama

i-nama

Leopard ...

In-g«; pin-gw

lii-gu ; nifi-gco

Yi-ngwe ;
zi-ngwe

m-gcj,
Hiii-geo

In-go>; pin-geo

Kcolama

Lion

Hcdsi ; pi +

Husi ; ni +

Hoisi

Ha>2;i;
;;i-hu^i

Hcopi

—

Lips

. . .

...

Mu-zumbu

Mu-zumbco

Blagic

Wu-anga.

Wu-anga.

Wun-ganga.

Um-banda.

W-anga.

• t (

Di-hamba

Ki-fekcola; i-

Mi-longeo (pi.)
' Noteworthy.

U-anga

Ki-lemba.
Ki-teka

370

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolou or
Lu-bcalu

Songoi

Kim-bundu

Itgola

Mbamba

Maize

Hungco

M-asa
lei>ndele

Ki-ndele

M-asa

D-esa ; m-asa

Mu-ndele

Man

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-tu ;

Mu-nttt ;

Mu-ntu

a-ntu

a-ntu

ba-ntu

a-tu

a-ntu

BIan(vir.)...

Di-ala ; pi.

Di-yala ;

Di-ala ; pi.

Mu-lume,

Di-yala

Mu-nume

ana-m-ala

ma-ala

bi-m-ala

Mu-nume.
Ri-ala ;
nia-ala

Meat

^itu

^itu

^itu.
M-bunda

Situ.
Citu

Setu; pi-petu

...

Medicine ...

Mi-langdo C/)/.)

Mi-long<d

Bi-hemba ( pi)

Um-banda

Mi-longco

...

Milk

M-ele

M-ele

Ma-bele

Lete {Port.)

Ka-mola.
Ka-besa

M-ele

Monkey ...

Hima

Hima

Hima

Hima

Hima

Kima

Moon

M-bejsi

M-bepi

N-gonde

Ri-eji,
M-beji

M-bepe,
M-be^e,
Ri-ejje

M-beji

Mother ...

Mama

Mayi

Mama

Manii.
Mama ; ^i -I-

Mani

Mama

Mountain ...

...

Mu-lundu

Mun-gongoa

Mouth

Di-kanu; ma-

Li-kanu

Ndi-kanwa ;

Ri-kanu.

M-sumbcd or

Di-kami.

ma-kanwa

(Mu-zungu =
snout, beak,
lips)

N-sumbw

(Mu-lungu =

snout, beak)

NaU (of finger

Zu-ana ;

Lun-zu-ana ;

Yala ;

Ki-ala

Ki-ala;

Lum-bonde

or toe)

fin-zu-ana

nin-zu-ana

bi-yala

i-ala

Name

...

...

...

Ri-jina.
N-duku

Di-jina

Navel

M-bakttj; pim-

M-bakca; ni-f

Mu-timpi;mi-f

N-gombu

M-bcdku;
^im-buko>.
N-gomboj

• t«

Neck

Mu-sifigto ; //.

Singco; pi.

Singu.

Singu.

SingM.

Kuttt

fifingM(.')

mi +

Di-kupi ;
ma-kupi

Ri-koapi

Di-konda

Night

lO-sugu

Q)-8<0gU

OL)-suku ;
bi-co-suku

U-suku

0)-8o>kb> ;

mu)-so>ku

...

Nose

Di-Zfislu ; ma-

Li-zulu

Di-zunu

Ri-zunu or
Ri-zulu

Di-scolu or
Ri-sunci>

Di-zulu

Oil palm ...

Di.ye ;

Li-ye ;

■ ■■

N-dende.

Di-aye ;

Di-aye or

ma-ye

ma-ye

Ri-aye ;
m-aye

ma-ye

Di-yi

Ox

N-gombe.
N-tende

J*-ombe

N-gombe

N-gombe,
M-onde

N-gombe

N-gombe

Paddle ...

>••

...

. . .

Hafl; i;i +

Ki-handu

• • •

Palm wine,

...

•••

...

Ma-luvu.

...

• • •

beer

W-alwa {beer)

Parrot

■ ••

Ka-pagai

{Port.)

Ka-husu ;
tu-husu

Ka-kcosco

Kahwsw ;
tu-ho>su

"•

Penis

• ■•

• ••

N-ja

...

>•■

Pig

N-gcolu ; pi +

N-gulw;

Ki-omboa ;

J*-gulu.

N-gcolco; pi-f.

• ••

nin-gulcd or

biombea

(Ki-ombo» =

(Y-anvco =

min-gulu

ivart-hog ?)

bush pig)

Pigeon

Di-ambe

Li-embe

Di-embe

Ri-embe

Di-ambe

Di<embe ;
m-embe

Place

...

Ki-riri. Bu-.
Aba-.
Ba-ma,
Ku-ma,Mu-ma

Ki-didi

GROUP Y: THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

371

English

95-
Kisama

Libolcd or
Lu-bcalu

97-
Songu

Kim-bundu

98 a.
Ifgola

99-
Mbamba

Rain

M.fula

M-fula

Lu-insa

M-vula

M-fcola

M-vula

Rat

Di-bengto

Libengeo

Puku; f\ +

Ki-bengu.
N-gelu.
Puku.
Mun-dongeo

Pukco; gi-f.
N-puku.
Ri-bengu

River

. • *

.■•

Lu.iji ; ii-giji

Mu-gije

Honga

Road

• ••

...

N-jila

N-jila

N-jila

Salt

Mo-ngua

Mo-ngua

Mo-ngua

Mu-ngua

Ma-ngua

Mo-ngua

Shame

...

...

...

Sconyi

Seonye.
Ri-jinoo

Sheep

M-budi

M-buli

Meme

M-budi or
M-buri

M-budi

...

Shield

...

N-gubu

...

<*.

Shoulder ...

Ci-bewo> ; //.

Ki-bebe ;

Ki-supi ;

Ki-supi

Ki-supe,

Ki-panga

i-bewto

i-bebe.

bi-supi

Ki-8o>pe ;

Sister

(See brother)

Pangia.

Pange

Pange.

i-scose
Ka-pange.

■ ■•

N-denge

N-denge

dia m-hetu

N-denge

Ka n-denge

dia mu-hetu

mu-hetu

Skin

Mun-gotoj ;
min-goteo

Mun-gotto

Mu-kutco;
mi-kutco

K-iba

Ki-konda ;
yi-konda

K-ibadi

Sky

...

Ku ri-lu.
Ri-um.
(Kuma =

atmosphere)

...

Kulu,
Hulu

Slave

Mum-bika;/)/.

Mum-bika

Mu-bika ;

Mu-bika ;

M-bika ;

Mu-hika ;

a-wika

a-bika or
ba-bika

a-bika

abikn

a-hika

Sleep

.. >

...

...

Ki-lu

Ki-lu

Tu-lu

Smoke

D-ipi

L-ipi

Mu-ipl "

R-ipi

D-ijsi

Mu-ipi

Snake

Ny-o)ka

Ny-coka ; //.

ni +

Ny-coka ; //.

zi +

Ny-a>ka

Ny-coka ;

fi- or ^i-

...

Son, boy ...

Mu-na-tu ;

Mu-ana; ana

Ka-yala ;

Kari-ala.

Ka-mo>s'.

Kamu-yala.

ana-tu.

tu-yala.

M-ojna.

M-cona

M-una

Mw-ana

Mw-ana

Mun-zangala

Song

...

...

Mu-imbu

Mu-imbu

...

Spear

Mu-sangu ; mi-

N-gaya;

nin-gaya

Mu-fula ; mi-

N-gumba.
^cosa

N-gaya; ^in-

...

Spirit, soul

Ki-Iundu.
Di-bamba.
Ki-pimbi.
(Ki-anda =
■water spirit).
Ki-tuta.
N.gombco

N-zumbi.

Mw-enyu

N-zumbi

Star, planet

...

...

...

Tetembwa ;

pi.7;x+

• ••

Stick

M-basoj; pi +

• *•

Mu-si.
M-bamba

M-bamba ; ^i +

. • •

Stone

Di-tadi

Li-tari

Di-tadi

Ri-tari

Di-tadi.

Di-we; ma- we

Stool

Bang^u

Ki-baka

Sun

Di-konibi

Mu-anya

Mu-anya

Kumbi,
Di-kumbi.
(Mu-anya =
sun heat)

Ri-kumbi.
Mu-anya

Tail (of an

...

Mu-kJla

Mu-kila

animal)

Tear

...

...

...

Di-8o>pi ; ma-

...

...

372

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99.

English

Kisama

Libolu or
Lu-bcdlu

Songca

Kim-bundu

Ngola

Mbamba

Testicles ...

Ma-tuba

Ma-tuba

Thief

...

...

...

Mu-iyi ; pi.
eyi

Mu-ije

Thigh

Li-tabataba

Di-taka ?

Ki-takataka or
Ri-katakata

Di-tabela

Di-butu

Thing

...

...

...

K-ima ; ima

K-ima

Thorn

...

Mu-nya ;
mi-nya

Ma-nya { pi?)

Tobacco . . .

Ma-kania

Ma-kanya

Ma-kaya

To-day

Leleo"

Lelu

Lelco

Lelu

Lelco

Toe

• ••

...

...

Mu-lembco

...

...

To-morrow

M-ungu

M-ongu

M-ungu

M-ungu

M-ungu

...

Tongue

Demi ;
ma-demi

Limi

Lemi

Rimi

Dimi;
ma-dimi

Tooth

D-ip«;
ma-^cd

L-izu

L-izcd

R-iju, R-i^u

D-isu

D-izu ;
ma-zu

Town, village

Di-ambco;
me-ambu

Li-wata ;
ma-bata

Di-bata ; ma-

M-banza.
Sanzala

Di-bata; ma-

M-boiige

Tree

Moj-ji ;
me-ji

Mun-pi ;
min-pi

M co-pi ;
mi-pi

Mu-pi

Mu-ji ; mi-ji

Twins

^iii-gongco.
Ka-basa
(sitig).
Ka-kul<o

Akwa-ndumba

Urine

...

Ma-sca

Ma-sco.
(■sasa = verb)

Ma-su

Vein

Mu-piba; mi-

Mu-piba ; mi-

N-goipi ;
zifi-goisi

Mu-piba

M-piba ; mi-t-

Mu-pia

War

£-ta

I-ta

Yi-ta ; //.
bi-ta

I-ta ; ^ji-ita.
(Ku-lwa =
tofight)

E-ta; i-ta.

N^i-ta

...

Water ...

M-enya

M-ema

M-enya

M-enya

M-enya

M-eya

Well, source

...

...

Fupi, Fipi

N-dunga

OOtco

White man

Mun-dele ;
min-dele

Mun-dele

Mun-dele

N-jungu; //.
^in-jungu.
Mu-ndele

N-jongco ;
pin-jongco.
Mu-ndele.
Kafi-gundco

Wife ... ...

Mu-hatu ;
a-hatu.
Mu-hetu.
Mu-kama.
Ki-hunji

Mu-hatu .'
Mu-ketu

Mu-ketu

Wind

...

...

...

Mu-lenge

Mu-lenge.
Ki-tembco

Ki-tembu

Witch

...

...

...

Mu-leoji.
N-gana

Mu-lco;^i.
N-ganga

N-ganga

Witchcraft

...

...

...

("Itowa =

verb)

U-lco^i

...

Woman ...

Mu-hatu ; pi.

Mu-hetu ;

Mu-hetu ;

Mu-ka:^i.

Mu-hetu

Mu-kazi

a-hetu

a-hetu

ba-hetu

Mu-hatu

Womb

...

...

...

Ki-bu. Ma-la.
Ki-saje

...

Wood (fire-

Lu-hconyi; f i-

Ni-hwnyi (//.)

Huinyi ; pi +

^i-huinyi

Lu-hunyi; ^i-

^i-kuinyi

wood)

Yam

Ka-sirala

Ki-liengco ; i -(-

Ki-lingco;//.bi

■ Ki-ringco

I-deiigco

Ki-ringu

Year

>•*

. • •

Mu-vu

...

...

Yesterday...

Ma-sa

Ma-za

Ma-sa

Ma-zd

Ma-za

Ma-z&

Zebra

• ••

• ••

...

...

GROUP Y : THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

373

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolco or
Lu-bcolu

Songco

Kim-bundu

NgSIa

Mbamba

One

Musi

Mcosi

Mcdsi

Mtopi

McDjsi

Mopi

Two

Cade; ade

-yati, -yali

-yade, -wade

-yadi or -yari

-ati

•ati

Three

■tatu

-tatu

-tatu

-tatu

-tatu

•tatu

Four

-wana

■wana

•wana

•wana

-wana

•wana

Five

-tanu

-tanu

-tanu

-tanu

•tanu

■tanu

Six

-samana

-samana

•samana

Samanu
(Ki-samanu)

Samanu

Samanu

Seven

Sambca-ade

Sambwale

-sambu-ate

Sambu-adi or
Sambu-ari.
Also
Ki-sambu-ari

Sambeo-ate

Sambeo-ate

Eight

Di-nake

Nake

•nake

-nake

(Ri-nake)

Nake

Nake

Nine

Di-vcoa

I-voia

I^voj or
I^vo

Di-vua or
Ri-vua

I-v«a

Di-vua

Ten

Di-kuin

Kuyin

(Ri^)kuinyii

Kuinyi

MJi.UiiilTir!^

Kuini

Kuinyi

Eleven

Kuin nu mcosi

...

(Ri-)kuinyi

\ IX I'iL u] 11 yi J

Kuinyi ni mcd^i Mo>^e

•••

ni-mco^i

u-kumi or

Mcope

ku-kuini

Twenty ...

Ma-ku' ya-ade

Ma-ku' ya-yali

Ma-kuny'
a-wade

Ma-kuiny'-adi

Ma-kuny'
a-yate

Ma-kuiny' ati

Thirty

Ma-ku' ya-tatu

Ma-ku' ya-tatu

Ma-kuny'

Ma-kuiny'

Ma-kiiny'

Ma-kuiny'

a-tatu

a-tatu

a-tatu

a-tatu

Forty

Ma-ku' ya-

Ma-ku' ya-

Ma-kuny'

Ma-kuiny'

Ma-kuny'

Ma-kuiny'

wana

wana

a-wana

a-wana

a-wana

a-wana

Fifty

Ma-kii' ya-tanu

Ma-ku' ya-tanu

Ma-kuny'

Ma-kuiny'

Ma-kuny'

Ma-kuiny'

a-tanu

a-tanu

a-tanu

a-tanu

Hundred ...

Hama

Kama

Thousand...

...

...

Hulu (ancient).
Hulukazi

...

...

I, me, my ...

Eme?

Eme?

Eme.

Eme.

Ame.

He'; iigi:

Eme?

N-, Ngi-.

Ngi^.

Ng'-.

itgi; »g-, N^.

-ami

N-, it:

-ami or -am'

•ngi^.

•figi-

•n^ (•m-).

•ami

-ami

(terminal),
•ami (poss^

-ami

■ngi. -ame

Thou, thee, thy

Eye.

Eye.

Eye.

Eye

Eye.

Eye.

U-.

U-.

U-.

U-

U-.

U-.

-gu-.

■gu-.

-ku-.

•ku..

-gco-, -ku^, •u^.

-ku-.

-a-ye

-a-ye

-a-ye

•eye,

•e, (terminal),
-6 (-a-e in old
language)

•ei

.ai (terminal),
-ai (poss.)

He, him, his

?.

?.

J

Muene.

Mwene.

Yu.

U-.

U-.

"U-, A-.

U-, A-.

U-, A..

U-, A-.

-mu-.

-mu-.

-mu-.

•mu-.

•mu-.

-mu-.

-e

■e

•e

-e (terminal),
■& (poss.)

-e(?)

•enji

(terminal),
-enji (poss.)

We, us, our

Etu.

Esu.

Etu.

Esu or Etu.

Esu.

Esu, Etu.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

•tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-.

-tu-.

•tu-.

-tu-.

-etu

•etu

-etu

-etu

•etu

-etu

Koelle writes this ' Bi-kuinyi ', but the B\- prejix must surely be a misprint for Ri-.

374

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolcd or
Lu-b«lu

Songa

Kim-bundu

Ngola

Mbamba

Ye, you, your

Enu.

•enu

Enu.

Enu.

Enti.

Enu.

?.

j^

Nu-.

Nu-.

Mu-, Nu-.

-enu

-enu

-nu-.
-enu

-nu-.
-enu

-mi-.
-enu

They, them,

J.

?.

?

Ene.

Ene.

Ene

their

A..

A-.

Ba-.

A-.

A.,

A..

-a-

•a., .ya-

■ba-

-a-, -a, -ya

(terminal),
•a, -awa

(poss)

•a-,
-awa

-a-.

-au (terminal),
-an (poss.)

All

...

...

...

■CdSU (w-USCO,

usco ; w-uscd,
y-usco; ri-cosco,
w-ojsco ; S^c.)

...

...

This, these

A-u, a ; a-u-,
a-yi- ; a-ri,
a-ma; a-ki,
a-i ; a-i, a-pi ;
a-lu ; a-tu- ;
a-ka- ; a-u ;
a-ku; a-pa;
?a-mu

Yu, ya. or a.;

yu-, yii ; riri,

mama ; kiki,

yiyi; yiyi,

;5i2ii; lulu,

tutu ; kaka ;

yu or uu ;

kuku; baba

(bcoba) ;

mumu
0 or yo, 6 ;

y5 or yoa,

ycoyoi; ricorioa,

camu or

mumu; d^c.

Yu-

That, those

(i)-u, a-<o; co-u,
o>-y(o ; (o-ria>,
cD-mo) ; ci>-kio>,
M-yco ; a-ym,
M-pio) ; M-l(o ;
eg-tw ; ci>-ka> ;
?;oa-k(o;u-pa);
oa-mu) ?

Au-na, an-a ;
au-na, ai-na ;

Yu-na or u-na,
ya-na or a-na ;
yu-na, i-na ;
ri-na, ma-na ;
ki-na, i-na ;

&'C.

Yu, ya ; yu,
eyi; eri,ama;
eki, eyi ; eyi,
eji or ezi ;
ulu or ulu ;

ari-na ;

ama-na ;

utu or utu ;

aki-na; &'c.

.' yu or uuu or
uwu ?; uku or
uku ; ubu or
aba ; umu or
umu

Mu-ene, ene ;
u-ene, y-ene ;
ri-ene, w-ene ;
ki-ene ; iS^c

Bad

-e-wa

•mutu

-yi-wa

-kerela

•yi-ba

Black

■sikalela

-sigela

-sigelela

-pikatela

•sikele

•buiela

Female

•hatu,
-hetu

-hetu

-hetu

-hatu.
-kaa;!

■hatu,
-ketu

-ketu

Fierce, sharp,

...

...

-lula?

-tu

bitter

•tu

GROUP Y: THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES

375

English

95-
Kisatna

96.

LibolcD or

Lu-bulu

97-
Songoi

98.
Kim-bundu

98 a.
Itgola

99-
Mbamba

Good .
Great ,

Little ...

Long ...
Male ...

Old ..

Red ..

Rotten
Short..

Sick ...

White...

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle

Near

Outside

Plenty, many

There

Where.' ...

No!

Not {with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

■wawa
■kcolu

•tbilu

•le-wa
-di-ala

-kuka

•wawa
•kulu

•tcdlu

•kuka

-lamto^kata
•zele

•gata
■zele

Ki., Ka.

.'Mi.. Cf.

Imbtngala
("4)

•wawa

- am-bcote

-waba

...

•kulu

-(o^nene.

-n-jimba.

-ya-dikota

•tala.
•nene

■toilu.

-to^fele.

-tete.

...

Also •fele

-n-deiige

-(o-jcoke

•le-wa

-le-ba

-le-ba

...

-di-ara

•ala.

-ri-ala.

ri-ala;

•lame.

■lame,

■ndumbe

■nume

•kuka

-(o-kulu

■kulu.

-(o^kcolco.
■kcota

...

• **

•kusuka.

-kusuka

...

N-guiyi

...

■bcola, •bcolu

...

...

...

•buta

-butoa,
■butu

...

•kata

•hapi

■kata,
-kate

...

•zele

•zela,'
-dele

-sele

■••

Bu^rilu.

Bu-lu

Ku^tandu kwa

• •>

Ku-pulco ya

...

*•■

Ku^rima

Ku^dima

Ku>ema

■ >•

Kco^pi.

Bw^si
Kua^le^ba

...

...

..

...

Baba.

Kunu

H', Ha-, Hu^.

Bu, Ba-.

He-ne

-aba.

Bu-ene.

Bcobco

«..

Mo»-fi

Mu

■ •*

■ • >

Mua-^a^i. Ka-,

Mu^kaci

•kaci

Mu.kaci

• ■■ '

Bua.lukama

. . *

• ••

• *■

Bu.kanga ria-.

■ ••

Kuma

...

•avulu

-a-nzungule

Kalu?
•ingi

• *>

Obco, &=€.

Kuku

• ••

Bu-na, <^(.-.

Ku-ebi ?

...

Ku^ehi?

Kana!

...

La> ! Lcowa !

Ki.

Ki. Ki-,

Same as 98.

Loa-, Ki-, Ku-,

Ku-, Ka-,

Ne^ [in old

Ka-. (Ki-

Ki-tu, Ki-nu,

language

statids for 1st

Ki-ka.

as adverbial

fers. sing, and

negative)

1st and 2nd
plur.)

Derived from this are Mu-ndele = the white man; -dele or -lele, white cloth.

376

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

95-

96.

97-

98.

98 a.

99-

English

Kisama

Libolco or
Lu-bulu

Songeo

Kim-bundu

Ngola

Mbamba

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

•beta

•beta

■beta

•beta.

-beta

...

„ buy, sell

•sumba

■sombco or
-simibco

•landa

^ina
-senga.
-sumba

•sumbco

-lenga

„ come ...

•sa,
■isa

•sa

■sa

-iza,
-eza.
(Ndcokco !

imperative)

-isa,
-sa

„ cut

•batura

•lani

•simba

-batula.
-tula

■batula

...

„ dance ...

■kena

•kina

•kina

-kina

. . .

• ••

„ die

■f<o, -afco

-fco

-afco

-fwa

-fa or -fco

• • >

,. eat ...

•dia

•li

-la

-ria

-te

• •>

„ give ...

•wana

•bana

-bana

-bana

■be or ■pe

-hana

„ go

-ya

-ya

-ya

-enda,
•wenda.
•ya.
-bita

-ya

„ kill ...

•siba

-siba

-siba

•jiba

-sepa

■jia

„ know ...

...

■ ••

• ••

•ijia '

-izia

„ laugh ...

■lela

-lela

-lela

-elela

■lela

<••

„ leave off,

...

...

•••

-eha

•zumb-uka

-eca

cease

„ love, want

•sulw

■zala

-SCdlco

-zcola.
(Henda =,

noun)

-wa bela ?
■inda.
•mesena

•scola

,. see

•mutala

-mulai

-mhcona,
-mona

•mcona.
■tangilila

-mcona

„ sit, remain

-sikama

•sikama

-sikama

■ala or

-jsikama

• <•

abide

■kala

(-icala,

ancient).

-^ala.

-sikama

,, sleep ...

-seka

-zeka

-zeka

-zeka.
-lambalala

■seka

-zeka

„ stand, stop

-imana

-imana

-imana

■imana

■imana

...

be erect

„ steal ...

• •■

• ..

•••

•nyana

■nyana

-kaba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES
No preprefixes, except slight traces in No. 9 Class.

Class I . Mu- (mu-, m-, u-, -mu-, -yu, -c) ; 2. A-, Ba- (in Songco ; perhaps also in Sumbe dialect of
Kisama) (a-, -a-, ya-, ba .' in Songco) ; 3. Mu^ (u, -yu) ; 4. Mi- (i-, yi ? ; ? bi- sometimes in Songco) ;
5. Ri-, Li-, Di- (rj, li, di) ; 6. Ma- (ma, m', a-, u', wa) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (in Mbamba and Kisama) (ki, ci) ;
8. I-, Yi-, Bi- (in Songco only) (i, ?bi in Songco) ; 9. In- (Im-), Yin-, I-, N- (M-), Kg-, Ny-, — (i,yi) ;

' 'Manyi (short for Ki-manyi ?) means ' Don't know '.
' Henda = love {subs.) in Kimbimdu. Cf. Swihili.

GROUP Y: THE ANGOLA LANGUAGES 377

10. Zi", 2^i-, pi-, Tsi- (in Songu), Ni- (in Libolu) (zi, ^i, pi, ?ni in Libolcd) ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu-
(tu) ; 13. Ka-(ka); 14. U-, Wu- (in Songto), 00- (u, yu ?) ; 15. Ku-(ku); 16. (prepositional) Pa-, Pu-
(Kisama and Libolu), Ba-, Bco-, Bu- (Kimbundu and Ngola), Ha- (Ba-), H'- (Mbamba) ; 17. Mu-
(mu, racu).

Apparently no dimin. suffix (-ana) and no ' mother' prefix. Slight traces of ' father' prefix (Se-).

95. Kisama is spoken in the coast region south of the Lower Kwanza river down to about the
I2th degree of South latitude.

96. Libolco or Lubcolu is spoken behind the Kisama, south and west of the Middle Kwanza to the
verge of the Bailundco and Bihe highlands.

97. Songco is spoken east of the Middle Kwanza, between that river and the watershed of the
Kwangco, north of the Loandoj river and the Kiiokco countries, south of Malanje.

98. Kimbundu is spoken in west Angola between the Atlantic coast and the high plateau on the
east ; between the Kwanza river on the south and the Mbiriji or Musera river and the Middle Loge
(Ndcoje) river on the north.

98 a. Ngola is spoken in central AiigSla, north of the Kwanza river and south of the Ndcoji,
especially in the Ambaka district.

99. Mbamba is spoken in north-eastern Aiigola, north of the Upper Ndwji and Mbiriji rivers,
between the districts of Eiikcoji, Bembe, the Zombo) plateau, and the Kwafigoj watershed.

GROUP Z

KONGO) OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

loo. Kipi-koSgw

Sub-Group Z I, Southern Kongoj
looa. Ki-sorongco <7r Ki-swnyco

loo b. Ki-koilgco *

Sub-Group Z 2, Northern Kongco

loi. Ka-kongco'' 102 a. Ki-vili <pr Ki-vumbu <?r Lu-wumbu (N. Luafigu)

102. Ki-yombe or Ci-luafigco ' 103. Ki-lumhoa 0/ May uml>d*

English

100.
Ki^i-kongcd

100 a.
Ki-sorongoa

ICXDb.

Ki-kongu

lOI.

Ka-kongco

102.

Ki-yombe

(Ci-luangco)

103.

Ki-vili or

Lu-wumbu

(N. Luangco)

103 a.

Ki-lumbu 0/

Jifjtyumia

Adze

Lu-avu

Ki-ubi ;
bi-ubi

Ki.talit

Animal, wild

Bulu ; //.

M-bisi

N-bisi

beast

i-bulu.
Belco ; //.
yi-belo9.
K-kcokco ;
zifi-kcdkco
(looa)

Ant

Kin-zanzala.

Kin-zanzala.

Nuna or

Kim-fwetete.

Lu-songwnya.

Nycona ;

N-songconya,

N-salafu.

^i-n«na,

N-zulu,

Ki-nunia

zi-nyuna

M-fite, 6-^.

N-sumi; p/.

zin-sumi

Ant, white

Kin-swa ;

M-fwila.

(termite)

vin-swa.

N-selele.

N-selele.

Lu-nsu

M-pembele

Ape (chim-

M-pongi

...

...

panzi)

Arm

Arrow

Bulu

(Ki- ; p/. bi-)

N-scosi.
Lu-ncana ; zi-.
Lu-selingco.
Lim-bunzu

Selele

Cim-penze ; bi-
M-pungu
(gorilla).
Ki-angi
(chimpansi).
N-ziku

N-nuna ; zi-H.
Selingco.
M-bunzu

Selele : zi -1-

N-zigei

K-cok« ; //.

K-ukca.

K-cakeo,

K-cokca ;

K'-»kco ;

m-ukco

Kw-angu.

Hamba.

Kanjaiigu

Ku-akco ; //.
mi-ak«o.
Ku-k«kco t ;
imi-cskco

mi-wkco

mi-caku

N-zanza.

M-basa.

M-ta ; pi.

...

Nuanyi ; mi -t-

Ttota or

Ki-tuta.

ma-ta.

N-teota; mi-f-

N-zanza.

Lu-bau ;

Puntsa

zin-bau.
In-scotco; zin-t

'

' Including the dialects of the Ba-bwendi, Ba-sundi, and Ha-sese. It is the language usually knoxvn as
' Bakoiigco '. 100 a. the language of the A-stonyco or ' A-sorongco ' is almost fused with Kifi-Kongoa.

' Some words have been inserted from the 1772 Ka-kongu (French) dictionary in MS. in the British Museum,

' 7%^ ' Loangco ' of Adolf Bastian. It is sometimes styled C'xAoaga. It is virtually the language recorded in
1772 as Congo or Cacongo by French missionaries.

* Including the Ki-kama dialect of Sete Kttma, the N-dumbu or Lin-dumbu of the Nyanga basin, and perhaps
Km-pavi farther inland.

t Words marked thus are from the 1772 MS, See Bibliography.

GROUP Z: THE KONGO) OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

379

lOO.

loob.

lOI.

I02.

103.

103 a.

English

Kifi-kongeo

Ki-kongcd

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbo> of

loo a.

(Ci-luangco)

Lu-wumbu

Mayumba.

Ki-soroiigu

(N. Luangoi)

Axe

Lu-aji.
M-pivi

Sengele.
Tadi'

Tale.'
Ki-talit;
bi- or b'-

...

Ki-tali'

...

Baboon ...

N-kewto ?

. ..

...

>••

N-yumbu; zi-t-

...

Back

N-ima

N-ima

M-busa.
In-busa t

...

M-busa; zi +

...

Banana ...

Ciba,

Di-tiba.

Ki-tebe; bi-t.

Tebe,

Ki-teba ; bi-

Ki-teba

Tiba,

Difi-kondco

E-tebe ;

N-tebe

Tebe.

bi-tebe.

Din-kondcd.

Teba

N-sansu.

N-kewa.

M-bcolco

{unripe. See

note tmder

'penis')

Beard

N-zevoj.

N-zevco,

Zin-devca.

Devoa ; zin +

Lefco,

Zin-devu

Nzefo).

(Ki-bef« =
chin)

(Lu-levci> =
one hair ; pi.
bi-t)

Lu-lefw

Bee

Ny-«pi.
Ny-umbula.
M-bwiingina

Ny-uki.
Ny-cosi.
N-jumbula

N-tose or
In-tose ; pi.

bi-t

N-ojse; zi-f

Ni-cose; zi-f

...

Belly

Vumu ; ma + .

Fumu ;

I-vumoa or

I -vumu

Ki-vumu ; bi-.

...

Lu-kutu

yi-fumu. or

Ki-vumu

Li-sakasaka

(stomach)

Ki-vumu ; bi-

Bird

Nuni

Nuni

Nuni or
I -nuni ;
zi-niini

Nuni; zi +

•Juni ; zi -f

Blood

M-enga

M-enga

M-enga

*■(

W-enga

...

Body

Tto.
Ta.

E-vimbu,
Di-vimbu.
Nitu;
zi-nitu

Nitu

N-yitu or
Nitu ; zi +

Nitu; zi +

^-yitu ; zi -f-

Bone

Vipi

M-vezi,
Ki-yisi.
Hisi; bi-f-

Um-vese ;
im-vese.
M-beze

...

N-vese ; mi-

...

Borassuspalm

N-teva

Ba-dibu

• . .

* • •

^-gongeo ; mi-

. ..

\ Bow

1

Ta.

[5u-ta ; ma -f .

Bu-ta or

...

Vl-pita-m-bau

...

N-tibu.

Nua ; ma+

Ta.

Binza; mim-f-.

Lu-bacd ;

t

N-kangi.
M-fumba

m-baco

Bowels

N-dia

N-dia

Imi-lia

Ki-fundu ; bi-

Brains

To-mfco or
To-mfi

belongs to
\ltk Class

To-mfi

To-nzu.
I-bakasi ?

• ■•

To-nzco

...

Breast (man's)

Tulu or
N-tulu

Tulu or
N-tulu

N-tima or
Um-tima

•. *

N-tima

...

Breast

Di-yeni,

Di-yeni ; ma-

Bene;

••t

L.i-bene; ma-

«.•

(woman's)

E-yeni

ma-bene.
Li-bene t

This word suggests ' stone ' as well as ' iron ' ; and stone axes were anciently in use in West Congoland.

38o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

ICO.

loob.

lOI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-koiigco

Ki-kongoj

Ka-koiigoi

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbco of

ICO a.

(Ci-luango>)

Lu-wumbu

.'\fayitmba

Ki-sorongu

(N. Luaiigu)

Brother ...

M-pangi.

Ku-runtu.

N-komba ;

Yaia ; ma + .

Mbunji

M-bunji.
M-buta.
Pangi.
Yaya

zifi +

N-komba ;

zi +

Buffalo

M-pakasa

M-pcosco or
M-pcokasa

M-pakasa

...

Mpakasa

Bull

E-kcokcd.
N-gombe
a m-bakala

N-gombe
a kukco or
a m-bakala

N-gombe
mba-kala

...

Buttocks ...

Ma-taku

Ma-takco

Ma-taku

...

N-kalulu.
Ma-taka

N-kalulu.
Ma-taku

Canoe, boat

N-lungu

N-lungu

Bu-ato> ;
mi-atco.
In-zaza

Ubw-atco

Bu-atto ;
mi-atco

Bu-atco ;
mi-atco

Cat

M-ipi.

M-bumba.

Ki-waia or

*•*

Nyau ; zi -f .

Nyau ; zi +

M-bumba.

M-bongi.

Waya ; pi.

M-baku ; mi-

Budi

Budi.
Wayi

bi-aya.
In-zuzia t

Charcoal ...

E-kala ;
ma-kala

Di-kala ; ma-

Li-kala ; ma-

...

Li-kala; ma-

...

Chief, king

M-fumu.
N-tinu.
Ny-adi.
N-kaka.
N-kulu-ntu

Pfumw; zim-f.
Fumu ; bam +

In-fumu or
Fumto ; zin -J-

Fumu ; zi -f

Fumu ; zi -f

ChUd

Mw-ana.

Mw-ana ;

Ci-anza ; //.

Ki-leze; bi-

Mu-ana ;

Mu-ana ;

Nleke.

a-ana or

ibi-anza.

b-ana

bana

Lekileki

b-ana

Mw-ana ;
b-ana or
ab-ana

Cloth

N-lele.
M-bongci>

M-bari

Cifi-kutu,
Kin-kutu.
Kim-vindu.t
Kin-dele or
M-lele;//.
bin-dele

Ki-tende

Ki-tende

Cold

Ki-«ji. N-jijJ

Ki-usi

Ki-«ze

• ••

Ki-oose

Ki-use

Country . . .

N-pi

N-si

I-si.
In-ti t

...

pi

P'

Cow

N-gombe

N-gombe

N-gombe

lii-gombe

N-ombe

N-ombe

a ii-ke-nto)

'n-ce-nt(o

n-ci-entu)

n-ci-entoj

Crocodile ...

N-gandu

N-gandco

N-gandu

lii-gandu

Kim-bcoIco;bim-

N-gandea

Day, daylight

Lumbu.

Ki-lumbu.

Bumw-ija.

Ki-lombu.

Ki-lumbu ; bi-

Ku-ma.

Mw-ini

Lumbo] ; pi.

Bu-isi

Mw-ini

u-lumbco.
Bu-isi t

Devil, evil

N-kwiyi.

M-peve.

N-dubi

...

Kim-bindi

spirit

Ki-nyumba.
E-tombola.
N-kadi

N-duyi.
Teke;
bi-teke {idol)

Doctor (medi-

N-ganga

N-ganga ; ba +

N-ganga ; zin-

Gaiiga; zi-J-

N-ganga

N-ganga

cine man)

or zin-

Dog

M-bwa

.M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

Door, door-

Ki-elco.

Kia-fulu.

E-vitu,

...

Li-vitu ; ma-

■ •<

way

.Mw-eloj.
Di-vitu

Di-vitu.
Mu-eloa.
Ki-eltt

Li-vitu ; pi.
nia-vitu

GROUP Z: THE KONGO) OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

38r

lOO.

loob.

lOI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Ki^i-kongco

Ki-kongco

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbca of

looa.

(Ci-luangeo)

Lu-wumbu

Mayumb/t

Ki-sorongcd

(N. Luaiigco)

Dream

N-deoji.

(Ku-lcota,i'^r(5)

N-dusi

Lcota

N-dcose

N-dcose ; zi-

...

Drum

N-gcoma.
M-budi-kidi.
M-ondo> ;
mi-ondco

N-dungu.
N-gtoma

N-dungu

N-dungu.
N-gcoma

Ear

Ku-tu

Ku-tu ; ma-f

Ku-tu

Ku-tu ; ma-tn

Ku-tu ; ma-tu '

Ku-tu

Egg

Di-aki

Di-ki

I-jo;
ma-j5.
Ceo ; ma-coi

Li-cco ;
ma-c<o

Li-akr ;
ma-ki

...

Elephant ...

N-zau.

N-dzawu,

N-dzaii ;

• ••

N-zaco; zi +

N-dzau,

N-zamba

N-dzau.
N-zamba

zin-zau.
N-zamba

N-jau

Excrement

Tu-vi.
Wi

TQ-fi

Tu-vi

...

Tu-fi

...

Eye

D-isu ;

D-iza»,

Li-esu ;

Li-esu

Li-esco ;

Di-esca ;

m-esu

D-isu ;
m-esco

m-esu

m-esu

m-esoo

Face.forehead

M-pwlci).

i_u-ze.

Bu-su,

Tama ; ma -^

Ki-nyi ;

• ••

Lu-se.

Zizi ; pi.

B'-su.t

bi-nyi.

Nd(o-se(iooa)

bi-zizi.
M -bulu.
M-bundzu

N-su.

Ndun-ze.
M-bulu

M-bulu

Fat or oil ...

Di.aji,
M-aji

Ma-pi.
N-gazi.
Mun-dziii

M-tcola.
Ma-nzi

...

Ma-nzi

Ma-nzi

Father ...

Tata.

Ki-se,

E-se.

Sa.

(Sa-mi = my,

MpaUbiln).

(Di-se = aunt)

Se.
Tata

Tata

Tata; zi +

Tata;

ba + , ma-f

Tata

Fear

W-onga.
Vumi.
M-bubu

n-onga.
Tita

Bu-bcoma.
Bcoma

...

Bcama

...

Finger

N-lembco

N-lembco

Ci-zala ;
bi-zala

Zala;
n-zala

Lu-zala ; zi-

Lu-lembo> ; ma-

Fire, heat...

Ti-ya.
Tu-via.
M-bazu

Tu-via.

Ti-ya.
M-bawu

M-bazu

In-bazu

M-bazu ; zi-

Basco

Fish

M-biji

M-pfu.

M-fu or

...

Fu ; zi-fu.

...

a ma-za.

M-bizi

Fcoco

M-bisi 'm-bu

M-fu

Foot

Tambi.
Kanda-ji.
K-nlu

Ki-tambi.
Ja n-tambe.
Ku-nji
a n-tambe

I-tambi

In-knlu

K-ulu ; ma-lu.
Ki-kcdbi ; bi-

'"

Forest

M-finda

N-zitu.
Pfinda,
M-finda.
N-kunku

M-situ

...

N-situ

• >•

Fowl

N-susu.
E-yembe.
E-kukco.
Buta

N-dzuza.
Zuzu,
N-tsusu

N-susu

Tsusu ;
zi-tsusu

Susu

Susu

Ki-tu ; pi. bi-tu = ?neiHber, limb.

cc

382

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

ICO.

loob.

lOI.

1 02.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-koiigco

Ki-kongeo

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbu of

looa.

(Ci-luangca)

Lu-wumbu

Ma.ytimba.

Ki-soroiigco

(N. Luangco)

Frog (or toad

N-swamba

Ki-ula.

Dy-ula or

Li-zondu

Li-zundu ; ma-

sometimes)

Huku

J-ula.
Ki-sili

Ghost

E-tombcola.
Ki-nyumba

Tebco.
N-gcotco

Cim-bindi; bi-

...

Ki-dundu.
N-tengo9.

Kim-bindi

...

Girl

N-dumba

N-dumba

N-dumba

N-dumba ;ba +

N-kuraba.
Ki-kumbi

...

Goat

N-kombca

Ki-saka,
Ntaba.
N-kombo>

N-k5mbco

Iti-kombco

N-kombco

Kombco

„ (he) ...

N-kombo>
a kim-bcokcd.
Vaka

N-komboj
kuku

N-kombco
ai bakala

••«

..•

...

God

N-zambi.
N-zambi
a m-pungu

N-zambi

N-zambi or
U n-zambi

N-zambi

N-zambi,
Ni-ambi

...

Grandparent

N-kaka.
N-kayi

Kaya.
N-kaka.
(Nengwa =
grandmother)

Kaka

I -kaka

N-kaka

Grass

Titi.
Cici.

Ny-aiiga.
E-jsinde.
N -lenge.
E-diadya.
N-soya.
Mw-enze

Ny-anga.
Sinda.
Ki-titi

Titi

Ki-titi

Ki-Uti

...

Ground

N-tcotco.
N-si

N-tcatea

M-tcotu

In-tutu

Pi.
N-tcotco

...

Ground-nut

N-guba.
M.pinda

N-guba

Pinda

...

M-pinda; zi +

Guinea-fowl

N-kelele

N-kelele

Funzi

Fonzi.
In-pulu

Funzi

...

Gun

Ta.
N-kele

Ta.

N-kele.
Ki-sami

N-ta; //. m'ta

• •■

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

...

Hair

N-8uki

Zin-suki (,pL).
N-lengi ;
min-lengi

M -lenge or
Im-leiaje

Suki.
Um-lengie

N -lenge; mi-

...

Hand

K-cokco ;

M-busa.

Kanda ;

Ku-akto; mi-

Li-kanda.

Li-kanda; ma

m-coko9.

Kanda.

ma-kanda.

K-cokco

Kan-daji.

Tandco k-ukco

K-cokco ; pi.

M-banzangala

Nima k-cokco

mi-cokco

Head

N-tu; pi.

N-tu ; min-tu

M-tu.

M-tu ; //.

N-tu;

N-tii;

min-tu

Um-tu;
m-tut

im-tu

mi-tu

me-tu

Heart

N-tima or
N-cima.
M-oyto.
M-bundu

M-bundu.
N-tima

N-tima

Um-conyco ;
imi-

N-tima ; mi-

Heel

Singini,

'Singiyi;//.

Ki-singini or

Koda;

Ki-kcode; bi-

Ki-kcobi ; bi-

. ...

Ziiigini ; pi.

bi-koda

yi-f

yi- <7r bi + .
Ndia-turu

Hide

N-kanda

N-kanda

Kanda ;
in-kanda

...

N-kanda

...

GROUP Z: THE KONGCO OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

383

,00.

loob.

!OI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kongco

Ki-kongco

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbco of

1 00 a.

(Ci-luaiigco)

Lu-wumbu

Mtyumb*

Ki-sorongoj

(N. Luangco)

Hill

M-ongeo ;
mi-ongo>.
N-zanza.
Kun-dubulu.
Londe

M-oiigco.
Londi

...

...

Mwa' m-ongca

Hippopotamus

N-guvu

N-gufu

N-guvu

N-vubu

Hoe

N -sengoi

Dzengco.
Lum-bcoma

N-seiigco

Um-sengco ; im-

Seiigco; zi-t-

Honey

W-iki.

Ma-ndzi or

N-cose

...

Ma-nzi ma

Ny-usi

Ma-zi.
Bu-iki

ni-cose

Horn

M-paka.
M-pcoka.
M-puiigi

M-paka

M-pcoka

In-pcoka

Siki,
Li-siki.
M-budi

House

Nzo..

N-dzco.

N-zco ; zin-zco.

In-zco

N-zco N-dzco

Banga.

L-umbu

Bu-ala ; m-ala

L-umbu

(courtyard.

and great

house)

Hunger ...

N-zala

N-satu

N-satu.
N-zala

...

N-zala

Husband ...

N-kaza

Nuni.
N-kama.
N-kaza

Nuni ; ba -t-

Um-nuni ;
ba-nuni t

*uni; ba-f

Hyena

Kim-bungu.
M-bulu

Kim-bungu; bi-

?Ji-ii-gumbwa.
Li-envco .'

—

M-benem-paki

Iron

Tadi.

Seiigwa.

Lu-kanda ;

Um-tali t

Bu-tali.

Sengwa

Zengto

n-kanda.

Tali,

OO-tali

Ny-undu

Island

Sanga ; pi.
i-sanga

Ki-upi.
Ki-sanga

Ku-iika

Wa-ngena ?

<i-tumbu

Ivory

Vl-pungi.
M-peoba

M-puiigi

M-pungi

...

M-pungi

Knee

Eku-ngunu,

Ku-ma.

Ku-ngulu.

Liko-ngulu Liku-iigiilii

Diku-ngunu ;

Kin-keosco.

(•fukama =

maku-

Kon-scogcolco

to kneel)

Knife

M-bele.
N-saku

M-bele

M-bele;
zim-bele

...

M-bele

Lake

E-yanga or
Di-yanga; ma-.
Za ; pi. i-za.
Mw-anza ;
mi-anza

Zaiiga

J

Li-yaiiga; ma-.
Ki-bete.
(M-bu = sea)

Leg

i-ulu ; ma-lu

K-ulu ; ma-lu

K-ulu ; ma-lu

<-ulu ; ma-lu

C-ulu; ma-lu

Leopard ...

f*-gco

N-gco

N-gco

n-gco

Ci-kumbu.
N-gco

Lion

■♦■kcosi

N-kcosi

Kose ; ziii-f-

...

Lips

3ubco.
Babu

Ki-bcobco ; bi-

Mco-nco;
imi-nco

]

<i-lili";' bi- .'.*!

Magic

<i-mpa.

N-kisi.

N-kisi.

[m-kisi N-kisi

Kin-dcoki.

Kin-dcoki

Ma-yomboo

Ufi-ganga

Maize

Ma-sa

Saiigu.

.M-anya

Li-anya

ma m-putco

Ma-sa.
Ma-sasi.

M-anya

m

c c 2

384

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

IOC.

loob.

lOI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Kifikongco

Ki-koiigco

Ka-kong<d

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbcd 0/

IOC a.

(Ci-luang<o)

Lu-wumbu

MiLyumba.

Ki-sorongco

(N. Luangca)

(Ji)mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

Umu-ntu t or

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ntu ;

M(o-tcd ;

aba-ntu

a-ntu or

Mu-ntu ;

aba-ntu

ba-ntu.

ba-tci>

{old form).

ba-ntu

ba-ntu

Mu-si ' ; ba-si

Mu-ntu ;

a-ntu or

wa-nta

(Di.to)koj =

young man)

Man, vir. ...

E-yakala ; //.

Yakala ;

I-bakala or

Bakala

M-bakala

Nuni;

a-kala.

ba-yakala or

Li-bakala

ba-nuni

Nuni

ba-kala.
Nuni

Meat

Nitu.
N-guni.
M-biji

M-bizi,
M-bipi

M-bizi

N-suni.

M-bizi

M-bisi

M-bisi

Medicine . . .

N-longco.
Nti

M-buku.
Wi-longeo,
N-longoj

Bu-longu

• •■

Ki-longca

Ki-longco,
Ci-longoj

Milk

Mam-vumina.
Ma-yeni

Kim-bumina.
Vumina.
Ji-ale

■ ••

Ma-bene

•*•

Monkey ...

N-kima.
N-kewoa.
N-zambu

N-kima.
N-gondo>.
N-kewoj

N-jima,
Cima.
lii-kima t

Cima

N-kima; zi-

N-kima ; zi -f

Moon, month

N-gonde.

N-gonda,

N-gonda,

lii-gonde.

N-gonde

N-gonde

Mi-eji or

N-gonde.

Ifi-gonde.

Li-songi'

Mi.ezi =

Mi-ese =

Lisongi."

moonlight

moonlight

Mu-eze

Mother

Ngwa,
Nengwa.
Ngudi.'
Yaya. Mama

Ma.
Ngudi

Mama; zi +

I-iiguli

Mama.
Nguli

Mountain ...

M-ongo» ;
mi-ongo>.
N-zanza

M-ongco

M-ongu

M-ongw

M-ongoi

• <■

Mouth

Nwa

Nwa

Mu-nwa ; mi-.
Umu-nu ;
imi-nu

Umu-nue t

Mu-nu ;
mi-nu

Nail (of finger

Zala; nzala

Lu-zala

N-gongulu

I-gongcolo]

Luii-gongulco

...

or toe)

Name

E-jina.
Di-zina.
N-kumbu

Zina

Zina

Li-zina

Li-zina

* "

Navel

N-kumba

Kumba

N-kumba

Um-komba t

N-kumba; mi +

...

Neck, throat

N-^ingu.
(E-laka =

throat)

N-kingu,
N-singu,
Jingu.
Hudi. Laka

Kcotvikcotu

M-pufu.
Ki-menu

Night

Fuku

Fuku.
M-pimpa

Bu-ilu

Ilu,
Bu-ilu

...

Nose

Ziinii or

M-bombeo.

YUuor

Li-elu ;

Li-ilu ;

Li-yelco;

Lu-zunu

M-bongi

Li-ilut;
ma-yilu

ma-yelu

ma-ilu

ma-yelco

Oil palm . . .

E-ya.

Di-ba,

I-ba;

Di-ba ;

Ba,

E-ba

I-ya

ma-ba

nia-ba

Li-ba; ma-f

Ox

N-gombe

N-gombe

N-gombe; ^i-f-

N-gombe; zi +

...

* Noteworthy.

2 See Groups CC to KK, MM, and 00.

' Ngudi means ' womb '.

GROUP Z: THE KONGO) OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

38s

1 00.^

100 b.

lOI.

103.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kongcd

Ki-kongco

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbci> of

100 a.

(Ci-luangca)

Lu-wumbu

M*yumb*

Kisorongos

(N. Luangu)

Paddle

N-kafi

Nkafi

Ki-ela

Palm wine,

Ma-lavu

Ma-lafu

Ma-nyemvu

Ma-samba

Ma-lafu

...

beer

Parrot

N-kusu

N-kusu

Nkuzn

...

N-kusu

...

Penis

Bu-tamu.
M-via. Kata.
(Ma-bcalo>, an

obscene curse.
M-bcoleo = a
long pod or
husk) '

M-viya

N-seta,
M-seta

Pig

N-gulu

N-gulu

N-gulubu ; 21 -(-

In-gulubu t

N-gulu; zi +

...

Pigeon, dove

E-yembe

Di-yembe or
Bembe.
N-kuku

Bembe

Li-bembe

Li-bembe

. ..

Place

V-uma,
K-uma

(-uma = root).
Cini n-dambu.

Ki-fulu.
Ku-ma or
K-uma

Va-ma

...

Va-ma ;
m-iima

Rain

M-vula

M-fula.
N-dcoka

M-vula

...

N-vula

•••

Rat

M-puku

M-puku

M-kwete

In-puku

M-puku

• ••

River

N-kuku.
N-zadi.
N-salu.
Mw-anza.
(N-lambu =
bank)

N-dambu

Mu-ila ;
mi-ila or
im-ila

Mu-ila.
Ku-le; ma-le.
Ci-elu

Mu-ila

Road

N-jUa

N-jila

N-zila; zi +

N-zila

N-zila

• r*

Salt

Mu-ngwa

Mu-ngwa.
Kengele

Mu-ngwa

U mu-ngwa

...

...

Shame

N-suni

N-s<oni.
Lu-wungu

Zi-sconye

...

Sconyi

Sheep

E-meme or
Di-meme.
E-bukuloi

Meme

Meme,
Li-meme ;
ma-meme

Li-meme

Li-meme

Li-ndomba ;

ma-

Shield

N-gubu

...

...

N-guba ?

• •■

Shoulder ...

E-vemb«.
Di-vembua

Hembco or
Gembco

Vembw ; ma-

Li-vimbwa "

Li-vemboa

...

Sister

N-sanga.
M-pangi.
M-bunji

Buzi, and

words for
brother

N-komba
n-ce-nt(o

...

Yaiya n-ce-ntco

...

Skin

H-kanda

N-kanda

Um-kanda

...

N-kanda; mi -t-

■ ••

Sky

E-zulu.

Yulu.

Ku-yilu,

• • •

Yilti,

...

Di-zulu.

Kun-dakci)

Yilu.
M-tuti

Li-lyu or
Lyu

Slave

M-bundu.

M-vika,

M-vika ;

Um-wika

N-vika; ba-.

...

M-wayi

M-bika.
Ng-wayi

ba-vika

N-dongu ; ba-

Sleep

Tu-lu,
Tcolu

Tu-lu

...

Tu-lu ;
matu-lu

T(D-lu

...

Smoke

Mw-ipi

Mu-isi

Mu-izi

.. .

Mu-isi

••■

Snake

Ny-caka

Ny-o>ka

Ny-coka

Iny-wka

Ny-coka ; zi-^

...

' Also an unripe plantain. Then, for the same reason — its j;4a/^~-M-bojlca became applied to the long round
rolls of Portuguese bread .^ and has come to mean ^ bread' over much of Angola and Western Congoland, the indelicate
simile having becotne forgotten, though the original meaning o/" -bcolto is retained in ' curse-words '.

' Noteworthy.

H

386

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I DO.

loo b.

loi.

I02.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kong«

Ki-kongu

Ka-kongto

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbcn of

looa.

(Ci-luangco)

Lu-wumbu

Afayumb*

Ki-sorongca

(N. Luangco)

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana.

N-tauzi.

Mw-ana ;

Di-tcokco ; pi.

Mu-ana ;

N-leke.

N-ttokeo.

ab-ana,

bama-tcokco

b-ana.

N-taudi

Mw-ana ;
b-ana

(ob-ana.
Mw-ana
bakala

Ki-lese ; bi-

Song

N-kunga.
M-bembtij

L-umbu

Lu-imbu ;
tu-imbu

...

L-umbu ; zi -f-

...

Spear

Edi-oiiga,
Di-onga.
E-swaiiga.
(N-kongeo,

' the hunter')

Puntsa.
Di-onga

Li-onga

Li-onga

Li-onga ;
m-oiiga

Spirit, soul

M\v-anda ; mi-.
Lu-nzi.
N-kwiya.
M-oyco

E-teb«

M-conyco ;
mi-conyco

Um-o»nyo»

Ki-lunzi.
M-conyu

Star

N-tetembwa.
M-bwetete.

(Nyenye =

meteor)

M-bwetete

M-bcota ;
zim-bcota

M-bwetila;zi-t-

M-bota ; zi-

Stick

Kcodi.

M-pfwala.

Kcokco;

Li-kcokca.

...

Bcota

OOkco ; //.

tna-kco.

N-kau

ma-kcokco.
N-ti

N-ti

Stone

£-tadi or
Di-tadi

Di-tadi ; nia-

I-manya'; ma-

Li-manja ' or
Li-manya; ma-

Li-manya '

Li-manyi';ma

Stool

Kin-ti,
Ki-ti

••■

...

Sun

N-tangwa.

N-tuba.

N-tangu.

Bu-Tsi

N-tangu.

...

N-tuba.

N-tangwa.

Mw-ini,

(Mu-nyi —

Mw-ini.

Mu-ini.

Mw-inyco

sunshine)

(N-teji =

(M-poazi =

sunlight)

sunlight)

Tail (of an

N-kila ;

N-kila

. . .

• •■

Mu-kila,

Mu-cila

animal)

mifi-kila

Mu-cila.

Ki-langa,

Lu-kamba

Tear

Din-sanga

Din-sanga

Suela

Lin-suela ;

man-

Li-suela

...

Testicles ...

E-kata ;
nia-kata.
M-via

Kata.

Mam-pumbu

Ma-kata

...

...

Thief

Mw-ivi ; pi.
y-evi

Mu-ifi ;
b-efi

Mu-ivi

Umu-ivi;
ba-bivi

MCi-ifi; b-efi

...

Thigh

E-tungi.
E-taingatanga

Ki-tco.
Di-bubu
dia-kulu.
Bund a.
Tungi

Ny-unu-ny-unu

Li-bubu t

Li-sukusukil

Thing

Lekwa. Ma

Ki-ma.

E-sangala; bi-

I-sangara.

Li-ambu.

...

or Ki-uma.

Ki-lekco.

Ki-lekco; hi-'

Ki-k-umat

Ci-ma ;

(-uma = root)

Di-ambu

Ki-vaku.
Li-ambu

bi-ma.
Ki-sangala

Thorn

Lu-sende

...

M-sende

Lu-sende ;
zi-tsende

Lu-sende ; zi-

...

Noteworthy as akin to the root for ' knowledge ', ami descending frovi the Stone Age of Bantu culture.

I

GROUP Z: THE KONGO) OR

WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 38;

ICO.

loob.

lOI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Kifi-kongoj

Ki-kongco

Ka-koiigco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbu of

lOOa.

(Ci-luangto)

Lu-wumbu

Mdyttmba

Ki-sorongco

(N. Luaiigu)

Tobacco ...

M-fcomca,
N-fuama.
N-sunga

Fumu

Suiiga or
I-songa

Suiiga

Suiiga

...

To-day

Unii,

Unii or

Lumbu-aji.

• ••

Bubii.

< >•

Wunu

Gunu or
Ow-i3nca.
Lumbu.
Bubu

1-lumbu-aci

Ki-lumbu-aki

Toe

N-lembu

N-zala

lu-kuku

...

Lu-zala

•••

To-morrow

CO-mbaji

M-basi,
Om-bazi m-ine

Jalube y-eoncd

...

M-basi

Tongue . .

Lu-bini

Lu-dimi ; //.
tu-dimi or

zin +

Lu-limi and
Lu-laka

Lu-lumi ;
zin-dumi

N-daka ; zi-

...

Tooth

D-inu ;

D-inu ;

Li-enu ;

Li-enu ;

Li-enu

Li-enoj ;

m-enea

m-eno>

m-enu

m-enu.
Li-enon ;
m-enon t.
Li-tandi

m-enw

Town

E-vata.

Di-vata,

N-zi.

Bu-ala ;

Bu-ala

••»

M-banza

Wata or
Gata.

Hw-ala ; pi.

mabw-ala.

M-bela

Bw-ala

m-ala

Tree

N-ti,

N-ti ;

N-ti, m-ti ; //.

Uin-ti ;

N-ti ;

N-te;

N-ci;

min-ti.

im-ti

im-ti

mi-ti

me-te

min-ci

N-ci ; //.
min-ci

Twins

N-simba

...

Baza

Ki-baza ; bi-t

Ci-basa ;
bi-basa

...

Urine

Man-jene.
Ma-suba

Ma-suba.
Ma-nziena

Suba or
Hiba

Ma-hiba t

Suba

...

Vein

Mu-anje

Mu-anji or
Mu-enzi.
N-dombe

N-zila

1-sila ; zi-

Lu-sila ; zi-

•••

War

Vi-ta.

N-vita.

N-zingu,

Vi-ta.

Livi-ta; ma-.

...

N-jingu

Nwa-na'

N-zengu.

Vi-ta or
Ki-vita

(Ku-nwa-na =
to make war)

Ku-nua-na

Water ...

Ma-za.

Ma-mba.

N-langu.

N-langu ;

Ma-si.

Ma-si

N-langu.

M-kukca.

Ma-zea.

min-langu.

Ma-dia

Di-kwangu.

Ma-za

Ma-tonti.

Ma-zi,

N-sumpu

Mi-langu

Ma-zia

Well, source

Kin-dinga

. ..

...

White man

Mu-ndele ;
mi-ndele

Mu-ndele; imi-

Mu-ndele; imi-

Ci-bamba ; hi-.
Mu-ndele; mi-

...

Wife

N-kaza ; //.

N-kasa.

N-kazi.

Um-kazi ; ba-t Kazi,

a-kaji.

N-kama : a-.

N-kama

N-kazi ; ba-.

M-vika

(Kasa-mi =

N-kama ; ba-

{cf. slave)

my —)

Wind

M-peve,
M-pemoj,
M-pevelco

M-pevi

Pemu

In-pemu

M-pemu.

Mu-fu

' Cf. -rua-na, -rwa-na = to war together, tc

^s'o to war, in East Bintii.

388

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

100.

loob.

lOI.

I02.

103.

103 a.

English

Ki^i-kongeo

Ki-kongo>

Ka-kongo>

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili

or

Ki-lumbu of

looa.

(Ci-luango>)

Lu-wum

bu

Mayumbt

Ki-sorongcii

(N. Luangu)

Witch

N-dcoki.
N-pingi.
N-ganga

...

N-do)ci

N-gaiiga ;
N-docie ;

zi+,
zi-

...

Woman ...

N-ke-nt<o

N-ke-ntco ;
ba-ke-nto)

Um-ce-ntu or
N-ce-ntu ;
ba-ce-ntu or
aba-ce-ntu

Um-ke^ntfi),
Um-ce^ntu ;
aba-ce-ntu.
Kye-to) ;
ba-kye-tu)

N-cie-nt(o

ba-

N-kie-nt(D ; bu)

Womb

N-dia a m-buti

...

Vumu

•••

Wood (fire.

N-kuni,

Kuni.

Zizi.

Lu-kunyi ;

2i-

...

wood)

Lu-kuni

Zizi

Kunyi

Yam

Kwa

M-bala a
n-guvu.
Ki-kwa.
Ki-sadi

M-bala

•••

Li-bun vu

Year

M-vu

Mim-vu (the
seasons)

N-vu ; pi.
m-vu [for
mi-vu)

M-vii ;
mim-viJ.
(l8M century,
Im-vu-wali ')

M-vu

...

Yesterday...

E-zoanu

Zunu

Jebeli.
Yunco

...

Zunu

...

One

■mcopi

Bcozi,

Mw-eka,

-eka,

M-vimpa.

Mw-eta,

-mcozi,

M-vika.

-eki.

Mese.

Mos'-

-mcopi

•copi

-use,

Mw-eka.

Busi,

-eka

■musi

Two

-wle

-ule,

•wle (Bi-oale).

-ule, -ole ;

•wali.

•vali

-zeole

-all

or -wadi.
-ali

•ole

Three

•tatu

■tatu

-tatu
(Bi-tatu)

-tatu

•tatu

-tatu

Four

•ya

•ya,

-na (Bi-na).

•ya or

•na

-nai.

-lya

•ya,

-nya

-na,
•nya

-iyene

Five

•tanu

-tanu

•tanu

-tanu

•tanu

•tane

Six

■sambanu

•sambanu

-sambanu

-sambanu.
Sambanon t

Samanu

•tani mw^eta
or E^samen'

Seven

N-sambwadi

Sambcodia.
Tsambcoadi

Sambuali

Sambu'adi or
Sambu'di

Sambuali

Sam b wali

Eight

-nana

-nana

I -nana

Di-nana

Nana

Nane

Nine

•vwa

-vwa

I-viia

Di-vua

Vua

E^vua

Ten

-kumi

-kumi

Kumi

Di-kumi

Kumi

Kumi

Eleven ...

Kumi ye mcojsi

Kumi
e ki-mci>zi.
Kumi a mcopi

Kumi-ici
mw-eka

Kumi li
mw-eka.
(Kumi li

...

wali =

twelve)

Twenty ...

Ma-kum'cole

Ma-kumi

Ma-kum'

Ma-kumi

Ma-kii'

...

m-osle

m-ali or
Ma-kumi
m-ole

muali

m-wali

Thirty ...

Ma-kum'

Ma-kti'

Ma-ku'

Ma-ku'

Ma^kii'

...

a-tatu

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

ma-tatu

Forty

Ma-kum' a-ya

Ma-kum' a-ya

Ma-kum' a-na

Ma-kum' a-na

Ma-kum' a-na

...

' Afeaning ' two years ', because at first I m-vu only stood Jor the six months season.

GROUP Z: THE KONGCU OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

389

I

100.

100 b.

10,.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Ki^i-koiigbi

Ki-kongo>

Ka-kongeo

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbw of

100 a.

(Ci-luangu)

Lu-wumbu

Mayumb*

Ki-sorongcd

(N. Luangoa)

Fifty

Lu-fuku ;

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'

Ma-kum'.

Ma-kum'

m-fuku.

a-tanu

a-tanu

a-tanu

a-tanu

Ma-kum'

a-tanu

Sixty

Ma-kum'
a-sambanu

...

...

Ma-kum'
a-sambanu

...

«..

Seventy ...

Lu-sambwadi

• ..

• ••

Lu-tsambwadi

...

...

Eighty ...

Lu-nana

*..

• ••

Lu-nana

...

Ninety

Lu-vwa

...

• ••

Lu-vua

...

Hundred ...

N-kama.
(M-bondco =

SCO)

N-kama

Kama

K'ama

N-kama

...

Thousand ...

E-zunda.
(E-lundu =
100,000,
E-fuku =
1,000,000)

Ku-laji

I-veve

Kiku-lazi t

Ki-vefe ;

bi- {pi.)

I, me, my ...

Munu.

Munoa

Minu.

Menu.

Minu.

Kwa-me.

In-, Ny-.

Ndi-, N-, I-.

I-.

I-SN.(M.),

•n- (-m-).

-m-.

Ngi-, Ya-, N..

»gi-, Ndi-.

•n- (-m.).

•n- (-m-).

-n- (-m-).

-a-me

-a-me

-a-mi

-ame, -a-ma

-a-mi

Thou,thee,thy

N-ge, N-geye,

N-geye.

N-jei, Yei.

? N-geye.

N-geye.

...

Kwa-ku.

u.

u..

u..

U-.

CO., U-.

-a-ku

•ku..

•ku-

-a-ku-.

-a-ku

-a-ku

-nge.

-a-ku

He, him, his

Yandi,

Yandi.

N-andi,

Yende, Yandi,

N-andi.

Kw.andi.

U-.

N-ande.

N-andi.

U-.

O)-, U-, Ke-,

-n- or -m-.

U-.

U-, Ka-.

•n-.

E..

-andi

-andi

-n-, -m-.

-andi

-n- or -m-.

•ende, -andi

•andi, -enji

We, us, our

Y-etoa, OOy-etoj.

B-etoj

B-efu.

B-etu.

B-esco, B-efco.

Kw-eteo.

Tu-, Ti-.

Tu-.

Tu-.

Tu..

•ittt

•tu-.

-tu-.

•tu-.

-etu

•itu

•etu

Ye, you, your

Y-encij,Kw-entij.

B-eno9

B-enu.

B-enu.

B-enoj.

...

Nu-.

Lu-, Li-.

Lu-, Nu-, Mu-.

Lu..

-nu-.

-enu

•mu-.

•lu^.

-e-nco

•enu

•inu

They, them,

Yau, Kw-au.

Bail

Baco.

Bau.

Bau.

their

Ba-, Be-, A-,

Ba-, Bi-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

E-.

-au

-ba-.

-ba-.

•ba-, a-, -aba-.

-au

-au

-au

All

-nsw,

-nso>-n<d

...

-nsoj,
-onso)

-OISM

-6s«

...

* 1- as a verbal or adjectival prefix = / am.

390

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

I GO.

loob.

lOI.

I02.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kongu

Ki-kongco

Ka-kongco

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki-lumbco of

ICO a.

(Ci-luangco)

Lu-wumbu

Msyumbd

Ki-sorongoi

(N. Luafigco)

This, these

COyu, a-ya ;

Yuyu, yaya ;

0), (o-na ; &'c.

A-u, a-ba;

Uu (wcowco).

co-wu, emi ;

wuwu, mimi ;

W-au, ba-u ;

a-u, a-mi ;

baba ; uu,

edi, coma ;

&-€.

w-au, mi-au ;

a-di, a-ma ;

mimi ; lilt.

eki, eyi;

li-au, ma-u ;

a-ki, a-bi ;

mama ; cici.

«

efi (8 a); eyi.

c-au, by-au ;

a-yi, a-zi ;

bibi ; yiyi.

eji ; colu ;

fi-au ; j-au.

a-lu ; a-tu ;

zizi ; lulu ;

cotu ; — ;

z-au ; ? Iw-au ;

a-bu ; a-ku ;

tutu ; bubu ;

cowu ; coku ;

tw-au ; bw-au ;

a-va

kuku; fafa

cova ; comu.

kw-au

COy-co, tow-co ;

(ow-co, emi-o> ;

edi-(o, (om-co ;

eki-co, ey-co ;

.'

efi-co ; ey-eo,

ez-co ; ar'c.

(*)-na, a-na ;

a)wu-na,

emi-na ;

edi-na.

coma-na ; &>£.

That, those

Ndi-coyu,

awa-ya ;

w-a-u,

mi-a-mi ;

di-a-di, mama;

ki-a-ki, y-a-yi;

fi-a-fi ; y-a-yi,

z-a-ji ; zu-a-lu,

tw-a-tu; — ;

w-a-u ;

kw-a-ku ;

vava;

mw-a-mu.
Ndi-oyto,

aw-cowcd, &•€.
Ndi-cona,

awa-na, dr'c.

Ol)-u, co-ba ;

co-u, co-mi ;

co-ki ; cr'c.
U-na {yonder),

ba-na ; di-na,

ma-na ; b^c.
W-a-u, baba ;

mi-a-mi ;

di-a-di; &-€.

A-uu, a-baba ;
Au-na, aba-na ;

Bad

-am-bi '

■ibe.

-am-bi

-bi

•W

-m-bi

-m-be

Black

-am-piuki.
-an-dombe
(-lomba)

-n-dombe

-n-ombe

-n-ombe

-fiota. Viii.
-pindi.
Pipiti.

Li-bundi

Female

-ii-ke-ntco

-n-ce-ntu

-ii-ke-nta)

■cie-nto)

-ii-kye-ntu

Fierce, sharp

-ka^i.
-n-pita

...

...

...

Bu-balu

Good

a m-bcote.
-a-biza.
-a-wete

-m-bcote,
-m-cote.
-bcoto.
Tcomane

■bcote

-m-bote

-m-b5ti

Great

-a nene.
am-pwena.
-ifigi.
-a -kulu

(mucA)

■nene

•nene

-nene.
-kula

' The -a which appears before so many Kongw adjectival or substantive roots means ' of. The -m- or -n- is
merely the vestige of a prefix.

GROUP Z: THE KONGCU OR

WESTERNMOST CONGOLANU LANGUAGES 391

lOO.

loob.

lOI.

102.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kongoj

Kikongco

Ka-kongcd

Ki-yombe

Ki.vili or

Ki^lumbco of

IOC a.

(Ci-luangto)

Lu-wumbu

M»yumb»

Ki-sorongu

(N.Luangco)

Little

-an-dwel<o.

-keke.

-an-tico.

-kycokycij ; -Coj.

-n-ciecie

-a-kete.

-n-dwelcij

-jo.

-neneku.

-an-ke

-in-cco

-hi-ana. -ana

Long

-an-da (-la)

...

-kula

...

Male

E-yakala ; pis.
a-kala,
ama-kala,
am-bakala.
-e-kcokcd

-bakala

•bakala

Old

-an-kulu.

-nuna.

-nunu.

■nunu

■nunu.

-a-nunii

■ntinu.
-n-kulu

-kulu

-kulu

Red

-am-bwaki.
-luka

...

•tukula

...

■benga

•••

Rotten

-a-wci>la

...

■bcola

• «.

Short

-an-kufi

...

...

-kufi

••«

Sick

-am-bevco.
•yela

•bela.'""
-i-yela

•bela "

...

-kienzco,
■cenzu.
■bela

White

-am-pembe.
■pekepeke

-n-dundu.
-n-lele.
-m-pembe

-m-pemba

-m-pembe

-a-li-kenda

Above, up, on

E-zulu.'

Vam-bata.

Fam^ongca.

• ••

top

Vana.

N-tandu.

Kum-bata

Vam-ongeo

Fa-yilu

Before

Va-na mesco.
Ku-na ntu.
Ku-lcose

...

...

Kun-twala

Bu^su.
Ku-mes<o.
Kun-twala

Behind ...

Kun-ima

...

...

Kum-busa.
Kun-ima

Kum^busa.
Ku^buku

Below, down

Kun-pi

...

...

Ku-tse,
Va-tsi.
Ku-wanda

Ku-si.
Fa-si.
Ku-wanda

Far

E-n-tama.
(jOva-la

E-n-seke

...

N-dakco.

Ki-nanu

Here ... ...

Va-, Ku-, Mu-

Gana.

A-vava,

...

Fcofco,

OOmu, OOva.

Gaga

A-va

Fafa.

Vana

A^kununu

In, inside ...

COmu.
Kati. Ngudi

Mu-na

Mu-nakati,
Va-kati

Mu.

Mu^kati

Middle

Kati

...

...

-kati

Kati,
Kati-ansi

Near

Lu-kufi.
Mum-bela,
Mun-genga

...

...

N-duka.
Va-mwenda.

Mu n-dambu

Outside ...

M-baji

...

•■•

Ku-nganda

Ku-nganda

Plenty, many.

-ingi

...

Wombu.

Bi-yika.

M-papa.

much

Papa (few,
several)

Panpin'

•ingi

There

OO-mco, (jO-vco,

Ku-na.

Ku-na,

...

Ku-na,

...

OO-keo, Mu-na,

Kukco

Va-na

Ku-nani,

Ku-na,

A^kunani

OOmu-na

The £• prefix in Kongu seems to correspond willi the E- locative in the Zulu^Kafir dialects.

392

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

loo.

icob.

loi.

I02.

103.

103 a.

English

Kipi-kongco

Ki^kongu

Ka-kongca

Ki-yombe

Ki-vili or

Ki^lumbco 0/

looa.

(Ci-luangco)

Lu-wumbu

Mayumb*

Ki-sorong<o

(N. Luangca)

Where? ...

-e-yi ?
(Kw-eyi,
V-eyi, &'c.)

•kue?
Ge?
Mwe?

...

...

Kuni ?
Fani .'

...

No!

Ve!
Pele!
Ee!
N-gongo> !

Ve!
Ka!

Ve!

Ve!
Sui!

•«•

Not {witAveri,

Ke-, Ki-, Ku.,

■ ••

Ka-. ■isi-,

• ■■

-kco, -in-pe.

• *•

as prefix, in-

Ka. (Ke-tu,

•ka^tu-,^ka^di-,

-ku-. -si — kw

fix, or suffix)

Ke-nu,Ke-ba),

■ku suffix,
usually follows
negative verbs.

■sya^la-,^si-di-.

■)uii(with some
tenses and
alteration of
terminal a
toi).

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

•wanda.
•weta.
•bafuna, d^'c.

■yeta.
•zuba ?

■kuba

-bula.
■beta

-bula

• ■•

„ buy, sell

■sumba

•sumba

■sumba

-sumba

-sumba

• >•

„ come ...

-kw-iza

-zidi,
•ziri,
■siri ?

-ku^iza

-kw-iza

-ku-iza

"•

„ cut

•zenga (many
other words)

...

...

-ku-anga

-ciela.
-tabtila.
-uka

•••

„ dance ...

•kina

•kina

•jina,
■bina

•bina

■cina

...

„ die

•fwa

•fwa

•fwa

•fwa

•fua

•••

„ eat

-dia

•dia

•lia

-dia

•Ha

*••

„ give ...

•vana

...

-vala,
■vana

...

-vana,
-pana.
-kaba

...

« go

-kw^nda
(pret. -wele)

•enda

{pret. ■ele)

•enda

•yenda,
-enda

-enda

...

„ kill ...

•vonda

•mponda

-vonda

-vonda

...

„ know ...

•zaya

...

•zaba

...

-zaba

...

„ laugh ...

•seva

■seva.
-tsehela

•zeva

■>•

-sefa

...

„ leave off,

■bika

...

. ..

-bika

•bika.

>•■

cease

•lembwa

„ love,want

•zula
-tonda

•zcola

-tia.
-zcola

•zcola

...

„ see

•mcona.

■mcona :

•mcona.

•mcona.

•mcona.

• * ■

-tala

■mwene

•bcona

•tala

■tala

„ sit,remain,

•kala

■fwenda.

•kala

-kala

■kala

• ••

abide

■vcoanda

„ sleep ...

•le-ka
(.lele).
■lala.
(•kcona =

snore)

■lela.
-n^gconya.
-n^geosi

-lala.
(-n-gconya =

snore)

■nuka

• •

„ stand,8top,

-telama

■telama.

-telama

• ••

■telama

• (•

be erect

■ngamena

„ steal ...

■yiya

•laba

•iba

•iba

■iba

...

GROUP Z : THE KONGO) OR WESTERNMOST CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 393

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN Kl^IKONGO) AND KI-SORONGO)
Preprefixes present : used very much as definite articles.
Class I. a)mu.,Mu-,N-,N-, M-, E-(A-)(a-(e-), wa-, co-,u-,— -n-(-m-),-yu); 2. A-, Wa-, Ya- (Ba-,
Aba- archaic) (ba, a (e-), ya-, to-) ; 3. Wmu-, Mu-, N-, — (— , a- (e-), wa-, u-, wu-) ; 4. Emi-, Mi-, M'-
orJi- (mi-) ; 5. Edi- (especially in archaic Kongto). E-, Di-, — (di) ; 6. (Oma-, Ma- (oma-, ma-, -moo) ;
7. Eki-, Ki-, — (ki) ; 8. Ebi-, Bi- (archaic and very rare), Yi-, I-, — (bi- (archaic), yi-, y'-, i-) ;
8 a. Diminutive. Efi-, Fi- (fi-) (plural sometimes No. 8) ; 9. Eyi- (archaic). In- (Im-), N-, N-, Ny-, — (i-, y'-,
yi-) ; 10. Zin- (Zim-) (archaic), Eji-, Ez'-, N- (M-), N-, Ny,— (zi-, z'-,ji-) ; n. a)lu-, Lu- (lu) ; 13. Wtu-,
Tu- (tu) (usually plural to Lu-) ; 13. Virtually wanting, except faint traces as adverbial particle without
concord ; 14. OObu- (archaic), OOwu-, U-, — (u, wu) ; 15. OJku-, Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Wva-, Vto-, Va- (vco,
va) ; 17. COmu-, Mu- (mco, mu).

PREFIXES, &C., IN KI-KO»G(JL) DIALECTS

Similar to those of Ki^i-kongco, except that the preprefixes are less in use, that the 2nd prefix is more
often Ba-, the 8th Bi-, the 10th (Zi-, Zin-, <;r pin-) more often in use, the 14th prefix Wu- (7r Bu-, and the
1 6th Ga-.

PREFIXES, &C., IN KA-KGNGO), LUANGCO (KI-YOMBE)

Traces of preprefixes in Ka-koiiigco and Luangco. Much more marked in eighteenth-century

Luangco.

Class I. Umu-, Um-, Mu-, M-, N- (mu, co-, u-); 2. Aba-, Ba-, B'- (ba) ; 3. Umu-, Um'-, Mu-, M-,
N-, N- (mu-, u) ; 4. Imi-, Im-, Mi-, M'- (mi) ; 5. Di-, I-, Li- (di, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ;
8. Bi-, B'-, P'- (bi); 8 a. Fi-' (fi), absent in Ki-vili and Ki-lumbco ; its plural is Class 8, Bi- ; 9. In-
(Im-), N-, N-, Ny- (yi, i) ; 10. Zi-, Zin- (zi) ; 11. Lu- (lu), plural sometimes Tu-, but more often Zi- ;
12. Tu- (tu), rarer in Ka-kongto and Luangoi, appearing usually in a ' collective ' sense ; in Ki-vili more
frequent as a plural to Lu- ; 13. (Virtually absent, except as an honorific prefix in proper names or as an
adverbial element in numerals, &c. It may also, rather than Ki- elsewhere, be the origin of E-, which
appears sometimes as a prefix with Bi- for its plural) ; 14. Bu- (bu), (with Mi- and Ma- as plurals) ;
15. Ku- (ku) (with Mi- usually for plural) ; 16. Va-, Fa- (va, fa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).

In Ki-vili Mwa- (abbreviation of Mw-ana) is used as a diminutive prefix.

ICO. Ki^ikonguand icoa. Kiporongco (or Sconycd) are spoken in the Atlantic coast-lands mainly to
the south of the Congo estuary, but mcluding the surroundings of Bcoma and Banana. Their range extends
northwards to the south bank of the Congo as far east as Lutete (nearly). The southern boundary, with
Kimbundu, Ngola, and Mbamba, is approximately the Lower Lcoje and the Middle Mbiriji rivers. On
the east it extends over the Zombco Plateau. It is emphatically the language of San Salvador.

100 b. Kikongu is spoken to the north-east of Kifikongco by the Rasundi and Babwende tribes on
the north bank of the Cataract Congo, almost as far east as Stanley Pool, as far south as the Zombto
Plateau, as far east as the watershed of the Kwafigo).

loi. Kakoiigco is spoken in the Congo coast-land north of the estuary and south of the Ciluafiga)
river. It is the dialect of Kabinda.

102. Kiyombe is spoken north of the Ciluango) river and of the Basundi territory within the loop of
the Kwilu-Nyari river. It is the language of the Luafigco coast, south of the Kwilu river.

102 a. Kivili is spoken along the lower course of the Kwilu-Nyari river almost as far inland as the
third range of plateau mountains. It is the dialect of the Ciiongto coast as far to the north-east as the
Middle Nyaiiga river.

103. Kilumbu is spoken in the Mayumba coast-lands and on either side of the Lower Nyafiga river.
On the coast it may extend to SeteKama, and eastwards in the interior to the watershed of the OigiDwe.

' Adolf Bastian gives Fa- or Fu- <is the equivalent 0/ Fi-, perhaps by a clerical error; for these
are really locatives of the ibth Class in Ki-vili-Ki-lumbco.

I

GROUP AA

THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

Sub-group AA i Luba

104.

105,

West Luba (7r Lulua 104 a. Lu-kete ' 106.

104b. Lu-pilaiSge 104c. North-west Luba <?AMoyco 107.
South Luba or Ci-luba (Ci-samba, Ci-lubende, 108.

Ci-safiga (^A'a/'a;/^*) 1053. Kahonde {<y

Northern Rhodesia)

Eastern Luba or Ki-hemba ^
North Luba or Luna-inkongco
North-east Luba or Lu-songe (Ba-songe)
108 a. Beneki or North Lu-songe'

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

1 08 a. Beneki

Lu-pilaiige

Adze

Ka-sui

Ka-sui

Ka-pasa.
Basa

Ka-scolwa

...

Ka-sui

Animal, wild

Ny-ama.

Ny-ama.

Ny.ama ; wa -1-

...

...

Ny-ama

beast

M-pwesi.
Mu-nyini

Ci-muna

Ant

Lu-humbe.

Lu-humbe.

Mu-nyanu.

• ■■

• ••

Ka-songe-

Di-^indi.

Di-pindi

Lu-papi.

songe ; tu-

Cin-tunte

Lu-kupa(io5a)

Ji-pira.

Mu-nyewu

Ant, white

Lu-stia.

N-swa

Di-kena ; ma-.

Ma-kena (//.)

t ••

B<o-swa,

(termite)

Mu-suasu

Ji-kena(io5a)

Tu)-swa [pis.)

Ape

? N-scdkca

N-scdku

N-scokco

N-scokwa

• ..

...

Arm

Di-bbikcd

Ci-kola.
Di-bcokco.
(Ci-kconco =

of a beast)

Ku-vcokco,
Ku-bcokco ; ma-

M-bcokoa.
Di-bcokco

Arrow

Mu-kete.
Lu-bale.
N-koyi

Mu-kete

Mu-ketco ; //.
mi-

.. .

•'•

Mu-kete.
Mu-piU,
Ma)-pidi

Axe

Ci-sui.

Ka-sui.

Ka-tombe.

Ka-scolwa

Suka

Ka-bengele ; tu

Ci-kenge.

Sesu.

Ka-temco

Ki-londa ; bi-

Ci-londa.

Cilonda

(105 a)

Ka-sui

Baboon ...

.' N-scakco

...

Kcolwe,
Korcowe; va + .
Pombco (105 a)

M-bala.
N-koola

...

...

Back, back-

Ny-ima.

Fany-ema.

Ny-uma.

Kum-ongco

Ny-uma

M-ongca

bone

Mw-ongo>

Ny-ima

Mw-ongco.
Mu-sana

(105 a)

Banana ...

Di-btote.

Di-bwete.

Di-konde

...

■•■

Kondi ; ma -t- .

Ci-kuonde.

Difi-konde

Kconye

Kuonde.

Din-konde

Beard

Mu-evu,
Mu-edu.
(Lu-suki =
hair of)

Mu-evu

Mw-efco

Mu-ebu

' This is the ' Bakete ' of several writers and the ' Kikete ' of the Rev. D. W. Snyder.
'^ Ki-rua of V. L. Cameron. Ki-hemba is the Ki-femba of some writers.
' Beneki of Torday and ' Basonge ' of other writers.

GROUP AA: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

395

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-silange

Bee

Luny-eke.
Lu-bulubulu.
Ny-toki

Luny-eke

Luny-uki.
Mw-anji.
Ka-songwi

(105 a)

...

...

Ny.nki

Belly

Di-fu.
Mu-nda

Di-fu

N-da.
N-difu.
Ki-fumco.
Ci-nena,
Ki-nena

E-fu; ma-fu

Di

•fu

Di-fu

Bird

Ny-tmyu

Ny-unyu

N-wni ; pi.
bi-uni.
Ki-coni ; wi-.
K-coni ; t-coni.
Ng-o>nyi
(IDS a)

Kw-oani ;
tM-coni.
Ki-uni ; bi-

Ki-conyi ; bi-.
E-kafi.
K-canyi

Blood

Ma-pi

Ma-pi

Ma-si,

...

Ma-pi

Ma-se

Ma-pi.

Mi-lcopa

Body

Mu-bidi; pi.
nyi-bidi

Mu-bidi

N.jitu,
N-gitu.

Mu-wiji

(105 a)

M

um-bidi

Mu-bidi

Bone

Mu-fuba,
Mu-fufa.
Mu-kuha

Mu-fuba

Ci-kupa,
Ki-kupa ;

vi- or wi-

Ki-fupa

...

...

Borassus palm

Di-kadi ?
Mu-kuma ?

...

Mu-kcama.
M-lala

Ka-bilibili.
Mu-kcoma

...

Bow

Bu-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta or
Vu-ta; ma-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta ; ma-ta.
M bu-ta

Bowels

Di-la ;
ma-la

...

Mu-la ;
mi -la

...

Brains

Bu-ongoj

...

W-oiigco,
B-ongo3

Bu-ongco

...

B-onu or
B-ongoD

Breast (man's)

Ci-adi

C-aje or
Ci-ade

Ka-kudi.
Muii-gitu.
Ki-adi or
C-adi

• ■•

Ki-adi.
Tulu

Breast

Di-bele

Di-vele

...

. . •

Bele; ma-h

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mu-kulu.

Mw-an-etu.

Mw-an'-etu.

N-dumi.

M

u-na kwebe

Mu-akunyi.

Mu-ena ;

Korw.

Mw-au. And

Mu-ena ;

b-ena '

N-kasa.

Mw-ana

b-ena '

M(o-longo>

(105 a.)

with possessive
pronoun. Also
Mu-ina ;
b-ena '

Buffalo

M-bcowo9

M-bcoa

M-bto;
vam-bco

M-b5di.
M-bcixo

...

M-btowoo.
Jate

Bull

Mu-lumi wa
fig-ombe

...

...

...

Buttocks ...

Di-taku.
Di-tenga

Cin-kundu-
nkundu

Di- or Ji-taku ;
pi. ma-taku

Ma-takco

...

Mataku

Canoe

Bu-atu

...

Bu-atci>

Bu-atu

• ■•

Bw-atu

Mu-ena or Mu-ina ; pi. b-ena = clansman, but comes from root -ina = mother.

396

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104. 104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkoiigu

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

Cat

M-balabala.
Kam-bipi

Ka-nyema

Ka-paka.
Lu-baka ; pi.
m-paka.
Ka-nyau

Lu-baka.
Kabele; tu-

...

...

Charcoal ...

Di-kala

...

Li-kala.
Ji-panga

...

...

...

Chief

Mu-kalenge,

M-fumu

Mu-lcopwe ; va-.

M-fumu.

Fumu.

Fumco ; ba -f

Mu-kelenge.

Mw-ani.

Mu-lcohwe

Mu-kyelenge

Ki-lwleo ; bi-

N-fumu,

Ki-kcolwe.

M-fumu

M-fumu

Child

Mw-ana.

...

Mw-ana ;

...

Mw-ana ;

Mw-ana

Ci-tendi

v-ana, w-ana.

Mu-an-uke,
Mu-an-ike

b-ana

mu-kinga

Cloth

Ci-lulu.
Ci-lamba

E-lamba

Ci-sanji.
Ki-lulu.
Ki-sapi.
N-kolwa

M-bwisia.
Ki-lulu

Ki-Iamba

Cold

Ma-pika.
Ci-telele
(-talala)

...

Ma-pika.
-talala

Ma-sika.
Ki-talala

...

Ma-)sika

Country ...

Bu-lcob<d

Mu-scokco

N-tanda.
C-alu

...

M-bata.
Lwbcoku

...

Cow

N-gombe

Ny-emoj

N-ombe

N-ombe

...

...

mu-kapi.'

mu-nene

mu-kaji

ii-kaji or

N-gombi

(' large ante-

ii-kcata

(104 a)

lope')

Crocodile ...

N-gandu.
Di-kamba

Di-kamba

N-andu.
Ci-weli (1053'

N-gandu

...

N-gandcd

Day, daylight

Di-tuku,
Di-fuku.

Mu-nya

Di-ci

Di-uwa.
Ka-te.
Lu-fuku ;
malu-

Lu-fuku

Di-ba.

Mu-nyinya

Hu-fukco

Devil, evil

Mu-ki|si.

Moj.lcoki

Ki-wanda.

M-kuji,

Ki-dimu ; bi-

...

spirit

Mu-pangi

Ka-yewela

(105 a)

Ki-kiidi ; hi-.
Vilye

Doctor (medi-

Mu-huki.

Mu-tcoka

N-anga.

Mu-kanga

N-ganga ;

cine man)

M-puka.

Mun-dapi

Vidie. ^

Mu-kanga.

N-ganga

{105 a)

//. ba-f

Dog

M-bwa

Mbwa

Ka-bwa,
Tu-bwa,
M-bwa

M-bwa

...

I m-bwa

Donkey . . .

...

N-kenke

Kenka ba -f

...

Door, door-

Ci-bi.

*•■

Ci-vi ; vi-vi. .

Ki-bi; bi-bi

■ . .

Ki-bi -"bi-bi

way

M-belu

Kin-jilco.
Ci-velu

Dream

Ci-lSta. Dilu

...

-lota {verb)

...

Di-lu

Drum

N-gcoma

N-gcoma

N-gcoma

...

...

N-gcoma.
E-tumba

Ear

Di-tu,
Di-cu

...

Ku-twi; ma-

I-twi; ma-twi

Di-cu ;
nia-cu

Di-tu.
Di-ce (108 al

' This short a in Lulua seems to be pronounced more like an English u in ' rush ', i. e. ' a'y al least according to
the orthography of American missionaries, but their Belgian and French colleagues hear it as a.

GROUP AA : THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

397

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

.South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongeo

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

Egg

D-i ; ma-i.
Di-kela

Di-i ; ma-i

Di-i; ma-i.

Ji-ke(io5a)

Di-yi; ma

-yi

•••

Di-i ; ma-i.
M-enw ipi.)

Elephant ...

N-zevu.
Ka-humbu,
Ka-pumbu,
Ka-fumbu

Ka-fumbu

N-zcofu.
Pcdlco ; wa -t-

N-ztovu

N-gefu

Excrement

Tu-fi.
Tu-invi

Tu-fita

Tu-vi or
Wi-fwi

Tu-fi

• ■•

Tu-fi

Eye

D-isu; m-esu

D-isto; m-es<o

D-insco ;

Isu,

D-isoj; m-esco

Isftj ; m-esw

m-ensco.

D-isu ; m-esu

J-is<o, D-isco ;

m-esco

Face, fore-

M-p&Ia.

•••

M-pala.

Lu-kebco

M-pala

Mi-pala

head

M-esu

Ci-rungi

(105 a)

Fat, oil ...

Di-inyi,

Ma-nyi

Ma-futa.

Ma-nyi.

Ma-nyi

MQ-emw.

Mi-inyi.

Ma-nyi

(-nuna, adj.)

M-vimu

Ma-nyi

Father ...

Tatu.
Ny-isu.

Tatu

Tata,
Tada.

(Ba-uwe =

Ise-, Sa-,
So>-, Si-.
Tata

Tete

Tatu

thy father).

Pa-.

S»-; Se-, pi-

Fear

Bu-cowa

...

M-oy<o. U-cina

• •■

-cina {verb)

M-oihu

Finger

Mu-nu.
Ci-ala

Mu-nii

Mu-ncowe,
Mu-ndwa; mi-.
C-ala ; vi-ala

Mu-nue

Mu-lemu

Mu-nue.
Ki-ala; bi-
Nyunyu

Fire

Ka-dilu.

Ka-dilu.

Mu-rireo,

Ka-alu.

Mu-dilu

Ka-dilu.

Ka-hia.

Ka-fia,

Mu-dilca; mi-.

Mu-jil«9

Inka-dilu

Ka-fia.

Ka-pia

Ki-uya.

K-alco.

Ka-pia.

Ka-pia

Lu-iya

Fish

Mu-nyinyi.
Ci-kele

Mu-nine ; mi-

Di-savi,
Ji-sawi(io5a)

Vlw-ita wa
Ui-wi

Yipi

In-8u ; min«si

Foot

Di-kfisa

Ci-dicilu

Ci-nyantileo.
Lu-kasa.
Lu-ayo>.
Ci-pamba

(los a)

V[u-kcolo> ;
I-kasa ;
ma-kasa

mi-.

D i-kasa

Nd-ui ; pi.
ng-iii

Forest

D-itu.
Mu-itu,

• ••

Di-tco; ma-tcd.
Mu-lundu.

Di-tu; ma-

tu

Mu-tu

Mu-tamba.
Du-bipi

M-etu.

Munje.

Di-besu

N-kundwe

(105 a)

Fowl

Ci-kukue.

Ci-kukue

N-soro»;va+. Sulco,

•••

N-8«alci>

Zcola.

N-zcoloj; wa-t-

N-zcolw

N-gcolco

Frog, toad

M-bondco.

Ci-ula.

C-ula or Ki-ula

•••

Konge

Ci-ula.

Lu-dimba

Ki-ula ; wi-.

Lu-dimba.

Bombwe ;

Ci-lila

wa^-.
Bw-ende

Ghost

Mu-kipi.

^i-syanga

\Iu-cima.

■ .•

Mw-upipi

■ ■•

Mu-pangi.

Ki-wanda.

%fM

Mw-oyeo

Mu-kipi

Dd

398

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104.

IC4C.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongu

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pUange

Girl

Songa-kapi.
Mu-pika-iikunde

Songa-kapi

Mw-an-iki
mu-kasi.
Songwa-kasi.
Songwa

Mu-jike.
Mu-kazi-ana

Mun-ciki

...

Goat

M-bupi,
M-buipi

M-bupi

M-buse ; va-t-.
M-buji ; wa + .
M-bu2ii

M-bu2ii

M-busi

M-bupi.
M-butji.
Mu-kata

'„ (he) ...

M-pumbu

Cim-paiia

M-ptunbwe.
Pepe

M-pumbn

...

...

„ (she)...

Di-pina

...

...

...

...

• >■

God

N.fidi.
Mu-kulu.
Mu-luhco

Ka-luna

Zambi (105 a).
Leza.
Mw-ine p
kcopaiage.
Virie. Cf.
doctor, Vidie

Vilye or
I -file mu-kulu.
Ka-bezia
m-pungu

N-cembi

File

Grandparent

Kaku.
Ny-inka

...

Kaka.
N-kamb<o

Mu-pi a-ktdu

...

...

Grass

Di-pinde.

Bi-lo9.

Sconii;

Ma-nyi

...

Lu-bice.

Ci-suku.

Bi-susa.

wi-s<onco.

Bi-soisu

Bi-cici.

M-punga

Vi-yombeo.

Lu-anyi.

M-ani

Mu-angu

Ground

N-pi.
Bu-lcobcd

...

Pa-nsi,
N-si.

Mu-piji

N-si

L(o-bcdkco

Senga

Ground-nut

Ka-mbele

•.*

Lu-pama ; pi.
pama.
Ny-imu(io5a)

Lu-nyumu

...

Ka-nanda ; tu-

Guinea-fowl

Di-kafigala

...

N-kanga

N-kanga

...

Kanga

Gun

Bu-ta.
Ciii-gcoma

Cin-cama

Vu-ta.
Kiii-kwasa
Ka-pesw

Bu-ta

...

Putu

Hair

Lu-suki.

Mi-cdsa.

Suki.

U-nyele,

Lu-nyunyi ; //.

Lu-nyene or

Lu-nyo»nyco,

N-suki.

N-jiji.

Nyele.

nyunyi

Li-nyuene ;

Lu-nyconyi

N-yonyi

Lu-nwene.

Mu-pipi

Lu-nyuene.
Lu-suki.

Mu-pipi

pi. nyene

Hand

Ci-anza or

■•■

Ci-kasala.

M-bcokco ; ma-

Ki-anca ; bi-

Pam-bcokca.

Ki-aza ;

Di-kasa'

Di-kasa

Di-nza

bi-aza

Head

Mu-tu,
Mu-twe

...

Mu-twi ; mi-

Mu-twi;
mi-twi

Mu-cwe

Mca-twe.
Ifiki-cwa or
Imbi-cwa

Heart

Pimbi.

Paci-ade

Mu-tima,

Mu-cima.

Mu-cima

M<i)-cima

D-i ; pi. m-e.

Mu-cima.

M-bala

^imba ; ma ■¥

Ny-inga.

Mw-eco •

Mu-cima.

Mw-oyc»

Heel

Ci-kankanyi.
Ci-kenkibu

Lu-saka

Ka-pcDkcosoi

(105 a).
Ka-sinairca

Ka-sulco

• ••

Ki-sulu(?)

Hide

Ciseba

•••

Ci-seva.
Ci-wewi

Ki-sewa

...

...

Note interchange of terms for leg, hand, andfoof—Di-kasa., Mu-ktonto, Mu-ktolco.

GROUP AA: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

399

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongto

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-bonde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-silange

Hill

Mu-kuna.

(Mu-tunda =
hillock)

...

Lu-pidi.
C-ulu.
M-tumba

(105 a)

Lu-pidi

Lu-pung<

Hippopotamus

N-guvu,

N-kufu.

C-tofwe or

M-vubu

...

N-uvu

Ciii-gamba

Ki-eofwe ;
vi-ojfwe.
J-»vi ;
vy-covwi

Hoe

Lu-kasu ;
fi-kasu

Lu-kasu

Lu-kasu

Lu-kasu

...

Honey

Bu-iki,
Bu-ici

•■•

W-uki

B-uki

B-uki

Horn

Lu-sengu.

Lu-sengu

Di-sengco.

Lu-sengco.

• ••

M-pungi.

M-pembe

Lu-husu ;

Ka-peiba ; tu-

m-pusu

House

N-subu,

N-zubu

N-zuw(o,

Sibco; ma-(-.
N-ganda

N-cibco

N-zub«

Zubo>,

N-zibco;ma^-.

N-dakco

Hunger

N-sala

...

N-jala.
Lu-ilu

N-zala.
Lu-ilu

N-cala

Husband ...

Mu-lumi.
M-bi ; pi.
bam-bi

Ba- (7'/r.)

Mu-lume.
Mu-ata

Mu-lume

Baya

Hyena

•••

Mun-gcolwe ;
mi-.

Ci-mbwe ; vi-
M-bwkwe ;
vam-bcokcowe.
Ki-mungu
{striped)

Ki-mbwi

{spotted).

Ki-mung^

{striped)

Di-kitu ?

Iron

Ci-ama,

Fwele.

C-ela ;

Ki-londa

...

Ci-amwe.

N-yeka

vi-ela.

Ci-fike.i

Ki-ela ;

Ka-banda

wi-ela.
Ki-londa

Island

Ci-sanga

Di-pia.
Mu-cidila

Ki- or
Ci-sanga ;
vi- or wi-.
Ci-kuji.
N-zumbu
(105 a)

Ki-sanga ; bi-

Ivory

Mu-banga

...

D-inco ; m-enco
— dia n-scoftt

Mu-banga

...

Knee

Ci-nu

Di-kufi; di-.
Kufi or
Kcofi.
Ji-nungu

(105 a)

Di-nwi or
Ku-nwi.
Di-ningco or
-nungeo

Knife

Mw-ele,

Bi-londa.

Lu-pete.

Lu-pete ;

•••

K-ele

K-ele,
K-ela.

Katu-pula

Mw-ambi.
Pcokcd

m-pete

Fubu

Sengwa

Sibwco or
■^Jibu.

Ku-nzu ;

ma-nzu

Mco-seu

Ki-londa

These words sometimes mean ' copper ' likewise.

Mu-banga
Ku-nyiingii

Lu-pete.
Ka-pete

D d 2

40O

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyoi

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkong<o

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

■

104 b.

Ka-honde

loSa. Beneki

Lu-pilange

Lake ..... ...

Leg

Leopard ...
Lion .... ...

Lips

Magic

Maize

Man

Man, vir. ...
Heat

Medicine ...

MQk

Monkey ...

Moon, month

Mother
Motintain ...

Di-piba

Mu-kulca.

Mu-koancd ;

nyi- (104 b)
Nka-sama,

Ka-sama ;

pi. tu-
N-tambue

Mu-lcamco ;

mi-lcomco.

Mu-siku ;

pi. ni-.

Mu-suku.

Mu-lemu
Bu-anga.

Mu-ponco.

Di-alu.

Di-jimbu.

(N-fidi =

religion .')
Man-va,

Mam-fwa,

Ma-avua.

Ma-tala.

Ma-suana
Mu-ntu ;

ba-ntu
Mu-lumi

Mu-nyinyi.
Ny-ama

Di-kasa.

Mu-kulw ;

mi-kcolu
Ka-sama.

M-ci>ma

M-fldi.
N-duki.
Mu-hongco

Mu-ntu ;

ba-ntu

Mu-lumi

Mu-nyini

M-anga,

Bu-anga
Ma-bele.

(-kama, verb)
N-kima,

N-findu.

M-bele,

N-tombulu
Mu-epi, Mu-esi

Mu-e;5i.

Mu-ensi.

N-gondu.

K-«aci.

Di-kenka
Mamu. Baba. Baba,

Nycd-ku. Mama

Ny-ina.

Mu-viele
Di-lunda Mu-kupa

Ci-siba,

Ji-siwa,

Ka-lunga
K-ulu;

ma-ulu

N-ge ; vaii-ge.
Ki-sumpa

N-tambcd ;

va + .

BcDgwi(io5 a)
Mu-lumu ; mi-.

(Ci-loimu =

muzzle).

Mu-vumbu

(105 a)

Mu-ci ; mi-ci.
N-kisi.
Ka-luwi.
M-anga

(loS a)

Ci-pongela.
Ma-tava.
Ma-visi

Ki-siwa

Mu-konzu

Nge

N-kalamu.
N-tambcd

Mu-ntu;

va-ntu
Mu-lume ;

va-lume
Mw-ita.

(Ny-ama =

animal)
Bu-kanga.

Mu-ci
Ma-veli.

Ma-wisi
N-kima.

M-puya

N-ondco,

N-gond<o.

Mw-eji,

Mw-e2ji.

Kw-eji,

Kw-ezi
Lcolco.

Mama.

Nti>-k(o.

Ina, Ny-ina
Ka-tumba.

Lu-, Ka-pidi

Mu-lcomu ; mi- Mi-loimco

N-kisL
Ka-luwi

Ma-tawa

Ma-sangu

Mu-ntu; Mu-ntu;

ba-ntu ba-ntu

Mu-lume ; ba-

Mu-ita.
Mu-sunya

Bu-anga

Ma-bele

N-kima

Mw-esi

Ny-ina, Mama

Ng-ina.
Lcolco

L-ulu ; ii-ulu. Lu-poiigco
LU'pidi

Mu-keolu

Ni-ngwe,
N-gwe

N-tambw
Mu-lumu

Bu-ci

Ma-abela

Mu-ntu ;
ba-ntu

Mu-ita.
Ny-ama

Bu-anga

Bu-ibele

Kima

Mu-eji,
Mu-esi

Ny-ina

Mu.enge

GROUP AA : THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

401

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilaiige

Mouth

Mu-kana

Mu-kana.
Mu-siku

Ka-nwa

U-kanu;;>/.ku-

Mu-suku

Nail (of finger

Lu-zala,

Ci-ala; bi-

Di-ala ; rn-ala.

Di-ala

...

or toe)

Lu-ala ; //.
ng-ala

Lu-ara ;
ng-ara
(105 a)

Name

D-ina.

Lu-bcoiu

Li-zina ; ma-.

If-ina,

D-ina

Ci-bikidilu

Di-jina

Li-zina

Navel

Mu-cofto.
Mu-tutu

M-ufcd

Muny-cofu.
Mu-tcato>.
Mu-kuwi

Mu-suku

...

Neck, throat

N-singu

...

Mu-kco^i; mi-.
pingoj

(105 a)

N-pingu

^ingu

Night

Bu-tuku.

B(o-tuku

Bu-fuku.

Bu-fuku.

Bu-tuku

Bu-fuku

M-finpi

(M-finpi =

darkness)

Nose

Di-ulii,

•••

M-uru;

M-pembe.

• ■•

Di-lu

mi-uru.
, M-<ona ;
mi-cona

Mu-hulu

(M-ulu)

Oil palm ...

N.gaji.
Di-bue

Diba

N-gaji

Lu-azi ; ng-azi

...

Ox

N-gombe

...

N-ombe

N-ombe

Paddle ...

Ci-hu.
Mu-bambu

Moo-bambo>

N-kafi.
Mu-supi.
Ci-lapcd

Mu-suhi

...

Palm wine,

Ma-luvu.

Tu-mwemwe

Ma-luwa.

Ma-lafu.

...

beer

Bu-alwa or
M-alwa

Muii-koy«»

M-alwa

Parrot

N.kusu

N-kusu

Ka-sukwa.
Ka-longco

Ka-sukoi

...

Penis

Lu-bula

Lu-bulu

Lu-bcolco ;
m-bcolu.
Luwcolco

(105 a)

Lu-bcolco.
Bu-kala.
Ka-pconco

Pis

N-gulube

• ..

Lu-penge.
N-guruwe,
N-BTuluwe

N-guluwe

N-gulubi

Pigeon

Nku-dimba

Kuku-diembembe Nkunda.

• •V

Ki-cici

VV-embi.

Ku-jimba

Place

Mu-aba.

...

Pa — pco.

Ha-.

...

M-badi.

Ci-fulco (105 a)

Ki-fukco

Pam-balci> ; pi

m-balco

Rain

N-vula

...

N-vula,

M-fula

M-vula

M-vula

Rat

M-puku

.••

M-puku

M-puku

...

Rhinoceros

...

...

Ci-langwa.
Ka-kwele

M-pongco.
N-gamba

...

River

Mu-snlu

Lubi-lapi

L-ui.
Mii-kcola

Mu-nonga.
L-ui ; ng-wi

...

Road

N-sila

^ila

Li-sinda.
N-jila

Di-pinda.

N-jita

N-cila

Kanu,

Mco-kanu
Gala

Ipina
Mu-sukco

Singco.
E-kcose

Bu-tuku

M-pembwe ;

ma-f.

M-pemba.

Masa
Ng-a2iL

1-bwe
N-gombe
Mu-bamboi.

Ki-pete

Ma-lufu.
M-alua

Kusu

Gulube

Ki-dimba

Pam-balco

Pepi
Puku

pinda ;
mi-^inda or
ma-f

403

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104.

104 c.

105

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lultia

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongcd

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilaiige

Salt

Lu-efoa,
Lu-ehco.
Mu-kele.
N-gala

Lu-epoi

Mw-epM.
M-cere

Mu-ep<a.
Mu-kele

Mu-kyele

Mu-ngua

Shame

Bu-ndu.
Bu-nvu

...

Bu-mfu,
Wu-mvu

N-scani.
Bu-mvu

Bu-ndu

Soinyi

Sheep

Mu-keokoa.
Cim-panga

Mu-k«akeo

Mu-kuku

Mu-kukea

Mu-kwakwa ;

mi-

Mto-kwkoj

Shield

Ngabu

N-gabu

N-gab«.
Ci-kumba

K-gabw

...

Gaboj ; //.
m-abco

Shoulder ...

Di-aha,

Ci-keyakeya.

Ci-puzi.

Ki-peya

...

Di-pampa.

D).afa,

Di-keba

Ci-vembco.

Ka-papa

Di-kiya,

Ki-peya

Di-keha

Sister

See brother

N-yenga

(see brother).

Mw-au.

Mw-ane-bco

N-kasa.

Mu-kw-etu.

Mw-au'.

Tutu

Mufi-gasa-na

...

Skin

Di-ko>ba.

(Ci-seba =

hide,

Mu-bidi =

body)
Di-ulu

Mu-jsa.
Di-kcdba.
Ci-seba

Ci-kupa.
Ci-kcoa.
Ci-seva

Kikcdwa

Mu-suke

Sky

K-ulu

Kw-itiru

Yulu

Me-ulu

Slave

Mu.hika

Ci-fika

Mu-pika.
Mu-pia,
Mu-^a

Mu-pika ; ba-

...

Pika; ba-f

Sleep

Tulu

...

Tuloj

Tulo)

Tulu

TuloD,
N-tulco

Smoke

Mu-inpi

...

Mw-esi
Bu-ipi

Bu-ipi

...

Ma)-pi

Snake

Ny-e»ka

Ny-toka,
Nj-coka.
Mu-lcolcd
(105 a)

Ny-toka

Ny-(oka

...

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana
mu-lela.
Songa-lumi

• •■

Mw-ana.
Songwa-lumi.
Ki-tutu

Mw-ana
mio-lume.
Mu-lumy-ana

Mw-ana-mi

i..

Song

Mu-samba.
(•imba =

verb)

• ■■

Lu-imbu

Lu-imbco ;
n-imbu

...

...

Spear

Di-fuma.

Di-fuma.

Mu-ktovi.

Mu-kojwe.

...

Mu-lumbu

Ka-bendi

Mu-lumbo)

Di-fumu

Di-fumu

Spirit

...

Mu-cima.
Mu-ya.
Cim-vuli.
Mu-sambwa

Vilye

Ki-dimu; bi-

...

Star

Mu-tcotu ; nyi-

Ka-nininye.
Ka-waiiga-
wanga.

Mu-nyanya

Ndu-enyi or
Lu-enyi ;
pi. ny-enyi or
ng-enyi

Mu-tcato3

In-toxotu.
Ifi-kcota.
Lu-enyene ;
ny-enyene

Stick

Mu-ci ; nyi-ci

Mu-tondco

Ki-ci.
Ka-mama.
Ka)-ji ; ma-ji
(1053)

Mukombw.
Ka-mama

Mu-kombo>.

Mu)-ci

GROUP AA : THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES 403

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-heinba

Luna-ifikongoj

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-^ilange

Stone

Di-bwe

Di-bwa

Di-bwe

Di-bwe.

Di-bwe ; ma-.
M-beki

Mi-bwe (//.)

Stool

N-kuasa

...

Di-tebi or
Di-tewe.
Ci-puna

Li-tebe.
Ki-hcona

■••

...

Sun

D-iba; m-eba.

D-iba.

Di-iiva.

N-giiba.

...

Kuba.

Mu-nya

Di-iiba,

Mu-te,

Li-uba; ma-.

(Ka-nya =

Di-yuba.

Ka-te

Nka-enya

sunlight)

Mu-nya

Tail (of an

Mu-kila

Lu-kaiiga.

Mu-kira

Mu-kila

•••

Mu-kila

animal)

Mu-kila

Tear

Cin-sonpi

lii-son^i ipl.)

Mu-p<olo)

Mu-pcolco

...

Pulco

Testicles ...

Mu-sa.

Ci-budi.

Di-windu.

Mu-ningi.

...

Ma-kata.

Mu-hesa.

Mu-sa-cibude

Di-pudi.

Mu-peke

Mi-buyi

Ci-budi

Ji-kutu

(105 a)

Thief

Mu-ibi.
Mu-ena.
Mu-cima

Mu-ebi

Ng-ifi ; va + .
Mu-ivl

Ng-ifi

Mu-ifi ; b-efi

Ng-ivi; ba-f

Thigh

Ci-belu

...

Li-pwata.
Di-tangadi.
Ki-j<oma.
Lu-kuma

Di-tangadi.
Di-kuta

...

Lu-kindi ;
pi. kindi

Thing

Ci-ntu ; bi-ntu
Ci-uma ;
bi-uma

Ci-ntu ;
vi-ntu or
wi-ntu.
(Ci-meo,
Vi-mco =
something,
Ne ci-mto =
nothing)

Ki-ntu ; bi-ntu

Ki-ntu; bi-ntu

Ki-ntu; bi-ntu

Thorn

Di-eba ;
m-eba

■••

Mw-iba;
m-iba

Mu-iba

Mw-eba ;
mi-eba

...

Tobacco ...

Ma-kanya,

••«

Fwanga.

Fwanka.

Fuanka,

Ci-bonda.

N-sunkco

Mw-alco

Fanka

N-fuanka

To-day

Lelu

*••

Lelu

Lelcd dia-lelco

...

Lelu-nu).
Delco

Toe

Mu-ana
fi-kasa.
Mu-nu
mu-nine
wa di-kasa

Di-na ;
ma-na.
Ci-kumu

Di-na ; ma-na.
Ka-kumo>

Di-nu; ma-nu

To-morrow

Ma-kelela.
Malaba

Mu-nda.
Ma-kalela

Ke-pia

Ma-loiba

...

Ma-lcdba.
Ma-lomba

Tongue ...

Lu-dimi ;

.. .

Lu-dimi.

Ndto-limi ;

...

Lu-dimi.

n-dimi.

Mu-lakcd

ma-limi

Dimi,

Diyi

Dyimi

Tooth

D-inu

...

D-ino> ;

Inu; m-enu.

D-inyo> ;

D-inco ;

m-enu.

I -yea ; ma-yo>

ma-nyu

m-enu.

Mu-tojwa.

Ki-yau ;

Ki-buye

bi-yau

Town

Mu-scokea.

Di-tunga.

Mu-je; mi-je.

Mu-pi.

Bula

Lu-pata.

Di-tuiiga.

Bula

Mu-njia.

Ki-alu

Senga

Ci-menga.

Ki-bundi.

Ci-hunda

Mu-jji

404

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyco

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-iiikoiigco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

Tree

Mu-ci

...

Mu-ci ; mi-cl.
Ki-ci ; wi-ci
or vi-ci

Mu-ci

Mu-ci

Mu-ci

Twins

Ma-hasa

...

Di-asa ;
ma-asa.
Ma-pasa(io5a

Li-hasa; ma-

■ >•

• ••

Urine

M-enya,
M-enyu

M-enyi

Ma-su.
Ma-sukula

...

...

Ma-sukula

Vein

Mu-jilu

Di-silu

Mu-jilci>.
Mu-kula.
Mu-pipa

Mu-ziloa

• ••

■ ••

War

Nvi-ta,
Mvi-ta

Mvi-ta

Vu-lemoj.
^i-ta.
Bu-lwa,
Bu-lwi

Livi-ta

N-gcopi.

Vi-ta

Water

M-i or Ma-i.

• ■•

M-ema,

M-ema.

Ma-i

Ma-yi.

Tu-I

Ma-ima,
Tu-ima.
Ma-nseli

Me-ema

M-ema.
M-eme

Well, spring

...

...

Mu-pima

Ki-siwa.
N-sulu

• »•

—

White man

Mu-ena
ni-putu.
Mu-ena
ci-kuaboj.
Mu-kilinga
(104 a)

Mu-lungu.
Mu-kelenge

Mu-zungu

• ••

Mco-kelenge ;
ba-

Wife

Mu-kasi.

Mulcapi

Mu-kaji.

M-pi-ana.

Mu-kas'.

Mcu-kasi; ba-

Mu-adi.

Mu-koodi

Mu-kena.

Mu-kaasa

Mu-tu

Mu-kasi
M-pepeie ?

Wind

Lu-hehele,

Lu-fufu

Lu-fula.

M-pepele

Senwe

Lu-fefela.

Ka-wepa.

Lu-fufu.

Mw-ela

N-vunde

Witch

Mu-ena.

Mu-lcojsi.

N-anga.

N-dcozi.

Mu-kyenci ?

...

Mu-fongu.

Mu-fongco

Mu-la>|si.

Ki-lumbu.

Mu-lcopi

M-fwici

Mu-buki

Witchcraft

Bu-lu^i.
Mu-hongoj,
(-luwa =

verb)

Mny-embe.
Bu-lu^i.
Bu-fwitci.
Ku-lcowa

Bu-lumbu.
Bu-tl

Woman ...

Mu-kasi.

Mu-viele.

Mu-ledi.

Ci-kasi-ana
Di-fu.

Mu-kasi

Mu-kaji ;
va- or wa-

Mu-kapi ; ba-

Mu-kasi

Mu)-kapi ; ba-

Womb

...

Ki-fumoj.

L-imi; m-emi

Di-fu

...

D-imi

D-imi

Wood (fire-

Lu-kunyi

...

N-kuni

Lu-kuni ;

■ • ■

...

wood)

ii-kuni

Yam

Ci-sambu.
Ci-mena

...

Ki-lungu ; wi-.
Ki-rungwa

Kf-lungu ; bi-

...

...

Year

Ci-dimu

...

Mw-aka

Mw-aka

Mu-sipco

Ki-dimu

(season)

Yesterday...

Ma-laba.
Ma-kelela

Ma-kalela

K-esia

...

...

Ma-l»ba

Zebra

...

...

N-geolco. M-biji

N-gulca

...

...

GROUP AA: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

40s

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongu

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

One

-mue,
•mu.
-omwe,
•umu

•mwe

•mu

-ne.
-mune.
-mu

•iim'uumwe

•munenka.
-mune

Two

-bidi

-bidi

-widi,
•wiji,
-vidi

-bili or
*iji

•bidi

•bidi,
■bidinka

Three

-satu.
•setu (104 a)

-satu

•satu

•satu

-satu

•satu

Four

•ni.

-nai,

•na, -nai.

•nanka,

•inayi

•naiika

•nai (104 a)

•inai

-wan a

-nna

Five

■tanu.
-tenu (104 a)

-tanu

-tanu

-tanu

•tanu

•tanu

Six

-sambombu.
I-sembombu

(104 a)

-sambombu

Samba,
-tanu na -mu

Samba,
Samombu

Sambumu

Sambombu

Seven

Mw-anda

Mw-anda

Samba vidi.

Ki-luva.

Sambwali

Sambu ka-bidi

mu-tekete.

mu-tikete

-tana na -vidi

Mu-sambu

Mw-akunyi.

co-bili.

Kukwisetu

Ha-bulwa

(104 a)

mw-anda

Eight

Mw-anda
mu-kulu.
Kukwibidi

(104 a)

Mw-anda
mu-kuIu

Mw-anda.
•tanu na •satu

Mw-anda

Mu-anda

Nine

Ci-tema.

Ci-tema

Ci-tema,

Ki-tema.

• *•

Ki-tema

Kukwiumu

Ki-tema.
•tanu na -na

Ha-bulwa
li-kumi

-

Ten

Di-kumi.
Di'sen'(i04a)

Di-kumi

Di-kumi.
Ki-kwi

1-kumi or
Li-kumi

Di-sangi

Kumi

Eleven

Di-kumi

Di-kumi

Li-kumi

Di-sangi yi

Kumi ni

ne -mwe

na -mu

ne -mu

umuumwe

ka-munenka

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Ma-sangi

Ma-kumi

a-bidi

a-vidi

a-bili

a-bidi

a-bidinka

Thirty

...

Ma-kumi
a-satu

Ma-kumi
a-satu

...

Ma-kumi
a-satunka

Forty

...

Ma-kumi
a-nna

Ma-kumi
a-nna

...

Ma-kumi
ananka

Fifty

...

Ma-kumi
a-tanu

Ma-kumi
a-tanu

...

...

Hundred . . .

Lu-kama

Kulakape

Ci-tuta.

Ndu-kama or

N-kama

Lu-kama

Ka-twa

Lu-kama.

Ka-twa ;

tu-twa

Thousand...

Ci-nunu

...

Ka-nunu

Ka-nunu

N-kune

Ki-nunu

I, me, my . . .

Meme.

A-mi, A-mi-wa.

A-nyie, A-mi.

Meme.

Na-mi, Li-mi.

N-, Ny-, Ndi-.

N-, Nd-, Nj-.

Na-, N-.

Na-, N-

Ng-

•n-.

-n-.

-i-, -n-.

-ande

-inyi or

-a-mi

-a^mi, -a-ndi

-a-nyi

Thou.thee.thy

Wewe.

• *•

COve, COwewa.

OObe.

Ebe.

CObi, CObe.

U-.

CU-.

0)-, U-.

U-.

U-.

*]Ctl*a

-ku^, -uve-

•ku-.

-ebe

-ubi

-ebi

•ube

4o6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

104.

104 c.

105.

.06.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongu

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

He, him, his

Yeye.

A-ye.

A-ye.

•anci

E-na, Ande.

U-.

(A)-.

U-, I-, A-.

-e or -a-ye

-mu-.

-mu-.

-mu-.

•andi,

-a-nji

-ye.

•eye, -yenji.

-a-e

.

-engi (i04,a)

We, us, our

Twetoj,

• a-

A-twe,

Etu. Ba-twe.

...

Ge-tu.

Twetwe,

A-twe-wa.

Tu-.

A-twi-na.

Tcotw,

Tu-

-itu-.

Tu-.

Tuetu.

tu-,

-etu

-etu

Tu-.

•etu

-tu..

-etu

Ye, you, your

Mwenco,Nconcd,

■ ft

A-nwe,

Inu. Ba-nwe.

Nunu.

Gj-nu. A-nwe.

M wen we.

A-nwe-wa.

Nu-, Mu-.

Nu-.

Nu-.

Nuenu.

Mu-.

-imu-.

-nwa-

-enu

Nu-.

•mi-, -enu-

-enu

■nu-

-enu

They, them,

Bcobu.

Bubwe

A-vu, A-wu.

Babu, A-bu.

-abu

Babu. A-be-na.

thdir

Ba-.

Va-, Wa-.

Ba-, I-.

Ba-.

•ba-.

-va- or -wa-.

-ba-

-abu

-a-bu.

-a-vu, -a-wu

-a-bu

-bu

All

-onsu

-onsu, -oiise

-usu

•usu

-usu

This, these

E-ii, aba ; e-u,

(Same as in

A-u, a-va ; a-u,

-nu (u-nu,

Yuu (I)

Yei. A-ba

e-i ; e-di, a ;

IVesl Lubd)

a-i ; a-di, a ;

ba-nu ; u-nu,

Aa(6), e-bi (8)

e-ci, e-bi ; e-u,

a-ei, a-vi ; a-i;

i-nu ; li-nu,

e-i ; e-lu ; e-tu ;

ai ; a-lu, a-tu ;

a-nu ; ki-nu.

aka; e-bu ;

a-ka,a-u,a-ku;

bi-nu ; i-nu.

e-ku; aha;

a-pa

i-nu ; lu-nu ;

e-mu

tu-nu; ka-nu;

W-a-w-a, baba;

bu-nu ; ku-nu;

w-a-w-a,

ha-nu; mu-nu)

y-a-y-a ;

di-a-di-a, a ;

ci-a-ci-a ; dfc.

That, those

A-u, aba ; a-u,

a-i ; dr»c.

Emphatic:
Ka-yeu,

ka>baba ;

ka-wuwu,

ka-yiyi or

ka-i ; ka-didi ;

k-a ; ka-cici,

ka-bibi ;

ka-yei,

ka-yiyi ;

kn-lulu ;

ka-tutu ;

ka-kaka ;

ka-bubu ;

ka-kuku ;

ka-haha ;

ka-mumu

A-w-a, a-vu;
a-di-a ; &'c.

Yeu, baba ;

a)-u, yeyi ;

li-e-li, co-a ;

keki, bebi ;

yeyi, yeyi ;

lulu ; tutu :

kaka; bubu ;

kuku ; haha ;

mumu
-a-u (y-ato,

bubu ; w-ao),

y-a-y-<o ;

ly-a-ly-o), a-to ;

ki-a-ki-co,

bi-a-bi-u); is'c.
Ye-wa, baba ;

yo-ya, ye-ya;

ly-e-ly-a, lo-a ;

GROUP AA: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND OR LUBA-LUNDA LANGUAGES

407

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki-hemba

Luna-inkongco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

103 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-jsilange

Bad

■bi

...

-vi, -bi.
-a-tama

-bi

■bi

•bi

Black

-fika

-fika

-fita

-fita

•tululu

•fita

Female

•kapi

...

•kasi.
-kojta

•kapi.
-kcota

Baba^kasi

...

Fierce, sharp

-a cipi.
-lulu

•lulu

-ele (Bw-ele).
-kadi,
■kadzi

-kadi

...

•bulu.
Kumaoga

Good

•impe.

...

•ya (kua).

-uwa.

■nengela.

-uwa.

-lengele,

-wama.

-ija

-a bw-inu

•bwa

■akane

•mpe,

-nya-mpe.

■longu

Great

•nine,
•tumba.
•kulu

...

Katampe

-kata

...

-tuabti),
Bu-kata

Little

■kese, -kise.

-nyanana,

Pa-nene,

•kcowtco.

•bende

•kinga.

•iti. -nyanya.

-kese

•nene.

•nene.

Ka-kcoto>

-bale.

•cece, -keke.

•tietie.

•tekete

•cucu

■kese

Long,high,tall

•le

-lahwe. le

-le-pa

-co^la, -la

• ••

•la

Male

-lumi >

...

-lume

•lume ^

•lumi

•lume,
Ka-lume

Old

-kulu,
•gufii.
-nunu

•kulu

-kuru.
-a-kala.
-kcdta.
-nunu

-nunu.
-kute

...

•yaya

Red

-kunze,
-kunza

-kunza

■cila

-cila

...

Ki-phula

Rotten

-bcola

...

-vora,
-bola

-bula

...

...

Short

-ifi, -ihi

...

-ipi, -pepi

-ipi

...

>•>

Sick

-sama.
-bela,
•bedi

...

-ruala.
■kcolwa.
•vela

-luele

-sama

•sungtt

White

-twke

-pembe.
(Lu-pembe =

chalk).
•tcoke

•toika

-tuka

-susu

•pembe

Above,up,on

•ulu (m-ulu.

Pe-ulu.

He-ulu,

Ki-iilii

top

k-ulu,
he-ulu)

Ku-yulu

Mu^ilu,
Ku^ilu

Before

Kum-pala kua-.
Ku mu-dilu

...

-m-ensco.
Ku-mbele.
Ku-lutwe,
-rutwi

Kum-pala kwa^.
Kum-esco

Kum-pala

...

Behind

Kuny-ima.
Ku-nimi

(104a)

• ••

Ny-uma

Kuny-emakwa-.
Ku-nimba

Kuny-uma

...

Below, down

Mu-npi mwa-.

• >■

U-nsi,

Pa-pi,

Mu-pi,

Pa-pi

Pa-pi or

Ku-nsi.

Pa-npi

Pa-pi

Fa-jsi, 6-<r.

Pa-pi

Ci-lumi, Ki-lume = semen maris.

4o8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

104.
West Luba or

Lulua

104 a. Lu-kete

104 b.

Lu-silange

104 c.

North-west

Luba or Moyoa

105.

South Luba or

Ct-luba

105 a.

Ka-honde

106.
Eastern Luba
or Ki-hemba

107.
North Luba or
Luna-inkongco

108.

North-east

Luba or

Lu-songe

108 a. Beneki

Far

Mu-le,

Ku-le,

Ha-le

Here ... ...

E-mu.

E.ku.

Aha,

Apa

In, inside ...

Mu-.

Munda mw-a-

Middle ...

Mun-kapi.

Han-kapi, &-<:.

Near

Hehi,

Mu-ihi, &'c.

Fa bu-ifi, ar'c.

E-pefwi(io4a)

Outside ...

Fa ny-ima.

U-kwa

Plenty, many

■ngi, Di-bane

-bu-ngi,

•ingi

There

Apoj.

Haha,

Kwakwa,

Hcohco,

Kwukwco,

&-€.

Where? ...

Ku-nyi ?

Ha-nyi ?

Pa-nyi ?

Wafe (104 a)

No!

Wapa !

Bw-ala !

Na-nyi !

Bi!

Nasi!

Not (with verb,

Ci- or Ki-

as prefix, in-

(isl pers.).

fix, or suffix)

Kn-{2niifiers.),

Ka- l^r/pers.).

Ka-tu

(u/ pers. pi.,

(s'c.).

Mu-nyi ?

{Why — }iot?)

To

Ku- Ku-

„ beat ...

•kuma. -kuma

•tuta

„ buy, seU

•ula.

•sumba

„ come ...

•lua -dwa

Le-pa.

Ku-la

• <•

Ku-la-ku-la.

Ku-lele.

I^bula

•la-mpe

Kunu,

Nil.

,,,

Apa,

MGnu.

Hanu.

Anka-pa

Pco.

Aha

Pa-nco.

Apa.

Ponkhepa

Mu.,

Munu.

Mu-,

Mu-.

Munu. -mca.

Munda.

Munda

Munda

A-mwa

-moi

Bu-kata,

•kaci,

Pa-kacikaci

Pa-kaci

-kaci.

Ha^kaci

Mu-bu-kata

Penka.

Ipe,

•••

• ••

Pepe,

Efi,

Pepi

Heti

Pan-tanda.

Ha^nja

Pa-nja

Han^tanda

•vura.

•figi,

■ku-ngi,

•ngi,

•ine.

{•bungi.

-figi

-ba-ngi

•ngi

-fula

A-kw-a,

Ya-wa.

• ■■

Anka-pco.

Apa.

Pa-ha^pa

Kua

Mo-nka.

A-kco

Pi?

E-hi?

Ku-pai?

Ku-kyuni ?

Kwe?

E-pi?
Kwe?

Y»!

Yco!

Ka-nana !

Aycoco !
Leza!

Ke^, Ka-, Ne-. Ta-, Ke- ; Ki^ Ka-

•ci- [is I pers.
sing.), N.ci^,
N-ca-, Qfc.
K'.(Kto-),Ka-,
Ke — y<o.
•ne (105 a)

(1st pers. sing.).
Ku- (2nd pers.
sing.). Ka^
(■^rd pers. sing,
and plural
pronouns)

Ku^

Ku-

•puma,
•kupila
•pcota

•hUa,
•fila

•lya

•fwa

Ku-
•kuma

•Iwa

Ku-
•kupila

•ula.
-ule-ka
-fua

GROUP AA : THE

SOUTH CO

NGOLAND 0

R LUBA-LU

NDA LANGUi

\GES 409

104.

104 c.

105.

106.

107.

108.

English

West Luba or

North-west

South Luba or

Eastern Luba

North Luba or

North-east

Lulua

Luba or Moyu

Ci-luba

or Ki'hemba

Luna-inkongco

Luba or

104 a. Lu-kete

105 a.

Lu-songe

104 b.

Ka-honde

108 a. Beneki

Lu-pilange

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ cut

•kusa.

•kcosa

-keta.

•ciwa.

...

-ciba.

•kata.

-tema.

•tema.

•song^tola

-taba

•tenda

■keta

(108 a)

„ dance ...

•kapa.
•saba

•kaja

■ja,
■2ia

•kinda

-sa

.a«a,
•^a

„ die

-fwa

...

-fwa,
fa

-fa.
•afu

...

-fua

„ eat

-dia

•dia

-dia.
-dza

•dya

...

-dia

„ give ...

-ba.
•pa or .fa.
•amb-ika

-pa

-pa,
■pana

•pa or •ha

•••

•pana

„ go

-ya.
•enda

■kenda

•ya.
-ja.
■enda.
•pita

■ya.
•enda

•ya

•enda.

„ kiU ...

-pifa.
tapa

...

•ipaya

-ipaya.
-tapa

...

•ipa

„ know ...

-manya.
•ufwa,
•unva

•manya

•yuka.
(•maneo =

wisdom)

•yuka

•ibiya

-tika

„ laugb ...

-seka

-peka

•seka

-seka.
•seva

...

•sepa

„ leave off,

(•reka).leke-la

•leke-la

-leka.

-leka.

...

•fung-ula

cease

■pia

•pia

„ love, want

-siia

•lomba.
•swa

-swa.
-temwa

-lunda

•naiiga

...

„ see

•muna

-ci-tcoka

■mcona.
-tala

-mcona

•mcona

•mcona.
•tala

„ sit, remain.

•sala,

•sala.

-ikala

•salala.

•sika^ma.

-isalala.

abide, be

•ikala.
•isaka-ma

-nkana

•ikala

•kala.
•kadi

■knla.
•|3ala

„ sleep ...

•lala.
(-unoina =

snore)

•lala

-lala

■lala

•lala

•lala.

(•cona =

snore)

„ stand,stop.

-ima-na

•ima-na

•ima-na

•ima-na.

•ima-na.

■ima-figana

be erect

•im^ila

-ima.nina

„ steal ...

•iba

•angata.
-iba

•iva

-iba

•ivwa

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN WEST LUBA (LULUA) AND IN N.W. LUBA (MOYO))

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu. (mu, u-, ye) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu. (mu-, u-, wcou) ; 4. Mi., and occasionally Nyi.,
Ni^ (mi-, i, yi) ; 5. Di. (di) ; 6. Ma^ (ma-, m'-, a, w'-) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-
(mu, U-, we-, -eye) ; 10. N^, Ny^, Ifg^ (mi-, i, yi) ; 11. Lu^ (lu) ; 12. Tu^ (tu) ; 13. Ka^(ka); 14. Bu^
(bu) ; 15. Ku^ (ku) ; 16. Ha^, Fa^, or Fa- (ha, fa, pa) ; 17. Mu^ (mu).

Diminutive suffix -ana occasionally used. Honorific prefix ^a-, especially prominent in Lu-kete.

410 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFLXES, &c., IN SOUTH XUBA

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu- (u-, -mu-, ye) ; 2. Va-, Wa- (va, wa) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Di- (di);
6. Ma- (a) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. Wi-, Vi- (wi, vi) ; 9. N-, Ny-, N-, Ng-, — (i, yi) ; 10. same as 9, but
nearly absent, except as plural to 11, its place being taken by 2 ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka-
(ka); 14. Vu-, Bu- (vu, bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) • ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).

PREFIXES, &c., IN EASTERN LUBA (KLHEMBA)

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu. (mu, u-, ye) ; 2. Ba- (-iba-, ba) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, iu, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-, yi) ; 5. Li-, I-
(li-, -ill-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a, -ya) ; 7. Ki- (ki-, -iki-) ; 8. Bi- (bi, -ibi-) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, N-, Ng- (mi- i-,
yi); 10. same as 9; 11. Lu-, Ndu-, Ndco-, Du- (lu-, -ilu-) ; 12. Tu- (tu, -itu-); 13. Ka- (ka, -ika-) ;
14. Bu- (bu, -ibu-); 15. Ku- (ku, -iku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha) ; 17. Mu- (mu). The -ana diminutive suffix
is in use.

PREFIXES, &C., IN NORTH LUBA AND IN NORTH-EAST LUBA (LU-SGNGE)

Traces of preprefixes in 9th Class in Lu-songe.

Prefixes and concords in North Luba and North-east Luba are similar to those in Eastern Luba,
except that No. 5 is generally Di-, and there is a tendency for the u in Mu- and Lu- to become co. The
nth prefix is sometimes Du-, Ndu-, Nd'- {pi. Ngi-, Kg"-). The -ana diminutive suffix exists. No. 16
is Pa-.

104. West Luba, 104 a. Lukete, and 104 b. Lu^ilange are spoken in the region east of the Upper
and Middle Kwilu-Juma, north of the 8th degree of South latitude, south (more or less) of the Sth degree,
and west of the Lulua river.

104 c. North-west Luba is spoken in the country between the 5th degree of South latitude and the
Lower Kasai, immediately north of the Lulua language (No. 104).

105. South Luba and 105 a. Kabonde are spoken in Katanga, west of the Lufira river and the
27th degree of East longitude, east of the Lubudi and 25th degree of East longitude, south of the
^th degree of South latitude, and north (more or less) of the nth degree of South latitude. It extends
however southwestward into Northern Rhodesia beyond the 13th degree of South latitude, under the name
of Kaondi-

106. Eastern Luba is spoken mainly to the west of the Lualaba-Tafiganyika water-parting and of the
Luvua river, and east of the Sankuru ; south of the 6th degree of South latitude, and north of the
9th degree and of Lake Mweru, the west coast of which it just reaches.

107. North Luba is spoken in the Lusambco district south of 4° 30' South latitude and north of the
7th degree of South latitude, and west of the Safikuru.

108. North-east Luba and 108 a. Beneki are spoken to the north and north-east of Luna-ifikongto
(107), to the west of the Upper Liumami, and south of the Lubefu and Sankuru,

* Ku- is infinitive and prepositional, but is also a prefix with a slightly diminutive sense.

GROUP AA

THE SOUTH CONGOLAND LANGUAGES {continued)

Sub-Group AA 2.
109. Ka-nycoka ' or Tu-nytoka 109a. Tu-wanda 109b. South-east Ka-nyooka (Ka-nyika) or Bondu

no. Lunda

Sub-Group AA 3.
1 10 a. Ma-bunda' or South-east Lunda'

III. Western Lunda

GROUP BB

THE UPPER KWANGO) LANGUAGES

ri2. ^inji (7r Sinpi ' 112 a. Mi-nuiigco

113. Hwlco <?r Huftgu 113 a. Tembco (Batembco) '^ 113 b. U-suku '

114. Um-baiigala <?r Im-bafigcola 114 a. Yoftgco

109.

no.

III.

n2.

113-

114.

English

Ka-nycoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginji

Hcolco^rHungu

Um-baiigala

109 a.

iioa. Ma-bunda

112 a.

n3a. Tembco

114 a. Yongeo

Tu-wanda

Mi-nuiigco

113 b. U-suku

logb.South-east

1

Ka-nyo»ka

N-gimbu
Ki-ama

Lun-jinji ;
n-jinjl.
Lu-sonde or
Di-sonde

Ka-sumuna

Ku-aku.

Ka-legela
Mu-fula;

me- or mi-

Li-kwa.
N-gimbo>

' The'KA-nyi}sA' of Koelle is probably a separate dialed, South-east Ka-nytoka., a^iii may be spoken by the BaAondui
and Kdlutidue. The more northern form of the language is the ' Tu-nycoka ' of some explorers. Tu-wanda seems
another dialect.

' Ma-bunda or M-bunda is the name sometimes given to the Lunda spoken in northernmost Zdmbezia. Lua,
Ba-lua is the tribal name ordinarily given to North-west Lunda colonies between the Kwengui and Kivilii rivers.

' Koelle's ' Ruunda'. Probably the ' lia-lua ' cd>ove referred to.

* This tribe is referred to by Emit Torday as the A.cinji or lia-chinji.

° Hcolco would seem to include the speech of the Hungu people tn the north and of the Hadi rtw^/Wgudi in the
south.

* The dialect of the A-suku, said to be distinct from Hcolw.

Adze

Ci-kenge ; bi-

Ka-sau ; tu-

•••

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

Kany-ama ;

...

beast

akany-ama.
N-ama;in-ame

Ant

N-zeco.
I-kenyi ;

ma- (iioa).
Songani ; a +

Ant, white

Lu-sua ; n-swa.

Mu-swaswa

...

(termite)

Mu-swaswa

Ape ... ...

N-scokco ?

Scokco

...

Arm

Ku-bcokco ; ma-

Ci-kasa : ma-

Ci-gasa
(? Ci-kasa)

Arrow

Mu-kete.

Seu; zi-t-
Ci-kene ;

I-seu ; fin-seu

Ka-banza.

Di-suna

i-keiie

Axe

Ka-sol' ;

Ci-scoka.

^coka ; i-^coka

tu-sol' (109 b)

Cim-buya.

1-temwa

Baboon ...

N-scokco ?

M-bunji ?
Pelumba ?
M-pombco

• ••

412

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

110.

III.

112.

"3

114.

English

Ka-nyuka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

HulcofrHungu

Um-baiigala

109 a.

iioa.Ma-bunda

1 12 a.

113 a. Tembu

114 a. Yongca

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungu

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyuka

Back, back-

Ny-ima.

I ny-ima or

...

bone

Mu-piki

Ny-ima.
Mw-onco

Banana ...

Ci-bwte ; hi-.

Di-kondi or

Di-konde

Di-konde

I-konde.
Ci-konde; i-

Beard

Mu-emfu ;

Mu-evu,

■*■

mi-emvu

Mu-ediji,

Mu-eci.

Ci-zunu(iioa^

Bee

Lu-huku Puk'.

M-puka

Om-puj' ;

^im-puk' (//.,

am-puj'

109a)

Belly, sto-

Di-fu.

Ri-. I-, or

Di-vumo>

mach

Ci-fue.
Di-fumoa(l09a^

Di-vumco

Bird

K-eonyi ;

Jila or

I-yembe

tu-(onyi.

Ka-^ila

Ci-oonyi ;

bi-conyi

Blood

Ma-pi

Ma-pi

Ma-pi

Body

Nieta ;

Mu-jimba,

*•>

ma-nyeta

Mu-:^imba.
Mu-jumba

Bone

Mu-kuha.

Di-fupa or

Di-fupa

Ki-fwa; i-fwa

I-fwaha

(109 b)

Borassus palm

...

Di-fanda ?

Di-ba; ma-ba '

Bow

Bu-ta; ma-

U-ta; mau-ta.
Mu-lemco

Wu-ta ; ma-ta

Bowels

Mu-la; mi-la

Ma-^inwa

(iloa)

...

Brains

M-bonko>

Di-oiagu,
U-ongco,
U-hongcd,
W-ono>

Breast (man's)

Ciadi.
Tuloa

Di-buamboj

In-julu ; pi-

Breast

Di-bele

Di-yele; ma-

Di-yele ; ma-

(woman's)

Brother ...

Yawa

Mw-ana-maku.

Yai.

Mu-hela ;

Mw-anke

a-hela (no a)

Buffalo

M-bcawa

M-buawco ; a -f .
Ci-pakasa

...

Bull

K-ombe

mw-ana
mu-lcom'

Di-al' uii-ombe

...

Buttocks ...

Ma-taku

Ma-takcd.
Ma-handa

(lloa)

...

Di-konjo>; ma-
Mu-evu

Puka.

Ny-o>ki

Kin-dunji.
Vumu ; ma -I-

Kan-jila,
Ka-jila or
N-sUa

Ma-yinga
Mu-ila

Ki-fo>a ; i-fcoa

N-dende ;
sin-dende
Wco.ta ; ma-ta

Kam-bembe.
Mu-jima
Di-bele

Yaya.

Keota.

Panji
Pakasa

N-dombe

> Js this not ' oil palm ' f

GROUPS AA, BB : THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGO) LANGUAGES 413

109.

no.

III.

112.

113-

114.

English

Ka-nycoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

Hcdlcdt'rHungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

iioa. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Temboj

114 a. Yongu

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungo>

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyeoka

Canoe...

Cat

Charcoal ...
Chief

Bu-atu

Ka-bonz'

Ma-kala
Mu-kalenge.

M-fumu.

Fwani

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

Door, door
way

Dream

Drum ...

Ear ...

Egg -
Elephant

W-atco ; m-atu W-atoa

Ka-mepi ; tu-

Ka-bonsu

(lioa)
Di-kala
Mw-ata.

Mw-anta.

Mvv-ana.

Mw-ene

Child

Cloth

Cold

Country ...

Cow ... ...

Crocodile ...

Day, daylight

Mu-ana

Di-vunga.
Ci-zaiiga

Ma.

sika

N-gombe.
N-ombe

N-gandu.

U-nanj ' ; f\-

(109 b)
Di-fuku

Mu-kcoka

sansan'

N-ganga

M-bwa.

Kaka-bwa ;

tutu-bwa.

Ka-bu,

^im-bu (109 b)
Ci-belcij.

Ceii-pil'

N-dcotco

N-gcoma.

Mu.vwala
Di-tu ; ma-tu.

Di-ti
Di-i; ma-i

N-zcovu

(pin-zcovu, //.
in 109 b)

Ci-kalanga.

Mw-ana or

M.cona; ana.

K-ana; tu-na
Di-vunga.

Di-suna.

I-hina (no a)
Ma-pika.

Talala
Ganda.

I -tuna ; ma-

(noa)
N-gombe or

N-ombe

mu-kaji
N-ganju.

Ci-wedi(noa)

Di-cikto ;
ma-cikco.
Mu-ana

Mw-anti-afco ;
p/. anti-afoi

Mu-ana.
Mu-kieni-pe

N-ombe (or
N-ompa ?)

N-anju

I-ki^i

N.ganga or

N-ana
Ka-bwa ;

atu-wa

M-oanya-Yaj'

Mu-lasi

Jal' ; pi. a-jal'

Ka-b'

Ci-ia ; i-ia. Ci-diti.

Ce-zelu(lioa) Mu-jisoa

Ku-lota ( =

verd)
N-gwma,

N-ojma ; i +
Di-cu.

I-telu (no a)
Di-j ; ma-i.

I-teta (no a)
N-zafu or

N-z«fu: a.+

lii-am' ;
fiii-am'
Di-ju ; ma-ju

D-i ; me-i

N-zav' ;
an-zaf

W-atu
Oi)-lungu ; />/.
ma-lungu

Ka-lunga ?

Ki-ngcoli ;

a-ngoili.

M-banza.

Di-kcota
M-con'akemba;

//. b-an' ba

kemba

N-gombe
N-gandu

Ci-zua.

Mw-anya

N-sumbi

Kim-banda ;

im-banda
I m-bwa ;

^om-bwa

Li-bitu.

Mu-nua ;

mi-niia
•zuma (verd)

Ng-oama ;

pL fi +
Ku-twe or

Ku-tu ; ma-tu
Di-yai

N-zamba

Ee

n

414

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

MI.

na.

113-

"i-

English

Ka-nycoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginji

Hcalco<7rHungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

nza.

n3a. Tembco

n4a. Yongeo

Tu-wanda

Mi-nung(d

n3b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycoka

Excrement

Tu-vi

Di-dama.
Tu-?i (iioa)

...

...

...

...

Eye

D-isu

D-is<o or

D-izu.

D-isco.

• •■

D-isco or

Isu ; m-esco

M-ezu

M-esco

Dy-es<o; m-esco

or nia-sco.

D-ise ; m-ese

Face, forehead

Hala.

Mum-pala.

Mw-esu.

...

■ ..

Pala; ?i-pala.

Yim-pala.

I-hama or

Mu-pala

Ka-twetwe

Muez'(i09b)

Di-tama

Fat, oil ...

Di-sabi.

Mas' (109 b)

Ma-nyi or
Ma-n^i(iioa)

...

...

...

Ma-ji

Father

Tata

Tat-ukco.
Tata

Tad-oko)

...

• •■

Pa, pe. S'..
Tada

Fear

Mu-6yi

W-coma

...

...

...

Finger

Mu-nu.
Mu-lembo).
Ci-ala.
(Ci-kumu-
kumu and
Di-konyi =
'fist' and
'fingers ')

Mu-nu; ni-nu

Mu-nyi ;
mi-nyi

Mu-niie.
Mu-nyi ;
mi-nyi

Fire

Cii-iya; ma-hia.

Ka-sue or

Ka-pi

■ ■<

• ••

Tu-hia

Ka-dilu,

Ke-si.

Mu-dilu.

N-kasu

(Ku-hia =

to burn.

Ku-cota =•

to warm)

Fish

Mu-sanyi,
Ka-sanyi.
O-p' ; //.
a-Yanp'(io9b)

I-pi; ai-pi

N-saganyi

Ki-kele.
.M-bipi

Foot

Di-kasa

Ci-jacile ; yi-.
Mw-endco ;
mi-endco or
ni-endco(iioa)

Ka-jajil' ; cu-

Di-kanda la
gi-nama.
Y-alu; m-alu

Forest

D-itu.

Di-tikita,

Mu-peteo

• •■

• ••

Mu-situ; mi-.

Mu-sit'; mi-

Mu-itakita.

Mu-tutu ; mi-

(109b)

I-sana (no a)

Fowl

N-zula.
Ci-kuku(io9b)

N-zcolco.
Ka-sumbe

(iioa)

N-zcoloj

'"

Susu,
Suscoa

Frog, toad

Cim-bcotcotca.
Ci-dimba.
Di-zont',
Ci-col' ;
bi-col' (109 b)

Ci-cola; i-ula
or vi-ula

Mu-zab' ;
mi-zab'

Li-zondu ; ma-

Ghost

■ ••

Mu-tanda

>• »

...

...

Girl

Mw-an'
mu-kap'

Kam-banda.
Ka-gilu.
Ka-nkana

Yaya.
Ka-nke

•••

...

...

Goat

M.buji,M-buja,
M-buzi.
Om-pembe

(109 b;

M-pembe.
Mu-sema.
Ifuna

M-pembe

Kombco

GROUPS AA, BB: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGO) LANGUAGES 415

Hill Mu-yeiiga.

Ci-tunda
Hippopotamus Cim-vuruyi.

Ci-ove
Hoe Lu-ka^u;

i-kapu
Honey . . . Bu-ilca

Horn ...

Lu-sengcd.
Cibi-senge

Batama

(lloa)
M-pidi

N-guvu

liu-kajsu.

.'' I-temwa
Wu-ce, U-ci,

or VVwki
Lu-se (?) =

point.

Mu-sengco.

Mu-senu ; ni-

Ru-kas' ;
ifi-kas'
(o-ce

W(

109.

no.

UI.

112.

113-

n4.

English

Ka-ny<i>ka

Lunda

Western Lunda

^inji

HojleoflrHungu

Um-bangala

109 a

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Tembco

114 a. Yongco

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungco

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyeSka

Goat (lie) ...

M-buji
co-humbu

Ci-hungcd.
Ci-bunu

...

...

...

•««

„ (she)

Di-pina dia
m-buji

...

...

...

...

...

God

Ma-weja,
Ma-weza

N-zamba,
N-zambi

Jina-wtoepi

...

...

N-sambi

Grandparent

Kaka; ba-t-.
Mu-kulu-ha

N-gaka

»aka S.
Segul'

...

• ••

Kugu

Grass

Ci-scosM ;
bi-s«os<o.
Di-sele.

Ma-pinda

Ma-suku.
Ma-tahu
(no a)

Mu-angu

Ground

Bu-laba

Di-vii or
Di-vco.
Ma-seke

...

...

• •s,

...

Ground-nut

Ka-bindi ; tu-

Ru-nyum' ;
si-nyum'.
Nyimu

Ru-nyimo)

...

• ••

L-(onzu or
L-unzco ; //.

p-ondzco or

j-onzco

Guinea-fowl

N-kaiiga

Lu-kange ;
ji-kange.
N-kaiiga.
M-baiiala

(iioa)

• ta

Kanga

Gun

Bu-ta

U-ta

Wu-f
am-pojthu;//.
ma-tco
ma-putto

U-ta ; ma-ta

...

Woo-ta

Hair

Nsuiki,

Lu-suki ;

Ru-siki ; pi.

...

...

!.un-demba ; .

Suki or

j i-suki.

se-piki

^in-demba

I-suki

U-viji ; mau-

Hand

Ci-kama; bi-

Ci-kasa ; pi. i-
or ma-

M-wk' ipi.)

...

• ••

Di-kanta or
Di-kunda

Head

Mu-tu

Mu-twe,
Mu-tco ; mi-

Um-coj',
Im-ej'

...

...

Mto-twe ;
mi-twe

Heart...

M-ungi.

Ru-cunu;ma + .

Pimbi.

Mu-cima

Ru-dungu.

M-bunu.

Mu-pima

Mu-cima

Heel

Ka-koiigon'

Ka-bukunco.
Ka-pumuna

Ka-pcol'
an-junj'

...

]

Vlu-kcotco.
Ki-sende

Hide

■••

Ci-kanda.

...

...

...

N-guvu
Li-temu
Wu-emba

E e 2

4i6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

in.

nz.

»I3-

Um-bangala

English

Ka-nyo>ka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

HcoIco(7rHungu

109 a.

no a. Ma-bunda

U2a.

113 a. Tembco

n4a. Yongw

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungw

n3b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyciika

House

N.dakco.

Ci-cota.

N.zaveo.

N-subu,

Ci-kubbi; i-.

Ci-kombeo ;

N-zub'.

I-tala ; ma-

pi. i-komboa

N-ganda

(noa).
(N-ganda =

of chief).

•

Ci-kumbu; i-

Hunger

. N-zala

N-zala

...

Husband .

Mu-lume,

1-kungi ;

E-kunji

Mu-luma,

ai-kungi

Mu-ruma

Hyena

.

Ci-bungw

...

Iron ... .

Ci-londa

U-tadi.
Ki-suka.
Mau-tadi.
Ci-kunu

Ji.(orCi-)lond«

Island

Ci-tamba

Di-tungco.
Ci-tutu (no a)

...

Ivory... .

M-enu ma n-zoavoj

I.komba-ka^i

Di-zeu da n-zaf

Knee ... .

Ci-na.

Di-nunguna.

D i-nunu; ma-

Din"

I-nunu; ma-

Knife... .

Mu-ele,

M-paka or

Im-pak' ;

Mu-hele.

M-pcoku; i-

pim-pak'

Kele

Lake ... .

.. Di-jiba

Di-zanza.
Tenga.

Ci-;^iya(noa)

...

Leg ... .

Mu-halabu.
Mu.kuna

Mw-endto; mi-

Mw-endu

Leopard .

Nya.manga.

Ci-sumpa,

Ci-pumpe ; //.

Konguloa.

Ci-supa

i-pumpe

Ci-somp'

(109 b)

Lion ... .

On-tamp ;
sin-tamp'

(109 b)

Tambu

N -tambu

Lips ... .

Mu.puku;mi-?

Mi-lambeo(^/.).
Ma-fumbu
{;*/.)( no a)

>••

Magic.

Lu-buku.

U-laji

Un-gipi ;

Bu-lcoji.

aii-gipi.

Bu-anga.

M-eon'

N.kipi ; pi.

sin-kipi(l09b)
Di-taba ; ma-

Maize...

Ka-baka

Ka-baka

Man ...

Mu-ntu ;

Mu-ncu ;

Mu-ncu ; a-ncu

ba-ntu

a-ncu or
Mu-ntu ;
a-ntu.

Man, male,

vir. Mu-lumi

I-kungi ;
ai-kungi.
I.yala; ma-

(iioa)

E-kunji; ma-

Yin-zu,
In.zu;man.zu

N-dombe

Ki-tali ; i.tali.
U-tadi

Puna gi-nama

(elboiv of the
leg)

Li-pcoku ;
^i-pci>ko9

Ki-zanga

Ki-najna or
Gi-nama
Kulcoama

Hco^i or
Kcojst ; pi. f i +

Mu-vumbu

Um-banda

Mun-dele.
Ma-za
Mu.tu ; ba.tu

Mu-iala,
Di-ala.
(N-dombe =
male)

GROUPS AA, BB: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGU) LANGUAGES 417

109.

no.

in.

n2.

"3-

114.

English

Ka-nyoaka

Lunda

Western Lunda

Pinji

Hcolcof^rHungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

iioa. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Temboj

114 a. Yongoa

Tu-wanda

Mi-nung<i>

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycoka

Meat

Ny-ama.
Nyinyia

M-biji.

N-ama.

pitu
M-cdno>,

In-ama

...

M-bunda

Koonuu
M-bejii

Medicine ...

Bu-anga.

M-»n'

I-saba

Mi-lon'

Mw-conu

MUk

Ma-bele

Ma-yele

Ma-yele

...

...

Ma-bele

Monkey ...

N-cima.
M-bele.
Ku-lumba.
M-poi; fi +

M-pombu ;
ji-pombca

On-kima ;
an-kima

Kima ; f i -f

Moon

Sconyi

N-gonde or
Nondco

N-ondu

...

...

M-bepi,
M-beiji

Mother ...

Ma,
Mama

Maku.
Yaya

Maku

...

Mama

Mountain ...

...

Mu-kanju.
M-pidi

#••

...

...

Mun-gongco

Moutli

Mu-kana

Mu-kano>.
Ka-nwa

Mu-lamci) ; mi-

Di-kanwa,
Li-kanwa,
Mu-kanwa.
(Mu-lungu =

muzzle)

Nail (of finger

Ci-zala ;

Lun-zala or

Ru-zala

Lum-bondi ;

...

M-bonde or

or toe)

bi-zala

I-zala

(?Uru-);
pin-zala

^im-bondi

Lum-bondi ;
//. m-bondi

Name

Di-zina

Di-jina,
I-^ina

...

...

...

...

Navel

M-cofwa.
Mu-koaf

Mu-kuvu,
I-ktovu

Mu-kcovco; mi-

...

...

Mu-cimbi

Neck, throat

N-singu.
N.kwpi

pifigoj.

N-sinu

Mi-nyi.

Efifi',;

se-sin'
W-coju

• ••

...

^ifigu

Night

Bu-fuku

U-cukto.

U-fuku ;

...

0)-scijgu,

U-fuku(iioa)

ma-fuku

U-stiu

Nose

Ma-ulu.

Mu-zurco,

Mu-porcs

...

...

Mu-zulu,

Mu-ol' ; mi-

Mu-zulu,

Di-zcolo>,

Di-^uru

Di-zulu

Oil palm ...

Di-bwa

N-gaJii

•••

...

...

...

Ox

N-gombe

N-gombe

— .

N-gombe

. >.

N-gombe; ^i-^

Paddle ...

...

Mu-sangu.
Ci-lapu

(lioa)

'■•

...

Ki-andcd ; i-

Palm wine,

Ma-luvu.

W-alwa.

«•.

•■•

...

M-alwa.

beer

Ma-lu.

Ma-rwa,

Ma-ra

M-arwa.

M-ara.

Ma-rafoa

Ma-luvu

Parrot

N-kusu.

Kusco.

Ka-lon'; pi. cu-

...

...

Keos' ; fil.

Ka-lion'; tu-

Ci-bara

orX\x-

fi-ktos'

(109 b)

(no a)

Penis

Ru-ja or
Rii-^a.
I-l(omu(iioa)

...

...

• ••

Pig

N-gulube

Ci-bonda.
Suinda

Ci-bonde ;
i-bonde.
Null

...

...

N-gcolu; si-h.
N-gulu

Pigeon, dove

Di-kuci.

Kangu-dimbe

Di-embe,
1-yembi

Kanku-dimbe ;
pi. cu- or tu-

...

...

Bembe; ma-l-

4i8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

III.

112.

113-

114.

English

Ka-nyeaka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

Ho)l<o or Haagu

Um-bangala

109 a.

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Temboj

114 a. Yongto

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungo)

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycaka

Place

Mu-aba

Pampuni.
Pcolu

...

Rain

M-vula

Lum-vula,
M-vula,
M-vuala

Um-fula

Rat

Lukuka ; pL

M-pukca.

N-juso»; a +

huka.

Im-bwa.

Mu-landa.

N-tunzM

N-tumbi,

Ci-tombi

River

Mu-sulu

W-it»,
W-ita ; ma-.
Ka-lona ; tu-

•••

Road

N.jila.

N-jUa,

Ci-hunda

N-^ila; i +
Mo-ngua,

Salt

Mu-kele

Mo-nu

Mu-iiwa.

Mu-ngu

Shame

Bum-vua

U-seinye.
Ci-peta

•••

Sheep

Mu-kojk<o

M-buri.
Mu-kcoku

Mu-kcokco

Shield

N-gabu

Ru-kiboj,
Lu-kebu

...

Shoulder ...

Ci-tangatanga.

Ci-kiji or

Ci-gep' ; pi.

Di-tantan'

Ci-cizi ; i-

tuci-ges'

Sister

Yaya-mw-aci

Mw-anamaku.

Yayi.

(-anyi, -ebe,

Mu-hela

Kam-banda

-ende = my,

ni-banda

Ka-nke

thy, his, &'c.)

Skin

Ci-ketu; pi.

Ci-kita.

Mu-piumba ;

i-ketu

I-kcova.
I -tern be

mi-piumba

Sky

Di-tilu

I-yulu ;
mu-uro> or
ma-ulu.
Di-ulu or
Di-hulco ; ma-

Di-wulu

Slave

Mu-hika

Mu-rurco ; a-.

Mco-rorco ;

Mu-tu

a-rorco.

Mu-juei 5

Sleep

Tulu

Tu-lco or
Cu-lo>

...

Smoke

Mu-ipa, K-ipa

Mu-ipi ; mi-ipi

M-ipi

Snake

Ny-wka

N-gaka.

Hco-naka ;

I-bubco.

a-naka

Ka-fela

Son, boy ..

Mw-ana

Mw-ana or
M-cana ;//.
ana. K-ana
i-yala.
Ka.kungi

Mw-an'

Song

Mu-samboa

Ru-ang<o.
(-anga = to
sing).
Ka-mina

Ku-nuga ;

yi-ncoga.

M-fula
Kin-demba

Ludji

Mo-ngwa

M-buli

U^panga

Kcota la
mu-ketu.
Panji la
mu-ketu

C-iba.
Li-konda

K-aaka.

Di-ulu

M-bika ;
a-bika

Tu-lu

L-epi or D-epi
Ny-bika

Mw-ana ; ana

GROUPS AA, BB: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGW LANGUAGES 419

109.

no.

ni.

112.

113-

114-

English

Ka-nycoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginji

Hcdlcd^rHung^

Um-bangala

109 a.

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

nza.

113 a. Tembw

n4a. YongM

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungci>

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyuka

Spear

Di-fuma.

Ka-lembele.

Mu-rombca

Mu-domp',

Ci-scokcolco.

Mi-lomp'

I-yona.

Mu-rumba.

Mu-zumboj.

Mu-kuba.

Cim-pale

Spirit, soul

...

M-oy&>.
Mw-einye

...

Star

Ka-mbadimbadi

Ka-tumba>; tu-.
Ka-tundco

...

Stick

Mu-tendele

Mu-tondu; mi-

...

Stone

Di-bwe,

Di-yala ;

Di-yala

Di-ti ; ma-u

ma-yala.
Mula

Stool

Ci-tanda

...

«•>

Sun

D-iba.

Mu-tena or

Mu-tena

Mu-nyenyi

I-tena

Tail (of an

Mu-kila

Mu-kila

...

animal)

Tear

Ma-sonji.

Di-scoji ; ma-.

Di-SMJi

Mim-pc»le(//.)

I -dilco ; ma-
(noa)

Testicles ...

...

Ma-kutto

Ma-kutu

Thief

Mu-ivi; b-evi

I-kombe
(no a).
U-iji;
mauw-iji.
Mu-eji

Mu-eji

Thigli

Ci-bela.

Di-tundoj.

Di-taka

Di-tflka

I-kata

Thing

Ci-ntu.

Ci-ojuma or

Ci-uma

Ci-haka.

Ci-b>ma,

Bu-alu

C-uma; y-uma

Thorn

Mu-iba

Mu-ya; mi-ya.
Mw-ina ;
ny-ina (no a)

...

Tobacco ...

Fwaka,

Fenke.

Di-kanya

Fwanka

I-kanya.
Ru-anda

To-day ...

Lelu

Lelco.
Lelu-nco

Lelu

Toe

Mu-lembu

Mu-ini or

Mu-nyi

Mu-nu

gco-cu-jajil'

To-morrow

Mu-nci.

Kuma-diki.

...

Mo-figu

Dia ma-cikco

Tongue

Lu-dimi

Ru- or

Ru-dim' ;

Lu-dimi; jin-.

fin-dim'

I-dimi ; ma-

Tooth

D-inu

Di-zeu,
I-zeu ; ma-zeu

Di-zeu; ma-zeu

Town, village

Ci-bunza.

Ula.

Pa n-kalai

Ci-bonja.

Mu-kala ;

Lu-banza.

mi- or ni-

Ki-uma ; y-uma

Ha-mene

N-gumba.

Kua ; ma-kua

Tugoanoaci

Di-we ; ma-we.

Li-tali ;

ma-tali
Ki-baka
Li-kombi or

Di-kumbi.

Mu-anya

Kaba

Taga; a-taga

C-ima.
Ki-uma,
Y-uma

H-ganda

Lelu

Mu-lembca

Mo-ngu,
Mu-ngu
Limi ; ma -I-

Li-zu ; ma-zu

Li-bata ;
a-bata.
Di-embu

420

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

III.

112.

113-

114.

English

Ka-nyoaka

Lunda

Western Lunda

plnji

HcoltoorHungru

Um-bangala

109 a.

iioa. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Tembw

114 a. Yongoa

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungcd

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycoka

Tree

Mu-tondco or

Mu-tondos ;

Mu-tondco Mu-ci ; mi-

Mu-tonda.

mi- or ni-

Mo-ji' ; //.

me-j' (109 b)

Twins

...

A-nyana
am-pamba

...

Urine

Ma-sukwila

Ma-sekula.

Ma-sa

...

Vein

Mu-jila.

Mu-jila.

... ...

Mu-«8i ; mi-

Mun-dimbwa

War

Di.pita,

Nji-ta

Eii^i-ta ;

ma-pita.

feiifi-ta

(Ku-rua-na,

Ku-lua-na =

tofight)

Water

Mu-anza

M-ema.
M-e^i (no a)

Me-nyi

Well, source

Di-jiba

... ...

White man

...

M-(ona-

Mun-dele;

ku-mene.

min-dele

Mun-dele

Wife

Mu.kaja

M-banda.
N-odi; an-5di
(no a).
Mu-adi or
Mw-ari

Wind, air...

Lu-hehe.

Lu-kindco.

Ru-kindeo

Lu-vulu

M-pepela

Witch, sor-

Mu-lcoji,

Mu-laji.

... ...

cerer

Mu-1m2u

Mu-lcd:qi.

Muii-koya

Witchcraft

Bu-leoji,
Bu-lcozu

U-ltoji

...

Woman ...

Mu-kaja, -kaza.

Mu-kaje ;

Mum-banda,

Mw-ana-mu-kap

a-kaje.

M-banda; pi.

M-banda

am-banda

Womb

...

Di-kipi.
I-semenco

Wood (fire-

Lu-kunyi

Lu-kunyi.

Epin-kunyi Lu-kunyi ;

wood)

N-cawa(iioa)

kunyi

Yam

Ci-hama

Ci-lungu

Ci-rongco ;
i-rongco

Year

Mu-vu; mi-

Mu-vca,
Mu-ve.
M w-aka

... ...

Yesterday...

Ma-zau ?

N-gcoleope.
Ha-lcopi.
N-galcdci

...

Zebra

N-t«olco

Ifala (1 10 a)

...

One

•mu.

-mwe.

-mcopi (-m»p')

-mwe

-mil.
-mtiini

Two

■bidi. -yaji,

-adi,

•yati (-yaf)

•wij' (109 b)

-yedi

Mu-ci ; me-ci.
Mco-ji ; mi-ci

Vi-ta or Mi-ta

M-eya
N-juiigu

Funji

(•Icowa = to

bewitch)
Mu-ketu ; ba-

Ci-bu

Lco-hconyi ; pi,

^i-hconyi
Ki-liengco ;

i-liengco

Mu-vu

Ma-sao»

-musi
•yadi

GROUPS AA, BB: THE SOUTH CONGO LAND AND UPPER KWANGO) LANGUAGES 421

109.

no.

III.

112.

II3-

114.

English

Ka-nyuka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

Hcolco<>rHuiigti

Um-bangala

109 a.

Ilea. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Tembco

114 a. Yongcd

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungco

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycoka

Three

■satu

-sattd,
-satu

-tatu (-taf)

...

Four

-nai

-nyl.

(Nyinu).
-ne, -a-ne

(lioa)

•wana

Five

■tanu

-tancD,
■tanu

-tanu

...

Six

Mu-sambanu

Sambanu.
I -tanu ci-mu

Sambanu

...

Seven

Mu-sambibidi

Sambwari.
I -tanu ni
i-yedi

Sambwal'

...

Eight

Mu-anda

Ci-nana.
I -tanu ni
i-satu

Naka

...

Nine

Ci-teme

Di-vii.
I-tanu ni
y-ane

I-vu

...

Ten

Di-kumi ; ma-

Di-kumi

I-kunyi

...

Eleven

...

Di-kumi
ni-mwe or
ni ka-muini.
Di-kumi ni
ci-mu

...

...

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi
ya-bidi.
Ma-kumi

ya-yaji (109 b)

Ma-kumi
ma-adi or
a-yedi

Ma-ku' ma-yat'

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

• ••

*..

^

ya-satu

a-satu

Forty

Ma-kumi
ya-nai

Ma-kumi a-ne

...

...

Fifty

Ma-kumi
ya-tanu

Ma-kumi
a-tanu

•«.

•••

Hundred ...

Ci-twtco

Ci-toata.
I-kuluka;^i

(no a)

Ci-tcdta

...

Thousand...

Ci-nunii

Ka-nunoo,
Ka-nana or
I-kombakazi

(noa) ^

I, me, my ...

Mime.

A-mi.

?

?

Na-.

Ni-.

?

?

-ni-, -n-.

-ngu-.

?

?

-a-mi, -anyi.

-a-mi

-am

•ami

-a mime

Thou, thee,

Wuwu.

Eye.

?

?

thy

U-.

U-.

■>

?

-ku..

-ei-.

?

5

-ebe, -ebu-wa

-ei or -eye

-ii

•yena

-tatu
•wana

•tanu

Samanu

Sambuadi

Nake

Di-vua

-kumi,

and also

-kuni
Kun' naya

mcosi

Ma-kuni
yali or
Ma-kumi
a-yadi

Kama

A-mi.
Wgu-.

A-ye.
U-.

-ku- (.gu-).
-a-ei

422

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

III.

112.

"3- ^

114.

English

Ka-nyeoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginji

Hcolca^rHungu

Um>bangala

109 a.

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Tembco

114 a. Yoiigu

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungoa

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycoka

He, bim, bis

Yiye.

EndL

u..

U-.

•mu-, -imu-.

•mU".

•ende

-endi or -indi

We, us, our

Tutu, Ba-tutu.

Ecu.

Tu..

Tu-.

•itu..

•etu- or

-e-tu, -e-tuta

-n-gani-.
•etu

Ye, you, your

Nimu,

Enu.

Ba-nunu,

Nu- or Mu-.

Nu..

-enii-.

•inu-.

•enu

-enu, -enuna

They, them,

Bab<o.

N^au, Ana,

their

Ba-.

Ene.

■iba-.

A-.

-a-bo>

A:

•ene or -au

All

•onsco.

•USu.

•used

-e-jima

This, these

Owu, cou, and

-nu(u-nu,a-nu;

a-wu, aba ;

u-nu, i-nu ;

owu, eyi ;

di-nu,

edi, ama ;

.' ma-nu ; ^S^'t.)

eci, ebi ; owu,

COu, a ; uu, ei ;

eyi ; oilu ;

edi, ama;

utu ; aka ;

iki ar ici or

obu; cbku;

eci, ei ; ei, eji

aha; oomu

or e^i ; eru or
elu;etu;aka;

uu; eku?

That, those

Mu-n-owu,

-di (u-di, a-di ;

b-in-aba ;

u-di,i-di; &'c.)

• - ■

mu-n-5wu,

Y-6, y-a ; y-u,

i-n-eyi ;

y-ei; y-edi,

di-ne-di,

y-ama?; y-oci,

m-in-ama ;

y-ei ; y-ei,

dvf.

y-ezi ? ? y-ulu ;

Mu-nu-w-aha or

Q^d.

w-aha,

-a (mu-a, a;

bi-na-ba-ha or

mu-a.,y-a; di-a,

ba-ha ; &'c.

m-a; ci-a, y-a;

Ytowu, baba;

6-.-.)

yojwu, yeyi ;

-na (u-na,a-na;

di-e-di-e,

u-na, i-na ;

mama;

O-f.)

ci-e-ci-e,

bi-e-bi-e ;

ycowu (9),

yeyi (10) ;

lulu ; tutu ;

kaka ; bubu ;

kuku ; haha ;

mumu

?

?
'■>
•yeni

?
J
■)
?
•etu

•enu

?

?
?
J

-abu

Ngingi.
Mu-

Mw-ene.
U-.
J

•enji
Esu.
Tu-
J

-etu

Enu.
Nu-.
?
•enu

Bene.
Ba-.

1

•abu

GROUPS AA, BB: THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGO) LANGUAGES 423

109.

no.

III.

112.

113-

114.

English

Ka-ny»ka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginji

HcolcoorHungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

no a. Ma-bunda

112 a.

113 a. Temboa

114 a. Yongu

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungto

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nycdka

Bad

•bi-ha

■impi.
•i-pa, -i-pe.
■tama

• •■

Black

■fulu-la.

•ujala.

Mu-pete

-a buy-ele

•iliya

Female

Di-jsina,

•um-banda.

-m-band'

-kaja, -kaza

-kaje

■kaci, -aci

Fierce, sharp,

■lula.

-swes^a

...

bitter

-kisa

Good

•lengele.

•na-pe.

... ■

•jsema

■wa-ha

Great

■nene

-kene,
-wa-kene,
-i-nene

-kuro-mba

Little

■kehe.

Nyanya.

Kani or

•t«fu.

•ki, -kie-pe,

Kanj'

•ceci

-ie-pe.
Ka- prefix.
Tu- prefix

Long,high,tall

•le-he

Pa-le-pa.

•le-hi

•kungi .'

...

Male

...

D-iala,

-iyala

Jim-pana,
Juon'

Old

-nuna.

Mu-kuru-mpi ;

...

■nunu.

-ci-kurco.

■kulu

-pama.
-kuru

Red

■sunza

■sunza.
-cila

...

Rotten

•bora,
•b«la

■tcdka

• ••

Short

I-hihi,

■sui-pa,

...

Ihi-ha

Mu-sui-pa.
-ihi (no a)

Sick

•bela

•yeji(Mu-yeji).
-kata
-tcoka

-a-gata

White

-tcoka.

-a zela

Above, up, on

Ku-mu-tu.

Pe-ulea,

top

Mu-yulu,

He-uleo,

He-yulu

Pe-urco.
Ku-lulu

...

Before

Ku-hala.

Ku-pcolco.

...

Cia-mbedi

Ku-lutwe.
Ku-mbidi

Behind

Ku-ny-ima

Ku-ny-ima or
Ku-ny-una

...

Below, down

Ha-pa

Ku-iada.

...

Pa-pi.

Hama-setse

Far

Ku-le-he

Pa-le-pa.
-le-hi

...

a-jinuga

•wa-ha.
-a m-bcote

•yala.
-n-dombe

-a guga.
-kcota,
Di'koata

-ha-buta

•kajsi.
-a-gata

Ku-ema

Ku-a^le-ha

424

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109.

no.

III.

112.

"3-

114.

English

Ka-nyuka

Lunda

Western Lunda

pinji

Hulcoi^rHungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

1 10 a. Ma-bunda

112a.

113 a. Temboo

114 a. Yongcd

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungcd

113 b. U-suku

109 b. South-east

Ka-nyoaka

Here

Ha

Kunco-ukto.
Bu-.
Pa-na-pa

Papa

In, inside ...

Munda. Mu-

Mu-, Bu-.
Mumcd.
■ Mw-ine.
Mu-isi-ni

Middle ...

-kaci,

Pa-kapi

Ha-kaci

Near

Ha bu-ihia

Pa-sui-pa,
Pa-swi-mpe

Outside ...

...

P-coli,
P-tola.
Hanze

Plenty, many

Ku-vula. Be

Ka^i.
-vula.
-vudi.
-sueja

There

...

Kuna.
Kwa pauyi.
Kwawikwa

Where? ...

Ku-eha ?

Ku-isb3 ?
Ku-i-sa-koa ?
•hi?

No!

Butiihu !

Kangana !

Ne!

Ka!

Bwate !
Na-li-ke !
Ne-hi !

}Xo\.(ivithverb,

Ka., Ci-, K'.,

Ki-, Ka-.

as prefix, in-

Ka-.

Ki — kco.

fix, or suffix)

•una.

•pe {suffix)

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

■beta.

-bala.

-kus-ila.

-eta

-tua.

•tuta

„ buy, sell

•landa

-landa,
•land-ipa

„ come ...

•iya,

-eza,

•eya

-ja,
-inza

„ cut

-kcoscola

-kacula.
-ketula

„ dance ...

•ja

-kina.
-panga-na,
-sena-na,
•hana-na

„ die ...

•fua

■fwa

„ eat

-dia

•dia

•dia

„ give ...

-pa

-pana.
-inka

» go

-enda.

•ya.

•ya

-inda.

•wenda

•ya

{arrive).
-enda

Ku-

Ku-

Hcohco.
Enyaha

Hcohu.
Enyco-h(o.
Kcokco

Lu!
Lea^hco !

•mu-

Ku-, Gu-

•muba.

•bata

•sumba
•isa

•batura

•gina,
? -kina

•£a

-lia
■hana,

■bana
•ya.

•enda

GROUPS AA, BB : THE SOUTH CONGOLAND AND UPPER KWANGCO LANGUAGES 425

109.

no.

III.

1 12.

113-

114.

English

Ka-nycoka

Lunda

Western Lunda

ginjj

H<olcoo7Hungu

Um-bangala

109 a.

iioa. Ma-bunda

1 1 2 a.

113 a. TemboD

114 a. Yoiigoj

Tu-wanda

Mi-nungo>

113 b. U-suku

*

109 b. South-east

Ka-nywka

ro

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ kill ...
„ know ...

•zuha,
•zuha-ya
-many-ika

■tapa

■jika,
-zika.
■ijika.
•iluka

• «

„ laugh ...

■seka

•sepa,
-seha

-seka

„ leave off,

•leka (-reka)

■leka.

,.

cease

-^la.
■mwena

„ love.want

■kata.
•kama

■suta.
■kena

••

„ see

-tala,
-tara

-moana

••

„ sit, remain,

-p-kata.

■kala.

-sika-

abide

•isala,

■sika-ma or

-ikala

■taka-ma

„ sleep ...

-lala.
•zeka

•lela.
•kame

-elela

Ku-

Ku-

„ stand,stop, -ima-nakana.

be erect -jala-ma

„ steal ... -iba

•xma^na

■lya

Ku-, Gu-
■jia,
-sia
•jia

•zcola

•ecela,
•eca

•zula.
•waha.

(Kenda
noun)
•mcana

•sigama

•sega.

(-ngcana =

snore).

•tulu

Gu)- or

Gu-tul<o)
■ma^kana,

ma-gana
•nyanya

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KA-NYCOKA

No preprefixes, except faint trace in No. 9 and in pronouns.

Class I. Mu^, Moa^ (imu, mu-, U-, ye, WU-) ; 2. Ba-(iba, ba); 3. Mu-, Moa- (imu-, mu-, u, wu) ; 4. Vx;
Me- (mi-, iyi, i) ; 5. Di- (idi, di-); 6. Ma- (ima, ma-) ; 7. Ci- (ici, ci-) ; 8. Bi-, I- (ibi,bi-, i) ; 9. On-,N-, !?•,
Ny- (same concords as No. 3) ; 10. N-, — , I- (and in South-east Ka-nycoka I- and Si-) (in Northern
Ka-nycoka, same concords as No. 4; in South-eastern, Si-) ; 11. Lu- (ilu,lu-); 12. Tu- (itu,tu-, too-); 13. Ka-
(ika, ka-, k') ; 14. Bu- (ibu, bu-) ; 15. Ku^ (iku, ku-) ; 16. Ha^ (iha, ha-) ; 17. Mu-(imu, mu-). ?Nya- =
female honorific prefix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN LUNDA, MA-BUNDA, AND WESTERN LUNDA

No preprefixes in Lunda or Ma-bunda. Traces in Western Lunda in Classes I, 3, 4, and 9.

Class I. Mu-, — , N^ (M-),N- (mu, u-,yu) ; 2. A. (a) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u, yu, ga> (ill)) ; 4. Mi-, Ni^, Nyi-
(mi-, ni-, i) ; 5. Di-, !■, E- (di, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. I-, Vi- (rare) (i) ; 9. N- (M-), N-,
*fg-, Ny-, — , E-, r-, In- (Im-j (i, u) ; 10. ^i-, Ji^ or ^\-, ^e- (^i, pi) ; 11. Lu- or Ku- (lu, ru) ; 12. Tu-,
Cu- (tu) ; 13. Ka (ka) ; 14. U-, Wu- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. (prepositional). Pa-, Bu-, Ha- (110 a)
(pa, -pe) ; 17. Mil (wu). Traces of the locative suffix, ■ni.

426 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &c., IN UM-BANGALA AND THE UPPER KVVANGO) LANGUAGES

No preprefixes.

Class I. Mu- (? mu, u-) ; 2. Ba-, A-, I- (ba) ; 3. Mu- (? mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, .' i) ; 5. I., L1-, Di-
(li, di) ; 6. ? A., Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci-, Ki-, Gi- (?) (ki, ci, gi) ; 8. I-, Yi- (i) ; (? 8 a. Yi-) ; 9. In- (Im-),
N., »., ttg; Ny., Yi- (?) ; 10. pi-, ^i- (f\, ?,i); 11. Lu-.Lco. (lu); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka.(ka) ; 14. Wu-,
Ww, U-, 00- (u, wu)' ; 15. Ku-, Gu- (ku) ; 16. ?Ha- (ha, -ho)).

109. Kanycdka, 109 a. Tuwanda, and 109 b. South-east Kanyoika are spoken in South Central
Congoland as far north as the 6th degree of South latitude, as far south as the 8th degree, west to the
Lulua river, east to the Upper Lwmanii.

no. Lunda and no a. Mabunda are spoken over a considerable area of South-west Congoland in
the upper basins of the Lulua and Kasai, perhaps as far north as 8° or even 7° South latitude, and as far
east as the sources of the Sankuru. Westwards 1 10 probably merges into the form styled Western Lunda
about the course of the River Luvua ; southwards it extends to the extreme Upper Zambezi, and between
the UpjJer Zambezi and the Lufiga or Kabompco. It has an isolated colony to the south-east of Lake
Mweru.

MI. Western Lunda is probably spoken in the region west of the Ltovua river and east of the Upper
Kwango) in South-west Congoland.

112. ^inji and 112 a. Minuiigco are spoken in the region of the Upper Kwafigco, mainly to the east
of that river between about 10° South latitude on the south and 8° 30' on the north. On the east they
are bounded by the Kiiokco and Lunda spheres.

113. Hcolcd, n3 a. Temboa, and 113 b. Usuku are spoken in the basin of the Upper Kwaiigu) between
the River Wamba on the east and the Kambu and Luhanda on the west, north of the River Luhanda, and
south of 7° 30' South latitude.

1 14. Umbangala and 114a. Yongco are the languages of the region mainly west of the River Kwanga>,
and east of the Kwanza watershed, between about 10° South latitude on the south and the Luhanda-
Luiyi rivers on the north.

' This prefix ifi the form of U- is (seemingly) used much in this group to indicate language. Thus,
Um-bangala, U-pindi, U-kwese, U-suku— M« speech of the Im-baiigala, Ba-pindi, Ba-kv«rese, and
A-suku.

GROUP BB

THE UPPER KWANGCO LANGUAGES (continued)
115. U-pindi ' <?r Kwese (Ki-kwese, U-kwese) 115 a. Ba-samba

GROUP CC

THE KWANGW-KASAI LANGUAGES

n6. Yaka(Ba-yaka)'

117. Northern Yaka (Ma-iaka)

120. Buma (7/- Bcoma '^

1 20 a. Ki-booma or Ba-dima (Eastern Buma)

118. Ba-mbala*

1 20 b. Southern Buma

119. Huana {or Ba-huana)

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma (7rBc»ma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

1 20 a.

IIS a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

1 20 b. Southern

Buma

Adze

Animal, wild

■ ••

!!! Situ "■

Biri

>••

beast

Ant

Gwenya

... ...

Baii-kiri

Mom-pforco

Ant, white

•<•

Tumw-ena

• ••

...

(termite)

Ape

...

**• ...

...

...

Arm

•■•

Ku-ca ; ma + Ycokoj ; //.
mi-yukci>

• ••

Lu-a.

Kw-o>k'(i2oa).
Ku-ci)Yci)(l2ob)

Arrow

• • .

Mu-sungu.

Ki-tutu ;

Ki-tut' ; bi-tuf.

Le-bubeo

Punza

be-tutu

Li-p<opci>.

Toru.

Ki-kaf

Axe

...

...

...

Yiku.
Geku (120 b)

Baboon

...

• ••

• t ■ >••

-••

*<•

Back, back-

...

>■*

M-bia.

•••

Ngwiy'

bone

M-unguw

Banana ...

..."

Titipi.

Ti-cipi.

Ma-tipi.

Ma-ko

Ma-twapi

Mco-pindi

Mon-k«

' U-pindi, Pindi, or U-kwese, is said closely to resemble Um-bangala. Frovi its geographical position and the
similarity of name one is tempted to identify it with No. 122, the Ki-mpende, Tu-pende, Ba-pindi, Ba-bindi /ar///^r
north, and east, along the course of the Kwilu-Kwengui, or between the Kasai ami the Luanje. But the U-pindi
of Chatelain would seem to be a dialect or language of Group BB. Torday's statements would identify it with the
speech of the Ba-kwese.

' The Yaka or Ba-yaka of Tordayj seemingly the true Yaka language.

' The Yaka of He'li Chatelain.

* This is the ' Southern ' Ba-mbala of Emit Torday. He states that the northern dialect is mixed with Ba-yanzi
and Ba-huana.

' The first words of the series represent probably the north or north-west type of the language, and were those
collected by me in 1 883. The second series of words are Mr. Torday's Ki-bcoma (.' Ba-dima), evidently the east or
north-east dialect. The last in the series are such words from Koelle's ' Ba-buma ' as seem to me to belong to Buma
rather than to No. 1 76 (Ki-mbunco). The greater part ofKoelle's ' Ba-buma ' is more properly classified as Ki-mbunco
(176). The whole arrangement of 120 is unsatisfactory for want of full and modern information.

428

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

lis-

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma<7;-6coraa

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

1 20 a.

115 a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern

Buma

Beard...
Bee ...
Belly ...
Bird ...

Blood...
Body ...
Bone ...

Borassus palm
Bow

Bowels
Brains

Breast (man's)

Breast
(woman's)
Brother ...

Buflfalo

BuU ...

Buttocks

Canoe...

Cat ...
Chief ...

Child ...

Cloth ...

Cold ...
Country
Cow ...
Crocodile

N.delu

Mu-la ; mi-la

Ny-uni

Ki-kuri
Bco-ta

Tuli

Ma-kyani
Bawa

Ma-taku

N-tulu

Li-bielu; ma- Ma-ri

N-siele

M-varu

M-pfumto M-fumu

Mw-an'

Ma-suni.
Pupi

Mw-ana ;
ba-ana

...

Gi-lef

Ki-ll.

M-foj (120 a)
N-uk' (120 a).

Ny-OYe(i2ob)

...

...

I-dom.
I-funi

Ny-uni

N-iin

N-kum.
Ny-conyi
(120 a)

Ma-kila

Ny-uru

I-kuri"

I-pfa '"

Kcokwa.
Gi-kcoyorco
(120 b)

Bu-ta

Bco-ta '

Bco-ta."
Wu-ta

...

Mi-la {pi.)

Mco-la; me-la

...

...

I-kyan.
Tuna (120 a)

Ki-ngongto

Kin-gtoni

N-tul,
N-tulco

Ma-ri

Ma-bil'

Ma-biela

Ma-kuni

I-ya

l-bo-ya

(120 a).
M-boye

Ny.ati (or ■

Ny-af

Gum'.

N-atyi)

...

Ny-are.
N.jai(i2ob)
CO-lco ma-n-jai
(120 b)

Ma-takco

Ma-t«

Ke-teo (l2ob).
I-wana-m-puli

...

Bco-at'

W-ar'.
Bw-aro>.
Bu-ateo (120 b)

...

...

Gam-pamu.
re-wae(i2ob)

Fnmu

M.fum'

Mco-ju.
N-tore.
N-kumco

(1 20 b)

Mw-ana.

Mw-an'.

Mw-an' or

Mw-azi-

Mwa-siki-

Mw-ana

mw-azi

ma-siki

Mto-lele.

Ke-kco.

Ke-kco.

Ki-pusu

Ki-pus'

Ki-piu

Pico

Pie. M-pico
Ki-se

• •■

Ge-ban' (120 a)

Ngone.
N-ganco.
N-gandco
(120 b)

GROUPS BB, CC: THE UPPER KVVANGO) AND KWANGW-KASAI LANGUAGES 429

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma <7rBcoma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

120 a.

IIS a-

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern
Btima

Date palm...
Day, daylight

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

Door, door-
way

Dream
Drum ...

Ear ...

Egg

Elephant ...

Excrement
Eye

Face, forehead

Fat

Father

Fear

Finger

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

1TS4

Ki-lumbu ; //.

Tsua

Ma-fuku (;>/.)

Kilumbu ; pi.

N-kuu (120 a).

bi-

bi-

Mpa-wenye

Mco-lcoki

• ••

Mco-luki

Wu-lua

Moj-luoa
(120 a).
N-kira

N-dcoji

N-gaa

•••

...

N-ga.
N-ganga

(I20b)

M-bwa

M-vwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

N-va.
M-bwa

Kia-vnle

I-zuvi.
Ki-anzco

T(o-wale

Ma-bei

Ki-pfu.

Mu-mo-nz<o.

Ge-jubugco

(120 b)
N-jur'

...

N-umu

Goomco

Goimco

Gom,
N-gcoma

Ku-twi ;

Li-tsui ; ma-

N-jwe

1-U

Li-ti ; ma-ti.

ma-twi

I-twi.
Jue (i2ob)

Ma-ki {pi.)

...

Ma-ki or
Ma-kiri

Ma-ki

Kile ; pi.
nia-kile

N-zaco

N-zcoco

Dzukco

Jco

Zco,
N-Zco.

N-jo)gco(i2ob)

Tu-fi

.*•

Du-ji

Ci-pi

Tsu-b'

D-isu

N-ziu

M-esco (//.)

M-es' (//.)

D-iu ; //. m-iu.
D-ipu ; m-ipu
(120 b)

Bun-zu

• ■•

>••

Mbu-p'

M-bu.

M-bi.

N-dui.

Bu-su (120 b)

Ma-ji

Ma-le

Ma-ji

Mco-lil'

M-oola (120 a).

Ma-re,

Ma-li
Ta,

Tata

Tara

Tata

Ta'

I-ta,

Tata

B-oni'

• ..

VV-coma

Dum'

N-gwal(l2oa)

Mu-lembco ; mi-

Mu-liemu ; mi-

Dembe

Miu-lim' ; mi-

Zala (120 a).
Mi-Yco

Baca

••■

Bau

Tu.

M-ba

Ti-ya (120 a).
M-bco or
M-ba (i2ob)

M-bizi na

N-8ui

A-pi

M-birr'

N-toa(.';.
N-tti.

mamba

N-jue (1 20 b)

Mu-tambi

I-tama; bi-.
(Un-si-ni-i-tama
= sole of foot)

M-ile

M-il".
Lu-lu.
Yi-tame ; bi-

(i2ob)

Mu-pitu

• ••

Mi-siti

Mco-sut'

Jia.

Mco-put; me-

43°

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma^rBcoma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

1 20 a.

115 a

Ki-buma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern

Buma

Fowl

Frog, toad...
Ghost

Girl

Goat

„ (he) ...

„ (she) ...
God

Grandparent

Grass

Ground
Ground-nut

Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

Head

Heart

Heel

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus

Hoe

Hon«y

Horn

House

Hanger

Husband ...
Hyena

Iro«

Kuk'

N-suiu,
N-suyu

Kok'.
Susu

Ki-ula

...

Kutu Kcotco

Du^i

N-kila

Ma-fakulu(//.)

Peni
Kombu

• ■•

Kombca Kom'.

Kake
Mw-angca ?
Cuba

Kanga

Gcokusi-

Mi-ka (pi.)

Mu-kuri,
Banza

Mu-twe

Bundu

Gufu
Tsenga

Ki-bongwe

N-zaa

N-zala

Don' "■

N-zami

N-pi

Bu-ta
M-fu

Ku-eo

Mu-cwe
Mu-kcolu

I-bana

Nzco.

I-koo

Mu-lume

Zambi
Kake

Bamba

Tcotu

N-zuku

Dupu.

Ma-ka

Kcokco.
Pape kcokcii

Mu-tu

Mu-tyima

Gufu

Demco

Bu-iki

Lu-bongo3

N-zeo

Pai

Dondcd

Tab'

Kake

M-an'
N-zu

Kanga; a-t- N-ka

(Mi-ka = body,
hair)

Ki-kes' ;
bi-kes'

Mu-tciu

Mi-la (?)

N-gub'
Tim

Li-bong'

N-z«

N-dzala

Mto-lum'

N-don''

Gwa (120 a).

J*-koYo>.

N-jupa (120 b)
Ma-kwam (;>/.).

GoYo> ( 120 b)
N-jim' ;

ban-jim.

Mu-fu (120 a)

Taba,

N-taba
0)lb> wa n-tawa

(i2ob)

N-jim"'.'

N -zambi
N-kaya.

Nanga ^

(l2ob)
A-ka.

M-ipiri
M-an'
N-ta,

N-tere.

N-dju (120 b)
N-ka
Bco-ta
N-pi<a.

M-fu (PL).

Le-fto (i2ob)
I-ki khinwa.

N-zala.

rekai
Mu-tywe.

Mu-tu
Mto-kwal'.

Mu-keolu
Ki-kili
Ka-ban
I-kuli
Gub'.

N-to>be
Tem
N-uyi.

Ma-le.

Bu-oye (120 b)
Kabua.

Li-sige
N-zoa,

N-dzo»
Zal',

N-zala
Ma)-lume
N-duYuru
Mwa mum-firi

GROUPS BB, CC: THE UPPER KWANGO) AND KWANGGJ-KASAI LANGUAGES 431

115.

116.

117.

u8.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Bumat'rBuina

. Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-htiana)

1 20 a.

115 a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern

Buma

Island
Ivory . . .

Knee ...

Knife...

Lake ...
Leg

Leopard

Lion . . .
Lips ...

Magic...

Maize . . .

Man ...

Man, vir.

Meat ...

Medicine
Milk ...
Monkey
Moon . . .

Mother

Mountain ...
Mouth

Nail (of finger
or toe)

Name

Navel

Neck, throat

Mu-tu; a-tu

*>•

...

...

• ••

Ki-seye

...

...

...

...

Mi-e.
M.fti

Li-buo> ; ma-

• ••

I-b<oa,
I-bu,

Bum ; ma-)-.
Le-buco ; //. a
(i2ob).

Bel'

M-biele

Pcdkcd

Ki-pup

M-biele.
Pel',
M-pale

...

...

(Mu-cipi-cipi =

marsh)

N-tsi ?

...

K-ulu; ma-lu

I -tame.
K-ulu;
ma-lu.
Mu-inu ;
mi-inu

Mu-kulu ; mi-

K-ul'

Mi-r (//.).

M-furu.
Ku-lo> ; mi-lb>
(120 b)

Tami

N-g«

Koi

N-goj

N-goa,
N-gue

• ••

N-kiie

Tambu

<• >

...

I-bcdle ; bi-

Pi-kop- (pi.)

Ki-lil'"*
Gi-liU

Mu-kisi,

Bu-ti

Kisi.

N-kit'.

Boj-U,

Ki-kunga.

Ki-luba.

Wu-lua

Mu-ti.

Hempa

Dcoki

N-giU

Ma-sis'

Ma-sa

Ma-jsip'

Ma-sa

Mu-tu; ba-tu

Mu-ru ; ba-ru
Mu-luco;ba-luM

Mu-tu; ba-tu

Mu-t'; ba-t'.
Mu-ntu ;
ba-ntu

Mu.r- ; ba-r'.
Mu-ru

Ma)-liim,
Mco-lume

Mu-suni ?

Ny-ama

Bu-ti

...

Mi-pun'.
Biri

N-tse.
N-turu

Mu-ti

Ma-yene

• ••

Ma-ri

Ma-bil"

Ma-biele

Kima

• ••

Kima

Kima

N-kima

Gondu

N-suyi

Gonde

Gond'

Guon.
N-dinduY«a.
N-gondoj

(120 b)

Mama

Mame

Mei

Mma

Ma.
Nna

M-onga

N-kiu

Mco-sele

Mco-pwel'

M(o-kumu

Ka-nu

Mu-nwa

Ka-nu

Mo-nwa

Mco-na.
M.ia

...

N-zala

...

•••
D-ln'

Ke-baa ; be-
J-ina

Mu-kuma

Mu-kumi

J-imba"

Mu-kum'

Bemba.
Mco-kume

(120 b)

N-sina bule

K-uta

Tsingu

Mu-r'.
N-kingM

(120b)

Ff 2

432

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma orBcama

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

120 a.

115 a.

Ki-bo>ma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

1 20 b. Southern

Buma

Night

Nose

Oil palm ...

Ox

Paddle ...
Palm wine,
beer
Parrot

Penis ,

Pig

Pigeon
Place ..
Rain ..

Rat ...

River...
Road ...
Salt ...

Shame
Sheep . . .
Shield
Shoulder
Sister . . .
Skin ...

Sky ...
Slave...
Sleep ...
Smoke
Snake

Son, boy

Song ...
Spear...

Lu-iyi

Pipa

M.phibi

0)-fuku

Pipi

Bco-coj.
A-pwepu.
Piwi

Bombw

Li-yulu

M CO -Zulu

M-bum'

Bvu.
I-dzulu

Gazi

...

M-ba

M-ba

M(o-ba ; a-ba
(i2ob)

>••

...

...

..•

Giiom

N-kabu

...

• •■

N-ka

Ma-kana.

■ •■

Ma-kana

Ma-r

M-an.

Pusa

Ma-lafu

Kusu.

• ■•

Kusu

Moj-nyari

Ktii.

M-bongi

N-kusu

Di-kata (?)

...

In-zai

M-bia

I-ka.
Mpulu

Gulu

■ ••

Gulu.
Sumbu

N-gul'

Gwal or
N.gur.
N-gombile

Y-embi

...

y-embe

N-kuk

MoL)-piom

Villa ""

...

M-vula

Vula"*

Vula."
Ngawa.

M.bula(i20b)

Puk"

...

Puku.
?inje

M-puk'

Puh'.
M-puyu

M(o-keri

N-zale

Mco-kele

Kwak'

Ki-kiv'

Jila

...

Bcoka

N-zil'

Buba

Mo-ngwa.

..'.

...

*..

Mo-ngua

Ma>-kindu

...

::;

Mom-pfula
Befigel

Ki-panga

I-sama ; bi-

Ya m-bande

Ki-m'"*

N-jebtd:(i2ob)

Pangi

Pangi

Pangi

M-boye

Mu-kanda

Pela

Ki-ban'

Kaban.
Ki-kcobco.
N-kcobeo
(120 b)

...

Julu,

*..

Zulu.

I-ngie,

Yulu

N-gi

U-nge

Mui-bika

Un-kele;
ban-kele

Mw-ika

Mu-ntu
ku-sum'

M-iya

Ki-lu

Ta)-lM

Tu-lu

Tol

Toi-al.

Mela-aza
Mto-jia,

Mu-zia

Ny-coka

...

Ny-uka

Ter'

M-pil',
M.piU.
N.tali(i2ob)

Mco-jil.
Mw-ana

Mui-kunga

...

Mw-kungoj

Ki-sian

Fuba
N-da.

I-^ua.

Yuco ; ma +

GROUPS BB, CC: THE UPPER KWANGO) AND KWANGOJ-KASAI LANGUAGES 433

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Butna orBcoma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-huana)

120 a.

115 a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern

Buma

Spirit, soul

Do^i

N.kila

...

Biin'

...

Star

Mu)-nyen'

...

Mi-etca ipi.)

M-bir'

Ma-piopf />/.).
Mw-ere(i2ob)

Stick

...

...

Wco-le ?

Mi-ti (//.)

Stone

Di-many';
ma-manya

...

...

E-yiri

N-kun

Stool

...

...

...

, , ,

• .1

Sun

Tangcd

Mu-tale

Mw-an«

Tang-

Bil.
I-tere.
N-tangu

(120 b)

Tail (of an

Mu-kila

...

...

...

Mco-kila

animal)

Tear

...

• ••

I-sia
Mam-pul'.

Testicles ...

Tsumu

• >•

Ma-kata

..*

Ma-kara

Thief

Mii.ifi

...

Mw-ima

Ku-vibi

Fuba.

MQ-i

Thigh

Mu>-kuba

I-belu ;

bi-belu

...

Sanduk

Nsilu.
Ki-belco

(120 b)

Thing Ki-knmba;

yi-

I-lu ; bi-lcd

...

• ••

Ki-lwa ;

be-losa.

Ki-na ; bi-na

Thorn

>■•

...

...

• • •

...

Tobacco ...

...

...

Ma-gaya.
Fuma

Ma-ke

Ben-jia.
I-kaa

To-day

Mw-ana

...

Mw-ana

Li-libu

N-wele.
Bubu

Toe

• • •

• >•

...

...

Zali

To-morrow

M-bazi

...

La-kela

M-ber'".'
Mo-ijua

Pi-lebco.
M-bare

Tongue

Li-limi

Limi ; ma-limi Limi

Li-lim

Li-lum.

Li-limu

Tooth

M-en' {pi.)

Nz-inu ;

m-inu

Ma-zu (pi.)

M-en' {pi.)

L-inu ; m-inu

Town, village

Ku-ri-hata

Bula

M-bM

Bcodla,
Bula.
Matt"

Bula

Tree

Mu-ti

Mu-ti

Mu-ti

Mco-ti ; mi-ti

Mto-ti ; mu-ti

Twins

...

...

...

...

Bora.

Ma-jia

Urine

...

...

...

...

Ma-suba,
Ma-ziba

Vein

...

...

...

...

McD-kane
(120 b)

War

N-jita

...

Gembi.

Ku-tana

Ku-nuan'

Be-ra.
U-nwa-na

Water ...

Ma-mba

Ma-dza

M-emco

Ma-ss'.
Ma-dya

M-iv'.

M-e.
M-anja(i20b)

Well

...

...

...

■ ••

...

White man

Mori-gandun

(old).

Mon-diel'

{modem)

434

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

IIS.

U-pindi or

Kwese

115 a.

Ba-samba

Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft

Woman ...

Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)

Yam

Year

Yesterday...

116.
Yaka

(Ba-yaka)

Dcoji

M(D-kentco

Baji

117.
Northern Yaka

Mu-kalu

Mu'luwe

Bu-ti

Mu-kalu ; ba-,
Mu-keii ; ba-

Mu-vii

118.

119.

120.

Ba-mbala

Huana

BumaorBcoma

(6a-huana)

120 a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba.dima

1 20 b. Southern

Buma

Funji

Mu-konzi ?

Bu-lcoki ?
Konzi ?
M(o-kcoS(oma

Ki-sita
Mi-dcono)

Kusu m-bongu

Pil,
M-pil

Mcu-karu
Pep'.

Kin-gwere
I-lu. _

N-ga
Ba-ngim ?

Ba-ngit'

Mco-kat; ba-ket Mu-karu

W-cole.
Kiin

Ma-cuk'

I-dum
Kui

M-fe.

N-kui (120 b)
Ke-kwa ; be-

(i2ob)
N-gawa
Bco-poj.

Bw-ane

One ...
Two ...
Three...
Four ...
Five ...
Six ...

Seven...

Eight...
Mine ...
Ten ...

Eleven

Twenty

Thirty

Forty...

■mco.

-mu

-mcopi

-mcomco

•mco^i
•vil' or

•btole
•tatu

-ya

-bucole,
-ule
-telu

•na

-ball,
-bari

-satu,
-tatu

•gwana

-bili

•tatu
(.' .tutu)
•wana

-tanco

Siamon.
Ma-sambanu

-tanu
Senu

-lanu,
•tanco
Sambanu

•tan'
Bi^nin'

Ni-tseme or
Sambwadi

N-samu

Sambcoeli

N^tsema

Nan or

Ki-nana
Vcoa or

M-phucomco
Ua

Ki-nana
Li-bweoa

Nan
Uwa

Ki-vtoa
Kum'

Khumi

Gumi,
Kumi

Kum'

Kumi na mco or
Kumi nu n-d<a

Khumi ya mco

...

...

Ma^kum' (ole
Ma-kum' a-tatu Ma-kum' a-telu Ma-kumi satu Ma-kumi tatu

Ma-kumi-m-ule Ma-kum^\v-cole. Ma-kum' ali
M^phem-w^cole

Ma-kum' a-na

•more.

-mtii
-pe.

I-pi
-saru.

l-sera
•nni.

I.niy'
•tanco,

•tanu
^amco.

Ba^semun.

•samiinu

(l2ob)
Ki^sale,

Ki^saali.

Ke.san
I •nana,

Ke^nan
l^va.

Le^vva
Jcomcoor J^umi.

Ji-um or

Jimu (120 a)
Jcomco mori.

Jimu miii

(120 a)
Mw.are.

Mco^pi

(1 20 a)
M-saru.

Muj.sera

(1 20 a)
Mu.nni

GROUPS BB, CC: THE UPPER KWANGCO AND KWANGCO-KASAl LANGUAGES 435

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma orBcoma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba>huana)

120 a.

115 a.

Ki-bcoma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima
120 b. Southern

Buma

Fifty

Hundred .
Thousand .

■ •■

Ma-kum'
a-tanu

Mu-tanco.
(^iamu,
Moj-samen =
sixty.

T(oke-san =
seventy.
Ma-jim ke-nan
= eighty.
Ma-jim le-vva
= ninety)

Kama

N-khama

Kama

Kam'

N-kama

Funda.

...

Funda

M-pfun'

Mu-kum (i2oa)

(Tsuku =

10,000)

I, me, my ...

A-mi.
Ngu.

Mene

Thou, thee,
thy

A-ye.
U-.
•ku..

Gel

He, him, his

■iye

Mw-ene.
U-.

Ya-ndi

We, us, our
Ye, you, your

■enji
E^u.

Tu-.

-etu
Enu.

Nu-.

Be-tu
Be-n'

They, them,
their

-enu

Bene.

Ba-.

■abco

Ban

All

This, these

...

-C0S09

That, those

...

Bad ...
Black...

Female
Fierce, sharp

-kentu
-kabu

Me.

A-mi

-a-me
We.

?

Ei

?

•awe

Nde.

?

Ya-ndi

-a-nde

Bl-u.

Be-tu

-abl-u
Be-b».

Be-nu

-a-be
Bu, Ba-bu.

Ba-u>

-a^boa

-fibi

-kalu
-kale

•akima
Yei

•kabu
Ku^bumbula

■kabu.
•ganyi

Min

Mie. Mu-na
Ma-.

N-je, N-

ge

•me
N-juco. ZcA.
U-.

Ya-n

•aku
Nde, Ya.
Mu-?

Be^f ?

Bi-iu

Be-n or
Bi-n*

Be-na

?

Be-ba.

•

I-ene.
Ba?

W-angin' ?

Banza .''
N-de-se,
Le?

...

•na?,

■ne?

Ge-p'
Ku-hit.
Pipili

Put' '"

•bi
-be.

OO-letiiu.

M-piri.

•pini (120 b)
Mco-kar'
Gwal

436

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

120.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma^rBuma

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-himnal

120 a.

115 a.

Ki-buma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

120 b. Southern

Buma

Good

Great

Little

Long, high,
taU
Hale

Old ...

Red ...

Rotten
Short...
Sick ...

White

-pim'

-wom-bata

-a-kunda.

■cici.

-leki
•la-ha

•kakala

•nuta

Ku-babala

-bie

•papi

■pemba.
-tcoki

•vuki

•pimbco.

M-pim'

-bcolcd.

-a>-ketyi

-vuve.
Bue

■nene

•nene

-a)-nen',
•nene

-mw-azi-

•siri.

•ke,

mw-azi.

A-cici.

-kie

Ki-jigi-jigi

-?uf

-kieye

-in-da

•le

-tele

Ba-kala.

•liim'

M(o-jil'

Yala.

-jiru

Mco-lume

-nunu

-kutu

•niel.

Bu-takuna

•

•kukuma
•nunu,
•nuna.
-kcdbo]

Ku-balabala

•suf ? "

•kam' ;
•lebUe

•inza

Ku-bil'

■pel. ■■■
0-Z0Y».
•biele,
•bielcd

Ku-kubuka

Mopes' ; pez'.

M-bie.

Bon-dun*

•sase.
N-tunu

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind

Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside . . .
Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty

There

Where? ..
No!

Not {with verb
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Yulu

Kuma^sin'

Ki^an'

Haa

Ka^teta gana

Vula"

Kuna

Ki?
Lu!

Na v^ulu

Ngi

N^gie

...

...

N^gui.

N^wui

Na ma-ci^n'

N^ci^n'

Ki^cdsi

Ku^tari

K61

Ke-nan'

Ha

Aha

Pi.

Pipa
Onse ?

Katikati

Kete-nji

Heihei

...

...

•ingi^ingi.

ma^ngi^n

V«

•vula

Ku

Kuna

Ke-nan'.
Kuna

Kwi?

Vili .'

L«!

Lu!

We!
Leo- ; le,
li, la

(prefixed or
affixed)

GROUPS BB, CC: THE UPPER KVVANGCO AND KWANGW-KASAI LANGUAGES 437

115.

116.

117.

118.

119.

130.

English

U-pindi or

Yaka

Northern Yaka

Ba-mbala

Huana

Buma (^Bcama

Kwese

(Ba-yaka)

(Ba-buana)

120 a.

115 a.

Ki-buma or

Ba-samba

Ba-dima

1 20 b. Southern

Btuna

To

Ku-

, beat

, buy, sell

, come ...

, cut

, dance ...

, die

, eat
, give

. go

, kiU ...
, know ...
, laugh ...

, leave off,

cease
, love.want
, see
, sit, remain,

abide

, sleep ...

. stand, stop,

be erect
, steal ...

VU-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

•bula

•bera

•bula

-bana

-betoi,
-beti

..•

•suma,

...

•sum'

■puma

•tewa

•yaka

• ..

•za-koj

•za

•za, -zi

•bukula

...

•vuka

■tsit

■baya
•cina,
•kina

•••

...

...

...

•fa.
-sa.
-ku

•lya

■dza

...

•dya

•dya

•peka

•wa

-futa.
-peza

-pa

•pa,
■apa.

(•pire/r^A)

■enda

-ye

•enda

-ewe.
•nda

•laya.
•keye

•honda

...

■jia

•pfa

-ja-
•bava

-ntsai

...

...

•yaba

-jib,
■;^iba

-^ika

•seba

■aea

^

•si.
•|Mle

• ■•

...

-eka and
-reka

...

-zeola

...

•zwla

•zorr'

-ene

•oana

•mo>na

• ..

< • •

-mona

..,

(iknla =

•bapi

-bwap'

...

a mat to sit

on)

...

-la.
-tulu

•bite

•lal'

•bira.
•lela

...

-tenua

...

...

...

...

• ••

-imbula

.

•pfuba.
•iya

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN YAKA AND NORTHERN YAKA (MA-JAKA)

Class I. Mu., Un^ (-U-) ; 2. Ba^ (ba) ; 3. Mu^ (u) ; 4- Mi-; 5. Li-, Di^, Nzi^(.'); 6. Ma^ (a) ; 7. Ki^,
L(No. 117); 8. Bi. ; 9. N^(M^),»^, Ny-, — ; lo.sameasg; 11. missing; 12. Tu- (scarcely used) ; 13. Ka-;
14. Bu., Bo>^; 15. Ku-, Khu-; 16. Ha^ ; 17. missing. Possibly a .ni locative suffix.

PREFIXES IN BA^MBALA

Class I. Meo^, Mu^; 2. Ba^C); 3. M«., Mu- ; 4. Mi-; 5. — ; 6. Ma-; 7. Ki- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. — , N- ;

10. —,N.; n. Du^, Lu-; 12. — PrDu-; 13.—; 14. Bu^, Bu- ; 15. Ku- ; 16. Ha- ; 17. missing. Traces
of a -ni locative suffix.

438 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES IN HUANA

Class I. Mm-, Mu- ; 2. Ba- ; 3. Mco-, Mu- ; 4. Me-, Mi- ; 5. I-, — ; 6. Ma- ; 7. Gi-, Ki- ; 8. Bi-,
Pi-; 9. N-, If-, — ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Li-; 12. missing; 13. missing; 14. Bw, Bii- ; 15. Ku- ;
16. Ha-; 17. missing. Traces of a -ni locative suffix.

PREFIXES IN BUMA, &C.

Class I. Mco-, Mu- ; 2. Ba-, A- ; 3. Mco-, Mu-, O)- ; 4. Me-, Mi-, E- ; 5. I-, Le-, — ; 6. Ma-, A- ;
7. Ki.,Gi-; 8. Bi-,Be-; 9. — ,N-,N-; 10. sameasg; 11. — , Li- ; 12. Tco-, Tsu- ; 13. Ka-?; 14. Bm-,
Bu-; IS- Ku-, U-, — ; 16. P'-, Pe-, Pa- ; — ; — .

115. Upindi and 115 a. Basamba are spoken east of Temboo and the Kwangco basin, and about as
far east as the upf)er River Kwilu-Juma ; extending south to the Lunda sphere and north to about
7° 30' South latitude.

116. Yaka is spoken in the basin of the Middle Kwangco from north of the 7th degree of South lati-
tude to about 5° 30' South latitude ; east to the VVamba river and west to the Zombw plateau.

117. Northern Yaka is spoken northwards of Yaka, as far north as the confluence of the Rivers
Wamba and Kwafigco, west to the water-parting between the main Congo and the Kwaiigiu, and east
(with interruptions) to the Kwilu-Kwerigio.

118. Bambala is spoken over a wide stretch of country from south-west to north-east, in the region
between the VVamba and the Luanje rivers, north of 7° South latitude, and south of 5° South latitude.

119. Huana is spoken in the region between the Lukula and Kwilu on the west and the Lubwe on
the east, south of 4° 30' South latitude, and north of 5° 40' South latitude ; mainly between the Kwilu and
Luanje rivers.

120. Buma, 1 20 a. Kibcoma, and 120 b. Southern Buma are spoken along the banks of the Kwaiiga)
near its junction with the Kwilu and the Kasai ; along the north bank of the Kwa-Kasai, nearly as far
west as the main Congo, and as far east as the 19th degree of East longitude. Perhaps also on the Lower
Lukenye.

GROUP CC

THE KWAN'GCO-KASAI LANGUAGES (continued)

121. Ba-yanzi'

GROUP DD

THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND (LUANGE-LCOMAMI) LANGUAGES

12 2. Pende^

123. Tu-kofigeo'

124. ^ilele or CO-songe'

(Wa-iigongco)

122 a. Babunda

1 24 a. Ba-iigongco
124 b. Ba-iigendi

125. Bu-pongco ^ or ' Ba-kuba '

125 a. Northern Bambala

126. Lumbila {the ancient Bupoiigco language)

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongeo

^ilele or

Bu-pongco or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

OO-songe

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.
Ba-iigongca

124 b.
Ba-ngendi

125 a. Northern
Ba-mbala

Bu-pongu

Adze

Animal, wild
beast
Ant

Ant, white
(termite)

Ape (chim-
panzi or
gorilla)

Arm

Arrow

Axe

Ny-am.
N-ci

Ka)-a
A-toru

Baboon

Back, back- Go
bone
Banana ... N-doru

Bambi; pi.

Bambi; //.

Phungina,

* • >

ma-t-

ma +

Phungene

(124 b)

...

...

Mi-so>sconi(//.)

N-penela.

...

...

...

Mi-scosconi

Ma-gco (pi.)

L-co; me-

L-co; mi-u

L-coco ; //. mi-co

Mu-fula ; mi-

Punja

Wunja.

Le-bcobco.

Funji (124 b)

Bunji,
Funji.
Tu-di.
Wunja

Ki-panga

I-keiige

N-gema ; \ + .

Yiku.

Lu-kengu

N-gema.

(124 a, b)

Lu-kengu

Kundu

Bip' -

Bip- -

OO-kongoj

Kondb3

Ma-ko' (//.).

I-kondci9 ; ma-

Din-kondco.

Kongco

1-kconcd

Pekcolcd

Ephani

Buna

' This 'Ba-yanzi' 0/ Torday is also probably the type-language of the Ba-soiigu, the Ma-kua, Wa-nguli,
Ba-konde, Ba-dinga, and Ba-iigcodi : the more aboriginal peoples along the Lower Kasai and Luanje.

' This is the easterti and north-eastern ' Pindi ', the Ba-bindi, Kim-pende, Tu-pende 0/ 'Torday. The language
of the Ba-bunda would seem to be a cognate dialect.

' The Ba-kongco of some writers. No contiexion, however, with the celebrated Ba-kongco west of Stanley Pool.

* Akin to Silele or OO-songe are the dialects of the Ba-ngongu or Wa-ngongco, and of the Ba-ngendi.

° Their full title seems to be Bapi-bupongoj. They are sometimes called ' Ba-kuba ' by their southern and western
neighbours. Northern Ba-mbala is classed by Mr. Torday as a Bu-pongto dialect. It really seems to be a compromise
between Bu-pongca awrfpilele (125 and 124), with afew words of \7.(i (Lu-mbila).

440

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

121.

122.

123.

124.

■y-

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongeo

pilele or

Bu-pongco or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

(ji)-songe

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba<bunda

124:1.
Ba-ngongos

124 b.
Ba-ngendi

125 a. Northern
Ba-mbala

Bu'pongu

Beard

Ke-lec'

Mu-evu

Tenu

Delu

Delu.
N-dele

•••

Bee ... ...

Ganuta

Ny.igi

Cue

J.ui,
Cui

N-cue.
N-jue

...

BeUy

Jum

Vumu

I-kundu

I -phumu

Kundu,
I-kuna.
E-phuna

E-phuna

Bird

Ke-bun

Zaji

Dzasi

Deke

Puis or
N-phula.
Dek'

Phula

Blood

Ma.kil

Ma-haci

Ma-kela

Ma-kila

Ma-kila,
Ma-kela

• ••

Body

...

...

...

I-bundu.
£-kanga

I-bundu

• ••

Bone

M(o-kwa

Ki-fwa

N-guri

Mu-eke.

Mo-ika(i24a).
Kule(i24b)

I-kcodi.
Ba-nyongco

• ••

Borassus palm

...

...

...

...

...

...

Bow

...

U-ta

U-ta

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

U-ta,
Bu-ta

Phanungu

Bowels

...

...

. ..

...

■ ••

...

Brains

...

On-vo»a

B-ongcd

B-ongu

Yeba-
likambu.
B-oiagco

...

Breast (man's)

Ki-tul'

TuIm

Tur*

T-onge (124 b).
Kcoku.
Tulu(i24a)

Tulu.
Tcolco

Kwku

Breast

Ma-bie

...

...

...

...

...

(woman's)

Brother ...

I.ya

Pangi

Moj-kembi

Pangi

Pangi.
M-cona mei

Bu-tonga

Buffalo

...

Pakasa

Ny-ate

Ny-ati

Dina.
Ny-ati

Gombe

Bull

.

...

>*>

...

...

...

Buttocks ...

A-tak"

Ma-taku

Ma-scokco

Ma-scokco

Ba-scokco,
Ma-scokco

Ma-scokco

Canoe

...

W-at«

Bu-atu

Bu-atu

W-atu.

Bu-atco

Phula

Cat

...

...

...

...

Pak'

Chief, king

M-fum.

Fumu

Kumu

N-kumu.

Kumu,

Fumco 1(0

Bui'

Phumu

(124a)

N-kumu

banji

Child

Mio-an'.
Mv-ina.
N-pto

M-una

M CO. ana

McD-ana

CO -ana.
Mw-ana

I-ledi

Cloth

M-pwi

Moj-lele

J.pe

Mon-dele.
Bala.

Ba-diiiga

Bu-sia.
M-bala

«*•

Cold

• «.

•..

••«

Bco-any'

M-pico

...

Country ...

. ..

*••

••■

...

...

. ••

Cow

...

...

...

C-ati

Crocodile ...

...

Gandu

Kwente or
Kwete

Konde

Konde.
N-kconu

Lu-mbumba

Day, daylight

Elu

Suku

Bu-tu ; ma-tu

Lu-pulu.
Ma)-tu(l24b)

Butu

...

GROUPS CC, DD : THE KWANGW-KASAI AND CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 441

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongoj

Silele or
u)-songe

Bu-{songco or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

'Ba-kuba'

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu-songcd

Ba-ngongco

Ba-mbala

124 b.

Ba-ngendi

Devil, evil

Ki-edya

Ganga

Ma-rok'

B(o-l<aki

OO-lcoki.

In-pinga

spirit

Ncoke

Doctor (medi-

...

...

...

Gombw

Gombco

...

cine man)

Dog

M-bwa

Im-bwa

Pua

M-bwa.
Bcoa-suiigu

(124b)

M-bwa

Bondco

Door, door-

Koo-jub

I-pidikco

1-kwik'

E-kum.

Lu-kuki.

N-tumbi

way

E-kok (124 b)

I-kcoke

Dream

...

Tu-lco

I-lu

To-ngi.
Mcoto-ngya
(124 a)

I -Ico
To-ngi

• ••

Drum

Gom

Gcoma

Kom

Gcoma

Gcomco.
N-gcoma

Kama buta

Ear

Cue;

ma-cue

Ku-ci

I-tto

Tui; ma-tui

1-tuni.
I-tco

Lcokco

Egg

E-kye

D-i ; me-i

Di-kiri ;
ma-kiri

I-kili; ma-

a)-lco.
Ma-kele (//.)

...

Elephant ...

N-ZM

Dyamba

Djok

Jcdkco

Jcokco,
N-jcokco

Kamba.
Bcokcola

Excrement

E-tib

Tu-si

Te-pi

Tco-bi.
Te-b(i24b)

Tum-bi.
Te-pi

Ma-bei {pi.)

Eye

D.iy'; pi.
m-ip-

M-esco (//.)

D-ip'

D-ipi ; m-ipi.
D-iseo ; m-iso>

(124a).
D-isto; m-isco

(124 b)

D-isu,
D-iisi

Lu-mconyi

Face, fore-

Boj-sii

Pala

Bu-su

Bu-pu

E-longi.

I-meka

head

I-tama.
Lu-manga

Fat, oil ...

M-e

Ma-ji

^adi

M-uta

Ba-uta.
N-pedi

Mu)-api

Father

A-tar

Tata

I-pco

Tata

Apa-ngu.

I-pco

Tata

Fear

B-om'

W-eoma

Mu-tete

B-comu

(jOma. Ci-nidi

W-alcoto9

Finger

Ki-kanje

Mu-inu

Neme

Moi-lemboj.

Pita.

^ongco

Nembcd

Neme

(124 b)

Fire

M-buri

Ciia

Tia

Ka-teya.
Tu.

Ico (124 a).
Ti(i24b)

lya.
Ka-tiya.
Ico.
Ti

E-yoj

Fish

N-cu

I-piii

Siii

pwi

In-jsi.
^iii

...

Foot

Ke-tyi

Ki-kata

I-tampi

A-lambi ;
ma-lambi.
Ma-tamba
(124 b)

Bi-kulu (//.).
I-teme

Bu-nyaci

Forest

CO-sirr'

I-jsitu

B<i)-any'

Bco-any'

CO-litu.
B(o-anyi.
B(o-any'

Lu-kondco

Fowl

Suswa

Kuku

N-kcokco;
in-kcokco

Kcokco,
N-kukco

Gwana '

' Cf. the root in Ki-bcoma 120 a.

442

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongeo

Silele or
(jO-songe

Bu-songeo or

Lu-mbila or

I22a.

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu-pongco

Ba-ngongu

Ba-mbala

124 b.

Ba-ngendi

Frog, toad

Koy'

...

...

Yule

(x)-neonye

...

Ghost

M(jo-kul'

Vumbi

Mu-sungu

M(o-esi,
MoD-ep'

A-dimi

...

Girl

N-cia

• ••

. . .

...

...

Goat

N-taba

Kombca

Ka-medi

Budi

Bull, "
Budi.
Ka-medi

Budi

„ (he) ...

• ■•

...

...

...

„ (she)...

*••

...

...

...

^ine bcodi

God

• •■

Ma-weze

Dzampi

Jambi

C-ambi,
J-ambi,
C-embe

* . ■

Grandparent

M-bai

...

...

...

...

*.•

Grass

• ••

Ma-viji

Ma-wese

Ma-cici

Bi-tete

...

Ground

M-men

Ma-vu

Ma-n'

Ma-nu

Ke-c'.
Ma-n'

...

Ground-nut

N-terr

In-zu

Cu

Jak.

N-gu

Tu-nanda(j(>/.).
C(o

Seme,
^ongco

Gtiinea-fowl

Nka

Kanga

Kanga

Kangala.
Gala

Li-kangala.
N -kanga

Bo-intcomco

Gun

U-ta-putu

N-kingo>ma

Bu-ta

Kifi-gcoma

...

Hair

Mi-ka."
Mco-kambun.
Mi-kun

Sanga

Punyu

Phu

Di-ii.
W-eoa

Benye

Hand

Ki-kanje

Ma-gco (pi.)

Bi-arr'

I-kasi,
I-ka^i

Pita.
I-kasi

...

Head

Mu-tue

Mu-toi

N-cwe

M<o-cwe.
N-cwe

(124 b)

00-tcwe.
N-cwe

I-mongu

Heart

M-pim

M-cima

Tim'

N-tima

U-tima ; mi-

...

Heel

...

^api a kulu

I -tint!

E-tindi,

I-cici.

...

E-cinji

Ki-ngebi-kulu

Hide

Ke-ban

Ki-lema

Pcokco

Huku.

Bi-pelco (//.)

I-kufu.
Wcokto

Kwpco

Hill

• ••

...

...

• •■

...

...

Hippopotamus

N-gub"

Guvu

N-gubu

Gibco

Gioj.

N-gupu

I-phalk*

Hoe

Ni.gurr*

Temoj

I-pu

I-pu; m-apu

I-pu

...

Honey

...

W-uki

B-ui

B-oya

Bco-we.

B-oi
Seke.

...

Horn

• <•

Pifiga

Mu-peme

I-siki

...

Mi-seme (//.)

House

N-z<o.
Le-lal'

In-zu

M-puru

Bulu

Bulu.
Bula

Mco-ama

Hunger

N-jal'

ZaU

Dzala

Jala

Gan-jala

Cedi

Husband . . .

...

• ••

...

...

Hyena

...

• • •

.••

N-seoj

Iron

N-dony'

I-tari

Lu-buri

Lu-bulu

Mu-sanda.
Le-bcolco

Buloa

Island

...

...

,,

...

W-ila

• ••

Ivory

...

Ki-pana

Yama

Mi-ongco

W-ongoa,

Bonju

M-ongo>

' Compare the word in M-bamba (182) : 0-djuru ; //. e-djuru.

GROUPS CC, DD : THE KWANGCO-KASAI AND CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 443

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongco

Silele or
U)-songe

Bu-^ong<o or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.
Ba-ngoiigM

124 b.
Ba-iigendi

125 a. Northern
Ba-mbala

Bu-pongco

Knee

Bon

B-ongo9

I-mongoi

I-bcoangu

D-ive.
Ny-ungudi

...

Knife

Biei

1

Pojkeo

I-kura

Beli.
Bambu.
Kala.
E-londu.
I-salco.
Mi-cala

I-kula.
I-londcd

Bondu

Lake

CO -sir'

...

...

...

• ••

Leg

K-un' or

K-iir

Kulu

Mu-kuru

Lu-kulu ;
fi-kulu.
Mu-kulu; mi-

Lu-kulu

I-londco

Leopard ...

N-geo

Kulcoma

Koi

Koy'

Koi

Phama

Lion

...

...

• ••

Lips

Ka-tia ne m-un.
Ma-kwa {pi.)

I-vungu

I-toami

Mu-nya.
Yi-mbamu-nya

OO-ltomoj.
Tcomi

I-luma

Magic

N-kerr'

Ganga

Nok'

00-kanga.
Ncoke
Ba-ngi.

...

Maize

A-sa

Ma-sa

Ma-yongeo

Mi-ebele.

Ma-yonga

Mam-pundi

Mom-bwnco

Man

Mu-r'; ba-r'

Mu-tu

Mu-tu

Mu-to> ; ba-to>.
Mu-ntu ;
ba-ntu (124 a)

U-ntu ; ba-ntu.
Mu-t«

Mi

Man, vir. ...

...

...

Nu-figu

...

Meat

Moj-nun,
N-cit'

Saba

Sutu

Ny-ania

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

...

■ ■•

...

...

. ..

...

Milk

A-biel

...

Ma-beie

I-bele

Monkey . . .

N-kiem

Kima

Kem; ba +

Kima

Kima

Moon, moon-

N-gon-

Beco

Gon'

N-gono>.

Gondco.

Moj-phele

light

Gondco

N-gconco

Mother ...

Mcoa

Mama

Mei

Nyoj.
Yaya

Ama-ngco.
Nyco

Yei

Mountain ...

M-on

Mu-lundu

N-kwenzi

Gundu.
E-limb'

00-kunji.
N-kunje

...

Mouth

M-un

Ka-nu

Num

Juyi-

Mu-nya

OOnyi-nycoa.
Mu-nya

...

NaQ (of finger

...

Bondco

Yar'

Cala.

Lu-kala.

or toej ...

Yala

Yala

Name

J-in' ; maj-in'

J-ina

Kombcii,
Lu-kombu

D-ina

D-ina,
D-ini

Le-kcomco

Navel

(jO-kum

< • •

...

M-omba

(JL)-tcotco

Neck, throat

Ke-bco.
Me-kol

pingeo

I-korcd

E-kuIcolco

Kingco.
M-oya

Kinga"

Night

Le-pim.
E-pip

Mu-f«aci

Bu-tu

Pioj.
Pimpa

Li-kcolco.
Bu-tu

...

Nose

M-bom

Ki-sulu

Mi-ru

M-ulu ; m-ulu,
ny-ulu

OO-lu.
M-ulu ;
mi-ulu

M-colu

Oil palm ...

M-ba

• ■•

•••

.*■

...

•■•

Ox

*••

..•

...

...

{fumbi

Paddle ...

.*•

...

...

Kai

Kapi

,

Palm wine,

Ma-n

Ma-tombe

Ma-na

Ma-na

lia-na or

I-ba "■

beer

Ma-na

Parrot

N-kui

Kusu

Kus*

Kusu

Kusu. ^idi

...

444

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tii-kongeo

Silele or
u)-songe

Bu-j5ongo» or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu-pongco

Ba-ngongeo

Ba-mhala

124 b.

6a-ngendi

Penis

Mbia

I-nza

N-sun'

I-kutu

I-kutu; ba-.
I-keotco(i2sa)

I-nena

Pig

N.gul

Gulu

Guru.
Sumpu {wild)

Sumbu

U-huka.
Sumbu

Ma-bimbi {pi)

Pigeon

N-kuka.
N-kuru.
N-di

...

...

Im-bingi

Ku-limba

...

Place

>>•

• ■•

...

B-ongco

...

Rain

M-bul'

Vula

Pura

Bula

Bula

Kombi

Rat

M-pu

Di-lema

Puk'

Phil

Puku.
Pco'

Teobi

River

Mto-kil.
N-cen'.
N.kwak

M-ea

Ma-sa.
Dzari

Jali

C-ali.
Ma-p'

Gongcdla

Road

N.jil

Jila

Peokco

Boika

Bcoka,
Bcdkco

Nitco

Salt

Mco-pe.
Mo-n

...

N.pei.
Gere

...

...

• ••

Shame

N-cuen

...

Bu>-^conyi

^conyi,

B<o-p<onyi

...

Sheep

...

MoD-koakco

Meme

Phanga

Bengela.
Panga

B(o-kuku

Shield

...

...

Guba

Gaco.
Guba

...

Shoulder ...

Piak

...

...

...

...

Sister

Mco-kar-am

Paiigi

Paiigi

Pangi

Manu

Phangi*

Skin

Kapcd

—

...

Huku

Lcdba.
I-ytobe

I-kupe

Sky

Dti.

On-dye

Gcosa

Duk

Diku.
Yulu

Diku,
Dika

Nongco

Slave

I5u-rendi

M(o-hika

N-guwu

N-gete; ba + .
M-oya (124 a).
Mto-ete(i24b)

Buya.
N-gete

Pumbi

Sleep

0-lel

Tuloj

N'Cwenzi

VTu-longya.
Tool

I-lco.
I-toi

...

Smoke

Mw.ji

Mu-jsi

Mi-ninga

Vli-nyinga

OO-linga.
Nyinga

...

Snake

Tiey'

My-toga

N-cto

Jco

^■pa. N-ca

Son, boy ...

Tabale

VI -una yala

Nunga

Vlw-ana nyitu

W-ana,
Mw-ana

Nunga

Song

N-dim

Yimba

*>I-cim

...

Lu-imbco.
Le-ba^

Cema

Spear

...

Mu-lumbu

I-kuiiga

•kunga

3a-konga (//.).
Li-kungu

Mujphala

Spirit, soul

E-lendoi.

M(o-kul

...

Vlu-sungu

...

...

...

Star

Mi-biel {pi.)

remoi

Mi-ele, 1

yico-edi Tcotco.

Cumba

Mi-ete {pis)

Mco-ele

Stick

...

Mu-ci

n ]

Vlu-ti.
N-ti

y-ti.

Panga

Mi-te (?/>/.)

Stone

Ma-tarr' {pi.)

U-hwa

Bwkco 1

■manya Bcokco

1-many'

Stool

• > •

...

...

...

...

Sun

Ton

Kumbi

[•tangwa M<o-ani. Wina.

Phila "

Mu-ny'

Mu-anya.
W-ela

GROUPS CC, DD : THE KWANGCU-KASAI AND CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 445

121.

122.

123^

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongco

Silele or
a)-songe

Bu-jsongco or

Lu-mbila or

J 22 a.

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu-pongu

Ba-ngongco

Ba-mbala

124 b.

Ba-ngendi

Tail

...

Tear

...

Testicles ...

Thief

Kub

Thigh

CO-cier'

Thing

...

Thorn
Tobacco . . .

E-kia "

To-day ...

I-bii,
Biibu

Toe

...

To-morrow
Tongue

Wuwu
Li-lim

Tooth Ji;//. raa.j'

Town, village Bcoa

Tree

Twins

Urine

Vein

War

Water

Well

White man

Wife

Wind, air ...

Witch ...

Witchcraft
Woman . . .

On-ti or
Moi-ti ; pi.
mi-ti

A-tan ; ma-tan

M-andza,
Anza

Pele.
N-fun

Kedye

N-kerr'

Mo)-kan

...

...

Mco-enpe,
Moj-ep'

...

...

...

...

Bi-wp«nyi

Bi-seoni {pi.).
Bi-(ajci>di(i25a

Ma-pcajsw {pi.)

Ma-kutu

Ma-yutu

Ma-kutu

Ba-pcomi.

Ma-kuta

^ongu

Zaiigi

Mu-imbu

Bu-imbu

W-imbw.

Mu-ima(i25a)

...

Kan-dengupi

Scosi mco-ti

Mungu.
I-kundu

Ba-kundu (//.).
I-kunti(i25a)

I-kiti,
I-kete ;
bi-kete.
Bu.di ; ma-di

I-kiti,
I-kete ; bi-

Ma-kaya

Ma-kaya

Ma-kaya

M-ponga.
Ma-kaya

Nengk"

.*•

Ka-nkaina

A-lulu.
Ma-pele

(124 b)

U-ndu kwani.
Lulu

Lukco

...

Neme.

Mu-lembco

D-ina.

...

Tern

Neme

...

...

Mw-epa

Am-pensu

..•

...

Le-deme

I-nimi,
I-nem

Lu-Umi.
I-neme

*•»

...

M-in {pi.)

D-inu ; m-inu
or m-inco

Ba-inco {pi.).
D-inu ; m-inu

Mi-anga (//.?)

...

• ••

Boile ; ma-Ie.
Bula

Ula,
Bula,
Bule

Banji

...

Ti

Mu-pongcij;mi-

Bi-ti {pi.).
N-ti(i2Sa)

Mco-kondcij

...

Ma-yes'

Ma-yepa

Basa.

Ba-yepe

Man-cari.
Nyconyi

...

Ma.yoa

Me-nye

Ba-inyi.
B-ula

Mo)-ama

Mu-ketu

Bi-ta"

Bi-ta "

Bu-leme.
Ki-na

...

Me-ny'

Ma-njL

Ma-p'

Ba-p',

Ma-p'

...

...

Yeme"

Ma)-to)ke,
N-tcoke

OO-sungu.
C-<ake

C-«ke

...

Gari

Mco-^ide.
I-pi (124 b)

00-liemi.
Mama feme

Mama-geme

...

■ ••

Mio-phephe.
Peg (124 b).
Funga

Pelele.
Mu-nii

Mu-ngu

...

• •>

B<o-lcoki

CO-lcoki.
Nwki

Jinga

...

Ngata

N-gate; b-ate

OO-llntu.
N-gate

...

G g

446

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

121.

122.

123^

124-

125.

,26.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongcd

pilele or

Bu.pongu or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

CO-songe

' Ba.kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu.pongu

Ba-ngongu

Ba-mbala

124 b.

Ba-ngendi

Womb

Di-kundu

Wood (fire-

In-pia

...

Kuny'"

KunyT

Kunyi.

N-gama

wood)

15a)-any'

Yam

...

. ••

• •.

...

• . .

• ••

Year

•t*

Puru

Mu.tia; mi.tia. Bula.

Mi-tyi

N-ci

Yesterday

Lue

>••

...

M(o-epa

Bam-penpu

>*•

Zebra

...

...

...

...

...

One

M-bei

N.goajS

Mcoci,
Mcdpi
(Lu-mo»ci)

Mco,
Mcosi,
Mcoci.
K-cop'

Mcokco

Kcop'

Two

M-bue

•yaU

A-pe,
I-pe

•pe.
-phindi

Ba-pi,
A-pi

Pene

Three

A-tala

•tatu

-satu,
-i-satu

-satu.
I satu.

-pat" (124 b)

•satu

-paf

Four

A-noj

...

-i-nine

-nei.
I-nnei

-nei

-nnei

Five

A-tien

...

-i-tanu

■tanu.

Ni-tan'(i24b)

-tanco,
-ntan'

•ntan

Six

Kco-wob or
Kuwob

■ •■

I-samon

Semele.
I-sambanu.
I-pambanu

[3a-samalu.
N-sambanu

K-sambanu

Seven

Tsamwan

• ■>

I-sambcddi

Samale.
I-sambcodi.
I-pambol'

Sambwali.
^amala

Samala

Eight

Nan

Nage

I -nana

1-nane.
I-nana

Nana

In-nan

Nine

Vwa

Di-vcoa

I-b««a

Di.biie.
I-bwa.
Di-bco

Di-bwa

Di-ph

Ten

Kwim'

Kumi

I-sangi

I-penge,
I -sangi.
I-yumi (124 b)

3-yum

Yuny'.

I-penge

Eleven

Kumi di n-gcop

I-sangi kete
mupi

I-penge-mco.
I-sangi la-
mcosi.
I-sa-la-mcop'

Singele.
I-sangi la
mcosi.
Ki-mcokco.
Singele i-pi =
twelve

Twenty ...

Ma-kum hue

Ma-kumi yali

Vla-sa' ma-pe

Vla-p' a-fu.
Ma-s' a-bi
(124 a).
Ma-sa
phindi (124 b)

Ba-sengi ba-pi

Mapa-pe

Thirty

Vla-kumi tatu

Ma-sa' ma-satu

Ma-p' a-patu.
Ma-sa ma-
satu

3a-peiigi
ba-satu.
Ma-sa ma-
satu

Ma-pa pat'

Forty

Ma-pa ma-nei. 1
Ma-sa
ma-nnei

Ba-pengi
ba-nei.
Ma-sa
ma-nnei

GROUPS CC, DD : THE KWANGOJ-KASAI AND CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 447

121.

122.

123-

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongw

Silele or
U)-songe

Bu-8ongea or

Lu-mbila or

122 a.

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

Ba-ngongoj

124 b.

125 a. Northern
Ba-mbala

Bu-pongoa

Ba-ngendi

Fifty

■ ••

...

...

Ma-sa ma-tanu

Ba-sengi
ba-tanu.
Ma-sa
matanu

...

Hundred ...

N-kam

Kama

Kama

Nkama

Kama
(ki-mojk« =

one)

...

Thousand ...

...

Kulagajii

I-bcdke

Lu-ai

Ka-nunu

...

I, me, my ...

Men.

Eme

Minyi.

Mini, Mimi.

A-mi, Le-mi.

Mimi

Me-, Ma-

Na-

Mi.,Nda-,Na-,

La-, Nu-.

-n-.

-a-mi, -al-em

Mimi.
Mi-.

p

-la-mi, -k-emi

Thou, thee, thy

N-je, N-ge

Eye

We-ne.
Na-

We. We-ne.
U-, Na-. .
-ku-.
-va.
-a-oa, -ela-u

We, I-ywe,
We-ne, U-we
We-nde.
U-.

-ela-«, -ya-o>,
-k-ebe

Wo-ndco

He, him, his

Ndi, Ngi

Yco

Yandi.
Nu.

Ana, Anene,
Andi.
A-, Nu-.
•n-.
-andi, -ana

Ku-nyu-ni ?
Ana.
A-.

-ke-nyi

Ana

We, us, our

Bi-u

Esue

B-itu.
Tu.

B-ita, B-itu.
Ta-, Tn-.
•tU", -ta-.
-ab-itu, -ita

I-tuhu, B-ita.

J
-a-su

B-ita

Ye, you, your

Bi-n

Enue

B-inu.
Bu-

Bu-inco, B-in<a.
Bua-, Bu-.
-nu-, -bu-.
-ab-inu, -inu

Nyu. Bu-inea.

J
■>

-a-bin, -a-nu ?

Bu-inoa

They, them.

Ba

Wa-moj

Ba-pe.

Ba-na, Ba-nda.

I-ya, Ba-na,

Ba-na

their

Ba-

Ba-.
-ba-.

Ba-nda.
Ba-.

-a-ma, -a-ba-nda -baca.

-a-ba-nda

All

-bance ?

.' Tu-ca

Ba-kima

Kwami .'

U-kyeo.
Kwami

Be-kima

This, these

...

■le

■ne

(Didi-ne, &'c.')

•ngco.
-ye.

-ne

•••

That, those

...

-na

-na

(Didi-na, &'c.)

-ne
-nu-iiga).
-ena,
-ina

-ku-nya

•••

Bad

•bi

Bto-boula

-bi

-bL

B(o-pi

-bi,
-pi

Ba)-pi

Black

W.pili,
tO-piri

•bui

-mum-puru

-duemi.
-dombe

-pfi.
•dombe

Bu-ila

Female

<••

Mu-kapi

-gata

-gare.
-adi

-(o-lentu.
-gare

•gare

Gg 3

448

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

121.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongo)

pUele or

Bu-songco or

Lu-mbila or

1 22 a.

CO-songe

'Ba-kuba'

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.
Ba-iigongo]

124 b.
Ba-ngendi

125 a. Northern
Ba-mbala

BU'pongco

Fierce, sharp,

M-purr.

Bi-tumba,

-co-fcoka

bitter

Bui

•tumba

Good

Lon-koreu,

-a bonga

N-seke.

Mu-peka,

-CO-lbl.

Bu-seke.

Lon-kobwu.

Mi-soa

Mu-|sika.

Mu-seka.

Pim

Bco-bcoa.

Pirn

Pim

Kto.bon

Great

•nin,
-to-nen

(i)-kuma

•nen'

-gcaloD.
•nene

-(o-nene.
-gcolca

Ba-w«aleo

Littie

•ciceri.
-cidi

■kabi

-kanyu

■keke

-cinci.
-keke

1-lenge

Long, high

-bco-al'

...

...

-tadi.
-tal'

U-tali

...

Male

B-al

•yala

•nunga

-nungu.

Mco-litto.
-dif^

-nungu.
-pami.

-nungu

Old

-nun',
-kake

• •«

• ••

-korongu,
-kongcolu

-pulu

...

Red

...

• ••

-cucu

Iknia

. ••

Rotten

...

**•

■ ••

• ••

• ••

Short

...

•hiha

-n-kwly'

■kui

-kui

Medi

Sick

Bo-ca'r

>• t

• ••

-oj-bel'

-kanji

• • •

White

M-picd.
•tsetse

•pezu

•pembe

-tooke.
-yema

-pembe.
-yema

Ka-pcopoa

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind
Below, down

N-du

N-ci-em

Ci-koosa
Ho>-si "

Lu-ku
I-si-na

Far

Here

Kmln.
Kwel
Uwe-n

Haba

Kane

In, inside ...
Middle ...
Near

Bam

• ••

• ••

...

Outside ...
Plenty, many

Koabe"

■ ••

...

There

Where? ...
No!

Cu

N-kun?

Te!

Loa-gami !

Kunu"?'
Deo!

Ka-ona ?
Kwapa !

Not {with verb
as prefix, in-
fix or suffix)

...

...

Boa

Dika,

Li-ku.

Dika

Diku

Dikco

Bijsa "■

CO-koiigoi

• ••

^i-na
Kanyikanyi

Bu-isi.

^i-na

Si-na
Ku-tale

...

Kcalukcdlco.

Kukwene.

Angco

Anene.

Kcdlukulco

Andane

Li-buki

Bitu.

...

...

Bututoalu

Cuiig^ula

Bu-iki

Ki-ke.
Bu-ike

Bu-iki

'kanyi

Kwene

Kwe?

Kuinyi ?

Ekwe?

Bi!

Ka-Ie !
Kwapa !
Bi-kwap' !
Bi!

Kakoi!

Ka, K'-

Pa-, Pe-

...

GROUPS CC, DD : THE KWANGOO-KASAI AND CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 449

see

sit, remain,
abide
sleep . . .

stand, stop,
be erect
steal . . .

/ love)
•mon
■bwai,

-b^vanji
•bum.

■tul'

■ya

•imba

-twenye.
-bitama

■^ebe.
-imbco

•twenye

•^be.
•imbed

131.

122.

123.

124.

125.

126.

English

Ba-yanzi

Pende

Tu-kongu

pUele or

Bu-pongcd or

Lu.mbila or

122 a.

OO^songe

' Ba-kuba '

ancient

Ba-bunda

124 a.

125 a. Northern

Bu^pongu

Ba.ngongu

Ba.mbala

124 b.

Ba.ngendi

To

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-, K(o-

Ku-

Ku-

Ku-

„ beat ...

•nkul.
•bul'

...

...

. —

...

„ buy, sell

■sum'

■sumba

•sum'

■kaba

■kaba

■lemele

„ come ...

■ya.
•ce

■iza

•wuwunya

•ya,

•lya

-iya

•mikunco

„ cut

■cul

-batula

•batera

■batala

■batala

.«•

„ dance ...

■kin'

•kine

•mina

■mina

■lutuni.
•mina

■jita

„ die

-fwa

•gwa

•iwa?
■amcoa,
•anua

■n«

■iwa

„ eat

•dya

■dya

•dya

■dya

■dya

•bala

„ give ..

...

■hwa

■'ma

•peke.
■wake

•boi.
-peke

•ma

» go

■tyie.
•yaya

■inda

•ya^ka

■ya^ka

■ya^ka.
-ccokco

•pimela

„ kiU ...

■kwa

■pia

■tidyak'

-nyeke.
■dyakco

•ija.
•nyeke

■nenge

„ know ...

-yib

■zwela

■lura

■mcana.

-nama.moini.
-ncoko.mwne

-iba.
-ma-mcona

...

„ laugh ...

■pe

-Ide

■seka

-pepe

•cika.
■pepe

■ipenge

„ leave off.

...

...

...

...

...

cease

„ love, want

■nol'.
(N-gakun =

•zela

■kucwe

•kumuka

•mnka.
•bunda

■nanga

■nyanga

PREFIXES IN BA.YANZI

Class I. Mco^, Mu^, On^ ; 2. Ba-; 3. Mco., Mu, On- ; 4. Mi^; 5.Le^,J-, — ; 6. A-, Ma-; 7. Ki-, Ke-;
8. ?; 9. N-(M-), »•; 10. same as 9; 11. Li.?; 12. .' ; 13. Ke^ ? ; 14. OO-.'.Bu.; 15. Kco., Ku^ ? ; 16. ?.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN PENDE

Class I. Mu-, Mco- (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Wa- (ba) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. I-, Di-, — (di) ;
6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. .' ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, N-, Ny-, — (i) ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lu^ (lu) ; 12. (rare)
Tu. (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Bu., Wu^, U- (? bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha).

45© ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &C., IN 'BA-KUBA' DIALECTS (TU-KONGOO, ^ILELE, &C.,
BU-^ONGO), AND LU-MBILA>)

No preprefixes, except traces in No. 9.

Class I. Mu-, Mm-, U-, (*)• (mil, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba); 3. N-, Mw, Mu-, ixi- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi-, Me-, Nyi-
(mi-, i) ; 5. A-, I-, Di- (di) ; 6. Ma-, Ba- (Bu-pong<a) (ma, ba) ; 7. I- (? Ki-) ; 8. Hi- (bi) ; 9. In-, In-, N-,
If-,Ny-(i); 10. sameas9; 11. Lu-, Le- (lu) ; 12. ?; 13. ?; 14. Bu-, Bo>-, CO- (bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ;
16. ? A-, Ka- ?

121. Bayanzi and its related dialects are spoken in the region between the Lower Kwilu and the
Lukula-Luama, mainly to the south of the Lower Kasai ; but also between the Kasai-Sankuru and the
Lukenye. Perhaps also in scattered colonies on the west bank of the Congo below Bcoluibco and between
Bwlwbco and the Lukenye.

122. Pende and 122 a. Babunda are spoken west and south of the Middle and Lower Kasai, between
the Kasai and the Kwengoo. Eastwards its range probably goes as far south as the 7th degree of South
latitude. The dialect of the Babunda is met with west of the Lcoaiige and east of the Middle Kwilu.

123. Tukongcd is spoken south of the Lower Kasai between the Rivers Kasai and Lojafige north of
the 6th degree of South latitude. Perhaps also north of the 8th degree of South latitude between the
Middle Kasai and the Lulua.

124. ^ilele, 124 a. Bangongco, and 124 b. Bangwendi dialects are apparently the speech of tribes
antecedent and subject to the Bapi-bufofiga). ^ilele or COsonge is spoken by the Bapilele, Bienge and
Basoiige on both sides of the Kasai below the Lulua junction as far as the Ltoange junction. Bafigongco
may be the same as the Wangongo) farther west, and if so, is spoken between the Lukibiu and Satikuru
in the east and the Kwengto and Lukula in the west. Bangendi is limited to the country in the Bufongco
centre, between the Lubudi and the Lukedi.

125. Btijsongu and 125 a. Northern Bambala are spoken in the angle between the Saiikuru and the
Kasai-Lulua, more especially between the Rivers Lubudi and Lukedi, but also south of the Lukedi, to
about 5° 20' South latitude.

126. Lumbila was formerly spoken in the same region as Bupong<u.

• Prefixes are almost lacking in Lu-mbila.

GROUP DD (contimied)
THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND (LUANGE-LWMAMI) LANGUAGES

127.
128,
129.

Mi-sumba '
Lu-sambco '
South Ba-sofigcomenco dialects : To-fikfusese,

Bam-biftgi, Ba-binji, Ba-luku and Ba-

ndunjeke

129 a. North Ba-sofig«men»a'/a/,?,rA: Dekese',
Gelu-kenye, Ba-sui, Bco-hindu, Dibele
(Lu-sibele)

130. Ba-nkutu(Ba-fikpfutu) 130a. Wa-nkucu

131. Ba-tetela (Suflgu or Lu-befu dialed)

131a. Lu-kenye or Northern Ba*tetela

127.
English I Mi-sumba

128.
Lu-sambco

129.

South

Ba-songumenu

129 a.

North
Ba-songcomenu

130.
Ba-nkutu

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

131-
6a-tetela
(Sungu)

131a.
Lu-kenye

Adze

Animal, beast

..-.

...

...

...

Ant

...

Moo-sonsudi

...

...

Mco-scoscodi

Scoscodi

Ant, white

• •■

...

...

W-elea?

W-elea ; //.

(termite)

elea

Ape

...

. . .

I-toi

Arm

Bcokco

L-co

L-co

D(o-wco

Lto-wco ; pi.
we-wco '

Arrow

Vunja

Mco-bwiii

Li-kula

Gfula ; //.
ma-gfula

Di-kfula

Pitu

Axe

I-jsua; ma-pua

Kadima

Gimbu

Ceo ; //. a-cco

A-ccoa.
I-keiage; tu-

Kenge.
Ki-paya ; //.
wi-paya

Baboon

■ ■•

...

...

. . .

...

Back

Mu-tete

Mco-lembe

Wio-kongu

00-kongco

Bco-kongco

(jO-kongco

Banana ...

Ma-kondza

Ma-konde

Diti-kondca

Kondco ;
an-kondco

Ba-ngco

Li>kondco

Beard

Ny-elu

Mi-epo9

Delu

Desu

Doj-ledu

Lto-ledyu.
Dedu

Bee

...

...

Jeju

Jenje

Boagoai

J5.

Jiie(l3l a)

Belly

I-vu

Bumu

Di-kundu

Pfunju

N-kfundu or
Di-kundyu

Li-kfunju ;
wa-kfunju

Bird

Deke

Ka-nyinyi

Pulu

Gon-deke

Pfulu, M-fudu

Deke. Fudu

Blood

M-enge

Ma-jsi

Ma-kila

I-kila

Moj-kila

Y-efiga

Body

I-kcole

Dimba

Bone

...

...

M-eka"

W-eka

W-ika'^r
W-eka

U-fufa.
Umba

Borassuspalm

..•

. . ■

• •■

.**

Bow

Vu-ta ; nia-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta

U-ta

Bu-ta ; bi-ta

U-ta; we-ta

Bowels

. ..

, , ,

. . .

...

. ..

Brains

1-tcj

B-ongci>

W-ongcj

VV-ongco

B-ongco

KcD-cundu

Breast (man's)

Tulu

Ki-ali

I-kuli

Culu

Tulu

Tulu

Breast

...

...

.,,

• ••

Di-wele

(woman's)

Brother ...

Vaiigi

Mi-nico

Pangi

Pangi

. • *

Pami ; />l, wa +

Buffalo

Jati

Mi-bco ?(//.)

N-yati

Jati

Jati

Jati ; pi. wa +

' Mr. Torday, who collected these two vocabularies, describes them as ' Kitwa

(or the language of the Batwa, i. e.

Forest Pygmies), aborigities of the Mi-sumba and Lu-sambco distticts.

' Dekese, Jaelima, and the vaguely knoiuii ' Ba-vumbu' may be dialects 17/° Ba-nkutu (130).
■' Note',vorthy plural, 4/// prefix.

452

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

137.

128.

129.

129 a.

130-

131-

English

Mi-8umba

Lu-sambu

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songcomenco

Ba-songcsmenoo

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Sungu)

131 a.
Lu-kenye

Buttocks ...

Ma-suku

Ki-tuka

Tcwkco

Ma-p»k<o or
A-scokco(//^.)

A-sukoo (//.)

Ma-scskco,
A-scdku {fils.)

Canoe

Bu>-atu

B<i)-atu

Bi-atu {pi.)

W-atu

G(o-atu

W-atu ; atu

Cat

Gila

Paka

Wangi

...

...

Paka.
(Jl)-mci>le

Charcoal ...

...

...

...

...

...

...

Chief, king

Kumu

Pumu

Fumu,
Kfumcd.
O0-kci>lomba

Kfumi

On-kelenge ;
j*/. e +

tO-wangi,
(JL)-wanji; pi.
we-wanji

Child

Bayco

M CO -ana

W-ana

W-ana

W-eona ; w-ana

OOna ; //.
w-ana

Cloth

Mon-dele

Ki-lambco

Wepco

Bu-pa

Pekoj.
Di-hondco

I-tuhu.
Li-hondco

Cold

M-fiu

Ma-jsika

Ma-pika

Pioj

Pico

Pehco.
Cicl

Country ...

...

...

• ••

...

• ••

Lu-kconico

Cow

. . .

...

Sumbu = pig

...

• • •

. ..

Crocodile ...

Gandu

Gandu

Konde

Konde

Konde

Konde

Day, daylight

Bco-tukoj

Ma-fuku

*.•

Lu-pilcD

Lu-pu

U-cu

Devil, evil

Bcu-lwki

Dco^i

Wa-lcoki

(Dlcoki

...

Koj-leoki

spirit

Doctor (medi-

...

...

N-ganga,

...

...

...

cine man)

Moii-ganga

Dog

M-bwa

Bom-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa.
Bwi.

M-fo> (130 a)

M-bwa.
M-pfco

Door, door-

Ke-kuke

...

Lu-knkj

Lu-kfuki

Lu-kfuki.

Lu-kuke.

way

Lu-kuke ;
n-kuke (130 a)

Lu-kfuki ; pi.

wa-

Dream

Mu)-tondya

Tulu

Bi-dimu

D'dco

...

Dto ; pi. a-lto

Drum

Goima

Tumba

Gcoma

Gcomcd

...

Gcomco

Ear

Ma-toi

Tu

Tui

Tui

Tui

Tui

Egg

Kili; ma-kUi

Me-i (//.)

Ba-kili {pi.)

Ma-kili or
A-kila {pis:)

Bu-ki ; bi-ki.
(jO-kele ;
e-kele (130 a)

U-kiri

Elephant ...

Jok

Gyub Q hippo)

Jukoi

Jcokfu

Jobvco

Jov'.
Jau

Excrement

Ma-bi

Tu-bi

Tu-mi

Tu-mi

Tu-m'

Tu-mi

Eye

D-is<d ; ma-scd

Ma-ceo (//.)

Ba-ipu

N-cu ; pi. b-ipu

N-pu.
pu; wa-pu
(130 a)

Su.
E-isco ; wa-pu

Face, forehead

Ma-su

Pala

E-lungi

E-longi

E-lungi,
I-lungi ;
n-dungi

(130a)

E-lungj,
Lunji ; pi.
dunji

Tat

Ma-kuta

Ma-nyi

Ba-uta

Ba-uta

Ba-ta

Wa-ta

Father

Tata

Tata

Tata

Papa

...

Papa

Fear

B-wmu

...

...

W-eoma

B-coma

W-eoma

Finger

...

Lu-ala

Dembu

00-lembto

Bco-pe.
Lu-hita ; //.
m-pita(i3oa)

Lu-hita.
5ita ; //. pito

Fire

Tio-via

Ka-pia

I-ya

To-ya

Ya ; pi. to-ya

Yo-ngoya.
la
N-pi or

Fish

Mi-nyu (?//.)

Ki-pipa

N-pi

I.pe

Pe,

I-pe ; n-se
Di-kaka; wa-

Lu-si

Foot

Ke-cinji

Kasa

Di-kaU

Kakn ; pi.

Lu-kulu.

ba-kaka

Di-kaka

GROUP DD: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

453

127.

138.

129.

129 a.

130.

I3J-

English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambcd

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songcomenci)

Ba-songcomenu

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Sungu)
131a.

Lu-kenye

Forest

Bw-ai

T«

Ww-litu

Dyia

B<o-kunda,
6)-kunda
(130 a)

Kuku

OO-kunda ; //.
e-kunda

Fowl

Gukco

Kcoku

Kcokco

N-k(ok,

Kuku

Kok'

Frog, toad...

Ke-lcoa

Ki-ula

E-kela-m-put'

L-onge.
(JL>-sepe; e-.
Im-pule ; //.
dim-pule (130a)

CO-sipi

Ghost

Kam-unyi-
m-unyi

...

W-onga.
CO-sangudi

I-dyimu

OO-lcoki

Girl

...

...

...

...

Goat

M-bcoii'

Buji

Bull

Buji "

Budi,
M-budi

Budi ■"

„ (he) ...

...

...

...

W-come n-buje

Budi or
M-budi
ka-ume

...

» (she)

• •.

. . .

W-aja n-buje

Budi ka-wadyi

...

God

I-zambu

Bidye mco-kulu OO-sangudi.

N-yoi

...

U-nya,

Mulungu.

(Wi-nya =

Baj^a&i' He that

sun)

makes its die')

Grandparent

■ >■

■ *•

Dui

...

...

Grass

I-tco

Moj-tio

Ka-leiigelenge

C-adya

[jO-pui

E-renge.
£-menja

Ground

Ma-bu

Tsenga

Kete

Kete

Ba-mcotco.
N-kete

Kete

Ground-nut

Jco

Tu-mbele

Tu-nanda

Ci-ndanda

...

Dwa; a-lcoa.
Tu-nanda

Guinea-fowl

N-kanga

Kange

iCanga

!.u)-kanga

Lu-kaiiga or
L-anga ;
n-katiga

L-anga ; kanga

Gun

Kin-gcoma

...

Kin-gcoma

Guma

J-mbumbu

U-mumbu.
Ki-oiige ;

Hair

N-vii

Baka

PiJ

Ba-fu {pi.)

Di-fu.
Di-bto (130 a)

b-oiige

D-vu or

B-wu

Hand

KoD-btokco

Buku

Ba-kaci (//.)

L-co

-cu-wco.

Lunya.

I-tambe

Lu-nya; a-nya
Lco-wco

Head

I-tyfie

Vlu-twe

Wa)-te

GO-twe

VIco-twe

CO-te

Heart

Ki-bali

Ki-ali

W(o-tima (

Sulu ; //. Bco-lwkoj

U-tima ; i-tima.

ba-^ulu or

Lu-tima

a-pul'

Heel

Ki-cinji

Ki-sulu

;-tsingi (

Cinji E-cinji

I-singiriki

Hide

Gcovoj

Vli-pila

Di-huwa

iCubu ]

E-kcoha.
E-kutukutu

L-Mwa; kuwa

Hill

...

Kundi

Hippopotamus

K(u-bcak<o

Scakco

f*-gico

Siu Gwuwu

Guco

Hoe

.•■

...

Lungu

Honey

...

B-uki

Di-kulco-

Je Gubwi

m-butco

Horn

Mco-sembu

Tsengco

Seke

Ciki 1

Lu-seke

Lu-seke

House

Jimbcd

Gibu

Vl-bulu ]

Bulu Lu-bwulu.

Lujii or

Hundu.

L-udu :

L-undu.

//. we-lu

M-bundu

454

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

127.

128.

129.

129 a.

130.

13'-

English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambci>

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songcamenu

Ba-songumenco

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Suiigu)

131 a.
Lu-kenye

Hunger

Zain

N-gyala

N^lyala

Dyala

N-zal'

Jala

Husband . . .

...

...

...

• ••

• •■

Hyena

. .•

Bala '"

Bcdlu

...

• ••

Bulu

Iron

Toalca

Tu-lima

...

Ki-amu

Bulu?

Bulu.
(jO-tend«

Island

...

...

Di-kutu ; wa-

...

Ivory

M-onga n-sok'

Mi-banga

Ba-inu

Bi-nu na
dyokfu

B-ongwa

(jO-wanga or
(i)-banga

Knee

Mu

Du

Jtoe

Jue ; pi. a-djue

Bongco

Jue

Knife

M\v-ele

Pete

Lu-kula

N-kfula

Lu-kfula ;
kfula.
Lu-kuwa ;
ii-kuwa

Lu-kfa

Lake

...

. . .

Leg

Koj-wende

Ki-limba

Lu'kulu

Bi-kuiii

Lu-kulu ; pi.
i-kulu

Lu-kulu ;
i-kulu

Leopard . . .

N-gwei

N-ge

N-koi

Koi

Koi

Koi

Lips

M-ua

Lu-banga

\\'<D-l6>mco

(jO-lcomu

1-pipi

CO-lcomco ; //.
e-lcamu

Magic

Bu-eci,
Mco-eci

•ganga

E-limu

CO-kaiiga

...

W-eci

Maize

M-eya.
Ma-bele

Bi-mpcoa

Bela

Ba-wea

...

...

Man

Mu-tu ; ba-tu

Mu-ntu ;
ba-ntu

Wu-ntu ;
bantu

Untu; ba-ntu

U-ntu; wa-ntu

U-tu ; wau-tu

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-coma

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

...

...

U-kanga ; pi.
i-kanga

Milk

Ma-bele

Bele

Ba-ele

Ba-ele

Bele

A-wele

Monkey . . .

Kim a

Kima

Kima

N-kima

...

Kima

Moon

Gondcd

Mco-epi

Gondca

Gondco

...

Gondco

Mother ...

Mmu

I-nyw

Mama

M'ma

...

Yaya.

Nyu-iigu

Mountain ...

N-dundu

Mto-enge

Wu-nkuku

(jO-pwpe ; fl.
e-pcope

Bu-nkuku

W-ahe or
W-ahi ; //.
e-ahi

Mouth

M'mua

Lu-banga

Wu-nya

U-nya

Bu-nwa

(jO-ny<o ; pi.
e-nyco.
W-mnbu

Nail (of finger

Ke-b«jSeo

Gyala

N-kcola

Kcola

B(o-kcola

Lu-kaja or

or toe)

L-ala

Name

N-kumu

...

X-ina

Lu-kumbu

Navel

I-kubu

Mcu-nyeo-ko)

VVoj-kcoleo

Nifu

Tongco

Dyefu.

oa-tutu

Neck

Ke-bongoj

Kingco

Kingu

U-nga»ji ; pi.
e-ngtoji

Piihu

Kingu.
Kcoce

Night

N'Vioa

Ma-jsikoj !

Wu-combila

U-cu ; pi. bi-cu

BcD-cto.
U-tyu

W-cu

Nose

Mi-cdlu

Dyulu

Wulu

W-ulu; tl.
bi-lu

Bulco ; mi-ulco.
V\'-ci>lcj ; we-lcj

W-wlu ; w-elu.
Lu-isi

Oil palm ...

...

<<•

^u-mba ; mba

Ox

...

...

• ••

!*-gombe

Paddle ...

Ka-via; tio-via

Kapi

Kapi

Kapi"

Kapi."
OO-cute

Palm wine

Ma-tana

Ma-lcafu

Ba-na

Ba-na

Ba-na

A-nu

Parrot

Gcojcd

Kusue

Kusu

Kup'

iCusu

OO-kongeo ;
e-kongu

GROUP DD: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

455

127.

12S.

129.

129 a.

130.

131-

English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambeo

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songwmen«

Ba-songo>menci>

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Sung^u)

131 a.

Lu-kenye

Penis

I-kutu

Lu-bcolu

Tuli

Tuli ; pi. a-tuli

Lu-jsunga

Ka-tcotoj.
Lu-suka

Pig

Guloiwe

Guluwe

Kulu.
Sumbu

Sumbu ; pi.
i-pumbu

Sumbu

Sumbu

Pigeon

Kem-benga

Lcu-ludi

Binga

Panda.
Ku-limba or
Ku-dimba ; pi.
tuku-dimba.
Gumbi ; pi.
din-gumbi

Place

...

•••

•••

• ..

...

Rain

Bula"

Gula

Bula

Bula

Gvula

Vula

Rat

Vcokco

Puku

I-di

I-dyi

E.ji.
Jlji

I-si,
Si

River

Ma-ki

• ••

Jale

L-upi,
Dy-upi ; //.
nk-upi

A-pi ; k-upi.
L-upi ; k-upi

Road

Jela

Gila

Btoka

Bcoka

Bcoka,
M-buka

(130 a)

Bcoka

Salt

...

...

...

...

• ••

Shame

B-cokwe

Tstony'

Sconyi

[■^unyi

^oyi

^nyi

Sheep

M(u-k(akci>

...

Bengela

Panga

00-kcokco ;
en-kcokoi

Shield

Gabu

...

Gua

Gwa

Gvua.
Gau

Shoulder . . .

...

...

Sister

...

...

Pangi

...

Kadye.
Wat'-tu

Skin

...

...

Dcowa

J"

Dimba.
E-kcoha

Dcowco,
Lcowa

Sky

Ycolco

Gulu

Wu-lungu '

[J-lungu

Bu-lungu

U-lungu

Slave

M-omboj

Mco-pika

W-eya

Fumbi

Pfumbe

Fumbi

Sleep

...

...

Lea

Mto

I-dco

J5.
Sco

Smoke

Mco-inga

M-«ki

Be-dinga (//.)

E-djinga

Bco-jinga

OO-dinga

Snake

Jwka

N-yojka

N.j«a

N-jco

N-ja

N-jcoa.
U-15yi

Son

...

...

W-ana mu-tu

Woj.ana ;
b-ana

...

OOnapa

Song

Goimu

...

>•<

Spear

Mco-lumbu ?

Mco-lumbu

Vu-kfuia ; pi.

I-kon^a ;
a-konga

U-tamba.

I-tumu

kfil'

00-songco

Spirit, sold

...

E-dimco (pi.).
OOsangudi

...

...

...

Star

Jekc

Ka-yenge

T-<oto>

Yco.tcoci ; pi.
t<o-tcoci

•oota ; t-cdtco

Y-coteo ; t-cotco

Stick

Me-te

Mi-ti

Wu-tamba; be-

OL)-tamba ;

pl.e-

Bu-tamba.
Usuiigu ; i-

U-sungu ; pi.
i-sungu

Stone

Manya

Bue; ma-bcoe

Manya

3coe ; pi. ba-we

Bwe

Bwe.

Du-we ; wa-we

Stool

...

...

...

...

...

...

Sun

Mcu-anye

Gyuba

Wina"

W-ina"

Yani "

Yanyi.'
W-inya

' Compare words for ' God' , ' sky ', ' rain ' in Eastern Bantu.

456

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

127.

128.

129.

129 a.

130.

131-

• English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambo

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songumenu

Ba-songumenco

ijoa.
Wa-nkucu

(Sungu)

131a.
Lu-kenye

Tail (of an

Mu-ese

Moi-kila

W-ela

a)-kila; i-

Bu-ila,

W-ira,

animal)

B-ila

W-ila.
Ire

Tear

Ma-sorcanyoi

Pulco

Be-isony' (pi.)

Bi-poanyi

Bi-poi

A-isoye (?//.),
Soyi

Testicles ...

Ma-lebe

Ba-lumi

Tco-le

N-kfundu

Lu-kfundu,
Lu-kunju

Thief

Bu-emtxo

Mu-ina kcoba

W-imbco

W-imbu

Wu-ibi ; w-ibi.

i-pi;/>/-

tu-ipi

Wu-ibi ; //. ibL
Ba-si (pl.)

Thigh

Ma-kondu

Ki-tuka

Lu-pumu

Lu)-kondu

I-nenge-ni

U-kundu.
Lu-kindi ; pl.
kindi

Thing

...

...

Delcd

E-kete

E-angco.
Di-angoo

Dy-angu

Thorn

...

• ■•

...

■ ••

...

...

Tobacco ...

Ma-kaya

Puanga

I-kaya

I-kaya

I-kaya

Faka or
Fcoka

Nekco.

To-day

Lulu

Lombi

Loilca

Lu-pu lu-lcokcAv

Lelco

Nje

Toe

I-kaca

Dyala

Dembu

CO-dembco or
OO-lemboj ; pi.
dembu

...

Lu-pita

To-morrow

Mco-esa

Nandya

Lcokcd

Liimi

M-pindu.
Lu-pu.
Lumbi.
Luwi

Pinsu.
Liii

Tongue ...

Lo>-lemi

Lu-demi

L(o-limi

Lu-limi ; pi.
limi

Lu-limi ; //.
nimi

Lu-limi ; pl.
nimi

Tooth

Ma-nco (//.)

M-enca (//.)

Ba-inu (//.)

D-inu ; inu or
b-in'

A-kcoci

A-kcoci.
N'-nu

Town

Bula

Tstokeo

Wula

Bandy a

Banza.
N-gelco

Gelu or
Geluki

Tree

•••

...

Wu-tamba;//.

be-

Mu-tamba ; pi.
i-tamba

...

U-sungu

Twins

>••

Dy-asa (sing:)

Bapi (pl.)

• ••

...

Urine

M-enye

Ma-ibu

Ba-inyi

^cokapi

Cafu

Dcodu.

Anyi

Wa-ta.

War

Bi-ta

Wi-ta

Tumba

I-ta

Banzi

Ta

Water ...

Ma-nji

...

Ba-p'

Ma-p'

Ma-p'

Ma-pi.
A-pi

Well

Di-fuku ; wa-

White man

Mui-tciika

M(u-kelenge

Mcu-keleng^

A-simapi

{old word)

Lcowa

CO-sungu.
W-ema

Wife

Mon-gatu

Mco-kandu

Wtomco-tto

Am-basa

B(o-aji,
Aja

COmu-tu ;
ma-tu

Wind

L<o-funge

Lu-phunga

Lu-punge

Lu-fungi

...

Kuka.
Lco-hele ; //.
pebele

Witch

...

...

Wto-lcoki

OO-lcoki

...

Dcoka;
a-Icoka

Witchcraft

...

...

...

...

...

...

Woman ...

...

...

M(u-ka^i

(Ji)mu-tu.
Amu-f,
Araa-f

6l)mu-ntu or
U-di-mu-tu ;
pl. w-adi-ba-tu

Wa-tu

Womb

GROUP DD: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

457

127.

128.

129.

129 a.

130.

131.

English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambu

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba-songtomenco

Ba-soiigcomenco

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Sangu)

131a.
Lu-kenye

Wood (fire-

Kony'

Ktonyi

Kunyi

Kun'

L^unyi ; pi.

wood)

kunyi

Yam

>■•

*»•

...

...

...

Year

M-ula

• <•

...

Bula

...

Vnla

Yesterday

...

>■■

...

...

...

Sumba.
Ki-t«ka

One

K-cdpi

Mujsi

-umu

K.5ci

Mcokco.
-moj

K-onji

Two

(Si).bele

BiU

•pe

-pindi, -pende.
•pi

Hende,
He

K-endi

Three

I-satu

-satu

-satu

•satu

•satu

-satu

Four

E-nei

I-nanka

-i-nei

e-nnei

-nei

Koj-nei

Five

•tan'

I-tanu

-tanu

I-tati

•tanu

I-tanu

Six

I-sambau

I-sambomboj

Bi-samalu

I-sambanu

Samalu

I-sambalu

Seven

Sambcoadi

Mu-anda

Sabwali

Sambcoali

E-samele

Isambele

Eight

Ki-nana

Moi-anda
moj-kulu

I -nana

I -nana

I-nane

I-nane

Nine

I-b«a

Ki-tema

Li-bwa

Dy-ibu

Du-bwa

I-vcoa

Ten

I-sangi

Kumi

Djumi

Djumi

I-kco

Kama

Eleven

Kumi a-mcas'

I-sangi-I-cumco

Djumi na
ke-mu.
(Djumi la
i-pi = t'djelve)

Di-kumi-l-umo0

Twenty ...

...

...

iiima. ba-pe

COma pi

Di-kco di-he

A^kumi a-hei

Thirty ...

...

Tco-sangi
too-satu

CO ma satu

Di-kco satu

...

Forty

...

...

Tco-sangi
tto-nei

(jOma nei

Di^kco nei

...

Fifty

...

...

Tco-sangi
Ko-tanu

OOma tanu

Di-kco tanu

...

Sixty

...

• ••

...

OOmasambanu

...

...

Seventy ...

• ■•

...

Ka-sambcaali

...

...

Eighty ...

...

• ••

. . .

Ki-nana

...

...

Ninety

...

• ••

Ke-dyibu

...

Hundred ...

...

■ ••

Kama

Ke-djum'

N-kama

...

Thousand ...

...

...

Ci-nunu

Kama ki-andi

...

...

I, me, my ...

A-mimi

Le-mi

E-mi.

U-mto, Di-mi.

Li-mi.

?

>

N-,Mi-,M-,L-.

N-.

?

'■>.

•mb-, -mi-, -n-.

-li-mi-.

-a-mi

-ki-ami

-a-mi

-aki-mi

Thou, thee,

...

We

Wei

We.

Bwe, We.

We. — .

thy

?

-ki-e, -kia-we

0)-, U-

-ku^.

-a-we

?
•we..

-a.ke

He, him, his

Indi

Inde.
?

?
-ki-andi

Dcokuni.
Nde-, A-.
■U-, -co-,
-ande

N-dungu.
D-, Ndi-.
-ndi-.
-ak-indi

We, us, our

...

• a*

I|l«

L?u.

I-pu.

^CO. I-jSU.

T'-.

?

Tco-, Tu-.

?

-tco-.

p

kia-su, -a-su

-a-su

-aki-su

4S8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

127.

128.

. 129.

129 a.

130.

131-

English

Mi-sumba

Lu-sambca

South

North

Ba-nkutu

Ba-tetela

Ba'Bongcdtnencd

Ba-songcdmencd

130 a.
Wa-nkucu

(Suiigu)

131 a.
Lu-kenye

Ye, you, your

They, them,
their

B-eau

Baco

I-nyu. W-enu, Nyu, Nyu.

Ny«9. Ny-.

? -nyu-, -nyu-. ?

•kia-nyu,-a-nu, -a-nyu -aki-nyu
-a-nyu

Iwoa. Baco or M-bvco. Bwco.

? Wa-. Wo>-.

? -a-, -wa-. ?

ki-awu, -WM -a-wco -aki-u

All

This, these

•ii-kuma

-n-kfumoi

That, those

Kfumcd,
Du-kfumu.
•tse
U-nku, wa-iiku;
o-nkuoru-nku,
i-nku or vvi-nku
or e-nku ;
di-nkuorli-nku;
wa-nku<'ra-iiku;
ki-nku, di-nku ;
ke-nku, i-iiku ;
lu-nku; tu-nku ;
(No. 13 absent) ;
u-nku (14; pi.
N0.6, wa-fiku);
(No. 1 5 absent,
li-nku takes its
place ; li-ndco
stands for 16 ;
lu-iikuy&r 17)
0-ne, wa-ne ;
(D-ne.(?r u-ne,
wi-neor e-ne(4);
•ne (5),a-necr
wa-ne (6) : ke-ne
(7) ; ne (8; ;
nye (8 a) ;
ke-ne (9) ; nye
(10) ; lu-ne ;
tu-ne ; &■■€.
W-aku-u-ne,
w-aku- wa-ne ;
w-aku-w6-ne,
•w-aku-wi-ne
or -e-ne ;
k-aku-ke-ne (5) ;
ya-kunye (6) ;
ka-ku-ke-ne (7) ;
d-akune (8) ;
y-akunye(8a) ;
d-akune (9) ;
w-aku- wa-ne(io);
la-ku-ko-ne(ii) ;
ta-ku-tco-ne ;
w-aku-u-ne ;

Sammu.
Du-kfumu

Uku

GROUP DD: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

459

English

127.
Mi-sumba

128.
Lu-sambcd

129.
South

129 a.

North

Ba-nkutu

131.
Ba-tetela

Ba-songtomenco

I>a-songcomeno>

130 a.
Wa-Skucu

(Sungu)

131a.
Lu-kenye

Bad ...

Black...

Female

Fierce...
Good ...

Great...
LitUe ...

Long ..
Male ..,

Old ..
Red ..,

Rotten
Short ...
Sick ..,
White..

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty, many

There

Where? ...
No!

Not {with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

•phi

Mu-lo>

•kata
Ka-bwangu

■lala

Mu>lea,
-lu

Mon-kata

Ka-bwangu

-lala
-lum'

-kasa

-sungu

•ngi

To

Kco-

K<o-

beat . . .
buy, sell
come ...

cut
dance ...

-bi
■fiki

-wcoku
Woo-loj,
•lu

-nene

-inci

-tali
-pami

-e-nunti
■kula

■picd

Li-ku

■bi

-bi.

-da)-bi.
-a-kulu

-engenw

-pi

•culu.
U-dima

-uju

-(jomu-tu.

Ka-wadyi

•wadi

-aja

-kulu

•bulu

•kfudj

OO-lco

lico-lu,
Oj.lu,
-pimbu

CO -lulu

(x)-nene

Wu-iki,
•ke

tO-nene

•inji

•icici,
•ecike,
•etsike

-cice

-co-tale

-bu-tale

U-tale

-pame.

Ka-iime

■pami

•come

Kulcd-ITKO

Lu-kuku

U-sumbi

,,,

■luwa.

■wela

A-tele

-kangi

-banye

-kuna

-pico

■dapele

■wema

A-diku

La-diku
Lan-tundu

Lidi-ku

Bipa

00-kongu

L'co-kongu

OO-kongu

00-luku

La^jsi

La-ntpi-na.
La-nkete

Le-se

U-tali

U^tale

U-tale

I •tale

Ane

Lpika

Lindu
Lu

Mimbi

...

...

La^nsuke

A-ti

...

...

La^nja

Wuki

Uki

I-fula"

E^vula

Ene

U^tale

Liiiku

Lina

Dco-ka?

Dto^kom' ?

Liku .'

Pa!

Nako!

N-kaku,
N^ku!Kema!

Kema!

Pa-

• ••

Ha^, Tu^ ; •ta-.

Ha^lo)-

•ku- ; •ke

{tieg. verbal
prefix)

?

?

N- or Mi-, Mbi-

?

•yaka

-yaka

■tuci."
•ya

•uya
•hembula

• ••

-ka-mina

•mina

•kinye

460

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

1

English

127.
Mi-sumba

128.

Lu-sambco

129.

South

129 a.

North

130.
Ba-nkutu

131-
Ba.tetela

Ba-songb>menco

Ba-songcomenu

130a.
Wa-nkucu

(Sungu)

131 a.
Lu-kenye

To

Ko)-

Kco-

?

p

N. or Mi., Mbi-

J

„ die

-loawa

-a-mubwa

-a-mbubwa

...

„ eat

...

-dombcole

-codya

■nja.
•le
-on-pamba
■kenda.

-co-le

„ give ...
„ go

...

-ndeka

•o-ndeka

•koya
•kende

„ kill ...
„ know ...

•iya

-dyaka
■lamenco

•tyco
■kfuladi
-kwena

-dyaka

„ laugh ...
„ leave off,

...

■tcola

...

■tula

-ula

cease

„ love.want

...

•koipa

-amukcdpa

•langa

•nanga

„ see

...

...

...

-ena

„ sit, remain,

...

• *■

...

•■.

• • >

abide

„ sleep ...
„ stand,stop,
be erect

...

...

...

...

-tama

„ steal ...

...

...

...

• ■•

-buiba

■••

PREFIXES IN MI-SUMBA AND LU-SAMB(0

Class I. Bu-, Mu-, Mo-, Mco- ; 2. Ba-; 3. Mu-, M<a-; 4. Mi-, Me^ ; 5. Di-,I-; 6. Ma-; 7. Ke-, Ki-;
8. ?Bi-; 9. — , N- (M-), N-, Ny- ; 10. ?same as 9 <)r Si-; 11. Lu- ; 12. Tu^.Toa^; 13. Ka- ; 14. Bu-,
Vu-; 15. Km-.

PREFIXES IN THE BA-SONGOOMENO) DIALECTS

Class 1. Wu-, Bu-, Mu-, Mco-, U- ; 2. Ba-, A- ; 3. U-, a)-,Wu-, Wco-,M-, Mu- ;
5. I-, Di-, Li-, N- ; 6. Ba-, B'-, A-, Ma- ; 7. Ki- ; 8. .' I- ; 8 a. Yo>-, I- ? ; 9. Ny, »-,
No. 9; II. Lu- ; 12. Tu-(rare); 13. Ka- ; 14. U-, Bu- ; 15. ? Kco-, CO-.

4. I-, E-, Be-, Bi- ;

- ; 10. ? I-, same as

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN BA-»KUTU AND WA-NKUCU

Class I. U- (u) ; 2. Ba- (130), Wa- (v', wa) ; 3. Boa- (130), U-, 0-, (O- (u, — ) ; 4. Bi- (130), Wi-, I-,
E. (wi, i) ; 5. Di-, L (d', di) ; 6. Wa- (wa-, w'-) ; 7. L, E- (ki, ke-, k') ; 8. Di- (di, d') ; 8 a. I-, ^i-, M-
(i, y) ; 9. N-, ff-, I-, E- (k', ka, and d'-) ; 10. N-, N- (i, y) ; 11. Dto^, Lu^ (1', lu) ; 12. Tu^ (t', tu) ; 13.
(missing as a prefix, but retained as part of root and confounded with No. 9, which has borrowed its
concords k', ke, ka) ; 14. Bco^, Bu- (130), U- (fused with No. l) ; 15. seemingly absent ; replaced as infini-
tive 'to ' by N-, Mb-, or Mi-, and as a locative represented by Li-) ; 16. absent, but sense represented by
La- ; 17. absent, but represented by Lu-.

A curious diminutive prefix is formed by apposing M- to the roots of words beginning with a labial
consonant instead of !• (8 a). This initial M turns the b that may follow into -bv^ and the f into •fy-.

PREFIXES IN THE BA^TETELA DIALECTS

Class I. Wu-.U-, O). ; 2. Wa-,A-,Ba.; 3. Wco-, 00-, U- ; 4. We-,I.,E-; 5. Di-, Li-; 6. Wa-,A-,
Ma- ; 7. Ki- ; 8. Wi- ; 8 a. Yco-, L .' ; 9. N- (M-), »-, Ny, — ; 10. — , K- (for Ng- ?), L, and sometimes
Din-; u. Lu-, Leo-, Du- ; 12. Tu- ; 13. Ka- ; 14. U-, O)- ; 15. Li-, ? Kco-, ? Ku- ; 16. La-,Mi- ; 17. ?Lu-.

GROUP DD: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 461

127. Misumba is spoken in the forest-country round Lusambco on both sides of the Middle Sankuru.
It is said to be the speech of the Bush people, ' Batwa ', or Pygmies.

128. Lusambu is spoken north-west of Lusambu, between the River Lubudi and the Sankuru.

129. South Basongcomenoi dialects. These dialects are spoken on both sides of the Lower Sankuru
from about 23° 20' East longitude on the east to 21° East longitude on the west.

129 a. North Basoiigcomenco dialects. These dialects are spoken in the vicinity of the Upper
Lukenye and between the Lukenye and the northern bend of the Sankuru, between about 23° East
longitude on the east and 21° East longitude on the west. Their range may extend north of the Lukenye
to the sources of the Momboyo) and Lcokoroj.

130. Bankutcd is spoken north of the Sankuru river, between the Lubefu and Lukenye river-basins ;
as far west as about 22° 40' East longitude, and as far east as 23° 30' East longitude ; north to about
South latitude 3° and south to the Lubefu river. The Waiikucu dialect is perhaps the more eastern
form.

131. Batetela (Sungcu) is spoken from the Sankuru near Lusambo) and the 5th degree of South latitude
across the Upper Lukenye northwards to the 3rd degree of South latitude, westwards to about 23° East
longitude, and eastwards almost to the Lcomami river.

H h

GROUP DD

THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES [continued)
132. (O-lemba 133. A-kela

SUB-GROUP DDi

THE MANYEMA LANGUAGES

134. N-kusu (South Ma-nyema) '

135. Ba-bili (North-west Ma-nyema)'

136. Ba-kusu (North Ma-nyema)'

137. Ba-mb«le*, Lu-kili(?)

132.

133.

134-

135-

136.

137-

English

00-lemba

A-kela

H-kusu

Ba-bili

Ba-kusu

Ba-mbcale

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu-kUi (?)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Adze

I-kenge; tco-

Animal, wild

• ••

• •>

...

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

...

beast

Ant

0i)-scdsudi

On-kenye

I-fumba

■••

Li-fumba ; ba-

Bo-kalaca; bi-

Ant, white

•••

■ •■

M-swa

•••

L(o-senge ;

...

(termite)

n-seiige

Ape (chim-

...

Sttli

Sukco

...

...

Bw-eta; b-eta

panzi or
gorilla)
Arm

E-wehi

L.»

Lto-anya.

Ka-buku

B(i]-bu; be-btt

Y-cdgu ; ba-gu

L(o-bu

Arrow

Di-kfula

Be-lele {pi. ?)

Li-kura ; a-

I-kula.
I-sungu

L(o-k<okoa ;
n-kcokco.
W-sali ;
be-sali

...

Axe

Kenge

Kenge

Kenge; t(o +

E-londa

Li-kenge; ba-

I-semb<o ; tco-

Baboon

...

...

M-bwabwa

...

. . .

...

Back, back-

OO-kongco

Bco-kongM

(i^-kongco ; e-.

M-ongu

...

Be-ili

bone

U-vuma ;
i-vuma

Banana ...

Di-kondcd

Kondco

Difi-kondco ;
a-kondco

M.«ma.
Mco-tende

E-kombe; bi-.
Li-kondu or
Lin-kondco; ba

Di-ondu; ba-

Beard

Doj-lecu

Do)-li

N-dedu

Lu-tselu

Loj-lelu ; n-delu

Phu

Bee

J.ue

C-tiha

Nz-ui

. . .

B-ugi

Belly

Ui-kfunju

■ «•

I-fumu.
Kunju ; a-.
E-scopcii

I-kundu.
N-da

Li-fumoj or
Li-funo> ; ba-

N-da

Bird

A-lekeke

Deke

I-furco,
Fiula,
Filu;
tu-fuloj [pi.)

Ny-cr»ni

M-pulu

N-<ali

Blood

Lu-salu

(x)-kuna

1-kira

...

Ba-kUa

Ba-ila

Body

• ■*

Yungi

...

N-ji»t<i>

Bindu

Bone

W-ika

I-keningi

U-fwa ; i-fwa

...

Bco-kuwa; be-

B(o-kwa ;

bi-kwa

' This includes the dialects of tfte'Ba.m-\iSi&\ and perhaps of theToi-sahgdi. Ma-nyema is also spelt Ma-nyaema..
' The alternative title of ' Southern Wa-songola ' is given to this speech by its recorder, in the Bulletin of the
Soci^l^ Beige de G^ographie, 1909. // is probably the speech of the semi-mythical ' Bena fCamba '.

• The ' Ba-kusu ' of W. H. Stapleton, but not the ' Lco-kusu ', which is one with Li-fcoma and ' Ya-kusu '.

* The Ba-mbcdle of Consul G. B. Michell seems to be the Ba-mbwli of the Baptist missionaries and the Lu-kili
of Emil Torday.

GROUPS DD, DD i : THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND AND MANYEMA LANGUAGES 463

132.

133-

134-

135.

136.

137-

English

OO-lemba

Akela

N-kusu

Ba-biU

Ba-kusu

Ba-mbttle

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu-kili(?)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Borassuspalm

Tcaku ; a-tcoku

Bow

U-ta "

Wu-ta"

Wu-ta

Bu-ta"'

tO-ta; bea>-ta

...

Bowels

...

...

E-SMpCO

>*.

...

...

Brains

W-ongco

I-luiigi

W-ongoa

■ ••

Onge ; be-onge

B-ongco

Breast (man's) Tulu

Tulu

Tcolu

Ki-ari

Lco-fandoo: //.

Bu-tu; bi-tu

m-fandci>

Breast

Di-wele; a-

Di-yele

Di-ele ; a-ele

Ma-bele (//.)

Li-yele ; ba-

...

(woman's)

Brother ...

Pami

Goya

(x)na.-hg(i> ;

Mu-tamba-ne.

W-ankune ;

Bu-kulu; bi-.

w-ana-ngo).

Mu-tw-ane.

bi-ankune

Bu-li ; bi-U

Pami.

Yeye

M-angile.

U-tu-

Buffalo

J-ati

Bulu

M-bcsM

M-bukca

M-bulca

M-bco

Buttocks ...

A-Sblkco

Bu-funga

A-kcoma

• •>

Li-sako> ; ba-

Di-tukcd ; ba-

Canoe

E-cumbicumbi

W-atu

W-atu ; i-atu

(Ki-tangi =
ra//)

W-atu; bi-atu

Bu-at»; bi-

Cat

...

»••

•■■

• ••

. ..

Bu-buzi; bi-

Charcoal ...

...

...

Li-aala ; ba-

• ••

Chief

CO-wanji

Pifumu

Mwa-inkana.
Kangu.
A-kanga.
OO-leowe

Mu-kungu

N-kumu.
N-ktolco

Ba)-k<ota; be-

Child

OOna

Wna; b-una

COna ; w-ana.
K-ana ; t-oina

M w-ana

CO-«ana ;
ba-cona

B-wna ; b-ana

Cloth

Pekco

Pekco

E-sinda.
Ukisi

N-gulu.
I-taku

N-guco

Tula

Cold

Cici

La-nkesa

M-peo9

M-pioa

Phioa

Country ...

...

...

Lu-anza.
W-elu

Mu-seke

E-kanga

...

Cow

N-ombe

...

...

Crocodile ...

Konde

Konde

N-gwena

Vlw-ena

N-gwene

N-gandu

Day, daylight

CO-cu

I-tuku

Lu-su ; />/. i-su.
Lco-scosi

Bu-cu.
Bu-entali

W-coa; be-t-

I-tubu; to)- or
tu-tubu

Devil, evil

Dcoka

Bco-luki

00-lcoki ; a-.

>••

...

Bu-Iimba; bi-

spirit

Ki-somwe

Doctor (medi-

...

...

...

Mw-ila

...

...

cine man)

Dog

Mbva

Bv(k>

M-fwa

M-bwa

VT-bwa

M-bwa

Door, door-

Lu-kfnki

Lu-kpuki

Lu-kuke ; kuke Kibi

E-kuke; bi-

Bele

way
Dream

Du

I-l»

N-dcota

sj-dutca

Sai

Drum

Gom

Gcomoi

N-go>ma

W-gcoma.

Mu-pimpi

...

Di'phu; ma-

Ear

Tui; a-tui

Lu-tui

Twi ; ma-twi

Li-cwe ; ma-

Li-toi ; ba-

Di-tuyi ; ma-

Egg

U-kili

Bukili

Oa-kire ; e-kire Ye

Bto-kele; be-

Bu-i; bi-i

Elephant ...

Scofu

Jcovu

Com

N-zwvu

N-jo>ku

Lu-kulu; kulu

Excrement

Tu-mi

Tu-mi

TQ-i

• #•

T(o-mu

Tio-bi

Eye

I-SU

I-su

D-isco ; wa-siu.
Cu
Mungi

L-isco ; me-isco

L-isco ; ba-iseo

D-iso> ; ba-isco

Face, fore-

E-lungi

E-lungi

E-longi; bi-

OO-sico

head

Fat, oil ...

A-ba

M-ba

I-diswa ;
a-diswa

Ma-kuta

E-lisu or
E-liswa ; bi-

Be-ina

Father

Tapa

Apha

Ywne or
N-yconi

Asa

I-se

Phapha

Fear

W.coma

0.pf«.

I-ongi

...

iCima

B(u-ha

H h 2

464

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

132.

133-

134-

135-

136.

137.

English

CO-lemba

A-kela

N-kusu

Ba-bUi

Ba-kusu

Ba-mbule

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu-kili (?)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Finger

I-hita

Bu-sai

Pita.
Beoi

Mu-sai

Em-pita; bi-.
B(u-nywe

I-sangala ; tu-

Fire

I-ya

Tya

I'Zw or Zu.
N-j»

Ka-ya

I-ya; tco-ya

Y-imbi.
(Dsa

Fish

Se

I -si

Lu-se ; n-se

N-swi

N-se

Sui

Foot

Di-kaka

Li-kaka

Lu-kuru,
I-kuru

I-sindi

Li-tindi; ba-

Di-tindi; ba-

Forest

OO-kunda

B(o-kunda

COkunda

N-sani

Ci)-kondo> ; be-

Gatu

Fowl

Kukco

Kukco

Kukco

Kuku

N-kuku

Kuku

Frog

I-puli

Im-puli

...

Em-pule ; bi-

Di-g:ututu ; ba-

Ghost

OO-lokpi

Duka

Di-eledi

...

...

Bi-dila w-eli

Girl

Goat

Buji ""

N-ta '"

M-b<odi

M-baV

M-Mli""

Taba"

„ (he) ...

CO-ma-buji

N-ta mto-lume

M-paiiga
m-budi

...

...

Taba bco-lume

„ (she)...

Oi)-wawa-buji

N-ta w-ali

W-ali m-budi

...

...

Taba b(o-gali

God

Ma-tetela

Unya {sun)

Lw-ula.
Vire.
U-kipi.
Na-vile

Bungu

Grandparent

• ••

...

U-kanwmi.

lya?.

U-kemi

...

...

...

Grass

Cici

Cici

S«anu

Bi-sesi

Bu>-nembu ; be-

Tco-yubu

Ground

Kete

Mto-ci

N-keci

Mu-seke.

Ma-teke

N-yoi

Nele

Ground-nut

Tun-danda

Duku

Cuku

N-suku

...

Ka-langa

Guinea-fowl

N-anga

Angala

O0-k<orongco

Kaiiga

Bu>-kele

Bw-ela ; b-ela

Gun

U-kuma

Mu-kuma

Ki-wonge

• *•

E-bwoiigM

Bu-bali ; bi-

Hair

D-yuco

Di-bvu

Li-fu,
Di-fu

I-kucu

L-uasa ;
m-puasa

Sugi

Hand

I-kaka

Li-kata

Lu>-<i> ; e-co.
Leo-ve.
Lani

I-sansa

Li-kasa ; ba-

Y-ugu ; ba-gu

Head

(D-te

Bto-ca

(O-twe ; e-twe

Lu-kunga

Bco-tu ; be-tu

Bu-twe; bi-

Heart

U-tima

U-tima.
(Di-yele ?)

^-diku

...

Li-sutu; ba-.
Bo>-tema

Bu-tima; bi-

Heel

...

Cindi

I-poru

...

Li-tina la
li-tindi

Dim-bombulu;
ba-

Hide

Leweo

Lu-pusu

L-(owa

...

I-sa

Lu-gugu ;
gugu

Hill

• ••

* 1*

...

Bco-kondi ; be-

...

Hippopotamus

GewcD

Gvuco

N-guo»

N-guvu

N-guwu

N-gugu

Hoe

• ••

• •■

..»

t ••

Yembe; ba +

...

Honey

< •■

• •■

Uki

B-uki

B-ue

Ba-saja

Horn

I-siki

I-seke

Sengwa

...

Li-seke; ba-

Di-sea; ba-

House

Lu-ju.

Bu-kwere

L-com',

N-dabu

Lcu-ulu ;

B-ele or

W-elu

L-iim',

L-umu.

N-daku

{long).

M-vulu

{square).

A-somwa

{round)

m-bulu

M-ede.
N-daku

Hunger

Jala

Dyala

N.jala

N-zala

N-gala

I-sige

(? N-zala)

GROUPS DD, DDi: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND AND MANYEMA LANGUAGES 465

132.

133-

134.

135-

136.

137.

English

CO-lemba

A-kela

N-kusu

Ba-bili

Ba-kusu

Ba-mbcale

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu-kili(?)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Husband ...

M(o-lume

COme ; ba-came

Hyena

...

Kim-bungu

...

...

...

Iron

Kenge

Bulu.
Lulu

L-ulu,
Lu-ulu,
Lu-vulu ;
m-bulu

Lu-bulu

L-colco ; m-bulco

Din-dyandya

Island

...

...

Ki-siwa,
Ziwa

...

E-sanga; bi-

...

Ivory

Wa-nyu

M-ongeo

U-wanga a
com

Bw-anga

Y-inoa

Bi-anga

Knee

Li-nguiigu

Di-engco

Di-nue

I-lu

Li-lwi; ba-lwi

Di-lului; ba-

Knife

Lu-kfula

Boo-hamba

Lu-kula

Lu-bau

Lco-kula ;
fi-kula

Mundi; tu-

Lake

...

...

I-juwa

£-tukoa

• ••

Leg

I-kulu

Lu-kulu

I-lemba ; bi-

Ke-keta

B<o-ke9lea; be-

W-uli ; ba-ulfi

Leopard . . .

Koi

Nkoi

N-goi.
Kom

N-gwe

K-koi

Koi

Lion

<*•

Tambwe

...

...

■ . .

Lip, lips . . .

O0-l«mto

Du-wewa

OO-lcomco ; e-

Mi-lcomco {pi.)

Bu)-lumbu ; be-

Lunda-nwa ;
pi. nwa-nwa

Magic

W-eci

Kaiiga

U-sunga

{Uree business')

W-anga

Bco-kanga

Bu-sandu

Maize

...

Ma-sangu

I-pcopu or
Di-pcopoj

Ma-sangu

Li-pcopu ; ba-

•~

Man

U-ntu

M u-ntu

OO-teo or
U-ntu.
Wa-tco or
A-ntu

M u-ntu ;
wa-ntu

Bo-ntu ; ba-

Bu-tu ; ba-tu

Man, vir. ...

.. .

Mo>-lume

...

...

Li-kenda ; ba-

.«•

Meat

Ny-ama

My-ama

...

Ny-ama

M-punda.
Ny-ama

N-ama

Medicine ...

...

..•

...

...

Bcu-kanga

.••

Milk

A-wele

Bele

...

Ma-bele

Li-yele; ba-

I-loami ;
ba-lumi

Monkey ...

Kima

iCima

ECima

Kima

N-kema

N-gima

Moon

Gondco

[•sungi

U-edi or
W-eli; e-edi
or^\i

M w-eli

Sanga

Sungi

Mother ...

Mbu

3u-tangu

ttboo or

Mb«a-ni.

Yiha

Ngu

Nyang».
Mama

Najra

Mountain ...

Un-kuku

Gunji

U-kunji or
U-kundze ;
e-kunji

Lulu

...

N-guru

Mouth

Wu-nyco

vio-rumbu

U-niwa

Ka-mwa

Boj-nywa

Bu-nwa

Nail (of finger

Kula

.(o-kula

^*-kala

N-cala

Lcu-kala ;

Dw-ala; dala

or toe)

n-kala

Name

...

...

V-ima

...

Lco-kombco ;
ii-kombu

L-ina

Navel

OO-tutu

.in-tcdlu

...

[icLi-tcotco.
Li-tupi

Kcoku

Neck

Pu Kingu ]

Kingu

ECingu

N-kingeo

Giiigu

Night

OO-cu 1

LJ-Ctt

U-cu

Bu-cu

Li-lima =
darkness)
3i.colcii ; ba-cdlcD

I-tubu ; tu-

Nose

W-elu Beoloj Ulu ; pis.

Vlw-embe

Dyulu

ma-ulu or

yiUu

466

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

132.
CO-lemba

133.
A-kela

134-

N-kusu

(South

Ma-nyema)

135.
Ba-bUi

(North-west
Ma-nyema)

136.

Ba-kusn

(North

Ma-nyema)

137.
Ba-mbcale
Lu-kili (?)

Oil palm ...

...

...

M-ba

...

Bo-nketa.
Bco'kamba

Ox

Paddle ...

I-ja

Kapi' ■

...

!!!

K-kai"

Kai

Palm wine,
beer
Parrot

A-nu

Ba-na

Wa-nua

...

Ba-na

Ba-gana

E-kusu

Kusu

U-kungu; e-

N-kusu

I-hnngu; bi-

Penis

00-sunga

Lu-sunga

U-suka

.,

N.s«oU'

Lu'Swa

Pig

Sumbu

Sumbu

Sumbu

Ngulube

N-sombca

Ndi

Pigeon

...

Lu^nga

...

Kain-bcolulcd ;
tum-bulcdlu

...

Place

...

...

Lu-anza

...

M-betoj

...

Rain

Vula "'

Bula "

M.fula

M-buia

M-bnln

M-buia

Rat

E.ji

E-Ioaula

I. kusu or
Li-kusu.
W-idi

M-bavu.
I-luki

(? M-buki)

M-pco

Phugu

River

A.pi

Ba-pi

CO.kedi ; e-

Lu-ci

Lu-karaba

Putu

Road

Buka

Bcoka

On-kulu or
U-gulu

N-zila

M-btoka.
Bon-k<olco

Dull

Salt

...

• ••

Lu-wehu

Mu-siki

OO-siki

...

Shame

Swnyi

Suni

N-suni .'

N-sooni

(D-banga

Sheep

Oii-kcakco

CO-kukoi; e-

M(o-keoko»

OOkukco

Meme

Shield

E-tende

In-gacd

...

N-gabca

N-guba

Guba

Shoulder ...

...

Ke-tuli ; bi-

...

Sister

(x)mu-tu

COnangoya

Amu-ntu.
Kaliwa,
Kadiwa

Mu-tamba-ne

Bu-ili7be-ilu

Skin

L-cawa

Lu-pusu

E-kcoa

Ke-kcoba

Loj-kcoba

Lu-gugu

Sky ... ...

U-langu

Lu)-la

Lwla,
La).a

Li-kco.
L(o-la

Lu-la

Slave

Fumbi

Mu-tamba

OO-hombu ; a-.
OJ.fomboa ; a-

Bto-homb<o ; ba-

Mio-kcobe ;
be-koibe

Sleep

I-j»

MCD

Tto-lco

Kalco

Mm

Smoke

CO-^nga

00-linda

U-dinga

...

B(o-linga

Bu-gi

Snake

a).luyi

N-dcaa

N-zua

N-zcdka

N-jco

Pfili

Son, boy ...

OOna

B-cona (?;)/.)

OOnape ;
w.anape

Mw-ana-ne

Li-kenda

B-cona bu-lume

Song

...

Lu-imbu ;
ny-imbo>

Lu-mb<o

W-emba ;
bi-emba

...

Spear

I-konga

Li-konga

U-lumbto.
Li-konga

I-cumoj

Li-konga; ba-

Gi-limbi; bi-

Spirit, soul

...

...

Di-koi

...

Mco-limu ;
a-limu

Star

Ytatm

Y-MCi

E-kuikui (//.).
Toatu ;
tu-t(oto>

Mu-palanga

I-longe ; tw-

I-sweswe; tio-

Stick

OO-sungu

(0-8ungu

U-te; e-te.
Yanga

...

...

Mco-sandu; bi-

Stone

Tangi

Tangi

Di-fwe or
Di-vue

I -we

Li-we ; ba-we

I-tale ; tu-

Stool

...

...

Ki-wala; bi-.
Bala

...

...

...

Sun

Dipapi

U-nya

Di-ani.
(CO-nya =

sunlight)

Dzuba

...

Uu-ina.
Lu-ha

Tail

Mto-kaia

W-ela

?E-kila; bi-

Bw-ali; bi-ali

Tear

E-soF

Di-scoli

E-pombco {pi.)

Bi-caswii (//.)

...

Phu (?)

GROUPS DD, DD i : THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND AND MANYEMA LANGUAGES 467

English

132.
CO-lemba

133-
A-kela

134- 135-

N-kusu Ba-bili

(South (North-west

Ma-nyema) Ma-nyema)

136.
Ba-kttsu

(North
Ma-nyema)

'37-
lia-mbcole

Lu-kUi(?)

Testicles ...

Di-kfundu

Ma-kutu

A-pwle (;>/.)'

Di-Wndi ; ba-

Thief

Basi

■ ••

M-biba (?)

Mw-ibi'

W-iya"

Bu-iba

Thigh

CO-kongco

I-ya

■ •■

...

...

Din-doaa; ba-

Thing

I-anja ; bi-anja

Ntu.
E-lima.
I-sinde

•*•

Y-ema; bi-ema

Gi-ma ; bi-ma

Thorn

...

...

E-fwa

...

B(o-keke

...

Tobacco . . .

Fakca

Kaya

Fwanka

Kwanga

N-kwanga

Di-anga

To-day

£1(0

W-inojne

Elco

S-inco

Lelco

Na-wina

Toe

Lu-hita

OL>-k(ola

Pita

...

Bco-nywe ; be-

I-sanga ; tu-

To-morrow

L-ui

Kesa

Lii-mu

a)-bi.
Ka-eti

...

Na-pinda

Tongue

Lu-limi

Lu-limu

U-lim ; n-dim

Lu-Umi

L(o-lame ;
n-dame

Lu-game ;
game

Tooth

D-inyu ; a-nyu

D-inu ; a-inu

D-inyci) ;
wa-nyo>

D-inyoj ;
m-enyeo

L-inyci> ;
ba-inyoj

Be-inu (pi.)

Town

Scoku

Ekombe

Lu-anza

Ka-tsa

La)-ane;n-dane

Bu-i ; bi-yi

Tree

I-sungu (//.?)

CO-sungu

U-te; e-te

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Oi)-te ; be-te

B<o-sondu ; bi-

Twins

Sasa

Sasa

Wa-asa {pi.) '

Ma-asa

Li-asa ; b-asa

Basa

Urine

LoD-lcoju

Lco-cu

Wa-yi (//.) '

...

Be-ine

Vein

...

...

• ..

. ..

War

Wi-ta

Ny-ima

Vi-ta

...

I-ta

Bi-ta"

Water

A-pi

Ma-p'

A-pJ,'

Ma-azi or

I!-asi

Ba-dyi.

A-si

Ma-nzi

A-dia

Well, source

...

...

...

• ••

White man

(JL)-langala

E-kuta

M-zungu

...

• ••

Bon-dele

Wife

Boj-aji

Ka)-wali

CO-ze ; wco-ze.
Wadi.
Waz-eni

Mu-kari

W-ali ; ba-ali

Bu-gali; ba-

Wind

Lu-iimu

Kw-ew«

Lu-pelele

Mu-kunguru

Lico-pela

I-Uera

Witch

Duka

-..

(jO-lwki

Mw-ila

Bco-lcoki

Bu-limba ; bi-

Witchcraft

. ..

■••

.. .

Woman . . .

0)mu-ntu

Bcomu-tu

COmu-ntu ;
wama-ntu

Mu-kari ;
mamu-kari

Wamo-ntu :
bamo-ntu

Bu-sea ; ba-sea

Womb

...

...

...

...

■ ••

Wood (fire-

I-ja

Kuni

I-dya"(8a).

...

Lto-kconi ;

N-guy'

wood)

To)-dya (12)

ii-kuni

Yam

■ • *

•*■

Ki-runga ; vi-

• •*

• ••

Year

...

CO-wa; e-wa

N-zoa

E-keke

M-bula

Yesterday

...

Kesa

...

W-bi

Lio-i

Na-gyusi

One ..

Two . . .

Three...

lO-mako>

-hindi
(A-hindi).
■ahi.
•ahe

•satu

OO-huku

-pi (Ba-pi)

•satu

CO-mcd,

Ke-monsi

CO-mu,

-moye.

-mo>,

•mM

■mu.

-ndo)-mco.

-itu (u)mo-itu)

Scdlu.

Keci

-pe-,

•bili

-bili.

-m-bali.

•fe.

-a-pi

■ili.

E-pe. A-fi.

•ede

Kendi.

Kiti

-satu,

•satu

-satu

■satu,

-patu

•sasu

' A-, Wa- stands for Ma- (Class 6).

468

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Four

Five

Six

Seven... ..

Eight

Nine

Ten

Eleven

I33>

(0-lemba

133-
A-kela

-canu,
-i-canu

Sambanco

l-sambiali

[•nane
Du-bwo9

■tanu,
I-tanco

Mto-toia

I-sambu

Nanei.

Mco-ambi
Di-bvcoa

Kama.
Kum',
Kumi

Na>-makco.
(Kumi n'a-hi

= twelve.
Kumi satu =

thirteen)

Vum

Twenty ...

Ka-kum' a-he ■

Thirty

Ka-kum'a-satu

Forty

Ka-kum' a-nei

Fifty

Hundred . . .
Thousand . . .

Ka-kum'

a-canu

Lu-kama

I, me, my ...

Li-mi.

>

?

-aki-mi
Thou, thee, thy A- we.
?
-a-ke

E-mi

Bwe

134.

H-kusu

(South

Ma-nyema)

135-
Ba-biU

(North-west
Ma-nyema)

136.

Ba-kusu

(North

Ma-nyema)

137-
Ba-mbule

Lu.kili(?)

•nem or
•nen

•tanu or
•ancii

Samaru or
U -Jamaica

-nanjt

■tanu

Mu-tuba

Sambele.
I-sambi

E-nanem.

I -nanei
Di-cowa or

Di-vwa

Vum, Vuiim

{pi. Gumu,

Um or (jOmu).

Vundu
Vum' la-mco.

Vundco-mu.

(Vundu a-fe

= tivelve.

Vund' a-satu

= thirteen.

Vund' a-nem

= fourteen.

Vund' a-tanu

= Jifteen)
Gumu a-pe,

Um' a-pe or

Um' ba-fi
Gum' a-satu or

COm' a-satu
Gum' a-nei.

COmu a-nei
Gum' a-tanu.

COmu a-tanu
Lu-kama

Mu-twa na
mensi

Ki-nane

I -kumi

I -kumi na
ke-monsi

Ma-kumi
ma-bili

Ma-kumi
ma -satu

Ma-kumi
ma-nanji

Lu-kama

Li-m, Di-m,

Ni-m.

L-a-, M-bi-.

•n-.

-a-m, -e-m
We.

W-a-.U-

•ku, -e

N-.

J

-a ne
•>

U-, Ha-
-a-co

-ne

-tancd

Li-ambi

Bco-samberi

CO -nanei
Li-bua

Di-umu

Le-mu

-nnei.

-ne.

-nei
-homwe,

-hcomoi.

-tanu
Sambali.

Sambombco.

Li-ame.

CO-sambale
Di-ambe.

Sambcoali.

CO-samede
B(u-nani.

-nanei
D-ibwa.

L-uwwa.

L-imbwa
Di-ii.

CO-kama

Di-ti la mu.
(Di-u la be-ili

= twelve)

Be-tu b-ele.

CO-kama

im-bale
Be-tu be-sas<d

Be-tu be-ne

Be-tu tanu

B(o-kama

M-bai. E-mi.

Y-.

J

-a-mi, -yei
A-ge. A-he. He.
00-.
-a-he, -ya-gu

' The Ka- prefix in this and other plurals of tens may be a sumival of the old full form of the 6th preprefix-and-
prefix, Gama-.

GROUPS DD, DD i : THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND AND MANYEMA LANGUAGES 469

132.

133-

134-

135-

136.

137-

English

OOlemba

Akela

N-kusu

Ba-bili

Ba-kusu

Ba-mbcole

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu-kUi (?)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Ma-nyema)

He, him, his

Anja.

Hende

Ndi, Yandi,
Unkto.

J

Inde

Oyeo, Ende,
Inde.

A-.

A-, Ha-

A-.

r
-a-cindi

■U-.

■andi

-ande, -y-ute

We, us, our

^-

I.pu

I-pu.

• ■•

I-su.

Tw.

Tu-,T.a-

Tu., Tco-,

Tw-ende-.

-a-su

-a-su

p

-w-esco

Ye, you, your

We-lu.

We-nu

(Ji)-he, Nyco,
Nyoie.

J

...

Enu, Inu.

?

Nyu..

Mu-

Bi-u-,(0..

-aki-nyu

-e-nyu, -a-nu

p

-w-enu

They, them,

BVM.

I-ane

Wa-nko).

}

...

Aheo, Bco.

their

p

Wa-.

Wa-

Be-nde-, Ba-.

?

p

?

■ba-.

-aka-n

■a-(o

?

-b-wabco

All

Ceo

Lumco

■amwa,
•mwa

se(Wa-se,Gf'f.)

mwa

•tubu

This, these

■ne (0)-ne, d^c.)

...

ne(0)-ne,6^c.)

...

...

•nco (CO-nco,

That, those

•ena (W-ena,

d^■f.)

nkco (u-nku,
wa-nkco ;
u-nko>, e-iiku ;

Sr'C.)

•kuti

Bad

■bi.
Tco-bi

-k<olcd

be.

Iti-kisa.
Kefelco

bi

be

.bi

Black.. ...

■jima

Gu-Uma

pi

-we-ila

pi

-bUu.
•lu

Female

Kaw-adyi

-w-ali

-w-adi.

kari Wamo-ntu.

-gali

-amu-ntu

-adi

Fierce, sharp

Li-kuka

•wulu

lulu

kacwa

...

-co.pia

Good

•bulca

Mfo-lojci

pcolco,
■ulco or -Ico.
Kw-aleo or
Kw-elco.
-lelco

Wa-enda. 1
•adi

3colco

•colco.
-lau

Great

•wuki

•cale

nene

Wa-pamba

o)-fi.
-nene

-co-teu

LitUe

•cike

Bco.jsali

-a-longa

cici

ikeike

-bwebwe

Long

-tali

-u-la

Ki-alea

tali

•busabusa

Male

•time, Ka-iime

Mo>-lume

pe, A-pi

-come

■lume

Old

Un-dundu

Lu-gusu

...

ealco. -kongco

Bu-mwa. -mwa

Red

Ki-lili

W-elo.

...

warn a

...

W-elu.

•elu(?)

Rotten

• ••

...

■ ■•

...

ponda

Short

• • .

kiye

kuwe

Sick

■dilala

kuna

Bco-ale

White

...

-w-ema

tco

Ci-ama

pupvi

•elu .

Above, up, on

Nas-ikco

Ba-likw

l.u-ulu

Yuru Likco

Wco-dyulu

top

470

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

132-

I33^

134-

135-

136.

137-

English

CO-lemba

A-kela

Nkosu

Babili

Ba-knsu

Ba-mboale

(South

(North-west

(North

Lu^kili (?)

Ma>nyema)

Ma^nyema)

Ma-nyema)

Before

...

...

La-kavi or
Lu-kavi

...

N-tondu

*••

Behind

Lco.kongw

CO-koiigco

Lu-koiigca

. •<

O)^kongcd

Om^bisa

Below, down

Pa-pi

Na^pi

Ha^pi or
La-jsi

A-si

Se

Wa)-se

Far

Lco-kendo)

E^tale

Ha-tanda,
I-tanda

...

Bu)^os

Kulakula

Here

I-mune

Kan^suki

Ane

■ ••

Ane

Cx)h-wane

In inside ...

Nu

Tei'

Go-nda

Middle

...

...

...

Near

...

...

Ka.(?y.'
Eni(?)

...

...

...

Outside ...

...

...

La-nza

...

Ltcane.
Yane

CO^si

Plenty, many

I-fula

E-fula

•ce.

•ye,

•dyee,

•je.

-n-jiki

wiki

Beye

There

...

...

En-kca,
Yu^kco

...

...

Kula

Where? ...

Awe?

...

E^ndi?

...

Gu-nde ?

No!

Kema!

Kema!
£-hana !

A^laiigi !

...

...

Eeu!
Ei!

Not {•with verb,

• >■

■ ••

Pa^, Ha-.

...

• •■

• ••

as prefix, in-

Pa^tu- (\st

fix or suffix)

pers. plural).
Ku- (? 2nd
pers. sing.).
-ki {suffix)

To

0-, O).

0-, 00-

CO-

Ku- or Kto-

(X)-, 0-

G<o- ?, OOf

„ beat ...

...

...

-tula or
•hula

...

■sambula

...

„ buy, sell

...

...

•somba

...

-somba.
•tekea

...

„ come ...

•yaka

•yaka

•ye,
•yj,

•ya
t-enena

...

.ye

•yooto

„ cut

...

-n-tena

• ••

„ dance ...

•lukumbi

-wcohima

-katsa

...

•wanga

„ die

•ambcofu

•awa

■fwa,
-fu,
-fwe

•fa

•wa

•ongwa

„ eat

•nde

•Icole

■ t •

-tsa

-(^•le

■la

>, give ...

•pa

-nkaki

-pa.
•na.
•una,
•nyena

■

•ye

•pa-ge

,, go

■kenda

-kenda

-cui.
•utu

-enda. (pret.
-ele, -Ui).
-ka

•cu,
•cua.

-tamb-<ola

-kea

„ kill ...

•yaka

-dyaka

•saka

-anda

-<jo-liake

-ulua

„ know ...

•behewi

•weni

•ewa

...

-eba

•wena

• Vide North-west Bantu.

GROUPS DD, DD i: THE CENTRAL CONGOLAND AND MANYEMA LANGUAGES 471

English

132.
CO-lemba

133-
A-kela

134-

N-kusu

(South

Ma-nyema)

135-

Ba-bUi

(North-west

Ma-nyema)

136.

Ba-kusu

(North

Ma-nyema)

137.
Ca-mbcale
Lu-kili (?)

To

0-, 00-

0-, 0)-

CO-

laugh ...

-coca

-tcola

-ula

leave off,

...

...

...

cease

love, want

■bula-nga

-k«la-nga

•penda

see

.. .

-mena (?)

sit, remain.

...

•yala

abide

sleep ...

...

...

stand,stop,

-w-ima-le

be erect

steal ...

-basi

• ••

-iba

Ku- or KoD- 00-

■seka -m-bula

-kunda

-lala

•la-nga

-ena

■yala

Geo-, 00-

-Iw (CO-lu)

-etama. -i-lu

-kcola {snore)
-ema-la

-iya

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN 00-LEMBA AND A-KELA

Slight traces of preprefixes in No. I and No. g.

Class I. U-, 00-, Beo-, Mu-, Mm- (o), u) ; 2. ? Ba-, Wa- ; 3. 00-, U-, B»-, Bu- ; 4. We-, Wi-, I-? ;
5. Di-, Li-, I-; 6. A-, Wa-, Ba- ; 7. ?I-, E- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. — , In- (Im-), N- (M-), N-, Ny- ; 10. (same
as 9) ; II. Lu-, Du-; 12. Tu-, T'-; 13.?; 14. Wu-, Bu-, 00- ; 15. ?Koa-, 00- ; 16. Pa-, Na-?; I?-?;
?2o. La- (133).

PREFIXES, &c., IN N-KUSU

Class I. U-, 00-, Mu- (u, iik(o) ; 2. A-, Wa- (a, wa) ; 3. U-, 00-, M- ? (u) ; 4. I-, E- (i) ; 5. Di-, Li-,
I- (li, zi, dzi) ; 6. Wa-, A- (a, wa) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (i) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny-, — (?);
10. same as 9 ; n. Leo-, Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu-, Tco- (tu) (plural mainly to 8 a); 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Wu-
(wu); 15. 00-?; 16. Ha-, A- ; 17. Nu- ; ?20. La- (locative).

A trace of the Na- honorific or female prefix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN BA-BILI

Class I. Mu- (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Bw, Mu-, Mco- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. 1-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ma-
(ma) ; 7. Ki-, Ke-, E- (ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny-, — (n ?, i ?) ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lu- (lu) ;
12. ? absent; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Bco-, Bu- (bu) ; 15. Ku-, Koi- ; 16. A- ; 17. ?.

-ane diminutive suffix present but rare.

PREFIXES, &C., IN BA-KUSU

Class I. Bco-, U-, OOco- (?) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Boj-, U-, 00- (?) ; 4. Bi-, Be- (?) ; S- Li-, Yi- (li) ; 6. Ba-
(ba) ; 7. Ke-, E-, Y'- (?) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (? i) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny-, — (.') ; 10. same as 9 ; 1 1. Lo>-
(lu) ; 12. Tu-, Tco- (tu) ; 13. absent; 14. Bto-,Bu- (bu) ; 15. 00-, 0-, place taken by Loa-, Li- (.') ; 16. A-;
1 7. absent : place taken by a preposition Te-, Tei- ; 20. La-.

472 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, &c., IN liA-MBCOLE AND LU-KILI

Class I. Bu-, Beo- (bco) ; 2. Ba-, Be- (ba) ; 3. Mw, Bu-, B<o- (? mu-, bu) ; 4. Bi-. Be- ; 5. I-, Di-
(di) ; 6. Ma-, Ba- (ba) ; 7. Gi- (gi) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (i) ; 9. N- (M-), it-, Ny-, — (?) ; 10. same as 9 ;
II. Do>-, Du- (lu) ; 12. T«- (tu) ; 13. absent ; 14. Bu-, Bco- (bu) ; 15. Gu-, Geo-, CO- (gu, co) ; 16. Wa-,
Woo-?; 17. ?.

Traces of Na- honorific or female prefix.

132. COlemba is spoken on either side of the 3rd degree of South latitude, westward to about the
22nd degree of East longitude and the sources of the River Luilaka ; eastward across the River Lwbeie
almost to the Ltomami.

133. Akela is spoken north of the OOlemba, westward to the River Luilaka, eastward and north-
eastward to the River Ltomela or Dumbi.

134. Nkusu is spoken in western Manyema, south of 4° South latitude and north of 5° 40' South
latitude ; on the Ltomami river and between the Liumami and the vicinity of the Lualaba-Congo. South-
wards it grades into Batetela and the Luba dialects.

135. Babili is spoken on both sides of the Lcomami to the vicinity of the Upper Juapa on the west
between South latitude 1° 40' and 3°.

136. Bakusu is spoken north and east of Babili by the Bakusu, Babinza, and ? Banyumbiri tribes
between the Lualaba-Congo and the Lcomami ; south of the non-Bantu wedge of the Bamafiga and of
about 0° 30' South latitude.

137. Bambtole is spoken in the region south of the Lubaye river and the Lcokele and Toopooke
countries between the Lower Lcomami and the Lualaba-Congo ; mainly on the I.tomami and westward
to the ' Mongo) ' countries eastward and southward to the Bakumu and the Lo>kusu, as far south perhaps
as 1° of South latitude.

GROUP DD: SUBGROUP DDi

THE MANYEMA LANGUAGES {continued)
138. Mco-leka'

GROUP EE

THE MIDDLE LCOMAMI LANGUAGES
139. Ki-tumba^

GROUP FF

THE ELILA-LtOWA-LUALABA (BULEGA) LANGUAGES

140. Nyaiigwe (South-west Ki-lega) '

141. Genya'

142. M-bangeobafigco (or North-west Ki-lega)'

143. South-east Ki-lega "

English

138.

139-

140.

141.

M(o-leka

Ki-tumba

Nyangwe

Genya

(West

(South-west

Ma-nyema)

Ki-lega)

142.
M-bangu-

bango)

(North-west

Ki-lega)

143-

South-east

Ki-lega

Adze

Animal, wild Ny-ama
beast
Ant

N-subu

Conge-conge Ka-zimu ; tu- I -ball

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Lom-bazi ;

m-bazi
Mu-swa ;

mi-swa

Scokca
(O-bukcd ; ma- U-bSjco

Ant, white E-longe ; hi- Bu-tscoa ... Ny-enje.

(termite) N-soiigina

Ape (chim- ... .... Sosku

panzi or
gorilla)

Arm E-wu ; bi- Ku)-bukco ; ma- Ma)-gombo>; K(o-bo>kco;

mi- m-coku.

Ka-baka
Arrow ... Li-kula ; ba- Ku-manu. Mu-sungu ; mi- Mco-pcolco ; me- Mco-vi ; mi-vi I-stoma; ma-

Di-suma ; ma-
Axe Li-pali; ba- Cebcd ; ma-f I-saka; ma- C-onda ; Tem«; ma-l-

be-onda
Baboon

Back ... Bco-ara Ma-tuli

Banana ... E-kulununii ; Kondu ; ma-t-. G«ama ; ma-h I-kondco; ma-. E-cika. Lco-onde;

bi- N-dcDSo> Moj-saba. Lco-gonde ; ma-onde

Mama ma-

' Mu)-leka, only known from a fragmentary note or two written down by the Rev. fV. H. Stapleton, is perhaps
the Ba-unga of other explorers to the west of Tu}pu)ke and of the Lumami near its confluence with the Congo.

^ Torday's ' Kitwa (" Bush language") of Middle Luimami', and Stanley's ' West Ma-nyema '. In reality this
is less a separate group language than an outlying language of the Luba type.

" Nyangwe is the speech of the cottntry round Nyangwe and Kasongoo and the ' Ki-rega' of Torday and perhaps
the Ba-zimba of earlier explorers and the Wa-ngoobelico/rtrMd-/- south.

* The Enya, Ba-enya of some writers ; the ' Ba-zimba ' of others. H. M. Stanley's ' 6a-regga '.

° The M-bangeobangco of the /?«'. W. H. Stapleton j perhaps the ' West Ki-lega' of German writers ; but not
the M-bangubangu cf Carl Meinhof.

* The M-baiigubangu of Hernhard Struck and Carl Meinhof j and H. M. Stanley's ' East Ma-nyema ',

474

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

138.

'39-

140.

141.

142.

143-

English

Mto-leka

Ki-tumba

Nyangwe,

Genya

M-bangca-

South-east

(West

(South-west

bangco

Ki-lega

Ma-nyema)

Ki-lega)

(North-west
Ki-lega)

Beard

I-kiapunga;

t(0-

Mto-efu; mi-

Ka-zelu

N.jelco.
N-joalu

A-jeva; tcu-

A-lefu

Bee

...

Dzuki

B-uke

...

...

...

BeUy

Kan-da-kan-da
or Ka4a-kan-da

Simoa; ma-

Zimi

Mco-swlco; me-.
Be-so

Bongco; ma +

Mun-da

Bird

I-pulu; to)-

Kany-unyi ; tu-

Kaz-oani ; tco-

Kay-coni ; tco-.
Ka)ko-mbiri

K(o-uni ; to)-

K-cdni.
Any-coni ;
tuny-oani

Blood

Balami

Ma-bangi

Mi-kira

Ma-kia,

M(i)-kiya

Mu-loaha

...

Body

Ka>-omba

Dimba ; ma +

Kam-pita-pita

a).ktoba(ii)

Mco-bili ; mi-

• >•

Bone

K-cose

Mu'ipa; mi-

Genegene

Ka-kua; to)-

Mu-fuga; mi-

I-fupa

Borassus palm

...

...

...

...

...

Bow

...

Bu-ta; ma-

Ka-siri

Mco-fulca ; me-.
Mco-pcalca

Bto-ta

Bu-ta

Bowels

...

...

. ••

I-ila ; ma-ila

...

• ••

Brains

Lu-bombu

Bw-enge

Bw-ongca ; be-.
Mcu-songco;
me-

B-ongoa

• ■•

Breast (man's)

...

Kuri

Ki-ali

Bca-kuku; ma-

Bu-titi?

I-beza

Breast

...

•••

...

M-bele

Bu-titi ?

I-bele; ma-bele

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mtc-kwetu; ba-.
Mco-ta-ane; ba-

Duku;
ban-duku

Mu-kcaleo
mco-tu.
M-ana tata.
Mu-nake.

M-eya

Mu-ina; ba-ina

Mu-ina

Buffalo ...

...

Bcou

Gombe(?)

M-bcolca

M-bcogca

M-bcagta

Buttocks ...

...

Ma-tako>

Ma-taku

Ma-takoo

E-fuka; bi-

...

Canoe

...

Bw-atu; ma-

Mo-lela

W-atoa ; m-atco

Bw-atu; ma-t-

Cat

...

Ka.bere ; //.
tube-bere

Paka

Ma>-sikco.
M-paa

A-nconcd ; t<o-

...

Charcoal ...

...

...

Kaala ; ma +

...

Chief

...

Kimi ■

Fumu

Mca-kcaloa.
Mo)-ko>ta.
Mo-mbele

Koalu ; ma -t-

...

ChUd

...

Mw-ana.
M-tona-ne

Ka-lenge; tu-

M-ana ; b-ana,
Mco-ana

Mw-ana : ba-

Mw-ana; b-ana

Cloth

...

Ki-ramba

Sulu

N-tulM

A-pomboa ; tca-

Ki-lamba.
N-guoa

Cold ... ...

...

Ma-^ika

Peeo

Ka-loa.
M-pe<a

E-gazi

Ma-sika.
I-ganji

Country ...

Lu-komwa ;
komwa.
Mu-senge

Se.
Ce-se.
Kanda.
tO-kita. N-ki

M-cola

Ki-balco

Cow

• • >

N-gombe

• • •

• • t

• ■•

Crocodile ...

N-andu

Gandu

N-gwena.
,N-gbwena

N-gandu

...

Day, daylight

...

Bu-teca; ma +

Kindi

Lcaba.

Bto-tu.
U-tu-ku-ca

Bu-fuku ; ma-

Mu-fukco

Devil, evil

It*

Doyi

...

...

...

Lu-ndali.

spirit

Ma-tima-
fufula

Doctor (medi-

>■•

• •*

Mco-ganga ;

...

...

...

cine man)

bafi-

GROUPS DD-FF: THE MANYEMA, MIDDLE LOJMAMI, AND ELILA, &c., LANGUAGES 475

English

138.
Mco-leka

139-
Ki-tumba

(West
Ma-nyema)

140.

Nyangwe

(South-west

Ki-lega)

141.
Genya

142.
M-bangu-

baiigoi

(North-west

Ki-lega)

143.

South-east

Ki-lega

Dog

Door, door-
way
Dream

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant ...
Excrement

Eye

Face, forehead

Fat, oil ...

Father

Fear

Finger

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

Fowl

Frog

Ghost

Girl

Goat

„ (he)

:, (she)...

God

Grandparent
Grass

Ground

Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl

B«a

M-bwa

N-gba

M-bwa

M-bwa.
A-bwa; tu-bwa

Kibi

Ki-be

Ci-ve.

Mco-langco

E-belw; bi-.
Koati; ma-f-

...

Ki-rcotoo ; bi-

Ki-rcotoj

N-jcoH

E-lcotco ; bi-

...

Kan-gojmoa ; tu

Gcoma

...

. ..

...

Gwi ; ma +

Ma-tui (//.)

I-tu ; ma-tu

OO-tui; ma-

Ku-twi ; ma-f

U-ma|si

Yeya ; me +

I-ye; ma-ye

Gi ; ma +

I-gi; ma-

Joi

Bungu

N-jco

Zoavu; ma-t-

N-zo>fu

Tu-bi

Tu-bi

Ta).bi

T»-yi

...

N-cco; ma-c<o

L-isw

Li-isco; ma-

Y-is<ij ; me-isco

D-isoa ; m-esoj

Pimoi ; ma +

M-es<o

Cundi,
Condi; bi-i-

Lu-ebcd ;
ng-eboj

...

Me-ita

Ma-kit'

Ma-kuta.
Ma-ila.
K<o-ncona; me

Ma-ani.
Ma-nyani

Ma-futa

C«o.

Tata

Tata; ba + .

So>-be

U-tata

I-se ; ba-)-.
Sco
Tina.

(thy father)

B-uba

B-coma

Tina

Bco-cda

Mu-rime ; mi-

Ki-reolco

Mo-nwe ; me-.

Mu-niia ; mi-

M-sayi; mi-.

Mu-sani ; mi-

Nume

Mu-nwe ; mi-

Ka-pia

Ka-ya

Ka-ya; tco-ya.
Ka-sa

Mcu-leloa; mi-

Mu-liloo.
Tu-ya

Cie sa ma-si

...

M-fi.
N-fe

Ka-se; t(o-

...

Lu-as<o ; //.

I-sinzi

I-tindi

Ci-ahi ; bi-ahi

Mu-gulu ; mi-

di-asco.'

Di-hulu ; ma-

Mu-to9 ; mi-

Mco-se

0)-konda or
Mco-konda

Tea; ma-tu

...

Gcakoi

Kcok'

N-kcoko>

Zcogcolbi

Sfialoa.
N-juguloi i

Ki-rua

Ki-ii1n

Ke-t«keto>ke

E-bcotcogulcd ;
bi-

Doi

• ■•

A-lundi,

Ka-lundi; tou

< • >

Moj-seka

...

Bore

Pene

M-bo»le,

Mbuzi

M-buzi

and perhaps

M-buri

M-buzi

Bore ya

Pene-na

...

..*

..•

mo)-rume

mco-lume

Bore ya

Pene-na

...

...

...

mo)-kari

mu-kuli

Duba {sun)

Ka-laka

...

N-gongcoloa

Lu-bi^i

Ma-yani

Tco-mangala.
Ka-lungu-
lungu

Eny-enye ; bi-

...

Cle,

I-tete

N-peke

Vu ; ma-vu

■ ••

Mun-cie

Jimu

Ka-lima

• ••

*••

Bi-hama(?)

Kanga

Kanga

N-kanga

Kanga; ma-f

Ziba

' This plural is according to Torday. If accurate it is an interesting- survival of the loth.

476

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

138.
Mco-leka

139-
Ki-tumba

(West
Ma-nyema)

140.
Nyangwe

(South-west
Ki-lega)

141.
Genya

142.

M'bangoj-

bangu

(North-west
Ki-lega)

143-

South-east

Ki-lega

Gun

Hair (of head)

Hand

Head

Heart

Heel

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus

Hoe

Honey
Horn

House

Hunger
Husband

Hyena
Iron ...

Island

Ivory...

Knee ...
Knife...

Lake ...

Leg ...
Leopard

Lion ...
Lips ...

Magic...

Bntu

Ki-tuli

N-kuba

E-txaonge

J-uiri.

Ziiri

N-gbwe.

Jivi ; ma +

In-zwi

Suki

CO-pu ; m-pu.
M-bi

Bcoku ; ma +

I-kasi

Lkasa-
ka-bo>kcd

E-gazagaza

Eganda

...

I-tue

Mo)-cwe

Mu-cwe ; mi-

Mu-twi

Cuba

Mco-tima

Mto-tema ; me

- 00-langa;
ma+.
Mun-tima;mi-

•••

Ki-tsuru ; hi +

W-inzi

M-pcaa.
Ny-ama
i-tindi

A-sconyu ; tco-

...

Mu-coake ; mi-

Guzi

0)-kcoba

Famisa

...

Ki-sewa ; bi-

Mu-kuna

Mco-konde

Mu-tanda ; mi-

Mu-goiigci>

Fibu

Ki-bukco

(Siushili)

N-gub<o

N-gtobco

N-gufwa

...

Y-embe ; ma -f

Lu-asoi ;
n-gasco

.••

Me-ita j-uki

Du-biike

Bo)-coke ; ma-

B-coki

...

Lu-cengwa

Pembe

I-seke ; ma-

Lu)-ega ; //.
zi-eba

...

Ki-biri; bi-.

Ny-umba

D-umba or

Y-ende ;

Y-ende ;

N-dabu

{Swahilt)

L-omba or
L(o-omba ;
ma +

bi-ende

bi-ende

Zala

Zola.

N.jala

Zala

...

M(d-rume

...

M-tome ;
ba-come.
AmoD-comi

M(o-lume ; ba-

...

Mco-ceu ; mi-.

Pisi

Ki-mbwi

Ki-mbwi

Ki-mbwi

Ki-ronda

Ki-uma

Cea,

Ce-eya
C-eya; b-eya.

Ki-titi.

Mco-sanga

I-gela; bi-

Bu-tale.
Ky-uma

Ma-neo a n-jco

Pembe

Mco-Iamba ;
me-.
Pembe

Y-inoi

...

Niii; raa +

I-zu

I-lu. ^
I-bongco

N-gomba

I-zu ; ma-zu

Lu-pete ; //.

Mco-ele

Ka-bus«.

Lw-ehete ;

Lw-ete

pete.

a)-beu

m-behete

Lu-bahu

Lu-ci.

...

Ce-liba,

I-twaka ; bi-

Ki-ziba.

Ki-siwa

Ce-diba

Lu-gi

I-uru ; ma-uru

Mu-gulu ; mi-

Ka-co ; ma-co

CO-gulo] ; ma-

>••

Goi,

Goi

N-goxo.

M(o-heIa ; me-

Niii-gwe

In-gwe

Kenge

N-dambwe

...

N-dambwe

Du-eu

Mu)-Icomo>

M co-tutu or
B<o-tutu ;
me- or mi-

Mu-l«mo> ; mi-

Mu-lumu

Bco-anga

B(o-wanga

Ci-kcoba.
Ma)-te

Bco-ganga

Bw-anga
M-isi

GROUPS DD-FF : THE MANYEMA, MIDDLE LCOMAMI, AND ELILA, &c., LANGUAGES 477

English

138.

Mco-leka

139-
Ki-tumba

(West
Ma-nyema)

140.
Nyangwe

(South-west I
Ki-lega)

142.

M-bangu-

bangco

(North-west
Ki-lega)

143-

South-east
Ki-lega

Maize ..
Man ..

Man, vir.

Meat ...

Medicine

Milk ...
Monkey
Moon ...

Mother

Mountain ...

Mouth

Nail (of finger
or toe)

Name

Navel

Neck

Night

Nose

Oil palm . . .

Ox

Paddle ...

Palm wine,
beer
Parrot

Penis

Pig

Pigeon

Place

Rain

Rat

River

Road, path

Salt

Shame
Sheep

Ma-p<opco

Ma-bela

Ka-kutu; too-

I-saka ; bi-

I-sa;a

Mu-nu or

Mu-ntu ;

Mco-tco ; ba-toa

Mu-ndu ;

Mu-ndu ;

Mu-ndu;

ba-ntu

ba-ndu

ba-ndu

ba-nit or

ba-ndu

Mbi'rume

M-come.
M(o-sombe

Genda; ba-f

...

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama.
Mu -samba

M-bo>ga

...

...

Moj-te

Bco-vanga,
Bco-ganga

Laba

Ma-fwere

Ma-bele

Ma-bl

Ma-bele

. ..

Kima

Bei

M-pegema

N-gema

...

Ka-pacu.

Mw-esi

W-eli; m-eli

Mw-ezi ; mi-

Mw-angco.

Sungi

Sungi

Nai.

Mali

Ina,

Yaya

...

Nene

Nina; ba + .

Mina.

Bamma

Mco-kuna.

Mu-lcokcou

Ke-eoma

N.gulu

N-gulu

Loj-eca

Ka-niie

Ka-na; tco-na

Mwa-nwa

Ka-nwa; tu-

Kara

Lu-ala

N-ja.
OO.ya

Lu-ala ; u-zala

...

D-ina

Z-ina

L-ina

Z-ina ; ma +

...

Mco-cuku; mi-

I -tutu

Mco-t«to> ; me-

Mu-suku

...

Kcasa

I-kcosi

I-kute

pingco

A-singu; tu-

Bu-tiu ; ma +

Kindi

U-tagwaira.

Mco-zimbto =

Mu-fuku.

B&)-tu.

darkness

(Ni-kunyi =

I-fue

darkness)

Ma)-pembe;mi

Mw-ende

Mu)-hembe
Ce-kaiiga.

M-bco

Moj-hembe
Bu; ma-bco

Mu-embe

N-gombe

* ••

...

Lu-kapi ; pL

Kapi

N-kafi

...

N-gafi"

n-gafi

Ma-pi

Ma-ku

Ma-na

Ma-leavu

...

Gucu

Kusu

N-gusu

M(o-nia ; mi-

Suka

? Condi

Bu-oli"

Guruwe

Guru

N-somboj

N-gulube ;

ba +

N-gulube

Kuti ; ma +

Kt-riiiga

...

Ka-ngulimba ;

t(0-

E-vuka; bi-

...

...

.»•

Ce-a.

...

A-sima

Bira

Bula

M.bna

Vula

M-bula,
M-stila

Buku

Bawu

M-pcokco

M-buku

...

Ma-pi.

Ma-zi

1-yaba.

Mu-gezi

...

Lu-ci

1-kingi

N-jila.

Zia

M-bcoka.

Sinda or

N-zila.

Sila

In-geya

Senda

I-sinda ; ma-

Mu-siki

...

Moj-co ; mi-eo

Mu-ngwa

Mu-nyu

Bu-ndie

...

N-s<oni

Bu-vu

...

Mu-o»kco ; mi-

Buli

Mco-kcokw.
Meme

Mco-kcdkcd ; mi-

M-kcdkb>

I 1

478

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

138.
M(o-leka

139-

Ki-tumba

(West

Ma-nyema)

140.

Nyangwe

(South-west

Ki-lega)

141.
Genya

142.

M-bangco-

bangoi

(North-west
Ki-lega)

143-

South-east

Ki-lega

Shield

Shoulder

Sister

Skin ...
Sky ...
Slave...
Sleep ...
Smoke

Snake
Son, boy

Song

Spear

Spirit, soul
Star

Stick

Stone

Stool

Sun

Tail (of an
animal)

Tear

Testicles ...

Thief

Thigh

Thing

Thorn
Tobacco ...

To-day

Toe

To-morrow
Tongue

Tooth

Town

Tree ...

Twins
Urine...
Vein ...

Gabco

Gabco

Bw-wa ; ma-wa

N-gabco

...

. . .

. . .

Ce-tuli

Gembe ; ma-l-

...

Mui-kara ;

Duku-zala

ba-kara

Ki-lcoba

Pusu

00-kuba ; me-

I-seba

Ki-seba

Pa-suru

Yulu

Ki-ca

Wu-Yulu

Mco-pika ; ba-

Mto-kcobe

Mco-kwbe ; ba-

Ma)-keka ; ba-

...

JcDna (? snore)

T(jo-1m

T(0-co

...

...

Mto-ki

Mto-ki

M CO -cose.

Moo-epi

Mio-pi

Mu-ki

Piri

Ny-eaka

Ny-o>ka

Ny-coka

N-jo9ka

Mw-ana ;

Mw-ana na

M-anuke ;

Genda ; ma +

• ••

bw-ana

mu>-lume

b-anuke.
M(o-sombi

(see word for
'■Jitan' in 136)

...

...

Ng-embco (//.)

L<o-emb<o ;
ny-embca

...

Cora ; ma +

I-sumu

I-tumcd

Foomu ; ma +

Fumco

Kan-jekejeke.

Kelikeni

(JL)-kenikeni ;

A-kconikconi

Kan-gamina ;

Kan-gamina ;

ii-.

tu-

tu-fi-

Kendikendi

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Mu-ti

Ka-te ; t(o-te.
Ce-ti

...

...

Vue ; ma-vue

Ma-koi(//.)

Yu-we; ma-we

Bue ; ma-bue

M(o-go»di

Ki-bara

Ki-tumbi

...

Ki-kala

Duba or

Moj-se

Lcoba.

...

Juba.

Juwa

Icowa

Mu-ninya

Mto-kira

Mco-koi

Mu)-kie

M<o.ela(?)

...

Moj-porci) ; mi

- Di-scozi

...

Via

Ma-kiti

...

• ••

...

Gifi

Mu-ibi

Ma)-ibi

W-iba

Lu-bunda

Ki-bunda

...

...

Ki-nu ; bi-nu

I-dya

I-sima; too-.

En-daibi '

Fi-anka

Kw-anga

D-incd LeIo>

Di-na ; ma-na Mco-nu; mi-nu

B(o-nambco Lco-bi

Du-rimi ; rimi Leo-lame

D-iny<o ;

ma-nyto

L(o-anda

D-inyto;
m-inyo>

Moj-ereo

Mu-ti ; mi-ti Mu-ti

Pamba
Ma-cukurco

M-asa

Ma-su

Ce-sima ; bi-
M(o-ke ; me-
L-anga ;

m-anga
Mto-nco boo-toj
Mco-nyto
M-pendu
Ce-ami ;

bi-ami
Li-inyca ; ma-

Ma)-tanga.

(Ka-tanga =

village)
Ka-te ; tio-te.

Ki-ti ; bi-ti
Ma-asa

Ka-sali ; tco-.
Mu)-c(>li ; me-

Mco-ba ; mi-ba
Fangw ; ma -f

Lelco

Mu-nwe

Lu-limi ;
n-dimi
Y-ineo

M-ula ; mi-cola

Mu-ti ; mi-
Asa ; ma-asa

Lu-limi
Ino> ; m-enco

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

' This is according to Staple/on ; but it seems a very unwonted word for ' thing ' and may be due to a misunder-
standing. En-daibi rather resembles the word for 'goat' in Lu-busese (146) and may mean 'property '.

GROUPS DD-FF : THE MANYEMA, MIDDLE LGJMAMI, AND ELILA, &c., LANGUAGES 479

i 138.

139-

140.

141.

142.

143-

English ! Mwleka

Ki-tumba

Nyangwe

Genya

M-bangu-

South-east

1

(West

(South-west

bangu

Ki-lega

1
1

Ma-nyema)

Ki-lega)

(North-west
Ki-lega)

War

Lu-oizi ; ng-cozi

Bi-ta

Bi-ta

Lofig-uzi.
(-lua = io

fight)

...

Water

Ma-pi

Ma-ze

Ma-ali.
Ma-i

M-ema

M-ema

Well, source

...

...

t.a

*••

White man

Mio-cungu.
I-celele

Mto-zungu

Mu3-songo>

...

• ••

Wife

Mco-kare ; ba-

Moj-kazi

Moo-kali

Mw-aji ;
ba-aji

...

Wind

Lu-ptoa

Lum-pumbu

Mco-ftofcij

Mtt>-hehe

...

Witch

Doi

Kundu

Moj-beosoi

N-duzi

Witchcraft

...

...

(-luka = to

bewitch)

...

...

Woman ...

Mco-kare ; ba-

Mco-kazi

Amco-kali ;
bamco-kali

Mw-aji ; ba-aji

Mu-azi; b-azi

Womb

• ••

Wood (fire-

Tu-pia

Ka-ya

OO-kconi ;

Loj-tete ;

...

wood)

ii-kconi

n-dete

Yam

■ ••

•••

Year

Ki-paaa; bi-

. . .

Y-olwa?

...

Yesterday

...

...

■ ••

Hu-enda

...

Zebra

...

...

...

...

...

One

•mo>.

•moi.

-mo).

-mu,

•mwe

■mcosa.

Ka-mu

-mcdje

Ya)-mu

-ndco-mco.

-anka

Two

•biri

-biri

-be.
-ibi

•bUi

-bill

Three

•satu

-satu

-satu

•satu

■satu

Four

•ne.
-naci

-nnei

-na,
-inya

...

■ne

Five

•tanu

■tanu

-tanu.
Kco-buku

-sanu

-sanu

Six

Cambomboi.
Mu-tuba

Mu-tuba.
Mo>tcoa

Mo-tuba

Mu-tuba

Mu-tuba

Seven

Cambcabiri.
Mu-sambo]

Moj-twa ka-mu

Mco-cumwendi

...

M-sambwa

Eight

Mco-anda vr
Mu-handa

Tcokcdtu biri

Ce-nana

...

Mw-enge

Nine

Ki-tema

Ka-mu bula

U)-bwa,
? A-bwa

Tumbia

Ten

Di-kumi.

Ki-kumi

Kumi.

...

Fumi and

I-kumi

I-kama

N i-kumi

Eleven

Di-kumi n-aki

Ki-kumi na

...

...

1-kumi na

mu-anka.

-moi

-mwe

I-kumi na

mund(o-m<o

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Kama ibe.

...

I-linga

abi-biri or

ma-biri

Bio-lumbu

a-wiri

Thirty

Ma-kumi
a-satu

Ma-kumi
m a-satu

Kama i-satu

...

...

Forty

Ma-kumi a-ne

Ma-kumi
ma-nnei

Kama ina

...

...

I I 2

48o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

138.
Mo>-leka

139-

Ki-tumba

(West

Ma-nyema)

140.

Nyangwe

(South-west

Ki-lega)

141.
Genya

142.

M-bangu-

bangu

(North-west
Ki-Iega)

143-

South-east

Ki-lega

Fifty

Hundred ...

Thousand . . .

I, me, my ...
Thou, thee, thy
He, him, his
We, us, our
Ye, you, your

They, them,
their

All

This, these

That, those

Ma-kumi

Ma-kumi

Kama i-tanu

a-tanu

ma-tanu

Ma-kumi

Kombi

E-koi.

ataneo

Kama i-kumi

ma-kumi

a-tanco

...

A-nunu

...

Mie. (jO-nu.

Inne.

N5.

N-a-.

?

N-a-, N-.

-kia-nyi

-a-mi

-a-ne

E-ba (?)

We.

Qiw-e.

A-.

?

W-, 00-.

-ki-cobe

-(D-be

-a-be

Rea (?).

CD-we.

We. OO-nu.

a)-v«-(?). Ka-

?

A-, U-, W-a-.

-kiai

-a-ge

-ande

CO-so.

I-su.

Ba-se.

Teoa-, Tu-.

?

Ta-, T«-, Ti-.

-kia-tu

-nabi-tu

-itu

Ba-nu.

I-nywe.

Ba-ne.

N-a.

?

Be-, Bi-.

-kia-nu

-nabi-nu

■ino)

Ba-(o.

Babbi.

Bco.

6a-.

J

Ba-, B-i-.

-a-b«

•ejeo (?),
-zej» (r)

-a-beo

Concoi

-a-nse

•cose

-kiani

-neo (wu)-n«o),

-ne

&'C.

(a)-ne, ba-ne;
(jl)-neo or (o-wa.

...

.zca{(a-z<j3),&'c

.

ba-nco or ba ;

iiKo-nco orto-wa,

e-nco or e-ya ;

e-neo or e-ya

(No. 5),

ma-nco or m-a ;

ci-n&>(?re-ya (7),

bi-noj^rbe-a(8);

e-neo or e-ya (9),

e-noj or

e-ya (10);

(o-nco or

' tt)-wa (11) ;

te-nu or

t-ea(i2);

ka-neo, k.a(i3) ;

co-nco,a)w-a(i4) 1

ka-nco, k-a (15) ;

a-beo or

co-uu (16) ;

uj-mu (17)

Mimi

I-ye

-ose

Lu-kama

Mime.
Ni-

?
J

U-.
■ku-

Ye(?).
Yu-.
-mti«

?

Tu..

•tu.

?

J

•enu

?

Ba<

?

GROUPS DD-FF: THE MANYEMA, MIDDLE LWMAMI, AND ELILA, &c., LANGUAGES 481

138.

139.

140.

141.

142.

143-

English

Mco-leka

Ki-tumba

Nyangwe

Genya

M-bangco-

South-east

(West

(South-west

baiigcd

Ki-lega

Ma.nyema)

Ki-lega)

(North-west
Ki-lega)

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp

Good

Great

Little

Long

Male

Old

Red

Rotten

Short

Sick

White

•bi

•tuktilu

■tururu
ya mo>kari

.kazi."

•kuli

•wumu

•bibco

•ene

.scowa

■ima

.nene

-nini

-keke

-rai

■lai

ya mco-rume

■lume

•ktini

.kuiigu

-piriri

Bu-cungu
I-celele

•sambi
■wenga

bea

•bi,

B(o.bi

lingea (Kco-)

E-fitafita

kali

■aji

fwa

■legela

ema

-ata

-a-ngcoa

-keke

eya,

-la

-ea

-a m-come

■lume.

•ulco

kulu.

-nunu.

-ka-kusi

-colbl

-bcdla

■ululu

•hebwe

kombwa

•bela

fcofcoka

-lisaka

-uhi

Above, up,

Pa.poru

In-gulu

Kico na

Lco-Ycolco

on top

Before.in front Pelw

...

BuscD na

Ma-busu

Behind, last

Ya-sanga

Ku-wara

Mio.kongw

Ma-ili na

Mto-gongco

Below, down

Pa-npi

Lan-tse.
U.se

A-se.
K<.)-se

Ha.se

Far

...

Ku-rae

Kule

Kbea or
Kbaea

Hala

Here

(jOw-ipa

Gige

Aboj.
OO-nco, Oi)na.
A-bto-nco.
Kconcd

N-haha

In, inside ...

.

Mu-.
Mupimu

Nu,
Nu.
Nomba-zari

Mco

Mco, Mu.

Middle

. . .

(.•

•zari .'

Katikati ya

...

Near

...

...

Outside ...

...

Kwa-nja
a mwba-nja

Za

Plenty, many

Bu-ngi.
•ngi

I.biiigi

-bua

-iigi.^
Bo.ngi

There

. ..

Ku-rai

Babco

(jO-wa.
Kco.
Kcowa

...

Where? ...

. ..

Pe-ncos<o ?

Lini?

Yani?

...

No!

Nyal

Kire!
Tuhul

...

Not [with verb,

•••

tco ; -te ; -ta

...

as prefix, in-

-tcokco; tekco

fix, or suffix)

(o)-tco =
you not,
bi-tco =
they not)

A-si

Hco

■siki

482

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

138.
Mco-ieka

139-
Ki-tumba

(West
Ma-nyema)

140.

Nyangwe

(South-west

Ki-lega)

141.
Grenya

142.
M-bangco-

banged
(North-west

Ki-lega)

143-

South-east

Ki-lega

To

beat
buy, sell

come ...

cut

dance

die

eat

Ku-, K(o-

<o-bI

•mina
•kia,
-kwa
-rea

•pa

-ende,
■enda

■lipa

•manya

•ninga

Ku- or (Okco-

Kto- or U)-

0)-, Ku-, Lco-

Ku-, U-

...

-lubia

•zebela

...

...

■cowa

•Ycdla,
•Ico^Ycola

...

•zua

•la.
-e.
-ika

•vwaya

•buYa

...

•buka

-kala

•songu

•sambwa

•semba

-wakwa

•kwa.
•kba

-fa

-fwa

•dya

-a.
-anga

•lia

-lia

•pele-le

-ake-sa

•hee (.pele)

-ende

enda.

•yena^nga,

■enda.

•ya.

•ena^nga

-sumu-ka

•aa

-ite,

•iya

•haga

...

•wuite

-menye

•eba

•ycaka

...

•seka

-seka
-eka

•sega

•sea

•ekuzwa

emesa.

•kwanya,

...

•ema

•hanya

...

•mcona

•mcona

-bina,
■wcona

...

•ika

•kana

-sama

-tulu

•lama

•lala.
-n^Y»na

(snore)

•sama

•ima^na

•ema-na

...

iba

•iba

•yiba

...

give
go...

kill

know ...
laugh . . .
leave oflf,
cease
love, want

see

sit, remain,
abide
sleep ...

stand, stop,
be erect
steal ...

PREFIXES IN MCO-LEKA

The only evident prefixes in th» few words of Mco-leka, collected by the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, are :
Li- = s ; Ba- = 6 ; I- = 8 a ; Toi- = 12 ; and Kw = 15.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KNTUMBA
Class I. Mu^, Mca^ (mu, u-); 2. Ba^ (ba) ; 3. Mu^, !««• (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi^ (mi-, i) ; 5. Di^, N- (di);
6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny-, — (n, i) ; 10. same as 9, and apparently
also Di-, Din^ (n, i, ? si-, s') ; 11. Lu^, Du- (lii) ; 12. Tu^(tu); 13. Ka^ (ka) ; 14. B»-,Bu-(bu); 15. Ku^,
K«^ (ku) ; 16. Pa. (? concord) ; 17. Mu^ (mu).
•ane diminutive suffix present, but rare.

PREFIXES, &C., IN NYANGWE

Class I. Mu^, Mco- (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mm- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. I-, Di-, - (li) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, — (?) ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu^,
Te».(tu); 13. Ka^(ka); 14. Bu^ (bu) ; 15. Kca^, COkco-, Ku^ (ku) ; 16. Ba^ (bco) ; 17. Nu^,No>^; 20. La^.

GROUPS DD-FF : THE MANYEMA, MIDDLE LCOMAMI, AND ELILA, &c., LANGUAGES 483

PREFIXES, &C., IN GENYA

Class I. Mo9- (moo, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. U-, Mco- (mco-, u) ; 4. Me-, Be- (me-, e) ; 5. Yi-, I- (li) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci-, Ce-, C'-, Ki-, Ke- (ci, ki) ; 8. Bi-. Be- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (? i) ; 9. — , N- (M-), N-, Ny-
(e) ; to. same as 9; 11. O)- (to) ; 12. Tco- (tco, t'-) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Bu-, Boa- (bu); 15. Km-,
? Ka- (ko), ka) ; 16. A-, 00-, Bco- (-bo)) ; 17. Mco- (mco).

-ana diminutive suffix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN M-BANGWBANGO) AND SOUTH-EAST KI-LEGA

Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, u-, yu-, ye-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M»- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. — , I-, Di-,
Yi- (? li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ? a) ; 7. E-, Ci-, Y-, Ki-, I- (? e, ? ki, ? ci) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. In-, N- (M-), N-, Ny- (?) ;
10. same as 9, also Ng-, Zi- (?) ; 11. Lto-, Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tco-, Tu- (tu) ; 13. A-, K'- (? ka, ?a) ; 14. Bw,
Bu- (bu) ; 15. O)-, Ku-, ?Loa- (u), ku) ; 16. Ha-, A- (?) ; 17- Mm-, Mu- (mu).

138. Mcoleka is probably spoken west and north-west of the Bambioli speech and south and west of
Twpcoke ; but our knowledge of its range is exceedingly slight and based on a few notes collected by the
late Rev. W. H. Stapleton, which furnish the above indications.

139. Kitumba is spoken on the Middle Lcomami river from about 4° South latitude northwards to
about 3° South latitude, and eastward to the River Lueki and the vicinity of the Lualaba-Congo.

140. Nyangwe is spoken by the Bazimba and other tribes on the Lualaba-Congo and in Central
Manyema between about South latitude 4° and about 5° 40' on the northernmost range of the Luba
dialects in the Lualaba basin. Eastwards it merges into south-east Kilega and Guha (Bajue).

141. Genya is spoken by a river-dwelling tribe, the Bagenya or Baenya, which ranges along the
stream of the great Lualaba-Congo or its banks (living often in canoes), from the vicinity of Nyafigwe
and Kasofigo in the south to the Stanley Falls and Lindi river on the north.

142. Mbangcobaiigu is spoken in the region of the Lualaba-Congo (perhaps on both banks) be-
tween the confluence of the Elila on the south, and the L(owa on the north ; being bounded on the west
by the proximity of the Lwmami, and on the east by the highland of Bulega.

143. South-east Kilega is spoken in south-east Manyema, west of the Buguha and Kabwari high-
lands, and east of the Lualaba-Congo, between the Lulindi on the north and Luama or Lubamba river
on the south (say 4° 40' South latitude).

GROUP FF

THE ELILA-LWWA-LUALABA LANGUAGES {continued)
144. North-east Ki-lega or ' Ba-lega ' ' 144 a. Ki-tembco

GROUP GG

THE RUWENZORI-SEMLIKI LANGUAGES
145. Ku-^mba 146. Lubu-sese ' or Lu-bira 147. Ki-vamba"

GROUP HH

THE UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES
148. Li-huku* 148 a. Ba-mbuttu°

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

144 a. Ki-tembo>

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

Ki-vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

Adze

M-bwacu

Di-ankuye

Animal, wild

Ny-ama and

* >•

...

Ce-kiri

...

t*.

beast

Ny-awa

Ant

Jaci

Ba-njakco (//.)

Du-ngulu

Hcoka

Li-tanda ; ma-

...

Ant, white

Mu-swa,

Ba-mbiri kuta

...

Lagco

• ..

(termite)

Mu-lule.
Nonge

(//.)

Ape (chim-

Scokco

Eki-tera; ebi-

...

M-pundu

N-guli

...

panzi or go-

rilla)

Arm

U-bcokco,
Ku]-b<dku

Ki-bcoku

Ma-kanda
(p/.).
Galagala

K-cokb).
Bu-lende

E-kondoi ; de-

...

Arrow

I-suma; ma-

Kco-dcoe

Mala

Bi-mara (//.)

Mw-ambe ;
ni-ambe

...

Axe

Ke-londa ; bi-.
I-yuku,
I-yuka ; //.
ma-uku

Kcoka

Lcoka.
Kongo]

N-suka

A-nbaka ; ba-

Ngbaka ; ma -f

Baboon ...

...

A-bura; ba-

Jo)lo) or
Y»lo)

N-ktoko>

U-gbara

...

Back

M-ongco

M-biri

M-bele

M-gongo>

Mu-kongo)

Bu-konga>

* This is the ' Regga ' 0/ the Rev. Griffiths of the London Missionary Society {see Last's ' Polyglotta Africana
Orientalis '), and the ' Ba-lega ' 0/ Belgian and German travellers. I have added a few words collected by myself in
the vicinity of Lake Edward in 1900 from a Lega. porter. I surmise that the language of the BatembUjfir to the
south-west of Lake Edward, is a dialect of Ki-lega.

' This language is Emin Pasha's ' Wa-wira ', the' Ba-sese ' of other explorers, and the Lubu-sese, Ba-vira, and
Babu-sese of Stanley. The tribe is also called IVasumbusu by Stuhlmann and others.

' 7 his language is not, as Dernhard Struck supposes, a true form or variant of Ku-amba, but a hotchpotch of
Ku-amba, Ru-nyoroj, Lu-ganda and other tongues, taken down from an interpreter by Emin Pasha in 1892. I give
it for what it is worth, in case this jargon really exists for trade purposes.

* This includes my 'Li-bvanuma' {Uganda Protectorate) and the ' Ba-nyari' a«rf ' Wa-ssongora ' of Emin
Pasha and Bernhard Struck.

* The speech of the Pygmies of Bumili and Avakubi, the ' Ba-mbuttu ' of Consul G. B. Michell.

GROUPS FF-HH: THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 485

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a,

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

144a. Ki-temlxo

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-Wra)

Ki-vamba

i

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

Banana ...

I-onde; ma-

Bebe or
Gbebe

Didi.
Bulu.
N-deri

Mu-konde; mi-

E-bcagw

•••

Beard

Lcu-telu; n-delu.
N-delu.

(Lu-kucu
n-delu = a
hair of beard)

N-deru

N-delu

Ki-rere

Bu-lelu

Bee

Nj-uki

Nj-&>ki

Va-bange {pi)

...

Li-b<ok«

•••

Belly

I-kundu

Suhcd

Suhu

I-tundu.
Ki-hu

Bu-ra or
Bfi-a

Bu-a

Bird

K-eani; t-uni.

Kany-coni ;
tiuny-coni

M-buru

M-bulu

Ny-uni

N-uli ; ban-uli.
N-nU

Inn-oi

Blood

Ma-si

Ma-gira

Ma-gila

Sagama

Me-nikco

■ ••

Body

Lu)-kcdva

K-uzco

M-bulcd

Mu-viri

N-dutu

•••

{>skin).

Mu-bili or

Ki-bili

Bone

Mu-kuha ; mi-

Eii-kue

N-kua

Ma-kue (//.)

Lii-09

•••

Borassuspalm

Tugu

•••

...

Di-tugu

••>

Bow

Bu-ta

Teba

Ma-ngi

Bu-ta

B(o-bi

■••

Bowels

Me-sojleo (/>/.).
Ma-la (//.)

...

...

...

...

Brains

Bto-kese.
Vi-ubu ? (pi.)

B-ong<o

D-ong<i>

Vu-gongco

En-gor»

...

Breast (man's)

Ki-ari

M-banda

...

>■•

Breast

I-bele ; ma-

Here ; ma -1-

Bele '"

I-were ; ma-

Li-bele; ma-

■ ••

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mw-ina.

Mu-ki-mindi

Va-nkyi-

Mw-ana wa-ma

Mw-an' i-nna.

Kaka.

Mu-butwa.

amoj

na-ma.

Mw-ana' dem.

Uku.

Mu-tamba

Mi-kima-
mama.

Namakco

Ma-minyco

Mw-ana i-nna
ma-ninyco

Buffalo

M-bcoco

N-jare

N-sale

M-bcijgco

N-jare

...

Bull

. . .

Mu-ri ku-ake

Numi

Numi

...

...

Buttocks ...

Ma-kuma(//.)

Saketa

. . .

...

Ma-nboa (pi.)

...

Canoe

Bw-atco

Mu-linga

Bw-atco.
Zabu

...

Bongoj

...

Cat

Mw-era

N-jangwa;

ba-t-

...

...

En-jaittgwa

I-siki

Charcoal ...

Ma-kala

...

...

...

• «•

Chief, king...

I

Mu-lo>hwe.
Ke-konga.
Numbi

Salie

}^-kama

Mu-kama

Maga

...

Child ...■ ...

Mvv-ana

M-ike-ake

-M-eki

Mu-kerembe

Mw-ana

• ••

Cloth

N-guvco

En-jongci>.
Lu-alcd

Ki-bugo>.
BofigM

...

Lu-bugco.
Na-ruta

Na-ruta

Cold

M-pekoj

...

Mu-rumbi

...

...

Country . . .

Ki-baro>.
Mu-ri u
bu-sambu.
Mo)-senge

Ki-aru

N-kuiigu.
Para

Bu-taka

Kungu.
Ki-ar«

Ki-kara

Cow

M-kaci wa-
fi-gombe

En-te ; ban-te

En-te

En-te

Bu-te

...

Crocodile ...

N-gandu.
N-gwenwa

Em-peyu

N-gonde

M-pico

Jene; ba-f

...

486

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

144.

145.

146.

147-

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki.lega

('Ba-lega')

i44a.Ki-tembca

Ku-amba

1

Lubu-sese

(Lu-bira)

Ki-vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

Day, daylight

Lu-su ; ma-su.
I-lumbu.
Juwa

Ki-lia

Mamu-ane

Ki.re.
Va-kere

Na-butu.
Namu-suti

Namu-SMti

Devil, evil

Mu-lim« ; ba-

...

M-tu-w-eji ; ba-

Ga-be; pi.

spirit

ba-be

Doctor (medi-

...

...

...

...

...

...

cine man)

Dog

Im-bwa

M-bwa

M-btia

M-bwa

Em-va.
(Su em-va=5)

Im-va or
Im-fa; bam-fi

Door, doorway

Ki-bi.
Mu-kinda

Ki-kuku.
M-pume

Piiml

M-liangcd

(? Swihili)

Li-kuse

...

Dream

N-jcoci.
Fa-lwta '

N-dooti

N-d«ti

Ku-rtota {verb)

Di-ro9t<o

Drum

I-tumba.
N-gci>mco

Ki-rembe

Ki-lembe

N-gtoma.
N-gaija

E-biba

...

Ear

I-twi ; ma-.
Kuswe ; ma -f

Ki-toi

Ki-toi

Ku-tue

U-cwe ;
ma-cwe

Ba-cwi {pi.)

Egg

C-ayi ; m-ayi

Li-ke ; ma-ke

Le-ke ; ma-

Ma-heoli {pi)

Mu-kiri; ni-

Elephant ...

N-jcou

M-bungu

M-bongoa

N-dsugu

A-njau ; ba -1-

...

Excrement

Tu-bi

TQ-i

...

Mu-tara

...

Eye

L-is<o ; m-isco

Isco

Isco

Li-isco

L-iso>; m-is<o

B-isu {pi.)

Face, fore-

Ki-eni.

Ke-iso>

B-uscs

Al-insu

M-esu

head

M-bala

Fat

Ma-kuta

Ma-zuta.
Ma-nconcd

Ma-nwnto

Bi-sabco

(No. 8 a)

M-ena

Ma.jita

Father ...

Tata; ba-f.
I-po,
I-pa-we ; bi-.

...

Baba

Tata

A-tw; ba-tw

A-to ; ba-to9

I-pa-ke; bi-

Fear

B-o>ba

B-o>ko>

Ki-b<oko3

...

...

Finger

Mu-sai ; mi-.
Mu-nwe

M-btika.
Ki-buku

Vi-ara (//.)

Bengbe ;
ba-kbengbe

Fire

Tu-ya,
Tu-ija (?).
Mu-rirco

Mu-sa

Mu-sa

Mu-lireo

Gyara

Dya,
Gya

Fish

Me-vera(?).
Siii(?)

Sii

U-ligi.
Ba-usu (//.).
Mama

I-sui

Siwe

• ••

Foot

Ki-limba; vi-.
1-tindi

Ke-gu

Bata, Gwata.

Su-bu-gwata

Ki-ganja (.')

E-gbata ;
de-gbata

I-tindi

Forest

Tu-ti (PL).
Numbe

Ma-biri (//.)

Hala

Ma-biri

M-eli

...

Fowl

Ngcoko*.

Kukco

Bu-k<okco,

N-ko>k«.

Kcobca or

Kcobu

Ki-kwasa

Bu-kcoku-ki.
Kongco

Vo)-guma

{hen)^

Kcoba

Frog, toad

Ki-ula

...

Ba-gbwku (;)/.)

Ki-guende

...

Ghost

Ki-kuli

Mu-limu

Ka-tema

Ka-tema

A-beri

...

Girl

...

...

M-seka

Mu-iseke

Goat

M-buci"

Meme

N-daima.'
? Meme

M-buli

Meme

Meme

,, (he) ...

N-tali sa meme

M-paya

N-tuli ya
m-buli.'
(Vu-guma ya
m-biUi = 5)

M-pai wa
meme

• According to Stanley.

• See viordfor ' thing' in No. 142 (M-bang<obangeo)

Note resemblance to North-east Bantu word for breeding-cow, goat, Q^c.

GROUPS FF-HH: THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 487

I'

144.

145-

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

i44a.Ki.temb«

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

Ki-vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

God

Firie.
Ny-ambi

Nya-mwanga

...

...

A-kuri

A-subei

Grandparent

N-guku.
Yiyi = S.
Mwamakulu
yaji = 5

Grass

Lu-suku.
S«nu

Ka-samere

M-budza.
Scolu

Bu-scolu

I-fugu

...

Ground

...

Dcodco

• ■•

E-taka

■ •&

Ground-nut

Ka-lima

Ki-tobe : bi-

• *■

. . .

Jagare

■ ••

Guinea-fowl

N-gafigi.
I-langi

Kafiga

...

...

W-anga

...

Gun

Ke-bwvye

Mu-gangto

Mfi-gangco

M-bundu

Mu-gangco

...

Hair

Suki.
N-weli.
Lu-kucu

Sikamco

Ki-simeo

I-scokco

N-duri

Ndi; ba-ndi

Hand

C-anga.
Kwbcokco.
Ki-basabasa.

(Ke-kco,
Ke-kto-ni =
fist)

Ke-gu

Ganda; ma+

N-garu

I-gbata ; di-

I-konda ; di-

Head

Mu-twi or
Mu-swe

Mto-co

Mco-hbi

Mu-twe

Mu-tco ; ni-tco

...

Heart

Mu-tima

Mu-lema

Kavu-lima

Mu-tema

Mu-tuma ; ni-

...

Heel

Ka-bilibili

Ki-tindi

Ki-simbiru

Ka-tingere

E-tindilindi

...

Hide

Ki-saba ; vi-.
Ki-sewa ; vi-

C-ani or
Ky-ani.
M-buru

C-ani

...

>..

Hill

Ki-rimbi
lu-uba.
N-gongco

...

Bimba

Kena

...

...

Hippopotamus

N-guvu

M-bembwa

Bembula

N-sere

N-dubco

...

Hoe

Lu-kasu ;
n-gasu

...

...

...

...

Honey

B.uki

N-jooki

Ki-dzangali

V-coki

Li-bcokco

• ••

Horn

Lu-iya ;
iig-iya.
Mu-iya

N-deka

M-beka

I-hembe ; ma-

Li-bakara

••'

House

N-dabu ;
ma-labu.
Ka-tanda.
Kende.
Ke-scosco or
M-susco

N-dabco

N-tabco

Ny-umba

E-kara ; di-.
Scogco

I-ka

Hunger

N-jala

En-ja

N-dzala

N-jera

Tara

• .»

Husband ...

Ibe ; ba-ibe
Mu-lume

...

M-ltokco

Mu-sese ; va-

...

Ol)*gui; bco-gui

Hyena

Ki-mbwi

Em-piti

M-piti. U-su

M-piti

Mu-piti ; ni-

Iron

Ki-kale.
Mu-bamba

N-gua

N-kondeo

Ki-coma

U-ko.
I-dcokco

I-dwkw

Island

Ki-kila

Tuli

I-singa

Mu-sungwe

E-jcoba; di-

■ .*

Ivory

Mu-banga

M-inyco

Denu

...

Knee

I-lu ; ma-lu

Meku-lu (?//.)

Kuli "■

Kuru

Lu-lu

•••

Knife

Lu-bau; m-bau.
Ki-nsu.
Ki-wabi

M-bakco

M-bakco

Mu-hico; //.
ma-

Mw-ambe

■■•

N

488

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba.lega')

144a. Ki-tembcd

Ku-amba

I.ubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

Ki'Vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

Lake

Ki-riba

...

Ny-anza.
Ma-litu

...

...

Leg

Mu-indi

Ke-gu

Mu-ende

N-sume

Mu-tindi ; ma-

...

Leopard ...

Ifi-gwe

N-gue

M-pongu.
Un-gwi

N-g«e

Kw-eyu

...

Lion

N-dambwe

Siliu

. . .

••■

Lip, lips ...

McD-lumu ; nie-

Na-nukco

Gua-noiku.
Gu-buno>

Munu ;
ba-munu

...

Magic

N-gisi

Lemba

Ki-hara

Bu-kumu (?)

Ma-madii

...

Maize

I-sangu ; ma-.
I-bela ; me-.
Ce-bele

N-kusa

Ki-dzubala

Vco-kusa

Mu-kusa

...

Man

Mu-ndu ;

Nba or

• ••

...

Mu-mbi ;

Mu-mbi ;

ba-ndu

Npa;//.
ba-nba

ba-mbi

ba-mbi

Man, vir. . . .

...

M-lcoku

...

M(o-gbu;
ba-gbu

tO-giii ; bco-giii

Meat

Ny-ama.

Mu-sune

Xy-ama

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Bu-toj

...

Medicine ...

...

...

...

...

...

Milk

...

...

...

Ma-titi'

...

Monkey ...

>t.

A-bula

N-kende

N-kunga

M(u-bumu

U-boni'

Moon

Mw-angco

Sufige

Sunge

Mu-epi

U-ri.
I-lu

I-lu

Mother ...

Yeyi?

...

Mama

Ma.
Mai.
Nya-wana

Inn&

Inna

Mountain ...

N-gulu

Cusia

M-balo>.
Bimba

Mu-ona

Tiidii; ba +

...

Mouth

Ka^nywa

Ncokcd

Ncokco

Mu-nwa

I-meoni

I -muni

Nail (of finger

Lu-cala ; n-jala

Ki-kulu

Yesi-ke-bukco

Ki-kuru

N-dara

• •»

or toe)

(bones of the
fingers)

Name

...

D-ina

L-inya (?)

Li-yco

...

Navel

•••

Kubu

Mu-kunde

I-vojvi

...

Neck

...

Bi-kia (8 a)

Kcotco.
M-oyca

Vi-kia.
N-kcotco

E-miro>

...

Night

Bu-tii ; ma-tii.
(I-kunye =

darkness)

Ki-ria

Ma-kiliye (//.)

M-kir«

Bu-si

• ••

Nose

Mu-wembe

L-ulu

L-uloa or
R-uru

Mu-hure

L-ulu

U-moAU

Oil palm ...

• ••

• * •

...

...

...

Ox

N-gombe

En-te

En-te

En-te

...

•••

Paddle ...

N-gafi

. . .

. • •

...

...

...

Palm wine,

Mu-sangi

Mw-enge

• ••

...

N-gaka

...

beer

Parrot

N-kusu

E n-kusu

...

...

Mu-gaga ; ni-.
A-ku ?

Penis

...

N-tcone

■ •*

Bima

Pig

...

N-goya

Kuluma

M-pumu.
En-gere

N-embco

Pigeon

...

Ki-bimbo3 ; bi-

...

...

A-liba; ba-

• ..

Place

...

Anja

Kayu

Hanco

Mu-ndende

Rain

Vula

M-bura

M-bura

M-bura

U-gbara

Rat

...

M-babu ;

ba +

Beli

M-beba

Bebe ; ba +

...

GROUPS FF-HH : THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 489

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba.lega')

144 a. Ki-tembto

Ku-amba

Lubu'Sese
(Lu-bira)

' Ki-vamba '

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

River

Lu-ehi.
Ka-ehi

(small).
Am-ema

Ki-tamba ; bi-

M-cipedci>.
Luka.
N-tongoroa
Purupuni

Ki-gciina.
K(o-kani

Dei

...

Road

N-zira

Ki-anda

Lico. ^a.
Mi-dende

Ci-handco

Mu-pi; ni-pi

...

Salt

Mu-ngwa

...

Mu-kwa.
Gcokoi

Ki-sura

M-kwe

...

Shame

*••

• • >

. . .

...

Sheep

Mu-koiku

En-tama

N-tama

N-tama

Bu-tama

...

Shield

N-guba

Savcola

N-gabco

Ktobe

...

Shoulder ...

■ •>

...

...

Sister

...

Mw-ana bu-kali

Likam (?)

Mw-ana wa

M-sale; ba-sale Dada.

mai

Aya

Skin

...

Ki-koaba

N-tega.
N-gufu.

M-buru

Ki-kcoba

Em.bamba

Umba (.')

Sky

I-yubu

Kuba

Kcova.

U-guru

I -guru

Btui

...

Slave

• .*

..•

N-gele

Mu-sasa ; va-

Gbayu

• ••

Sleep

...

To-rco

Tco-lo*

N -dang ale

To-rco

• •■

Smoke

Mco-zi

Ma-kiri

Ma-kili

Mu-ika

W-ei

...

Snake

N-j«ka

N-dzeoka

N-joaka

Eli

■ ■•

Son, boy ...

Mco.kaa

M-ike

M-iki

Mw-ana.
(Vu-sasa =
youth)

Mw-ana.
a)-gtii

...

Song

M-bina

Bina

Mu-vina (r)

Rumbco ; ba +

..•

Spear

Fumu

Kunga

Kunga

I-timmeo

ij-wto ; mco-weo

< •■

Spirit, soul

Mw-ecoj.
Mu-tima

...

...

Ka-tema

...

...

Star, planet

Ka-ngumina(?)

N-salia

N.dzat«.
N-zojga.
Tangatafiga

I-s«>li

N-data

Lan-data

Stick

Mu-ti

Mw-igto.
Ka-mi

M-egeo

Mu-igca

En-tube '

...

Stone

Di-bwe ;
ma-bwe

Tare

Tale

I -vale

Li-bara ; ma-.
Li.kcovi ; ma-

...

Stool

Ki-bala; vi-

M-bata

Ki-tebe

En-tube (?) '

...

Sun

Mu-minya.

(Mi-sawa =
sunlight)

M-ane

Mu-ana

M-sana

L-eba

Epa

Tail (of an

...

Kuruanga

Mu-kira

...

•••

animal)

Tear

.*•

Lubeisu

(' water of the
eye')

Liba-ma-isco

(' water of the
eye')

Ma-liga (//.)

Li-scoli

...

Testicles ...

. . .

Buka

. . .

Ba-gorco

...

Thief

Suma

Ma-kiba

Mu-scoma

N-dibco

Thigh

I-bimbi

Ki-bele

Ki-verca

...

Thing

. . •

K-ema ; b-ema

• ••

Ny-anka

Ema ; d-ema

...

Thorn

E-kiie

N-kua

Ma-va (pi.)

W-abco

...

Tobacco ...

• ■■

M-bagi

M-base.
Taba

Mu-vagi.
Ka-saji.
Ki-gcobi

M-bagi

...

' As the most primitive stools are made out of branching sticks, the word-root -tebe or -tiibe might be inter-
changeable for both concepts.

49°

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

144a. Ki-temtxa

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-biraj

Ki.vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba.mbuttu

To-day

Leru

Yei

Na-pia

Toe

...

Buga ke-gu

M^buka-gbata

Ki-gere

Beiigbe wa
m^tindi

...

To-morrow

...

...

Ma-kasalu

Mu-nke

Ka^liba

Kcope

Tongue

Lu-limi

Daka

Daka

Ki^remi

Ru^dada ; ma-.
Bi.lala(//.)

Ne.dada ; pi.
bi^dada

Tooth

M-inyw (//.)

Ma^nyco (pi.)

M-enco(^/.)

L^enu ; m^enu

M-enu (//.).
Bi.nangaka(//'.)

Town, village

...

Ki-kari

Mu-&si

Many^umba (?)

Ke-kale

...

Tree

Mu-tyca(.').
Mu-ti

Me-ri

M-ele (/>/.).
A-pcdbau

Mu^ti ; mi^ti

Bu-ti ; ma-ti.
Mkakaru

M-kakaru

Twins

...

Ba-rongco (//.)

Dukakcobe

Va-rongco {pi.)

Ma-wiru

...

Urine

...

Ma-nyi

Ma-nyi

M-kali

Ma-tere

...

Vein

Mio-te ; me-te

, ,

. ••

...

...

War

Bi-ta

Bu-lemu

Di.la {pi.)

Ku-rua-na

Di-te (/>/.)

Water

Ma-ci

Libco

Libco

Ma^si

Ma^libco

Ma-ipco

Well, source

...

...

Ikco

White man

Mu-yungu

X-juiigu

• ••

Mu^juiigu

...

Wife

N.kari.
N-kalu; ba-

M-kaii'

Mu.kali

Mu^ri ; bco^li.
(Bco.li ba-dem
= tiiy wives)

Wind

...

Heyoj

Sumbu

M-puega or
M^puera

Yeco

...

Witch

Mu-lemba

Ki^hara

Mu^kumoi

Ma-madii

Witchcraft

...

...

Woman ...

Mu.kazi ; ba-

N-kari'

M-kaii'

Mu-kali

Mu-ri,
Mu-li; bto^li

Mo.i or
Mu^i; bo^i

Womb

...

...

. . •

. . .

Wood (fire-

■ r*

Mu-sa

Ku.buna^mu-sa.

. • .

Tinbco

• ••

wood)

Bau

Yam

...

Ki-rali ; bi-

I^sou ; di^sou

Year

...

Ki-rubuH

Mu.aka

Mu.aga

Ki^anda

Mw.eru?
Ka-langa

Yesterday...

...

Uma

...

Na-k«be

Kcope.
Bu-duco

Zebra

...

Mu-sulu

N-tulege

...

...

...

One

-mu

■mcoti,

If-gilini or

Ki.moi

I-ngana or

Mu.figa.

-muti

Bu^igiri

Li^ngana

Mu.gconco ?

Two

-biri

•bare

-ball or
-bala

•viri

•wiri,
Ka-wili,
Di^wiri

Ba-pe,
Ba^peni

Three

■satua

-saru

■satco or
•saru,
-salco

■satu

Di^letu,
•letu,
•ratu

B^atu

Four

•na

-i-ne

-nne,
•ine or
•ini

■nai

Gena

Ba^gena or
Ba^geni

Five

•tanco

-tanu

•tanco.
•bcoku

-tanoD

-bcokco

{i.e. the fist)

-bcokco

Six

Mu-tuwa

M-kaga

Ma^dya.
Ki-bcokco bari

Mu-kaga (?)

Ma.dia

Ma-dianika (?)

Seven

.\Iu-sambci>

N-sambu

Laludu,
Lalcodu

Mu-sanJM

Ma-daneka or
Ma-dyanika

Ma-nanika

Eight

Mu-anda

Nane

Lalco

M^nana

Ba.gina

Ama-dyina

GROUPS FF-HH : THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 491

144.

145.

146.

147.

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

i44a.Ki-temboj

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

Ki-vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

Nine

Ki-tema

Subi

Subia,
Scobya

Mu-inda

Ba-gina
m-gunu

Vaga mu-gunu

Ten

I-kumi

Kumi

I-kcomi or
I-kumi

I-kumi

Mine.
Digi.
■mene.
Kum'- (?).
Itu (?)

Bukubuku

Eleven

Kumi na -m<o

Kumi na susi
mcoti.
(Kumi na
muru-bari =

twelve)

Kumi guli
bi-mu.
(Kumi guli
bali = twelve)

Mini la
li-ngana ; or
Baituda.
(Bakumba =

twelve) '

Twenty ...

Ma-kumi
a-wiri

Bwesi muti

Kumi or
Kumi bali

...

Ba-mene
ba-wiri

...

Thirty

Ma-kumi

Bwesi muti

Kumi or

• •<

Ba-mene

...

a-satu

na muru-kumi

Kumi i-salu
or i-satu

ba-ratu

Forty

Ma-kumi a-na

Bwebare

...

• ■<

Ba-mene gina

...

Fifty

Ma-kumi
a-tancd

Bwebare na
susi kumi.
(Bwesaru =
sixty,
Bweine =
eighty)

Ba-mene buku.
(Ba-mene
ba-gina na
mu-gunu =

ninety)

Hundred ...

Lu-kama

Bwetanco

I-gana or
I-gama

Ki-kumi

Radi

...

Thousand . . .

...

•••

.. •

• ■■

■ ••

• ••

I, me, my ... ?

We, us, our

Thou, thee, thy ?

-a-u

He, him, his ?

J
J
-a-ke

-tu

E-me.

Ni-, N..

-ni-.

-a-mu
CO-we.

0)-, U-.
-ku-.
-amco-u, -a-ku

Mend-ie.

Ye-, A-, Mu-.
-m-, -mu-.
-a-na, -a-ke

Be-su.
Ki-, Bi-ki-.
-ki-.
-a-sii,
-ndi a-sii

E-me.

Ma-, Mi-.

-n-, -na-, -ni-.

-de-m
Gwe. U-we.

Gwrenge.

W-, U-, Ya-.

•toa-, -nu-.

-ed-uwe

U-Tve, Wu,

Enge.

A-, I-.

•wa-, -m-.

■teni.

-a-ndeni,

-da-mu
ij-sii, I-sii.

Ka-.

-si-.

-du>-su,

-adiD-su

I -mi.
>

'?

-e-mi, -ise-me
U-we, (x)-we

J
J

-su.

-dofi-gu
Wu.

U-.
-mu-.
-a-na.
-ongu or
•ngu
I-su.
?
?
-inde-su

' Digi d\-\eta = thirteen ; Hi^i-gina. = fourteen ; Digi htaVutt = fifteen ; Digi ma.-diia. = sixteen, and so on
with Digi for ten, until twenty is reached.

492

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

144.
North-east

Ki-lega

(• Ba-lega ')

i44a.Ki-tembcd

i_45-
Ku-amba

146.
Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

147.
Ki-vamba

148.

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

148 a.
Ha-mbuttu

Ye, you, your ?

They, them, ?
their ?

?

-a-bci>

Miyu.

Boa-, Bu-.

•boy.

•ni(?).

-a-nii,

ndi a-nii
Beta.

Ba-.

■bu>.

•babco.

-ndi babco,

-ndi a-bco

O-nii. Nwe.

N., Na-.

•nj-.

•ncdwe, -nini.

-d(o-nue,

-dcona-nini
Ba-icu.

Ba-.

•ba-.

-do-o>, -da-boa

I-nu.
J
?
-inde-nu

A-boa.

J
?
-anda-bca

All

This, these

That, those

P5ne

Mu-sindi.
Ndi-

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp, -bangca
bitter

Good -lumbi

Great -kulu

Little -ke

Long

Male

Old ...
Red ...
Rotten
Short...
Sick ...
White...

Above, up, on
top
Before

-le

-Iwala

Mend-ie
{Class 1).
Mend-ulu
(Class 3)

-azinani

-ktok^rula

-ma-tanu
-kali,
-fikali

■dcdte
•kali

Ma-boiiga
-zarezare

M-ike.
Mi-kisisi

...

N-tuli.
Kwake.

...

-nume

-hcola"

-kcatana

-ebttco

M-bfialco
-kuka

• •■

-bom

Bu-boamu

...

-teyu {postfix)

...

(Class i).

-teba ? (2) ;

•toaii (Class 3),

-teyi?(a<MJ4);

a'c.

• ••

•teya(C/ass 1),
■teboa?(2);
•tcaiieb (3),
-teyco ? (4) ;

•bibi.

-bebi

• ••

-sangbco

...

...

-ikwili.

■moi

•mull

...

-saidco
-kuru

-hidu

■ • >

-n-dambu.

-hede"

■bud a

*•■

•ta,

•ta

U-ta,

Bubu-ta

*..

Su.

...

M-pai.

Jcoma.

-gule

Ki-tukwere

...

A-ruere

...

Ki-rirebe

•satu

Bco-tu '

■••

-ku

(a-ku, i-ku)

A-ku

•t*

Ba-pe

Ba-pe. Pende

GROUPS FF-HH : THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 493

English

144.
North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

144 a. Ki-temb<u

145-
1 Ku-amba

146.
Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

147.
Ki-vamba

148.

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

148 a.
Ba-mbuttu

Behind

Am-bisi

Am-bisi

Below, down

Ku-si""

...

...

Le-si.
Ke-si

Ke-si

Far

Here

Meto

Kwnco

Ese

-danga
Kuana

Mu-danga
A-kabu

In, inside ...

• ..

Ka

...

...

0)-.'

Ma-tei

Middle

. ..

...

...

...

Near

• ••

...

Tinene

Tinene

Outside ...

...

...

Plenty, many

...

-madie.
Ma-mada

-bcoja

-a-nangu

There

...

Koi

...

...

lyca.
Kibu

Kibu.
A-kibu

Where? ...

...

...

...

Nini?

No!

Nikumia !
Kiki!

...

...

Masikai !

Coskumu !

Not (with verb.

• *.

Ki- (istpers.).

■ •■

-si-

...

as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Ku-

(2nd pers.).

Ka-

{3rd pers.).

Ki-ki.

(lstpers.pl.).

B(o-ku.

(2nd pers. pi.).

Ba-ka-

(yd pers. pi.).

-mbe (suffix).

(Ku-ni-pesi

•mbe = Not-

thou me give

not : i. e. Thou

didst not give

me)

To

beat '.'.

buy, sell
come ..

»»
>)

cut

dance ..
die

)1

eat

»)

give ..

J)

go

>»

kill
know ..

Ku-

•kwa

•luiiga?

Ku-

J

Ku-

Ku-

p

-binda

...

-benda

•bubuu,
-biiibui

-tunda

•kora

•bika

■bika*

•vu

-kasa,

■ika or

(pret.vvi-tst)

-kawa

eka

-zomba

-tene-ra

...

-m-bina

...

-bunco

...

-wa

-kwa

...

•gboiu.
-gca

-oju

•Ha,

•ja.

-dya,

•lia-ga

-dya

-dyadya

-pa

...

-injoo or

-inju-ya

(pret. -pesi)

•inyco

-ya.

•••

-sa.

•sa.

■1^

■tend a

■isa

•bola

...

»ora

•via

...

•mbira

. . .

Kk

494

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

144.

.45.

146.

147,

148.

148 a.

English

North-east

Ki-lega

('Ba-lega')

144 a. Ki-tembu

Ku-amba

Lubu-sese
(Lu-bira)

Ki-vamba

Li-huku

(Li-nyari,

Li-bvanuma)

Ba-mbuttu

To

Ku- Ku-

?

Ku-

Ku-

?

„ laugh ...

-seba -tevi-eki.
-tevi-a

...

...

-saba-ka

„ leave off,

-laga?

.■>

...

...

...

cease

„ love, want

-ika -kaba

(? Ki-kaba).
-kunda

...

...

-kunda

...

„ see

-tanga,
-tangi

•••

...

• ■.

„ sit, remain.

• ■•

...

•ida

-ida

abide

„ sleep ...

-lala,
-laU

...

„ stand, stop

...

...

...

-mama-ni

-mama-ni

be erect

„ steal ...

-n-suma

•boabto-mco

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN NORTH-EAST KI-LEGA

Class I. Mu-, M- (inu, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba-); 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. I-, Li-, — (li ?) ;

6. Ma-, Am'- (?) ; 7. Ki-, Ke- (? ki) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; g. In-, N- (M-), N-, Ny-, — (?) ; 10. same as 9, and

alsoWg-; II. Lu-, Leo- (lu) ; 12. Tu-, Tco- (tu) ; 13. Ka-, K'- (ka); 14. Bu- (bu) ; 15. U-, Ku-, Koj-
(ku); 16. ?; 17. ?.

PREP'IXES, &C., IN KU-AMBA, LUBU-SESE, AND KI-VAMBA

Slight traces of preprefixes in Classes 7, 8, and 9.

Class I. Mu-, U- ?, A- (mu, u-, ye) ; 2. Ba-, Va- (ba, va) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i ?) ; 5. Li-,
— , Di- (li) ; 6. Ma-, Ama- ? (ma, ?) ; 7. Eki-, Ki- (ki) ; 8. Ebi-, Bi-, Vi- (hi, vi) ; 8 a. Bi-, Vi- ; 9. En-
(Em-), En-, N-(M-), N-, Ny- (?); 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lu-(Iu); 12. absent ? or Di- ? ; 13. Ka- (rare) ;
14. Bu-, Vu-, Vo>- (bu, vu) ; 15. Ku-, Koo- (ku) ; 16. ? (Va- in Ki-vamba) ; 17. Ka-.

PREFIXES, &C., IN LI-HUKU AND BA-MBUTTU

Traces of preprefixes in Class 9.

Class I. Mu-, (x)-, M-, A-, — (mu, ye, yu-) ; 2. Ba-, Bto- (ba, bco) ; 3. Mu-, Bu-, U- ( u) ; 4. Ni- (i) ;
5. Li-, Di-, I- (li) ; 6. Ma-, Ba-, Bi- (? Ba-i) (ka) ; 7. Ki- (rare) ; 8. ? missing ; 8 a. (?) E-, I- (e) ; 9. En-
(Em-), En-, In- (Im-), N-, N- (e, .?) ; 10. same as 9 ; 1 1 . Lu-, Ru-, ? Ne- ; 12. Du-?, Di- (di) ' ; 13. Ka-

' There is a prominent Class in Li-huku %vilh a diminutive sense : sing. E- or I- ; plural Di-. The
question arises : is this No. 7 with the Bi- plural changed to Di- {as in Wa-iikucu, No. 130) ; or is the
singular prefix E- or I- a form of 8 a. with the customary \ 2 (Tu-) as plural, weakenedio Di- ? Apparently
Tu- can become Ti- and Li- in Nos. 149-50, and Ti; Di-, De- in Nos. 230-232.

GROUPS FF-HH: THE ELILA, RUWENZORI, AND UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES 495

(ka) rare ; 14. Bu- (bu) ; 15. ?U-, Ku-(.'); 16. A-, Ba- ? (la, le, fa?) (place taken generally by La-);
17. ?; 19. ? (as singular) Ga- (in Ga-be; pi. ba-be = devil) ; zo. ? La-.
Traces of Na- feminine prefix.

144. North-east Kilega and Kitemboa are spoken in Bulega and Butembo), the hill or plateau
country west of the Lake Kivu basin, north of the Lulindi river and east of the Bukari or Mbanga)baiiga)
flat country, and south of the River Lu)wa (about 1° South latitude).

145. Kuamba is spoken on the northern, north-eastern, and western flanks of Ruwenzori mountain,
and westward almost to the Semliki river.

146. Lubusese is spoken on the extreme Upper Ituri, and immediately west of the Ituri towards the
Anderi and Epulu rivers, and about the Kilco goldfields.

147. Kivamba is said to be spoken in the region of the Middle and Lower Semliki west of Kuamba
and of Konjo) (vocabulary No. l). It may be only a trade or interpreters' jargon.

148. Lihuku is spoken on the west bank of the Lower Semliki near to the south end of Lake Albert,
and thence north-westward to the Ituri river and along the Ituri down stream, between the Balese on
the north and the Mbuba on the south.

148 a. Bambuttu is spoken in the Avakubi district on the north side of the Ituri, between its con-
fluence with the Epulu and with the Neptokto. A ' Pygmies" language.

K k 2

GROUP HH

THE UPPER ITURI LANGUAGES {continued)
149. Ba-ki«kwa, Ba-kwa or Ba-lese

GROUP II

150. Ki-bira (?r Ba-kumu '

THE WELE-ARUWIMI (ABABUA) LANGUAGES

151. Ababua-Mca-befige (Central ««(/ South
Q&nXxdX dialects)"^ 151 a. Homa o^
Northern Ababua '^

152. Ba-bati or Mwbali (Western Ababua)

153. Ba-bali (South-eastern Ababua)''

154. Abcobwa (North-eastern Ababua) "

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kiookwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abubwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Mco-benge

Mu)-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Adze

Gbunu

Bao>

Animal, wild

..>

...

■..

Name

beast

Ant

...

<*•

On-gihci>: bafi-

. . .

N-kcoli; b.o-f

...

Ant, white

...

...

A-karcd (151a)

...

• ■•

(termite)

Ape (chim-

...

Kika; ba-l-

...

...

...

...

panzi)

Arm

•••

£n-zika.
E-bojkoa ;
ti-bcokoj (?;*/.).
M-bombco

I-bu, E-b«,
E-boaku ; pi.
li-bcaku.
Baku (151a)

E-bco.
E-boaku

Arrow

Mu-kwari.

N-so>.

Bangu.

...

Ba-hura (\pl).

...

A-pi

A-pi

E-hcola; be-

E-saga

Axe

E-nika ; pi.
ma-

Bunco, Gbunca.
Mangwa(i5ia

.

Miii-gumbi(//.)

...

Baboon ...

...

Sikco

Buku (151 a)

...

...

Back, back-

••■

Ny-ene.

Gongu or

...

NgoiigM

N-goiigM

bone

N-goingco

N-gongco.
Gunga (151a)

Banana ...

Ma-saba (//.).

I-buku.

Bugu.

E-buku ; pi.

Bcdgu.

..*

I-buki

E-buku

E-buku;;>/.li-.
Mw-kandi; mi-

li-buku.
I-kondu

A-didi ; ba-

Beard

N-delu

Bandi. N-delu.
Nderi(i5i a)

...

N-delu

...

Bee

...

Ma-pasi (//.).
Sizi (pi.)

N-j«koa (151a)

...

...

'^Johnston's Ki-bira [Uganda Protectorate); Stanley's Ba-bira ('/« Darkest Africa'); and G. B. Michell's
' Ba-kumu '.

' T/te ' M(o-benge' of Franz Thonner {Du Congo A PUbangi), and perhaps the ' Ba-ngba' 0/ Staple/on. The
speech of the Bakdngu, Ba,yeu, Babehge, BiU>anda, Baganji and western Bangba tribes. Ababua is sometimes spelt
Ababwa.

' Homa or Huma ( l S l a) has only recently been discovered. It is virtually an independent language of the
IVele-Aruwiini group, spoken north of Tcmbura in the Bahr-al-Ghasal. See Note at close of Vocabularies.

* The Ma^-hsM of Monveda of Franz Thonner comes nearer to the Bwela. language (KK.) than to Ahabua.. Ba-bati
is perhaps the 'Mco-bali' of William Forfeitt. It is also equivalent to the Dundusana of Franz Thonner.

" This is the Ba-lese of some explorers. It is the Ba-bale of Stapleton and G. B. Michell, and Stanley's
I-ndekara or Pygmy language. It is probably the speech of the Ma-benja, Magborui, Bangba, Banalya, Bagunda,
Lubali, Pupoie, and Babali tribes.

' This is possibly the dialect of the Bwupenbere, Babali, Baduda, and eastern Baiati tribes.

GROUPS HH, II: THE UPPER ITURI AND WELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 497

149-

150.

151.

152.

'53-

154.

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abcobwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Moi-benge

Mco-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa
or Northern

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua;

Ababua

Belly

f • •

Scdh'oa.

^oipco or Supu

Tsurco.

OOpco.

SukoD

Sap«(i5ia)

Bird

N-diya.

M-bu?

M-bui.

M-babu

N-eola.

(? M-bubu)

M-buru(i5ia)

Blood

...

Ma-kio>

Ma-zila.
Bu-gurrum

(151 a)

Body

M-bulu

CO-tega ; me-

Bone

• >*

£n-kucd

(ji)-kuwa; ine-.
Kue.
Koxo (151 a)

Bow

...

Mange

M-bangu.
Torrco (1513)

Bowels

Mco-lamba ;
me..
Li-mbari

(151 aj

Brains

...

£b-ongco

B(jD-lcongo> ; ma-.
B-ongu-p(i5ia)

Breast (man's)

...

E-kuba

E-kuba. M-pootu
Kuba-k (151a)

Breast

...

Bere

Li-bele, Li-kuku

(woman's)

Li-bene ; ma-.
O-kbcate; me-.
Ma-rungeoma

(151a)

Brother ...

Ba-ruku,

Ma-nema.

N-dekeo.

A-yapa

Mco-tu mco-kii

Jadi; ba + .

Mu)-akbee.

Na-mam(i5ia).

Buffalo

Nz-ari ; ba +

N-gwende ?

Nz-ale ; ba+.
N-zali (151a)

Buttocks ...

...

Ekbalata

Ma-songa (//.),
Le-honga ; ma-

Canoe, boat

Kuku.

Kuku

Ku-rumba. Lumba.

Kungi

E4umba. G-atu
Bw-atu ; ma -(-

Cat ... ...

...

...

Dandala.
Bungu (151a)

Charcoal ...

..«

Le-kala

Chief, king

...

...

Kumu; ba-f. M-bei.
Nagwa (151a) Kumu

Chad

.*•

M-ike,

M-i, M-i.

M-iki;bam-iki COm-ii ; ba-. M-ana

M-ini-k(l5la)

Cloth

Bongca.

Bongu,

Ramba.

Nah-gombe

Pongoo

N-gombe.
To-rup,
Tu-rup (151 a)

Cold

...

...

Pico, Peeo.

Ha-zip (151 a)

Country . . .

Im-banda

In-zi. En-du

Le-tina ; nia-

Cow

I-kuma.

In-ki. N-te.

...

Nz-ari

N-kale

Scapes ; bcD -f Scapu

Ban-ori {pi.). Um-bui,
Sum-bulu(^/.). Bam-buba(^/.
Bem-bili

Man-zela

Ncotu ; ba -(-
Ku-kuwco

N-supcd

Dadi-mw-ami.

Sunja ka-ma.

Mi-si.

N-kcolu
Tibi; be-(-

De-songwa ;

ma-
Bw-ateo.

Ga-longu ;

ba-l-

Li-kalaga
Kumu ; ba -f

Am-ipi ;
be-ipi or
M-isi ; be-isi

N-gombe

Bcodi

Un-ji
U-kali >.

N-toslcD ; min-

Eka)-longco;be-

Le-kbcd ; ma-

Mi-mama
niu-mulcd

M-mi;
ba-mi

498

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kicakwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abubwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Mo-beiige

Mco-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa
or Northern

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua

Crocodile

Day, daylight

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog I-bu

Door, door-
way

Dream

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant ...

Excrement
Eye

Face, fore-
head

Fat, oil ...

Father
Fear ..,

Finger

Fire ..

Fish .
Foot ..

Ki-tu,
Ki-toi

M-bungu.
Uku

Mbuk-esu.
Koi

Aupa,
Aipa
Ma-piranga

Bukan-zigu.
Kerrca

Mu-sa

N-8U.

M-bungi
I-tindi

Ka).la

Mie
I-sumbu

M-beo,
M-bwa
Ku-kuku

A-lende

Ki-tui.
Ti-kiu (?//.)
Le-ke

M-bungu

Du-u
Isu,
Esco

L-esco

Kamba

Abe

Ma-bianga

N-jaga.
N-zika

N-sa,
I-sa.
I-kala

Sii

I-tindi.
Kipe.
Bata

Gondi.
M(u-langa; nie-

N-gwandi

dSia)
B-iti
E-lemba

Biii. Mali or

Muli (151 a)
M-ve. M-baa.

Um-ba (151 a)
tO-pume; be-.

Bcome,

Bom (151 a)
CO-huma.

Wau (151 a)
Sembe.

Geeya (151 a)
E-teu.

Tao-k (151 a)
Le-e; me-e.

Ma-ko9ma(//.)

(151 a)
Bungu.

M-bongco

(151 a)
Ba-titi. Batu-i
L-ipu.

L-ihco ; m-ihos.

Ru-sul (151 a)
Bata. E-tondco.

Tundu-k

(151a)
Nconi. Wa-ina.

Pa-tamut

(151a)
Aba.

A-manu(i5ia)
B-anga.

B-aiigu-p

(151 a)
I-piu. N-seu.

CO-heu ; ma-.

Mini (151 a)
Ba)-gu.

I-kegu.

Le-ta ; ma-ta.

Tsa-<agup

(151a)
I-si. Em-bange.

OO-hi ; bahi.

Ba-p(//.(i5ia)
I-tindi.

Le-tinda.

Goru-p (151a)

N-diki

Ka-sika

Mon-gungu
Li-toi
Ma-nga (pL)

M-bongco

L-isu
B-osu

N-seu

Mu)-ka

Zene ; ba +

Tuku

Un-jili ;
bin-jili

Um-va; N-ve,

bam-va Um-ve

CO-pumu ; pi.
k(D-

(l)-tci>g<il

Ma-tewu. E-teu; ma-teu.

Ku-toi ; ama- Kio-teoe ; mo)-
D-ese ; m-ese

M-bungu or
M-bongeo

Tu-i. Boo

L-ihco, L-isu, Li-su ; mi-su

D-isu ; m-isu.

D-ipco ; mco-pco

Ku-tondco ; nia-

I-kaka

Li-noanco ; mco-.

N-suku

Abba,

Abba

Aboo

Mba-tia

...

I-heu.

Kbengbe

Ri-ta.
Su-ku,

B(o-gu

^(o-ku ; //.
bi-eku

Ba-hi (//.).
Un-si ; bcon-si

...

Akco-guru
(sing.) ;
ma-guru (//.).
K(D-tindi ; ma-

Ji-kata
Tindi

GROUPS HH, II : THE UPPER ITURI AND WELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 499

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abcobwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Mco-benge

Mw-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

I

Forest

Fowl ... .
Frog, toad

Ghost

Giraffe

Goat

„ (he) ...
God

Grandparent
Grass

Ground

Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

Head

Heart

Heel

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus
Hoe

In-dumbi.
Kokco

Sa-manga.
Meme
A-pabai

E-ka.

Kan-zika.
E-kaki

M-o>.
Ma-bongco

Kcdkco,
Kusco

I-bikco.
M-ambu

Ifkba.
Pala;

Kcdkco

Ba-su.
ba-pala Para

N-kete

Meme

N-kete

N-soabe

Dcodu

E-kuna
Kanga

Ki-satnco

N-jaga.
E-kakco

M-ea

E-gbondco
E-scako>
M-bcdgu
M-ambu

A-sanda

Ku.

Duiigcd (151a)
Bcodco.

Kbcokbcdloa.

Kuda.k (151a)
Duma
Lu-mbadi

(151 a)
Meme

Kcdkco

Meme

Ala?

Mo-rum(l5ia)

Bco-ge.

En-gbindi.

Soru (151a)
Dcoti. Dudcd

Tandu-k

(151a)
Gube.

Gurco (151 a)
Kange.

Kihcokihcolcd.

Kanga (151a)
Gundu.

Bio-bali ; ma-
Tu-ati, Tu-ate.

Le-tuwatuwa.

Sa-morco

(151a)
E-bco.

Li-konjco.

M-bumu.

N-gbaha.

M-anza(i5ia)
M-ui.

M-colco.

M-orco (151 a)
Ma).lema.

Bii-kali (151 a)
Sipe. Le-tindi.

Tindi-h(i5ia)
E-dipa

M<D-amba ; me-
Gungorco

(151a)
Dupa.

Duppco (151 a)
Y-embe ; ba +

Mu-ruga

(151a)

Tu-ati.
N-sue

M-colu

N-gulea ; kco-
(.' ko) sing, or
PU)

Kokco

Lombco ; bto 4-

Meme

Meme

A-zapana

M-baiiV
Kunji

M-bongco

...

Dcodco

Ko-mbasa

M-bangco ; //.

kcu-bangu
Ah-sala ; pi.

sala.

Sala ; ba-sala

Ra-begi.

Bco ; ma-bco.

Ku-bcoku ;

mu)-bcokco.

Le-kamba
Mo-ru,

Mto-lu ; //

akumi-li
Mu>-luma

Li-tindi

E-dipa.

On-senze ; ko)-
Li-gungu.

Gomba

Dupco ; bu) +

Lin-gembe ;
ma-

Tw-ete,
Tu-ate

E-bco; pi.
ma-ba>.
Im-base

Kongco ; ba +

Soo

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

149-

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kiukwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abcobwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

M(o-benge

Mco-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151 a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Honey

B-uki

Nj-oi.
Ba-reli (151 a)

...

Bu-liye ;
kubu-liye

...

Horn

...

En-dika

I.in-geka.
Pangu-m

(151a)

...

Le-pakala

>••

House

In-du.

Ban-gwari.

N-gbale.

E-sika

In-du.

N-bali

Ku-rumbu

En-du.
N-dabu

N-dap (151a)

N-dabu

Hunger

...

N-za

Jale. N-zihala

N-zala

...

Husband ...

...

M-cokoj;
ba-lcokco

M-comco

M-bali; ba-bali

Hyena

M-dondate

Em-bombu

E-^ui.
Dilli (151a)

...

Kico

...

Iron

...

Mondco.
N-gtoa

Gwe.
I-bonda ; bi-.
M-bali(i5l a)

I-woati

Ba-gbwe.
I-wcowca

Island

...

...

Mela ; bi-

...

I-sanga ; bi-

Ivory

0-kbanga.

Mu-num(i5ia)

...

Le-pakala

...

Knee

...

Mw-aku

E-dibe. Kbali

Di-bongco

Ku-lulu ; mu>-

...

Knife

N-gwu.
Tambi

M-bagco.
N-gua

Gwe.

M-baco.

M-baku(l5ia)

N-gua

M-bakco

...

Lake

Le-gbutco

...

E-bcocotco

...

Leg

...

En-dingoo

Bco. E-bele.
E-gcolco ; be-.
Goru-k (151a)

E-be."
E-nama

Akco-gulu ; pi.
ma- or
K(o-gcolco

...

Leopard ...

Ma-piranga.'

Ma-bianga

Koopi, I-kcopi.

. ..

Biu ka-bui.

• ••

Ma-pilongco

(pi.)} M-coli

Kopu-k(l5la)

Lule ; bo) -1-

Lion

Boyu-k:(i5l a)

Lips

Pasa nycdkco *

Mu-tutu.
E-bumbc9

De-gbwe.
E-ulu ; be-.
Lin-gaka.
Ncoka (151 a)

...

M-bucuki.
N-penze ;
kcun-senze

Magic

...

E-limba

E-bui. Kbahu.
Li-mbari

(i5iaj

...

B-cdgu

...

Maize

...

Mu-gusa.
Tegibura

M-ana. Bamu.
Li-kcoke ; ma-

...

E-tipcopi.
Li-tikcopi : nia-

...

Man

Mco-ku,

M-kba,M-kwa,

Mu-tu ; ba-tu

Mco-tu

Umme-tu ; pi.

Mco-rca,

Mo>-gco

Mu-gba ; //.

Mu-tu (151 a).

beme-tu.

Mo>-lco ; ba-lu.

ba-gba

Mu-ndu(i5ia)

Mu-tco ; ba-tca

M-bali; ba-bali

Man, vir. ...

...

M(o-k<a ;
ba-lcokco

Bapu-k (151 a)

M(u-mM

Mu-mbi ;
bu-mbi

...

Meat

Nimbu.

A-bore.

I-pi.

N-gai.

N-ame

Kupa

Ny-ama

N-gai. E-hu.
Ny-ama (15 1 a)

E-seku.
In-sinji

Medicine ...

...

...

Kbahu.

Mu-s' (151 a)

, —

R-cogco

...

Milk ... •...

?Kupa

Li-bele

...

Li-beli

Monkey

...

Tepe; ba-tepe

Kema

...

Pombcoli; bto +

Hoon, month

Sungi.

Sungi.

Gondi.

...

Timba.

Tembe

Burugwuru

Am-elua

Temba.
Timba(i5i a)

Senze,
Sinji

Meaning 'fear, terror '

' Twins of the mouth '.

GROUPS HH, II: THE UPPER

ITURI AND

VVELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 501

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba.bati or

Ba-bali

Abcobwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

M(i)-benge

Moj.bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

15a-lese

I S I a. Homa

or Nortliern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Mother

loima,

Amme. Ama.

Ama.

Amma

Amma ; pi.

Eima

Adyi

Ama-nu

(151a)

bamma

Mountain ...

M-ambu.

M-amba.

Gangale.

Li-gungu

A-gangala

I-bik<o

Kupa.
Ekbubu

Tali (151 a)

Mouth

Me-dari.

Afe ncogco,

OO-ncijca. Moj-ncdkoo

U-ncdku or

I-nnto ; //.

Nyukca

Ape, &'i.

M-bb>k(o

(151a)

OO-nuku ; //.
ku-nuku

ta-nnco

Nail (of finger

• ••

Kcale

In-saka.

Li-mara ; ma-.

or toe)

Kbala; ma + .
Ka-n-zagali

(151a)

Koj-kwara ;
ma-

Name

...

Inca

L-ina ; ma-na

D-ina ; m-ena

Navel

...

Li-kubu.
O-kbcotco.
Kuvu (151 a)

Le-kbco

...

Neck, throat

Kingco

Kingu. Kingu.
Cungu-k;(i5ia) Dojli

Singcj

...

Night

...

Kih'co.

Biti.
Rupu-k (151a)

...

.

Nose

Erreo.

Erroj or

Songco, J-colu.

Hongeo.

^ongco

M-bembe-rrca

Elu.

Hongeo. Nanga

Li-milu ; ba-.

Lcoico

Yo(l5ia)

Meya ; ba +

Oil palm ...

Om-bahu

N-banga

...

Ox

N.te ""

E-tui

...

Paddle

...

Kapi. Nanga Kafi

M-pombco

•••

Palm wine.

...

L-ibco

M-ana.

Ma-kana

...

beer

Ma-num
(151a)

Parrot

...

A-kukwa

Ma-turu ?

...

...

Penis

...

N-teni

Ma-ngali.
Hongone.

Tenya(l5ia)

Sese

...

Pig

...

N-zale

Gwe. N-beya.
Bazu (151a)

N-goya

...

Pigeon

...

M-babu ?

^<OSCi>.

a)-kikila.

Bukbuk(i5ia)

Gugu ; ba +

...

Place

Lcodu

Bege

OO-seveo

...

Rain

M-bua,

M-bua,

M-bwe. M-bua

Ma-nezi.

...

M-bu

M-bura.
Mbueo

Ma-nele.
Da)-bari(l5ia)

M-bulco

Rat

M-babu

Babu. Kbeku.
N-zadi (151 a)

Bi-Ui

...

River

A.fi

Ibco,

Iba.

Li-tili; me-.

Liboa

Le-nene.
Uo)-bari(i5i a)

Fa-ruba

P.at /he water)

Road

A-pende.

A.fi,

OOhambi.' Pepi.

Hambi.

Nzi

A-hi

Pesi, Besi. N-zea
Pens (151 a)

A-pe

Salt

Kua.
Ma-bwari

Kua

N-kwe. N-kwe.
O-kba. Mw-ka
Mco-koa (151a)

N-kwto

• ••

' (x)-hambi = 'rsarf'. (

y. Hamba = ' walk ' in Zulu and Nyanjs.

502

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

149-

150.

151.

153.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abubwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

McD-benge

Mu)-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

l$i a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Shame

Stony i. Hconi

Sconi

Sheep

M-bcoii'

Kondcol<o '

...

...

...

Shield

• ••

N-guba

N-guba

N-gubeo

...

Shoulder ...

...

...

Em-beka,
Em-bega.
Bagu-g(i5ia)

...

En-tulu

...

Sister

...

Moj-tu ii-ke

Gwandam

(151a)

...

A-yaya

Mi-mama
mto-ke

Skin

...

Lco-hcd

E-dipa.
Bu-raku-k

(151 a)

...

On-senze

...

Sky ... ...

I-ku

Kupa,
Kuba

Kugu.^
Ny-angot
(151 a)

Di-keo

Li-galiki

Kugu

Slave

■ ••

N-ktobe:
ba-kcobe

Ma-iigei.
M(o-lama

...

A-moya ; ba-

M-ane.
Ba-manga(//.

Sleep

To-reo.
Bii-langi

To-reo

(-lala, verb).
U-lala-ba

(151a)

...

To-reo

...

Smoke

...

Ma-ki

Mco-linga.
a>-kili,
KuUdsia)

M(u-dinga

Mi-sili

...

Snake

...

En-zcska

N-zco. N-jcoa

N-gamu(isia)

...

Ny-cokcokco

...

Son, boy ...

M-ike,
M-iki.
Ma>-ku

M-coni.
OOmi;
ba-ncomi.
M-ini-k,
M-ili-k (151 a)

Am-ipi ume-tu.
Mu-kcobe.
M-i ; be-i.
Nam-bembe-
lekco

M-mi mmo-rca

Song

...

L-imben

Ba-limba {pi).
L-embco; m-

...

D-imbe ;
m-embe

...

Spear

I-kunga.

I-kuiiga

Le-kuiiga or

E-konga.

I-kunga.

...

Mu-rupa

E-konga.
Kungwa-li

Li-kongeo

D-onga.
M-anga

Spirit

(151a)

Star

Bibi or

Ba-rerengwa

Ba-yungi (pi.).

...

An-tongera.

Yunge; pi.

Pasi

(PL).
N-tondu

Le-tongela.
N-yungeoti

(151a)

B-ana
m-bembeleku

ma -1- or\)\->r

Stick

M-bembe.
M-beketi

Lenda

Basu. M-mundu

(151a)

...

M-bau

...

Stone

I-tari.

I-te,

Le-bcogco ; ma-.

E-beokeo

Li-buku.

Mu-kuku

E-tee or
Tali

Ta.

Ma-buk(i5ia)

Li-tali

Stool

M-bata

M.buta

Li-kak (151 a)

M-bata

Pumburu

■ ■>

Snn

Kupa.

M-ani,

M-eoni

Bulu

He-hwahi.

M-oni

M-ani

M-ane

M-ani-k(i5ia),

M-ani

Tail (of an

...

N-kunda.

...

Li-iya ; ma-iya

...

animal)

Kbaya ;

nia-yaya.
Kus (151a)

Tear

...

Li-besto;/>/.nia-

Gamu.

Bu-sum(l5ia)

...

...

...

' A Su'ihili word.

GROUPS HH, II : THE UPPER ITURI AND WELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 503

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abcabwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Mco-benge

Mco-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Testicles ...

Beta

Kumbu (151 a)

Thief

E-kuboi

Kuba.
COku-kuba ;
ba-kuba.

Kuba-k(i5ia)

We-kibe

Thigh

••'

...

M-panji.
E-bele.

Kti(i5ia)

E-be

...

...

Thing

...

Ki-tu

Y-eli.
Tcoma (,pl.)

...

E-kimbi; bi-

...

Thorn

...

N-kuco

Kba-uma ; ma +
Kwa-k (151 a)

...

(Jl)-mcaloa

...

Tobacco ...

...

Taba

Kamanga.
Jaba. Taba

...

N-bangu

...

To-day

>*.

N-dende.
M-belinde.
Bi-nindoi

Ve. Mco-newe.
Ki-mina-k

(151a)

Mcokumukca

Ma-mcomu.
Ma-mcome

Na-munima

Toe

...

...

Mi-siume.
OO-heu

■*•

Kbengbe

...

To-morrow

...

Kakelapa

I-yu.
Ni-kya(i5ia)

Puma

Be-pumco

Nisa

Tongue ...

1-daka

I-daka.
E-Iemi

E-dada.
E-leme.

Dada-k(i5ia)

E-lemi

Limi.
Li-sasu or
Di-sas<o

Ldede

Tooth

M-inyco (?//.)

N-inyoa; //.

M-inu.

K-Uu; //.

M-inycij.

K-inca ; m-inu.

m-inu

Kb-inyco ; pi.

m-inco

Aku-inja ; pi.

In-gagu

or m-inyco.

m-inyoj.

ma-inja.

Efi-gegwa

Nunnur(isia)

Le-enza ; ma-

Town, village

N-ji.

Ngi.

Ngi.

On-ji; kw-ji

Ngi, ^

Kumbu ?

O-ngi; me-

N-gandu

Mu-ngi?

Tree

BUGJ.

M-i,

Basu.

Me-le

M-pahto.

M-i

M-6

Om-bahco

N-banga

Twins

Pasa

Ba-leu

Ba-biye.
Mali-aha

• ••

CO-wasa ;
ba-wasa

...

Urine

... *

Ma-nye

M-ene

..a

...

Vein

.•■

...

...

...

...

War

Bi-u

CO-kando> ; mi-

...

N-kandoj ;
kto-kandci>

...

Water

L-ibco.

Ibco,

L-iba, Lu-ba.

Mo-ngci9

Ru-ba.

L-iba

Akkeo

L-ibco

Dco-bare
(151a)

D-ibto,
L-ibu

Well, source

■ ••

N-tugu

Dudu-k (151 a)

M-pa

White man

■••

Mu-zungu

Mu)-zungu

...

Wife

N-kali.
N-ke ; ba-ke

Kai,
OO-kali ;
ba-kai,
ba-kali

N-koili; bco-

N-ka';//.
ba-kaba

Wind, air ...

...

Eni-pepoj

Pepe. 00-pipco.
Mu-mbca

(151a)

M-bumbu

...

Witch

...

Mu-mba

E-lemba.
M(0(u-loaga

...

M(o-bonga

Witchcraft

.

...

...

...

Woman ...

Kali

N-kali; ba-.

Kai, N-ka.

N-kai."

Mu-ttu."

N-ka ; ba-kaba

N-ke; ba-ke

(jQ-kali; ba-.
Karri (151 a)

M-adi

Un-kcali ; pi.
bco-kcoli

504

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

149.

ISO.

151

152.

153-

154-

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abubwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

M<o-benge

Mco-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Womb

Wood (fire-

Ka-kaia

N-kuktie

Suki-ti.'

Be-gu"(?/>/.).

Moj-sa; me-sa

■ ••

wood 1

(jl)m-onha ;
me-onha

E-kconi

Yam

...

...

«••

• ••

Year

...

Mwaka

...

..•

• ■•

Yesterday...

...

Kake-lapa

OO-bi."
Na-keli.

yana-kco(i5ia)

...

OO-pumu.

Mamu-sa

■ ••

Zebra

...

...

Ban-gani {pi.)

...

■ ••

One

Kadi

Mcoti,

I-muti. I-juu.

Mcotu,

U-dju.

Muti,

Kadi

E-mu (151 a).
-mcotco (151 a)

■mcotcd.
-motsi, -mcoji

-muti

I -muti

Two

I -ban

I-bari,

•ball.

■ball,

I-bari,

-bale

E-bare. be

I-bari (151 a)

I-bau

■ball

Three

Sarco

I-sarcd,

-salu.

-salu,

I-karu.

-salu

E-saru. -sau

I-sarto (151 a)

■satu

^i-alu. -haru

Four

Zinna

Sina.

I-kwangani

E-kwengena.

I-kwangenya.

-kwanga

Gena

{sa>ne i?i 151a)

-kwangane or

-zina

Five

I-tan<a

I-tanca,

Bumuti.

-ne
CO-bumuti.

Bu-muti.

Bumuti (i.e.

E-tanu.

Bumdu.

E-bumuti.

•buku

hand one)

Mam-bunja

E-salu.
I-bcomotu

(151 a)

-tane

Six

Mu-tuba

Mu-tuba

Mu-tuba.
A-de-su-mcoti
or E-sco

Sa-salu.
A-da-nsto-
muti

I-dju.
Madya
a-muti

A-da nsi muti

Seven

Ki-tanai

Sambu

Sambu '

E-ta-e-bali.

Bumutti na

A-da misi

(?3 + 4)

A-de-su-mi-
bali

A-da-nso3-bali.
N-sambu '

i-bali.

Madi am-bali

mi-bale

Eight

Ki-bbe

Mu-nane

Mw-ambi.'

N-kwangane.

Bu-mutti na

A-da misi

A-de-su-mi-

A-da-ns<i)-salu.

i-haru.

mi-salu

salco

Mco-nanai '

Madi an-^alu

Nine

E-lal<o

I-bua ?

1-vwa.'

Q)-bumci>ji

Bumutti

A-da mis^

A-de-su -

n-kwangane.

i-kwanganya.

mi-kwanga

n-kwaiigane

A-da-nsu)

e-kwengena

1-fua'

Madi a-zina

Ten

Mu-kkeo!'

Mu-kkeo or

Jumi.' I-pw.

Ma-bu.

Ma-bu.

Ma-bu or

Mcakca or

Bi-kwco.

Bo)-tete

E-dingu

A-beti.

Bwku

Mu-tuku.
Ma-bojkco
(151a)

li-mutt.
Ba-pibali

( = two hands)

(Ma-bu =
hands)

Eleven

...

. . •

Jumi na muti

...

Twenty ...

Mu-kko i-bali

Buku i-be.

Mi-tuku '

Ma-bu i-bali

Ma-bu i-bari.

Mu-tu asi muti

? Mu-kkco

mi-bali.

-

Amco-dingu

(.' one jnan)

ibari

Ma-pco

ma-bali

ma-bali.
Munu-

mu-ndu(l5la)'

^ ' These, together with I-vwa, 'nine ', and Jumi, ' ten ', are probably importations from the
fia-ngala.

' Probably = ' man ' (see ' A/an, vir. '), or it may be a contraction of Mu-tuku. '

151a evidently means ' one man '.

'trade' language
Munu-mu-ndu in

GROUPS HH, II : THE UPPER ITURI AND WELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 505

149.

ISO.

151.

152.

153-

»S4-

English

Ba-kicokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abobwa

0

ISa-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Mco.benge

Moj-hali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151 a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Thirty ...

...

...

Mi-tuku
mi-salu

...

Amco-dingu
ma-karco

...

Forty

...

...

Mi-tuku mi-ne*

...

Ama)-dingu-ma-
kwanganya

...

Fifty

,,,

Buku

Mi-tuku

...

AmiD.dingu

Ba-tu ba-si

imam-bunja

mi-tanco.'
(Mi-tuku
mco-tcoba =
sixty}
Mi-tuku
-sambco =
seventy}
Mi-tuku
mu-ambi =
eighty}
Mi-tuku
li-bwa =
ninety ' )

bcoku

bumcoti

Hundred ...

...

...

Kama

...

...

...

Thousand...

V

Funda

...

...

...

I, me, my ...

E-mi.

Mi, E-me.

I-bai.

I-mi, E-me.

M-mi or E-mi.

Ni-.

N-, Na-.

?

?

)

■ni-.

?

•>

?

-li-

-a-ni, -i-nye,

-nga-mi

?

-injika-mi,

-iia-me, -fia-mi

-a-mu

-ambaka-mi

Thou, thee, thy

?

00 we.

We.

Ye.

Uwu. Na-u.

Uwei.

?

O)-.

5

?

?

?

5

-ku-.

J

?

?

?

-a-kcD

-a-kco

■>

?

-injika-kco

-nu ?, -nco

He, him, his

...

Ye.

Ye.

a)-deo.

E-yi.

?

A-.

5

?

?

?

-a-ke

■ ?

?

J

■ne

We, us, our

...

B-ezu.

Ne?

■ •■

Ibco-su, Bu-su.

Ba-su.

Bi-.

5

?

■>

-a-su

■>

-injiku-su

-nto-su or
-nba-s5

Ye, you, your

• ••

B-inu.

Bi-nu.

• «>

Ibu-nii.

Ba-nu.

Bu-.

5

?

J

-a-nu

\

-injiku-nu

-iico-nu

They, them.

...

Abto.

...

Ba-k(u.

Bu.

their

Ba-.
-a-boa

p
-kuk<o-co

5
-na-b<o

All

...

-bubu

Ba-su.
B-uwe

Ba-susu

-bcobumani

A-zu

This, these

■ •■

...

...

•••

...

That, those

...

...

...

...

...

Bad

...

-a-jedi

Ka-bungi.
En.je.
Beny-ee

-bi

Wo-i

...

t Borrowed from Ba-ngala.

so*

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

149.

ISO.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-klcokwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua

Ba-bati or

Ba-bali

Abcabwa

Ba-kwa or

Ba-kumu

Ma>-benge

Moj-ball

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151 a. Homa

or Northern

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua

Black

Female
Fierce, sharp
Good

Great

Little

Long,high,tall

Male

Old

Red

Rotten

Short

Sick

White

Above,up,on
top

Before

Behind
Below, down
Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle
Near

Outoide ...

*..

M-ci>pi, -upi

■findu

-ii-ka

-kali

-adi

>*•

•pwepwe

•anja,

•nja.

-bcomu

-a-njanja,

Kw-ansi

•nzanza

a>.pi.

-gi. -lenge.

Ki-s(i5ia)

...

•kede,
-kidi

-keke

-e-ndanda

M-ana.

On-da
M-colu,

Ma)-lco<o
N-dele. M-bto

...

-gundu

-kwete

...

-poxa.

-rumbi (151a)

-a-bibi

-kudiiu.

-dindika

(151a)
-Wcowa.

■kumco(l5i a)

• ■>

-pembe. Ru-Itiii.

•pu

-gbeli (151a).

•purcopurto

(151 a)

-ge-gu

Ku-gu. Lcdla.
COli-kcolco.

Ku-gur'(i5ia)

Mm-usa

Peha.

Kutn-bul

(151a)

• >.

M-busa

Kum-bus'
(151a)

...

Ka-ulu

A-pi. Wa-he.
Kawa-he

...

•danga

Be-ele.
A-dungca

(151a)

...

Wandi

Awa. Bcobe.

Kco (151 a)
Na. ?M-.

Ka-(i5ia)

...

Ka-nindeli

(151a)

...

A-bibi wa

A-buli (151 a)

OJ-henge.
Koi.winse

(151a)

...

We-pi
-ii-kuli

■anja

-ke, -kaya
-nzanza

-deku,

-kede?

inji-deku.

-keleke

Ali-kungu,

ha kai-atu

Di-kong<a

Umme-tu.

-morco.

■metu

Moroya

N-k(Dlo>

...

■pconco

...

-a-bUi,

-gbititi

M-bo>la>

...

-a-kwala.

-u-buba

-kwaia

Li-gulu.
Kudi-gcolco

Ka>-gu.
NakcD-gu

M-usa

M-bco.
M-bcola

Akum-bisco

N-tinda

Awa-si

A-bco (.').
B-coWoo

Si.

Na-si
Bwa.

I-bele

Kumu.
a)-wa
Ka-

Hapco-ni
Munconi .'

A-bibi
N-penzi

• ••

I-kudu.
Kabwa

{i.e.' not far'

GROUPS HH, II: THE UPPER ITURI AND WELE-ARUWIMI LANGUAGES 507

149.

150.

151.

152.

153-

154.

English

Ba-kioakwa,

Ki-bira or

Ababua-

Ba-bati or

Ba^bali

Abcobwa

Ba-kwa or

6a-kumu

Mco-benge

Mto-bali

(South-eastern

(North-eastern

Ba-lese

151a. Homa

or Northern

Ababua

(Western
Ababua)

Ababua)

Ababua)

Plenty, many

Asi.
A-ngungbu

Ba-butu.
Hii. N-sia

Ba-ikeu

Me^ni,
Me nini. -buyi

Ba-si

There

Guyeo.
Diaku (151 a)

...

...

Uea-ni ?
Mumoj^ni

Where? ...

...

T«ni?

Dies? (151a)

...

...

...

No!

...

Tiba!
Kwaka !

Kaki!

...

...

Not (with verb,

Ki-. ke

■ba

■ •■

• ••

Ka.

as prefix, in-

fix, or suffix)

To

J

?Ku-

(*)-, Ku-

?

Ku-

?

„ beat ...

•beta

-n-tumi.
•tuwa

...

■mama

-ii-keoba

„ buy, sell

•sumba

-peiigi.
-homba

•sumba
(a-sumbieo)

•somba

-sumba

„ come ...

-bika

■bia.
-eka.
-duna (151 a)

-duau

•diku,
•jika

■dca

„ cut

• ••

-tena

•tesasa .'

■tena

...

„ dance ...

...

•yangca.
•bina (151 a)

■nabue

•wine

...

„ die

-a-ku,
-ku

-kba.
-kus (151a)

• ••

■ku,
•cokwu

•kwa

„ eat

-dia

•ya.-mia(i5ia)

■ya

■la

•ya

„ give ...

•pa

-pa.
•pam (151a)

•wa.

lnAi^(}imp.)

•pa

„ go

•ga

-gea

■suaka ?

■inde. -neole

•SCO or •gea

„ kill ...

•mcdco.

•tumis(i5ia)

-bcoma ?

-mulu or
-mcobco

...

„ know ...

...

•liba.
-bis' (151a)

...

-libe

...

„ laugh ...

>••

-tcati. -teba

-i-sebco

•tebe

„ leave off,

...

...

...

cease

„ love, want

-kunda

■baa

...

•konda

■naza

„ see

...

■wena

•*•

-ene

...

„ sit,remain.

-ika

-diya.

...

-likiliki.

•lie

abide

■kana (151a)

•dike

„ sleep ...

...

■nau.
■lulu (151 a)

...

• ••

„ stand,stop,

-mama

■ama.

•mema

•imala

-waama

be erect

■sigina(i5ia)

„ steal ...

•weba.
•baku (151 a)

■iba

•ibe

• ■•

PREFIXES IN BA^KIOOKWA AND KI^BIRA

Class I. A-, Mu., Mw, M^. N- ; 2. Ba. ; 3. Mu-, ?A^; 4. .' ; 5. !•, E-, Li., Ni^ ; 6. Ma.; 7. Ki-;
5, 8a. ? £■,!■; 9. In^, En-, ££•, Ny^, N^ ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lw; 12. Ti- (?) ; 13, ? Ka- ; 14. Bu. ;
15. ?Ku.; 16. Wa^, A^; 17. ?.

Perhaps also the Sa- masculine prefix.

5o8 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OP^ BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE ABABUA DIALECTS

Vestiges of preprefixes.

Class I. Um-,Un-,M-, a>-,0-, A-(?mu-,nyu-, U-); 2. Ba-, Boo- (ba) ; 3. Mci>-,CO-(?mu, ?u) ; 4. Me-,
Mi- (?) ; 5. Ali-, Li-, Le-, Ri-, De-, E-, Ki-, Kbi-, Kb'- (? li) ; 6. Ma-, Ama-, Ba-, Mto-, Wa- ; 7. I-, E-,

Su- ? (see words for ' fire ') ' ; 8. Bi-, Be- (bi) ; 9. In- (Ira-), N- (M-), N-) ; 10. (apparently missing, place
taken by 15 in a plural sense); 11. ? 00- ; 12. ?Li-, ?Ta-; 13. Ka- ?, Ga- (Ga- has pi. Ba-) ; 14. : ;
15. (very prominently in use) Aku-, Akcd-, Ku-, Kto-, Gu- (ku)^; 16. ?Fa-, A-, Awa-, Kawa-, Wa-
(? pcu) ; 17. Mu-, M- (mo), -ni). [The prefixes in Homa, 151a, are uncertainly defined, but resemble those
of the other Ababua speech forms, except in showing no trace of preprefixes. Suffixial consonants are
often attached to the noun-roots, apparently without any purpose in syntax.]

149. Bakicokwa or Bakwa is spoken in a narrow belt running north-east and south-west up the
valley of the Upper Ituri to the sources of the Wele.

150. Kibira (7/- Bakumu is spoken north of the Lcowa river in the north-east corner of the Congo
basin, west of the Bakonjco, south of the non-Bantu Bamanga, Mbuba, and Walamingoj.

151. Ababna-Mojbenge is spoken in the region between the Aruwimi, the Rubi-Itimbiri, and the
Upper Likati : broadly, between the Aruwimi and the Wele, the south bank of which it just reaches in its
northward range (Hakangco). Westward it extends to the Cimbi affluent of the Itimbiri and to the
source of the Likati ; eastward to Buta on the Rubi. It is invaded on the south by a north-eastern loop
of Ngombe speech (KK). I 51 a. Homa is widely separated from the rest of the group. It is found far
to the north of the Wele river in the Bahr-al-Ghazal region, more especially in the basin of the Upper
Sue river, between Tembura and Wau (Tembura is in longitude 27° 30' East and in latitude 5° 35' North).

152. Babati or Mubali is spoken west of Ababua-Mcobenge in the regions of Dundusana and
Monveda, down the valleys of the Dua-Libcokco and the Ycowa rivers, between the Ngombe dialects of
the south (Group KK) and the non-Bantu Mofigwandi on the north.

153. Babali is spoken in the Middle Aruwimi basin and between the Aruwimi and the Middle
Lindi, ranging on the north as far as the water-parting between the Aruwimi and the Itimbiri-Rubi.

154. Abcobwa is spoken in the region of the Biomwkandi river chiefly, and between the Bcomcokandi
and Wele on the north and the .A.ruwimi basin on the south.

Note on No. 151a. Since the vocabulary of this language was put into print a little further infor-
mation has been received. The name of 151a, the northernmost Bantu language, seems to some
Europeans to be pronounced as Hioma or Huma, Homma or Humma, which suggests some connexion
with the Huma or Hima tribal name in East Equatorial Africa. According to my latest informant, the
Homa speech does not extend very far north of Tembura, and the tribe seems to have migrated north-
wards comparatively recently fronj the Nile-Congo water-parting and the sources of the Sue river.

' Su- may also be equivalent to the Sa- masculine prefix, but it is a rather mysterious prefix of no
clear analogies. See prefixes in Group H of the Semi-Bantu.

" The place of the lothprefix as plural to 9 and 11 is taken by Aku-, Akco-, Ku-, Ko>-; seemingly
the 1^1 h prefix used in a plural sense.

GROUP JJ

THE ARUWIMI-LOOMAMI LANGUAGES

155. Kele (Loo-kele)

15s a. Li-feoma or Loo-kusu ^

155 b. Toj-pooke or Tw-fcoke

155 c. Tu-rumbu (Ba-rumbu)

156. Bisia or Bco-baiiga'

157. Scokco (or Loi-swkco) or He-sco '■

English

155-
Kele (Lto-kele)

155 a.

Li-fcama

(Lbi-kusu)

155 b.
Tto.psake

155 c.
Tu-rumbu

156.
Bisia or
Buj-banga

157.
Scoku or He-s<d

Adze

Animal, wild

beast
Ant

Li-b«.
Fali

Li-ongoj

Li-bu

I-kcobe ; toj-

Ant, white Ba-kusu (//.) M-balala
(termite)

M-balala

Boru

Nama

^cdlila

Ny-ango9.
I-ka>be; toj-
Nama

Ny-conyukcd

Papa.

Di-honduku

Li-oiigco.

I-kei.

To>nco
Kus<d

Ape (chim-

...

...

•••

...

...

...

panzi or go-

rilla)

Arm

Bio-samba

B(o-samba

Bcohco

Bco-to ; ba-co

Lco-WOJ.

Pambu

Li-pindi or
Li-findi

Arrow

Lco-engia

Lu)-kuku

Loj-kcokcij

L(u-kcokca

...

I.fenja.
L(o-engia ?

Axe

Sundu

Sondoi

I-lema ; tco-

I-komba

E-endeo

Li-takhb>

Baboon

...

...

...

...

Back, back-

Bco-kong<o

...

...

M-bisa

Ma-leke.

Mb).kongu or

bone

Li-bele

Ma>-ongu

Banana ...

Loi-saba.
I-lele; tw-

Ba)-saba.
Li-kondco

Lu)-saba

Di-aku ; ba-

...

Fuku.
Li-bu; iia-.
A-mbe.
Di-hombe; ha

Beard

L(o-le

Lo)-le

La)-le

Lco-le

L(o-le

Lco-le

Bee

In-due.
Bon-doi-n-doi

...

...

W-towe.
A-kengenge

Belly

^ulu.

Sulco.

Scolco.

Scdlco OJ-

Sulco or

N-da.

Li-sangM

Li-nani

Lcdkco

Lb) -sulco

Supu

E-langu

Bird

N-«li

N-coli

In-eole ; toj-

N-«,li

M-bulu

Nuli

Blood

Ba-kila

Ba-kila

Ba-ineka

N-gelo>

Ma-kila

N-gelu.
(CO-muha =

to bleed)

Body

B-indeo

LcD-komba.
Ba-indeo (//.)

B-indco

Lco-komba

W-einge

N-dutu '

Bone

I-kwa

I-kba

I-kba; to-kba

Y-uwa ; t-uwa

Moj-kwa or
Lco-kwa

Li'hwe

Borassus palm

• • *

Buma

*■•

...

He-sandu

Bow

L(o-kcalcu

Lo)-ko>k<o

Lu)-ko>kco

Lu).kcokco

Wa)-tuli

Lb)-kuku

Bowels

Bi-iila

N-duka

ElangM

L(o-scolcd

...

Bi-ma bi n-da.
E-langu

Brains

B-ongongeo

B-ongo3

Bongoj

Bu)-ongu

B-ongco.
I-bulubulu

B-ondu

' Ya-kusu of StapUton.

* This may be identical with a ' Ba-unga', people near the west side of the Lwmami-Congo confluence.

' The Ba-su or Ba-suku of some explorers. He-su seems the most correct and wide-spread name.

510

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

155-

155a.

155 b.

155 c.

156.

157-

English

Kele (Lio-kele)

Li-fcdma
( Lu-kusu)

Tto-poake

Tu-rumbu

Bisia or
Bco-banga

Scakco or He-sco

Brea8t(man's)

Bo)-kuku

Bco-kuku

Bco-knku

Mco-kwutu

He-tele

Breast

Ba.yele (//.)

■ *.

...

...

Li-wele; ma-

...

(woman's)

Brother ...

Loi-kele.

E-tungani.

Bco-liuu.

E-tungani.

M-angwete.

M<o.ninga.

B-ulca.

Bcj-ulco

Bu-kulu.

Bco-cdlu

M-angwa

M-bake

E-tuiagani

Bo)>h<olo>.
Bu.li

Buffalo

H-gombci>

M-boxolcd

M-bcolu

M-btok«'

...

N-dale'

Buttocks ...

Ba-songa (//.).
(Li- sing.)

Ba-songa.
Ba-tau

Li-nyukco; ba-

Ba-songa

Ma-zunze.

(Wi-keke =
one buttock)

Ma-kukulu

Canoe

W-atw

W-atu

...

W-atu; bi-atu

W-atu.
I-hco

Bw-atco

Cat

Faka.
Mio-somba

Paka

• ••

Paa

...

Kondcokco

Charcoal ...

Di-hala

Li-ala

• ••

Li-ala

...

...

Chief

B(o-kcota.
Li-fcoka.
Mu)-t(ofi

Bto-kata

• ••

B(o-kuta

Kcomcd or
Li-kumcd

Kumi"

ChUd

W-ana ; b-ana.
(S-ana' =
stnall child)

W-ana

• ••

W-ana ; ba-ana

M-ana; b-ana

M-cona

Cloth

E-sinda

E-sinda.
E-lamba

...

Tulu

E-sinza.
Bi-lamba

Tulu

Cold

B(o-ficofiu

Bu>.pia>pio>

• •■

Bcoficd

Pico

Fico

Country ...

Ye-se

LcD-la.
N-se.
Kenge

...

Kenge

Mco-ki

N-gemba

Cow

• * •

• • •

*•<

...

...

• >*

Crocodile ...

N-gonde

N-gonde

f*-gonde

N-gonde

...

Mco-langa

Day, daylight

L-ise

Ba>-cci>

...

Lcom-cose ; pi.
mb-cose

Li-sico ; pi.
ma-sico

Bw-cose

Devil, evil

Bto-limco

...

...

• •»

M-wenda

spirit

mio-be

Doctor (medi-

>••

Kaiiga

...

...

• •■

Xe-bcoha

cine man)

Dog

Ng-bwa

Ng-ba

Ng-ba

Ng-ba

M-ba

M-bwa

Door, door-

Bcj.lito

Bo-liu

• ••

E-tutu

...

He-tutu or

way

Xe-tutu

Dream

Saki^

Saki

• ••

Sema

...

Sema

Drum

Li-songoA.
Lim-bulu.
Lo)-kuli

• ..

• t.

...

Mo-ngung^.
Wi-lembe

Mu)-ungu

Ear

Li-toi

Li-toi

Li'toi

Li-toi

Li-toi

Li-toi

Egg

Li-kei

Li-ke

Li-ke

Li-ke

M(i>-kei

Elephant ...

N.joiku

N-djwkoj

• •>

Bcdlu

M-bongco

Scoku

Excrement

To-i

Tto-yi

To>.bi

T(o-bi

...

Tom-bi

Eye

L-isoi

L-iseo

L-isco

L-iscd

L-isu ; ma-isu

L-isco

Face,forehead B-omb«

Bw-ombco

B-omb<o

B-ombco

E-longi

Ba)-si(o

Fat, oil ...

Lco-nuku.

Li-ana.

Ba-ima

Ba-ima or

...

B(o-nuku.

(Ba-ita or

Lco-niikcii.

Ba-ina

Ha-ina

B-ita = oil)

(Ba-ita,
B-ila,
M.ita = oil)

Father ...

Sa-ngoj

Sa-iig(o.
I-su

Phapha.

I-S<d

I-se

•*•

I-se.
I-sco

' Noteworthy form.

GROUP JJ : THE ARUWIMI-LCOMAMI LANGUAGES

5"

English

Fear ..
Finger

Fire ..
Fish ..
Foot ..
Forest

Fowl
Frog

Ghost . . .
Girl ...

Goat
God

(he) ..

Grandparent
Grass

Ground

Ground-nut

Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

155- '

Kele (Lcj.kele)

Aiiga

I -saiigakala

Bco-sa
Swi
Li-tindi
Lco-konda

Koikcd

Li-tcdke

Head

Heart

Heel

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus

Hoe ...

Honey
Horn ...

House. . .

Hunger

Husband
Hyena
Iron ...

BcD-limco
Bco-seka

M-buli

Boiyu kuru
Cwingi.
Bangala
Ny-ele

B(o-kele
B(o-bale
Swe
Lin-gasa.

Bco-samba^
B<o-t«o
Bto-tema
Kcomco ya

li-tindi
L(o-komba
L-ongo>
N-gu

N-guhu.

Nguya
W-embe.

Sendco
W-e. Bco-yi
Li-seke or

Lu-seka
N-dakco.

B(i)-kenge
E-sie ; tw-sie.

I-sihe
B(o-lcome

Y-etto ; bi-etco.
Lim-bidi.
Li-tuka

155 a.
Li-f<oma

( Lco-kusu)

155b.
Tco-pcoke

155 c.
Tu-rumbu

156.
Bisia or
Ba)-banga

B<o-wa
I-sangakala ;

tto-

Bco-sa
Swi
Li-tendi
Lto-konda.

Songi ;

tio-songi
Kuko)
Li-tcoke.

Li-uma.

I -lulu
Mo)-limu
Kunde.

N-guluma
M-buli

Mco-tu-n-da-
use {the man
in the sky)

Buyu guru

Cuingi

Ny-ele

B(o-bale
Lco-swe
Lin-gasa.

Bco-samba'
Bto-tu
Bo)-tema
Li-tindi

L-ongu
N-gu

Y-embe

W-ei
L<o-kau

N-daku

I-siye

Ba)-lume

Y-etu"

'57.
Suku^r He-su

B<o-wa

. . >

Anga

I-nekele; tco-

Mco-se.
Mu

I-nekeli; to)

I-imbe'

Mi-sa

I-y«he

Suwe

N-cu

Swi

Li-tindi

• >•

Li-tindindi

Lco-konda

...

Ha-tu or
Xa-tu

Kuku

Kukco

Kuku

Li-tuke

■ ■•

Li-ka

Mon-dili

Mw-enda

Bco-seseka

Ma)-seka

Mco-seka

Meme

Meme

Cwingi

...

Bingi

N-ele

M-bongu

M-bua

Ba)-keie

Li-suna

Bccbali

...

M-bau

Lcri-swe

Swe

N-wele

Bb>U.

...

Li-findi.

Li-yinja

Xe-watala

Boj-cwe

Mu-tu

Mco-toi

B<o-tema

N-dimu luku

M(o-tema

Kumu

E-komba

E-tungi

L-oiigu

...

N-guu

•■•

N-guu

I-lema ; tu)

L-embe

I-lema; tto-

L(o-kongu

Bto-e

Bto-he

...

Li-seke

...

L(o-kaka

M-bele

N-daku

M-bele

Semba

N-zala

Semba

...

Bci>-lumi

Oa-peli

Ma)-tulumi

L-etu"

Mu-hi"

' Noteworthy: see 137.
This may thus be an old Bantu root for '■five ' and explain the words for 6, 7, and 8 in many tongues oj the

centre and west : i. e. Sambo-mwe, Sambu-bari, &^c.

Ll 3

S>2

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

155-

155 a.

i5Sb.

155 c.

156.

157.

English

Kele (Lco-kele)

Li-fcoma T(o-p<oke
(L(o-ku8u)

Tu-rumbu

Bisia or
Bu>-banga

S«aku or He-su

Island

Boo-saiiga or
I-sanga.
Li-yete

Ba)-sanga ... Bco-sanga

...

M(osanga

Ivory

Bo)-fanda

•■• ■•• •••

■ ••

Mw.ongu

Knee

Li-lwi or
Li-uli

Li-yongo)(?) ... Di-ongeo

Ma-uli {pi)

Li-lwi

Knife

K-embe

K-embe ... K-embe

• (•

He-liaka

Lake

...

... ...

■ ■•

Xe-lia

Leg

Li-kcolco

Bu>-kcolco ... B(o-kcalu

Mw-ende

M(u-kele

Leopard ...

N-goi

N-goi ... Koi

Pange

Koi

Lion

I-kakala

...

...

Lip, lips ...

Ye-lele

Lom-bembe. ... E-kbekbebu
I-mwamwa.
6(u-ncoku

...

Xe-hulu

Magic

Y-andto

L-iso> ... Bco-te'

Ma)-sisa

Fengca.
Li-undu

Maize

Ma-iigwindi or

Bco-lieo. ... Li-keokusi

N-dongco.

Ma-fongco

Li-ngondi ;

Li-ngbindi

Ma-sa

ba-ngondi

Man

Bco-teo ; ba-tu

Bto-tu ; ba-tu ... Bu-to>; ba-tco

Mu-tu

Mo-ito>

Man, vir. ...

I-sengi.
B(o-leome

Bfo-teolcome ... Wengenga

CO-peli.
N-zinga

M-concdlcomi

Meat

Ny-ama

Wi-nyeo ... Nama

Nama

Medicine ...

L-iscd.

L-isco. ... Bto-te'

M(o-sisa.

B(o-me

Bco-ti '

B(o-kakasi

M-oinco

Milk

Ba-ele

Ba-ele. ... Li-lcami
(00-hama =

to milk)

...

Xa-mele

Monkey ...

N-gema

N-gema ... N-ge

N-gema

Moon, month

Songe.

Tengu. ... Songe.

E-wunda.

N-gengi.

Twenga

Suiigi. Bon-dcopa

Mu-ele

N-dibco

X-eli

Mother ...

Nya-figo)

Nya-figo). Yaya Na-ngo)
I-yaya

Yaya

I-yoa

Mountain ...

L-ongco

L-ongu ... L-ongco

, , ,

Xe-tikcolo>

Mouth

Bo-neoku

Ol)-ntokco ... Bcu-nojkco

Mco-ncokw

Mo-nwa

Nail (of finger

Lu-ala

Lco-ala ... Lto-ala ; n-dala

...

E-hoahu

or toe)

Name

L-ina

L-ina ... D-ina

, , ,

L-ina

Navel

K-tokcij

Ku-caku ... K(u-cak(i>

Mto-stoke

Li-tongu

Neck, throat

Kingu

Ngingco

Kingu

N.gengco

Night

Bu}-ikico

...

. . .

Bto-tihoj

Nose

Boo-wase

B(o-wase. ... Li-calu
Bu-at>a

Ma-coloa

Li-elcd

Oil palm ...

Li-tuku

Li-tcdkco ... L(o-bila

...

Xe-bila ;
m-bila

Ox

...

• ••

Paddle ...

Kai

Kai '" ... Kai

• ••

Nanga

Palm wine,

Ba-ana

Ba-na

...

Xa-ana

beer

Parrot

Kombi

• t * ■ •• • ••

>• *

Kombe

Penis

N-songe (?)
Bco-songu (?)

Sombeo(?). ... Y-ombco
B(o-lumba (?)

Mu-suinga

Lo)-suka

Pig

N-de!

N-dei

...

N-dei

Pigeon

£-kuku

E-kuku ... Kcdku.

Eli-kcolcd

...

Xe-ngua

1

' Essence of tree

t

GROUP JJ : THE ARUWIMI-LCOMAMI LANGUAGES

513

English

155-
Kele (L(o-kele)

iSSa.
Li-fcsma

(Lo)-kusu)

155 b.
Tto-ptoke

155 c.
Tu-rumbu

.56.
Bisia or
Boo-banga

157-
ScokcacrHe-Sbi

Place

E-lela

E.Ida.
E-seke

Rain

M-bula

M-bcola

Rat

Li-kuta

Li-ayi ; ba-

River

Li-yandi

Li-yande

Road

M-bcoka

M-bcoka

Snlt

Bco-kwa

Bu)-kba

Shame

Sconi

^coni

Sheep

Bco-kukco

B(o-kcoku

Shield

N-guha

N-guwa

Shoulder ...

Li-tcdkcotco.
Li-tutuhca

Li-kelekele

Sister

Bu-edco or
Bu-elco

...

Skin

Lu-komba

Lco-kcdfu

Sky

Use

Bu-use.
Li-kwlco

Slave

Boj-kcoa.

Bu-kuwa.

Bco-leme

Bw-lemi

Sleep

Mcd

Tto-lto.
I-iigalaka

Smoke

Bco-lUia

Bco-lilia,
Bco-lidi

Snake

N.jo.

N.jioj,
N-j«

Son, boy ...

Wa-inenge

B-cona

Song

Bw-ele or
Bco-heli

Bw-eloa

Spear

Li-konga

Li-konga.
Bu-telco

Spirit, soul

Bfo-limco

. ..

Star

Monge

Tala. I-longe

Stick

...

• • •

Stone

Li-tale

Li-tali.
Li-sasa

Stool

Teli.
Li-yunga

Sun

Di-tele.
L-isu lia use

{i.e. eye of the
day)

Li-tele

Tail (of an

B(,)-kali

Bu)-kili

animal)

Tear

I-fco; t(o-fo>

• •■

Testicles ...

Li-hindi.
Mi-kekele

...

Thief

Wa-wia or
W-iya

W-iyi

Thigh

Y-elco

...

Thing

Y-eka

S-eka ; bi-eka
Y-eto) ; bi-etw.
(Bi-yengco =

things, pro-
perty)

E.lela

...

I-singani

M-bula

Li-kutu

Li-bande

N-dule

Bu-kba

E-suni
Meme

M-bula

Li-tuma

Li-bangi

N-dule

Mto-hwa

Xa-isisiu

Meme

• ■•

N-guwa
Li-kulukutu

N-guma
Li-kelekele

...

M-angu m-uli

Li-komba
N-dilikulu

Mu-edu.

Mw-enga

i-nena
Lco-tetu
Loo-bula

...

Mo)-tuke

Mw-tuki

...

Ilu

I-l«

...

Mi-lungu

Mo-iyi

...

N-zu

Fele,
M(o-fele.

W-ana.
Wa-inenge

M-ana.
Mw-enga
Lco-embu

lii-giu
M-una oilume

L-ombu

...

Li-kongu

Li'konga

...
•••

Mo-ndili

Mto-te

Lu)-tutufe

Mco-te

Mu)-hulu

...

M.oi.
E-helemu

Wi-pepe.
Lin-gwelu

Luhu.

Luwa.

Suyaha.

L-isu li

boi-cose
Mw-hela

...

Ma-pependa
Iwa

Me-kei me
mo-itulume
Bw'iba

...

E-belu ; wi-welu

Ema X-ema

SM

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

' ISS-

Kele (Lco-kele)

155 a.

Li-fcoma

(Lu>-ku8u)

155 c.
Tu-rumbu

Thorn

Tobacco . . .
To-day

Toe

To-morrow

Tongue

Tooth

Keke

Li-anga
Loiu-se

I-sangakala

Bco-keke or

Bco-kai
Li-anga
La-oano>.

Leii-se
I-sangakala

E-lengoa,
Li-lengo>
L(o-lame

Li-anga

Lcj-lame.

Lto-dei ; n-dei
L-inyo> L-inycd

Town, village

Tree

Twins

Urine

Vein

War

Water
Well, source
White man
Wife

Wind, air ...
Witch
Witchcraft
Woman ...
Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)

Yam

Year

Bco-kenge

I-sandu

6a-asa

Ba-inye

I-sali

Bi-ta

Ba-lia

W-ali

Lco-fufo>
Bu>-la>ki
L-isco
Ba)-teo-m-ali

Si-wala

Bto-songi

Six

Li-ambi

B(o-kenge

I-sandu

B-asa

B-inye

I-sali

Bi-ta

Ba-lia

Li-foika
W-ali,
Bu-ali
Eci-aka
N-dcaki
L-iso>

B(o-tci»-m-ali
Di-emi
I-yala ; t(o-

Bi-ta

Bui-tata

Yesterday...

Yco-iise.
Da-luma

Be-lenge

One

-o-mwitto,

? A-8<owa

Two

-o-mwi
-bale

-mco
-a-pi

Three

-satta

-satu

Four

-nei

-ne

Five

Buomwi

-tanco

Li-ambi

156.

Bisia or

Ba>-banga

157-
Suku or He-su

...

I-keke

Li-yanga
Keke

Li-anga
Homboi

Mb>-se

I-nekeli

moj-sungcj
E-kondco

Kesekese

Mi-ho>lemeo

Lcj-lame

L-incd ; ma-inco.

L-in<i»

(Li-geke =

molar)
Mu-ke
Mio-te

Boi-kenge
Mco-te

Ha-asa

Ma-ina

Ha-inye
IVIco-sile

Bi-ta

Ma-lia

Ha-iye

M-ingita mi-zi

M co-hail

M(o-iili

Li-fulela

A-zandi-wa

Mco-lcdki

M-coli"

Moj-tcohali

Lifi-gundu
Kula

N-goi"

W-ise

Dim-biti

...

He-hwa

i^'falling

river').

He-langa

{planting

season)

-••

Mom-bali.

La-huma

-kikima

•omwi,

-moi

-wall.

-hele or

I-wali

-ele

-satu.

•sas«

I -satu.

I-sala

-ne.

Me-keleka or

I-ne

Me-lea

-tanco.

Humco,

I-tanu

Huumoi.

-balu

Mon-kekima

M-bal«moi.

OO-lumbco

nie-lia

GROUP JJ : THE ARUWIMI-LOJMAMI LANGUAGES

S15

English

Seven

Eight...

Nine ..

Fifty ..

Hundred
Thousand .

155-
Kele (Lco-ktle)

155 a.

Li*fuma

(Lu-kusu)

15s b.
Tco-pcoke

Bu)-sambali Bu-samberi

B<o-nanei (jO-nanei

Li-bwa

Ten

. Li-u

Eleven

Li-ii la
o-mwitu

Twenty ..

Li-tinda ;
ba-tinda

Thirty ..

Li-u i-satu

Forty... .

Ba-tinda ba
ni-bale

Li-bwa

Di-iimu

Li-u bcoomwi

ISSC.
Tu>rumbu

156.
Bisia or
Bco-banga

157.
Sukcd or He-SM

Na-i-wali

M-baitca

hele or

OO-lumlxa

i-sasu

Na-i-satu

(x)-limbo-nga-

h-wele or

CO -lumbal

i-eli

Na-i-ne

CO-limbco-nga

cu-moi or

(O-lumbu

e-moi

Li-um',Li-uina.

Labca.

MoD-hei

Mo)-tuku

Li-oima na

Labco la

moi-kikima

o-mwi.

(B(o-keoloa

humoi =

fifteen)

Li-tun' i-wali

Li-fefe ; pi.

ha-fefe or

ba-fefe

Mi-hei mi-satu

Li-fefe la

labu or

Me-tuku

mi-sasco

Mi-hei mi-ne

Ba-fefe

ba-hele or

Ha-fefe

ha-hele.

Me-tuku

me-lea or

Ha-tinda

ha-ele

Mi-hei mi-tanu

Ba-fefe la

labco.

Ha-tinda la

la-bco.

Me-tuku

huosmoi

• ••

Mco-kama

,,,

Koatsa

I, me, my ... I -mi.
I-.

■>

-i-mi
Thou,thee,thy Ae.

to-.

?

-ae
He, him, his Inde.
A-.

-inde, -au

Mbai.

Ngea, ? (Owe,

?

N-, M-, Le-.

•mba-.

?

■>

-hoi, -a

(Owe.

tOhe.

?

(O-.

?

-a-hco, -a-hu

;

-coba

Inde.

He, Xe.

?

E-, A-.

?

-mcd-.

?

-a-he

5i6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

155-
Kele (L(u

-kele)

155a.

Li'fuma

(L<o-ku8u)

155 b.
Toj.pwke

Tu-rumbu

156.

Bisia or

Boj.banga

157-
Sukid or He-SCO

We, u», our

I-BU

To*..

?
-a-8U

•t«

...

...

I-8U.

?
?

E-8C0.
Tu-, To.,
-lu-.
-esu.
-a-isu

Ye, you, your

I-nco.

But:

•••

•*•

'••

1-wu.

?
?

E-no>.
Bco-.
-ila.

They, them,
their

-a-nu
I-yoj.
Ba-.

...

...

"t.

?

-a-nu
B«.
Be-, Ba-.

-au

-au

All

This, these

That, those

Bad ..
Black..

Female
Fierce, sharp

Good

Great

Little

Long, high,
tall
Male

Old ..

Red ..

Rotten

Short..

•tcotina

O-yco, e-ba ;

e-bco, e-be ;

e-lj, e-ba ;

e-ye, e-bi ;

e-si (8 a) ;

e-ye, e-bi ;

e-lco ; e-tu ;

e-wu ? ; ?
tO-na, ba-na ;

co-na, e-na ;

li-na, ba-na ;

e-na, bi-na ;

si-na ; e-na,

bi-na ; lu-na ;

tco-na; wu-na?

-be

-indu

•tcotina

a)-pe.
Kba

B<o-tco-m.ali

•bcotco

■lau

-fi

•keke

•sa

Bo)-lcome

-i-nunu

-(o-telu
-fondco
-uwe

•bi
-indu

-bco-tco-m-ali

-lau

-fi

-(o-ke

lele.

-y-etco.

-Icome.

B.uhe
Bu-wa.

•uhe
-(o-telu

-cohe

•aze

-pe,

-fe.

-kwatco

•■<

(JL>-nco, wa-ne ;

(o-ne, e-ne ;

li-ne, ha-ne ;

e-ne, bi-ne ;

e-ne, i-ne ;

co-ne ; tto-ne

(o-ne

•(•

CO-hu, a- woo ;

(o-mu, e-moo ;

i-loo, a-hco ;

e-yco, i-boo;

e-lco, i-loo ;

to-loo ; oj-tflo ;

u)-bu

-be

-be

-piti.

■encohtonco

(CO-yinda =

to darken)

M-coU

Mw-itcohali

. .•

-e-telu

...

-ali

•sungu

•nene

...

-hekeheke.

-kei.

-onde

•lai

•sa

-(o-peli

Mo)-tcolcomi or

-itcoloomi

•kwe

•hcahoaloa

■mondco
-fcola
■fe.
Boj-iifu

GROUP JJ : THE ARUWIMI-LWMAMI LANGUAGES

517

English

iSS-
Kele (Loo-kele)

155 a.
Li-fcoma

(Loj^knsuj

Tco.peoke

155 c.
Tu-rumbu

156.

Bisia or

Bto-baiiga

157-
Scok<ia<>r He-SCO

Sick

White

-cdka.

•ela.

Luhcd
■tanu

•ela.
Luhcd

-a-fembe

...

...

-e-komw-ana

-(u-kaka.
-b<o-hale

•kwakwa

Above, up, on OOli-kcolu

top
Before
Beliind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside

Middle

Near ...
Outside
Plenty

There...

Where?

CO-su

(Om-bisa ya-
Oi)-8e ya.

Se
£-sika
Yamaya.

OOnoj.

Ani
N-da

Ai-tei,
A-titeni

Lco-usa
■ike

(A)-na.

OJ-namcona
•anima ?

■iye?

No!

ISotiwiehverb, I- ; -ti ; ■tya

as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

(ca), -ka^;
Angco-.
-ka, -ke, -kco

(Jl>li-kwlu

N>da co-^
Li-ili a-
N-da se

N-da

A-titeni

W-ike.
Le

Pelco
M-buse

Ha-te

La mu-tenge

Li-kcdlu

Ka-felM

M-biise

M-bisa e-

-tangi.

Sese

Lam-bume

Li-heli

He-sika

...

H-ele.

Ane.

Bo-ine

...

La.

Latee.

■te

Mwa li-hele

Lto^hea

Suiigu

Kwa-ike

E-lu.

Hoiyoa

..•

•hai ?

•mbi }

• •»

Sea!

...

Ndi-, -ti-, -ta

To

beat ...

buy, sell

come ...

cut

dance ...
die

eat
give . . .

go

kill ...

(0-
-uma

-somba

-ya

■tena.
■sukula
■ina
■singa

■la
■fa

-kende

•ula

00-
-ma,
-ma-ka
•somba

-ya

-tena,

-tena-ka
-ina
-wa,

•wa-ka
•la
•fa.

-fa-ka
-kende.
-kende-ke
•ula

(0-

O)-

•ma-ka

-nanga

•sumba or
-sumba-kw

•za,
-za-ka

-tena

■somba,
■samba
■Iwa

■tena

-wina

-bina
-hiia

Ha-k^

-lea
•kalia

•kea

•eala.
•ta

•bcola

Si8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

155.

iSSa.

155 b.

155c.

156.

157-

English

Kele (L(o-kele

Li-fcoma

(Lu).kusu)

T(o-p»ke

Tu.rumbu

Bisia or
Bco-banga

Scdkc» crHe^scd

To

0)-

0)-

0)-

?

;

0)-

„ know ...

■lua

•luwa,
-luwa-ka '

...

-lembela

„ laugh ...

•seke

•seke,
•seke-ke

•seke

...

■cola

„ leave off,

• ••

• •*

•■•

•de.

...

cease

•dekcd

„ love, want

•lembe

•lembe.
-nendto.
•saka

...

•bala

•kunda

„ see

-ene

•tene

• *.

-denga

•ena

„ sit,remain

•yala,

•yala

•yala

•bata

•yala

abide

-n-gala

„ sleep ...

-kulame

•kwa-ingala.
■kulama

...

...

„ stand, stop

■ema-Ia

■ema-Ia

...

•ma^la

•ema-Ia

be erect

„ steal ...

•wia

•iya

...

•yiwa

•yiba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE KELE LANGUAGE AND DIALECTS
(LI-FCOMA AND TU-RUMBU)

Class I. Bco- (?ba), ? mto, u, (o) ; 2. Ba^ (ba) ; 3. Beo-, U-, 00- (u, bco) ; 4. Be-, Bi- (be, i) ; 5. Li-,
Di- (li) ; 6. Ba^, Ma- (ba, ma, ?) ; 7. E-, ? Wi-, We- (e, ye) ; 8. Bi^ (bi) ; 8 a. I- or %\- (si) ; 9. N., Ng-,
9; — (e); 10. same as 9 (but concord i, bi); 11. L»- (Ito) ; 12. To>^ (too) ; 13. perhaps traceable as Sa-
in Sa.na, 'little child ', S^eka, ' little thing' ; 14. W-, Bco-, CO-, U- (bo), u, plural Bi-) ; 15. CO-, Kco- (?) ;
16. wanting or represented by No. 20, Da., La-, L'- ; 17. wanting (-ni ?) ; 20. Da-, La-, L'-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN BISIA

Class I. Mco- (mo), <o) ; 2. Ba-, Wa- ? (?) ; 3. Mco- (mco, co) ; 4. Mi-, Me- (me, e) ; 5. Li- (li) ; 6. Ma^,
Wa- (ma) ; 7. E- (e, ye) ; 8. Wi^, Bi- (wi, bi) ; 8 a. ?Wi-, L (i) ; 9. N- (M-), Mb-, »-, — (e) ; 10. same
as 9 (concord e, zi) ; 11. Los- (oo, Ico) ; 12. Tco- (tto) ; 13. wanting ; 14. Weo-, Bco- (woo) ; 15. CO-, Kco- ?
(?) ; 16. wanting ; replaced by No. 20 ; 17. wanting, or present as Mwa- ; 20. La-, L'^ (?).

PREFIXES, &C., IN SCOKO)

Class I. Mco- (hoj, ca, moi, com) ; 2. Ba-, Wa^ (ba, wa, aw') ; 3. Mco^ (mto, co, com') ; 4. Me^ (me,
em) ; 5. Li., Di^ (li) ; 6. Ba-, Ha-, ? Xa-' (ha) ; 7. He^, Xe^ (ye, e) ; 8. Bi^ (bi) ; 8 a. I- (i) ; 9. N.. ».,
Ny., — (e, en, el) ; 10. same as 9 (but concord i, in') ; ll.-Lco^ (co, l(o) ; 12. Tco. (tio, cot') ; 13. ?Xa.,
Ha.; 14. U., Bco. (bco) ; 15. CO., Li., Hco- ; 16. He.?; 17. wanting?; 20. La..'

' We here enter a region where the .ga suffix (-ka, -ke, .kco) is often applied to the verbal root to give
the sense of ' doing thoroughly' '.

' In He.sco Ma. becomes Ba. and then Ha. or even Xa-.

• La. as a locative or ' time'' prefix often takes the place of No. 16, and also appears as a dual or
a plural prefix in one or more instances. Thus La.bco = Bco, ' hand ', pluralized, and means *both hands '
or 'ten'.

GROUP JJ: THE ARUWIMI-LOJMAMI LANGUAGES 519

Note. In the Kele dialects and other North Congoland languages appears the W-, Wi-, We-
singular prefix, which is more prominent in Lcolu farther to the west and south-west. This takes a Bi-
plural and may be only a variant of No. 14 with No. 4 (Mi- = Bi-) as plural. Or it may be conceivably
a form of No. 8 a or of No. 3 or even of No. 7 according as one identifies the Bi- plural with No. 4 or
No. 8 Class.

155. Kele is spoken south of the main Congo river immediately east of the Lcomami junction, north
of the Tcopwke and Bambwli.

155 a. Lifcoma is spoken in the region immediately north and west of the Lualaba-Congo in the
neighbourhood of the Stanley Falls; and north of the non-Bantu wedge of the Bamanga and Wapai.

155 b. Tcopuke is spoken on both sides of the Lower Ltomami, south of the Bakele people, and
exactly under the equator.

155 c. Turumba is spoken on the north and south banks of the Congo west of the Lcomami con-
fluence, extending farther east on the north bafik and farther west on the south bank.

156. Bisia or Bubanga. The locality of this language is to-day on the south bank of the Lower
Aruwimi river, and may extend thence to the Lcomami at its confluence with the Congo ; and also from
the Lcomami confluence across to Stanley Falls.

157. Scokco or Hes(d is spoken on the west bank of the Lower Aruwimi and on the north bank of the
Congo between the Aruwimi confluence and that of the Itimbiri.

GROUP JJ

THE ARUWIMI-LCOMAMI LANGUAGES (continued)

158. Li-kaiigana

GROUP KK

THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

Sub-Group KK r Ngombe.

159. A-buja or Buja (A-baluki, Bco-maftgi) '
159 a. Bwela (I-rifigi or I-Iifigi, Mamoi) "^

160. Li-f«tc8 (U-p«tos)

161. Ngombe (Li-ngombe) dialects''

Sub-Group KK 2 LtuLto.
162. Lulco or Moiigco dialects *

158.

159.

159 a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcdtco

Ngombe and

Lcolco or

(I-Hngi,

{U-ptot«)

dialects

Mongco

Mamoi)

dialects

Adze

...

...

...

Li-bau

Li-bau

N-gwa.
L-iswa

AaimaI,wUd

■ !•

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Ny-ama

M-uni

Wela

beast

Ant

...

Sombi

I .sombi

N-sombi

I -sombi.

Moj-siaku

Ji-fumba ; ba-

Ant, white

..•

Apumbuyi

A-pumbuyi

Mco-sele

Gwalala

N-senza.

(termite)

N-seja

Ape

...

Mu.kumbusw

Mu-kumbuso>

Mu-kumbusu

Mu-kumbusti> ;

E-lcoku

mi-

{chitnpanzi).

N-gombe

(gorilla)

Arm

...

I-boikco or
Bu-boiku

Lu-bcokco or
Le-bokcd ; ma-

E-wcoku ; ma-

E-bo»

Lui-wuk«a

Arrow

...

Li-konga

Di-konga

M(o-banje ;
m-banje

Ma)-de ; pi.
n-de

Ji-kula ; ba-.
M-basi

Axe

...

E-fundw

Li-t5 ; pi.
ma-to

I-kukcd.
I-anda

E-pondea

Y-anda.
I-saswa

Baboon

...

...

...

...

...

E-ja

(? mandrill
baboon)

Back

• >■

Mto-kundu

Mto-kundu ;
mi-.
Bfo-kote

M<D-kundu ;
mi-.
M-buse

M(o-kongcd

mi-

A-feka

Banana ...

Likemba

Di-kond«

In-gunda.
Dikondco

Bu-le

N-gunda.
N-tera.
Li-kondo>; ba
Jiii-kw ; ba-

Beard

...

D<Dl(o-le

D(ola)-le

Lfo.le

E-hwe

L(o-le

Bee

B<o.e»he ; pi.

N.jue.

Tongea.

N.jue.

M(o-pcoke ;

//.

Lon-jwe

ba-<ohe

OOpcoki

Pcoki

B-wi

puke

' Probably Aba-uja originally.

' See ' La langue Mamoi' (0/ Iringi) in the Bulletin d. I. Soc. Roy. Beige de Geographic, Brussels, 1 906.
'Including the Ma-ginza 0/ Fr. Thonner and the Ma-jinza of the Northern Congo, and the Bonjto, Dongoj, and
Ba-longu of Lower Mubahgi.

' Mcongca, Lu-nkundu, Lco-tsakani.

GROUPS JJ, KK: THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 521

English

158.
Li-kangana

159-
A-buja or Buja

159 a.
Bwela
(I-lingi,
Mamoi)

160.
Li-fwtoa

(U-pcotco)

161.
Ifgombe and

dialects

162.
Lcolea or
Mongeo

dialects

Belly ...

Bird

Blood

Body

Bone

Borassus palm

Bow

Bowels

Brains

Breast (man's)

Breast

(woman's)
Brother

Buffalo
Buttocks ...

Canoe

Cat ...
Charcoal

Chief ...

Child

Cloth ... .

Cold ... ,
Country .

Cow ... .,

Crocodile .

Date palm.

...

Li-bumw

N-copco.

Li-umu or

Supu

B(o-tema.

Li-bumu.

L-umoj ; //.

M -bonded.

Mto-time

m-umu.
Jeopco

Ji-kunju.

N-zaku-n-da

I-fumu

...

M-puru

I-furu or
M-puru

I-fulu

M-bulu

I-fulu.
I-lukoa

Ma-kile

Ma-kile

Ma-kile

Ma-kia

Ba-long« '

• *■

L(o-lcopca

L(jL>-lcop(o,

Lto-eke ; pi.

M<o-kuku

Ji-ongi; pi.

■15fu

m-beke

bi-ongi

...

Mu-ktia

Mu-kiia

Ma)-kiia

M(o-kiia

W-ese

Em-buma

Em-buma

Mum-buma

...

t ••

Lu)-k<oku

Li-tingbcd

Lco-ka>ko>

Li-tambu

Boii-gangu

...

...

N-tso>fe

Ma)-seo

Mco-scop&j

Be-scobcd or
Be-so>fcij

...

CObongu

Bon-gongoa.
00-bongcd

Bon-gongco

B-ongco

Won-gongco

"•

•••

N-tcalu

N-tcoleo

Bu-pa or
Pupa.
B-anju

N-tulu

...

Di-bele

Di-wele or
Li-bele

Di-wele

Li-kuku

...

• ••

Mun-tamba

Mu-tamba.

Ma)-tu-m-colto.

Moj-ninga.

Bco-tu-m-oiloa.

Mio-tine

Mw-akuni

M-bake

Bio-kuni.
M-ale

...

En-jale

En-jale or
N-zali

N-jali

N-zali

N-gomb»

...

Man-ganda

Mu-bundto.
Lin-ganda

Ma-scokbi

Ma-kelenge

Ba-scokco.
(B(o-taka =
nakedness)

• ••

W-atu

W-atu

W-atu

B w-atu.
N-dtolu

W-atu or
Bw-atu; pi.
bi-atu

...

Kondcoku

CO-kondb)kco

Kondeokto

Kwondwkco

N-goj-im-pang

...

...

...

Ma-lala

M-alu

W-ala ; //.
be-ala

...

En-kumu

E-kumu

Moj-kunji

Kumu.
En-ju.
M(o-nene

Bu-kulaka.
M-paka.
N-kcolo>

Bw-ana

b-ana On-wana ;

(jOnw-ana ;

tOm-ana ;

Mw-ana,

Bco-nooju.

b-ana

b-ana

b-ana

COm-ana,
Em-ana ;
b-ana

B-eona: //.
b-ana

..•

E-senja

E-senja.
E-sinza.

Mco-kaba

E-tcowci) or
E-tau

E-senza

E-tca

...

...

...

M-pico

Pico

M-pico

...

Em-buka

Em-buka

M-bwka

N-gandu

E-se.
N-si

N-zali

N-zale,
En-gombe

E-bukulimba

N-jale.
Mu-iya

...

...

. ••

En-kcoli'

En-ko»li.
N-kodi.

En.gandu

N-gonde

N-gonde

N-kcoji.
N-gonde.
I-wawa

Mun-tcakra

Mun-t(okcd
' Noteworthy.

Mu-tukco

522

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

158.

159.

1 59 a.

160.

161.

162.

English Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcotco

Ngombe and

Lcolcd or

(Mingi,

(U-pwtcol

dialects

Mongco

1
1

MamoiJ

dialects

Day, daylight

Bu-tu

Wi-pa.
Mubu-tu

U-tu

Bu-sa

Bu) -kcolco.
Kcolco.

L(o-lco

Devil, evil

En-doaki

Mu-limba

Li-kundu

Keta

Ji-dcoka.

spirit

Bw-fici

Doctor (medi-

...

N-ganga

N-kaiiga

N-ganga ; ba -t-

Rofi-ganga; ba-

cine man)

Dog M-bwa

M-bwa.
En-ganganya

Em-bondco.'
E-burundci>
N-ganginya

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-bwa

Door, door-

E-kureka

E-kukereke

K-kukeleke

Gbulu

E-kuke.

way

Wi-su

Dream

Di-lcotca

Di-lcotco

Li-leotto

N-j»ti

Ji-dcotco

Drum

N-gcamcd

En-dumba

Mon-gutu.
N-gtomco.
En-dumba

Mon-gungu ;
mi-.

N-dumba or
En-dumba

N-gcomco

Ear

Di-ttoi

Di-toji

Li-toi

Li-toi

Ji-toi

Egg

Ey-ala ; bi-

ly-ala ; bi-.
f*-kiu

Ky-ala ; bi-.
Moii-ke

Li-toj

Bco-keli

Elephant ...

En-damba

En-damba

M-bungu

M-bungco

N.jcaku.
Toi.
N'-amba

Excrement

Tioto-bi

L(ota)-bi ; pi.
t(ot(o-bi '

T<o-i

Lo,.bi

N-kwa

Eye

Lil-isco

Did-isto'; //.
mam-iscd,
bam-isu

L-iseo

Lisu

J-isu

Face, forehead

Bubu-so»

Bubu-so>

E-lenge

Boj-su

E-lungi.
Bcii-limco.
Bco-kala

Fat, oil ...

Mum-iita

Mum-uta or

M-uta.

M-uta.

M-pongco.

Mam-uta

M-poiigco

M-uni

Ba-uta.
B(o.suku

Father ... I-se.

Wawa'

Ha-ng(o,

Sa-ngto

Sa-iig(o

I-se.

OO-hco

Sa-ng<o

Fafa

Fear

Mun-gunguma

Mu-samba

Aiiga

B-anga

B-anga

Finger

Mu-sei

Min-sala.
Mu-sai.
N-sala

Mco-sai

Mto-sape

Bco-sai

Fire

Mw-isa

Mw-eipa

McD-sa.
M(u-funga '

Mu)-sa,
Mio-ka

I-ca

Fish

En-cu

En-cu

N-su

^ui

N-siii

Foot

Di-tambi

Li-tambi,

Li-tambi

E-b<ota.

Ji-kaka.

Li-tamba

I-linji.
Tindi

1-tamba; ba-

Forest

M(u-konda

Mu-kunda

Di-amba.
L-amba

E-pika

N-gonda or
Kunda

Fowl

En-kuku

En-kukco

N-kukco

Kcokco.

N-susu.

'

N-doiiga

(-ii-kcokco
in composite
-words)

Frog

...

Mom-bimba.

Li-nuku
En-keta

Li-nuki

Lifi-gbulu

KokSko

Ghost

Mco-limco

Mu'limco

Mw-embu

Bco-kaji.

Bco-jimu

' Noteworthy.

GROUPS JJ, KK : THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 523

158.

159.

159a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kaiigana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-f(i>tu

Ngombe and

Lcolco or

(Mingi,

(U-putu)

dialects

Mongco

Mamoi)

dialects

Girl, maiden

...

Mco-seka

M(o-seka

Ji-pcoku.
I-mcocikco

Goat

Meme

Meme.

E-kambedi.'

Ntawa

Kambeli,

N-ta,

En-taba

£n-taba

Gambili.
N-kambebi

N-taba

„ (he) ...

...

Im-bcokco

God

En-keta

Li-banja

A-kongco

A-kongco.
Li-banja

N-zakomba.
Li-yanza

Grandparent

...

...

a)-tata

...

N-k<oko>

Grass

...

En-jani

In-jani

N-dungulunga.
I-embu

Mm-sco.
In-jani

Ba-ilu.
I-lenge

Ground

• •■

Mum-bondco

Mum-bondco.

N-cali.

Kbcotco.

Lon-sali.

Yco

N-ci

Se

N-si.
Kiji
B(o-suku

Ground-nut

En-guba

En-guba.

N-gua

Efi-guba

N-scdkco

Guinea-fowl

...

Li-bongoi

Li-bong<o

Li-bongco

E-we

Lin-keme

Gun

.••

Em-ba

Em-bau

M-bau

M-bau

M-bau

Hair

...

In-sui

In-sui

Mco-swe; n-swe

Ma)-swi.
N-sue

Babu.
N-tsmli

Hand

...

Li-kanja

Di-kanja.

E-wukco.

E-bco.

LoD-cokco.

Li-kansa

Li-kata ; ma-

Damba

Ji-kata

Head

...

Mum(i>-t«a

Muma)-toj.
Mo-ritu

M(o-tco

Mm-lu

Bu)-tsu.
Bto-ca

Heart

...

Mu-tema

Mu-tema

Mio-tema

M(o-lema

Bco-leokco.
Bco-tema

{stomach)

Heel

...

Li-tindi

Li-tindi

Li-tindi

Li-linji

Ji-mcoju

Hide

...

...

...

Lu-pusu

Di-pusu

L(o-fcosco.
E-kcotco

Hill

...

...

M-o>nu

E-kcopa

N-keka.
N-goingco

Hippopotamus

...

En-gubu

Efi-giiii,
N-gubu

N-gubu

N-gubu

N-gubu

Hoe

E-kbongco ;
bi-kbongoj

N-go>sa

I-palco

N-kongoj

Koiigoj

L-ongeo.
I-kusu.
E.fese

Honey

...

M-buli

Em-pule

Bw-e.
M-buli

Pcoki

W-eyu.
M'paku

Horn

...

N-jeka

In-kaka

Mw-eka or
N-jeka

Mon-jeka

Ji-seke.
Bu)-kcolco

House

Boj-colco ; pi.
ha-lu

N-daku

En-dakco

N-dak«

N-dakco.

Mco-aja.
E-isi

I-lombe.
Ji-dakco.
Jin-denga.
(J-umba =
a nest, a den).
La-uli,
La-ulu

Hunger ...

...

En.jala

En-jala

N-jala.

N.ja.

L<.)-kembu

Husband . . .

...

Pele

Moo-loami

Mo-leomi.
COm-ili

M-comi; ba-mi

Ba>-saka.
Bw-comi.
Li-ala

Hyena

...

En-koi

{".leopard)

En-koi

En-koi

Eri-koi

Iron

E-bende

W-pita.
N-kSti

* Noteworthy

E-wonela

E-benda

M'bcolu.
N-go>ma

5*4

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

158.

159.

159 a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li>kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcotoi

Hgombe and

Lolea or

(Mingi,

(U.p«t»)

dialects

Mongu

Mamoi)

dialects

Island
Ivory . ,
Knee ..

Knife ...

Lake ...
Leg ...

Leopard

Lion ...
Lips ...

Magic...

Maize . . .
Man . . .

Man, vir.
Meat ...

Medicine ...

MUk

Monkey ...

Moon

Mother

Mountain ...
Mouth

Nail (of finger
or toe)

Name

Navel

Neck, throat
Night

Koi

Mo-itco.
Ba-itw

E'Saiiga

E-sanga

Mto-sanga

Mco-sanga

E.8ang«a

N-gcdlco

Em-pembe

Mon-gtolu

Li-keku

Bu)-ongu

Li-bongcd

Li-bong«

Li-bongca

Duli,
Ludi ; pi.
m-uli

Ji-bong<o.
I-ongco

E-buni

E-buni

E-fekoa.

N-gwa.

I-vaka.

J-ende

Emba.
I-baka

I-kula

Em-banje

Bu-likoa

Li-tanda

Li-bale

...

E-kuloj

L(o-kcolw.

E-kulu; ma-.

E-k«; ma-k«.

Lco-kcosco

E-kolu

I-kcolu

Li-be.
E-nama

Sua.

E-hua,

N-koi

^ua

N-koi

(Sua

Hua.

also in pi.)

En-koi

N-kcosi

E-tek'e'

En-gundi.
E-taka

E-tek'e'

...

Bco-bebu or
La)-bebu

En-kanga

En-ganga

Li-kundu ; ma-

Demba; ma + .

Jin-kunda.

W-ete.^

Bco-le

Bw-etco ; b-itco

En-kanga

Mu-pombi

Mun-denge.
Ma-sangu

Ma-pati.
Mun-denge

N -dongco

Ma-sangu

O)m(o-too,

OOmco-tco ; //.

Mco-tcD ; ba-tco

Mto-tw; ba-tco

Bo-ntu ;

Umco-toa.

aba-tco

ba-ntu

Moj.tco.

Ba-tco-

Baba-tu

Pele,

CO-lele ; pi.

Dw-ele; m-ele

M-comi.

B(o-saka.

Lco-lele

n-jele

Mco-ltomi.

Ba-mi.

Boi-comi ; ba-.

COm-ili

Mo)-lele

M-pami.
Li-ala

Eny-ama

Eny-ama

Ny-ama

M-uni

Ny-ama.

Boj-suni.
VV-unyu.
E-fete

• •■

Bco-Ie

We-te; ma-te

Ba)-le. M-panje

• •■

...

Ma-bele

Ma-bele

Ba-ele

En-kema

Eri-kuna

N-kema

Mco.gali

N-kema

En-songe

En-songe

N-gonde

Sunge

VV-eji

...

Nya-ngoj

Nya-figa)

Na-ngo)

Nya-iig(jj.
Ngoya

•••

Li-tali

E-kuba

...

Bco-kunji

...

M(o-ndke

Mco-ncokco

M(o-ncdkea

Bo-mwa.
Bcu-lumbco

Ey-ala

Ey-ala; bi-ala
(7rbi-jala (//.)

Ey-ala

En-dende

Lio-kcola

Dir-ina

Dir-ina

L-ina

Kombe

J-ina

...

Lifi-gondu

Li-tcolu

Dupco

Bon-tonga.
Bon-tcoju.
L(o-kuka

H-king»

E-kingca.
Li-koti

N-kingu

Dcoli

N-king<a

Btobu-tu

Bubu-tw

U-tu

Bu-lu

B(U-CCd.

Wi-lco.
Bui-tsco ; pi.
bi-tsco.
Wi-jima

GROUPS JJ, KK : THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 525

158.

159-

159 a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-foatci>

Ifgombe and

Lo>lco or

(Mifigi,

{U.p«t»)

dialects

Mongu

Mamoi)

dialects

Nose ... Li-eol«»

Li-jo»lo0

J-oalco ; m-calu.
Janga

Danga,
Nanga

J-oolu

Oil palm ... ... Di-leboj

Di-leb<o.

Di-lebco.

Li-bia ; ma-bia

J-iba.

M-bila

M-bUa

L-ia

Ox ... En-gombi

...

...

lio-lele

Paddle ...

...

N-kai

N-kai.
E-kafi

N-kai.
Lu-kanku

Palm wine, ... Mam-ana

Mam-anna

M-ana

M-ana

Ba-lakco

beer

Parrot ... ... Eii-koasm

En-kcos<o

N-koasca

Kukulu

N-kcosu

Penis ... En-so)ka

En-sooka

Mu-singa

En-scoka

Bu)-soi

Pig ... En-comboj

En-combu.
N-gconya

Lin-gongco

Lin-gongco

N-sombco

Pigeon, dove ... Mu-kunguli

Mu-kungulu

Em-pupo)

E-dwea

M-pcokekuku.
Bco-sesesu

Place ... COm-eobe

Bu

M-pali

Doiiigco

B(o-kaku.
L-cokco

Rain ... ... ... Mbiila

Em-bula

M-bnla

M-bua.
Kcoma,
Gcoma

M-bula

Rat ... Em-pco

M-pu.
Em-babu

M-po>

M-babu

M-pco

River ... iMu-keli

Mu-keli.
M-banze

6(u-liku

Bu>-likco

N-tandu.
N-dzali.

Lco-si

Road ... Em-pali

Em-bali

N-jela

N-jea

M-bcoka

Salt

Mco-kwa,
Mo-nane

Mu>-kba

Ma)-kwa

Bo>-kwa

Sbame

Mco-tseoni

N-soani

Sconi

N-sunyi

Sheep ... Em-bata

Em-bata

M-pata

Bata

M-pate.

(Jim-vcoa =
lamb)
N-guwa

Shield ... En-guba

En-guba

N-gua

N-guba

Shoulder ... ... Li-tcokcotcoku

Li-tcokutcoku.
E-lefese

Li-beke

Li-lcokcolcokco

]i-ccokco.
E-abu

Sister ... Mu-tu-mw.ali

Mu-tu-mw-ali

Mw-akune
mon-taka

Mw-an'-afigco.
N-gene

N-ka-na

Skin ... LcD-pcosoi

Lu>-lo>pos

Lu-pusu

Di-pusu

L(u-fcosco

Sky ... Di-kojlw

Wisa

Li-kcolco

Bu-se

J-ikco.
I -cola

Slave

Li-buri ;
ma-buri.
Mfo-buri

Mo-mbco

Mu)-buli

Hcj-kwala.
Boii-kunju

Sleep ... Im-pongiri

I-lu

Tongco

Hwe

Bu)-lala

Smoke ... ... Li-tumbu

Li-tumbu

Ma)-linga

Mw-didi

Bco-jiinga

Snake ... ... En-jco

En-j<o.
Ny-toka

N-j<o

N-jco

N-jcoa.
Ny-coke

Son, boy ... ... Onw-ana

Onmw-ana

Mw-anadw-ele Mw-anam-eomi

B-cona

w.^-jende

Song ... L-embeo

L(ol-emb<d ; pi.
nj-embco

Lu>-embo}

Y-embco

N-sau.
Nj-emba

Spear ... Li-koiigco

Li-kongco

Li-kongo>

Li-koiigco.
Nama

Ji-kongco

Spirit, soul

Mb>-limco

Mw-embco

j i-dcoka {evil).
E-limu {soul)
B(o-jimu.
Bco-nina

nsi

M m

526

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

15^8.
Li-kangana

159-
A-buja or Buja

159 a.
Bwela
(Mingi,
Mamoi)

160.
Li-fcotcii

(U-peatca)

161.
Ngombe and

dialects

162.
Loalco or
Mongco

dialects

Star ...

Stick ...

Stone...
Stool ...
Sun ...

Tail (of an
animal)
Tear

Testicles ...

Thief ..
Thigh..

Thing..

Thorn
Tobacco . . .
To-day

Toe

To-morrow

Tongue

Tooth

Town, village

Tree

Twins
Urine

Nj-oatoa

Nj-otoo,
Enj-oatu

Mwny-catco

Monj-cotoj

B-coci,
I-cdcL
N-songi*

M-pimbco

Em-pimb<o

Mco-te

Moj-le

B(o-lenga.
N-ganja.
Bco-tamba

Di-tale

Di-tale

Li-tali

Li-tai

E-kenje.
£-keli

...

...

Eii-gende

N-gungu.
M-bata

E-bunga

D-isu la wi-^a.

D-isu la wi-sa

L-isu la u-tu

Mio-dika

J-eva

Miomoj-i

(= eye of the

sky).

ly-ane

bu-sa'

...

Ma)-sese

Mco-komboj

Bon-gongoi

Em-pipcdli

Em-pijsoali

M-piscdli

Mom-biscali ;
//. m-bis<oli

Lco-fisaji

In-gundu

M-puka.

M-puma.

Mco-dika ;

...

Liii-gundu

M-puka

n-jika

Iba

Iba; ba-iba

Mw-ibi

W-ibi

...

E-ferco

E-nama

E-felo>.
Li-fongto

Mu-sanu

Mu.sanu

Y-ima or
ly-ema ; //.
tu)-ma. Also
Bu-ina ;
ma-ina

Eka

Y-omba ;
bi-umba

Mun-jube

Mun-jube

Mco-keke

Mon-jube

Ji-beke

Li-anga

M-anga (//.)

Di-anga

D-ainga

Ji-anga

Ja-une

Ja-une

U-tu-u-ku.

Bu-sa ebu).

Lu)-swene,

Bcobco-ycokoa

Fadefade

Loj-swe

N-sei

N-cei.
N-sala

Mco-se.
N-sei

Ma>-sapi

B(o-sai wa-kaka

...

...

U-tu a loi

En-dindi

Baii-kesa.
L-Mbi.
L-oame

Lco-lemi

Lou-lemu,

L(o-lemca

Y-emi; //.

Lw-lemca.

L(o-limi

b-emi.

Lu-lemi,

E-lemi

Lco-laka

{language)

Dil-in<a

Lid-inco ; pi.

L-inu,

D-inu

J-inu; b-inu.

mam-inu or

D-incd

D-inu ; pi.

bam-inu.

b-ini

Likekoa

Lo>-bala

Bu)-bala.

M-buka.

N-ganda.

Buj-la ; bi-la.

M-bcoku

Li-kutu

E-lekoj

La)-la.
Li-Mci

Mu-ite ; pi.

ly-ete ; pi.

Mw-ete or

Mu)-le

B(o-tamba.

nj-ete

nj-ete or

Nw-ete ; //.

(Bw-te =

inj-ete

mi-te

medicine)

Ma-pasa

Ma-pasa

Ma-pasa

Ma-pasa

B-asa
[sing, j-asa)

Mam-inyi

Mam-inye

Mam-inyi

...

Ji-safo»

' Akin to '■moon'.

' Possibly an indecent jest in answer to a vexatious interrogation, since the phrase means : ' scrotum of the sky '.

GROUPS JJ, KK : THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 527

158.

159-

159 a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcotco

Ngombe and

Lcolco or

(Miiagi,

(U-pcotoa)

dialects

Mongoa

Mamoi)

dialects

Vein

N-siesa

Moj-sisa

Mu)-sisa

B(u-sisa

War

...

E-tmnba

E-tumba

E-ta or
I-ta

Ebi-la

E-tumba

Water

...

Ma-limba

Ma-limba

Ma-i

Ma-diba.
M-ongoa

Ba-si

Well, source

...

...

...

...

E-cima.
E-tokeo

White man

Mun-dele

Mun-dele

Mon-dele

Mon-dele

Nten^dele or
Bon^dele

Wife

NwaU

Onw-ali.
Mw-<ali

Mw-ali or
Nw-ali

Mw-ali

W^aji,
W-asi; b^aji,
b^asi

Wind, air...

...

Mco-piu

E-puipui.

Mu-pico.
E-we

E-poipoi

Pcoea

Bom^pompco.
Bco-fefaki.
E^fefoi

Witch, sor-

En-keta

N-ganga.

Mco-lemba.

Mu)-emba

Bcu^luki

cerer

Efi-keta

N-kanga

Woman ...

Mw-ali; ba-ali

Oiiw-ali ; b-ali

(Jl)tn-»di ; pi.

Mon-taka ;

Mw-ali; b-ali.

B(umu)^tco or

ab-adi.

ban-taka.

Em-adi

Bcom-atoa ;

OOnw-ali.

Kcom-ali

bim^atco

Mun-taka

Womb ...

...

...

...

...

Lfumu.
L^otco

Wood (fire-

lii-koani

E-kooni

Yeokco.

Le-sa ; //.

Lon-kconi,

wood)

N-kconi

be-sa

N^kconyi

Yam

...

OO-benja

<Jl)-benke; ba-

N-gcoma.
Benju ; ba +

Ycoma

CO^benke ; pi.
ba-benke.
W^coji

Year

E-langa

E-ranga

E-langa ; pi.
Manga

Yanga

E^jingi.
? Bi-dekco

Yesterday...

...

...

Bu-tu wa loi

Bu-sa cobi

L^cobi

One

•moi

•ci (to-ci).

E-muci,

■cokco.

-mcoci

•comco.

E-moi

-oati.
E-moi,

-(o-ci

-mcokco

•monkcole

Two

I.yele,

-wa.

I-ba,

■wale

-bae

Ba^pe, -a^pe.

-le

I-bale

I bale

■fe, •«.
•bare

Three

I-sascd

■satu, I-satu

I-hatco

•satco

■satco

•satu

Four

Mekeleka

-nei,
-nne

•nei,
•nne

-nei

■nei

•ne,
•nei

Five

Humco

-tanco

I -tanco

-tanco

•tanco

•tanu

Six

I-samanu

-simanco

H^manco.
In-samanco

Samancd

Samanco

Bco^tcowa

Seven

Sam bed

Sambco,

Hambco.

N -sambco

Sambco,

Tsambco,

In-sambco

In-sambu

N-samba

X^cambco

Eight

Moj-nanai

M(u-nanai.
Mw-ambi

Ma)-nana.
Mu-ambi

M(u-nanai

Btomw-ambi,
Mu-ambi

Miu-wambi

Nine

Li-bwa

Li-bwa

I-bwa,
Di-bwa

Li-bwa

Di-bwa

I-boi,
I-bwa

Ten

Naa-bco

Li-oamcd

Dcomi,

Jcomi

Dcomi.

Jumi,

»'

Jumi.
Li-ku

Bco-tete,
Bu-etete

Jumco.
N^tuku,
LoD^tuku or
Tuku.
^•gulu
M m 2

Sa8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

158.

159-

159 a.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcotca

Ngombe

and

Lulu or

(Mifigi,

(U-p»too)

dialects

Mongu

i

Mamoi)

diixleits

Eleven

Naa-bconamoi.

Li-<omconaco-ci.

Jumi na

Jumi la muku.

IJco-tete

Jumi I'-umu.

(Naa-bu na

(Li-como> na

e-monci or

(Jumilai-wale

ne'-muci.

(Jumi la-pe =

i-yele=i7uelve]

a.-vfei'= twelve)

Jume r'-oati.

= twelve,

(Bfo-tete

na

twelve)

(Jume ri-bali

Mu).kulu-moi

i-bae = twelve)

= twelve)

= fifteen)

Twenty ...

Lin-tinda

Mco-hei.
Di-tinda

£-kata or
Ma-k» ma-bale

Li-cinda

Ma-ku ma

-bae

L<i>-tuku lio-pe
or Tuku i-pe.
N-tuku i-fe.
Bin-gulu 'pe

Thirty

Lin-tinda na

M(o-hei na

£-kata na

Li^cinda la

Li-ku na duml

Tuku i-satu.

naa-bc0

li-umm.
N-ju-mi-sato>

dcomi.
N-ju-mi-satu

jumi

N-tuku i-satu.

Biii-gulu

bi-satu

Forty

A-tinda ha-ele

Mi-hei mi-wa

I-kata i-be

Ma-cinda
ma-wale

Ma-ku ma

•bae

Tuku ine

Fifty

A-tinda ha-ele

Mi-hei mi-wa

1-kata i-be na

Ma-cinda

Ma-ku ma

■bae

Tuku i-tanu

na naa-bu

na li-umu

doimi

ma-wale la
jumi

na dumi

Hundred . . .

A-tinda hcomco Mon-genja

I-kata i-tano>.

Lon-tuku

Ma-ku ma

tanu

Bon-kama

Mu-kama

Thousand...

N-kutu.
(E^puma =
10,000)

I, me, my ...

Ifgco.

Mba.

Mbi.

Nga.

Mbi.

E-mi.

N-, Nj-.

?

?

N-.

N., Na-.

N., Nd-, Nju-.

J

-mbai-.

?

p

p

-n- or -m-.

-ngco, i, -le.

■mbai

•mbi.

-nga.

•ni, -mbi

-ka-m' or

(u)ha)-i = mj'

-a-mbi

-a-nga

-ka-mi

father)

Thou, thee,

OOhe.

I-yoa. (jOwe.

We.

A-u.

We.

We.

thy

J

U)-.

?

U)-, Ku-.

0)..

CO-.

1

?

-we-.

-ku-.

p

-ku-.

■cdhe.

-we.

-a-we

-a-u

•we

-ke or -ka-we

-l-whco, -a-hco

-i-yoa

He, him, his

He.

Nde.

Nde.

Inde.

I-yu.

Ende. Au.

Nd..

A-.

Kn-.

Ka-, A-.

A-.

A-, E-.

J

J

J

■mu-.

•mu^.

-lu-.

-le-he

-nde

-a-nde

-i-nde

•nde

-ka-ndeor-ka-i

We, us, our

Esu.

Su, Isu.

Ho».

Isu.

[su.

Isu, Itsu.

Tco-.

E-.

5

T^, Tu-.

Bu-.

Tu- or Cu-.

J

J

■>

■tu-.

-bu-.

•tu-.

-esu

•su

-a-hu

-isu

-su

-k-isu

Ye, you, your

Enu.

Nu, Inu. Ba-ni.

Nuni, Ba-ni.

Inu.

[nu.

Inyu.

Bco-.

Ko-.

;

Ku-, K-.

(jObu-.

Bu- or Lu-.

p

.'

5

-ku-.

p

•le-.

■enu

•ne

-a-nuni

-inu

-nu

-ki-nyu

They, them,

Bo>.

B«a.

Bca.

1-fu.

I-bu.

I-yu.

their

Ba-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

Be-, Ba-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

>

J

?

•wa-.

-ba-.

-la-, -ya-.

b5

■bu

-a-bu

-i-fu

-bu

-ki-yu

AU

...

-ba

•ba or
-ne-ba

•esiba

-susu

-umuna.
•ma,
■maka.
Muma

GROUPS JJ, KK : THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 529

158.
Li-kangana

159.

159 a.

i6a

161.

162.

English

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-festca

If gombe and

Lcolco or

(1-lingi,

(U-p»t(»)

dialects

Mongco

Mamoi)

dialects

This, these

Yco-kco, ba-ka ;
mu-ku, mi-ki ;
li-ki, ma-ko> ;
ye-ke, bi-ki ;
i-ki; ye-ke,
i-ki ; lu-ku ;
tu-ku, u-ku ;

Oyoj, baba ;
mcomco, mimi ;
lidi, mama ;
yeye, bibi ;

? iki (8 a) ;
yeye, jiji ;
r lu-ku ; tu-ku ;
bcobco ; (5^'f .

-ne (oo-ne,
ba-ne; bw-ne;
be-ne; ji-ne,
ma-ne; e-ne,
bi-ne ; i-ne
(8 a) ; e-ne,
i-ne ; Iio-ne ;
tco-ne; bco-ne)

That, those

-na (yco-na,
ba-na ; &'c.)

-na (yu)-na,
ba-na ; o^f.)

-ncohco
(yoj-ncohco,
ba-ncohco ;

•iakco, -ni or
-nyi (o-nkco,
ba-nkco ; ^'c.
(co-ni, ba-ni ;

mco-noahco,
mi-nuhu ;

<5^'<^.)

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp,
bitter
Good B\v-ali

Great

Little

Long, high, tall
Male

Old

Red

Rotten

Short

Sick

White

Mw-ali, (litw-adi ; //.

B-ali, <S^'c^. Atw-adi

-endamu

-be

-indu

Mon-taka.
Kcom-ali

-ndamu

-nene
-keke.

-tootco
-lai
-dwrele.

-Icomi
-nunu

-ngcola

-kwe
-yanka

■tani

•be

•hindu

Mw-ali,
B-ali

-pele

-nene
-kekeke

-yai
-umi

•banga

-kue
•kcona

•gweci

-be.

■mpeasombi
.yooyo».

Lom-pindco
Bcom-cotoo,

-m-utu

-Icoci.

-bolo.

E-mengu
•nene
-sisi.

-saji
-tali
-jende.

-londco
-iagenja.

-kuta
-susu
-lutu
-yuwe
-kconco,

-kcona
-lun\bu.

-fufu.

M-pembe

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind

Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle

Li-kulco

00 -SCO
0)m-buse e

COn-ci

£-simba

Ana.

Nuni
CD
OO-te.

La-te

Di-k(u

Bco-sco
N-gongco e-

Na-se

Bo)-hali
Jconoo

CO
Ta-te

(0 ji-kco

N-da jco-sco
N-da afeka-a.

Bamba
n-da n-si
E-si
Ane.

End CO
N-da
N-datei

53©

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

158.
Li-kangana

159-
A-buja or Buja

159a.
Bwela
(Mingi,
Mamoi)

160.

Li-fcotu

(U-pcutoa)

161.
Ifgombe and

dialects

\(yi.
Lcolos or
Mongco

dialects

Near

Outside ...
Plenty, many .'V-fulu

There

Where? ...
No!

"Sotiwithverb, -ci-, -ti-
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

To

„ beat ...

„ buy, sell

3

•somba

„ come ...

„ cut

„ dance ...

■buha

„ die

„ eat ...

,. give ...

-asi

,> go..

„ kill ...

„ know ...
„ laugh ...

„ leave off,
cease

■bua-ka

-cdla

„ love.want -kunja

„ see

-

N-sangama.

M-bali.

Tu-ci

...

...

(jO-kco sau

E-ndendco

N-da-n-za.
An-za

-j-ike

-j.ike

-j-ike.
La)-scamco

•ombe

•uke,
B-uke.
•fula.
•ke

...

...

•••

•CO

•kco,
Aku,
E^kw.
M-peue

• ••

A-lu?

J»?

N-keo .'

...

La-kco !

Pepe!

Nyconyco !
Foa!

•ci-, -keti, -kiti,

te-, -te-

ci-, -tw-, -te

-ta-, -t'-, -li-, -ti

N-kco-. F- ; -fa

-ti {suffixes)

or -ci

(-p«-), -ci-
{first pers.
sing, only),
-n-ta- ; Ta^,T^
■ke {suffix at
end of verb)

Ko)- .=, 0)-

CO-

0)-

iX)- or —

Jco-

...

■bete

•bcama

-kunda

-somba.

-beda

-unga,

-ngedzeke.

•somba,

-sombe-sa

•ung^isa.

-ngedza.

•sumba.

-sumba

■sumba

•teka

...

■ya

-dua'

•ya

. ..

-tena

-lena

-tena

•ina-wanga

•abwe

-oina,
-ina

•aka

(-akadea).
-bua

•bina

...

...

•wa

•gwa

•bwa

...

...

■le

-ya

•le

•heke.

-pa.

-fa

•pa (-pi)

•ka.

(•hei = gave)

(•pi =gave)

•kaya

-ke

•ke

•kenda.
•ccoa.
•coccola,
•ycali

•wa-ka

-wwe

-uma

-waka.
-Wbia

•buma

•ewa

-jeba

•lea

•seke-ke

•heke"

-seke

-seke-ke

•seka.
•batcdlco

•eca

■pika

•jika,
■cika.
(-leka = to

go by)

■bala

•yonde

-nkala,

-pala-ke.

-tomba

•kala

-pala

(marry).

•langa.

•lionta

• •■

•••

•ene

•ene

•lena

GROUPS JJ, KK : THE ARUWIMI, &c., AND NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLANt) LANGUAGES 531

158.

159-

1593.

160.

161.

162.

English

Li-kangana

A-buja or Buja

Bwela

Li-fcotco

Ifgombe and

Lulca or

(I-Ungi,

(U-putco)

dialects

Mongu

Mamoi)

dialects

To

,, sit.remain,

abide
„ sleep ...

„ stand,stop,

be erect
,, steal ...

Kco-?, (0-

00-

00-

00- or —

Jco-

•ika

-dia

-yala,
-cikala

-tongca

•hvre

-bo>-lala.
-le-tama.
-ongama
(-kola =

snore)

•sibwa

•angco

-ema-la,
■lema-la

-iba

-iba

-via

PREFIXES IN LI-KANGANA
Class 1. Mu-, Moj-, Bco- ; 2. Ba- ; 3. ? ; 4. .' ; 5. Li- ; 6. Ha-, A- ; 7. E- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. — , N- (M-) ;

10. same as 9 ; 11.

12. .' ; 13. wanting; 14. W-, Boa- ; 15. ?; 16. ?

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN A-BUJA AND BWELA

Preprefixes present occasionally.

Class I. Onw-, OOmoi-, Umco-, 00-, Mu-, Mco- (mco, o>) ; 2. Baba-, Aba-, Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mm-, Mu- ;
4. Me-?, Mi-, ?Nji- ? ; 5. Di-, Dili-, Didi-, Lidi-, Li- ; 6. Ma-, Mam'-, Bam-, Ba- ; 7- E- ; 8. Bi-, I- ;
8 a. I- ; 9. In-, In-, En- (Em-), Eny-,N- (e,ny,en) ; 10. same as 9 (concord i,n), and also Nj- ; 1 1. D00-,
Loo-, Lu-, 00-; 12. Too- (sometimes pi. to L00-) ; 13. wanting; 14. Bu-, Boo-, Bubu-, 00b'-, 00-, U- :
15. ?; 16. ?

PRI'IFIXES, &C., IN LI-FOOTOO AND N-GOMBE
Slight traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Moo-, Mu-, 00m'-, Em'-, A-, Nw- (mo), yco, u) ; 2. Ba- (ba, wa) ; 3. M00-, Mu-, Nw- (mio) ;
4. Mi- (mi) ; 5. Li-, Di- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. E- (e, ye) ; 8. Bi-, I- (bi, i) ; 8 a. I- (i) ; 9. In-, En-, N-
(M-), N-, Ny- (ye, e, n) ; 10. same as 9 (concord n, ji) ; 11. L00-, Lu- (Ico) ; 12. Tea-, Le- (tto) ; 13. want-
ing ; 14. Bu-, U- (bto) ; 15, 00-, Joj- ; 16. — , A- ; 17. missing. Represented by 20. La- or Da- and by
suffix -te.

There is apparently an honorific prefix A- in First Class.

PREFIXES, &C., IN LOOLOO, LUN-KUNDU, MONGOO, &c.

Class I. Boo-, W-, 00-, M'-, A- (o, wco, loj) ; 2. Ba- (ba, la) ; 3. Boo-, W- (bo)) ; 4. Be-,Bi- (be,bi) ;
5. Ji., Li-, I- (ji) ; 6. Ba- (ba, ma) ; 7- E-, ? Ji- (e) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (i); 9. N- (M-), N-, In- (Im-)
(e) ; 10. same as 9 (concord n, i) ; 11. Lo>- (lo)) ; 12. Too- (tco) ; 13. missing ; 14. W-, Wco-, Boj- (bto)
(pi. Bi- ') ; 15. Joo- (jco, kto) ; 16. — , A- ; 17. place taken by Nda- and suffix -tei ; 20. La-, Nda-.

' The peculiar Class W- (U- before consonant), with its plural Bi- This may be a form of ^,pl. Bi-
(Mi-), or of \i,; the Bi- plural representing No. 4 (Mi-). Or the W- may be a perversion of either 7 or
l'^, with the customary i plural. 5^« Kele. But this is a less probable supposition. Also note ^ta- for
Ku- (15) in Loolco and in some N-gombe dialects.

53* ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

158. Likangana is spoken in a small area on the north bank of the northern Congo between Bumba
on the east and Up<»ta> on the west. Chiefly round the post of Dcobto.

159. Abuja is spoken along the Lower Rubi (Itimbiri) river down to its junction with the northern
Congo, and between the Lower Rubi and the Mcolua, along the north bank of the Congo ; inland to the
confines of the Ababua dialects.

1 59 a. Bwela is spoken to the north of the northern Congo in the basin of the Lower Moiigala,
north of the Mcotima-Mongombo) stream; west of East longitude 21° 20', east of East longitude 20°,
south of North latitude 3°.

160. Lifcotco (Upcotcii) is spoken in the immediate surroundings of Bcopoittu, on the north bank of the
northern Congo, west of Lisali, east of B<omaiigi.

161. ffgombe dialects are spoken over a considerable area of northern Congoland : between the
Lulongco-Ltopori river on the south and the north bank of the northern Congo on the north ; between
East longitude 22° on the east and the vicinity of New Antwerp on the west. Also north of the main
Congo, between the Moiigala river and the limits of the Saiiga basin in the basin of the Lower Mubaiigi.
Also scattered colonies in the Lower Busira basin.

162. Lcoloa or Mongoo dialects are spoken in a large part of North-central Congoland, roughly defined
as the area lying between the Lower L<omami on the east and the Busira-Congo confluence and the east
shores of Lake Leopold II in the west. The northern limit of Lcolo) is probably the main course of the
Lulofigoj-Loopori river. Southward it extends its dialects to the MomboycD affluent of the Busira river and
to the La)mela. It is generally styled LcoIod in the north, La>tsakani in the south-west, Moiigto in the
east, and Lunkundu in the south.

GROUP KK

NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES {continued)

163. Jcabcd 165.
Sub-group KK 3 Ngala 166.

164. Ngala dialects (Bw-looki, Ma-ftgala, Lu-

bala (M-bala), and Loi of Lower 167.

Mubstngi) 168.

Safiga dialects '
Baiigi(//a/tf(r/'^(Lcobco-bafigi,La>-nunco,Lco-moye,

I-rebu)
Mpama or Boi-kwte "^ 167 a. I-kcok<o
Sefigele 168 a. Ba-tende

English

163.
Jubca

I

164.
IfgaJa

Sanga dialects

166.
Baagi dialects

167.

Mpama or

Bo-kcdte

167 a. I-kuk<o

168.

Sengele

1 68 a. Ba-tende

Adze

N-gwa

...

N-gwa

...

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

..a

E-bwele

...

beast

Ant

N-sombi,
Mun-sombi ;
mi-

...

Lcu-silangu

...

Ant, white

N-donge.

...

Lw-selele

■••

(termite)

A-pumbwe ;

//. ba-.
Mun-selija ;
mi-

Ape

N-gundu.
Mu-kmnbuso>

...

Esumbu

...

Arm

Li-bcokcd (or
Leo-, I-) ; pi.
ma-

E-boo

L(o-bcokco

Lcj-bcoku ;
ma-bciikco

Arrow

Li-kula.
Lu-kcokoi ; pi.
ii-kcdkco

...

Li-kula,
Li-kora

...

Axe

1-kcokco; pl.^m-.
E-kcokco ; pi.
bi-

...

E-2;umbi,
Zombi.
Li-koba

...

Back

Mu>-kundu.

Mco-kia

...

M-bisa.
Mco-kundu

...

Banana ...

Li-kondco.
E-tabi ; hi-.
Meka

Lco-komw

Baii-kandca
{PD.

Lui.kumoa ;
ii-kcamco(i67a)

Beard

L-uli; //. nj-coli E-ssama

L-cole.

...

Sali

Bee

Nj-ui or
Munj-ui

...

Nz-oi,
Lonz-oi

...

BeUy

Li-bumco

Moi"

Lco-bobo.
Moi,
Mwe.
Li-nene.
E-bombco

Bird

M-pulu.

• ••

Mo-leke.

N-deke.

Ng-coli.

A-nuni

M-pulu (167 a)

N-kweti
Ny-ama

Lio-bcoca

lii-kca

L-ule

M-fulu
A-nuni M-pulu (167 a)

M <o-leki ;
mi-leki

' The speech of the Lower Ssmga, river — of the Ba-sanga, Bara-pondco, Ba-sinde, Ba-mbii, Ketiene, Ba-binga,
and Ya-dinga tribes. See Bull. Soc. d' Ethnographic de Paris, Jan. 1914, article by M. L. Douet.

' Apparently this is also the speech of the Jjuilid, Titan, Injijlij, and Wangata (Bangdtd) tribes. See ' Les Wan-
gat a ', by Lt. Engels, in ' La Revue Congolaise' , vol. 2, 1910. ' Noteworthy.

534

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

163.

164.

. 165.

166.

167.

168.

English

Jubu

»gala

Sanga dialects

Bang! dialects

Mpama or

B(o-kcote

167 a. I-kcokco

Sengele
1 68 a. Ba-tende

Blood

...

Ma-kila.
Ma-longoj.'
l.kila

{a drop ; pi.
t<o-kila)

B-iie

Ma-loiigu '

...

...

Body

Nj-cotco

..■

Nz-5tto

...

Bi.enge

Bone

Mcu-kua or
Mun-kua

E-vese

Lco-kwa.
Li-a

...

Lco-kwa

Borassus palm

...

M-buma or
Mco-lebu

•••

Mw-lebco,
Li-leb<o

...

...

Bow

...

Di-tingboo;ma-.
Loa-basi ; pi.
m-basi

...

Mon-gango».
Le-kuta

...

...

Bowels

Mon-sco,
Mon-soi

Mon-cesbaa '

...

...

Brains

Bon-goiigeo

...

Bon-gongea

• ■•

...

Breast (man's)

N-guba.
N-tulu

Mon-dondco ^

N-tolco

...

N-tcolco

Breast

Li-bele

••■

Li-bele

«••

• ■•

(woman's)

Brother ...

N-degoa or
N-dekco.'
N-kaja.

Mco-tu-m-tolo».
Mo)-jimi

Mo-yebi.
Mca-limi.
N-kana.
On-degu '

M-paka.
Nana.
Wa-kune

Buffalo

...

Nj-ale or
N-gomboa

...

N-gombea

...

Ny-ate

Bull

...

•••

...

Buttocks ...

...

Ma-scoku ; li-.
E-luka ; bi-

B(B-koto.
U-kcoti.
Li-nycakeo

...

...

Canoe

Bw-atw ;
m-atco

Bw-&tb>

Bw-atco.
Lu-ngrwe.
Bw-engto

Bw-atco

W-atco

Cat

...

Kondcoku.
N-koi-m-pamba
Lw-wali

...

Ngam-pangeo

Bto-manga

Di-oab«a

Charcoal ...

•■•

Ma-lala

• ■■

Bw.ala

\V.ala

Chief

Mu>-kuma

Mco-nanga.
i\ho-konji.
Mw-lombi

Ma)-konzi,
Mu-kunji.
M(o-bali,
E-bali

Mio-kondi ?
Nkumu

N-kumu

Child

...

Mw-ana

Mo-ina

(?a/jo Mw-ana)

Mw-ana

Ng-ana

W-ana ; b-ana

Cloth

...

E-lamba

E-lamba.
Le-puta

E-tcobco(l67a)

E-senda

Cold

■••

M-pico

Moj.peu

M-pico.
JVl-buiige

...

Em-pico-m-piu

Country ...

Mu>-kwc»tu

E-kulu.
N-se.
M-buka.
Y-ese;//.
bi-ese

E-se,
Mon-ce,
N-ci

N-ce.
E-he (167 a)

E-se; bi-se

Cow

' Noteworthy.

N-gombco e
mw-ene

GROUP KK : THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

535

English

163.
Joibu

164.
If gala

165.
Sanga dialects

» 166.
Bangi dialects

167.

Mpama or

Bio-kcote

167 a. I-kuku

168.
Sengele

168 a. Ba-tende

Crocodile ...

Day, daylight Bu-sa

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

Door,

door-

way
Dream

Drum

Ear

Egg

Elephant ...

Excrement

Eye

Face

Fat, oil ...

Father ... Tata
Fear

Finger

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

Fowl

Frog

Ghost

Girl, maiden

N-kcoli '

Bu-tu; pi.
mutu.
Mcu-kodlco

N.dtoki
fi-ganga

M-bwa

E-jibeli.

E-kukereke
N-saki.

Di-rcateo
N-gcomeo.

M(o-kaka

Li-toi

Mun-kei.

Yala; pi.

tco-yara
N-jeoku.

Bcokcolco
Et(i)-bi;bu)t(o-bi

J-iu
E-longi,

E-lenge
M-pongu.

Mali

A-nga> ; //.

b-a-ngco
J-ika.

Mun-gongcoma.

N-swmco
Mw-sai.

N-sei.

E-se
Mw-eya
N-su
Li-tambi
J-amba.

N-jete
N-susu.

Kcokco
Kcokcoku.

Li-luka
E-limu ; bi-.

M(i)-lim<o
N-gonde

Li-liii

N-jcokco

M-is«J//.)
B<o-langa

Tata,
Tayo)

Bi-ngm' (} pi.)

Tindi

N-koli.

Bamba.'

...

N-gonde

N-ktoli.
N-konde

Bu-sa,

Bo-ina

L(o-8io>.

Bw-isa

Bco'tioa

(//. mi-sa.

m-usa).

Mu-ka>li

E-rimu ; bi-

...

...

N-ganga.
Mu-leb

N-kanga

N-kanga

M-b^va.

M-bwa

M-wa

E-bengoj •
E-kuki.

Ma-yi
Li-lcotca.

N-zuli.

N-doli

Di-eatfift

Lon-gcom&j.
Mon-kuka.

...

...

En-gende
Li-toi

...

I-toi ; pi.
bi-atu

Li-kei

...

Ba>-kile;//.bi

' Noteworthy.

N-z5ku

Ny-ei.

Batu-bi
L-isco
E-longi.

B(jt)-cco
M-ali._

La)-toto.

N-cali
Sa-iigco.

Mu>-kinzi
B-ongeo.

Loj-bali

Mco-sei.
N-cei

M-eya
N-cu
Li-kaka
Z-amba

N-coso '

£-kcolcolca.

E-kokoko
E-limco.

Mco-kundwa
E-lenge.

Bu-kuli

D-zoiku

L-iyoa

Papa.

Sa-iigo)

N-zuu

L-isca;^/.b-esci>

B(jo-lau

Papa
Boi-mca

B(o-sei

Twe ; ma-twe Twe
N-se

I-kaka ; ma-
Lia ; ma +

N -kcokco

N-kcoku

53<5

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

163.

164.

. 165-

166.

167.

168.

English

Jwboi

Ngala

Sanga dialects

Bangi dialects

Mpama or

Bu>.k<ote

167 a. I-kuku

Sengele
168 a. Ba-tende

Goat

...

N-taba.
N-kambi '

...

M-budi.
M-bcali.
N-taba

N-taba

» (he) ...

>.>

• ••

Lim-bcaku

...

God

...

N-pongM.
Li-banza

...

Ny-ambe

Ny-ambe

W-angi

Grandparent

...

N-kcak(o

...

N-kcoko.
N-kekene

...

Grass

N-kinga.
Y-embco ;
bi-embco.
Di-titi; ma-

• !•

Bi-s5be

...

Be-kukM

Ground

Mio-kwcotu

Mo-mbi.
N-ttoteo.

Mco-kili

N-tutw

N-ce.
Mw-kUi

N-se

M-bcatu

Ground-nut

• ••

N-guba.
N-jeok«

...

Lcon-zuku

...

N-zeakca

Guinea-fowl

Lifi-keme

...

Li-keme

•••

Loj-kanga ; pi.
u-kanga

Gun

...

Bondcoki.
E-bau

...

Bto-ta

...

Bo)-ta

Hair

...

Mun-swi

ptie

L(o-swe.

Mco-ongi

...

Di.ibu

Hand

...

Loo-bcokco.
Li-kata

Di.nda>

Li-kanza.
Li-kata,
Li-kaka

I-kata ; ma-

Lco-buoa

Head

...

MfU'tu

...

Mu-tu ;
miu-tu

McD-tu ; me-tu

...

Heart

Moj.tema

Mco-lima

Mcd-lcokco

Mu-lcokcd

Heel

...

Li-tindi

E-kata

E-tindi

Hide

...

E-kutu

• ••

E-koto).
Li-k5ko3

...

...

Hill

...

N-gong«

• ••

Mco-bengete.
N-keka

...

...

Hippopotamus

• • •

N-gubu

N-gubu

...

N-guwu

Hoe

• <.

N-kongco

Lco-kongco

Lco-kongcd

Honey

B-oi.
A-pcoli

M-pakcd.
Z-eoke.
Bo-i,
Bw-i

Horn

...

Li-seke

• ••

Li-seke.
N-cembco

...

...

House

N-daku

E-bukco

N-dakoj

In-gomba.
Bcola.
I-tumba

(167 a)

La)-wulu ; pi.
m-bulu

Hunger

• ■•

N.jala

• ••

N-zala

N-zala

Husband ...

...

Mfo-bali.
Mw-loi

...

Ma>-bali

Mu>-lcami

...

Hyena

...

M-bungulu

...

N-gumbulu

...

• ••

Iron

E-buni.
E-bende

N-zondco.
E-yeli,
M-pindi,
E-ipi

I.ye.
E-pekco

Island

Y-anga

*••
' Noteworthy.

E-sanga.
E-sika

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

537

163.

164.

165.

166.

167-

168.

English

Joibo)

Ngala

%9j^%a. dialects

Bangi dialects

Mpama or

Boj-keote

167 a. I'kcaku

Sengele

168 a. Ba-tende

Ivory

Mom.pembe.
Mo-nzM.
Mu-ngcolco

Mo-nzo>

...

...

Knee

...

Li-boiigcj

Bongbi

I-b<along(o

or Li-

...

•••

Knife

...

M-biele

...

Boo-tale.
M-bieli

...

N-guloa.
Em-feli

Lake

...

E-bale

...

E-liba.
Li-beke

I-beke

Leg

...

La>-kulu.
E-kojlo3

...

Li-kulu.
Lokcolu

Lco-kulu

• »•

Leopard ...

• ••

N-koi

• • •

N-goi

Koie

N-koi

Lion

...

...

...

N-kcosi,
N-kco^e

...

...

Lips

...

E-teke,
E-take

...

Le-bebu or Lio-

...

Magric

...

Bon-ganga

...

N-demu,
N-demwa

E-tekco {idol)
(167 a)

...

Maize

...

Ma-sangu.
Mun-denge

...

Li-sangu

Man

Mui-tu ; ba-tu

Mco-tu ; ba-tu

Mto-teo; ba-teo

Mco-teo ; ba-t<o.
Mu-ntu ;
ba-ntu. Ta

Moo-toa ; ba-tu

Bco'tu ; ba-tu

Male, husband

Mco-loi.

Du-ele ; pi.

m-ele.

Min-jenga

Mco-bali.
Bw-ele;
m-pele

Bcose-kuta.
Mw-ele

W-ele

Meat

...

Ny-ama

...

E-bwele

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

..*

M(u-no>

Y-m1co '

Mu)-no

M<o-lu

Bq)-1u

Milk

...

Ma-bele.
(-ama = to

milk)

Ma-bele

Monkey ...

...

N-kema

...

N-kema

N-kema

...

Moon

• ••

panja

Sunge"

E-yeli.
N-conge.
N-cuiigi

N-congu

Ei-pale.
Bon-zali

Mother ...

...

Nya-ngo)

Ng«,
Ngoi

Nya-ngu.
M<o-boti

Ngoya.
Nya-figo)

Nya-ngo)

Mountain ...

...

E-kuba.
N-keka

...

N-keka

...

...

Mouth

...

McD-neaku

...

Mu-nwa,
Mu-nya

Mu-nya ; mi-

Mu-nya

Nail (of finger

Lon-kwala

E-ladi

Lon-zali,

...

...

or toe)

Lon-jara

Name

Kombe

N-kumbu.
N-kembu

D-ina

Ed-ina o>-
L-ina.
N-kombu

D-ina,
L-ina.
N-kombu

D-ina ; b-ena

Navel

...

Mon-tcolu

Mon-tolu

...

Neck, throat

...

N-kingco

Kigoj,
Kingoj.
Gudu

N-kingca

...

Night

Bu-tu

M(o-kol«.
M-pukcd

Bco-tiu.
(Mo-ilima =
darkness)

I-kulu.

Bon-tika;ben-.
(M-pita-iTi<o =
darkness)

Nose

••*

J-ulco,
J-uru

Mi-o

N-zulu.
M-61o> ; pi.
mi-dlco

M-ulu ; mi-ulu

]3-ulu

538

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

' 163.

164.

165.

166.

.67.

168.

English

Jciibco

1

»gala

Sanga dialects

Bang! dialects

Mpama or

Bto-kcate

167 a. I-koaku

Sengele

l68a. Ba-tende

Oil palm ...

Ebiln,
Di-leboj

...

Li-bila,

Mco-bira

E-songco

I-ba

Ox

. ..

...

N-gombw

■•■

<>•

Paddle ...

...

N-kai "

...

N-Vai

...

. •*

Palm wine,

.,,

M-anga

...

Ma-sanga

...

N-suka

beer

Parrot

...

N-kusu

...

N-kusu

...

■ < •

Penis

...

Liu-scoka.
(Li.bcoloa =

Ny-ama.
Li-kota>.
N-scaka

"••

...

Pig ... ...

N-^uba

J*-gulu.
Ngumbili,
N-gombele.
N-goya

Sombu

Pigeon

E-benga.

E-benga.

...

...

Mu-kurungull

Em-pompeo

Place

Y.uma.
Ma-be

NongoB.
E-pojsa

M-anda

N-die.

N-geng«

Rain

M-bula

N-gawa.
M-bula

...

M-bula

Rat

M-pM

M-puku.
M-po

...

M-pca

River

Lo-i.
Mu-keli

N-zali.

E-bale

Mto-Uba

N-zale

Road

N-jila

N-zela

• ■•

Salt

Mco-kwa

M-pongwe.

Mo).kwa

...

Bu>-kwa

Shame

N-sconi

N-ceoni.
BoD-bolu

...

Sheep

M-pati

M-bata

...

M-bata

Shield

N-guba

N-guba

...

Lbj-bea

Shoulder ...

Li-tcotcoko]

Kcobu

Li-beki.
E-babu

...

...

Sister

N-kaja

...

N-kana.

Mo-yebi

N-kana

Skin

Lum-pii.
E-kutu ; bi-

Kata

1-kutu.
E-teke.
L(i)-puso

...

Lu)-poi>sco

Sky

Di-kco,

Li-kcolco.

N.gee

Ey-ido>.

I-kcolu.

Di-koa

Bu-sa

Boi-lcobco

I-kuru,
Li-kcolo>

Li-kco

Slave

M-ombco

...

Mon-tamba.
Bco-pika

...

...

Sleep

...

M-pongi.
Mco

...

N-gwli.
T6-lo».
L(o-kutu

...

Tama

Smoke

N-jombele

N-dumbele.
Mi-linga.

Mi-jia, Mi-sia

...

Snake

N-JM

Mu-pweiiia,
M(o-seme

Dzwa.
N-zto (167 a)

Son, boy . . .

...

Mw-ana du-ele Mw-Sna.

Mw-ana

E-lenge

• ■•

or leli

Neke

(u bw-ele

Song

LcD-embu

L-erabo>

Lco-yembco

Spear

Li-koiigco

E-koiigco

Li-kongu

B(o-siki

Spirit, soul

Mtu-limco

• • •

E-limco.
Moj-kundwa
(spectre)

Ma)-limci>

E-limcd

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

539

163.

164.

„ 165.

~ 166.

167.

168.

English

Jubu

If gala

Saiiga dialects

Bangi dialects

Mpama or

Ba)-keote
167 a. I-kcokcd

Sengele

i68a. Ba-tende

Star ... Mw-ajektolco.

Mco-eti ; mi-eti

Mo-t5 ; pi.

Mco-eoteo ; mi-

E-catoa ; bi-utco.

Ny-catcd

mi-oto

? W-eatu

Stick ... M-wete; mi-

Mw-ete.^
Ma)-tongoa

■ ••

Bo)-te

Stone ... Li-bwa

...

Li-bwa.
M-bUa

.*•

...

Stool ... N-gande

...

E-kili.
N-gwende

f*-gwende

M-bata

Stm ... Di-nyaka.

Bu-se

N-dembe.

...

Bco-ticD.

Mo-i.

Li-kanga.

W-ane ; bi-ane

Mw-ese

Bu-sa

TaU (of an ... N-gili

■••

Mon-casi

...

•••

animal)

Tear ... Mun-jooli or

...

Mco-osoli

.••

••■

N-juli

Testicles ... ... Lim-pulu; ma-.

Mw-manga.

...

...

M-puka

(Loj-banga =
sing:).
Ma-kata.
N-kcobco

Thief ... Mw-ibi

...

Mu-ibi

Wu-bi

Thigh

E-bela,
E-belco

E-belM

...

...

Thing ... E-ke; bi-ke.

Dcokcd

E-lcdkoi.

Y-omba

Y-emba

E-leokeo

Z-ambi

Thorn ... J-aba ; m-aba

...

Li-loo.
Loj-sende

...

N-sende

Tobacco ... ... Li-kaia

>••

Le-kaya

• ••

To-day ... Miaman? Lelu,

• ••

Lelco.

Lo.ye.

Le-lco.

Lilco

Cacawa.
Bu-sa-bo) lelw

Lilco

Lcu-siu

Toe ... Mco-sai.

• ••

Moj-sei

Ba>-sei

N-sie

To-morrow ... Lco-bi.

Lw-bi

Lu)-bi

Yana'

Tongue ... ... Loi-lemca

£4emi

Liu-lemu.
Li-limu

Lio-lemu ;
n-nemu

...

Tooth ... J-jnu

M-inco (;J/.)

L-inu :
m-inco
(E-keku =
molar)

L-inu

L-inyco ;
b-enyo>

Town ■ ... M-boaka

Mo-singe

E-tuka.
E-kanga.
Li-bundu.
M-boka

E-tuka

E-tuka.
N-za

Tree ... Mw-ete.

...

Mw-ete

Mto-te

...

Mio-koikco

Twins ... ... M-asa. (J-asa

• *•

Bon-keta.

• •■

•••

sing.)

N-kumu.

N-gubamba.

M-peya

Urine ... Ma-i or

•••

M-inya

■ ••

«••

M-inya

Vein ... Mun-sisa

• *•

Mon-cisa

• ••

...

War

...

E-tumba

■ ■.

Le-tumba

..•

..•

Noteworthy : compare Swakili jana.

540

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

163.
Jeabca

164.
If gala

^ongBi. dialects

» 166. I

Bangi dialects <

167.

Mpama or

Bu>-kcate

167 a. I-kcmkca

168.
Sengele

1 68 a. Ba-tende

Water
Well, source
White man
Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft
Woman

Womb

Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

Year

Yesterday.

One .

Two .
Three.

Four .

Five .
Six

Seven.

Eight .
Nine .
Ten

Y-anga ;
bi-anga ?

-mcoti

Eleven

Ma-i

Li-liba; pl.tna.-
Mun-dele
Mw-ali; b-ali.

Nw-asi ; b-asi
L-eli ; p/.

nj-ele
Mco-luki

Mun-taka

Kuku; //.

ba +
La)-koi.

N-kii
E-keke

Kcole; />/.

ba + .

Mto-bu ; />/.

mi-bu
Lcobi

-awi.

■mea
■bale
•satu,

•atu

•tanu

Mcu-tuba

N-sambu

Mw-ambi

Li-bwa

Li-ko.
Jumu.
Mto-kangu.^
Mcu-tug^

Jumu na -awi

' Noteworthy, but probably borrowed from Swahili

...

Ma.i

Ma-i

La>-si

...

Li-Uba

...

...

...

Mon-dele

Mon-dele

Bon-dele

...

Mw-ajsi or

I-laka

Mw asi

...

M-bunge

...

...

...

Mu-lukco

...

N-kanga

...

Bw-loki

...

...

Mw.atu.

Mw-ene; //.

N-gaintco

W-et»; b-etco

Mo-itu

b-ene.
N-gond5

...

Moi

•■•

...

Lco-kanzu.

N-koni

■ ■•

N-g«ma ; pi.

M-coma

E-wa.

m-oama

Di-ika;
be-ika

Mw*aka * ;

Mi-vu.

CO-bikca.

Bco-tia; be-tia

mi-aka

Mco-bu.
E-bongM

I-leku

•■•

Mi-kcole.
Bu-sa-b(u-liki.
L<obi

• ••

'"•

•••

■mcakco,
•ukco

•mea

-no>

• ■•

-bali

-ipe

-pele

...

•satu

•sates

-satco

...

-ne,
•nei,
-nezi

...

-nei

••■

■tanco

• ••

■tanu

• •■

Ma>.tuba

■ •*

Bi-sa males

N-sambu,

• ••

N-zosmu

N-cambco

...

Mw-ambi

...

Mw-ambi.
N-zombale

...

Li-bwa

...

I -we,
I-wa

...

Zumu,
Zomu

...

Di-esmu.

N-zomo>.

-(//. m-omu)

Beo

Li-kwa; pi.

nia-kwa.

Bco?

Yu-,

N-yu

...

2^umoa na -eakca

...

Di-umu or

Zcamu ea -mea

! Swahili.

• Mu-kango =

a tying up \

GROUP KK : THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

541

English

T63.
Joibco

164.
If gala

. 165.
Sanga dialects

. 166.
Bang! dialects

167.

M-pama or

Bco-ktote

167 a. I-kcokco

168.

Sengele

1 68 a. Ba-tende

Twenty

Thirty

Forty

Fifty

Hundred ..
Thousand ..

Mi-kangu
mi-bale.
Mi-tugu
mi-bale

Mi-kangu
mi-satu

Mi-kangu
mi-nei

Mi-kangco
mi-tanco

Moii-kama
N-kutoa

Ma-kwa bale

Bw-eli ; pi.

m-eli
Yu-mi-nezi or

N-yu-mi-nei
Yu-mi-tanto.

N-yu-mi-taneo.

{Sixty =

N-yu-mco-toba.

Seventy =

N-yu-n-camboa.

Eighty =

Lcoasi ; pi.

n-dwasi.

Ninety =

Mu-bwa)
Mufi-kania

N-kutu or
Funda

B<o-pele.
N-zombale

Bco-satci>
Boi-nei

Bco-tanco.

{Sixty =
Busamaloi.
Seventy =
Bu la n-zcomu.
Eighty = Bcii
la n-zombale.
Ninety =
Bu-wa)

? Bu-kama.
? N-kama
N-kcot<o

I, me, my ...

...

Ngai.
Na-.
•n-.

?
?
?

Thou, thee,

OOgwe.

-a ngai
We, Yco.

■imu
Yie.

thy

?
J

-we

0)-.

-k<o-, -co-,
■au

?
J

He, him, his

—

Y«, Ye.
A-.
-moa-.
-andi

•

We, us, our

Isoi? Ba

SCO?

B-in, B-isoa.

?

?

Tu-.

?

■lea-.

■tu-.

•lea-.

-abco-sco.

-s«

-ab-iu

-be-ti

Ye, you, your

B-inu.
B«..
■bu-.
-a b-inu

They, them,
their

?
Ba-.

?

?

Ba-figco.
Ba-.
-ba-

-a ba-ngo)

I-y»,

Wgaye, Ngai

Na-.

-m-, -n..

-ngai
Yoawu,

Yea.

O)..

-kca-.

■iyca

Yeye.

A-.

-mto-.

•yeye
B-isu.

iMf.

-lu-.

-b-isco
B-inu or Ba-yoa.

Bca-.

•bca-.

-b-inu
Ba-figco.

Ba-.

-ba-.

-ba-figoo

?
?
p

-mi, -onka-mi
N-kie?
>

00-.

J

-fi-kie, -aka
(iz-aka, 1-aka,
umw-aka,6^'c.)
Mu.
A-.
-mca-.

Tcotu.
Tco-.

-tea-, -lea-,
-yaiyco

Ba-figa.
Ba-.
-bco-.

?

?
N-,

?

p

A-wu.

?

?
?

Nde.

?

?

?

Soa.

?

p
?

Nyti).

?

?
?

All

-nccoki.
-oncoa

N-s«akoa

Nn

542

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

163.

164.

165.

166.

167.

168.

English

Jcobw

Ngala

Sanga dialects

Bang! dialects

M-pama or

Bco-koate

167 a. I-koakea

Sengele
168 a. Ba-tende

This, these

That, those

Ycoycij, baba ;
mumu, mimi ;
jiji, mama ;
yeye(7),bibi;
yeye (9),
yiyi (10) ;
lulu ; tcotu ? ;
bubu

-na (yco-na,

ba-na ; mu-na ;

mi-na ; (S^c.)
■nco^rcd

(yco-no>wo>,

ba-ncawoa ;

Ore.)

Oyoa, ba-ye ;
mco-ye, mi-ye ;
li-ye, ma-ye ;
e-ye, bi-ye ;
e-ye, li-ye ;
Ico-ye ; ?too-ye;
boa-ye

■na ((o-na,
ba-na ;mco-na;

•nya (c _
ba-nya ;

•nya (co-nya,
' ~"a ; &'c^

•ne (co-ne,

ba-ne ; raco-ne,

me-ne ; e-ne,

i-ne, ma-ne ;

e-ne, bi-ne ;

e-ne, i-ne ;

la)-ne ; b(o-ne ;

(o-ne
-ikco (o-iku,

ba-ikco ; (Sf't.)
•ni (oj-ni,

ba-ni ; moo-ni,

me-ni : iyc.)

Bad

Black

Female

Fierce, sharp

Good

Great

Little

Long, high,
tall
Male

Old

Red .,
Short .,
Sick .,
White

Above, up, on
top
Before

Behind
Below, down
Far

■bi

•be.
Di-kaya.
•keti

■be

•be

-be

-indu.

...

-a yindu

• ••

■ ■•

-pipi

Mu-ntaka

...

Mw-ene,
■ene

...

W-etoa

-ngenge

...

-n-gala.
fi-gali^n-gali

...

...

-lau.

•yongu

■lamu

-butco

-diloa

■lamu

-nene

■ ••

•ne

...

-nene

■ti.

■ ••

■ke.

...

-nie.

-ke

M-bale

•nioj.
-sa

■lai.

...

■sanda

...

-tale^

•sanda

-sanga

-lele

>.*

Bw-ele,
■ele,
■pele

•••

W-ele

-niinii.

<kcoke

■kali.

...

...

-nuna

•kala.
■kcotwa

•so>

■••

■mondco

...

■kue

• >.

■kuse

. ..

...

-(o-kana

•kuma

■kconco

...

• i*

-tani

...

M^pumpu.
, Ey-eng<o

...

Wee

O)li-ktolco

Kconi.
Pepeki

Li-kulco

OOni.
(jO-li-ku

Di-kco

00-bco bwa

...

OOmoibco-soj mo).
(Jl)m-is<o ma

(J0-b<o

...

6L)mb>-kia mwa

..•

(Om-bisa e

CO-m-bia

...

On-se

Sesi

On-ce e

N-ce

^coke

Esi

Moo-sika

Mu)-sika.
Lco'kokS

...

Enii.
Bco-tale

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

543

English

163.
Jcobco

i'64.
Ngala

. 165.
Sanga dialects

166.
Bangi dialects

167.

M-pama or

B(o-kute

167 a. I-koikco

168.

Sengele

1 68 a. Ba-tende

Here ...

In, inside

Middle

Near . . .

Outside
Plenty

There...

Where .'
No ! ...

COnami

Pw?

Not {tvith verb
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

To ...
,, beat

„ buy, sell
,, come ...

„ cut

„ dance ...

„ die

„ eat

„ give ...

., go

„ kill ...

„ know ...

„ laugh ...

„ leave off,
cease

„ love,want

., see

■dcoa

•pa-so)

Wawa.

•••

Awa.

Ane

Ane,

Uni

Weni

Anil,
(On!

0).

Mw

0. Ombe.

Uba.

W.kca

(jOn-ti

O-moi-mo

N-tei

0) n-ta n-ti

M(u-sikati

Ntan-tei,
N-tei

N-tei,
CO n^tei

a).ko>

Penepene

...

Kwi.

Be^leme

...

...

00 di-banda

...

Ndanda

...

•iki

...

Bto^yike.
Bco-puli

•ike

Seke.""
Sampa.
Baa

0) moi.

...

Ongco.

OOkco.

a)ku

Wana.

Angani.

(Oni

(Owco

Ani

Wai?

...

Wani .'
Nkco?

...

Nkconi?

Bitu!

...

Te!

• ••

...

We!

Nyco!
(jOni!

Su-, Koi-, I-,

Ka.. .e

Te., Ifga^. .te.

N.tco. .ke, •ye

N.ta, N-te,

Akco-. -ka,

•ka, •koj, -e^tco

N^tcd. -ye

-nya, -we

N<o-, L(o-

?a)-

Nco-,—

■>.(£>-

M- or N-

•bete

•kalane.
•kuta

•bete,
■bola,
•kuta

...

•pico^ka

■umba

•somba

•ya.

•due

•ya

•ya-ka,

•ya^ka,

-ya-ka

•ya.

•mwa,

-ma

•ya

•tena

...

•kete

■beke

•bina

•bina,
•bine

■bina,
■Sana

...

•ycolco

•wa

...

•wa

>•■

-wa

■ja

•ya

•le

■ • >

•le^ke

■pa.

-pe

-ka-pe-le

-pa

•pe-se

-kende

■de,

•ke.

•kende

-kende.

•kade

•kende-le

•sa

-bcoma

•bcoma

•dia^ka

•seba,

...

•yeba

(•anya =

...

-yeba

wisdom)

•seke,

•muse

•zeke

...

•seka

•leme.

...

•tika.

•tika

•tika.

•tika

(•leka = to

(leka = /aw)

pass, go by)

•

•jinga

...

•linga

...

•langa.
•konda

•sene,

...

•bunco.

...

•yene

•ene

•yene.
•keka

N n 2

544

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

163.
Jcabea

164.
Ngala

. 165.
Sanga dialects

. 166.
Bangi dialects

167.

M-pama or

Bco-kcote

167 a. I-kuku

168.
Sengele

168 a. Ba-tende

To ?

No)-, Lco-

pca-

No)-,—

„ sit, remain,

-jala

...

•zala

abide

„ sleep ...

■le-ka

-baka-ma

■tutu-ma

,, stand, stop,

-tel-wa.

•••

-teme

be erect

•tela-ma

„ steal ...

•iba,
-siba

•yiba

?a)-

M- or N-
-yala

•tama
■yemala

•su-ka

PREFIXES IN JCOBO)

Class I. Mco-; 2. Ba- ; 3. Mco- ; 4. ? ; 5. Di- ; 6. ? ; 7- Y- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. ? ; 10. ? ; 11. ?; 12. ?

13. probably missing ; 14. Bu- ; 15. ?

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN NGALA

Class I. Mto-, Mu-, Ifw-, N-, A-, — (mto, yco) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mco- (mco, mu) ; 4. Mi- (? Nji-)
(mi) ; 5. Li-, Ji-, Di- (ji, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-) ; 7. E-, Ye- (e, ye) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. I- (rare) ; 9. N- (M-),
Ny-, Nj- (ye, e) ; 10. N- (M-), Nj-, Ng'-, Nz'- (yi, n) ; 11. L«-, Lu- (Ico) ; 12. Tea- (rare) ; 13. missing ;

14. Bco-, Bu- (bu) ; 15. Oi)- (L«- in infinitives) ; 16. — , Wa-, A-, P'- ; 17. missing.

PREFIXES IN SANGA DIALECTS

Class I. Mu-; 2. Ba- ; 3. Mco-; 4- Mi-; 5. Di-, Li-; 6. Ma-; 7. E- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. N- (M-), ft-;
10. same as 9; 11. ? Lu- ; 12. ?; 13. missing; 14. Bu-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN BANGI

Class I. Mco-, Mu-, A- (mco, yco) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mco- (mco) ; 4. Mi- (mi) ; 5. Li-, Le-, Zi-, Z'-
(li) ; ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. E- (e, ye) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, Ng-, Nz- (e, i) ; 10. same as 9, but
with concord li- tfr di ; 11. Leo- (loo); 12. missing; 13. missing; 14. Bco-, U- (bco) ; 15. 6l)-; 16. A-,
Wa- ; 17. missing.

PREFIXES, &C., IN M-PAMA

Class I. Ng-, Bco-, Mco-, Mu- (<o-, nmw-, mu) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mco-, ? (co-, mco) ; 4. Me- (me) ;
5. I-, Di- (i iz'-, e, i) ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. E- (e) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. In- (Im-) (e) ; 10. same as 9 (concord i) ;
II. Leo- (!', Ico) ; 12 and 13. missing ; 14. Bco- (bco) ; 15. Q)- (co) ; 16. A-.

PREFIXES, &c., IN SENGELE

Class I. W-, Uu-, Bco- (co) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Bco-; 4. Bi- ; 5. Di- ; 6. Ba- ; 7. I- ; 8. Bi-, Be-;
8 a. ? ; 9. N- (M-), Ny- ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Leo- ; 12. ? U- (pi, to Leo-) ; 13. missing ; 14. W-, Bco- ;
15. ?; 16. A-.

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES 545

163. Jcobu is spoken between the Lower Lulongo river and the Lower Busira (Juapa) behind, east-
wards of the riverain tribes, and west of the Balcolco.

164. Ifgala is spoken as a trade language over much of northern Congoland ; but in various dialects
it is indigenous to the north-west course of the Congo. It is spoken on the north and south banks of that
river between about 21° East longitude and the confluence of the Busira, on the east bank of the Lower
Mubaiigi, and on the lower courses of the Lulongco and Busira.

165. Sanga dialects. These dialects are spoken between the west bank of the Lower Mubangi and
the Likuala river, across the basin of the Lower Saiiga down to the Satiga-Likuala confluence with the
Congo. Their northern boundary is probably the confluence of the J a and Safiga rivers.

166. Bangi and dialects are spoken in riverside settlements along the eastern or southern side of the
west-equatorial Congo, between Irebu, near the outlet of Lake Ntomba and the Kwa mouth of the Kasai :
also at a few places on the opposite western bank of the Congo. The Lionunco and Lcomoye dialects
inland, east of the riverain Babafigi and bordering on the watershed of the Mfini and Lake Leopold II,
are seemingly closely akin to Baiigi.

167. Mpama and 167 a. Ikcokca are spoken immediately east of the Baiigi settlements along the east
shore of the western Congo, and thence north-eastward to Lake Ntomba. Ikoikco is the speech of the
west and north shores of Lake Ntomba.

168. Sengele and 168 a. Batende are spoken in the region of western Congoland, south-east of the
east bank of the main Congo, behind the riverain populations of Butende and Mpama and Btolia, south
of Lake Ntomba as far as the west shores of Lake Leopold II and the bank of the River Mfini. Batende
is spoken between Seiigele and the Ltolcoboj-Ycombi stretch of riverain lands along the Congo.

GROUP KK

NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES {continued)

Sub-Group KK 4 Lake Leopold-Lukenye.

169. Wadia

170. Ntomba

171. I-mcoma

172. Lesa

173. Sakata (B(o-bai)

1 74. Ba-tete (I>paiiga, A-citu)

English

169.
Wadia

170.
N-tomba

171.
I-muma

172.
Lesa

173-
Sakata

(Bco-bai)

174.
Batete

(I-panga,
A-citu)

Adze

Animal, wild

beast

Ant

Ant, white

(termite)
Ape (chim-

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

Arrow

Axe

Baboon ...
Back, back-
bone
Banana ...

Beard

Bee

BeUy

Bird

Blood

Body

Bone

Borassus palm

Bow

Bowels
Brains

Breast (man's)
Breast

(woman's)
Brother
Buffalo
Buttocks ...
Canoe

Cat

Charcoal ...
Chief, king

Child

Cloth

Cold

Country ...
Cow

£-bwa: bi-bwa

E-lombe.
N-kumu
E-lenge

Mon-goi

GROUP KK : THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

547

English

169.
Wadla

170.
N-tomba

171.
I-muma

172.
Lesa

173-
Sakata

(Bio-bai)

174.

Batete

(I-panga,

A-citu)

Crocodile ...
Day, daylight

DevU, evU

spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

Door, door-
way

Dream

Dmm

Ear

Egg

Elephant ...
Excrement

Eye

Face, forehead

Fat

Father

Fear

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

Fowl

Frog, toad...
Ghost

Girl

Goat

„ (he) ...

God

Grandparent

Grass

Ground

Ground-nut

Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

Head

Heart

Heel

Hide

HiU

Hippopotamus

Hoe

Honey

Horn

House

Hunger
Husband . . .
Hyena
Iron

Bo-ina ; ma-

E-lombe or

Ke-lombe; be-
N-doki.

Kakala
Kangabuka

Jeme

Mon

kita.

N-dweye

Nci

E
Jimi

kwe;

kari

Mco-konda

Moi-loami

Ke-buya
Tcotco

me-
be-.

548

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

169.
Wadia

170.
N-tomba

171.
I-meama

172.
Lesa

173-
Sakata
(Boj.bai)

174-

Batete

(I.panga,

A-citu)

Island

Ivory

Knee

Knife

Lake

Leg

Leopard . . .

Lion

Lips

Magic

Maize

Man

Man, vir. ...

Meat

Medicine . . .

Milk

Monkey ...

Moon

Motlier

Mountain ...
Mouth

Nail (of finger
or toe)

Name

Navel

Neck, throat
Night

Nose

Oil palm ...

Ox

Paddle
Palm wine,

beer
Parrot
Penis

Pig

Pigeon

Place

Rain

Rat

River

Road

Salt

Shame

Sheep

Shield
Shoulder ...

Sister

Skin

Sky

Slave

Sleep

Smoke
Snake
Son, boy ...
Song

Mto-tco; ba-tca
Mw-ele

N-congi
Ngoya.
Nya-fig(o

Nkisi

McD-wonge
E>bali

L-ina

Mo-ilima =

darkness

Ma-ana

Ma-sanga

M-vula

M(o-londeli

E-lenge

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

549

169-

170.

171.'

172.

173.

174.

English

Wadia

N.tomba

I.mcoma

Lesa

Sakata

(Koj.bai)

Batete

(1-panga,
A-citu)

Spear

Spirit, soul

Ma>-limu.
Bco.moi

E-ti or
Ke-ti.
E-li.
Ka-kala

Star

...

... . ■

Ny.ene

...

...

SUck

...

...

...

Stone

...

... .

...

...

...

Stool

...

...

...

Sun

N-cae {sun-
light)

...

...

I -tali "

—

Tail (of an

...

...

• *•

...

...

...

animal)

Tear

...

...

Testicles ...

Thief

Thigh

• • •

• ..

...

Thing

...

...

...

...

...

Thorn

Tobacco ...

...

..,

:..

To-day

...

...

...

...

Toe

...

...

...

...

To-morrow

...

Tongue

...

Tooth

Town, village

"!.

!!'.

."!

Tree

...

Twins

Urine

Vein

War

Water ...

Ma-i

Well, source

White man

Wife

Wind

!!!

Pepe

Witch

Witchcraft

Woman ...

Womb

I-kundu

Wood (fire-

wood)

Yam

Year

".

M-vula

Yesterday...

...

Zebra

...

'••.

...

...

—

One

•mcD

E-mco

Two

•pe

•••

I-pe

Three

-atco,
-yatoo

I-sa,
■sau

...

...

Four

•nei

I-ne

Five

•tanu

...

Wi-tia,
Wi-tian

...

...

Six

Mco-tci>ba

S-sambecd

Seven

S'-cambco

Assau

Eight

Moo-ambi

• •• ■

^ana

...

...

SSo

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

169.

170.

171.

172.

173-

174.

English

Wadia

N-tomba

I-mcoma

Lesa

Sakata

(Bto-bai)

Batete

(I-panga,
A-citu)

Nine

I-bwa

I-vua

Ten

...

Li-o>mu,
Ny.umu.
Li-ko.

• ••

Jumi.
I-on'- ?

...

...

Eleven

...

Li'camu na-mu

...

...

...

. t ■

Twenty ...

. ••

Ma-kco-ma-pe

• • •

Ma-on'

...

.••

Thirty

Bw.eli

>>•

Ma-sa

...

• •.

Forty

...

N-yumu i-nei

• ••

Mu-ne

...

.*•

Fifty ...

N-yumu
i-tanu.
(Lco-asi =
eighty.
Mco-bwa =
ninety)

McK-tian.
(Mui-san =
sixty.
Mii-pe =
seventy.
N-sau =
eighty.
Li-vua =
ninety)

Hundred ...

...

Moii-kama ; pi.
rnefl-

...

Huma,
Hama, and
Kama

...

...

Thousand...

N-kutco.

{Said to have
a word for
1,000,000—
N-kesi)

• ••

Kutu

I, me, my ...
Thou, thee,
thy

He, him, his
We, us, our

Ye, you, your
They, them,
their

We.
?

?
Nde.

?

-na-nde
Tm.

?

AU

This, these
That, those

■ikbi

Bad

Black

Female
Fierce, sharp

Good

Great

GROUP KK: THE NORTH CENTRAL CONGOLAND LANGUAGES

551

English

169.
Wadia

170.
N-tomba

171.
I-muma

172.
Lesa

173.
Sakata

(Boj-bai)

174-

Batete

(I.panga,

A-citu)

Little ..
Long ..
Male ..
Old ..
Red ..
Rotten
Short..
Sick ..
White..

Above, up,

on top
Before
Behind
Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...
Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty, many

There

Where? ...

No!

Not {with verb

as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Belebele

•ta-

To

„ beat
„ buy, sell
„ come ...
„ cut
„ dance ...

,, die

„ eat

,, give ...

„ go

„ kill ...
„ know ...
„ laugh ...
„ leave off,

cease
„ love, want
„ see
„ sit, remain,

abide
„ sleep ...
„ stand, stop,

be erect
„ steal ...

Ku-

•kapa
■kenda

•eba

•leka {pass by)

552 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES IN N-TOMBA

Class I. Mca. ; 2. Ba- ; 3. M»- ; 4. Me-; 5. Li-, I- ; 6. Ma-; 7. E- ; 8. Bi- ; 9. N- (M-), Ny ;
10. ?; II. ?; 12. ?; 13. ?; 14. B<o- ; 15. ? ; 16.?

PREFIXES IN LESA

Class I. Mo-, Mco- ; 2. Ba- ; 3. M«-, Mu- ; 4. Me-, Mi- ; 5. I- ? ; 6. Ma- ; 7. Ke-', E- ; 8. Bi-, Be- ;

9. N-(M-),Ny-, — ; 10. ?; 11. ?; 12. ?; 13. Ka-' ; 14. ?; 15- ?; 16. ?

169. Wadia is spoken on the south-west coasts of Lake Leopold II and on the north bank of the
Mfini-Lukenye.

170. Ntomba is spoken in the country on the north-east side of Lake Leopold II. Perhaps also
between Lake Mantumba and the Kiri or Lutoi river flowing into the north end of Lake Leopold II.

171. Imcoma is spoken east of the area occupied by the Bantomba or Batumba, between the Kiri
and Lcokoro) rivers.

172. Lesa is spoken south-east of the Ntomba territory of Lake Leopold II and north of the Lower
Lukenye river and south of the Liokoroo.

173. Sakata (Bubai) is spoken between the Lower Lukenye (north bank) and the eastern arm of
Lake Leopold II, south-west of the Ntomba, and west of the Lesa.

174. Batete (Ipanga, Acitu). These dialects are spoken in the region east of Lesa and north of
the Lukenye river, between the Lukenye and the Ltokorco.

' Noteworthy.

GROUP LL

THE KWA-KASAI~UPPER OOGOOWE (TEKE)> LANGUAGES

175. I-fumu (?r I-furu (East Teke) = 178.

176. Ki-mbunco (7r Badi (South-east Teke) ■' 179.

177. Ki-wumbto or E-wumu (South Teke)* 180.

I-teco or Teke proper (South-west Teke) '
Nteye or West Teke °
Mu-tsaya or North Teke'

English

175-

I-fumuorl-furu

(East Teke)

176.
Ki-mbunco or

Badi

(South-east

Teke)

177.
Ki-wumbu or

E-wumu
(South Teke)

178.

I-teco or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179-

Nteye

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya

(North Teke)

Adze

Li-kweru

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

beast

Ant

N-kami ; ba -f
N-d«ni

I-kami ; ma

Ant, white

N-siele

• • •

(termite)

Ape (chim-

M-buni ; ba + .

..■

panzi or

Kacdkcixo

gorilla)

Arm

Kw-M ; pi. mi -to

Ku-co ; mi-M,

My-a,

Ku-ok'

My-aga

Arrow

I-tcomi ; //. bi-

Mum-buru.
Le-ba^e ;
m-bape

Axe

I-ku; bi-

E-kiiu,
Ke-kuu

Baboon ...

Kacokoxo ?

...

Back, back-

M-bia.

Mu-ngwo9

bone

I-bii.
Mu-nwco

Banana ...

Kco ; //. ma -t- .
Torco ; ma-l-

lii-kii; ma-

Beard

N-delco

N-devu

Bee

N-ugi; ba-f

Nuki

Belly, sto- Bali; man-. N-dum<o
mach Mw-e.

Jumu
Bird N-uni; ba-H. N-uni

I-fila ; » bi-

Li-kwiri

Ny-ama

N-kana

N-tsele.

In-tswa
N-sali.'

Kcdkcooi ?

Ku-« ; pi. mi-« Ku-ovoo

I-tcomi.
N-tscoli

I-kuu.

Um-fumfwaa
Kcokcoco ?
M-bia.

U-nguco.

I-buii
Torco.

Lin-ko.

Mu-biinco.*

Kcoh-torco
N-delco
N-uco.

B-ubi.

Im-pimpi
Mi-la.

Ma

N-uni

Le-bazi ; pi.
m-bazi

Ke-ku ; be-

K-Mk'

Le-banzi; pi.
m-banzi

Ke-kcobco ; be-

Ny-uki

Mo-i ; mi-ei

N-uni

Ny-uk'

Mu-ei ;° mi-ei
Ny-ueni

' This word is also spelt Tege by the French missionaries.

* Also knozun as Ingulungulu, Ba-bcoma, Ba-nfumco, Ba-nfungunu, and Ki-mfunu.

' Koelle's ' Ba-buma ', the ' Teke ' of Johnston' s ' River Congo \the A-mbali, Ki-bali or Teke of W. H. Stapleton
and other Baptist missionaries, and the 1 -sibana of the French missionaries.

* Also known as Ba-umbco, Ki-wiumbco, Nsandi, and Ki-sese.

° Mali or Ba-lali, I-tico or Ki-teke of some writers j perhaps also the ' Western Ba-yaka ' of others.
' Koelle's Ntefe or Ba-ntefey perhaps also the speech of the Ba-kamba, Ba-bembe, Ba-kunyi, and Ba-cangi.
' Koelle's Mu-tsaya. The speech perhaps of the Ba-vumbco and Ba-iikorco.

' 7'ke reader will encounter a nasalised m (m) in the spelling of the Teke tongues, especially South-west Teke.
This sounds like nw rapHdly pronounced. Koelle's i = 1. ' Noteworthy.

SS4

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

175-

176.

177-

178.

179.

180.

English

I-ftimu(?rI-furu

Ki-mbunoa or

Ki-wumbu or

I-teoa or

Nteve

Mu-tsaya

(East Teke)

Badi

(South-east
Teke)

E-wumu
(South Teke)

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

(West Teke)

(North Teke)

Blood

Ma-kUa

Ma-kira ... A-kila

Ma-kUa

Ma-kele

Body

Ny-uru ; ma +

Ny-uru ... N-um

■ ••

X.

Bone

Mu-wei; mi-

L-ifa ; ma-. ... Pfia
Mco-wepico

Mco-wuezi ; mi-

Mco-weze

Borassus palm

Nonu

Mu-liwoa ... U-libi

...

• ••

Bow

Bu-ta ; ma-ta.
Bu-tpatsa

M-pia, ... U-ta

Lim-pia(?).
Bto-ta

Bu-ta

Bu-ta

Bowels

Mi-la

Mi-la

*■•

..«

Brains

Bw-eoj

BQ-e

. . .

...

Breast (man's)

N-tulu.
Bu-tulu

N-tuloa ; ma-l- ... N-tulu

BdJ-tulo),

N-tul»

Tulu ; ma-f-

Breast

Byenco ; ma +

Li-biela ... Biene

Bide ; ma +

Bele; ma4-

(woman's)

Brother ...

Nana.

Mw-ama. ... Yaa.

Wumu-kcotu.

.Mu)-kot'.

Ya.

Nana M-bwe.

Mw-ateye

N-gebe

Mw-anege.

Mu-telco

M-bwe

Buffalo

M-paa.
M-pazaga

M-pca. ... M-paa
Pase^a

M-paseYa

Pasega

Buttocks ...

Taco; ma +

A-tcoto

...

...

Canoe

B-orco ; ma + .
Kumu.
Pwa.
Bw-aru

Bw-ata. ... Bu-aru
M-fatco ; //.

ma-l-

M-bii; ma +

Kurca; ma-^

Cat

N-ganiti.
Bu-mS

N-ganyu ... N-ganlon

Ke-wai

N-jut'; ba-f

Charcoal ...

Kala

Ke-bUu; hi- ... Kala

Ke-biri; bi-

Ki-biti; bi-

Chief, king

M-fumu ; ba + .

M-fumco M-fumu Pira.

M-pfumu ; ba -t-

Keok'; ba-keok'.

N-sami.

Mu-kuru

Kcdku ; ma-

Mu-kcogco

Child

Mw-ana

Mw-ana ... Mw-ana.

Mu-bia

...

...

Qoth

I-kco

Wi-kco ... Li-bcoo>.

I-kcd

...

...

Cold

M-pi<o

M-ftila. ... M-picj.
^endco U-dzili

M-pieo

Pico

Country . . .

N-sie

N-ci ... N-tsie

...

Cow

Mu-kal' a
ngcome

N-gon<o.
N-gcomi

N-gome

Crocodile ...

N-wcone.
N-ganu

N-gwene, ... N-wone.
N-ganoo Li-soncij

N-gani

N-gana

Day, daylight

Tsu.
Tsugu

I-puii ... Tsu

Mu.i

MQ-i

DevU, evil

N-ganwini

N-kita ... U-l«Ko

N-guakumba

Mw-kuyi

spirit

Doctor (medi-

N-ga.

N-ga ... N-gaa.

N-ga; ban-ga

N-ganga; ba +

cine man)

M-aaga

(big medicine
man)

Im-bu

Dog ,

M-bwa.
Ngan-tcoli

M-bwa, ... Mbwa.
M-fa Li-kibu.

Ngan-ttole,
N-wele, (S^c.

M-pfa

M-pfwa

Door, door-

I-dzubu

I-jtiu. ... I-dzubu.

Ki-jiwikto.

Ke-tsibik<o

way

Ke-jubugcd

1-bvuu

Mu-nyu-a-ndz»

GROUP LL: THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER COGWWE (TEKE) LANGUAGES

555

English

175-
I-fumut'rl-furu

(East Teke)

176.

Ki>inbunco or

Badi

(South-east
Teke)

Dream

N-zttli.

(-luorcij =

verb)

N-dule

Drum

...

N-goama,
N-umca

Ear

Tcwi ; ma +

Li-cui ; ma-.
Jue; ma+

Egg

Bi ; ma 4-

I-ke.
Bi

Elephant ...

N.Z09

N-joou,
N-jcogM,
N-jOYco

Excrement

Tsi-bi

Ci-bi

Eye

Dz-iu ; pi. m-i5

Isu

Face, fore-

M-bwi,

N-su.

head

M-bwiii.
Bu-pu

M-bi

Fat, oil ...

Ma-li.
N-salu

Ma-le

Father

Tara.
I-bunu

Tara

Fear

Bw-eo ; bw-oabco
Bw-cogco

Bw-oimoa

Finger

Mu-liem<o.
Korigi

Mu-liemu

Fire

M-ba

M-ba

Fish

N-cwi

N-cwi,

N-jiie

Foot

Ku-lu ; mi-lu

I-ta.
Yi-tame ; //.

bi-

Forest

Mu-suru.
I-jwa.
Li-ke

M-pvuTi

Fowl

N-suyu

N-susu.
Jup»

Frog, toad

Dzugi.

Korco.

Mu-nyala

Ge-wuYoa.
Mco-nyala

Ghost

Mu-pfu

Mu-fu

Girl, maiden

Mu-kayu.
Mu-siga

...

Goat

N-taba

N-taba

„ (he) ...

Mu-lum'-
a n-taba

Bu

God

N-zami

N-jambi

Grandparent

N-kaga

Kaga

Grass

Lye ; ma+.
Mu-lie.
Li-sini

N-cci)l»

Ground

N-sie

...

177-
Ki-wumbu or

E-wumu
(South Teke)

Tata

178.

I-te«a or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179.
Nteye

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya
(North Teke)

N-zcoli.

(-luorca =
verb)
N-cdma N-uumcd

N-comco

N-ci

Tswi; a-tswi
Bi; ma +

Jue; ma-jue
Be ; ma-be

Jui; ma-jui.

Ku-tu ;

ma-tu
Bi

N-zoocj.

Ngam-puli

N -tsaYco,
N-tsagco

N-jakco

Tsi-bi

Dz-iu ; pi. m-i5

U-su

J-ipeo ; m-ipco
Bu-su,-
M-boyeo

Dj-izco ; m-izto
Bco-su,
M-boyoo

Ma-li

Ma-ri

Ma-da

Tara

Tata

Tata

Bu-moo

...

...

U-limu

Mo)-lemi; me-

M(o-leam' ; me-

M-baa
N-tswi

M-ba
N-jue; ba +

M-ba
Jui

I-tani.
M-bi-a-kulu

Li-tami ; pi.
n-tami

Ki-tama ;
bi-tama

I-susuru.

Scoak' ; ma -t-

M(o-sutu ; me-

Mu-suru

N-tswiu.
N-tsusu
Dzuco

N-jusu

Ke-wugco.
Mco-nyala

Djuzu

Ke-wugco.
Le-kcotco

Mu-kwi.
Mu-pfu
Ikikeco

...

Mo-pfco

N-taba.

Mam-bilu

N-tawa

Kombco

N-dzaihco.

M-puco
N-kaa

A-lie.
Kcoco

N-jami

N-kaYa or
N-aga

N-jama
Kaka

N-tsie.
N-torco

«••

• ••

556

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

175-

176.

177-

178.

179.

180.

English

I-fumu<?rI-furu

Ki-mbunu or

Ki-wumbu or

I-teco or

Nteye

Mu-tsaya

(East Teke)

Badi

(South-east

E-wumu
(South Teke)

Teke proper
(South-west

(West Teke)

(North Teke)

•

Teke)

Teke)

Grotmd-nut

Pi.

N-j5u.

N-zu.

Le-pena ;

Le-wene; pene

Li-yu; //.

Le-ju ; n-ju

Pi

m-pena

n-ju

Guinea-fowl

N-ka

N-kaa

N-gwali(?)'

...

Gun

Bu-ta

Wu-ta

U-ta

Bu-ta"

Bu-ta"'

Hair

Li-fu ; m-fu

M-fu.
Le-fco ;
m-po>

...

M-fu

Le-fu ;
m-pfu

Le-fu; pfu

Hand

I-ke.

I-kee,

•■•

Ku-».

N-jaza.

Ke-kai

My-a.

E-kei.

I-kee

Ke.kai;be-kai

Kw-oa

Ye-ke ; //.
be-ke

Head

Mu-cwe

Mu-cwi

• ■•

Mu-tswe

McD-tsiie ; me-

Mco-tsiie; mi-

Heart

Mu-kwlco.
Mu-tima

Moj-kcaloj

...

M(o-kcoleo

...

Heel

I-tami

E-cenco.
Mco-kani

I-tsinco

M-boini; vaa.+

Ke-kitikw; bi-

Hide

N.kcobco.
I-bula

N-kcobu; ma4-

...

I-bana.
I-kcobco,
N-kcobco

Ny-etu.

Mto-kcowco

Mco-kana

Hill

I-kinkiga

N-kiu

• •■

N-kiii

Hippopotamus

M-vubu

M-vubu.
I-kara

...

N-vubu.
Li-mpua

...

...

Hoe

Temoj ; ma-f

Temoj ; ma -(-

...

Temco.
I-piri

remi

Tem'

Honey

N-ui.
Ma-li i n-ueo

N-yu

Bu-bi

Mon-kusi

...

Horn

M.siemco;ma-f

...

...

\'-simco.
I-liri

...

...

House

N-ZM

sj-zoo

• *•

N-zco

N-dza>

N-dzca

Hunger

N-zala

'^-zala

...

"^-zala

...

Husband ...

Lumi,
Mu-lumi

Mu-lume

•■•.

Balco.
N-tywakiri

...

...

Hyena

...

I-bubi

...

M-bulu.
I-bubi

...

Iron

Bw-eleo

M-putto.
Ki-tali

...

Bu-ele ]

ICi-tali; bi-

Ki-tele ; hi-

Island

■ •■

E-^ia

^iiico.

•••

...

Lm-gumi

Ivory

N-sie ma n-zco.

[n-^emco.

1

V-tsinco. N-jie me n-jayeo

Pfu a n-jakco

M-peme

J-in' in-joycd

M-paka-ma-lu

Knee

Bwu; ma +

Buco ; ma +

Buco Buco ; ma-t-

Le-buou ; ma-

Knife

M-biele

\I-biele

...

Vl-biele M-bieri

M-biere

Lake

[-dzia

...

1

•dzia

Leg

Mu-wini

VIu-lu ; mi-lco.

Ku-lu. Kio-lto ; mi-l»

Ku-lu ; mi-lco

Ku-Iu ; mi-lu

Mu-wini

Leopard . . .

N-gco N-gto

N-g«. N-g<o

N-gco

Kuru

Lion

f*-kwe. M-kwe.

N-kwe N-ktosi

Ge-kumu ; be-

N-gombulu

Le-kaga

Lips

-bcoli ; hi- I-bo>le

1 -bcoli

...

...

Magic

Mco. Bco-ti

I

m-pa. Bto-ti

Bi-lonoa

Im-flri.'

I-kibi.

I-lcogco

I-kumco

• Obviously the word for ^francolin '.

- Cf. Bemba, Nyasa Croups L and P.

GROUP LL: THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER COGGJWE (TEKE) LANGUAGES

SS7

175-

176.

177.

178.

179.

180.

English

I-fumuflrl-furu

Ki-mbuncij or

Ki-wumbu or

I-teca or

Nteye

Mu-tsaya

(East Teke)

Badi

(South-east
Teke)

E-wumu
(South Teke)

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

(West Teke)

(North Teke)

Maize

Sa; ma +

Ma-paa (pi.) ... ^aa.

Am-bula

Sa.

Le-kini ;

N-kini

ba-kini

Man

M-buru; ba-ru

M-buru, ... M-buru;//.
M-butu; pi. ba-ru
ba-ru, ba-tu

Mco-f ; ba-t'

Mu-t',
Ba-t'

Male, husband

Balaga.

Balu,

Balaya; h& +

Le-ba1aka ; f>l.

1-biinu.

Bali

ba-

I-buru

Meat

Tuco

M-bizi ... Tu«.

U-suni

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Medicine ...

Bo-nga.
Li-bua.
Mw-eme»

U-ti.
U-min<o.
N-gili

Bu-ti

Be-lonco

Milk

Bi-enu

Ma-biele ... Bielco.

{•'^iaMdi —verb)

Ma-biele

Ma-bele

Monkey . . .

N-kima

N-kima ... N-kima.

Kukcou.
N-kenoj

N-kima

Kema; ba-^

Moon, moon-

N-pwi.

N-ciii. ... N-tswi.

N-jui

J«i

light

N-gtoni

N-jui In-tiere.

Mi-elci)

Mother ...

Mama.

Ngu. ... Maa.

Mama.

Mama.

Ngu

Mama ffguu

Ngii

Ngii

Mountain ...

N-kiga,
N-kico

N-kiti

...

...

Mouth

Mu-nwa ; mi-

Mu-nwa, ... Mu-nwa
M(o-nywa

M(o-nyua; me-

Ma>-nyua ; me-

Nail (of finger

Li-yala

Linj-ara, ... Liy-ala

Kim-fete ; hi-

Leny-ala ;

or toe)

Liny-ala

ny-ala

Name

N-kumi

N-kumeo ... N-kurhi

. . .

Navel

Muri-kumi

McD-kume ... Un-kuihi

Mcu-kuma ; me-

Mco-kcomco

Neck, throat

N-kiu.
13-coli

N-ki; ma-(- ... N-kiii

Kcotco ; ma + .
Le-ki ; ii-ki

Le-ki ; ma-ki

Night

M-pibi

M-piba, ... M-pibi
Piwi
A-zulu, ... Y-ulu

Boj-tsuxco ; ma-

Bu)-juku

Nose

Y-ulu ; ma-

Y-ilco

Y-ulu

Y-ulco

Oil palm ...

Ba

N-jama; ma-f ... Ba

Ba ; ma-ba

Ba

Ox

N-g<ome

N-gomi

...

Paddle ...

N-ke ; nia +

N-kee

* • •

...

Palm wine.

Ma-lu

Ma-lafu ... Ma-lu

beer

Parrot

Ngali-koi

N-kusu ... N-kwiiJ.

N-gcotokoj

N-kusu

Kuizu

Penis... ...

...

M-pulu ... M-pulu

Um-vi

...

Pig

N-guligi

N-gumbili. ... N-gulu.
N-gulebe N-guya

N-guwile

N-guele

Pigeon

In-kugi

I-zuzu. ... Iri-kube
Ke-jejure

Ke-jejura

Le-beme

Place

M-bua

M-bwiru ... I-kuma.

M-biico

...

...

Rain

M-vula.
N-gawa

M-fula. ... M-vula.
N-gawa N-gawa

M-pfula

M-pftola

Rat

M-pu.
M-pugu

I-kaba; //. hi-. ... M-puo>.
Kina; ma-l- Im-pi

M-puku; ba-f

Puku; ba-l-

River

N-zali

N-jare ... N-zale. Li-ii

...

...

17S4

•

0 0

558

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

175.

I-fumu(JrI-furu

(East Teke)

176.

Ki-mbunco or

Badi

(South-east

Teke)

177-
Ki-wumbu or

E-wumu
(South Teke)

178.

I-tecd or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179.

Nteye

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya

(North Teke)

Road

Nkula

N-jia

Salt

Mu-ngwa.
Mu-sege

Mu-ngwa

Shame

N-suni.
Bu-pfuru.
1-nene

...

Sheep

I-mene.
In-d<omi.
In-donco

Li-meme ; ma-

Shield

...

Shoulder ...

I-samuga,

Visco.

I-samuna

N-djeb<o.
Ki-samunu

Sister

Nana.
N-kele.
Mu-bura

N-kere

Skin

1-bana.

I -bana.

N-kcabco

N-kcobo>

Sky

Y-ulu

N-zulu,
Y-ulu

Slave

Mun-kere ; ba-.
Mw-enco

Mu-intu

Sleep

Tto-lco

...

Smoke

Yiii

Mio-kuma.
L-uki

Snake

N-tali

N-tare

Son, boy ...

Mw.ana;b-ana

Mw-ana

Song

I-kumu

•••

Spear

YUM

Li-^iico

Spirit, soul

N-kira.

M-kcolco.

Ki-ba.

Mu-pfu

Mu-pfu

Star

Ncomoincomoi

M-pulumwerco

Stick

Mu-kana.
Li-kanu

Mom-pa

Stone

Me ; ma-me

I -tare.
Le-mei ; ma-

Stool

M-bara ; ma +

Le-buga; ma-

Sun, sunshine

Tali,

Ma- tere.

Mu-tali

Tere; mi-

TaU

Mu-kila

Tear

N-sa

• • t

Y-ulu

Nkula.

...

...

Mu-siento

U-ngwa.

Mo-ngwa

Mo-ngwa

Mu-siu.

U-nunoi

N-tsci>ene.

...

...

U-pfur<o

I-menco

Le-meme

Le-meme

M-vuba

1 -samu.

Ki-samena; bi-

Ki-samana; bi

I-Mali

N-kele.

N-kede

Moj-kot'.

Mu-buia

Mu-keaf

1-bana.

Ny-etu.

M(jo-kana

Mu-dzuli

Mco-kuwca

Y-ulu.

I-dzi

U n-kere.

Mto-f ; ba-t'

Mu-f ; ba-f

Mu-tswa.

N-tsana

Tco-lci)

• ••

. . .

Mu-yiio>

Yoiki; ma +

I-yuki ; ma-

N-tali

N-tare; ba +

Tade ; ba 4-

(? the long)

Mw-ana

Mw-ana balaya

Mw-ana

u)-lumi

lebalaka

I-kuna.

• ■•

(>•

M-pino>

Yuco.

Yuco

Yum

Luco.

I-yonco

Mu-pfu.

• ••

.■■

Pia.

I-lcolo>

Nconcoci.

...

Nonumu

N-ko>lco.

Mom-pua ;

Mco-ti

Mu-kana.

mem-pa

Ki-a.

Li-swee

Mee

Maya; ma-f

Le-maya ; ma

N-kun<o

M-bara.

N-tare

...

N-kcobi

Tali.

Tari

Hiii

Tiri.

U-mui.

L-isicd

Mu-kila

...

• ■ •

N-tsaa,

...

N-tsana

GROUP LL: THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER (jOGGJWE (TEKE) LANGUAGES

559

175-

176.

177-

178.

179.

180.

English

I-fumuorl-furu

Ki-mbunto or

Ki-wumbu or

I-teu or

Nteye

Mu-tsaya

(East Teke)

Badi

(South-east
Teke)

E-wumu
(South Teke)

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

(West Teke)

(North Teke)

Testicles ...

...

Ma-kara

...

Kara.
I-nki a-kara.
(I-bii =
scrotum)

...

. ...

Thief

Mw-ibi

...

...

M-ibi.
Pfuba

...

...

Thigh

I-belco

Ki-belto; bi-

...

I-belco.
l-ncomi

Li-belco; ma-

Ki-beleo ; bi-

Thing

Mco.

I-lcOgCd.

N-dbxo

Ki-lco ; bi-lu

I-bco.
Mea.
I-ke

...

Thorn

Li-nsyene

...

...

Li-sielu.
Li-siene

...

...

Tobacco ...

Ma-ke

\ra-kaya

...

A-kee (pi.).
M-fwaiTia.
Fumu

...

To-day

Lo)-bu

I3u-bu.
Lo>

Leri

Leli.
bu-li.
Lco-bcD.
Tsuiili

Leo

Lcolco

Toe

Mu-lyemco

Mdj-liam'

...

Mu-linco.
Nga-kuni

I.iny-ala

M(D-leam'
a-kulco

To-morrow

M-bali.
Bu-kya

Mu-sua,
Ma)-suga

...

M-bali.
U-kia

M-bade

M-bede

Tongue

Li-limu

Li-limu

...

Li-limi

Limi ; ma -1-

Li-limu ;
n-dimu

Tooth

Dz-inu ; //.
m-inu

M-inu (pi.)

Dz-inu.
(M-bco<o =
incisor.
Laa = molar)

J-ina; ma-f

J-eni: m-eni

Town, village

Hula.
M-pu.
(Ma-bvula =

large totvn)

M-pcoko>; ma-1-

Ula.
M-puu.
M-bee

Boj-la ;
ma-la.
Bu-lcola

Bula

Tree

Mu-ti.
Li-were.
N-sargi (sic)

Mu-ti

...

Mu-ti.
N-tsareo.
I-sumca

M<i)-ti ; me-ti

Mio-ti

Twins

lia-mbu

...

Ba-mbu (//.).
An-kira (pi.)

...

...

Urine

M-ye

Ma-puba

...

M-ii.
A-suba

...

...

Vein

Mu-si,
Mu-sigi

Mco-kaiie; me-

...

U-sii.
Tila.
Mu-sinu

Mu-sia

Tin,
Titi; //. ba +

War

M-vnlu

l!e-ta

...

Bi-ta.
M-vulu

Bi-ta

Bi-ta

Water ...

Ma-dza

Ma-nya,
A-nja, Ma-nja

■••

A-dza.

Ma-a

Ma-dza

Ma-ja

Well, source

N-pulu.
1-tsimi

...

...

I-dzia.
Yco«

...

...

White man

Mum-welco.
M un-dele.
Lim-puru

Mon-dele

...

Un-dele.
Mu-bie,
Mu-biH.
Lim-puru

Ke-bami; be-

Ke-bama; be-

Wife

Mu-kali

Mu-kali.
Bali.

Mifi-kulu

...

Mu-kali.
U-bala

• ••

...

002

S6o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

175-

I-fumu<7rI-furu

(East Teke)

176.

Ki-mbuntd or

Badi

(South-east
Teke)

177.
Ki-wumbu or

E-wumu
(South Teke)

178.

I-teco or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179.

Nteye

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya

(North Teke)

Wind

Mu-fula

M-fula

M-pele.
M-fula

•••

...

Witch

Mu-lcogi

Mu-lo,
Mu-lcdkoa

Mu-loMA.

N-gaa

...

...

Witchcraft

I-lcogco

... •■•

Un.kebe

...

Woman ...

Mu-keu.

Mu-karu

Mu-keco.

Mu-kap' ; pi.

Mu-keaf ; pi.

Mu-kaya

U-keninge

ba-

ba-

Womb

Bali.
Jumu

...

1-bu.
I-kila

...

...

Wood, fire-

Li-kwi

N-kui

N-kwi

Ke-futu; be-

Le-kiii; kui

wood

Yam

I-kwa.
M-puni.
N-kubi,
N-gwali

Ke-kwa ; be-

I-kwa

Ke-kcaa; be-

M-bala

Year

Mu-bvu

Mu-vu. Mu-vu,
M-vula Mi-vu

Mu-bvu

...

...

Yesterday...

Ma-tsito.
Ma-tsiga

Ma-cii

A-tsico

Ma-tsiga

Ma-jeka

One

-mco

-mca

-mco

-mu

(Ke-m»)

•moa

(Mu-mca)

Two

•wele,

■bcole

-mu-oli,

-ele

•bole,

•yele

-oli

(Bi-ele)

•bcdal'

Three

•teru

•tiru

•tiru

•tetu

(Bi-tetu)

•tetu

Four

-nna

•nne

■nna

•na

(Bi-na)

•na

Five

-tanu

-tancd

-tanu

•tani

(Bi-tani)

•tan'

Six

^iencd or
pyemento

^iem

^ienco

•semini (Bi-)

Jam

Seven

N-samco

N-pambu

N-tsaiha

N'dzami

Tsam'

Eight

M -pwcamco

M -pumu

M-pwcomco

M-puamco

Pcaamu

Nine

Bwa

Bwa

Bwa

Vua

Vua

Ten

Kumi

Kumi

Kfumi

Kumi

Kum'

Eleven

Kumi moi.

Kumi na-mco.

Kfumi ye i-mo>.

Kumi fiare-mco,

Kum' mcomco.

(Kum'a-wele

( Kumi na-2;<ale.

(Kfuih' a-yoli

(Kumiiia-bi-ele

(Kum' iTia-bcoal>

= tiuelve.

= twelve.

= twelve)

= twelve)

= twelve)

Kum' a-teru=

Kumi na-tiru

(hirteet!)

= thirteen)

Twenty ...

Ma-ku m-wele

Ma-kumi m-oule

A-ku m-uoli

Ma-kumi
iiKo-alu

Ma-kum' nio)^ar

Thirty

Ma-ku ma-teru

Ma-kumi
ma-tiru

A-kwa-i-tiru

...

Forty

Ma-ku nia-nna

M a-kumi
ma-nne

A-kwa-i-nna

...

Fifty

Ma-ku

Ma-kumi

A-kwa a-tanu.

...

• • ■

ma-tanu

ma-tanu

(A-kwa ^ienu

(Li-kun-samu

= sixtv.

= seventy.

Li-ku'

Li-ku

an-tsama =

m-pwcomu =

se7ienty.

eighty.

Li-ku m-pwomoj

Mu-bwa —

= eighty.

ninety)

U-bwa =

ninety)

GROUP LL: THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER WGWWE (TEKE)

LANGUAGES 561

175-

176.

177.

178.

179.

i«o.

English

I-fumuflrl-furu

Ki-mbunco or

Ki-wumbu or

I-te<a or

Nteve

Mu-tsaya

(East Teke)

Badi

E-wumu

Teke proper

(West Teke)

(North Teke)

(South-east

(South Teke)

(South-west

Teke)

Teke)

Hundred ...

K-kama or
Mun-kama

M-kama

N-kama

...

...

Thousand...

Pfuna

Funda

Pfuna.
Mu-bumi

• ■•

...

10,000

Ki-ai or
Ki-asi

...

»-kuru

...

...

20,000

Bi-ai or
Bi-asi by-ele

...

...

...

100,000

Mu-ko or
Mu-kogM

...

...

...

...

200,000 ...

Mi-ko mi-ele or
Mu-bunco

...

• •■

...

...

I, me, my ...

Me.

Me. Mme.

Me.

Me.

Me.

E-, N-.

?

E-, N- (M-).

N-.

N-.

-me

>

■me

-me

-me

Thou, thee, thy

We.

Nje.

Nze.

We.

We.

We.

A-.

?

?

A-.

J

?

-we, a-we

?

-a-nze

-we

-we

-we

He, him, his

Nde.
A-.
-nde

Nde.

?

?

Nde.
A-, Ya-.
-nde

...

...

We, us, our

B-iu.
Li-,
-b-iu

B-iu.
5

J

?

B-u?

?

•lu-.
-ab-eti

B-iii.
Li-.

1

-biu

...

...

Ye, you, your

Be.
Le-.
-be

Bee.

?
?

...

Be.
Le-.

-be

...

...

They, them,

Boj.

Bo*.

...

Bco.

...

...

their

Ba-.
•b(D

?
5

Ba-
-b«»

All

-ei or -entoj.

(.Mw-ei, bw-ei ;
Ki-ei, bi-ei,
&=€■). tsina

-nsco (bo-nsco.

...

•yue,
-we

...

...

This, these

U, wu, ba ; u,
mi; li, yi, ma;

ki, bi (?i8a);
yi,li(No. II);
ba (No. 14)

U, wu ; ba ;

Wu or uwu,
ba : wu, mi ;
li, ma ; ki,
bi; yi. yi;li;

bu or i-bu

That, those

-na (wu-na,

ba-na ; o-v.)
U-nde or
mu-nde, babco;
u-nde, mu-nde,
mimico ; lilco,
mamco; kikico,
bibico ; yiyco ;
lilco ; babco
U-nde, u-bo> ;

u-nde, u-myoj;

u-lco, u-mco ;

u-kyco, u-byco;

u-yco ; u-lco ;

u-bco

-na, &>€.

-iia (wa-na,

ba-na ; &=€.)
Nde ; u-bco;

u-nde ; i-mico ;

o)-lco ; o-mco ;

o)-kyco; 0)-yco ;

i-yco ; lilco ;

(U-bco ; kco

562

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

175.

I-fumu<jrI-furu

(East Teke)

176.

Ki-mbunoi or

Badi

(South-east

Teke)

177-
Ki-wumbu or

E-wumu
(South Teke)

178.

l-teco or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179.

Nteye

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya

(North Teke)

Bad ... .

-bi

•be.
-mbe

Black... .

•pi.

•pini,

-m-pini

•piri

Female

•kayu.
-kali

-kari

Fierce... .

•mpuni

...

Good ... .

•bwe.

-epfe.

-pye

-bwe

Great... .

■nene.

-nene.

-kula,

■niinu

-kulu

Little ... .

■keke

-ekiage.
-ii-kenke
-keke

Long ... .

. -la

• ••

Male ... .

•balaga.
■lumi

-lume

Old ... .

-kulu.

■niinu.

-nunu

•elame

Red ... .

•bye

I-be,
■bie

Rotten

•bcolw

Short... .

-pfipfi

Sick ... .

-bielco.
-lua.
■mbefco

■bielco"

White

-elco.

N-tunu,

-mw-elco.

N -dunco

■tsetse

-bi

Above, up, on

Ku-yulu

,,,

top

Before

N-kula.
M-bali.
Ngia ya-

...

Behind

M-bia.
M.pili

...

Below, down

Ku-nsi-na

• ••

Far

La

...

Here

Ku,

Awu.

Kuni.

Kuna

Na

In, inside ...

Mu.

Mu,

Ku-nsa

Muna

Middle

Kari,
Ku-kari

Ku-yulu

•bi

•be

•mbi

•pi.
•pini.
-n^domo

•pina

•pini

•kali

•pina

...

Ya-mpuru
•bwe

-ve

-m^botcd

-Icoco.

■nene

-nini

-a-kuni

•keke

Ki-keye,
Ki-kege

-kico

•la

-u-lumi.

■lumi.

Le-balaga ;

-balo>

-balava.
■ntsulu

m-bakala

-kulu.

•nunu

-kill CO

-nuni.

-yele

Mu-swene.

...

...

-yibe.
-bie

•ipfi

Yau-ltia,

•lua

•bele

-lua.

-bielco

•tsitse.

■foya

-fucogco

-pepe.
-mi-elco.

•bie

Mu-yulu

...

...

Kui\-kula

• •.

...

Mu-

M-bia

Ku-nsi-na
Ku^ula.

Ku-ncico.

N-da.

Yala
Na.

Kuni

Mu.

Ku
Kari.

Karakari

GROUP LL: THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER (jOGWWE (TEKE) LANGUAGES

563

English

175-

l-fumu^rl-furu

(East Teke)

176.
Ki-mbuncd or

Badi

(South-east

Teke)

177-

Ki-wucnbu or

E-wumu

(South Teke) j

178.

I -tew or

Teke proper

(South-west

Teke)

179.

Nte^e

(West Teke)

180.

Mu-tsaya

(North Teke)

Near

Bene.

...

Bezene

Outside ...

Nzi,

Ku-nzi

...

Plenty, many

Ki-ele.
B-vula,
-lula

K-ingi

There

Unco,

Awuna,

Ukoj,

Uka

Ubco

Where? ...

Nani .'
Muni?
Kuni ?

Ande ?

No!

Pele!

Ve!
We!

Not (with verb

We-, Ke-, Ka-.

...

as prefix, in-

•we,- keo, -Weo

fix or suffix)

To

U-

VVu-, U-

„ beat ...

•bera

. . .

„ buy, sell

-suma,
■fuma

-luma

,, come ...

-ya

■Zfl.

„ cut

•tsira

-cira

„ dance ...

-kina

-kina

„ die

-kwa

-kua,
-fwa

„ eat

-dza

-ja

„ give ...

•wa.

•pa,

•yaa

•va-na

,. go

•ye,

-yene

A-ye (a

yene)

„ kill ...

■jwa,
-djwra

...

„ know ...

-yaba

-saba

„ laugh ...

pebe,
■^ebco

-ceba

„ leave off,

•kwconw.

cease

-bia

„ love,want

-dzi,
-dzia

-nji

„ see

•mconco

„ sit, remain

-kala

...

abide

„ sleep ...

-la,
-lali ^

■lala

„ stand,stop

-temune

...

be erect

„ steal ...

•tura

. ..

Ka-, Ku-

Ku-

Beni-beni.
Bena.
Iku.
Ibu

Nzi.
Ku-ncicd

Led

N-dco.

Yabw
Nana.

Kwana.

No>.

(JOkcd
Nani ?

We!

Ambu !
Ka-, Ku-. Ga-, Ta-

-wco, -we, -keo

Ga-

Ku-
-bera
-suma

Ku-
-buda
-tsuma

Ku-
•juma

■ya
-tsira
•kina
-kwa,
-fwa
-dza (Hi)
-wa

•ziri (? za-)

•kina"
-kua

•ji
-pa

-jide(?ja-)

-kina"
•pfi

-nyaku

-ye (yene)

-jeni

•jene

•dzwa

-juba

■juba

-yaba
-sebco

•jeba

•jeba

-sa.
-yelco
-dzia

-jia

-jia

-mcona
-bwa.
-sila
-la

-tenco

•mcona

■dada
•temine

•mcona

•ndete

(? •dada)
•temine

-tura

...

5^4 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE TEKE LANGUAGES

Slight traces of preprefixes in Classes i, 2, 3, 9, and 14.

Class I. Wumu- (rare), Wu-, U-, 60- (181, 182), Mu-, M«-, — , Mbu-, Ba-, Aba-' (u, wu, mu, nde,
a) ; 2. Ba-, A- (182) (ba); 3. Mu-, Un-, Um-, Un- (178), M«-, Mo-, U-, CO- (181, 182) (u, wu, nde, a,
mu) ; 4. Mi-, I- (178), E- (181, 182) (mi, i, -wi) (plural to 15 and occasionally to 5) ; 5. Li-, — , I-, Dzi-,
Dji", Ji-, Le- (179 and 180) (yr, li) ; 6. Ma-, A- (178), Ba- (180, rare) (ma) (Ma- is sometimes used not
in a plural sense but as an augmentative prefix in the singular in 175 and 178) ; 7. I-, Ki-, E-, Ke-, Ge-,'
Yi-. re- (181) (ki, i) ; 8. Bi-, Be-, E- (181) (bi) ; 8 a. I-, ? Wi- (plural Bi-) (i) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, In- (178)
(yi, n (m)) ; 10. same as 9 (but only used as plural to 11, the plural of 9 being No. 6) ; 11. Li-, Le-, Lu-
(181, 182) (li) ; 12. missing; 13. missing; 14. Bu-, Wu-, Ibu-, U-, 00- (181, 182) (bu, b') ; 15. Ku-
(plural Mi-), U- (as infinitive) (k', ku, u) ; 16. »a-, A-, B'-, ?Mpa- (na) ; 17. Mu- (mu)

175. Ifumu is spoken to the west of the main Congo below the confluence of the Likuala, between
the Liktona-Kwilu and Lefini rivers, and as far west as the Acikuya country and the sources of the
Mpama-Alima.

176. Kimbunca is spoken perhaps on both sides of the Congo between the Kwa confluence and
Stanley Pool, but is mainly confined to the east bank. It extends east of the Congo to the Kwango river
and to the Mfini and along the Kwa estuary of the Kasai system, as far north as South latitude 2° 40', as
far south as Kimpiokco on Stanley Pool and South latitude 4° 30'.

177. Kiwumbco is spoken between the south shores of Stanley Pool, the rise of the Zombio plateau,
and the watershed of the Lower Kwaiigco south of South latitude 4° 30'.

178. Iteco is spoken mainly to the north and west of the Congo, on the north shores and islands of
Stanley Pool, between the Lefini river on the north and the Kenke river on the south, and inland west-
wards to the Upper Niadi.

179. Nteye is spoken north and west of the Upper Niadi as far west as the Luete-Kwilu.

180. Mutsaya is spoken between the western sources of the Mpama and Alima, and the Upper
(Ogcowe and the sources of the Nyanga and Luete.

' Aba- or Ba- (really plural prefix No. 2) is employed in the singular sense with No. I concords as
an honorific prefix of respect to chiefs, parents, Sr'c. ffga-, Ngan- is another honorific prefix, chiefly
used in mock respect before the names of beasts. It also means ' Mr! , ' Master ', and is equivalent to the
Angola Ifgana.

^ The Ge- in No. 176 is probably due to Ba,buma. influence, but Ge- is common in Nos. 181, 182.

GROUP LL {continued)
THE KWA-KASAI-UPPER COGCOWE (TEKE) LANGUAGES

i8i. Barn-bete ' or North-east Teke

182. Lim-bamba ' or M-bamba

GROUP MM

THE CENTRAL COGCOWE LANGUAGES

183. Western Ktota' (Ba-ktota, CO-kwta, &^c.)

184. Ma-pangco-A-pira *

185. Kcota or Eastern Ba-kcota '' (Cake, Li-pake)

186. Kele or Ban-goomco * (Ba-figwe)

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

English

Bam-bete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-^ngcd-

Kcota or

Kele or

(North-east

00 -kcota,

A-pira

Eastern

Ban-gcomu

Teke)

CO-pebo>, ^fc.

Ba-kcota

(Cake, Li-pake)

Adze

...

...

...

Kw-etu

Pake; ba-.
Y-ondco ;
r-ondco.

Animal, beast

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

—

Ny-ama

...

Titi.
Tyityi.
An-ama

Ant

...

...

Du-salungu :
pi. tsalungu

...

?igwe

Ant, white

...

...

Du-seleli ; pi.

...

Se-leke; ba-i-.

(termite)

tceleli

Mi-aya.
Lo-pieba

Ape

" '

...

•■"

N-tcyi

...

Kuba.
N-giba,
N-gida

Arm

Ku-5yco

Ku-oyco.

...

G-cjgu ; pi.

Bcok' ; ma + .

M-bco ; ma + .

N-tulco.

mi-togu

In-samba; ma-

I-piamba; ma-

Kankae

Arrow

Lebasi ;

La-base or

...

Di-kongu; nia-

Lam-basi ; //.

De-kconco.

m-basi

La-wase ;
m-base

m-basi

A-^cokwe ; bi-.
M-banjiga

Axe

G-conco ; pi.
con<o

Ke-ku<o ; e-

•

Pivi; ma +

W-undu ;
be-undu

Y-ondco ;
r-ondco.
Vi-onji ; pi.
l-onji.
A-dieoka; bi-

Baboon

...

...

Tsegi

...

A-seke ; be-

' 7 lie 'Bambete ' of Koelle; probably locally known as Limbete.

" 00-bamba of some French writers.

' ' Okotn lie I'Ouesl' of Captain Avelot—also known as Mco-pebco, OO-pebco, and ^'a-limbongco. This language
may be only a mixture, a hotchpotch </OO.kande (187) anilKelc (lf)6) with other dialects ; or it may be an inter-
mediate speech. In the hope of ampler information I retain its place in these columns. It has not much affinity with
Eastern Kcota (185).

* The 'A-shangco', 'A-shira', and ' A-pono ' of Paul du Chaillu; the 'E-sira' and ' A-sangco ' of French
missionaries : probably a blend of two dialects called l.i-sangco and Li-sira.

" 'Jhe'\inAa.za.' of Koelle and the' T^AAS&a.' of Avelot.

' Ba-kalai, Di-kele, A-keli, rt«(^Bangwe of some writers; the correct local names may be Di-kele ^»^Lin-gumco.

S66

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

l8l.

Barn-bete

(North-east

Teke)

182.
L'tn-bamba

183.

Western

CO-kci>ta,

00-^ebco, &'c.

184.

Ma-?afig<i>-

A-pira

185.

Kcata or

Eastern

Ba-kci>ta

(Cake, Li-pake)

186.

Kele or

Ban-gumcd

Back ...

Banana
Beard . . .

Bee ...
Belly ...

Ny-oye

Bu-oik ; a +

Mto-ei; nie-ei Mu-co; mi-o»

Bird Ny-coe; a-^ Iny-eoe

Blood A-kila, A-kela

Ma-kila

Body

Bone re-si; e-pi

Bow Bu-ta; a-ta

Bowels

Brains

Breast (man's) N-ttolu ;
an-tcolu

Ke-eze ; e-eze
U)-ta; a-ta

N-teoloj; a-l-

Breast Biele ; a-biele Biele ; a +

(woman's)
Brother ... CO-kulco. CO-k<olca.

tO-kucotu. Mcii-ateya

Mco-ati-yi

Buffalo

Bull

Buttocks ...
Canoe

N-jae

M-paseya

Bu-atu ; a + Bco-atco ; a +

N-djima

...

N.kon.
Pipe.
N-kala

Di-gondi ; ma-

...

Di-toto.
A-kondo ; be-

Gi-edu ; bi-

...

J-ede,
J-gll.

Oi-edu

Ny-wsi

Mwany-unS

De-pcolco; ma-.
Lony-iii.
Bi-«ju ;
m-uju

Di-fumu ; ma-

M-oi ; mi-oi

Mco-ayi.
M-oi ; mi-oi.
De-bumu.
(.•\-wupi =
s/o/nac/i)

Ny-conyi

Ny-codi

Vi-n-oni,
Ye-n-one ; //.
be-n-

Ma-lungu

Mto-jsu ; me-

Di- or

Ma-kit>a or

IVIa-kida or

Le-kila

Du-yuru ;

...

Ny-uli,

n-yuru

Ny-colca,
Ny-ulu

Gi-visi ; bi-

Ipi ; bey-lpi

A-vepa,
A-esa,
A-yesa ; be-

Gi-vita ; //.

...

N-te ; p/. ma-.

bi-vita

Lo-ongwa

Mu-sa>fu ; mi-

...

Mi-et.e,
Mi-ede

R-onju

Bi-one

Tulu

Tojlu ; ma +

ToYco,
Tulu,
Todru
N-tut*i

Di-beni ; ma-

I-bele; ma +

Di-betie,
Li-bedre

Mvv-ana-ngui

N-dcomu.

M-anyangwe.

M<o-ana

N-dumi.

mama

Mii-du.

Ni-mela,

Ni-mangu

Pagasa

Ny-aj'

Ny-atyi.
Ny-ate

...

Ny-ate
n-gupiaiawe

Di-ragu; ma-

...

M-ala.
Di-bombi; ma-

Gi-lindi ; bi-.

B(o-alu

B-iale or

Bw-alu; ni-atu

Hi-ati ; //.
m-ali.
A-lenji,
A-lende; be-

GROUPS LL, MM : THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRAL (jJGCOWE LANGUAGES 567

English

181.

Bam -bete

(North-east

Teke)

182.
Lim-bamba

183.

Western

(jL)-kuta,

OO-pebu, &^c.

184.

Ma-pangco-

A-pira

185.
Keata or

Eastern
Ba-kcota J
(Cake, Li-pake) I

186.

Kele or

Ban-gcamu

Cat ...

Charcoal

Chief, king

re-wae ; be- Ke-wai ; e-wai
Le-kala Kala

Child

N-kumu ; />/.
an-kumu

Mco-ana

Mu)-ana

Bcdga.
E-neni

N-kenyenge.
E-lengie

Cloth

Cold Wu-amini

Country ...

Cow

Crocodile ... N-gandcj
Day, daylight Mu-i

Mi-kcdlcd

N-gando9

Mu-e

Ke-joa

Devil, evil Mcu-kuei

spirit
Doctor (medi- N-ganga; ba+ A-yawate ; ba-

cine man;
Dog M-bo>a M-bcoa

Door, door
way

Dream

Drum ...

Ear ...

Ge-diwigi. Ke-jiwek'.

(x)-nyiianj«o N-jela

(pal/i)
Lu-otco Lu-otco

N-gomco ; a+ N-goma ; a +

Le-jiie ; ma-jue Tiie ; a-tue Di-loi

Egg Le-be ; a-be Be; a-be

Elephant ... X-jau N-joYco

Excrement

Eye D-isu; m-isu D-iz' ; ni-iz' D-icca ; ma-Cu

N-cuci

Mai; ma-mai

Ny-ame

Di-gala ; ma-

E-kalaga; ma-

Di-at>a,
Di-aya,
Di-ala

Mun-dumba ;

Kumu.

Abwtyi,

mi-.

Kum'am-bnka

A-bcotcD.

Fumu

N-gawe.

OOga.

Kuma.

M-pumu

Mw.ana;b-ana

Mw-ana

M-ana,
Mi-ana;
/>/. ti-ana.
Nya-sali

N-goi

N-damba.
N-kombe.
N-godye or
N-gedye

Gi-coci.

Pew

De-yebye.

Yi^ole

Di-vebi.
N-leme

Bu-longo>; nia-

...

Si.
Kin-jiki.
Penje

Di-busi di

Ny-aj' (6uf,r/o)

Ny-ate(fe^a/o)

pagasa

N-gandu

N-gandi

N-ganji.
N-gande

Cufu,

Mo-yu

A-pu.

pufu

N-da.
N-tane; ma +

Mu-kuku ; mi-

N-jumbi

N-kuki.
N-gale

N-ganga

...

N-ga,
N-gana

Bwendi.

M-bwandi

M-bia

Mondi

Di-gugi

A-kuja; be-

Di-aseka

N-dtosi

...

N-deme.

Bi-etyi

M(i)-lombu

N-geomco

An-jum',
An-dumu ; be-

I-arco; m-arco.

E-loi ; ma-

Gw-ale,

Ui-ru ; ma-ru

Wcole or
Ore ; //.
ba-ore

Ui-ki; a-ki

De-bi ; nia-bi

Di-aki ;
nia-ki
(or Ui-ake)

N-tsau

N-joku

N-joki.
In-pok.
N-zcake

Ma-rufi

Hi-pika

U.ipu,

D-izu; mad-izco

U-ipi ; m-ipi

D-isu ; m-isu

S68

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

i8i.

182.

; 183.

184.

185.

186.

English

Bam-bete

Lini-bamba

' Western

Ma-pangci»-

Kcdta or

Kele or

(North-east

OO-koita,

A.pira

Eastern

Ban-gcomco

Take)

Oa-pebw, Qfc.

Ba-kuta

(Cake, Li-pake)

Face, forehead Ge-lia ; fl.

Bu-pu; a + .

U-Su; in-esu

Bu-pu ; ma-t-

A-pUi.

be-lTa.

M-pa ; am-pa

Bcj.se.

Bu-pu

La-bale la
ba)-pe

Fat

Ma-li

Ma-le

•••

M-api.
Di-vonga

Ma-di

Ma.U,

M(o.ale
De-wone

Father

Tata

Tata

Sa-ngwe.
N-tata

Tata.
Tai

Tata .

Ata.

ga-ngwe.
pa- wen.
Si-awe.
gi-on

Fear

• ••

W-coma

. . •

Ny-en

Finger

a)-liemi ;
e-liemi

Q)-liemi ;
e-liemi

...

Mu-lembu ; mi-

Mu-lembu

I-no>,
Vi-na,
Yi-na ; pi.
li-na

Fire

M-ba

M-ba

Di-yu ; mo-ya

Ru)-bi or
Ru-vi

Mu-nyco,
Mu-nyon

D-uj pi.
m-ii.
Ve-ia,
Ye-dya.
E-ya.
Ye-jeo

Fish

N-jue

N-jue

...

Gi-sonji ; bi-

E-pui ; ba-pui

pie ; ba-pie

Foot

Le-tam'.
N-jina le-tam'

Len-tami

...

Di-tambi ; ma-

E-tambi ; ma-

Di-bo,
Le-bo

Forest

^uaya

PuaYa ; a -1-

Mu-siru ; mi-

pcoaka ; ma -f

Penja ; ma +

Fowl

N-jo>p«

N-jcapco

^usu

Kukco, Kcoku

pupu

Kuba

Frog, toad...

G-OYco ; b-OYco

Ke-wuY»

...

Mu-lanpa(.')

Mcoa-nyala.
A-wcogcd

N-kojmuke.
Nkone.
Yun-deokc*

Ghost

• ...

. . .

...

Gi-cucu ; bi-

. ..

M-bilityi

Girl

M co-ana
(u-kapu

Mco-ana a>-kap'

Numba

N-gond« ; pi.

ba +

N-dembi.
De-sesa

Goat

N-tawa

N-tawa

Taba

E-tava,
Taba

Taba; bi +

Am-bwli,
M-buli

„ (he) ...

a).lo>m'
a n-tawa

...

...

Dim-bcoku di
taba

Am-bcodc».
Am-pcotu

God

N-jambi

N-jambe

...

Ny-ambi

In-pambi

N-sambi.
An-yambie

Grandparent

N-kaYa

N-kaga

...

Kaga

Kogo

M-bamba,
Mame 5

Grass

..>

•*•

.•■

Bi-singa

...

lii-pa

Ground

Mu-tamba

Be-scopcokco,
.A-papika.
Penje.
Si

Ground-nut

Len-jco ; n-jco

Penda,
M-penda

...

Fenda,

Di-winda ;
pinda

...

Lam-ben(!a,
Penda

Guinea-fowl

. . .

...

>••

Kanga

. ..

N-kana

Gun

I3u-ta ; a-ta

...

...

Bu-ta

In-padi ; ma-

N-jali,
N-pale

Hair

Lem-pfu ;
m-pfu

Lem-pu; m-pii

Nanga.
Di-manga

Le-sui ; //. sui

La-poi,
S-oyoj,
Piu.
L-ong<o

GROUPS LL, MM : THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRAL WGCOWE LANGUAGES 569

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

English

Bam-bete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-{sangcd-

Kcota or

Kele or

(North-east

a)-kcdta,

A-pira

Eastern

liaii-goimu

Teke)

Oi)-pebo9, S-'c.

6a-kcota

(Cake, Li-pake)

Hand

Re-kai

(?re-kai)

Keii-kai

Di-koakca

Di-kaka; ma-

E-kaka; ma-

Di-konji,
Di-konju.

M-bco.
Ycoba

Head

Moj-jue; me-

(ji)-tue; e-tue

M(o-lu,
Mo-ru

Mu-ru; mi-

M-ci>lu; mi-tolu

Lo-iiigoko.

Mu-lie

Heart

...

...

Mu-rima

.*.

N-lema ; me-

Heel

M-bisa le-tamu

...

.*•

Gi-songuni ; bi-

...

Di-tyill,
Le-tindi
A-konda ; be-

Hide

...

Gi-kata ; bi-

Hill

...

...

Mu-kongu

M-beka

Hippopotamus

...

...

M.fubu

N-gubi

Hoe

re-piemi ; be-

(x)-juYu ; e-

...

E-pembe ; ma-

Apianje ; bi-.
Pa ; ma-pa

Honey

Bu-o-ye

00-kwna bu-ok'

...

Bu-ya,
I5.ui

B-iii

Bi-oico,
N-kconco

Horn

...

Di-vala; ma-

N-laka ; me-

House

N-jeo; a +

N-jeo; a-

N-dakw

N-dagu

N-dakco

M-bane.
A-nungwe,
A-lonwe.
A-runwe,
A-laweii.
N-dabe

Hunger

• ••

• ■•

■ •■

N-zala

...

N-zyat»a

Husband ...

...

...

Mu-ltimi ; ba-

...

Mon-dumco.
Mco-lcomco

Hyena

...

...

• *•

Iron

Bi-talu

Ke-piemi; e-

Du-banja
Bu-dilu ; ma-

A-djei ; bi-djei

Mi-anga.
Jcobu,
Yubco.
D-ubanja .'

Island

...

...

*••

Ny-ingi

...

A-nenge

Ivory

D-ini le n-jcau

Pungu n-joYco

...

Fungi

Bua ; ba +

^eba ; ma + .

^ieba
Di-bon.

Knee

Le-bnoa; a-

Buoj ; a +

Di-kotulu

l-bongti>

Le-bone

Knife

Ba^a ; a +

M-biele

•••

M-beci ,

M-bedi

pake,
Sakwe.
Pa ; ma-pa

Lake

...

'•'

• ■•

Gi-diba.
Di-ange ;
m-ange

...

A-liba
De-jange

Leg

Ku-olco: mi-ele Kolcs; a +

..•

Kw-er<a,

Kolu ; ma +

Kofi we.

Gy-eru; bi-

N-kot.i,

N-kodrco,

K-kcodco

Leopard . . .

N-gto

N.geo

N-jegci>

Magena

N-goi

N-je,
N-sie

Lion

Ge-bcowco ; e-

Ke-bcobeo ;
bcobco

...

...

...

Nina

Lips

...

...

«••

Ci-basu ; bi-

...

A-bai,
A-lai ; be-

Magic

CO-te; nia-te

Ke lea ; e-lea.

Nga-te

Gi-limba

...

Bi-an.
Re-remba ; ma-

Maize

Lu-comu ; a +

Lu-comu ; a +

'■•

Du-vutu; putu

E-sangu ; ma-

Pcotye ; p/.
wa + .
M-pcotye; be +

570

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

.181.

182.

183.

184.

185

186.

English

Bam-bete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-^angco-

Kcota

or

Kele or

(North-east

OO-kuta,

.\-pira

Eastern

Hafi-gcomco

Teke)

CO-pebca, crc.

Ha-kcota

(Cake, L

■pake)

Man

...

...

...

Mutu; ba-tu

...

Mu-tyi ;
b<i)-tyi

Man, vir. ...

Baleya ;

Baleva ;

Di-baka,

M(i)-lumi.

I-baka;

ma-

Mon-dumeo,

a-baleya

a-baleya

I -bake

Di-bagala ; ba-

Mu)-lcom».
N-lcomi.

Mem-bon

Meat

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

...

Mu-sconi

Ny-ama

Titi.
.\n-ama.
N-^ni

Medicine ...

Ma.te

(JO-te;
a-te

...

Bi-longu

Mu-eli ;

Ti-eli

Bi-ana,
M-an.
Ue-kayi

Milk

Ma-biele

Ma-nyadiwe

...

Ma-beni

Me-nyaji

ba

Ma-nyadiba

Monkey ...

N-kena

N-kema

Kari

Jema,
Tsema

Kiema

Moon

N-gondu

N-gontco

N-sungi

Sungi or
Cungi

N-gondz

I

N-ganje.
A-Iuma.
M-ieli

Mother ...

?*-gJiYeo

f*-go-ir«

Moki.'

Mwa-ngi ?
(Mcoki-ami =

my —)

Nguya,
Ngui.
Yayi

Mama

Nya-iigwe.
Mia-wen.
Nyongco

Mountain ...

. . .

Mu-kongu

...

M-beka

Mouth

Mo-nyua ;

OO-nyiia;

N-dumbu

Mo)-nco or

Mto-dumbu ;

G\v-ana or

me-nyua

e-nyua

Mu-nu

me-

Wu-ana ; //.

Nail (of finger

ren-teoli ;

Ken-tcole ;

Dw-ala ;

Ny-ala ;

mi +

mi-
Any-ala ;

or toe)

en-tojli

en-tcole

nii-ala or
ny-ala

beny-.
Ny-ada

Name

...

D-ina ; m-ina

D-ina

Navel

CO-kuma ; e-

Toiige; a.+

...

Mu-gumbu; mi-

I-tongi ;

ma-

Di-toi.
Letode

Neck

N-kingco.
M-bi^nki

{i.e. back of
head)

N-ki.

M-bip' cotiie ;
pi. em-bi^a
rae-tiie

N-gori

Jtngu

Kine.
A-mineke.
Di-ole

Night

Lem-piwi ;
m-piwi

M-pipi

•••

Di-beti

Pinji

M-puma.
M-bulye.
Bu-lea

Nose

Ycdlco ; a-ycolcd

Ycolco ; a-ycdloi

Di-oico

M-baj3o> or

Jcolu ; ma +

Di-oi.

M-basu

Di-coju,

Di-codyu.

N-koniba

Oil palm ...

M.ba,
Moj-ba

00-ba

...

Samba.
Mbari

Le-bila ;

ma-

Dim-bila.
Dilende

Ox

• • .

,,,

Pagasa

...

Ny-atie

Paddle ...

■ •■

*•*

Kafi

■ ••

Laii-gape.
N-tambila.
Lo-kapi

Palm wine

...

...

>..

Ma-lamu.
Du-syeli

...

Ma-bak.
De-tutu
Ma-duma

Parrot

N-kcop<o

N-kcapu

...

Kusu

Kcosu

Kco^e,
Kcosa

Penis ...
Pig ...

Gefi-guco ; e- N-gcowele ; a-

N-gulu.
N-guyi

N-gueya ; ba + N-goya

GROUPS LL, MM : THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRAL COGOOWE LANGUAGES 571

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

English

Bam-bete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-pangc»-

Kcota or

Kele or

(North-east

Oa-k«ta,

A-sira

Eastern

Bafi-gcomco

Teke)

CO-sebeo, &'c.

Ba-kcota

(Cake, Li-pake)

Pigeon

Ge-didura; be-

Ke-dudura ;
dudura

...

Mw-inga

...

Di-pepika.
Lam -bey a.
M-beiia.
Menga

Place

• • >

...

• ■•

M-bura

t *■

W-6mbe

Rain

Mbula

N-gawa.
M-bcola

M-fula

M-bula

M-buda.
M-bulo>.

M-biit>a,
M-buya

Rat

M-poYco

M-poYci>

...

Gi-buyi; bi-

Peok ; ba-peok

Pco.
N-kcobi

River

...

...

N.|sa.
Li-banye

Rembu ?
Mu-lwbi ; mi-

...

N-po>.
Pulu.
A-biala

Road

...

...

N-jila

...

N-jetsa

Salt

O-ngwa

Wo-ng^wa

Vi-anga

Kebu

Le-dze

Ma-kiemba

Shame

. . •

...

Gi-s<oni

|Soni

Sheep

Le-meme.
Ny-ama

...

Di-dombi

N-gombe ; p/.

ba +

An-domoki.
Dombe

Shield

...

My-anga

. ..

N-guba

Shoulder . . .

re-pamora ; be-

Durco ;

...

...

E-duk ; ma-

A-bek6 ; be-

a-duru

Sister

N-kele

Nkele

Ketu

Mu)-kcolu.
Mco-anji

Kali,
Kade

Skin

OO-kaya ; e-

(JL)-kaya ; e-

Gi-kata

Mo-kansa ; mi-

A-konda ; be-

Sky

Ywlco

Ywloj

Yulu

E-k«lu

TJoibe
fircowa

Slave

O-yeya ;
ba-eya

O-yeya ;
a-yeya

Mu-viga ; ba-

M(o-yeka ; ba-

N-saka.
1-jsiaka

Sleep

...

...

Gy-elu

...

Vi-b5.
A-lo

Smoke

YoYi

Yoge

...

Mu-ci-ru-vi

E-butsuk ; ma-

Vi-alie,
Y-alia

Snake

X-tali

N-tale

...

Ncoga

Tade ; be-

Ny-oii,
Ny-o;
mi-nyo

Son, boy ...

M (JO -ana;

M(o-ana ;

...

Mw.ana

Mw.ana m-cote ;

Mi -ana,

b-ana

b-ana

di-bagala

pL b-ana
w-ate

Mi-ala

Song

...

...

...

Dw-imbu ;
ny-imbu

...

J5,

D-ya ; b-ia

Spear

Yucj ; a-

YHco

...

Di-koiigu ; ma-

I-kongco ; ma-

Di-kon,
Le-konco

Spirit, soul

...

...

...

Di-nyunyi

...

De-nina.
A-vasina.

Star

...

...

...

Bu-eleli,
M-bwelila

...

N-pinSin
Vi-eteli,
Yi-atedi

Stick

00-te bajua

00-fumbe ; e-

...

Gi-kcoga

...

Sumbok ;
me 4-.
J-eli.
A-kaki

Stone

Kele ; ma +

Kele; a +

...

Di-mani

E-manya ; ma-

Di-k5ki,
Le-k«oke

Stool

Ku-anga

Ku-anga

...

Gi-pu

E-sua ; ma-

Di-po)wa ; ma-

Sun

N'tangu

Xy-angca.
Mu-e

M(o-sa

Dyiimbi

Sunji.
E-tadi

Di-eoba.
Vi-copa

572

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

l8l.

Barn-bete

(North-east

Teke)

182.
Lim-bamba

183.

Western

OO-kcota,

(O-pebu, &"<:.

184.

Ma-sangu-

A-sira

185.
Kcata or

Eastern

Ha-kcota

(Cake, Li-pake)

Tail (of an

animal)

Tear

Testicles ...
Thief

Thigh

Thing..

Tree

Twins
Urine

Vein

War

Water

Well

White man

Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft

re-bele; e-bele Ke-bele

Thorn

...

...

Tobacco ...
To-day

Toe

LcdWCO,

Lcabca
a)-liemi
ma-kucolcd

Luwe

(Jl)-liemi
(o-k<ol<o

To-morrow

CO-piioYa

CO-puoya

Tongue

N-kii
mcj-nyua ;
/>/. ii-ka

Le-lemi ;
p/. 1-lemi

Tooth

m<ji).nyua
D-inu ; m-inu

D-ini ; m-ini

Town

M-po7o» ; a +

M-poYto; a-

00-te ; e-te CO-te ; e-te

OO-kana ;
e-kaiia
Bi-ta ; e-ta E-ta

O-ndji ; e-nji

A-nja A-nja

Ge-bamba ; be- Ka-bami ; e-

Mu-gila; mi-

Ma-canga(//.)
Mi-kani
Mu-dagici ; mi-

Di-bela N-ama ; be -t-

Gi-vava ; bi-

Du-cendi ; p/.
cendi
Talaku
Nemuni Lulco

Mu-lembu
di-kunda

Mu-gesa

Du-limi ;
n-dimi

M(o-lemb<d
Yana'
Le-limi ; ma-

Mam-inci>(//.) Bei. D-ini; m-ini

D-inu ; m-inu
D-imbu ; M-bcoga

m-imbu

Mu-ri ; mi-ri Mw-eli ; mi-

Ma- vasa
Ma-suba

Mw-anji

Mu-cingu

Ma-mba

Ma-diva.
Ma-ngeo

Mo-piza ; me-
Le-badi

Ma-ngu

Di-t6gilu; ma-

Mu-tangani Mw-atangadi ;

mi-
Mu-gaci ; ba-

Punga

N-ganga

Ma-gaiiga

186.

Kele or

Ban-gumu

N-konji,
N-kondu
Men-ztodie

Yibe, "

N-jibi
M -be tig,

M-bedre.

De-bele
A-lombi.

M6-to.

N-daka
Di-sombika,

Di-sombo>ka
Talakwe
B<o.

I5u-sibe
Vi-na,

Yi-na
Na-kwalia,

Na-kwade
La-t»em.

La-wem ; p/.

7em

Di-jScoa.

Di-suiia ; ma-
A-kondu,

A-kodeo.

A-kondi.

M-bcoke
J-eli.

Yi-ere ; //.

bi-eli
Ma-pa
Me-nzadie.

Ny-ijsiba
N-pijsa ; me-

Di-baU,

Le-bale.

Di-luma
Ma-diba.

Ma-iige
De-dyake
X-tanga ; mi-

My-ade.

A-vala.

Moo-miade
M-punga
N-loki
A-loki

' Note^vorthy . Cf. East African word for ^yesterday ', Jana.

GROUPS LL, MM: THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRAL COGtOWE LANGUAGES 573

181.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

Knglish

Barn-bete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-pangeo-

Kuta or

Kele or

(North-east

(O-kota,

A-pira

Eastern

Baii-gumu

Take)

Oi)-pebo>, fiH'f.

Ba^kuta

(Cake, Li-pake)

Woman ...

CO-ka^u ;

(jO-kajs' ; ba-kajs'

Mw-atu.

Mu-getu ; ba-

Mco-atu ; b-atu

Memi-ale.

ba-kapu

Mo-iami

(? my).
Mio-adye

Mi-ali.

Mu)mi-adi.

Ny-ende

Womb ...

...

...

Di-bum

Wood (fire-

Nkeoe'

Le-koye ;

...

Mi^sanju.

Kui

Ve-ia.

wood)

ii^koye

Bi-s<i>cu

An-jika.
Ke-dya.
Le-ja.
Ye-ju

Yam

re-k5a; be-

Ke^kua; e-

...

M-bala

A-kua ; be-

Dy-uma ;
bi-uma

Year

...

...

Ge-lima; bi-

...

M-bti.
M-pumu

Yesterday

A-jiya

A^jiya

...

Ma-siga

M-bisa-yana

Ngubuma.
N-koY"

One

•mu

-mco^'
(Ke-mtojs')

•mw.
■pcoku,
M-ptokco

•mupi

-uku

■S'i-w5to,
-woto.
-puke

Two

-ole,
■yole

-ele (Hi.ele)

•ycole,
M-bali,
•bali

•bei

-iulu

•ba (Bi-ba).
-bale

Three

•tatu

•tate,

•satu,

-i^reroj,

•satu

-lali,

-tatu

-tatu.

N-salco,

N-calco

•reru

■rale

Four

■na

-ya

-nai,
-na

I •nana,
I^na

-nai

•nai,
-naya

Five

-tanu

•tan'

I-tanco,
•ta

I-raneo,
-ranu

-tan'

•tani,
•tane

Six

■samunu

•tan' ke^mu^

Be-nai ?
Moj-teoba pr
OOttoba

Samanco,
Syamanu

•tan' muku

•tani na
yi^wotS

Seven

-sambuale

•tan' bi-ele, is'c.

Napco.'
Cambco

Kambu '
mco^i ?
I-na^guvreru

-tan' nii-ulu

-tani na bi-ba

Eight

•nana

...

Mw^ambi.
Pcoombto.
E-nana

Kambco bei.
Gi^nana

-tan' mi-satu

-tani na bi-lali

Nine

Bua

Buka."
Li^bwa

Kamboi i^rerco
{also Kambu
musi in some
dialects)

•tan' mi-nai

-tani na bi-nai

Ten

Kumi

Kumi

Jima.
N-pima.'
Jumi

I-gumi or
Di-gumi

•kum'

Di-umu,
l)i-um

Eleven

...

...

I)i-gumi ne
musi

...

Di-om' na
yi-woto

Twenty ...

Ma^kumi

iTKo-ale

Mco-kama'

...

Ma-gumi
ma-bei

Ma-kum'-molw

Ma-bomu
ma-ba.
Ma-ku ma-ba

Thirty ...

Ma-kumi
ma-tatu

...

...

Ma-gumi
ma-reru

...

Ma-bom'
ma-lali

' Noteworthy.

' According

■• to KoelU.

1' p

574

ILLUS'IRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

l8l.

Bam-bete

(North-east

Teke)

182.
Lim-bamba

183.

Western

OO-kuta,

CO-sebw, iS^^.

184.

Ma-)Kingu-

A-pira

185.
Kcota or

Eastern

Ba-kcota

(Cake, Li-sake)

186.

Kele or

Baii-g&>mo3

Forty Ma-kumi

ma-na

Fifty ... ... Ma-kumi

ma-tanu

Hundred

Thousand

I, me, my ... Me.

N-. Me-, M-.

-nie
Thou, thee, We.
thy .'

-a-we

He, bim, his
We, us, our ■
Ye, you, your

They, them,
their

Memi.
Mi-, Me-.

5

-a-me
We.
J

-a-we

All ,

This, these

That, those

Ma-gumi

Ma-bom'

ma-na

ma-nai

Ma-gumi

Ma-bom'

ma-ranu

ma-tani

Kama

N-kama; pi.

min-kama

(English word)

N-topen'

{Euglish)

Me-nu. ?

Me-ni.

Ni- ? ?

Me-.

J J

-me-.

-ami -a-mi

-a-me

N-dyau. ?

We-ni.

U-. ?

Gwe-, We-.

-a-gu -a-wto

-gwe, -a-gwe.

-o-ye, -ci)d-ye

Yandi.

Ye-ni,Je-ni,Ye.

A-.

A..

-a-ndi

-ye, -ei

V-etu.

Be-se.

Du-.

- ?

-e-tu

-be-pe. -a.pi

Y-enu.

Be-gwe. Be-ba.

Nu-.

?

-enu

-be-we, -be-gwe

-a-ni

Y-au.

Bo-ni. B5ba

Be-.

J

-au

-bo, -a-bi

-cu

N-tube.

-epe.

J-epe

?, baba ; ?,

Wo, ba ; wi,

mimi ; didi.

mi ; di, ma ;

mama; gigi,

i, yi, bi ;

bivi ; &"€.

vi (8 a) ; nyi,

-nu {adver-

nyi; 15,

bially)

la(n); 15,

la (12) ; bi(l4)

-na (.' wu-na.

-ti {-ti, ba-ti ;

ba-na; ?wu-na.

wu-ti, mi-ti ;

mi-na; di-na,

di-ti ; &-•(.)

ma-na; gi-na,

-no- (wu-no.

bi-na ; &^c.

ba-no-ba ;

\vu-n5-wu.

mi-no-mi ;

di-n5-di :

nia-no-ma ;

yi-n5-yi,

bi-no-bi ; t^c.)

-ne (wu-ne.

&'C.]

Bad

•be

•be

-ra-bi

•dubi,
-bi

-m-be

GROUPS LL, MM : THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRAL OJGOJWE LANGUAGES 575

English

Black...

Female

Fierce...

Good ...
Great . . .

Little ...

Long
Male

Old ...

Red ...
Rotten

Short..,

Sick ..

White..

181.
Barn-bete
(North-east

Teke)

182.
Lim-bamba

183.

Western

Q)-kcdta,

0)-sebu, &'c.

184.

Ma-;sango>-

A-sira

185.

Kuta or

Eastern

Ba-kuta

(Cake, Li-pake)

186.

Kele or

Ban-gcamu

-pina

■pica

-bwe
-nene

-kieve

tO-ltom'.
(Oloj

-kcobu.
•ntina

-botbi
•ng^lco.
•nene
•kieye

CO-lcdm'

■biya

•pica,
-bindabinda

•tyco

...

•gaci.
-getca
-boga

-bwe
Ge-bcotca.

-m-bote
•neni

-nene

-eci-neni.
-ijibco

•gegi

...

-nega
-lumi

■biele

(G<o-biele)

-pfura

CO -biele

•ba

Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind

Below, down
Far

Here

In, inside ...

Middle

Near . . .
Outside

•vunda

...

•benge
•boli

...

•gufi

...

•beli

pumapum.
•pupupu

-fuga

Gu yulu

Gu usu
Gu n-cima

Gu ci
•taya

Gu nu

Gu g^ri

Gu tima

Bele
Gu kana

•yindi

Vinji.

Viu.

•inde.

-yinti

-atu (Mwatu)

•ale.

■ade

...

•wula.

•nyana

-bwe

M-ben'. M^bene

-neni

•nene

-te

Visivisali,

-pali.

^adye

•laba

-e-jsangwe

-n-dom'.

•pianwe.

-n^jamba

•duna '

Teali.

N^tcolco,

-tcodcd

M^bei

...

•bobo.

•bcole

...

Wubie,

N-ubye

A-bele

•tata.

-a-gua.

A-ywka

•pfii

Pumi,

-pumu,

-puma

Pe t>cobe,

-Icaba

...

Pe bcope

...

Pepipe.

...

Pipe ti

?-.

...

Pe-pi

...

Vi-baba.

B<o

...

Va.

Pe.

Wconi.

Kconcd

...

Pungwe.

Pe.

Pe tene

. . .

Tema.

Pe teme

Kunakuna

...

Pe nsene.

Pe m-bcot>e

' Noteworthy. Cf. Zulu luord In-duna.

p p 2

576

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

l8l.

182.

183.

184.

185.

186.

English

Bambete

Lim-bamba

Western

Ma-jsangu-

Kuta or

Kele or

(North-east

(O.kojta,

A-jsira

Eastern

Ban-gcomco

Teke)

OO-pebu, 6-f.

1

Ba.kwta

(Cake, Li-sake)

Plenty, many

...

...

...

M.bUi

...

De^bule.

M-bonde.
Bi-deli

There

...

...

...

Gu^na

...

Vani.
M-b«-wu.
Vanava

Where? ...

...

...

...

Gu?

...

Vi?

Awa •

No!

r«o- 1
ra!
■pe!

ra. !
•pe!

...

Nesi!

Nde-

Ana!
Bya!

Not (with verb,

...

...

Sa^

...

Tyi,

as prefix, in-

Te-.

fix, or suffix)

Du-

To

Gto-, Tio-

CO-

Gu-?

?

?

-, Pe-

„ beat ...

■beta

-beta

...

•dimba

•bulaya

-tyiba.
■bida

„ buy, sell

.jucoma

-puma

...

■sumba

•sumba

-pomba.
-btomi

„ come ...

•ja,
■ji

■ya

...

•ruga

•ya

-n-ja.
■jcome

„ cut

•kumo-ya

•baga

...

•tabula

■jitewa

-kata.
•kuere

„ dance ...

■kena

-kina

...

•gina

■bina

-jemba,
•yimbi

>, die

•kua

•kua

...

-fu

•wa

-gwa

„ eat

■ja,
je

•ja

...

•ya

■ja

-dia

., give

•YU

•nyaya

...

■vega

-kawa

•be or -ve or

•ye

» go

■jena (?)

•ya

• ■«

•enda

•je

-kie.^
-ben",
-kiame

„ kill ...

■buma

•bcama

...

•b5ka

•buma

•jtoba. •ju.
•dicola

„ know ...

...

...

■yaba

...

■veka,
•yeka
■jaba.

„ laugh ...

•sewa

•sewa

■ ■•

•sieva

•pie

•yoYto,-yome.

•dyolo

„ leave off,

...

...

■ •■

-sisa

. ..

•lika,

cease

•lyela

„ love, want

•tuanu

•tuciinco

■ ■•

•ronda,
-romba

-tondcd

•dina,
•dian'.
•naka

„ see... ...

•m5na

•mona

...

•laba

-yeni

•jene.
•jia

„ sit, remain,

•bunjina

•jina

• >(

-ca-gala

...

-diya,

abide

-dima

„ sleep ...

•lala

-tulcd

...

-lambema

-nanga

■baba
■palara.
-lama, -lala

„ stand, stop.

•temina

•temina

• ••

-cenia.

•dunda

-tebe.

be erect

-re-cema

-terani.
-tebele

„ steal ...

...

...

...

•daja

...

-jiba

GROUPS LL, MM: THE KWA-KASAI, &c., AND CENTRA!, tOGCOVVE LANGUAGES 577

PREFIXES IN BAM-BETE AND LIM-BAMBA

Class I. 00-, Mm- ; 2. Ba-, A- ; 3. Mw-, Mu-, 00-, Wm- ; 4. Me-, Mi-, E- ; S- Le-, Di-, — ; 6. A-,
Ma- ; 7. Ge-, Ke-, re-, G'- ; 8. Be-, E-, — ; 9. N- (M-), Iny'-, Ny- (plural to 9, No. 6) ; 10. same as 9,
plural to II ; 11. La-, Le-, Lu- ; 12. ?missing; 13. ? missing, .'present in Lim-bamba (see word for
' White man ') ; M- Bu-, Wu-, 00- ; 15 Ku- (in nouns, pi. Mi-), Geo-, Teo-, tO- in prepositions ; 16. ?.

A- seems to be an honorific prefix. i

PREFIXES IN WESTERN AND EASTERN KOOTA

Those of Western Kuta are but little known and may be like those of OOkande (187).
Those of Eastern Kuta are as follows :

Class I. Mu-; 2. Ba- ; 3. Mw, M'-; 4. Mi-; 5. E-, I-, De-, Di- ; 6. Ma-; 7. — , A- ; 8. Bi-,
Be-; g. In-, Ny- ; 10. — , N-, Ny- ; 11. La-, Le- ; 12 and 13. missing; 14. B«- ; 15. .'.
Mwa- is either a diminutive or an honorific prefix.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN MA-SA»G0O-A-pIRA

Class I. Mu-, Mw-, Mco- (mu, ? u, ? wu) ; 2. Ba-, ? Ya- (ba, be, .? ya) ; 3. Mu-, Mm-, Mw-, — (mu,
? u, ? wu) ; 4. Mi-, ? Me- (mi) ; 5. Di-, — (di) ; 6. Ma-, A-, ? Ba- (ma) ; 7. Gi-, Ge- (gi) ; 8. Bi- (bi, vi) ;
8a. ?; 9. N-, Ny-, — (n, i) ; 10. ?same as 9; u. Du- (du) ; 12. Rm-, Ru- ; 13. missing; 14. Bu- ;
15. Gu- 1 16. missing.

PREFIXES, &c., IN KELE

Class I. Mu-, M-, My-, Mi- (usually Mi-), — (gu, ngw'-, wo, j', ye, a, — ) ; 2. Ba- (ba, mba) ; 3.
Mm-, Gu-, Wu- (wu, wi, gw'-) ; 4. Mi-, Me- (mi) ; 5. Di-, I-, Li-, E-, De-, Re-, Le- (di) ; 6. Ma-, Ba.
(rare) (ma) : 7. A-, W'-. Yi-, J'- (yi, j', nj', gi) ; 8. Bi- (bi, mbi) ; 8 a. Vi-, Y'- (vi, nvi) ; 9. N- (M-), N-,
Ny-, In- (nyi) ; 10. same as 9, plural to 11 only (nyi, n') ; 11. La-,Lo-, L'-, Lm- (16, 16, la) ; 12. R'-, Lm-
L'-, Lo-, La- (16, 16, la) ; 13. missing ; 14. Bi- (bi, mbi) ; 15. Almost absent, except in word for ' ear
(//. No. 6) : lingers as preposition and in adverbs Gu-, Wm- ; 16. prepositional only, Pe-, Va- (va)

181. Bambete is spoken north and east of the Upper OOgcowe as far north as about 0° 30' South
latitude.

182. Limbamba is spoken in east Bombete and west and south of the Upper Likona.

183. Western OOlcMta is spoken west of the Upper OOgcowe in the southern Gaboon region, and north
of the Nyanga basin, east of the Ngfmye watershed.

184. MapangM-Apira is spoken in southern Gaboon north of South latitude 2°, between the Upper
and Middle (jOgoiwe and the vicinity of the Atlantic coast behind the Nkomi-Galwa territory.

185. BakMta is spoken east of the Ivindto, Ltolw, and OOgcowe, north of about 0° 30' South latitude,
west of the Upper Likuala and OOpa rivers, and south of 0° 45' North latitude.

186. Kele is spoken south of the River OOgoiwe, over a long but narrow area of the southern Gaboon,
between the vicinity of the coast in the Nkoimi country and the sources of the Ngunye and Nyafiga rivers ;
also immediately south of the Middle OOgowe.

GROUP MM

THE CENTRAL tOGCOWE LANGUAGES {continued)

187. (i)-kande-I-pcogu ' (Pinji, I-vea, ^ibe and
other Lower (Ogwwe dia/ecis)
187 a. M-p«vi

188. Ba-bofigco (Akwa, Waka)^

189. Li-duma (A-duma, N-dumu, I-vili)

190. N-jabi or N-javi

GROUP NN

THE COGCOWE-GABOON LANGUAGES
191. N-kcomi-Gal«a ' 192. O-ruiigu*

187.

188^

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

CO-kande, 6-f.

Ga-bong(i>

Li-duma, &'c.

N-jabi

N-kcomi-

O-rungu

187 a. M.pojvi

(Akwa)

Galcoa

Adze

E-siri

E-t»k»li.
Kuete; baH-

Pake; ba-f

...

...

Animal, wild

...

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

•••

• ••

beast

Ant

E-sui.
£-sunu.
Ma-fui (pi.)

Konda ; ba+ .
N-gambi;ba -i- .
Kidi; ba +

N-gambi

•••

• ••

Ant, white

Mi-segedi.

Ceriri; ba +

Ceriri ; ba +

...

• ■•

(termite)

E-kuu

Ape (chim.

N-gina,

Kula; ba-f.

N-jiya

...

■ ••

panzi or

N-gia

E-bubu ; bi-

goriUa)

Arm

CO-gcogco ;

r-coYco ; p/.

IgMgco or

00-g(Ogco or

(ji)yo> ; a->M

m-ugco (pL)

mi-biYco

Gcagcd

Ho>Yo>;
mi-uYu

Arrow

Man-banjei(^/.).
Ge-kongoj ;
e-koiigu

Boj-ta ; ma +

Li-kongco; ma-

...

U'puhul' ; ma-

Axe

E-siri

Pibi; ma-f .
Kuete; ba +

Pivi; ma-f

E-remi; bi-

E-remi ; bi-

Baboon ...

Cege

N-cege.
Im-budi ; bi-.'

...

...

...

Back, back-

N-gima

M-bisa ; ma -1-

• ••

Ny-uma

• <•

bone

Banana ...

Mto-taboj.
Di-kondu;
ma- (187 a).
(jOkondS

Mom-bungei.
Di-ondi

I-koj or
Li-kw ; //.
ma-ko).
Cudi.

M-bala or
Pali

Li-ko>

' Also known as Mi-ccogco, Ba-fubi or Ba-peovi and A-duangi. M-p<ovi or Li-pcovi seems to be a distinct dialect.

' The speech of the CJguiwe Pygmies ; probably a jumble of different languages and dialects.

' The ' Adyoumba' also, of Capt. Avelot, and sometimes styled ' I-vili 'y but the actual I-vili of the (j)guiwe
estuary seems to be identical with No. 189. The more southern ' I-vili ' is a Kohgoo language, 103.

* Sometimes called ^ekiani. There is much doubt as to the continued existence of the ^ekiani dialect, or as to
whether this name — a term employed of the Mpongwe — is not identical with the Ba-peke of Corisco and the Muni
coast. Some writers class ' A-dyumba ' as a dialect of 0-ruiigu.

GROUPS MM, NN: THE CENTRAL (OGCOWE AND WGOJWE-GABOON LANGUAGES 579

1S7.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

Oi).kande, (>( .
187 a. JVI-poavi

Ba-bongco

(Akwa)

Li-duma, &--c:

N-jabi

N-ktomi-
Galcoa

O-ruiigu

Beard

Ge-lelu,
Gy-edu.
Yi-edu (187 a).
Ka-idu,
K-edu

...

N-dzedi; bi +

Nderu,
Dedu

E-tue

...

Bee

Xy-cogi

N-yugi ; ba +

OO-nembe

O-nembe; mi-

Belly

E-buyi ; ma-

M-oyi ; mi-oyi.
E-buru.
E-vundu

M-conyi ;
mi-unyi

I-bum'; ma-bum

1-bumu; am-

Bird

Ny-eoni,
Ny-oyi

Ny-oadi ; ba +

N-yori; ba +

Ny-ore

Ny-<ani

Blood

Tcina,
N-gina

Li-kila; ma-f

...

Ma-kila

N-tsina

Body ... ..

Ji-colo>.
Mo)-kuba.
Oto ; dy-oto

Ny-utu ; ma +

Ni-oatw

0)-kuva

...

Bone

Ge-pa; epa

1-visi; bi +

Ge-visi ; bi-

E-wizi ; we-

E-pa

Bow

Bo)-ta ; bi-cota

E-vuta ; bi-.

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

Le-pamba

E-pamba

Bowels

Brains
Breast (man

Breast

(woman's)
Brother . . .

Buffalo
Bull ...

Buttocks

Canoe...

Cat ...

Charcoal

Chief ...

ChUd ...

Cloth ...
Cold ...

Country . .
Cow

Crocodile ...

Mi-ya

s) Tconco.
M-bcoma
E-bene ; ma-

Mw-ana-yie;
ana-yie
N-jo>ma

Kondbi

B-ong<o

N-j»ci

IC-gaa ; ma-

M-coga.
Pai.
Kumu

(187a)

M-wana ; ana-.
M-cijna-nki

N-goi

E-;s<odi,
S<odi

B(i).niong<i>
Jcoma.
N-jo>ma

a miii-gadi
N-gandco

Mu-tata ; mi-.

Mu-naye

Mu-aka; mi- Mu-aya.

Mu-supu; mi-

B-onjo> B-onj»

Tulu ; ma + S. Tulu

Li-bel(o; ma-}

Mu-kulu ; ba-. Mw-ana-iigu ;

M u-gege ; ba- b-ana-ba-figu

Ny-ari Pagasi

Tulco ; ma-.
Le-bele ; ma-
M(o-angia

jo-yelco

Mu)-lombi

Gongwe

Li-tati ; ma-. Li-tagu ; ma-

E-badi; bi-
M-bungu; Gi-lindi; bi-

ma +
\lu-kci>g<d ; mi- Mu-k<ageo.

N-juci
Li-kala ; ma-

Kumu ; ba- Kumu ; ba +

N-gebe ; ba + . Mw-ana

Mu-ana ;

b-ana
J-anda N-goi

Piu -pu,

Miii-?u,
Miii-SM
Cenge ; ma -1- Tsenge
Ny-are wa
mu-kadi

N-warco ; mi-

Im-bere

OOga.
N-ce

W-ana.
M<i)-aw(iincii

N-goi.

M-bate ; mi-f
Keyi.

I -feu

N-tconco ; a + .

I m-bwene ;

am-bwene
Mu-angia,

N-ungia
Ny-are
Ny-are

yco-ntomi

(Jl)w-ar»
Ny-ami

E-ningela.

Im-bere ; am-
a).ha,

00-Ya

Mw-a',

M w-a-iigu).

{fuawconco
N-goi.

CO-kande ; e-

N-keyi

Ny-are

Ny-are

H-gandu

N-gandu

N-gandco. N-andco

N-andco

58o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

OO-kande, i^c.
187 a. M-pojvi

Ba-boiigu

(Akwa)

Li-duma, &'c.

N-jabi

N-koomi-
Galoaa

O-rungu

Day, daylight

I-nya

...

Li-cugu ; ma-.
M-ui.
Bu-pi

Li-cugu

...

00-manda

Devil, evil

• •■

.. *

I-dingi.

...

...

I-bambeo

spirit

Mufi-gala.
N-goi

Doctor (medi-

N-ganga

.. .

N-ganga; ba -f .

N-ganga

OO-Yaiiiga ; a-

N-kanga; a-t-

cine man)

Mu-bugi ; ba-

Dog

M-fa.

Bwendi,

M-bwande ;

M-vua

M-boaa,

M-bwa

In-jwa

Bwandi

ba-f

M-bea ; />/.
bam-bea

Door, door-

Oa-kuke

...

N-gugi.

Timbi

E-nunscd ; be-.

E-huge ; a-.

way

E-dibugu

O-nyua ; e-

Om-pumbana

Dream

N-dwti

* ••

N-dcoti; ma +

N-doti; ma +

...

Drum

Aii-gtomco

• ••

N-dungu

N-dungu

N-gom'

N-goama

Ear

M-t«li.
A-rui (/>/.).
I-ato ;

me-tu (187 a).
E-atoa ;
m-atcd

Di-aru

Li-cui; ma-

I-tugwe

I-tue ; a-tue

OJ-royi ; a-

Egg

I-ge : ma-.
Ea-ke; ma-ke

...

Li-kei ; ma-

Li-kei ; ma-

Le-keye ;
ma-, a-

E-koa,
E-ke : a-ke

Elephant ...

N-jojku

...

N-jcoku; ba +

...

N-joagoa,
N-doxa

N-tSblgCd

Excrement

Tio-bi

...

Maci-bi.
gi-mbu ; //.
bi-mbu

Maci-bi

...

Eye

Isu ; m-iscd.
ln-tc«,
In-cco.
U-ipco
m-ipto (187 a)

D-iSMf.')

D-isu ; m-isu

D-ipoa ; m-ipoa

In-jue; an-jue.
In-cto; an-coa

In-tsoa; an-tsca

Face, fore-

OO-zco; dyco-zci>.

• *•

Uu-j5U ; ma +

Mbu-su

U-ne jiii

M-bomboa.

head

(x>-su; dyco-SM

Iko-pue.

0-zeo

Fat, oil

Mi-asade (;>/.)

...

Ma-di(^/.)

E-vongco.

Me-di

A-hare,
A-gali

A-hali

Father ...

Teita,
Teta.
Tete

...

Tata

Tatoa

Ririoa.
Tata

Rera

Fear

W-comeo

Boamoa : ma 4-

Boamoa

...

Finger

Mo)-savi.
Mon-palei.
Ni-ongco

(187 a)

Ma-loame (//.)

Mu-lembto; mi-

MiD-pevi

OO-menoa ;
i-menco.
Ny-ongon'

(jO-menoa ; e-

Fire

ni-bu.

E-sakco,

M-baoj.

M-bao>

00-goani,

(jO-htoni.

I -boa.

I-sakoa.

M-bagu

E-hoanyi.

E-kconi

Scotbl.

Runi

00-Xconi

I-koa (187 a)

Fish

...

...

Cui.

In-zanga

Cui; ba-t-

N-jue; ba +

N-tsue

Foot

W-inhe.

Di-bomboa.

Li-tambi

Di-tembi ; ma-

Ny-uma-

Y-uloj ; me-loa.

E-kaka(i87a)

. I-tambi: ma-

in-tscosoa.

Li-tambe ; ma

E-tamba ; ma

In-tscosw.
N-cuju

Forest

Pindi

...

Pindi ; ma +

Swaga

Hiya,
Higa

I-va

GROUPS MM, NN: THE CENTRAL OJGCUWE AND WGCOWE-GABOON LANGUAGES 581

187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

(jO-kande, o-f.
187 a. M.p«vi

Ba-bongu

(Akwa)

Li-duma, &'c.

Njabl

N-kcomi-
Galcoa

0-rungu

Fowl

CoiZCd,

Kuba

Kuba.

•cusu. N-jcogconi or

N-tseogon'

Susu or

Cucu.

■kcokoj; ma+ Ndojxconi

N^^Cd.

Dzudzu

^MZCO (187 a)

Frog, toad

M(i>nyaa ; mi-

Li-kcotu ; ina-

Li-k«tto; ma- I-ronge: bi-.
Un-yala

Un-yala.
E-ronge

Ghost

..*

Mu-kui ; mi-

Mu-kuyi; mi-

...

Girl

Tomboj.

Mw-an'enge

...

...

M-boi W-ana w-intto

Nw-an w-atu

Goat

Kaba.

Em-bcodi.

Laba,

Tava M-beoni

M-b«ni

Taba.

E-tava

Taba

(he)

E-tava (187 a)

God

Ma-nyambi.
Mw-aiiga
Grandparent Kcoku

Grass

Ground

Ground-nut

Guinea-fowl
Gun

Hair

Hand

Head ...

E-singa
E-boxo

Benda,

Penda

Kaiiga

Orun-jali.

Boj-ta ; bicij-ta
Ccoge. N-cuye

^coge (187 a)

Heart.
Heel .
Hide .
Hill .

Ng-togoj.

M(o-sabi.

E-gandaka ;

ma-.

Di-kaka
M<o-jwe,

Moi-pto.

MoKi)-cwe;mi.
Moi-tema ; mi-

Kaka.

-Moj-emba

Ti-tata.
Mu-ru

Moj-gobo ;

M(ri-ko)di ;
Hippopotamus N-gubu

Hoe _...

Honey . . . Ombo

mi-
mi-

Horn ...
House...

Hunger
Husband

Hyena
Iron ...

E-simbcj ; ma-
N-daka,

N-daku.

A-iba,

E-ba ; je-ba
N-jaa
MiD-mcogco.

M-come

Mi-kula.
Dongu.
^ubu

Bagala

N-jambi

Kcoku ; ba + .
N-gaga

E-siiiga ; bi-.

pi-mbu : bi-
Toito).

Cenge

Kanga
N-jari

Li-dzugi : nii-
Li-kaka

Ma-nyambi
Kaga

Bi-singa

Tcotu

Pinda

Kanga

Bu-ta ; ma-ta

?ugi.

00-sugi.

E-cugi
Le-kaka ; me-

An-yambe

M -penda
Benda

N-jare

M-bconi
yu m-pcona
An-yambe

Rere;

ye-rere S.
ffungue J

M -bend a

N-jare
E-tue

U-xeo ; a-xw. Le-kaka : ma-.

Ny-umay-tolco M-bisa3;ma + .

N-guma ha-hco

Mo

-zagco ; mi-

Mu-cwe

Mu-pwe

Un-ejiu.
E-wonju

E-bonju,
E-bontsu

Mu-tema ;

mi-

Mu-tima

Li-kitiyi

Kitigi

...

Mukanja

Mu-kanda

I-kudi

Mu-kuri

O-kuba

N-gubu

N-guvu

...

Lin-guiigu

. . .

E-pembe ; bi-

E-pembe

B-Jii

B-ui

OO-nembe,
OO-lembe

A-ningo)
mco-nembt

Cembw; ma +

Cenibu

...

...

J«.

N-p«,

N-ayco.

N-agco

N-j<o

N-dj5; pi.
man-jo

N-axcD

N-jala

N-jala

Mu-lumi;

ba-.

M<"-m(aga

...

...

Li-bala

I-tali';"bi-

Gi-tali *; bi-

M(.).anga.
CO-bto

Emi-anga

582

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

187.

188.

189.

IQO.

191.

192.

English

OO-kande, a^c.

Ba-bongco

Li-duma, d^c.

N-jabi

N-kcomi-

O-rungu

187 a. M-pcovi

(Akwa)

Galcoa

Island

Nenge

N-dubi; ma +

Nengi

Ivory

Ceba.
Punge

...

Pungi.
N-ceba

Fungi

Ma-sevra

Inco-

nyi-n-tscogu

Knee

Ebongco; nia-

Li-bongoj ; ma-

Li-boiigco

Le-bongco ; ma-

Im-puwa ; a-

Knife

Ve-kuma,
C-uma

M-bei'di

M-bedi ; ma +

M-beri : ma +

Faka.

N'-kuata;mi +

Scoaka.

0-kwara

Lake

Ge-iba

...

Lidi-anga ;
ma +

Gi-liwa ; bi-

...

...

Leg

I-kbidu,
CO-kcodu; nia-

...

E-nama; bi-

I-geolco ;
ma-gojlco.
Gulu ; mi-lu

CO-gcdlco or
H-colco ; mi-loo

(jOh-cdlco; a-

Leopard ...

N-jegco

Bon-gonjco

E-banda.
? E-babi.
N-jegco.
N-goi

N-jegto: ba +

Nje-huco

Lion

...

...

...

N-kila

Lip, lips ...

M-umbu ; mi-

...

E-vengi ; bi-

Gi-bori ; bi-

. . .

...

Magic

Ge-cuc»iku ; e-

• ••

E-veva ; bi-

Gi-limba ; bi-

O-longco ; mi-

.M-onda

Maize

Poatto

.. .

Putu

Putu

.\-pa

A-sa

Man

Mco-tu?
M-coma; coma.

M-tu ; ba-tu

Mu-tu; ba-tu

Mu-tu; ba-tu

lO-naxa ;
a-naxa

Man, vir. ...

M(o-mene.

Mco-mum'.

Li-bala.

M(i)-mcoga

(jO-lcome,

Nu-ncomi

Mco-lcome.

Bagala

Mu-lumi.

OO-ncome,

M(o.mcogco ;

Li -bagala ;

a)-ncomi ; a-

a-mcogco

ba-bagala

Meat

M-uma.

Moj-soi

Be-seibco

Bcolu.
Ny-ama

Mu-suna; mi-

I-bere.
N-tongo)

E-were

Medicine . . .

Ma-ganga

...

Mu-ti

Bi-longu

.Ahunju.
Ma-longco

A-re.
A-hunju.
Ma-longto

Milk

(jO-buba

...

Ma-belco

Ma-bene

A-menu

Monkey ...

Kema

...

Kema

...

Kema ; ba +

N-kema

Moon

Gondei,

Sungi

N-sungi.

Sungi

tOgw-eli,

(jOw-ere.

N-gonde.

Cungi

OL)x\v-eli;/>/.a-

U)hu-ere

0-donga.

N-pungi

Mother ...

Ngiya.
I.ya.

M(o-bo3ta.
lye

I.ya

Gu,

»gu.
Mama

Mamco

Ifgwe

N-gie,

Mountain ...

Mw-kwdi ; 1111-

, , ,

E-kudi; bi-

Mu-kuri

...

...

Mouth

(jO-ano>.
Mu).nya.
M-cona ;

mi-<ona(i87 a)

Mu-na

Mu-nywa

Mu-nu

tOh(o-ana,
COgu-ana; e-

COhu-ana: e-

Nail (of finger

Ata; di-ata

Liny-ara ;

Ni-adia

Leny-ara ;

Iny-ara

or toe)

many-

many-

Name

Ina

. ..

Kumbu ; ma+.

D-ina ; m-ina

...

...

Navel

M(i)-tongu ; mi-

...

Mu-tungu ; mi-

Mu-kumba

N-torco; mi-

O-rorco; a-

Neck

Ge-menco

...

Kingu

Li-kingu

Kengoo; ma-

N-gore.
I-pungco

Night

E-bitl.
Pitci

...

Pipi ; ma -|- .
P-undu ; ba +

Pipi

OOgu-era.
Pepe

U)hu-era

Nose

(Ji)-pombo>; di-

Mu-komba

Jcolco,
Liy-ulu

M-bapu

OOm-pombco ; i-

Om-pombco ;
/>/. e-

Oil palm ...

E-kadi

...

Mu-ba ; mi-.
Li-ba

Mu-ba

M-bUa

M-bila

Ox

N-dycoma

• ••

Ny-are

Pagasa

Ny-are

...

GROUPS MM, NN : THE CENTRAL COGCUWE AND (OGCOWE-GABOON LANGUAGES 583

English

187.
00-kande, c^c.
187 a. M-p«ovi

Paddle

Yoj-kabi,

Kavi

Palm wine,

Ma-ge^di.

beer

Ma-duku

Parrot

N.gco^co,

N-gojsu

Penis

...

Pie

N-gudu.

N-gweya

Pigeon

M-enga

Place

Ge-digaa

Rain

Bula,

Bua,

M-buwa

Rat

Tanga

River

M-bene.

Bei.

M-Mbi;niy<obi

Road

N-djea

Salt

I-nanga,

Vi-anga

Shame

Tcoi

Sheep

Dombu,

En-dombco

Shield

My-anga

Shoulder . . .

Sister

Kadi"

Skin

Mco-gubeo

Sky

COba

Slave

Mo)-vega; a-

Sleep

Vi-yo

Smoke

Mw-tutu

Snake

Ny-cogco

Son, boy ...

Mw-ana

m-comca-gu)

Song

Spear

Spirit, soul
Star

Stick

Stone ,

L-emboi ;

ni-imbo>
Goiiga,

E-kongco; ma-
Ge-dinadina;e-
00-langa,

M-langa ;

mi-naiiga
Pende

E-tae ; ma-tae

188.
Ba-bongcii

(Akwa)

Ni.epi or
Ni-eci

189.
Li-duma, (Sfc.

190.
N-jabi

191.

N-koami-

Galua

192.
O-rungu

I-kapi,

Li-kavi

, , ,

■ •■

Li-kapi

Malu ma li-ba.

M-alu

M-imbto

...

Ma-laku

Kusu ; ba +

...

K-gupco

N-g(k>so>

Mu-bambu.

...

. . *

• ••

Mu-conin',

Mu-winuin'

Mu-gubele; mi-

N-gweiya

N-goya

N-geoa

M-benga

M-binga

I-bembe

E-bembe; ma

E-diga; bi-

Ge-biti ; bi-

...

...

M-bula,

Fula,

...

M-pfula

Bula

M-vula

N-gasi.

Mun-danga;

POYOJ

M.poyw

Pugu

mi-

Li-bani.

N-cali

M-bene

•■•

Mu-lcovi ; mi-

N-jela ; ma +

N-jila

• ••

E-tumbu

Mu-iigwa

I-zanga

E-zanga

Bu-kutu

Tcconi

Dombco,

Li-dombe

Entombe,

E-dombe

N-domboj

1-dombe; a-

N-guba

My-anga

...

...

E-kuku ; bi-

...

I-kcokca ; bi-

CO-beya

Kedi; ba +

Keri; ba-

...

M(o-angia
mw-atu

Mu-kanja ; mi-

Mti-kanda

Gbanda ;

CO-kuba.

bi-banda

E-wanda

Yulu

Yulu

...

Gi-hu<on«?

Mu-vega; ba-

Mu-viga ; Ija-

^aka ; a-

00-saga ; p/. a-
N-siaga ;
a-siaga

pOJ.ltiJ

TcD-lco

>••

...

Mu-tutu

Mu-tutu

Mwtutu

CO -tutu

Tadi; ba +

Tari

Tare; ba-

CO-mamba

Mu-ana.

Mw-ana

...

Mw-a,

N.gebe.

Nu-ana.

Libala

Mw-a-ngci) ;
//. aw-a-ngoj.
Nw-a-ngn)
nu-numi

L-imbu ;

...

...

m-imbu

I-kongoi ; ma-

Li-koiigoj

De-kongo) ; ma-

E-kongca ; a-

I-dingi

Gi-jingi ; bi-

• ••

M-bulala

Fwelila

Igegeni

Tungu.

N-pumbuk'

E-rere

Mu-pangM.

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Li-manya; ma-

Li-manya

I-dw or
E-doi ; ma-doi

A-du (//.)

584

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OK BANTU LANGUAGES

187.

188^

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

CO-kande, &^i:.
187 a. M-puvi

Ba-bongu

(Akwa)

Li-duma, &=€.

N-jabi

N-kumi-
Galua

O-rungu

Stool

Ge-bongcij ; e-

Kuanga ; ma +

Gi-bufigu

Lbongu

E-wungu

Sun, sunlight

Kombe or

E.ip«,"

Li-tadi.

Di-teti

N-kombe.

Onw-eyi.

A-kombe.

E-imejca.

M.ui

Jowa.

Dsuwa

0)-manda

Di-umbi

Movenye

Tail

Ma)-kondu;nii

...

Mu-kela

Mu-kila

...

Tear

Ke-iba (? = /;•///<?
water)

...

Li-canga

Li-canga

...

...

Testicles ...

...

Thief

Mu-iswi

Mu-ibi

Mu-yivi; ba-

Thigh

G-eyco

• • .

E-nama; bi-

...

E-nama; bi-

E-beben'; am-

Thing

.S-<oma ; y-wma

r-ela ; b-ela.
^-ina ; b-ina.
Di-ambu ;
m-ambto

Gi-nati ; bi-

Thorn

Cende

Cen-dulco

Cende

Tobacco ...

Takoj

M-boolo)

E-vo>lo>

Gi-vtolto

Taku"

To-day ...

Deco

...

Lcdlu.

Leo-ana

Lulu

...

Nenu

Toe

M(o-sabi a
<o-ko>dco

...

Mu-Iemb<i>

...

OL)-menu
li-tambe

(JL)-menu
m-tsusu

To-morrow

Mene

...

M-badi

M-bari

M-ene

Tongue

(Ji)-meni ; di-

•••

Li-limi

Li-limi

Le-lemi ; ma-

CO-nemi ; ma-

Tooth

Inco ; m-inu.

Mam-inoj(//.)

...

D-inyu ;
m-inyu

J-inu; m-inu

Tsinu ; pi.
m-inyu.
I-nu ; a-nu

Inu; a-nu

Town or vil-

Kala.

E-kcoti

Bula ; ma +

I5u-la ; ma-la

N-kala.

N-kala

lage

M-bojka

Madeke

Tree

E-teitei,
Ge-tete; e-

Ka-nanya

Mu-ti ; mi-ti

Mu-ti

E-rere or
Rire ; bi-

E-rere

Twins

Ma-vasa

Li-vasa ; ma-

Li-vasa

...

...

Urine

M-inye

...

Ma-suba

Ma-suva

Vein

Mco-kangi ; mi-

Mu-sili

Mu-sili

Mii-sile ; mi-

E-kuSii

War

Moj-genye; mi-

...

Li-badi

Mu-jinga

Le-bade

E-huube

Water ...

Me-iba.
M-angi,
I-mangu.
Ma-iba.

Ma-nba(i87a)

Man-diba

M-amba

M-amba

A-ningu,
A-nyengu

A-ningu

Well, source,

Ge-twka ; e-

Li-terugu ; ma-

Li-tehu; ma-

...

...

spring

White man

Ge-bamba; e-

Mu-tangani

Gi-bamba ; bi-

N-taiigani

OO-tangani

Wife

Mco-wantw.
Mco-gadi ; a-

Mo)-kapo3.
Mu-aitco

Mu-kadi

Mu-kari

...

...

Wind

Ge-pepe.
Pejiei

...

Li-vcoga

Mu-punya

...

...

Witch

N-ganga

...

N-ganga

N-ganga

...

...

Witchcraft

Ma-ganga

...

...

...

Woman . . .

M(i)-wantco.

Mco-yetu ;

Mu-kasu ; ba--.

Mu-gapu

W-intu.

Mvv-atu,

M<o-getto ; a-

ba-yetu,

Mu-kadi ; ba-

Mu-antu ;

Nw-atu ; pi.

Ka^

antu

aw-atu

Womb ...

N-jinii

...

Wood (fire-

Kconi.

Bi-sanju (pi.)

Kunyi

Bi-sanju (//.).

Kuni

...

wood)

l".-zakto.

Mi-senju (//.)

IC-sako>.

Cakadi

Yam

M-baa

•••

E-ktia ; bi-

M-bala

...

M-ongu

Year

Gc-ema; ema

.. *

I-siu ; bi-siu

Gi-lima ; bi-

...

• ■•

GROUPS MM,NN: THE CENTRAL COGCOWE AND tOGCOWE-GABOON LANGUAGES 585

Knglish

187.
(ji>-kande, afc.
187 a. M-p<ovi

Ba-bongu

(Akwa)

189.
Li-duma, &"t:.

190.
N-jabi

191.

N-kcomi-

Galua

192.
O-rungu

Yesterday

Koi)-dtoci

Pipi?
M-badi

M-bari

Jawco

Jiaw

One ...
Two ...

Three...

Four ...
Five ...

Six ...

Seven...

Eight...
Nine ...

Ten

Eleven

[ Twenty ...
[Thirty

Forty

Fifty

Hundred ...
Thousand , . .

I, me, my ... Mee.

Na-.

-a-me
Thou, thee, thy Ewe.

(jU..

•00

Mcoti.
M-pcokco

-ball,

■bani,

-bade
■latco,

■tatu.

-caro>
■na.

-nai
-<o-ta,

-tai.

-tani
Ma)-t<oba.

Mco-rcoba
Napw.

Cambwe

Ge-nana

E-tae na e-nai.
Buka

Jema,
Jima,
N-jima

E-djima mcoti.
N-jima na
ge-veo

N-jima di-bae

N.jima di-tatco

N-jima di-nai

N-jima di-tai

Mo)-kama
[E7iglish word)

Bukco.

Mwa.

Moi
Wuma.'

-bei

Mio-tadi.
-tatoi

Kongcoli.'
Jimabongco '
Mongcobi.'

Mcd ; -mcosi
-ywle, -cole
•tatco

■tanco

Jico'

])i-ata.'

Samuna
Menjeiba.'

Mi-samunco.

? N-sima
Kcoku n-jeba '

Mo-nkconytolco *
n-suma

Mo-nkco
niuj-koi.
M-bcota.
? X-puma

Samon',
Samenu

Sambco.
Cambco

Pumbco,
Pombco
Li-bwa

Li-kumi

Mco

■coli

•tatu,
•natu

■na

■tanu

E -samuna
Sambu

Pombco

Wa or

U-wa

Gumi

Li-kumi na mco Ma-gunii na
-mco

Mori

M-bani

-rarco,
N-tsarco

-nai

-tani

Rua,

OO-rcoba
Rcoagenon'.

tO-rcoagenco

A-nanai,

E-nanai
Enonguma.

Encogcomi

I-gume,
I-xcomi

Ma-kumi
m-cole

Ma-gumi
m-cole

Ma-kumi
ma-taco

Ma-gumi
ma-tatu

Ma-kumi

Ma-gumi

nia-na

ma-na

i\Ia-kumi
ma-tanco

Ma-gumi
ma-tanu

Mu-kama

Mu-kama

Mu-kama
li-kumi

(E?iglish zvord)

Me.

Me.

Me-.

Me-.

-a-me

-a-me

We.

We..

...

We-.

We-.

-a-we, -au

-a-we

Mori

M-bani

-rarco,

N-tsearu,

-jearu
•nai

•tani,

N-tanu

O-rcowa

0-ragenon'.
O-rcowanco,
O-rtorum'

E-nanai

I-ncogcomi.

Senihcomi,

Encohcomi
1-gcomi,

I-hcomi,

E-hcominco

' Peculiar : cf. ' sei'en ' and ' eight ' i>t A'o. 104 a

S86

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

187.

188.

189.

190.

191.

192.

English

CL)-kande, &•(.

Ba-bongcd

Li-duma, ^c.

N.jabi

N-ko»mi-

O-rungu

187 a. M-po>vi

(Akwa)

1

GaUaa

He, him, his

Angw.
A-.
■edi

• •«

Nde.
A-.
-a-nde

Nde.
A-.
-a-nde

...

...

We, us, our

Wee.
Too-.

-a-seo

...

B-esu.
B-esu li-.
-ab-esu

Be-su.
-a be-su

• ••

...

Ye, you, your

Ane.
No,-.
_-a-nco

• ••

B-enu.
B-enu li-.
-ab-enu

Be-nu.
-a be-nu

• •(

...

They, them,

Aiigu.

• •>

Ba.

Ba.

■ ••

...

their

A-
■aco

Ba-.

-a-b»

Ba-.
-a-bw

All

-eceo,
Mw-ecoj

...

-usi

•aasi

...

...

This, these

-e- (r OO-e-we,

ae ; ?, ?
ge-e-ge(No.7),
e-e-e (No. 8)

-yu, -ba; -yu,
•mi ; -li, -ma ;
-si, -bi; -pi;
•i, -li ; -bu

-ni- (preceded
andfollowed
by pronoun
particle)

• ••

That, those

-ene, -ne
(CO-ene,
a-ne; ge-ene
(No. 7), e-ene
(No. 8); d^c.

Yu-nu-yu,
ba-ni-ba ;
yu-nu-yu,
yi-ni-yi;
li-ni-li,

-na ( preceded
by pronoun
particle)

ma-mi-na ;
pi-ni-pi,
bi-ni-bi ; Syc.
•na (Yco-na,
Ba-na ; &"<:.

Bad

Black

Female
Fierce, sharp

Good ...
Great...
Little...
Long ...
Male ...

Old

Red ..
Rotten
Short..

E-peka.

E-be-vani
Melu.

Vyo
•getca.

■gadi

Cw-anagwe.

E-nyepa-ni
Cie-bojlw

•vcijni
I-dyelele.

Gegegege
•tongeo

•yetu.
•kapcii

Mio-scoba
A^butco

•pai
•cu

•upe

-bi
-vinda

-kasu.

-kadi
-kala.

-kari

(warlike).
-kali (lustful)
-bwe

-nene,

Bu-nene
•keye.

Pesa.
•la,

Bu^la
•lumi.
' -bala

(Mu^lumi,

Li-bala)
-nunu
■benge
-bcolco
•kubi

-bu-bi

•pinda

•gapu.
-kari

•bweri

•neni

•kege

•la

-lumi

•butu
•benge
•bulu
•kuvi

•mbe

-nombe.

-bycobywbyco
-antco,
-intco

-a-femi
-tenatena

Si-lombea

M-piri.
Nombe
•atu

-mbia,

Mbia.

-m-bienbie

A.niwa

M-pci»l«o.

M-pulco.

-nene

-nene

-kere

Ny-angci>.

•kere

■ncomi

-ncomi.

-ni-puna

-nungu

C;R0UPS mm, NN : THE CENTRAL OOGCOWE AND COGCOWE-GABOON LANGUAGES 587

English

187.
(jL)-kande, &'c-.
187 a. M-pcovi

188.
Ba-bongco

(Akwa)

Li-duma, c^t.

190.
N-jabi

191.

N-kcomi-

Galua

Sick

■bei

White

E-pumapum'.

•vembco

Above, up, on

Va n-gohgo]

top

Before

Va m-bene

Behind ...

Va n-gima

Below, down

Va tei-na

Far

Geo tongco-ni

Here

Eva

In inside ...

Va kace

Middle

Va kacekace

Near

Va pe va pe

Outside ...

Va m-badi

Plenty, many

Pingco

There...

Vane

Where? ...

Gconi

No!

Ae!

Not (iwM ver/)

Kaka.

fis prefix, in-

Ka-

fix or suffix)

To

r Go)-

,, beat ...

•btomua

„ buy, sell

■somba

,, come . . .

-viga

„ cut

-keca

,. dance ...

-gina

„ die

■gwa

„ eat

•ea

„ give ...

•ica

,. go

■kea

,, kUl ...

■yua

„ know ...

•menya

,. laugh ...

•seka

,, leave off,

■cika

cease

., love, want

•nyongeco.

-buta

,, see

■ena

,. sit, remain

, -digaa

abide

,. sleep ...

-boga

,, stand,stop, -teima

be erect

„ steal ...

-iswa

192.
O-rungu

N-gangi

■bedu
•fuka.

•pu

ru yula

R-upu.

ruli.

ru bupu
ru m-bisa
Cina
N-janga
Guni
ru cwa.
Kate
Panga.

Tuga
ru m-badi '
Kuna.

Nj-coku
Yana
Guni?
Aya !

Ka-. -ve

ru

•beru
-fuka

Gu yulu
Gu busu

Gu m-bisa

Gu tutco

Gu vala

Guni

(jU kati

va kati a kati

Bele

Gu m-basi
Biri

Guna
Guni ?
Ae!

Aga!
A-. -ve

O-joyoa
Pupu

N-kani
Kele

Pa-

He- (Te)

:-

Li?

?

E-

-funja

-bula

-piwa

•siwco

-sumba

-sumba

-kula

-kcala

•ya

-ya

•bia

-bien'

-kese

-kese

-jere

-sele

•kena

■kina

-jina

-jina

-kua

•kwa

•juwa

■juwe

•ja

-ja

-nya

•nye

-ve

-ve

-pa

-apa

-yende

-yende

■bcoata

•kenda

-bcoma

-buma

-junco

-jconi

-yaba

-yava

...

...

•sebe

•seve

-jcona.

-jcona.

•sewa

-sewa

-nyaga

-nyaga

-tondu

-tond5.
•saga

-tondcd

•tonda

-munco

-mono

-jene

•jena

•sala

-dyagala

-duana

-duana

-Scolco

-lasa

•dewa

-dewe

-teniina

-temene

Kumuna

Kumana

-iba (e-iba) -yiva

' Compare with M-bali, '/ar', in East Africa.

588 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN OO-KANDE-I.^COGO)

Class I. Mu-, Mm- (moj, ?) ; 2. A- (a) ; 3. Mco- (mw, ?) ; 4. Mi- (mi) ; 5. E-, I-, Li-, Di- (187 a) (e,
di); 6. Ma- (ma); 7. Ge-, Yi- (187a) (ge) ; 8. E-, Bi- (plural to Bco-) (e, ?bi); 8a. Vi-, Ve- (?I-, Hi-
187a) (vi); 9. In- .', N-, N-, Ny-, — ; 10. Di-, Dy'-, Ji- (di) ; 11. 00- (w) ; 12, (scarcely recognized)
Tea- ; 13. perhaps present in a few words as Ka-, Ke-, or A- ; 14. Bo>- ( //. Hi-, ? 4th or 8th Class) (boj) ;
15. G»-, ? CO- (gtt)) ; 16. Va- ; 17. traces of -ni.

? A- honorific.

PREFIXES IN BA-BONGO) (Pygmy language)

Not very clear.

Class I. Mu-, Mc, Mu-; 2. Ba- ; 3. Mo-, Mv»; 4. Mi-; 5. Di-, I- ; 6. Ma-; 7. ?; S. Bi-, Be- ;
8a. ?; 9. Ni-, Em- (En-) ; 10. r; 11. ?; 12. .'; 13. Ka- (in one word) ; 14. Bo-.
There is an unclassified sing, prefix Ti- in one or two words.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LI-DUMA, &C., AND N-JABI

Class I. Mu-, Moj-, N- (mu, yu, ?bu, u, a) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. M'-, Mu- (mu, yu) ; 4. Mi- (mi, yi) ;
5. — , Li-, I-, Di-, Le-, E- (1', li) ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. E-, I-, G'-, Te- (si), Gi- (in N-javi), with concord gi ;
8. Bi- (bi) ; 8 a. ^i- (//. Bi-) (concord ?i) ; 9. N- (M-), ft-, Ny-, In- (Im-) (concord i) ; 10. virtually
absent; 11. absent, but perhaps lingering in a few words as 00- ; 12. absent or present in one or two
words as Sea- (Li-duma), Tco- (N-jabi) ; 13. absent; 14. Bco-, Bu- (bu); 15. Tto-, Gu- (-yco, gu, boo)
(plural Mi-) ; 16. Such very slight vestiges there are of 16 point to Pa- being its form in Li-duma, Va-
in N-javi.

PREFIXES, &C., IN O-RUNGU AND N-KOOMI-GALOOA
Slight traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mco-, 00-, »u-, Nw'-, N- (mu, nu) ; 2. A-, Awa- (wa, a) ; 3. OOgu-, Whco-, Nw-, tOw-, O)-,
U- (nu) ; 4. Mi-, Emi-, E- (mi) ; 5. Le-, Li-, Tsi-, I-, E- (li ?) ; 6. A-, Am- (ma) ; 7- E- (si) ; 8. Bi-
(bi) ; 9 In-, Iny-, N- (M-), N-, Ny- (.') ; 10. same as 9 ; 1 1. Le-, 00- (?) ; 12. and 13. ? absent ; 14. 00-
(?) I 15. Hco-, OOh'-, H- (plural Mi-) ; 16. ?.

There are traces of A- as an honorific prefix.

187. OOkande, &c., and 187 a. Mpcovi are spoken on both banks of the Ngunyein its middle course,
and in the country lying between the Middle Ngiinye and the Upper OOgcowe.

188. Babongco or Akwa is spoken in scattered forest communities south of the River OOgcowe,
between Lake OJnafigwe on the west and the L(olu) affluent of the Middle OOgcowe on the east.

189. Liduma, &c , are spoken on the north side of the Lower OOgiowe immediately east of OOruiigu,
but over a good deal of the Lower and Middle OOgiDwe, as a trade language. Its original home area is
much restricted by Panwe immigration.

190. Njabi or Njavi is spoken between the Upper Ngfinye, the Upper Nyanga, and the Ltolto-
Lombd) affluent of the Middle OOgcowe.

191. Nkcomi-Galcoa. The Nkwmi people inhabit the coast district south of the OOgcowe delta and
north of the Nyanga river : the Galcoa the northern bank of the OOgcowe (chiefly), above its junction with
the Ngunye and west of the OOkconco river. The 1 vili tribe, said to speak virtually the same language, are
a connecting link and inhabit the banks of the Ngiinye, near its jimction with the OOgcowe.

192. Orungu is spoken in the OOgcowe delta chiefly to the north of that river in its lower course, and
between the OOgcowe and the south shore of the Gaboon inlet.

GROUP NN

THE COGCOWE-GABOON (MPONGWE) LANGUAGES (continued)

193. M-pongwe'

GROUP 00

THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

00 I Benga Sub-group

194. ^eke-Bulu (^eki-ani) '

195. Benga or Bi-eiiga (Mbupa-mbulu) ■■

196. N-gumbi or Kombe (Northern Benga) '

197. Ba-langi of Great B^Uiiga '

198. Naka <?r Ba-puku (South Ba-nohco)"

193-

194.

195.

196.

.97.

198.

English

M-pongwe

^eke-Bulu

Benga

N-gumbi or
Kombe

l>a-langi

Naka

(Ba-puku)

Adze

1

M-enda.
M-panl<o

Pakwe; ma-f

Baku ; ma -f

...

...

...

1 Animal, wild

Ny-ama or

..•

Titco

• ■•

...

. >*

1 beast

Ny-amto ; //.
ay-ama.
Vugina or
E-vugina.
N-kambe

1 Ant

N-tyunu.
N-dena.
Ny-Sna.
OO-kcowon-
kcowon

Di-njuluku ;
me-

Hakeo.
Kedi

Ant, white

N-tyelele

My-anya

Nyelele

■ ••

* t *

. • r

(termite)

Ape (chim-

N-tyigco.

N-gilo

N-giya

• ■•

...

Kwiya

panzi or

N-dyina

{gorilla).

gorilla)

Kwiya

{chimpanzi)

Arm

<jD-g5

U-bto; me-bM.
Di-ar'j ;
m-ar'j.'
La-ngwepij' '

E-no ; be-n5

E-ncs

Arrow

CO-^ongo ; pi. i

■ Di-koiioj; me-

1-kongco; me-

• « •

.*.

...

Axe

E-rem'

VVi-pei ; ji-?ei.
Dycokco ;
bi-dycokeo

U-boki ;
me-b5ki

• >•

""

E-aco.
Jaba

Baboon

N-tyege

N-seki ; bi-sek

i

...

...

...

' According to the French missionaries, M-pongwe is a foreign name introduced mistakenly by the Portuguese,
The real original tribal name of this people seems to have been 00-buka ; pi. A-buka.

' This is the ' Baseke' of Koelle, which the French and American missionaries also call ' Seke ' and ' ^ekiani '.
IVith it is associated the Bulu dialect — scarcely distinguishable from Seke, but quite distinct from the ' Bulu '
language (219).

' The ' Mbusha-Mbulu' of some explorers, and the ' COkota ' of a recent missionary student.

' The dialect spoken at Nduwe, on or near the Batdnga coast.

'• The Ba-lengi of Adolf Bastian.

• See the article by the Rev. Father C. A. Adams (Die Banoko und Bapuku in Kamerun) in' Anthropos' for 1907.

' This harshness of form and these compressed syllables are not characteristic of the ^eke tongue, but appear in
Koelle' s lists, and arc due to Koelle's idiosyncrasy. He seemed to hear — and to write djwn — all tongues as though
they were very rapidly pronounced and much clipped.

m* Q q

59°

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

193-
M-pongwe

194.
peke-Bulu

'9J-
Benga

Back

Ny-mna.'

N-jime

M-buhwa

(Okongo.

N-tugu

Banana

I-t5t5.
I-kondo

Di-kondci> ; me-

E-koi; be-koi

Beard

E-lelu

Din-jeli ; me-

N-jedu

Bee ... ...

Ny-cowe

U-dco.
Ny-oyu

Ny-oyi

Belly ..; ...

I-wumu.

E.fu

Ui-bumu ; me-

I-huhu ; ma-

Bird

Ny-oni ;
ay-coni pi. in a
general sense

Vi-nconu ; ci-

I-n5ni; pi. Ico-

Blood

N-tyina

Me-kiyoa

Ma-kiya

Body

(x)-kuwa ; //. i-

Ny-ucu

Ny-tolu

Bone

E-pa

E-wepco.
I-yep«: pis.
bi-wesu,
bi-yesoj

E-vehe ; be-

Bow

E-lendina

N-te; mi-te

E-pambto ; be-

Bowels

I-sege

Vi-vu ; ci-vu

Mw-eya; m-iya

Brains

I-pungu,
I-punju

V-ongwe

B-ongu ; mi-

Breast (man's)

E-gara.

Li-beji or

N-gonga

N-teon<o.

Di-beci ; ma-

Nge

Breast

I-wene ;

Di-medi; ma-

Di-be ; ma-be

(woman's)

am-bene.
I-wenle

Brother ...

On-wongwe

M-bconie.

Mw-ana-dyae

On-wa rere.

N-dembi.

(N-degco =

M-conco-yaya

• friend)

Buffalo ...

Ny-are

N-jcome,
N-juomco

Ny-ati

Bull

Ny-are-ncomi

N-juomto we
sang we

...

Buttocks ...

I-ra ; //. a-ra.
E-tina

iMe-bumbu(//.)

I-kande ; ma-

Canoe

E-lende.

W-aci',

Bw-aleo ;

(Ow-aroa ;

W.aj' ;

mi-alco.

am-aroi

mew-aci.

Menji;

bi-lenji

E-lende; be-

Cat

OO-pingi

Pusu

Pwesl

(English)

(English)

Charcoal ...

Iny-ana.

Di-ala-kcu

M-ala.

Am-ala,

I-kala-nd<u

Am-ana

Chief

Caga; a-ga.

N-tcolu;

U-pangiyi.

N-gowe.

ba-t(olu.

U-pci>lo>

E-lami,

Hto-cu ;

E-nami

bibw-cu

' Noteworthy.

196.

N-gumbi or

Kombe

197^
Ba-langi

198-

Naka

(Ba-puku)

Bu-kcdbe or

Bi-ktope ;

//. ba-.

Ba>-kcoba

(tree)
Ny-asu
Ny-<i)we

I-wuhu

N-oni

Ma-kia
Ny-coleo

Bu-anga

Mw-ana-ina.'
N-dcomi; ba-f

B(o-alco ; mi-alco.

Kunga.

B-cope.

I-yeiige.

(O-bengi
Singi

GROUPS NN, OO : THE CJGWWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 591

193-

194.

195-

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

^eke-Bulu

Benga

N-gumbi or
Kombe

Ba-langi

Naka
(Ba-puku)

Child

E-rumbe.
Onw-a; aw-a.
Onw-o,

Onw-ana ; pis.
anw-ana,
aw-ana

M-unco e-sike.
M-conco ;
b-oinu

Mw-a',
Mw-ana ; //.
b-ana.
De-embe

' ' •

• ••

Mw-ana; b-ana

Cloth

(jO-lamba,
00-namba.
N-goi

U-kanda ; me-.
N-gcoyu

U-namba.
N-goi

...

...

CO-namba

Cold

I-fwi.
Keta.
2^uere

I-wcomu.
Duku

I-vevu

• >■

...

...

Country ...

N-tye.
I-longa

Nji

He.

E-hiki.
E-tomba

•••

...

E-tomba

Cow

Ny-are.'
Vugina

(cattle)

N-juomeo.
N-jo>me

Ny-ati

•••

••*

Any-aka

Crocodile ...

N-andco

N-ganji

N-gandco

N-gandw

...

...

Day, daylight

(jO-hwanda ; i-.
N-tyiigu.
OOw-enja

M-ando>.
U-cu ; me-cu

Bu-hwa; pi.
hwi

...

...

Bu'Wa

Devil, evil

N-kinda.

U-nyambe

•*•

•••

...

N-kuku

spirit

OO-kukwe.
OOny-ambe

Doctor (medi-

W-ganga; a-

N-gana

...

• •«

...

...

cine man)

Dog

M-bwa

M-bue

M-bwa

M-bwa

...

M-bwa

Door, door-

I-guge; a-

E-dibike ;

Di-ombi or

...

...

...

way

pi. be-.
Di-bei

J-ombe ;
m-ambe

*

Dream

Ny-ilinu

Di-coteo,
Dy-oto ;
m-coto

N-doto

•'•

...

...

Drum

N-goma

N-gomu

N-gcomco

...

...

...

Ear

00-roi ; aroi

L-itco ; m-etco

Di-to ; ma-t5

...

...

I-tca, Itoi;
ma-tco

Egg

I-ki

Li-ke ; mi-ke

Di-ke ; ma-ke

I-se; ma-se

Elephant ...

N-jogu

N-joku

N-joku

rsku"

...

N-joku

Excrement

A-ti

Bi-ny5

Lu-bi

• ••

...

Eye

I-ntyo

D-isi ; m-isi

D-iho ;
m-ih5

D-is<a;
m-is<o

Di-ho:
me-ho

Face, forehead

Ca-zico,
(jO-^co.
M-banu.
Ez-eni ; y-eni

(jL)-su ; m-esu.
M-i(otamba

B(o-hco ; pi.
me-cohco

Ba>-ho>

Fat, oil ...

A-gali

M-utco.'
Di-veomco

Ma-vule or
Vula. ^
Ma-vongo

...

Ma-teya

Father

Rera.
Ta

Tata.
Sa-iigwe ; be -f

Paya,
Ba-paya.
Ha-figwe.
Ha-fig(o

Paya

Fear

I-bcsbcD.
I.tia.»

Webo

Dy-ongoo ;
m-ongco

...

• ••

A-kete

Cf. East African Buguma.

' From Ma-futa.

Noteworthy.

Qq 2

592

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Finger
Fire ...

Fish ... .
Foot ... .

Forest
Fowl ... .
Frog, toad.

Ghost... .

Girl ... .

Goat ... .

„ (he)

193-
M-pongwe

194.
^eke-Bulu

I9S-
Benga

196.

H-gumbi or

Kombe

197.
Ba-langi

//.

CO-menu

CO-gconi ;

i-kconi.

Onw-ei ;

imi-ei.

M-pyu,

M-piu.

(-peja

= to burn)
E-vere.

N-tyuwe.

E-vuna
N-ty<azio>.

I-leve.

I-tamba

{of a beast)
I-ga.

(jO-seke
Jcogoni

Ronge

I-bambco.

A-nimwa.

I-ninla
I-zyali.

M-b<oni

E-ko>lombe je
m-bconi

Vi-nyeiii ; //. U-penj« ; me- M<o-n« ; mi-nu
ci- orji-nyein

Wi-onu, V-ea, W-ea ; //. 1-ea

Vy-conu V-eya ; 1-ea.

Y-comu ;
be-comu.
Di-y5 ; mi-yo

Mo-ambi ; mi- E-jaka ;
be-jaka

God Any-ambia

Grandparent (A)-b«pwe

Grass (x)r-cove.

Iny-ani ; pis.

am-ani,

am-anlt
Ground ... N-tye.

Or-oi
Ground-nut M-benda
Guinea-fowl I-rondu ; a-

Gun N-jali

Hair (of head) O-rue ; pis.

i-tue, si-tue

Hand

I-gandcd ; a-
N-tyome.
I-leve'

N-gadi.
Di-bcd ; me-

E-likco ; me-

N-guba

Ny-ambe.
Y-odoj

U-vengwa

Mw-ana mu
m-are.
■ Di'sesu
I-tabco

I-tabco
sangue

Any-ambe

Mame.

Ngoa.

M-bamba
By-ani

Di-sei

M-benda
Kana
N-jiale
Di-nyuwon ;

pi. i-nwon or

nyunco
Moj-ayin.

Li-konjti ; me-

I-tambi ; ma-

E-hiki ; be-

Kuba. Kuba

Jcogconi
J-onda,

Dy-onda ;

m-onda
I-lina

I-tongu; ma-

M-bojdi. Taba

Tomba
Mcomi wa

tomba.

M-beod'

a tomba
Any-ambye

M-bamba

Be-havu

He

M-benda
Kanga
N-jali
Hcowe

I-kadu ; ma- E-bo ; ma-bo

198.

Naka

(Ba-puku)

(O-penju >
V-eya

Yaka.
Huwi

A-tambi

Yiki

Kcoba
E-lutco

N-taba.
Buli

Nj-ambi.
Leaba

Ut-wve

I -pi.
a)-tindi

M-benda

N-gadi
Ny-e»we,
Huwe

I-kanja
I-hadu; ma-

Noteworthy,

GROUPS NN, 00 : THE (ijGCOWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 593

193.

194.

195-

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

peke-Bulu

Benga

Ngumbi or
Kombe

Ba-laiagi

Naka
(Ba-pukn)

Head

E-wonjto,
I-punju

M6-te ; mi-

M(o-lto ;
mi-wloj.
Ma)-l»pco ; mi-

Moo-loD ; me-lci>

M(o-Ioa

M(o-l«a ; mi-oalu

Heart

N-kondi.
N-tyond».
00-rema

Temco ; mi-

U-lema ; me-

...

U-lema

Heel

N-tumbu

N-gikili ;
men-gikili.
N-ji-de-bco;//.
n-ji-me-bw

E-kikindi ; be-

Hide

E-banda

N-kondco

Kondw

...

..»

. ..

Hill

Nomba

M-bekco

U-koidi

■ ■.

...

N-woadi

Hippopotamus

N-guwu ;

pt. i +

N-gubu

N-gubu

...

...

...

Hoe

Om-bo>ga ;
im-buga

...

...

...

...

...

Honey

OQ-lembe,
On-lembe

N-kojnoj.
U-dco

B-oyi

...

• •»

B-oi

Horn

Mengu ; ' i + .
M-pondeo ; '
//. i + .
O-reru

Sembwe

I -bomba ; ma-

House

N-agco; si + .
E-zjiga.
E-lumba '

Tonto; ma +

N-dabco ; ma-f

M-badi

• ••

N-dabu.
I-penga

Hunger

N-jana

N-ja

N-ja

• ••

>••

N-jala

Husband . , .

OO-ncami

Dcomu; be-

Mcomi.
U-bai; me-

...

• ••

...

Hyena

• >•

•••

.' N-jo

■ . .

■ *•

...

Iron

(Ow-anga.
Ongw-anga

Ycobu.
Di-bom' ;
me-bom'

E-kei ; be-

...

••'

E-sei ; be-sei

Island

Nenge

I-nenge; bi-

Nenge

• •■

• ••

...

Ivory

M-punji.
E-gege

^ewco,
Sebco ; me +
Di-bonco ; me-

U-bang« ; me-

...

...

Me-bangto

Knee

I-vuva;

E-koj ; be-k(o.

...

D i-bongco ; ma-

am-puva.

I-bongco ; ma-

I-kotolco ; a-

Knife

N-jeli.

Siaka,
Saka.

Paveo

>••

Paa.

Swaka.'

Haka

Bomba.

OO-kuata

CjO-landa

Lake

M-beni.
Ny-ango>.
E-liwa

I-tcoku ; bi-

M-anga {sea).
E-tima; be-

...

""

Leg

00-gulu.
CO-kongo

U-k«lu ; me-

E.koj ; be-

...

...

Om-bendi

Leopard ...

N-jego

N.jevi

Gi,

Ngi,
N-jo?

...

...

In.jo

Lips

(O-lumbu

Mi-numbo>.
Di-tojke; me

E-lebu ; be-

...

...

• •■

• Noteworthy.

? All these words— Fa.^a., Paka, Swaka, S^c. — are probably derived from the Portuguese ' Faca', a common
trade word for 'knife'.

594

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

193-

194.

'95-

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

^eke-Bulu

Benga

N-gumbi or
Kombe

Ba-langi

Naka
(Ba-puku)

Blagic

M-onda.

M-biri,

M-bwiri.

E-lemba.

I-bombu.

Idcoka.

N-kinda ;

sin-kinda.

I-ptoga

Mok"; bi-lok'.

Memba; bi-

£4emba ; be-

Maize

M-ba

M-poju ; mi-

P«ti

...

...

...

Man

CO-ma.

Mco ; bto-mu.

Mu)-tco ; ba-to).

Ma>-tu ; ba-toa.

Mca-tu ; ba-tii

M(o-tn; ba-tu

CO-naga ; a-.

M-badumu :

Ma)-mco ;

Mumca ;

On-wco.'

be-mbadcomu

ba-mco.

b-bimco

Kadia

Moimi;
me-umi

Man, vir. ...

tO-ncome

...

...

■ ■■

OO-lombe

Meat

(O-^onli.
E-vere,
E-were *

Ny-ameo.
Soinu

U-hune ; me-

...

...

...

Medicine ...

N-angco,
N-gang(a; si-

M-ana ;

biam-ana

Hw-afiga ;
me-anga

...

...

••

Milk

Am-be ningco

Me-nono-
dukwe

Ma-nyang5

...

...

...

Monkey ...

N-kema.
In-genda

N-gemco

Kema

Tyema

...

Kema

Moon

OOgw-eli.
I-langa.
Nkoma

N-dana,
Ndan'

N-gundi.
(Okw-eli

N-gonde

N-gonde

N-gonde

Mother ...

Ngco'.
Ngwe; i>l.
ingwe.
lya

Yaye.
NaiBgwe

Gwai.
Dyae.
Nangwe

Ina

Mountain ...

Nomba

Bekco;
mi-bekeo

E-ko>di

...

—

...

Mouth

(jOgw-ana

Numbu ; mi-

U-dumbu

...

..«

U-dumbu

Nail (of finger

CO w- era ;

Di-nya ;

Ny-anda

...

...

...

or toe)

sifu-era.
If-era

me-nya

Name

Ina ; a-na.
(I -beta = to
name)

D-ino ; m-ino

D-ina ; mina

...

...

...

Navel

I-ror5

Di-obu ; in-obu I-tcodu ; ma-

...

■ a.

1-todu

Neck

Om-pele

N-gini.
Kumbakumbe

I-bcolu ; ma-

...

...

Singes

Night

Ogw-era.
M-piri

U-cii ; me-cu

B-ulu ; nii-ulu.
I-vititi

(dark?iess)

...

...

Bulu.
In-vititi

Nose

Om-pombo*

Dy-oyu ;
m-oyu

Vi-jca ; li-jco

-N-jui; m-iii

...

M-pemba

Oil palm ...

tO-yila ; pi.
m-bila

Lim-bilcd ;
m-bileo

M-bila.
lya ; b-iya

•••

...

Mende

Ox

Ny-are

N-dyomo

Ny-ati

•••

■ ■*

Any-aka

Paddle ...

N-kabi

Kape; iiie-

Kapi

...

...

Kapi

' The universal Bantu root for ^person ', ' man ', ts represented in Mpongwe by the ?wr</E-ntuntu, ' multitude ',
'people '.

^ Probably this root really means 'fish ' : see Nos. 3, 39 a, 51, 144, 193, dfc.

GROUPS NN, 00 : THE OJGCOWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 595

k

193-

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

^eke-Bulu

Beiiga

N-gfumbi or
Kombe

Ba-langi

Naka
(Ba-puku)

Palm wine.

Me-mbco.

Samba

H^mba

beer

l.tutu.
A-lugit

Parrot

N-gci3Zyco

N-gtosu

Kuhu

...

...

Kuhu

Penis

...

■ ..

. .*

...

Pig

N-gcawa ; si + .
(An.gongwe =

hour}

N-goyto

N-guwa

...

...

N-gweya

Pigeon

Meiiga.
I-bembe

M -ben yon'

M-benga.
I-bembe

...

Benga

Place

M-bora.
1 -bcoku

Beiie

I.bcokco ; loj-.
Hani

...

...

Rain

Noga.
NingM.
(OO-gula =

rain-storm)

M-biiyoj

M-bwia,
M-bwiya.
Buka;

me-uka

M-buya

Rat

M-pcogo),
M-bcokcd.
N-tori

M-bo

E-tuli.
-M-pugco.
Ku

■"

...

I-huka

River

CjO-lovi,
CO-lcohwi ; i-

L-cobu

Vi-hu; li-hu.
M-ubi ;
mi-ubi

...

...

Vi-ku.
M-opi ;
nii-opi

Road, path

M-ponlto,
M-ponco

N-je

N-jea.
Pele

...

...

N-jeya

Salt

E^-anga,
Y-anga

Mekemboj

\'i-anga ;
1-anga

...

...

Vi-anga

Shame

N-tyoni.
A.pai

N-dyonu

I-huni

I -honi

Sheep

I-dombe

I-dombe ; me-

U-dombe

Mto-dombe ;
me-

Dombe

Shield

N-guwa

Sika

...

• • >

Shoulder . . .

E-womba.
tO-bega ;
i-bega.
1-vwgco ;
am-bagcd

Li-bekoj; ma-

I-beke ; ma-

I-beki "

Sister

Ofiw-ongwe/'
E^-ombi ;
y-ombi

N-dzike,
N-jike.
Kudu

I-luku ; ma-

■•'

Skin

E-banda

N-kondu; mi-
I-kdndo

U-kubu ; me-

K5nda

Sky

Oi)-rojwa ;
i-tcowa and
si-tcowa

Luba or
Di-obo

U)-ba

Luba

Slave

OO-jsaka.
I-niva

^iaku,
Saku ; mi-

M-bwedi.

Uh-aka ; me-

U-kumu

Sleep

A-ntyo vi-no.
Nana.'
Vi-no

Vi-do

Vi-y5

...

Smoke

co-tutu

W-idi,
V.idi

I -tutu

I -tutu

Snake

(x)m-wamba ;

Ny-uwe

M-bamba

E-dubu ; be-

...

I-mamba.'
(E-guga =

trail of a ser
pent)

' Noteworthy,

' See in Nos. 32, 33, 54 zvordsfor 'woman ', ' female\

596

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

193-

194.

195-

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

peke-Bulu

Benga

N'gumti or

Ba-langi

Naka

Kombe

(I5a-puku)

Son, boy ...

On-wo ncomi.

Mcu-ana

Mw-ana.

Onw-ana

{obsolete).

Mw-amcomco ;

(o-ncomi

Mco-neo ;
boj-nco

bab-amco

Song

I-dyemba.
O-yemboa ; pi.
i-dyembco.
(•dyemba =
verb).

CL)w.embeo;/>/.
si-dyembto

Dyembi

Vi-embco ;
I-embco

Spear

I-gonga
E-vangco

Li-konu ; me-

I-kongco; ma-

I-kongo

Spirit, soul

I.ninla or
Nina.
1-bambco.
E-vindina.
1 n-kinda.
(jOny-ambe

Di-lina; me-

Il-ina ; ma-

E-wcolcolcD

Star

I-gegeni

Cin-jcosconco

Ny-atyet'.

Nyetele

N-nanga ;

{pl-)

I-gegani.
Nyetele

me-nanga

Stick

N-kogu.
N-tongco,
CO-tongco.

M-pava

l-|sumpu;
nii-sumpu.
Y-etci ;
by-etci

Peha

...

Stone

I-dco

Di-tare,
Di-tadi ; me-

E-lale

Mali ; ma-Iali

Mali

Stool

E-pcoi, E-pue

I-boiiu; bi-

E-bonga ; be-

...

...

Sun, sunlight

N-kombe.

Dicoba,

Di-coba or

Vi-oi.

Oiigw-ei

Dy-cobco

J -cob a ; m-eoba

Dcoba

Tail (of an

OO-kwende

Konju

U-pcopa ; me-

animal)

Tear

In-tyconi ;

Mimba-cidie

Me-nyongco-diba

• ••

an-tyconi

Testicles ...

>••

Me-bonga

...

Thief

OO-fe ""

W-ibo

Mw-ebi ; m-ibi

Thigh

I-vevene

I -bene; ma-.
I-beyi

E-bycobyeo ; be-

E-biobio

Thing

En-a ; pi. y-a.
Ej-oma ; pi.
y-oma.
E^-coma ;
y-coma.
OO-saun'.
1 n-kwe

lya; b-iya

Vi-lcolombco;loj-.
Elombco; be-

Thorn

I-zenda

1-njcoluku ; me-

1-yco ; bi-yco

...

Tobacco ...

Takco

Talakwe

Tabakco

To.day

N-lSlo

M-onkcd or
E-moko

OObu-hwa

...

Bu-wa

Toe

CO-menco wo

Vi-nyein' or

Uponjco

OL)-penjco

gcolu

Vi-nyei.
Vi-ma kcolu

mwa e-ku

To-morrow

Mele

Na-pcoke

(jL)-vake

Vape,
Vwase

Tongue

00-leme,

Di-demi ;

Yemi ; b-yemi

...

Dem';//.

CO-neme ; i-.

me-demi

yem'

W-miene

GROUPS NN, 00 : THE COGCOWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 597

English

193-
M-pongwe

194.
^eke-Bulu

Benga

196.

N-gumbi or

Kombe

197.
Ba-langi

Tooth

Ino ; a-no.

Di-sonu ;

Di-honga ; ma-

Ij-unga ;

...

I-gegco ; a-

me-sonu

m-unga

Town, village

N-kala

Di-adi ; m-adi

M-btoka

Tree

E-rere ; pi.

Y-etse; bi-etse.

Ele ; b-ele

E-bungu; be-

rere

Y-eci ; bi-eci

Twins

I-va^a ; pi.
am-jja^a

Me-vasco

Ma-vaha

• ••

...

Urine

A-neomia.
A-nyinyinla

Ma-sanda

Ma-hanja

...

Vein

(jO-ganji

Li-nyoo ; mi + .
Li-yon' ;
mili-yon'

U-hiha ;
me-hiha

>••

...

War

I-g5vi'

I -bale or
Di-bade

E-duka ; be-

...

...

Water

A-ningoj.
E-liwa

{body of)

Me-duku

M-iba,
Ma-iba

M-eba

Well, source

Di-bweci

l-dang03 ; ma-

...

White man

Tangani.

X-tangane;

U-tangani ;

...

CiO-gengilia; i-

me-

me-

Wife

Onw-antcij

Mw-adi

Mw-ada ; pi.
b-aj«.
Mw-aJM-a-
diba

...

Wind

Om-punga.

M-punga

U-pupe

...

Witch

N-tyeni;//.i +
Iny-emba.
(jO-ponge ; a-

Ngana

N-ganga

•'*

...

Witchcraft

Me-gana

Ma-ganga

. .*

...

Woman ...

(jOnw-antcj ;

Momw-adi ;

Mw-ajo» ; b-ajco

iMu-adco ;

...

pis. antco ami

bo)b-adi.

bu-adcd

aw-antto.

Mcom-are ;

COm-antto

bcob-are

Womb, foetus

I-wumu.
In-yeme ;
am-eme

...

...

...

Wood (fire-

OO-gtoni; ph.

Wi-onu ; c-unu

E-hiu

• .*

wood)

i-kconi,
si-kcani

Cakaki

Yam

Mongco * ;

Y-coma ;

Y-»ma ;

...

.«•

//. fi + .

bi-coma.

be-coma

E-gwa

Y-comu

Year

Om-puma

Puma

Di-puma,
Me-puma

...

Yesterday

Jau

E.jukco,
Cukco

Va-ik«

...

...

One

•mori

■wote

-poko,

E-wcdkco,

Ge-vcohco

Jiii-tokco.

-wcdkco

-vuhu

■oko

Two

M-bani,

■ba,

1-bale,

-ba

I -bare

■vani.

-iba

•bale

Naka
(Ba-puku)

Di-syunga or
Di-konga ; pi.
ma-

M-buka

Y-ele

M-iba ;
ma-diba

N-seba ;
me-seba
Nange

N-ditu ; b-itu.
Mw-ayco ;
b-ayco

U-pupe

Mw-ayco;
b-ayco

M-ba

M-bii

Va-iku.
Vw-ase

•pojkcd,
-5kco

Be-ba,
-ba

-hwani -ani

' Ncoa = to fight. Cf. Old Bantu Rua, Ruana.

Cf. Lugtnda Lu-mondu.

598

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

193-

194.

195-

196.

197-

198.

English

Mpongwe

^eke-Bulu

Benga

N-gumbi or
Kombe

Ba-langi

Naka

(Ba^puku)

Three

-tyaroa,

■taj',

I-Ialco,

-lalco

-rarco

Be^lalco.

■tareo,

-tapi,

-lalco

-lalco

-raroii

-tati

Four

-nai

•nei

I-nai,
•nai

-nai

I-nai

-nai

Five

-tyani,
•tani

•tani

I -tanco,
-tanco

-tanco

I-tanco

■tanu

Six

CO-reowa

•tan^ai-wote

U-tcoba

Mu-tooba

I-tanco na
ge-vcohco

N-tcoba

Seven

0-r5genu,
-rogenu

•tan^e^ba

Hembwedi

M u-tcoba na
bcokco

1 -tanco na
i-bare

Embwedi

Eight

-nanai

•tan-ebi-taj'

L(ogw-ambi

E-buwa

1 -tanco na
rarco

(Ji)w-ambi

Nine

I-nogtomi

•tan-ebi^nei

I-buwa

E-bwa na
bcokco

1-tanu na i-nai

1-bwa

Ten

I-gcomi

Dy-om-u

N-dycomu.
J-eomu ; pi.
ma-bco

Uy-um',
J-um'

Ndi-um'

J-om'

Eleven

I-gbimi na
m5ri

Dy-om-u
nai wote

J-comu na -oko

...

...

Twenty ...

A-geomi m-bani

Me-bum me-ba.
Ma-bco me-ba

Ma-boo ma-bale

...

...

A-bfiom' aa-ba

Thirty ...

A-gcomi
n-tyarca

Ma-bco or
Me-bum
me-taj'

Ma-bu ma-lalco

...

A^beom' a^lala

Forty

A-gcomi nai

Me-bum
me-nei

Ma-bu ma-nai

...

A-bcom' a-nai

Fifty

A-gcomi tyani

Me-bum
me-tani

Ma-bu
ma-tanco

...

...

A-bcom' a-tanu

Hundred . . .

N-kama

N-kama

Kama

...

E-bweya

Thousand...

In-kama

{English word) Tajen

• ••

• «•

...

i-gcomi.

{English)

N-tcojen

{English)

I, me, my ...

Mi, Mie.

M-be, M-bi.

M-bi (M-ba,
M-bu).

Umba.

...

M-ba.

Mi-.

Ml-.

Mbi-,

Mbi-.

I-.

-mi-.

?

J

J

-m-ba-.

-a-m, -a-mi

•mbe, •mba

-u^m-ba, -me,
-a-me

-eya-me

-a-mi, -a-me

Thou, thee, thy

A-we, OOma,
COwa.

We.

O). Ove.

Ove.

...

Ove, (i)we.

0)-, 0-.

0)-.

O)-.

O)..

0-.

?

?

■>

■>

•cowe^.

•we, -o

•wco, -iyo

-ove, -ove

-ey-ove

•ove, •cowe

He, him, his

Ye.

Nye.

M5.

M5.

Mm, Mo.

E-.

E-

A-.

A-.

A^.

?

?

J

?

•mo^.

-a-ye, -e

-iy^ene

-mo, -ju, -ju

-eya-ju

-yco, -a-yu

We, us, our

A-zu-we,
A^zwe,
A-zu^eme

Y^ese.

Hwe.

We.

■ ••

We.

?

Ci-.

Hco-

Hco-.

I-.

f

■>

?

>

•we-.

-a>zi<o, -z^xa

-iy^esi

-hwe, -hii

-eya-hu

-a-hu

GROUPS NN, OO: THE COGOOWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 599

I9>

194

195-

196.

197-

198.

English

M-pongwe

peke-Bulu

Benga

N-gnmbi or

Ba-laiigi

Naka

Kombe

(Ba-puku)

Ye, you, your

A-nuwe,
Nii-eme.

Yene.

Nyeni,I-nyeni,
Inyi.

I-nyeni.

...

Nyeowe.

A-nu-e-.

?C0-.

0)-.

0)-.

O)-.

p

?

?

■ 3

■nywe-.

•nuwe, -a-ni

-i-yeni

•inyi, -nyu

-eya-nu

-a-nu, -a-nyu

They, them,

Wato.

Bco.

Bo.

Bco.

■ ••

Bco, B5.

their

Wi-.

Be-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

J

?

?

?

-boj-.

•ato

-iya-ne

•bo, -bu

-eya-bu

-a-bu

All

-udu, -du.
A-ntuntu '

•ese

-hepi,
-epi

-epi

...

Yee, Yehe,
-ehe

This, these

Wi-no (I);

■k5 (mwa

-ko,

Eka-mu,

-te-ka-

...

Eka-yi, eka-ba;

wi-no (2) ;

be-ko ;

eka-ba ;

(-teka-mu.

eka-mu.

wi-no (3) ;

mvva-ko

eka^mu.

-teka-ba ;

eka-me ;

yi-no (4) ;

me-ko ;

6-f.)

eka^me ;

-teka-mu.

ka-di, ka-ma ;

nyi-no (5) ;

eka-di,

-teka-me ;

&-€.

mi-no (6) ;

eka-ma ;

-teka-di,

zi-no (7) ;

eka-e, eka-be ;

-teka-ma ;

yi-n5(8);

eka-vi ;

-teka-e,

yi-no (9) ;

eka-ne.

-teka-be ;

si-n5 or

eka-di (10) ;

-teka-vi.

fi-no (10)

eka-lo) (12) ;
eka-b(o (14)

-teka-ne,
-teka-di ;
■teka-ko ;
-teka-bo))

That, those

Me-wi-no, i^c.

-nu (adverbi-

Mu-ne,

•nco (adverbi-

...

• ■•

Wo-no; yo-no;

ally)

ekamu-ne ;

ally)

ny-ono, m5-no'

•lo (mwa-

15,

ba-ne.

•te-ka-ne-

is'c. : or wi,

be-lo ; &€.)

eka ba-ne ;

(-teka-mvve-ne.

yi ; wi, yi ;

mu-ne, eka.

•teka-be-ne ;

nyo, mo ; jo.

&'€. ; me-ne,

^^c.)

yo ; yo, p5.

eka, (Sr-i.-. ;

Me-wi-no or

di-ne, Ofc. ;

Me-wo-no

ma-ne, ^c. ;

(I, 2, andi);

e-ne, €^c. ;

me-yi-no or

be-ne ; vi-ne ;

me-yo-no ;

ya-ne (9) ;

me-nyi-no or

di-ne (10) ;

me-nyo-no.

I<u-ne (12) ;

me-mi-no or

bo)-ne

me-mo-no :

Teka-mu, is^c.

&-€.

(Te- prefixed)

Bad

•mbe,
■ve, -we

•be

-be

-beba

...

■be

Black

•nombe.
-vi.
-pindi

-windco,
-vindco

-vindco

•vinda

...

■vindco

Female

-antco
((jOw-antco ;
antco:
Iny-antco ;
am-antcd :
£^-antco ;
Ny-antm)

-m-are,
-adi

Mw-aj«o;b-aj<a.
Mw-adi ;
me-adi

-ad CO

•ditn

See words for ' man '.

6oo

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

193-

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

English

M -pong we

^ke-Bulu

Benga

N-gumbi or

Ba-langi

Naka

Kombe

(Ba-puku)

Fierce, sharp

-mbendi.'
-nconi.
■tua.
•sinda

-nyanea

•maling-wa

...

...

...

Good

-m-bia,

•yenwco.

-amu.

■andi.

• ■•

-yam'.

-via.

■emba,

-y-amu

Mw-asa

B«-am'

Me-pa

-mba

Great

M-pcolu,
E-Vcolu

-neni

•nene

-nene

• ••

-nene

Littie

-angco

-e-pike,
-sike

-hale,
E-hSli

-hSle

• ••

-hcole

Long

-n-da,
-la

•sevo

-bw-aba

-bvv-aba

-aba,
-bw-aba.
-awe,
-bw-awe

Male

•noame

Sangwe

Mu)-mco ;
ba-mu.
Mcj-mi ;
me-comi

-racomi

-lombe

Old

E-lungu.
M-bulco

N-todu

-vyco

■todu

•vicovico

Red

-tenatena

-danedana

-veyu

■teya

...

E-nange

Rotten

-bonla {verb,
■buna)

-bco

•b5du

...

• ■»

...

Short

•epe,
-pe

•iigwe

•vuve

-vuve

• ■■

-uve,

Bu-uve

Sick

00-beli.
•jogo

•yokoj.
-beli

■daki

-daki

...

-daka

White

•pupu.
M-pemba

-pupa

-tanco
(Botanco)

-veletete

• ••

-velelete

Above, up.

Banda.

E-koyu

tOba

on top

Gwi-gconu,

!-gconu.

Garca

Before,in front Gcobcosoj.

E-mcole

(jO-bcoha

■••

• I*

Anco

Behind, after

Ny-uma.
Via

£-njime

00-mbuhwa

...

• •«

Below, down

Tcoli.
G(o-ntye

E-nji

CO-he

• ••

Far

Bco.

A-sei

Bco

Bco.

Yavi-dengco

...

...

Here

Vei7
Vena,
Venco.
Gun',
Gunu,
Gunco

Vconu

(jO-kava

(X> nco-ka-va

In, inside ...

Va.
Geo.
Gare.
Dye

Daci

CO-hangane

1 J

Dog.

GROUPS NN, 00 : THE (OGOJWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 6oi

English

193-
M-pongwe

194-
peke-Bulu

195-
Benga

196.

N-gumbi or

Kombe

197.
Ba-laiigi

198.
Naka

(Ba-puku)

Middle

Near

Outside
Plenty, many

There

Where? ...
No!

Not {with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

Geo.

Va or Vo.

Go-gare,

E-gare
Vundu.

Piere.

Baraba.

peogi
Vuguvugu.

Gw-i-gara
Pcolu.

-efige,

Ny-enge.

Bunla
Vava.

Voj,

Vojnoj.

Goigco,

Gunoi
Gwi?

Veni?
Be!

Nyawe !

Ziele !

Zie!
Pa.> (with

verbs) ; A-

{■with impera-
tives and in-
finitives); -too-

(past and sub-
junctive neg.

particle) ; -re-

(employed with

past tenses) ;

•ga or -go

(neg. verb)

Palanga-ni

Kuno

E-sene
■buyto

E-ngoiko>

E-ve?
Nyawe !

Tsa-, Sa-, Ta-

CO-tema

...

Piele.
Baka

...

OOka-coni

U-henge

I-ite,
•ite

-inge

tOv-ajne.

OOka-coni.
COka-vani

OJ-ka-tone

OJ-ve?

Nyawe !
Hanga !

00..

•a-, -u-, -ha-,
-ni

Y-enge.
-ite

00-vele ?

Ebe!
Anga !

OO-wele

To

beat

buy, sell
come ...

cut

dance

die

Go)-, Yi-
•boila^

•kcola
-bie,
-bia»

-tena.

■nema
•jinla.

-dyina
-juwa

E-?
■be.
•menda
■sombu

•kola.

-teno
•embe,

•yembco
-wuemto.

•we

O)-, I-, Ka-
-boama

■hamba

-va-ka.
(Po ! = im-
perative)

•lena

•yemba
-wa

•viya

-dipa

-kamba
•via

•yemba

' Pa is only negative when placed before the ''erb-root. After the verb it merely means ' much' ,' entirely' .
Negation is usually expressed iti Mpongwe by stressing the first vowel of the verb-root; and if the negation is to be
emphasized -du is added in the verb-root.

' Compare infinitive prefix in North Congoland, Nyanza, and Semi-Bdntu languages, Li-, Eri-.

' Cf. Swdhili -fika, ' arrive '.

602

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

193-

194.

195.

196.

197.

198.

English

M-pongwe

Peke-Bulu

Beiiga

N-gumbi or
Kombe

Ba-langi

Naka
(Ba-puku)

To

Goj-, Yi-

E-?

0)-, I-, Ka-

?

?

I-'

„ eat

-nye,
•nya

-ja.
•dye

•ja,

•ja-ka

•dya

...

•da

,. give ...

■P6-
-pa.
■kawa

•wema

•veke

•ve

...

•veke

.. go

-ke,
•kenda.
•ge.
•kenda-ga

•kemcd

•keke.
A^landa.
•tambwa '

{wall')

-vala

•wala.

-i-tema

„ kUl ...

•jcona.
-ta {hunt)

•yo,
•yokco

•wea

...

...

•weyak'

„ know ...

-mia.
•avorco

•dembco

-ycowa.
•ycijwa-ka

...

...

-jua

,, laugh ...

■jonla.
■peva.
(Ike = noun)

■wioo.
•ycoke-mo)

-yo

**>

• ■•

-i.yo

„ leave off,

•tiga,

•cikco

•dika

•dika

...

-dika

cease

-riga ^

„ love, want

•tonda.
-bela.
•jomba

{marry, copu-
late.- cf.
Swahili)

•din',
•kongu.
■kono.
-bele

•tondo

-vaha

■wak'.
-tondu

„ see

•puna

(•vcona).
•jena,
■dyena.
(•boan^wa= to

be seen)

•yencij

•yene

•••

•yombwa

„ sit, remain,

•are

•diyco.

-jadi.

•diya

• ■t

...

abide

-nima

•diya^ka

„ sleep ...

•nana

-tegi^ba.
•wilu,
•video,
•ngcalu.
•da

•ya

-i-tondi.
•vio

„ stand, stop,

•kumana.

•tema

-teme

...

...

-interne

be erect

•kumanla

'

„ steal ...

•jufa

•yiboj

•yiba

...

... •

•yiba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN M^PONGWE

There are distinct traces of preprefixes.

Class I. 00m'-, (X)-, Onw'^, Onw-, Ong^ (wi, w', cm, as, ye, e) ; 2. A-, Aw'^, Awa^, Wa^ (a, wa, yi,
w, wi) ; 3. (jOgu^, Oi-, Onw^, Ongw- (wi, u, cm, (u) ; 4. !■, Im-, Imi. (i, yi) ; 5. I-, Iny^ (nyi, i) ;
6. A^, Am^, (am, m", ma, mi) ; 7. E-, E;^^ (ez, e^, e, ^i, ^') ; 8. — , Y^, Ny- (yi, y', nyi) ; 8 a. (relics of Vi.) ;
9. N^, If., Ny., — (yi, y', ny, n, m) ; 10. Si^, ^i-, I- (si, pi, f, i) ; 11. O). {pi. ^l) (w', wi, cow', o) ;
12. Almost missing, but lingers as Or', Orca- ; 13. missing, perhaps represented in 'Ka-die ', meaning

' Compare infinitive prefix in North Congoland, Nyansst, and Semi-Bantu languages, Li-, Eri-.
' Cf. Zulu -hamba.

^ The older form seems to be •riga, now the imperative q^^tiga. •riga is also used as a negati%<e in
the same sense as •reka in East Central Africa.

GROUPS NN, 00 : THE OJGCOWE-GABOON AND SPANISH GUINEA, &c., LANGUAGES 603

' some one', or in the preposition and adverbial particle Ga-, meaning ' like ', ' as ' ; 14. OOw- {pi. No. 6)
(ow'j \vi, w', 0)) ; 15. CO-, OOgu-, Geo-, Gu- (used only as a preposition) ; 16. Va- (used only as preposition) ;
17. missing.

A- seems to be an honorific prefix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN PEKE-BULU (gEKI-ANI)

Class I. Mm-, M-, N-, — (nui, (o); 2. B'- (Bco-), Ba- (ba) ; 3. U-, M'-, N-, — (mu, u) ; 4. Me-, Mi-
(me) ; 5. Di-, Li-, I- (li) ; 6. Me-, Mi-, Ma- (ma) ; 7. E-, I-, Y- (e, ye) ; 8. Bi-, Be- (bi) ; 8 a. Vi-, Wi-
(vi) ; 9. N-, — (? i, n) ; 10. N- (?) ; 11. Di., Li-, I-, La- .' {pis. N-, Ma-, — , Mi-) (.' di) ; 12. Ji-, Ci- (//.
to8a)(ci); 13. missing; 14. W-, CO-, U- (//. Me-) (u) ; 15. U-, CO- (used only as a preposition);
16. Va-, E- (used only as prepositions) ' ; 17. traces of -ni.

PREFIXES IN BENGA, N-GUMBI, BA-LA»GI, AND NAKA

Class I. M-, Mu-, M-, U- ; 2. Ba-, Bco- ; 3. U-, COku-, N-, N-, Mw-, Mto- ; 4. Me-, Mi- ; 5. I-, J'-,
Ij'-,Di-; 6. Me-, Ma-; 7. E-,I-, Y-, A-; 8. Be-; 8"a. I-, Vi-, Ve-, We- ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, N-, — (concord
of No. 9, ya) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny-, N- (concord of No. 10) is ordinarily di, but also i in Befiga, and ja in
Naka ; 11. missing ; 12. L«-, Li-, L'-, Otto- ; 13. missing ; 14. CObco-, Bu-, Bco- (//. Me-) ; 15. CO-, U-,
OOku- ; 16. missing, except for slight traces in adverbs, such as Ha-, Va-, Fa-, P'- ; 17. traces of -ne, -ni.

193. Mpongwe is spoken in the north peninsula of the Gaboon and on the south side of the Gaboon
estuary, and along a narrow coast-belt southwards to the estuary of the COgtowe.

194. ^eke-Bulu is spoken in the interior immediately behind the Mpoiigwe and northwards to the
Muni river. Is nearly extinct now.

195. Benga is spoken in a very narrow coast-belt between the Benito river of Spanish Guinea on
the north and Corisco Bay on the south.

196. Ngumbi or Kombe is spoken in a very narrow coast-belt between the Benito and Campo rivers.

197. Balangi is spoken in the coast-beh between the Campo and Kribi rivers (Great Batanga).

198. Naka or Bapuku is spoken in Little Batariga between the Kribi and Nyon rivers.

' E- as a locative prefix answers exactly to E- in the same position in the Kafir Group 75-75 c.

GROUP 00

THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

(continued)

00 r Bewga Sub-group

00 2 Nyow Sub-group
OO 4 DuALA Sub-group

00 3 Lower Sanaga Sub group

00 I Benga Sub-group

199. Ba-nohw (Ba-ncokco, Ma-limba)
00 2 Nyon Sub-group

200. Ma-bea or Ma-gbea

200 a. N-gumba (M-vumba)

00 3 Lower Sanaga Sub-group

201. Ba-siki (B-imbi, Ba-nek')

202. Ba-kookco (Yaba-kalaki)

203. Ba-sa (M-bele, M-vela)
00 4 Duai.a Sub-group

204. Duala 204 a Wuri

English

199.
Ba-nohoi

200.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gumba

201.
Ha-siki

202.
Ba-kcdko), Ss'c.

203.
Ua-sa

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

Adze

Animal, wild Titu

beast
Ant Kedi

Tun"; \n +
Tit<a.

Tsiri ; bco -1-
Swana ; bi -f

Tif

Ant, white
(termite)

Ape (chim-
panzi or
gorilla)

Arm

Arrow

Axe

Baboon

Back

Kwia

Gwa,

Yua; be-gwa,
N-jie ; bon-jie

I-nco ; mi-nco M-boa; ma-boa Wu

M-pambwe
I-vondco

N-hongto.
N-gonga

M-pa ; bim-pa
Ton'; bi-ton'

Koan',

N•kuon';mi^-

Banana
tain

Beard...

plan-

E-hondi.

Di-hube.

Un-konde
Di-helu

N-^o ; bin-;^co
N^-eli

Bee ...
Belly ...

Bird ...

...

Nj-oi, ny-oi
Dtihu.

E-huhu
In-coni ; //.

vcon-coni or

\y-u ; b(i) -f
Mu-co or

M.5
N-coni; bin-coni.

Nu-o>ni

:

Blood ...
Body ...

Bone ...

...

Icon-coni
Ma-hia
Nj-colco

E-wehe

Ma-cie
Ny-oli,

Nw-51i
2^ia ; bi-^ia.

Y-ie ; b-ie

■ Also ^ flesh

...

E-wundu; be-

M-beba -ank'

Ny-ama

Sconco.

Saco.
kiri

^uluk'

Seleke

I-nye

E-waki

Wo

E-nama ;

be-nama

N-ket'

N-keti

Hunt'

E-wundco

Sombco,

E-sombco

M-bus'

M-busa.

M-ongco.

Ma-ongco

M-pytive

(204 a)
Di-kube.
Mw-ele (204 a)

Ma-ye

Ma-seru,

Di-sedu

Ny-tii

N-dombi

Di-bum'

Di-bum'

In-uni ; //.

In-conco :

bin-uni

lu>n-coni

Ma-ke
M-kuba

Ma-iya
Mu-kuba.

I-si; bi-si

Ny-ul<o'
E-wese ; be-

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

60?

English

199.
Ba-nohto

Bow

200.
Ma-bea
200 a.
I N-gumba

M-banji

201.
Ba-siki

202.
Ba-kcdku, Cf^c.

Bowels

Mw-eja ;
mi-eja

N-ja ; min-ja

Brains

B-ongu

B-oan,
Bo-n.
Bu-on

Breast (man's)

Bco-hanga

Fure,
Pfurue

Breast

Di-be ; ina-be

Bel' ; ma-bel'

(woman's)

Brother ...

Mi-oiawa-n;//.
boimi-on ba-n.
Mu-a-ta,
Mu-a-ya

Buffalo

Ny-aka

Ny-ari;

bcony-ari

Bull

. . .

...

Buttocks ...

Bi-na

Canoe

Kuiiga.

Bi-ali ; m-ali.

B-51cd

Funga

Cat

Singi

Singi

Charcoal ...

Di-handco

D-a ; m-a

Chief, king...

M-pcolco

Pfuma ; bco +

Child

Mu-na

Mi-on ; ^ M-5n
bcomi-on.
Mu-a ; bu-an

Cloth

N-namba.

X-dele ;

Di-boti

bin-dele.
Bu-5ri

Cold

Di-weu

W-coli.
Yi-eo,
Y-cohco

Country ...

E-tomba

Ka ; ma-ka. N-ko
N-tsindi

Cow, cattle

Xj-aka

Ny-aga.
Yi-mbi ;
biyi-mbi

Crocodile ...

N-gando>

N-gande ; bo + . N-ga
N-gandu

Day, daylight

Bu-a.

Mo-a. .Mco

HH

D-uco; bim-uco.
Fu ; ma-fu

Devil, evil

spirit
Doctor (medi-

N-wengwa

M-pfundi

Nganga

N-gangan

203.

Ba-sa

M-pan'

B-ona

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

M-banja.
Di-punga.
Pambu

Mw-ea ; mi-ea

B-oiigco

Bw-anga

Di-be,

Di-be ; ma-

Di-beli ; ma-be

Ma-yan

Mu-na inyi.
N-dcomi

Ny-et'

Ny-ati.
M-budi

I5i-e bi-nu

Ma-kandi

W-a

Boj-lco.

Sin'.
Kala

Kunga
Singi

M-bon"

Sangwe.
M-buan

M-an'; bo-n'

Mu-na; b-ana

Mw-eiige.
M(i)-ntu

Li-bat'

Di-watu

**-g»

• ••

E-kombco,

E-kumbu

Ny-aya

Ny-aka.

(E-embe ; '
be-embe =

N-gandu

cattle)
N-gandu.
Mi-angadu
Wu-mbe,

Mo-mbe

...

Bu-nya ;

mi-nya.
Su or

Sui

...

Mu-ngi

cine man)

' Note the -embe, -mbe root (fi-ombe).

R r

6o6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

199.
Ba-nohco

Dog ...

M-bo

Door, doorway J-ombe ;
m-ombe

Dream

Drum N-g5mo»

JEar

Excrement
Eye

Face, fore-
head

Fat, oil ...
Father

Fear

Finger

Fire

Fish

I-toi

Egg

Elephant ... N^jou

Lu-bi
U-ico ; in-ioj

Bci>-hco

Di-ula ; ma-.

Ma-ule.

Ma-vongeo
Ha-ngwe

J-ongco.

E-puma
I-penju,

1-pendu ; pi.

co-pendu.

(Kumu =

thumb)
Vw-ea [pL).

V-ei (heat)

Huwe

200.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gumba

201.
Ba-siki

202.

6a-ko>kca, &*€.

M-pi ; bom-pi M-bu

or barn-pi.

M-bi ; bom-bi.

Pfuco ; b(o -(-

(200 a)
E-be ; me-be

or M-be ;

mim-be.

J-ombe ;

m-ombe
N-dama
M-fuli ;

mim-fuli.

N-duambo.

N-gcomi
A-15a,

Luu ; ma-loa.

nia-luco.

Lo ; ina-lo
Ki ; ma-ki
Jiie ; bo-jiie.

pue ; boi-stie

N-2jiie ;

bon-2;ue.

N-pua ;

bon-pua
Ma-bui, -bwie

J-i,
Dz-i ; m-i

M-p5ambe

(? M-po)

Ma-wan.
Ma-wure

Ta.

So-ii

Funde

2^ine ; bi-^ine. Nu ; a-nu
2^ina; be +
(200 a)

N-sog',
N-z5k'

D-is' : m-is'

I-ta,
I-ta-nga

p-ie,
^•ea

F5,

Fu ; bco-fo

N-zcoan'

N-unga

203.
Ba-sa

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

M-bio

N-ku

M-b5

J-ombe.
Mi-una

N-dcoti
N-gci>m<o.
E-limbi

Li-w« ; raa-wco 1 5i.
Iloi

N-j6k»

Mw-ei; mi-ei
Njco

...

Lu-bi

J -is",

D-isca ; m-isco

K-is' or
C-ip- : //.

m-i|s'

p«

B CO -SCO ; mi -SCO.

M-bombo>

(204 a)

• ••

Di-wongi.

M-uta

Maryi(?)

Tete,

Tite.

Ti.

Sa-ngco ; ba 4-

B-ongca

Jaba

Neno

Mu-ni,

Mu-ne;

mi-ni, mi-ne.

H-e,

W-ea.

H-ia,

(Ii-didi' =

I-ye

great heat) ;
(M-ote-li =

to kindle a

fire)

Kcd^i

^ui

Mote-mote = lightning.

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

607

English

199.
6a-nohu

200.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-giunba

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

Foot

Y-ongco :
bi-ongco

N-ko ; ma-ko.
Bum; ma-l-
(200 a)

...

Forest

E-hihi

Jihi

...

Fowl

Kuba

Pfuco,
Pfco ; bo-pfeo.
Pfcoa;

Pfco;

bo-pfco

Frog, toad

N-hongu

ba-pfcoa
N-koiigco ;

mi +

...

Ghost

N-dimco

M-fue ;
mim-fue

...

Girl

N-hahi.
I-tongco

M-ba; bcom-ba.
Zie ; ma-zie
(200 a)

*••

Goat

Tomba.

Tco; bi-tco.

Kamad'

Taba

Kyele ;
be-kyele

(200 a)

„ (he) ...

...

...

...

God

Any-ambi

Nz-ambi

...

Grandparent

M-bamba

Son na nyuii.
M-bamba ;

bco-f

...

Grass

Ground

Me-hongco,
Me-bongoo
Vwa-he

Mwu-hungu

Mene.
Si,
Tsi

...

Ground-nut

...

Wonde,
WSnde

...

Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

N-gadi
Hcowe

Ny-embo ; bi +
M-vuan

...

Hand

Yi-nco or

M-boa ; ma-.

W-co

or

I-nco ; bi-nco.

M-bo ; ma-bo.

L-co

; m-co

Di-hadu ;

mam-bco

m-adu

Head

Mo)-lco

N-tco ; min-tco

Mii;

me-mS

Heart

N-lema

Lema;

mi-lema.
N-lima ; mi -1-

Heel

E-tingiliiigi

Cindi,
Tsindi

Hide

N-hobco

Kuri ; bi +

...

Hill

N-hcodi

N-kuli

Hippopotamus

...

E-londi.
M-wu ; bim-wu

E-londi

Hoe

I)i-bao>

• *•

Honey

...

N-kwana

• ••

Kii

Kuu

Mw-ende.
I-tanga.
(E-tambi =

a hoof, a
shoe)
E-idi,

Kub",
Kop'

I-yiri ; bi-yiri
Wuba

...

Mu-konge

...

E-dimu ; be-

....

N-gondele

Kembe

M-buri or
M-bcodi

»gi

I-sele.

Tutu
Lcoba.

Ny-ambe
M-bambe

...

E-wuru,
Bi-ulu

Min-jaya

Mi-angaru.

Mi-angadi

(204 a).

Wa-si.

Si
Mu-t5bco ; pi.

ma-

N-gari'
W.5 ; m-6

N-gari
Ngco

Di-a ; ma-a.
Kala (204 a)

A ; m-o

Mu-lcopco
Mu-lema

N-gubl'

Tindi,
E-tindi

E-ycobco.
I -tco

Mu-duiagco

N-gubu

U-we*"

Di-baco
Ro-mbco

R r 2

6o8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

199.
Ba-nohc0

200.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gtunba

201.
6a-siki

202.
Ba-kcokca, &'c.

203.
Ba-sa

204.
Duala

204 a. Wuri

Horn

...

Nla ; minla

• ■•

House

N-dabeo;ma +

N-doo; man-do3.

N-dab ;

(J-umbu =

N-tco.

man-dab

nest)

N-dca'cd.
N-do»hci>;ma +
(200 a)

Hunger ...

N-jale

N.2|a

...

Husband . . .

M-o>mi

Mu-nun ;
bu-nun

Pam

Hyena

...

Iron

E-hei

Ky-eeV
Ki-he

Island

Y-enda ; //.

Gi-nde ; bi-nde

"

b-enda

Ivory

M-bangoa

Sua or n-sue
■Sico ^

Knee

Di-bongca

Boil : ma-bon

Knife

Haka

M-fuma,
N-tuma;mi+.
Kion ; bi-kion

(200 a)

Lake, sea ...

...

Ma-n

OO-SM

Leg

M-bende

N-ku; ma-ku

Leopard . . .

N-jo

N-ze; bon-ze

Lion

N-gia

N.pico ;

ban-pico

...

Lip, lips ...

E-pcdpco

Ja-numbi

...

Magic, religion

...

N-gan

• ••

Pam

Ton

N-dabcn; ma +

N-jala

Mco-lom.
Mun-dum ;
bco-lum

Maize...
Man ...

Man, vir. ...

Meat

M-bahi
Mto-tco ; ba-tu

M-oamoi,
M-umi.
E-hcobe

TitcD.
N-hooni ; pi.
me-hcani

M-puri
Mo-ri ; bo-ri.

Mo-ta ; bo-ta

(200 a)
Mo-ra ; bo-ra.

Mo-rom ;

bo-rom.

Meo-nom ;

bco-nom

Min-suni

Met' ; bo-t'

Pam

Pam

Tit'

Tongcd.

(Mto-seba =

trumpet)
N'dabo),

(D-umbu =

nest.

M-bwa =

home)
N-jal
M-toma

E-ye

E-yundi

M-bangco

Di-bongco
Di-wendi or
-windi

Mu-nja.

Mw-anja

(204 a)
Di-bebe
N-jo)
N-gila

be-

E-piopo3.
E-pupa ;

I-sangco ;
Idt-sangco.
I3w-anga.
Di-sue.
E-kali.
(N-dcoki =
a man under
the influence
of drink or
drugs, or deaf,
i.e. bewitched)

M-basi

Mco-tu; ba-tu

M-ume ; pi.
mi-ume.
M-comi ;
b-oami.

(Nya = a per-
son,indtvidual,
'one')
Ny-ama

GROUP 00 : THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

609

English

199.
Ba-nobco

200.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gumba

201.
Ba-siki

202.
Ba-kukco, &c.

203.
Ba-sa

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

Medicine ... Mi-anga

Milk Man-jongco

Monkey . . . Kama

Moon, month N-gonde

Bi-anga ;

m-anga

Ma-nyan

Li-kan

Cema,

Kima ; bco +
N-gonde. N-gon

N-guon

Mother ...

N-jangwe.
Ine.
Hongwe

Ya

...

Mountain ...

N-hcodi

N-koli,

N-kuli; mi + .
M-biu; mi +

...

Mouth

N-numbu;

me- Numbi; mi +

...

Nail (of finger

N-janda

Ny-a; bi +

...

or toe)

Name

D-ina

J-ina ; m-ina.
Dz-ina (200 a)

Navel

I-tcodu

Twcoli ; ma +

Neck, throat

Di-bcolu

Ciun

...

Night

Bulu.

(I-titi =

darkness)

Bvuli; bi +

...

Nose

M-pemba ;

me- D-iilu ; m-iilii.
D-ur' ; m-ur'
(200 a)

Dy-u ; m-u

Oil palm ...

I-lende

Lendi ; ma +

Li-en'

Ox

Nyaka

Ny-aga

Paddle

Kapi

N-gabi

. ..

Palm wine,

E-hb>na

Ma-nyua

...

beer

Parrot

Kohu

Koi; bco.koi.
Kuhi

...

Penis

E-longi ?

Diie

Pig

N-gwea

ii-go ; boii-go.
N-gii ; ban-gu

Pigeon . .

...

Peba,
Piba

...

Place

Di-bcahco

Nom'

Rain

M-biiwa

M-fua, m-v<oa.
M-pfucd

Rat

K5

Kb> ; bu>-kco.
Min-tuli ;
bcon-tuli

...

River

Mu.nja

N-jua,
Jiw«

Road

N-jea

N.^ie; ma +

N-seu

Mu-ndcoa

Yana

E-ba.

J-ul'; m-51'

Mi.anga

Ma-nyongo>.

Ngco-diba
Kema.

Moj-sau
N-gonde

(new moon).

M-odi ;

mi-odi.

(Mw-ese =

Inyi.

Nyangco.

Ye ye
Mu-dungeo

Mu-dumbu
Ny-andi

D-ina; m-ina

Mu-tori
Ny-ingoo,

Ny-ungu
Bum,

Bulu

M-pemba

I -lendi.
M-bia
Ny-aka
Pai
Ma-ti

f*-gusu

? Bco-endi.

Y-cokoo
N-gci>a

M-benga

W-uma
M-bua

Piii

Mu-nja.

Mco-upi ;' mi-
N-gea.

E-bcoku

■C/. Fernandian words for ' water '.

6io

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

199.

200.

30I.

202.

203.

204.

English

Ba-nohco

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gttmba

Ba-siki

Ba-kcdku, cs'c.

Ba-sa

Duala
204 a. Wuri

Salt

Vi-anga

Ma-kimbu

VV-anga

Shame

I-hconi

^uconi

...

...

...

I-scon.
Bco-solu

Sheep

N-dombe

N-dombe ;
me+ .
Tuhco

N-gongoj ;

me +

...

N-tumba

Mu-dongi ; mi-

Shield

N-guba

...

...

N-guba.
E-kan

Shoulder . . .

Di-behe

Bia ; niia +

...

Di-kata

Sister

Kaji

Kali ; be-.
Kal; bco-kal

...

...

N-doame.
Ari

Skin

. . •

Konde

...

. ..

E-yoabo)

Sky

Bvua,
Gua,
Bwuco

...

...

...

Di-bube,
Ui-bcobe.

Mo-i

Slave

N-kumu

Lua; bto-lua

...

...

...

Mu-ku.
Mu-kum',
Mu-kom' ; ba-

Sleep

Vi-yo»

Gwere.
Guu

I-y5

Smoke

^Uele

...

...

Mu-tutu,
E-tutu

Snake

M-bamba

Ny-wan

Pe {viper).
(Ny-ama-
gbwawa =
the long
animal).
M-bamba.

M-OSCd.

(M-bomco =

python)

Son, boy ...

•Na

...

...

...

Mu-na.
Mco-ntu ;
ba-ntu

Song

Vi-ombto ; //.
v(o-ombu

Gya; bi-gya.
J-ia ; b-ia

...

•

...

Mw-enge.
E-longi; be-

Spear

Di-hongo>

Kwan ; ma +

...

Jongco

Spirit, soul

E-didi

Zinji

-Mu-dii.
Mu-kuku

Star

N -nanga ; me

■ Yaku; bi +

...

N-gingitelco

N-gingitelco(?)

H-geiigeti.
N-gingJti

Stick

J-oki

M-fumbi

E-tun'

• ■*

...

E-bungco

Stone

Male

Ko>a ; ma-kci>a.
Kcoe

E-ga; ma-ga

...

L-a ; m-a

Dari,
I-dali

Stool

Konda

Kunda

...

...

...

E-bambu ; be-

Sun

D-iia.
(N-lii-duco =
heoii of the
day)

N-jamu

Lcaba.
We,

I-ve.

Liwaliwa.

M-ombi

Tail (of an

M-pcapa

N-kundi; mi-l-

. . .

.. .

M-undco,

animal)

Mu)-undu

Tear

Man-p«li {pi.)

...

...

...

Mu-sori ; mi-.
Mio-sodi

Testicles ...

Di-windi ; ma

Thief

Mw-ibi'

N-jiu ; bto-jito.
M-firi ; bw-firi

...

J-iba.
Mca-ibedi ;
ba-ibedi

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

6ii

199-

2CX3.

201.

202.

203.

204.

English

Ba-nohu

Ma-bea
200 a.

Ba-siki

lia-kcdkcd, a^c.

Ba-sa

Duala

204 a. Wuri

N-gumba

Thigh...
Thing...

Thorn

Tobacco

To-day

Toe ...

Di-bebele

E-lombu ;
be-lombo>

{^•kwadibco

V-enge

To-morrow
Tongue

Tooth l;i-honga ; 111a-

(ma-wonga)
Town, village M-buha

Tree ...

Twins

Urine ...
Vein . . .
War ...

Water

Well, source
White man

Wife

Wind, air

^'•ele : b-ele

Men-jedi

Ma-yia

E-dua

Ma-diba

X-tangani

N-ja.

(N-ja-mi =
my wife)

Sa ; bi-sa ^'■om'

Gua; ma-gua

Xdaloj

Du-oili

^i-ne ii-ko.

Zi-na ii-kii

(200 a J
Na-mene
Jimi or

Gimi

Je ; ma-je. E-sun ; ma

Gia ; ma-gia
Kware. M-bcog'

Kule
Le or E-li ; be-li

Li; bi-le
Wiia; ma-f

Man-^ale
N-sisi ; mi +
Bani.
Ma-fumbala

Witch, wizard

Ma-jua,

Ma-jiba.

Ma-joa
Doii ; ma-don
N-tanan'.

N>tangani
M-ora

M-peba,
M-pebe

Jimbu ; b(o + .
N-gaiigan

Man-dib'

Min-dim'

M(o-taka

Witchcraft
Woman ...

Womb

Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

\-dita>; b-itco. M-ora; b-ora. Mun-d& ;
Mw-adi M-ura ; b-ura bun-da

Me-dcodi

V-uma;bi-coma. Na-nkwa.
Di-boa ; ma-bu N-guoii ; bi +

N.ga

Di-bebe.

I-tongco {hip)
Y-uma ; be-ma.

D-ambo> ;

m-ambu
N-gengele
Tabakco
W-enge.

Bco (204 a)
Mu-ne

Kiere

Leme ; yeme.

E-yemi ;

la)-yemi {pL)
A-soii ; ma-son l-sunga; ma-

MQ-ndi '

M-btoa (204 a)
Bw-ele ; mi-ele

Di-wasa ;

ma-wasa
Mi-sanji
.Moj-sisa ; nii-
lii-la ;

bw-emba.

E-wenge,

E-wenji
Ma-diba

B-e

Ma-lif or
-lib'

Mw-tawa

Mu)-tawa.
Mu>-tea ;
bco-tea

E-bulu ; be-
Mco-kara

Mu-tco.
Mu-nja

N-go.

M-uri,

Mco-udi
N-gambi;ba + .

Mu-lemba.

E-wusu
Bw-anga
Mu-tu ; b-itu

Demi.

E-sari
W-ea

M(o-sum'.
M-ba

' Cf. Western Zainbezian languages.

6l3

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

199.

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

English

Ba-noheo

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gumba

Ba-siki

Ba-kcokoo, fi-'c.

Ba-sa

Duala
;o4 a. Wuri

Year

M-bii

M-vu; mim-vu.
M-fu

...

...

M-bu

Yesterday...

...

Na-kugco

...

...

...

Kiere ni-tumbi

One

■ohco.

Vure,

Pok'

Wada,

Yata,

E-wo.

M-ohco.

Vude.

Yada

Yada.

(Mo, &-€.)

Pohw

M.fudi

Pok'

Two

•ba

•ba

-ba

•ba (Bi-ba)

-ba

-ba

(Be-ba, &--C.)

Three

•laloj

•lal',

■lali

-lale

-la

-ya or -aa

-lalu
(Be-lalu, &•€.)

Four

-nai

-na,
-nna

-na

-na

-nai,
-nei.
-ena

-nei

(Bi-ne, 6-.-.).
-nai

Five

•tanto

•tan'

-tan'

•tan'

-tan'

-tanu

(Be-tanu,^^^.)

Six

N-tcoba

N-t<oa,
N-tuco

Samen'

Zam'

Sama

Mu-tcoba,
N-tcoba

Seven

Hembwedi

Hembwedi

Zambcoa

\-sambeoa

Sambok'

^amba

Eight

L-ombi

L-ombi

Mu-am'

Mu-om'

Lu-em' or
Gu-em'

L-ombi or
Lco-ambi

Nine

Di-bua

E-biia,
Li-pfua
di-bvua

E-bu

Boa

Bco

Di-bua,
1-bua

Ten

J-om'

Womi or
Wi5m,
Bom'

D-um'

J-um'

C-um',
J-um"

D-um',
Di-om'

Eleven

J-om na j-ohoD

Bom na vure.
Bom na
ni-fudi

J-um b(o>e-ada.
(J-um b(o-ye-ba
= twelve)

D-um nc wo.
(D-um na
be-ba =
twelve)

Twenty ...

Ma-bco ma-ba

Ma-wom ma-ba

M-uma

M-uma.
(M-uma b<o>e
ada = tiventy-
one)

M-u-a-ba.

(M-u-a-ba ne
w5 = Iwentj-
one)

Thirty

Ma-tco ma-lalto

Ma-wom ma-lal

. . .

...

M-«m-a-a

M-u-a-lalu

Forty

Ma-boo ma-nai

Ma-wom ma-na

M-um-a-na

M-um-a-na

M-u-a-ne

Fifty ... ...

Ma-bw ma-tancd

Ma-wom ma-tan

...

• . ■

M-um-a-tan

M-u-a-tan'

Sixty

Ma-bo) n-tcoba

...

M-um-a-sama

M-um-u-tcoba

Seventy ...

Ma-bco
hembwedi

...

M-u-sambok

M-u-samba

Eighty

Ma-bco l-ombi

...

M-u-lu-em

M-u-1-ombi

Ninety

Ma-bco di-bua

...

..

M-u-boa

M-u-li-bua

Hundred . . .

E-bwea

Bwia,
Bwea

...

...

M-buyco

K-gbwea

Thousand ...

...

Fure,

Pfude

...

...

...

I-kuri ; pi.
loo-kuli

I, me, my

M-ba.
N-a-.

Ma or Ne.
Ma-, Me-.

3

-m-ba, -a-mi

-ma-,
-a-n

Mi, Ma.
?
?
-ma

M-ba.
N-a-.
?

-m-ba, -a-mi
or -a-m'

GROUP OO: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

613

English

199-
Ba-nohcd

200.
Ma-bea

200 a.
N-gumba

201.
Ba-siki

202.
Ba-kcukw, cfc.

203
Ba-sa

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

Thou, thee,
they

(O-a.
CO..

We or Gwe.
We-.

...

0)a.
0)..

W-a.

a>-.

-eo-a-.

-we-.

■>

J

He, him, his

•ongci)

M5.
A-.

•6

A- or Nye.
A-, Nye-.

•«-a

Nye.

Yu-, A-.
3

-w-a, -a-ngci>,
•ngco
M(o.
A..
J

We, us, our

-mco, -a-mu
We.
I-.

-ue

Vi-de, Vi.
Fi-,

-

-nye, -we
Be-he.
Fi-, Bi-.

...

•mu, -a-u
Bi-sco.
Di-.

Ye, you, your

-we, -a-hu

Nywe.
5

Bi.
Bi-.

?

...

-be-he
Nye.
5

?

...

-bi-sw, -a-su
I-nyco, Bi-nyo).
00-.

?

They, them,
their

-nywe, -a-nyu
B5.
Ba-.

}

-bo, -a-bu

-i-n
Be.
Bu-.

•boi

...

•nye
Bu.
Ba-.

I
?

-bi-ny CO, -a-nyu
Babcj.
Ba-.

?

-babco, -babu

All

This, these

That, those

-yehe

To-nu, te-ba ;
te-mu, te-me ;
te-di, te-raa ;
te-e, te-be ;
te-vi (8 a) ;
te-ni, te-i ;
te-vo) (12);
te-bco (14);
hco-nco (15) ;
to-wa (16)

-b-ehe.
-bia (Bco-bia)
-gina, ba-gina ; Nyi

( Tkese demon-
stratives are of
200 a)

-na (nyi-na),
ba-na ; nyi-na,
mi-na : yi-na,
ma-na ; yi-na,
bi-na ; yi-na)
(9 and 10)

-ni (nyi-ni,
bi-ni ; &^c.)

-nu, -ba; -mu,

-mi ; -di, -ma ;

-e, -bi, -i (8 a) ;

-ni,-i;-lu(il);

-lu (12) ; -bu ;

00- (15);

-wa (16)
Nu-nu, ba-nu ;

mu-nu, mi-ni ;

di-no>, ma-nu ;

ye-ni, be-ni ;

yi-n' (8 a) ; ni-n'

{9),yi.n'(lo);

lu-n' (11);

lu-n' (12) ;

bu-n- (14) ;

wa-n' (16) or

wa-nu
Nu-ne; ba-ne ;

mu-ne; mi-ne;

di-ne ; ma-ne;

yi-ne, bi-ne ;

yi-ne (8 a) ;

ni-ne (9) ;

yi-ne (10) ;

lu-ne (11);

lu-ne (12) :

bu-ne (14) ;

u-ne,a)-ne{i5);

wa-ne (16)
•nee {yonder) ;

(nu-nee,

ba-nee, Qfc.)

6i4

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

199.

1

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

English

Ba-nohco

Ma^bea
200 a.

Ba^siki

lia^keokou, c^Y.

Ba-sa

Duala
204 a. Wuri

{ N-gumba

Bad

•be-vi,
•be,

Bto-be

Bi^ww.
A'buoi

A-be

Ajim^be

Buj.be

Black

Vycovyto,

2fi,

•langu

N^langa

-indu,

Wewico.

Na-zuoj,

•windu

■vinda

Na-ziu

Female

•ditu,
-b-itu.

-mw^adi

Mi^al'

••• •••

M-odi ;
mi^odi.
Mu-tu ;
b^itu

Fierce, sharp,

-VfislU

-j.nU

...

Kwainya

bitter

Good

Bw-am'.

M^pa,

M^bon

-1-am'

Bw-am',

-y-am'.

M-bwa.

•am'.

Bw-ambe

•ngun

•lodi

Great

•nene

•neni

•••

*••

•ndene.
•kulu,
•kuni

Little

-hadi.

N-genge.

E^tooga.

■ ■«

-sadi.

•hate

•fina.
•tua,>
•tua^ga

•tigi

1-suna,

■suna.

Tikitiki

Long, high,

Y-avi.

•ja

...

• .*

Bw.aba.

tall

Bw-aba

-te

Male

M>o>mci>.

N^gum' ;

...

• ••

M-«mi,

N.lwmi

min^gum'.

M-ume.

(savage).

Son ;

bco^son

Tutu

Old

N-tcodu

Ntuli

...

...

•dun',
-kwon

Red

I-behima.
-behibehi

Na-bi,
•bl

E-ve

Kcojob

Mu-naiiga

Rotten

•bwala

•buo

• •• ■ • •

...

•b«o,
•boru

Short

Hu-huwei

•pfuluhu

*•■ •••

...

•iiti

Sick

•daha

-tara.
■be

•bcoa

White

•veletea.
•veletele

•bambala

•veletete

■puba

•sanga

Above, up, on

•Icoba,

Pe bwuw.

A-ka,

top

CO^ltoba

Pe peli bwuu

Bu-ka.

(jO^mon'.

Moi

Before

Bcdhu,

Pe pue

...

...

Sele.

00 buhu

BcdSCO,

-

OO^bcdSu.
Fonda

Behind ...

CO m^bua.
CObeii.
On^hoiigu

Pefihe

...

...

M-busa,
COm^busa

Below, down

Vioa^he.
CO^he

Pesi

...

...

-a-si,
Wa^si

Far

Vaba

•■•

...

...

...

I •turn

Noteworthy.

GROUP OO : THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

615

199.

200.

201.

202.

203.

204.

English

Ba-nohco

Ma-bea
200 a.
j N-gumba

Ba-siki

Ba-kci>k<a, &'c.

Ba-sa

Duala
204 a. Wuri

Here

00 wa.

We,

Wahi,

COhcancd

Wa

OO-wani

In, inside ...

CO.teni.

Pe tu

A.

W-tin',

0).

Pe kw-are

A-te

a)-tetin'.

OO-he

0).

Middle

Haiiga-ne.
(jO-hanga-ne

■tima.
Pahala

Tetin.
Pulisene

Near

Beibei na

Bebe

...

Bebe.
Pe

Outside . . .

Mw-eiige

Pe dende

Bu-sino>.
E'bcakcd,
(jO-bci>ko>

Plenty, many

Bto-hitw

Bvoa,
bwubwu.
M.fuli

...

Jita,
Gita.
Iti

There

Oii-nu.
OO-wane

Wu.
Pe

Une,
COne,
Wone

Where? ...

CO-wewe ?

(jOpe-nye ?
Pe?

...

Sco?
CO.we ?
U-ndi ?

No!

Bah!

N-zole !
Tto!

Kern'!
Si!

Not{wi/Aver/>,

•ima- ; -a- ; -i-

-ponele.

To)

Se. Si-. Tco,

as frefix, in-

•a- le.

Titi

fix, or suffix)

•digi-

To

(jO-

beat ...

•dipa,
•tiba

...

buy, sell

-hamba,
■hambie

-jaga

come ...

•n^e,
•nzi

cut

-tia

dance ...

•gimbcd

die

...

-yo.
•gii

eat ...

-da

-di,
-da

give . . .

-bwe-de.

-le.

•bcola

-kie

go

-la

•ke.
-kanda

kill ...

-gu.
■fie

know ...

-bia

•aana,
■panele

-sanle

laugh ...

•yco

•jca

-n-gand'

-ke (-kene.
-kenek'!)
■liliha

•dipa

-anda,

-ganda
-poi.

■wa-.

•ya.

To!
-ke
■sa
■wu

■da

■bcola

-ala.

Ite!
•bwa,

•bwea
■bii,

■bia

■yo,
■yolto

There is only a slight trace of an infinitive prefix in Duala. // is <Si- (No. 15).

6i6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

199.
Ba-nohu

2CX3.

Ma-bea

200 a.

N-gumba

201.
Ba-siki

202.
Ba-kcokbi, &•£.

203.
Ba-sa

204.

Duala

204 a. Wuri

To

I-

?

(0-

?

„ leave off,

...

...

...

cease

„ love, want

■t5ndu

•kwali

■sumu

„ see

■nyina

•en

„ sit,remain.

...

•jie,

...

abide

•J»a

„ sleep ...

■yco,
•vyco

•gueo.
-ja

...

„ stand,stop,

...

•tiwa

...

be erect

„ steal ...

■hiba

•ju,

-J ICO

pi
■dia

■tondco
•ene.

-ombwa
•ja,

•jai
nanga

•teme

-iba

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN BA-NOHtO

Class I. Mco-, Mu-, M-, H- (o, a, -mco-, nu) ; 2. B'-, Beo- (ba, b') ; 3. N; »-, M-, Mw- (mu, mco) ;
4. Me-, Mi- (me, mi) ; 5. I-, Di-, J-, D'- (di, j') ; 6. Ma-, M'- (ma, m) ; 7. E-, Y- (e, y') ; 8. Be-, Bi-
(be, bi) ; 8 a. I-, Vi-, V- (vi) (p/. 00-, Vw-, Lu- or Leo-) ; 9. — , N- (e, y, ni) ; 10. N-, — (i-, y) ; 11. miss-
ing?; 12. V<o-, to, Lu-, Lw, L- (vo), Ico, 1'); 13. missing; 14. Bw, Bw- (bo)) (//. No. 4) ; 15. (JO-
{ha>, (o), as preposition only; 16. Wa-, Va-, as preposition only.

The -ni locative suffix is apparently present.

PREFIXES, &C., IN MA-BEA AND N-GUMBA

Class I. Mo-, Mu-, N- (M-), — (m, iiw, nye, nyi) ; 2. Bto-, Ba- (ba>, ba) ; 3. — (m, iiw, nyi) ; 4. Me-,
Mi- (m', mi) ; 5. A-, D', J-, Dzi- (yi, y') ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. Ji-, Gi-, Ki- (rare), — (yi, ye, m, nw) ; 8. Bi-
(bi) ; 9. N-, — (n, yi, m) ; 10. same as 9, but virtually absent; 11, 12, and 13 missing; but 13. is
probably represented by the indefinite pronominal prefix (without concord) Ka-, meaning ' such a one' ;
14. Bco- (very little used) ; 15. Wu- (only adverbial) ; 16. Wa-, We- (200 a. Pe-, OOp'-, Pa-, fairly fre-
quent in an adverbial sense).

Mwa- is used as a diminutive prefix and -tua, -ntua as a diminutive suffix.

PREFIXES IN BA-SIKI AND BA-KOOKO)

Class I. Mco-,—; 2. Ba-?, Bco-?; 3. — ; 4. Me-; 5. Li-?; 6. Ma-?; 7. — ; 8. Bi-; 9. — ; 10. — ;
II. ?Li-; 12. ?; 13. ?; 14. ?; 15. ?.

PREFIXES IN BASA

Class I. Mco- ; 2. Bco- ; 3. ? ; 4. Mi- ; 5. Di-, Li-, L'-, J'-, C'-, K'-, A- ; 6. Ma- ; 7. I-, E- ; 8. Bi- ;

9- N-, — ; 10. N-, — ; 11, 12, and 13. missing; 14. Boo-; 15. Wco- (rare).

PREFIXES, &c., IN DUALA

Class I. Mco-, Mu-, — (co-, a-, -mo), nu) ; 2. Ba-, B'- (ba, b') ; 3. Mu-, Mco- (mu, mco, m') ; 4. Mi-
(mi, m') ; 5. Di-, I-, J., D'-, L'- (ji-, di, yi, nyi-) ; 6. Ma- (ma, ni') ; 7. E-, I- (yi, ye, e) ; 8. Bi- (be', bi) ;

' T/iere is only a slight trace of an infinitive prefix in Duala. // is 00- {No. 15).

I

GROUP OO: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES 617

8a. I- (i, yi) ; 9. N-, — (yi, ni); 10. N-, — (i, yi) ; 11. Lto- (with Ma- as plural) (Ico, lu) ; 12. Leo-, Lu-
(1(0, lu) ; 13. missing ; 14. Bu-, Boj- (bui, bu, b') ; 15. 00-, U-, as preposition only ; 16. Wa-, Wu-, in
place-name only and in prepositions, but with concord wu or wa.
The -ni locative suffix is apparently present as -n.

199. Banohco is spoken in the coast-belt across the estuary of the Sanaga, between the Nyon river
and the estuary of the Duala (' Cameroons ') or Wuri river.

200. Mabea and 200 a. Ngumba are spoken in the region immediately behind the Batanga coast,
from the Kribi to the Benito ; also in the separate dialect, Ngumba, farther inland, between the Kribi
and the Nyon rivers (partly a Pygmy population).

201. Basiki is spoken under various names (Basiki, Bimbi, Banek) eastward of Ngumba and Mabea,
and northward to beyond the Nyoii river.

202. Bakcokco is spoken in the region of South-west Cameroons, between the Lower Sanaga and Nyon
rivers, and between the Sanaga and the Dibambu. The range of the Bakfuko) dialects extends eastward
till it merges into the Mvele-Fang and the Bali languages of the Mbam and Upper Sanaga.

203. Basa is spoken in the districts south of the Duala and Wuri people, as far south and east
as the Dibambu river and the Sanaga,

204. Duala and 204 a. Wuri are spoken on the south shores of the ' Cameroons ' or Duala estuary,
and on both banks of the Wuri or Duala river as far east as the town of Yabasi and the confluence of
the Ngam and the Wuri rivers.

GROUP 00

THE SPANISH GUINEA- WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

(contitmcd)

00 4 DuAi.A Sub-group
205. I-subu (Bi-mbia) 206. Ba-kwiri-Bam-bcokco

00 5 Rum PI Sub-group

207. Ba-rondco-Ba-lue or West Ba-kundu 208. N-gcolco-Ba-tafiga '

{Includes dialect of Ba-kasi peninsula. 209. Ba-kundu (of the East)
Styled for irevity BsL'Tondoi-Bai-lue) 210. Ba-rombi-M-boiige

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondco-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

liam-bcoku

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Adze

E-undu ; be-

Animal, wild

Ny-ama

...

• •■

beast

Ant

I-tanda ; be-

I-tanda ; we-.
Scoma.
Jua.
Si-au

I:Son"

...

Ncono

Ki

Ant, white

...

Di-wuse ; ma-

*••

...

(termite)

Ape (chim-

E-waki

E-waki

E-waka

...

E-waki

E-waki

panzi or
gorilla)
Arm

Ptombco

M-o ; me-o.

Mu-kun',

M-cdku.

Mu-ko ; mi-

M-oni; me-ni

M-okco.

Mu-kunye^

Di-tonga>

Fombco

Arrow

Pambu.

Mo)-wanja

Mu)-wanja.
I-kaka

Kati

E.pali ; be-

N-kyet"

M-banja

Axe

E-ondu ;
y-ondco

Y-ondto ;
bi-ondco.
E-iindu ; be-

Hfwiundi or
Hfundi

Di-yo>ka ; ma-

Ey-undu

N-dondi

Baboon ...

Sombco

...

• *•

■ •>

Sombu

...

Back, back-

M-busa

Mco-ongto

M-bip'

• •■

M-bisa

M-bun''

bone

Banana ...

E-wule

E-gbwie,
E-gbule; />l.
we-gbwie.
M-bco.
Me-ko.
Di-ko ; ma-ko

Kondi

E-dudi.
Di-kele :
mco-kele

Kondi

Beard

N.jelu

N-jeli

Di-jei

• •*

N-jeru

N-jedi

Bee

Ny-ato

Ny-aco.
Eny-anco

U-yu

Ny-oi

N-dombi

Bo-yu

Belly

Li-wunga.
Di-bum

Li-wunga

Di-bum'

M-ea

K-genge.
M-ea

Di-bum' ; ma-

Bird

I-noni ;lco-noni

I-noni ;
be-noni ; also
y(D-n5ni and
l(o-noni

Fi-non' ; //.
u-nun'

I-nco ; do)-nco

I-no ; lu-no

Fi-non' ; u-non'

i

' Koelle's ' i

Vlu-rundu '.

' Noteworthy : see Easi

African Bantu.

' Noteworthy.

GROUP 00 : THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

619

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-8ubu

I3a-kwiri-

Ba-rondeo-

N-goolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

liam-bukcd

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Blood

Ma-kia

Ma.ija.
Ma-cia

Ma-ki

Ma-kia

Ma-kia

Ma-ki

Body

Ny-colu

Ny-uo».
Mu-kita.

Mw-kuku

Kuku

...

Ny-urca

M(o-kii ; me-

Bone

Ewese ;
be-wese

Ese ; wese

Ki-fes' ; pi.
bi-fes'

Esi; b-esL

E-ese; be-ese

N-kokco

Borassus palm

. . .

• . .

Bow

M-banja.
Li-kosi

Li-kojsi

M-bwendi

Bo-rco ; ma-rco

Mbanji

N-golco

Bowels

E-buiiga ; bi-

E-bunga

...

...

Brains

W-ongco

B-oiigw,
Boj-ongoj

Bo-n "

...

B-ongco

Di-ombi

Breast(nian's)

Mu-kanga

E-ktokto.
Mu-kanga.
Li-embi

I-kembekembe ;
do>-kembe-
kembe

Hco-kanga

...

Breast

Li-be,

Li-be

Di-be

Di-b6; ma-b6

I-be ; ma-be

Di-betu; ma-

(woman's!

Li-ve

Brother ...

1

.Ma-nian
bwa-mi

Yeye.
Mw-anima.
Mu-mana

Bw-aru

VVu-ana bwa
mu-tina.
Wu-ana bwa
mu-titi

N-ana iya

M-bombto

Buffalo

Nate

Ny-ate ; ny-adi Ny-eti

. . .

Ny-ati

B^sumbe

Buttocks ...

I-kanda

1-fute.
M-bondco

Ma-kendi ( pi.)

Ma-kandi

M-iinii

Canoe

\V.ol<o,
B-ol« ; pi.
m-olco

Bw-alu,
Bw-aw

Uw-a

W-arci» : m-arcd

W-aru

M-bojti

Cat

Mambala

Mambala

A-iiwa

A-wambara ; ba-

^ingi

M-biS

Charcoal ...

Findi

Pindi pa m-oya

Chief

Sangoi

Tate"

M-di'"

Mco-li ; ba-li

E-yaiigi.
M-ftoni

M-bole;
ba-bole

ChUd

Mw-ana ;
b-ana.
M(o-keiige ;
mi-

W-ana; b-ana.
.Mu-kengele;
mi-.
Mu-kutu ; ba-

M-an' ; b-on'f^
b-oin'

N-ana ; b-ana

Mw-an' ; b-an'

Cloth

Li-watu

Li-watu

Di-batu

E-papi

Di-bati

Cold

N-goi.
E-sime

Yu-lulu.
Di-weoj

N-ali.'"'
Na-raka

I-wa

Country ...

E-kumbu

I-kumi.
E-wimbe

E-kom'

...

E-kombu

E-kcomi

Cow, cattle

Ny-aka

Ny-aka.
E-embi ;
be-embi

Ny-aka

Ny-aka

Ny-aka

Eny-aja ;

be-ny-

Crocodile ...

N-gandu

N-gandu.
N-deosanja

N-gande

N-gandoj

N-gandu

N-gange

Day, daylight

Su ; //. mi-u.

Su ; ina-su.

Di-ofi

U-ese [i.e. day-

Bu-nya ;

Di>kukco

Bu-nya.

Wu-nya.

light)

mi-nya.

1

(Mu-ese =

^onjco

Wi-nya

daylight)

Devil, evil

M-ongi

M-ongi

N-gu

...

E-kali

Bw-eli

spirit

Doctor (medi-

N-ganga

N-ganga

Mco-wurama-le

...

cine man)

1 Dog

N-bwa

N-bwa

M-bio»

M-fa

M-bwea

N.jongi

1 Door, door-

J-5mbi

Li-cohwa,

Mu-na; mi-na

Di-kcowa.

Li-ktoba

Di-ombe

way

Di-Gjfa.

Mu-na

E-kcowa

620

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondoo-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-bcokco

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Dream

N-dotco

N-dotco.
I-jo i-beco

N-dem'

N-dotco

Mi-kesco

Drum

1-limbi.
N-gcomoj

Jimbi.
N-gcoma.

M(o-lomba

N-gom'

N-gcomco

N-gcomco

N-gcomi

Ear

Li-tu

Li-tu

Di-uin

Di-toi ; ma-toi

Li-tii

Ma-ti {pi.)

Egg

Mo-ke ; mi-ke

Nw-eu ; pi.
mi-ei

C-ari-guf ;
bi-ari-guf

Di-ke ; ma-ke

Mu-ke; mi-

Mio-ki; me-ki

Elephant ...

N-jokto

N-jco

N.jok

N-joku ; ma +

N-jokco

\-jeku

Excrement

Mco-wa

Mto-wa.
Mcoa

Di-bi

...

Lcoa

Dw-bi

Eye

Ly-isco ; m-isco

Ly-isco

D-ip' ; m-ip*
Su

D-isco ; m-isco

D-isco

D-ise ; m-ese

FacCjforehead Bco-seo ;

]3(o-sco

Bco-sco ; ma-SCO.

Bu)-sco ; ma-SCO

Bco-sco

mabco-sto.

Di-bonjco

M-bombco

Fat, oil ...

Ma-wongi.
M-ula

Ma-nconco.

Mco-uja,
Ma-vuja

Di-fon

M(o-s«a

Di-wo

Ma-ula

Father

Teta

So-ngo),
Sa-ngw

Ta-te.
Sese

Tata

Sese

Tata.

Sa-figo)

...

Fear

W-ongco

M-bcobi

W-on

W-ongco

B-ongi

Finger

Mw-ini

Mu-nye.
J-conoi ;
be-eonco.'
1-ni ; l(o-ni

Mi-on

I-ne ; dovne

Mu-nco ; mi-nco

M(o-ni ; mi-ni

Fire

W.ea.

M(o-ya

Mu-nya

Fy-ui

Mo-ya

Mw-ea

W-ie

Fish

Sui

(Ny-ama)

Titi

N-dondi

(Ny-ama).
Dondi

Sui

Foot

Fata

Li-tanga.
(I-tambi; //.
yu-tambi =

shoe)

Di-ku

Dikora

Mu-pa

Di-bamba

Forest

W-anga.
Y-iri.
Li-kumba

Li-kumba

Pen

Mu-riki ; me-

N-dikco ; //.
mi-diki

Pen'

Fowl

Kiiba

Uba,
^'.uba

Kuf

Kuba

Kuba

Ku

Frog

I-tolcdlco ; Ico-

Li-kuwe ; ma-.
Mu-nyiea

...

Di-sangi.

Mco-kawi

Mu-koiigo}

...

Ghost

E-limu ; we-

M u>-limco.
E-mco ; be-mco

N-gu

Mu-dimu ; mi-

Di-wongi

Girl, maiden

N-gondeli

N-gondco

...

...

N-gonde-ka-
namtia.
N-gondcoki

...

Goat

M-boli

M-bcoli

Penge"

I-ke: dco-ke

M-bcodi

Penge'

„ (he) ...

E-tutuwe
(? ratn).
E-kpa,
E-gpco; be-gpco

Y-cokwco

E.gbu ; be-gbu

E-sele

God

Lcoba

Ol)-basi.
Lcoba

A-wasi

Oi)-wase

OL)-wasi

A-basi

Grandparent

M-bamba,
M-bambe

M-bamba,
M-bambe

...

...

...

' Also D-conco ; pi. wi-cono>. J-conco usually stands for ' thumb '.
"^ Noteworthy.

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

621

205.

206.

207.

20S.

2og.

310.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rond«-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Batn-bcokco

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Grass

E-wule ;
be-wule

E-wule

Bi-paba

...

E-ru

N-jumbu

Ground

Mu>-nyangalco,
Si

Mco-nya.
Si.

tO-se ; pi.
i-se

^im-se

• ■•

Mu-nyere

N-dcoweo

Ground-nut

Ma-t«wi ' (pi.)

...

N-gondi wa
yon

...

N-gondw ja
baye

• •a

Guinea-fowl

Kpai

E-kwai.
Kange

Fi-kpwa ;
u-kpwa

...

...

N-guru

Gun

Mu-komba

Mu-komba

Mu-kumba

Mto-kumba

Mu-kumba

Mco-kumba

Hair

Seowe

Scowe

Di

Ny-unga

Ny-unga

Ny-a

Hand

Li-ka.

Li-a.

Di-ka

Li-konjco '

Di-konjo).'

Rika.

I-wungco

Li-wumbi

Di-kconyco; ma-

M-bu-rika.
Kunja

Head

Mu-lcopco

Mco-ojpo).
Mo-roj ; mi-ru

M-5 ; mi-5

Mo-ro> ; mi-r«

Mu-rco

M-o ; me-u

Heart

Mu-lema

Mw-ema.
Li-wunduundu

Mw-em' ;
mi-em'

...

Mu-lema

M-buma

Heel

Tindi.
E-tindere

E-tindele

N-kcokcd

E-tinde; be-

Di-b5

M-bu

Hide

E-keoboo

Ey-cowco.

M-MWtO

...

...

E-kcobco

• ■•

Hill

Mu-koli

Mco-oli or
Mu-ri

...

• ••

Mu-rungu

• ••

Hippopotamus

N-guwu

N-guwu

N-jcokco
ma-kumba.
N-jcokea
ma-lip '

N-gubu

...

Hoe

Li-bakoa

Li-bakoo.
pi-sakoa.

Mw-aa

...

Yonguj
rco-yong^

Di-bak<a.
Ny-uiigu

Ny-tmgu

Honey

B-ombco.
Bco-wco

Bco.
Wu

Uy-ii

N.yoi

B-ombco

Ma-u

Horn

Mu-sewa

Mu-sewa.

Mco-seba

Ton

...

Tongco

N-korco

House

N-dawu

N-dawu.
M-bcoa.
(L-umbu =

nest)

N-da

N-dawco ;
man-dawco

N-dabco

N-da

Hunger

N-jaco

N-jaco

N-ja

...

N-ja

N-je

Husband ...

...

M-coma

Mu-nya

Mu-nyare

...

Hyena

...

Kin-jop ;
bin-jop

...

...

N-scska

Iron

E-eke

E-eke,
E-yeki

Ken

E-keakoo

E-ke

N-kookM

Island

E-yondi

E-yondi

Ki-bok ; bi-bok

. . .'

-..

Ivory

Mw-angco

M-ondoo muj

M-ia mi n-jcokco

Di-songa ra

Mu)-anga.

...

mco n-j(okco

n-jcokco

n-Jok*

Songa la
n-jokoa

Knee

Li-ongoiigco

Li-oiigongoi

Di-bon ; ma-

Li-wongco; ma-

Di-bon goo

Di-nu

Knife

Li-wendi

Li-wendi

D-endi ; j
ma-endi

Di-rendi ; ma-

E-lendi or Ui-

I-kongco ; doi-

Lake, sea . . .

Mw-anja

Mw-anja

...

• . .

...

Leg

Mw-ende

Mw-ende

M-bwendi

' Noteworthy.

Mo3-fanga;me-

N-koko.
M-€ani

s s

622

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondeo-

N-gojloo-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-boikcd

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Leopard ...

N-jo

N.geo

N-je

N-ko

N-j5

Y-ungu ;
be-ungu

Lion

...

M-bangci3

. ••

...

N-gila

...

Lips

Mu-lumbu

Mu-umbu

Bwegbwe

...

E-pcopu

M-bote

Magic, reli-

I-lemba

Li-emba

L-embe

N-deowe; ma +

Rcobco

D i-lemba

gion

(idol, fetish).
Bu-remba

Maize

M-basi

...

M-gbwi

N-giii

N-gwi

M-kpwi

Man

M6-tu; ba-tu

Mo-t<o; ba-tu
or wa-tu

Mu-ti ; bu-ti.
M-5i; b-ui.
M-uin

M(o-teo ; ba-toa

Mo-tco.
Mi-ana ;
bi-ana

Mu-ti ; ba-ti

Man, vir. ...

M-um-ana; bu-

M-uny-ana ; pi.

...

...

Mu-nyare

...

Meat

Ny-ama

wa~
Ny-ama

Titi

Ny-ama

Ny-ama

Titi

Medicine ...

Ma-le

Bwe.
Y-cobco

...

Ma-le

...

...

MUk

Ma-nyongco

...

■ *.

Ma-be

Ma-nyongoj

...

Monkey ...

Kema

£ma.

Mco-sakco

Kui

Kema

Yema

Kem'

Moon

Ngw-ende

Ngw-endi

Sufi

N-g5nda

N-g5ndi

N-g5ndi

Mother

Yeya

Jeje,
lya
Phakoj or

...

lya

lya

...

Mountain ...

Phakco

N-kcokco

Mu-ri.

N-kcokco

Fakeo

M<o-koali

Mouth

Mu-liunbu

Wana

N-dumbi

M-omboj;
m-embco

Mu-mbu

OO-wau

Nail (of finger

N-ganda

N-ganda

Ci-a ; bi-a

E-sasa ; be-

N-gandi

N-ganda

or toe)

Name

D-ina

L-ina

D-iii

...

D-ina

D-ine

Navel

N-jungu.
Mcu-toli

N-jungu

...

Di-tengu; ma-

Mu-toroj

...

Neck, throat

Koiti

Li-wco.
Y-ingu

N-kin

Di-bolu.
Kingco

I-bwaroj

Di-bolu

Night

W-u

W-u or
Ew-u

N-guku

Buru

Bu-ti

N-kcokco

Nose

M-bemba

Mu-hembe,
Mu-phemije.
Ma-ombco

Di-u.
Nd-ii

Mco-fiki ; me-

M-pemba.
Deo

E-lombco

Oil palm ...

Mende.

Li-a ; mi-a.

Lindi,

Di-a; mi-a

Lendi

M-bu (?).

M-bia

M-bia {fruit
of)

Di-indi

Di-sen

Ox

Ny-aka

Ny-aka

Ny-aka

• ..

Ny-aka

Ny-a

Paddle ...

Phaki

Faki,
Paki,
E-paki

•••

...

Kapi

.. •

Palm wine,

...

M-imba

M-o ma lindi

...

...

M-uki wa m-bi

beer

Parrot

N-g(osca

Ol)sco,

KcdSO]

N-gup'

KcoSca

Kusi

M(o-keya

Penis

Ytokoj

Ytokco

N-suk

...

...

Ntinii

Pig

N-gua

N-gua

N-gtii

N-gwa

N-geoa

N-gu^

Pigeon

M-benga

M-benga

M-benga

Sire ; ba-sire

M-benga

M-benga

Place

E-kie.
CO-ma

E-kili

Fomi,
Fom'

...

W-uma or
(jL)w-uma

Yeke

Rain

M-bua

M-bua

L-of

M-biia

M-bimba

M-bu

Rat

E-tuli,
E-turo)

E-t«.
E.feta

P5

Po

P6

Pii

GROUP 00 : THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

623

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondco-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-bukcd

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

River

Mw-anja.
Ma)-{ophi.
M-ombco

Mw-anja.
M-tosoi

M-bii

...

Mw-anja,
Mw-andya

Ma-lep'

Road

N-jia

N-jia

N-je

...

N-ja

N-jangu

Salt

Y-anga.
M-anga

{sail ivaler)

Lkwa

E-kcoa ; roj-kcoa

* ■ >

• ••

Shame

I-sconi

I-soni

•■•

• ■•

>••

...

Sheep

Mco-longco ;
me-

Mcj-longco ;
me-.

Mco-lengu;
mi-

M-longe ; mi-

Mu-ronki.
E-scoka ; be-

Mco-longi

M-bwebi

Shield

N-guba

N-guba

*• t

• * >

Shoulder ...

Li-kata

Li-kata.
M-ata ;
mi-ata

E-tuli; be-

...

•••

Sister

N-dumani

N^-dcomani.
Yeye

E-yojwco

Bw-aru

...

N-ana-iya

N-jangco

Skin

E-yooww

iCcokco

^.gcowco

E-kobco

Mco-kita

Sky

Lcdba

Lcowa

Lon-gundi

Rcowa

• • •

Dcobi

Slave

M(o-k&jmi

Mu-tanga ; ba-.
Mio-kcomi.
Mco-fa ; ba-fa

...

VI CO -fa ; ba-fa

Mu-pa ; ba-pa

Sleep

I-y5

I-joo,
I-jo
Yu-tutu {pi.)

Fi-lo ; u-15

...

'-yo

Bo-ijo

Smoke

Yu-tutu (//.)

Fi-duti ; u-duti

M(o-tutu

Mu-tutu

M-bange-

wange

Snake

Ny-ama-
gbwawa

Gbwawa

Ny-o

Iny-o ; many-o

Ny-5

Ny-o

Son, boy ...

Mu-kutu ;
ba-kutu

Mw-ana or
W-ana; b-ana

M-an'; pi.
b-oin' or
b-5n'

Wu-ana; b-ana

tf-ana

Mw-an'

Song

Mu-kenge

Mu-scokco.
(Embi =

sing!)

N-gom'

...

Vlu-koni

Dco-tiin

Spear

Di-kongco

J -ongco ;
ma-ongco.
Li-ongco.
Scolco

Di-kon'

Di-kongco

Di-ongoo,
Di-kongco

Tuba

Spirit, soul

M-wdl

2-linge.
E-limcD

...

...

Bw-eri

Star, planet

I-seowea

Scombi,
I-sombi

Fi-asasu; u-

\

^f-gengete

E-lungu ; be-

Stick

E-li; be-li.

E-yi ; we-yi.

M-bwendi

Vlco-le ; me-le Mw-ere

Mu)-timbu '

Mu-timbco '

E-bongco

Stone

Li-lali ; ma-

Li-yai; ma-.
Di-ya

Di-kok'

W-ale; m-ale 1

-rari

Di-rari

Stool

Vl-bcoku

E-wungu; be- Kunda

. ..

Sun

Mcu-hcoko] ; mi-

Mco-hcokco.

Fi-yana

Vlco-sonji Kcoba

Di-nyaa

E-bwei

Tail (of an

Mu-kondco

Mu-ondeo

...

M-iindco

...

animal)

Tear

Li-sSH

Vli-sis'

Rua

Ma-ji

Testicles ...

Li-windi ; ma-

Li-windi

N y-anga

• t «

...

Pungu

Thief

[-iwa

L-iba

VV-if ; pi.

W-ipi.

M-gbwala

iigw-iv'

N-ipe

' Cf. Swahili Fimbco.

Ss 2

624

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ha-rondeo-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-bookoa

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Thigh

Li-bebe

Li-bebe,
Li-yebi.
(I-tunga =

hip)

-

E-lefu ; be-

...

...

Thing

Y-uma ; b-ema

Y-uma; w-ema

Di-ambi ;
m-ambi

...

C-uma

Di-am'

Thorn

N-jenje

N-jenje

Ki-dco; bi-dco

• •»

Senje

Di-penyi

Tobacco ...

Takeo

Takeo

Takeo

N-wenyi

Tabaku

To-day ...

Wunu-bu-nya

Ya-wconto.
Yabon'

Di-51e

E-awu

Nina

Di-51i

Toe

Mw-ini

J -unco ya
li-tanga

• ••

I-ne ali-kco
pi. dco-ne ra

Mu-nu

Mw-ni; me-ni

To-morrow
Tongue

Tooth
Town, village

Tree

Twins

Urine

Vein

War

Water

Well, source
White man

Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft
Woman ...

Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

Year

Yesterday.,

Keke
Jeme,

Dyeme ; pi.

m-eme
Li-sunga
M-bcoka.

M CO -kind e
Y-eli ; w-eli

Ma-ise
Mi-nyali
Mto-sisa ; nii-
Bi-la

Ma-liwa

Mu-kala
Mu-nja

N-gcico.

M-u-li.

N-gcoi
Mu-lemba.

I-lemba ; \va-
N-gambi
Mw-aitu

L-oili

Mw-ele
Jeme

Li-sunga
M-bcoa

Fi-dem'; u-dem'

Di-son ; ma-
M-bok

Bwe' ; ma-e' K-e ; b-e

Mco-wasa?
Mi-nyali
M(o-sisa
Bi-a.

Ma-ongco
Ma-liwa.

M-usoa

M-bong(o

Mu-nya.

Mu-lana
N-go.

N-didi.

E-wili
Mu-lemba.

Li-emba
N-ganga
Mw-aitu ;

b-aitu.

Mu-lana; ba-

Di-fasi; ma-
Ma-sanji

W-ara

Ma-lef

Mu-kafu.

Mu-karara
N-ta

ma-keo
E-ana*
Wco-emi ;

m-emi

Di-songa ; ma-
Mco-ki ; me-ki

Bco-le ; ma-le

Mu>-sisa ; me-
Bi-ra

Ma-liwa

Moi-karara ; ba-

Pupe

Lembe

Y-wdi,

J-coli ; bi-coli
M-ba E-unco ;

be-conco.

I-conco ;

loy-conu.

M-ba.

Ma-sua
M-bu ; mem-bu Mw-a
Mw-ele Mw-ele

N-ta; ba-ta W-ara-na ; ba-

Ki-yu ; bi-yu E-co; be-<a

M-ii ; rai-u

Eana mu-su

Yana>

Yeme,

Leme

^uiiga ; ma ■^■
Mu-ki,

Mu-kindi
Bw-ere ;

mi-ere.

Bu-ma
Ma-asa

N-juma.

Bo-ra
Ma-riba,

Ma-liba

Mu-karara

N-ara-na

N-gungu

Bui-remba

Rooboi

N-ara-na ; ba-

Y-uri' "
E-kue

Ri-tu ; ma-tu
Yana,
Jana

Di-bomco

Di-sun
Mu-lamba.
M-b5
Mco-tu; me-tu

Pwaki
^asa

N-jum

Ma-lep

Mu-karara

Mw-amco

Di-iigcobi

E-lemba ; be-

Mw-awco ;
ba-awco

Di-tii

Di-koake ; ma-

' See also '■yesterday ', noteworthy.

GROUP 00 : THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

625

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-subu

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondco-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-bcokco

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

One

Y-cokco,

I-yo.

Mw-a.

E-okco

E-5kco

C-a.

•okco

Fcokco.
-mco, -bco,
M-tokco,
Bcokco

C-a

•mo,
.f5

Two

-ba.

-ba,

M-a

-wa

•ba,

•ba.

-wai

-wa.
•bake

•be

-beke

Three

-y.au

-y-au.
-lalu

Mi-a

•arco

-aru.
-lalco

•lasco,
•la

Four

•ni,
-unL
•nen

-ni,
-nei

Mi-ne

•ni

-ni

•ni

Five

■tanu

•tanu,
-ta'

Mi-tan'

-ta,
-tan'

-ta

•tanu

Six

Mu-toaba

Mu-teowa

Bi-sama

Be-tariok

(5 + 1)

-tare okco.
-tan' bey-cokoo

Mco-tuwa

Seven

Samba

Li-samba

N-jambwe

Be-tanaiwa

(5 + 2)

-tana bebe.
-tanna bebe

Sambia

Eight

L-ombi

W-ambi

Mw-ambi

Be-tan'awearco

-tana-we-raru.
N-ambe

Mco^tuwa beke
(6 + 2)

Nine

Li-buka'

Li-biia,
Li-buka

Di-bu

Be-tan'abini

•tana wi-ni.
•tanna be-ne

Di^wii,
Di-bii

Ten

I-sfika.
I-dcomi

Li-umi,
Di-iimi,
Diy-come.
Mini'

L-um'

Ro-ndareo

Luundaru.
Do-ndaru.
Lo-ndalco

Di-um'

Eleven

I-saka na
y-cokco.
(I-saka na
we-ba =

twelve)

Li-umi na i-yo

L-um ni c-a

Ro-ndarco-ne-6k'

Lu-undaru-
ney-okoj

Di-bum' ne fo

Twenty ...

Do.

M-awai.
(Do ne y-ukco

= twenty-one)

M-bangi.
Mu-aya.
Deo

M-u mw-a

Du(?)

Deo or
Du {pi.
m-ii).
(Du ne
y-okco =
twenty-one)

Di^tl

Thirty

I-saka lalu

Sai y-au.
Saki lalu

...

Du na
lu-undarn

Di-ti na di-5m'

Forty

M-wani

M-anui.
Mini mi-ne

...

M-u-ma-ba

Ma-ti ma-ba

Fifty

Sakitanu

M-atano» or
Mini me-ta.
Sakita

...

M-u-ma-ba na
lu-tindaru

Ma-ti na di^iim'

Sixty

M-u-mu-tcoba

Mini mu-tooba

...

M-u-m-aru

...

Seventy . . .

M-usamba

Mini samba

...

M-u-ma-'aru na
lu-undaru

...

Eighty ...

M-u-1-ombi

Mini w-ambi

...

M-u-m-ani

Ninety ...

M-u-li-buka

Mini li-bua

...

M-u-m-ani na
lu-undaru

...

Hundred ...

E-gbwea

E-gbu.
E-wcoke

M -bcokco

M-u-m-ata

Ma-ti ma-tanu

Thousand...

I-kuli

I-kti ; //.
lo)-kca

...

...

• ••

Noteworthy.

636

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

205.
I.subu

206.
Ba-kwiri-
Bam-bcokco

207.

Ba-rondco-

Ba-lue

208.
N-gcolco-
Ba-tanga

209.
Ba-kunda

210.
Ba-rombi-
M^bonge

I, me, my ...

M^ba.
N-a-.

M-bau.
N-a-.

Me-nin.
Me-, M-a-, N-.

M-ba.
N-, N-a-.

Mi. M-ba.
N-a-, N-.

Me-nie.

Thou, thee, thy

-a-mi

Wa.

(!)•.

•m-ba, -a-mi
Wa.

-me, -e-n

We-niii.
Wa-.

-a-m-ba

A-we.

J

■m-ba,

-ya-m-ba, -ea
Uwe, OO-we.
0)-.

-ya-n

We.

?

He, him, bis

-a^ngco

a)n5.
A-.

-a-ngco

(O-no, M5.
A..

-f , -V'

Nyenu.

-we, -a-we

-we, -ya-we,
-e-abe
Mo.
A-.

•on

Ta.we.

-e^ni

-e-ni

•nyene, -on

•mo, -ca-mco,

■ye

We, us, our

I •SOI.

I..

-a-su

I -SCO.

Di-, L.
-a-su

Be-se.
Bi-p-, pa-.

'IS

...

-e

I-se, I -SCO, I -si.
Di-.
-i-s5, -{•sS,

Ba^lu.
?
•yen

Ye, you, your

I-nyco.
E-.

I-nyea.
Lo>-, E-.

Biba.
Ba-.

...

-ea^su
I^nye.
Ba.

Ba-mun.

?

They, them,
their

-a-nyu

A-iiga.

Wa-.

-wco, -a-wco

-a-nyu

A-figa, Ba-figa.
Babco.
Wa-, Ba-.
•wcij, -bco,
-babco, -a-bu

-nwe-ni, -in

Bci-nin.

Ba-.
-a-bco, -ba-n

...

-i-ny5, -i^nyu,
-ea^nyu
Bco, Ba^nu or
B5.
Ba-.
-b5, -ya-bco

Yeri.

■>
•>

All

•ase, -ese.

-ase, -ese

-akakpa

Mu-siisu

•se

This, these

w^ese

(i and 2) ;
m^ase, m-ase
(3 and 4) ;
y-ase or j-ase,
be-ase (7 and

8)

■nu (mco-nu,
(o-nu, ba-nu ;

■ni (di^ni,
ma^ni)

That, those

■ne (co-ne,
ba-ne ; is'c.)

•nu (moj.nu,
(o^nu, ba^nu ;

-ni (di-ni,
ma^ni ; 6^c.)

•ngi, •nga,
•ngu

(u-ngu (i),
ba-nga (2) ;
mu^ngu (3),
? mi-ngi (4) ;

di-ngi (S),
ma^nga (6) ;

ji-ngi (7).
bi^ngi (8) ;
wa-nga (16))
•nia {yonder) ;
(a^nia, 16)

CO^nu, ba^nu

or ba^cu;

mu-cu, mi-cu ;

di^ni, ma^ni ;

ki^cu or e-ni,

be-ni and

be-cu ;

e-ni (9rt«d?lo);

ru)-cu (12) ;

bu-cu (14) ;

a-u or e-cu or

wa-ni (16) -
•ceo (co^cco,

ba^cco ; &>€.)

•war a (yonder)
(oj-wara,
ba^wara,

<5^<:.)

•Ceo (cj^cco,
ba^cco ; b^c.)

Mco^ (I ami 3),
Ba^ (2) ;

•W (7) ;
-m^bi (8) ; •m
(g and 10) ;
-m^bco (14)
Ta^'

Cf. demonstratives in No, 199.

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES

627

205.

206.

207.

208.

209.

210.

English

I-suba

Ba-kwiri-

Ba-rondti>-

N-gcolco-

Ba-kundu

Ba-rombi-

Bam-bmkoo

Ba-lue

Ba-tanga

M-bonge

Bad

Boj-be

Bco-we

■be

...

E-bojki

A-be,
-be

Black

■inda

-indco.

Mw-indcij

-n-daka

-inda

...

Female

Nmw-ali

Mw-ali,
■ale

Mw-ara

...

Mw-ari,
N-are

Nw-an'

Fierce, sharp,

•kambi

-ambi

...

...

...

bitter

Good

■luli.

Bw-amo).

-1-am

-rcoli.

-loli.

-1-am

Bw-amco

-15.
Mw-ei

-a-leti

■rorco.

Bw.am

Great

-ndene.
■kule

-ndene.
-kulu

-nin'

-nene

■koli.
-nene

-tcokco

Little

-sali.
■s<one

-sali.
■ten.
Tu

■tcoku

•titi

-titi.
-tui

M-bui

Long

Gbwawa

•wawi,
•wawa.

Mco-te

...

...

-tumbi

...

Male

M-ume ; b-come

M^ume

•Inm

...

-m-ume

N.dom,
■lom

Old

■duni

■luni or
-dun',
-duna.'
■uni,
■una

-tina

-tina

Red

-tea

-tea

■.•

...

-tonda

...

Rotten

•bo

-bo

.••

...

-sundu

. .-

Short

•kutu

-utu

...

...

-tiii

...

Sick

■5ka

-»ka,
-wuka

...

-y-ambe

-cdka.
Ny-ambe

...

White

-tana,
-fembe

M-bcomi

-bco

Fu-faka

■sanga

N-doro9

Above, up, on

OOli-manyu

Wulu

•«•

On wan'

top

Before

...

...

•••

>■■

N^gwere

>•.

Behind

...

M-busa

...

M-bisa,
Om-bisa

...

Below, down

Wa-si.
co-si

Wa-si.
CO-si

...

...

tO^si,
OO-se

...

Far

...

Fcof(ofa> !

• ••

■ ••

Tumbi

>••

Here

...

Afa

Afa.
Wanga

Wa

In, inside ...

(jO-teni

I-titin,
CO-titin. 0)

...

...

(jOtJ.
00

...

Middle

...

...

...

W-atiati

...

Near

...

...

...

...

...

...

Outside ...

...

...

...

OO.wcoka,
We-bcoka

...

Plenty, many

Li-biia

Saisai.
I-sangi ''■

Dingan'

...

Di-bSa

Du,
■du

There

...

OO-ne.
(jO-ten'.
Ania (yonder]

Uwa

...

lya.
OOne

Ta

' Noteworthy.

^ Cf. word for

ten\

628

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

-sa- = present.
-si- =pasi.
-ku- '= future)
See-

English

205.
I-subu

206.
Ba-kwiri-
Bam-bcskco

207.

Ba-rondea-

Ba-lue

208.
N-goaleo-
Ba-tanga

209.
Ba-kundu

210.
Ba-rombi-
M-bonge

Where? ...
No!

Not {with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

(0-ninga ?
Kaem!

^a, Ku, Si

(usually as an
enclitic)

CO-ninga
Ksem!

^a, Ku, Si
(-sa-, -ku-,
•si".

A-fe?
Awe!

•ta- (n-ta-ne =
/ not see, I see
not)

•pa, -sa

Wekoo?

a)we?
Baba!

NM

Suku!
Suku-,

Keke-.

•sa-

...

[•0

1

Li-

?

?

00-

„ beat ...

itia

•tia

...

•obi,
-coba

-toba

„ buy, sell

-yanda

-anda,
•manda

-ba

-andi.
-gawi

-anda

„ come ...

•p5

•ja

•Ibia

•rtokoa,
•doakoa

■pcokea,
-roko.
-iya

„ cut

-ke

...

•siki

-gcoeli

-lena

„ dance ...

-sa

-sa

-sak'

•saka

-saka

,. die

•wo>

-weo

-wca

-veri,
-va

-wedi,
-wa

„ eat

-da

-la

-die

-daka

•la,
-ra

„ give ...

-bcdla

-wcdla.

-boi,

•nyeri

-nye.

-boila

-bon

-beke

„ go

-ala

•kende,

-ke

•suwi.

-kenda.

-lende<

-juwi

-kendi

„ kill ...

•gbi,
-gba

-uwa

-ncaa

-borco

-bora

„ know ...

-bia

•bia

-i

...

-iyu.
•ijco

„ laugh ...

-y5

• ■■

•no

•«ji,

-ro,
•por5

„ leave off,

-dia

•Ua

...

<••

-nyara

cease

„ love, want

-lingana

-lingana,

-tundi.

•dingi

•lifigi.

-lingi

-ton

-linga.
■saka

„ see

•cabamca

•ene,
-eni.
-ongoa

-ne

•eni

•nene,
-ene,
-eni

„ sit, remain.

-ja or

-dya

• ■■

•jumami

-pindi.

abide

-dya

'

-sumame

„ sleep ...

-ko-iyo.
-nanga

-nanga

•••

-nange

-nanga

„ stand, stop.

-teme

-teme

•••

-nwe

■te

be erect

„ steal ...

-iba

-iba

•nif

-wiba,
-wibe.
-iba,
-ipa

' Noteworthy, cf. Nyanja (61).

GROUP 00: THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES 629

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN I-SUBU AND BA-KWIRI
Class I. Mu-, Mco-, W- (o), u, mw, a) ; 2. Ba-, Wa- (ba, wa) ; 3. Mu-, Moj-, Uw- (mu) ; 4. Mi-, Me-
(mi) ; 5. Li-, Di-, L'-, J'., I- (di, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma, m'-) ; ?• E-, J-. Dy- (v'. J') ; 8- B'". Be-, Wi-, We-
(bi, wi); 8 a. I- (i) ; 9. N-, If- (e) ; 10. N-,N-, — (i); 11. missing; 12. Lea-, O)-, Yu- (Ico) ; 13. missing ;
14. Bu-, Bca-, Wu-, W- (bco) ; 15. (0-, U- (preposition only) ; 16. Wa-, A-.

There are traces of the -ni locative suffix in a few adverbs and of the -ana diminutive suffix.

PREFIXES, &c., IN BA-RONDOO-BA-LUE AND WEST BA-KUNDU

Class I. Mu-, Mo>-, If-, Wu- (u, ye, a) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mco- (mu) ; 4. Mi-, Me- (mi) ; 5. Li-,
Di-, I- (di) ; 6. Ma- (ma) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, K'- (ki, ci) ; 8. Bi-, Be- (bi, be) ; 8 a. Fi-, I- (i, fi) ; 9. N-, »., —
(e) ; 10. N-, If-, iiga>- (n, i) ; 11. Fmissing ; 12. Rco-, Deo-, U- (rco, ru, u) ; 13. missing; 14. Bu-, Bco -
(bco); 15. (jO- (preposition) ; 16. Fa-, Wa- (as preposition).

Traces of -ana, diminutive suffix.

PREFIXES, &c., IN W-GOOLW-BA-TAIfGA AND EAST BA-KUNDU

Class I. Mu-, Mco-, M-, If- (bu, mu, ii, u); 2. Ba-, Bu-, Bco- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu) ; 4. Mi-, Me-
(mi); S. Di-(di); 6. Ma- (ma); 7. E- (e) ; 8. Be- (be); 8 a. Fi- (fi) ; 9. N-, Ifg- (ji-, j-, c'-, k'-) ;
10. N-, Ifg-, — (ji); II. Wco-(?); 12. U- (u, rco) ; 13. missing; 14. Bw-, Bco-, U- (bco) (scarce);
15. 00- (as preposition); 16. Fa- (?).

Traces of -ana suffix.

PREFIXES, &C., IN BA-ROMBI-M-BGIfGE

Same as in N-gcolco-Ba-tanga, &c., but 7 = E- (concord ki-) ; and 8 a. (Fi-) has as plural 12 Deo-
(dco).

205. Isubu is spoken in West Cameroons, on the Bimbia peninsula, and in the estuary region between
the Lower Moiigo river and the sea-coast at Man-of-War Bay, near Victoria.

206. Bakwiri-Bambcokco is spoken on the sea-coast and mountain slopes of the great Cameroons
volcano, as far north as the Upper Meme river, as far east as the Moiigo. On the south the tribes are
known as Bakwiri, on the north as Bambtokco.

207. Barondco-Balue (West Bakundu) is spoken in the coast region between the Lower Meme river
and the Rio del Rey estuary, as far north as the Ndian river, including on the west the lower portion
of the Bakasi peninsula.

208. Ifgcolco-Bataiiga is spoken in the hills and mountains of the Rumpi or Rombo region, between
North latitudes 4° 50' and 5° 20, as far west as the Ndiafi river (' the Bantu frontier '), and east to the
Adya-baki river. This is the northernmost of the Bantu tongues.

209. Bakundu or East Bakundu is spoken in the region between the Upper Mongo river and the
Upper Meme river, and southwards to the Bakwiri and Duala confines.

210. Barombi-Mbonge is spoken in the region south of the Rumpi Mountains, chiefly to the west
of the Upper Meme river, and south to the confines of the Bambcokoj and Bakundu.

GROUP 00

THE SPANISH GUINEA-WEST CAMEROONS LANGUAGES {continued)

OO 6 MCMfGO SUR-GROUP

211. Boiiken 212. Abco

GROUP PP

THE MANENGUBA LANGUAGES
213. Ba-lun ' 213 a. Ba-f» 214. N-kosi (Pr Ba-kosi ' 215. Ban-gafite^

English

Adze

Animal, wild
beast
Ant

Ant, white
(termite)

Ape (chim-
panzi or
gorilla)

Arm

Arrow

Axe

Baboon
Back, back-
bone
Banana ...

Beard

Bee

Belly

Bird

GROUP qq

THE MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES
216. Ba-ti (Ba-cefiga)

211. ^
Bonken

212.
Abca

Fusu

No

E-n5 E-no.

I-kaa

E-banji M-banj

E-wondco Fane

M-busa M-bus'

Ma-dudi {fl.) Ki-dudi

Nj-elu. Ma-yee
Ma-set

Ny-abco Iny-toco

E-bum

Fi-non

213.^

Ba-lun

213 a. Ba-foj

214.

Ba-k6si

(N-halemoae)

215.^
Ban-gante
(N-goten)

216.
Ba-ti

Ny-am'

E-hon,

E-hun

Ny-am'

Pupu.
Sia
Si

E-wake

(gorilla)

E-ka

E-ke ; me-ke E-ka ; me-ka.

0-hon

M-bu8'*

De-kot,

De-k6
N-jer'.

B-olu
E-kic0

E-bom,

E-bum.

Di-bum.

Me-a; m-a
De-non.

Bu-non(2i3a)

Ipl.

E-hon
Somb
M-ba.

Nku
E-tom; i-.

Ny-ake
N-seru

E-diu.

Nny-u
A-bum ;
- mco-bum or

me-bum.

E-bel
E-non.

Me-non.

E-dnoD,

1-dnon ;

me-dnon °

E-kcolco re-ka*
Mco-angum
0-hon

M-ba"

E-gico
E-bum

E-non

' Me-loho/Koelle. ' H-h&lemae of /Coelle. ' H-gotch 0/ Xoelle. ^ The ' leg of the hand'.

' This very un-B*nlu collocation of d ajtd n (as well as other inharmonious combinations of consonants) is
recorded f/N-kosi by our most recent authority, Heinrich Dorsch. It is absent from Koelle's transcription.

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, &c., MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 631

211.

212.

213.

214.

215-^

216.

English

Bonken

Abu

Ba-lun
213 a. Ba-fca

Ba-kosi
(N-halemoie)

Ban-gante
(N-g5ten)

Ba-ti

Blood

Ma-keya

Ma-ke

Me-ki

Me-kei.
A-ki ; me-ki

Me-kie

Body

N-kuba.
Ny-ulco

Mu-te

Ny-tol,
N-yu

Y-51

...

Bone

E-yese ; be-

Ki-fes'

E-hei

E-hei,
E-hit; i-hit,
e-hit

E-heig

■ •■

Bow

N-keti

N-keti

...

E-le ; me-le

• ..

In-gara

Bowels

...

...

...

...

...

Brains

B-on "

B<o-oane

B-on '"

,.

...

Breast (man's)

Tojloj

Tco<o

Tol

Tel,
Tal,
Tol

Tol

U-angu

Breast

E-be; ma-be

E-be

E-be

A-bi; me-bi

E-be

• t.

(woman's)

Brother ...

M-ana-an

M-an' i-nye

MoD-anyan,
Mco-anyon

Mto-annya or
Mw-an-ne

M-anu m-pa.
M-anu n-sada

...

Bufifalo ... .

N-geolco

N-gcolconi

...

N-sib

• • •

...

Buttocks ...

Ma-ScoS<a

Ma-kin'

...

A-susu ; me-

...

• ..

Canoe, boat

Bw-alu

B<o-ala

Bco-le

Bu-al "

Cat

Sinkala.

'^Singe

^in

^in

Sen

^iii

...

Charcoal ...

• •<

...

Kanalet

A-kanle ; me-

E-peosa

...

Chief, king

M-bon

N-fon

...

...

...

A-vumu

ChUd

M-ana; b-ana

M-ani; b-ani

Mu-an ; b-an

Mu-an; b-an

...

Cloth

Batu

I-batco

E-bat'

A-bat'.
N-kcoba

•••

...

Cold

N-go

Ahco.
Ho9-te

A-hto

A-heo

...

Country ...

Don

A-lon

•••

Alon

...

...

Cow

Ny-ak'.
M-fon

Ny-aka,
Nyaga

Ny-aka

Ny-l,
Ny-ak

Ny-aka

...

Crocodile ...

N-kombe.
N-gandu

N-kom'

N-gandco

N-goiampa.
N-gan

...

M-babe

Day, daylight

Bu-sa

Keli

Mto-ti.
Bw-iny' ;
m-iny'

Boi-^le.
Bu-in.
E-pun.
Su

Mco-te

Devil, evil

...

...

E-kadi; be-

E-kale

• ..

. ..

spirit

Doctor (medi-

...

...

N-gam-pol

...

A-beme-pucod

...

cine man)

Dog

M-bwa

M-bwa

M-btia

Mco-a.
M-bwe; m-bie

M-bcoa

Im-bcoa

Door, door-

Ku-baka

Ku-waka

Koo-wan.

E-kcowa

E-keowa

•••

way

Di-kob'.
E-k«

Dream

N-dotoo

N-demi

..•

...

Drum

E-limbe

N-tek

Ngam

N-teco"

N-gom

• ■•

Ear

I-atco ; m-atcd

E-weoe

E-tco.
E-tui

E-tu; me-tu

E-tco

...

Egg

Ke ; ma-ke

Ke

E-ki

A-ki; me-ki

E-kie

Elephant ...

N-jSku

N-jok'

N-ptou

N-seo or
N-siox

N-j<ou

In-siiii,
N-jco

Excrement

Duku

E-be

A-bti ; me-bii

•

Eye

D-isto

D-ise

u-ip, ■"

De-ix ; //.

D-i, "■

Aii-gis« {pi.

DI,

me-ix

D-is"

same)

T)-ek

632

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

311.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abco

Ba-lun
213 a. Ba-fco

Ba-k5si
(N-halemo>e)

Bafi-gante
(N-goten)

Ba-ti

Face, fore-

B(o-Sca,

Pu

E-SCD.

E-S«a.

E-pyeo.

Wu-poo

head

Bu-su

M-boj.
Bio-sca

M-bco.
M-bom

M-bom

Fat, oil ...

Fon.
Di-hon.

Ma-U

I -fon

M-51

M-ol.
A-hon

M-ol

...

Father

Tata

Tate,
Ta»

Tete.
Tite.
Ta.

Sa-ii.
So-ii

Ta

Fear

J-on

W-on

Bon

...

...

Finger

I-noj.
N-gan

Nyoa

Mcoe. "
Fi-mwe ; I0-.
Bo-mwe ;
ma-mwe

E-mui,
E-bmue

Moj-e

E-ncoenco ; moi-

Fire

Ya

Fe

M-»,
M-iii

M-u

...

I-dzea; mco-.
I-jea

Fish

M-bebu

Titi

N-don

N-ton.
Sii

N-don

Cui

Foot

Kolco,
Di-kolo

Kco

E-kii.
E-kiii,
E-ko».
Mu-fend',
N-fen'

E-ku.
A-keola d'-eka

E-k»

Forest

Penje

Penye

E-he

E-hin; i-.
N-sanm'e-hin

E-he

Fowl

Kuba.
L(M-kcokoa

Kuba

Kub

Kub

Kub

N-g»a

Frog, toad

...

M-pon.
Ma-ka

M-pon.
E-bud

M-bon

...

Ghost

Kkuku

Ki-dim' ; hi-

...

E-deneden.

H-gVL

...

...

Girl

"*

• ■•

Bco-kon'; ma-.
Fi-kond' ; loo-.
M(o-an mu-at

N-gon.

Mco-an mco-at;
b-am bebe-at

Mco-anu mco-ad

liigonda

Goat

M-btodi

Kembe

M-bul',
M-bot',
M-pcot'

M-pot',
M-bcod'.
Ttin

M-bot'

Um-bui,
M-buni

„ (he) ...

...

...

E-tor m-ptot

E-pale-m-pcot.
E-pala

E-pale-m-bot'

...

God

Lcoba-ii-gonde

L6-ngon'

Ny-ama.
Bw-eob',
Boy-ob'

Ny-ama.
Di-cob'.
E-kale ; i-kale

Mtony-ama

'••

Grandparent

...

...

Tampa.'
Mu-tina; mi-

Tete-m-pea

Tampa

...

Grass

Bi-sa

Bi-sa

...

N-kcokoj; be-^

...

• ■•

Ground

Mi-nye.
N.pa

Me-se.
I -si

..•

A-se.
N-dob

...

N-zl

Ground-nut

N-gond' aba-yon

N-gon ba-yon

Gundu.
N-don.
N-gisi

N-don

N-don

...

Guinea-fowl

...

...

Kang'

M-bembe.
N-gwa

• ••

...

Gun

N-gadi

N-gale

N-komba

N-komba or
N-kumbe

N-komba

...

' Ewem-ta= my father. Evion-ta.= //ly father.

Pass, pronoun precedes this and other relationship words.

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, &c., MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 633

English

211.
Bonken

212.
Abu

213.^

Ba-lun

213 a. Ba-foj

214.

Ba-kosi

(N-halemeoe)

Ban-gante
(N-goten)

216.
Ba-ti

Hair

Hand

?igi.
■^Nycb
N-ku.
Di-ka

Kisi
Ka

Head

Heart

Heel

Mo-lu,
Mu-lco

Nema

E-bo,
Di-boo

M.5
I-bo

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus
Hoe

N-kub'u

N-gii"

Honey

Horn

House

B-ombco
Ton
N-da.
Pande

B-om
N-dau

Hunger

N-jala

,,

Husband ...
Hyena
Iron

M-lumw; ba-

Ke "" Ki

Island

Ivory

E-yondi
^ona

Fenye
I -son

Knee

Knife ...

Lake ...
Leg ...

Leopard
Lion ...
Lips ...

Magic, fetish

Maize ...
Man ...

Bon

Lende

E-bon

Len

Mw-anji Mw-anye

E-nama. I-nama

Sino.

E-ku; mu-kii
N-jo N-ji

E-kolo ; be-. Ki-pcopeo ;
E-kala ; be-. bi-pcopca
Mu-lumbco

Mo-tto, Mu-ti; ba-ti

Mu-tto; ba-toj

Nyun or

Ny-un
Di-ka.

E-ki.

M-pus' e-ka.

M-pa e-ka
Mu-loj,

N-lu

Mu-lem ; mi-
M-bus' e-koj

Gi-on

N-dab

N-ja,
N-je

E-ke

Nyuii.

E-sit
N-sik-me-ke.

M-ba-i-ke.

E-ka ; me-ka

Leo or

N-Im
N-lem
A-tin or

Tin' e-ku ;

me-tin' me-ku
N-goob, E-kob
E-kcone ; i-

Ji-on,
J-un ; b-un

E-ju

A-seb ; me-

N-dab.
E-kula.
(Di-ad ; m-ad
= home, vil-
lage)

N-sa,
N-se

N-go

Me-jam

N-gu
Ma).J;'; ba-t'.

M-o; ba-.

M-com-an.

Mio-an-gi-om

Nyun
M-ba-e-ka

N-lo>

B-on re
m-ba e-kco

Gi-on

N-dab

0-mb5; e-mbo

O-gbwe ;

e-gbwe

(jO-tema

E-gon,

Di-son-n-pcou.

M-bang'-n-sco
E-bon de-kco

E-ha.
Di-lend'

E-ko>""

E-kei,
E-ki

A-pco-npcou

E-ke

Gi -to.
E-po-n-tsu

E-tongco
Ye-andze ;
be-andze

A-fu ; ma-fu

Zabarangu

A-bub5 ; mo)-. E-bon re kuco

A-bubon ;

nie-bubon
A-len ; me-len. E-len.

Pa Pa

E-ku ; me-ku A-kuu

N-gco, N-g<oa N-go

E-bebe; fil.
6-bebe

E-lem.

E-kale.

A-hon.

N-kum
N-goin
M-wt'; ba-t',ba.

Mio-an-gi-om;

ba-re-gi-om.

M-eot a nyon,

M(u-nyon

Uii-g»

E-lem

N-guco
Mw-an-j-om,
Mco-an-gi-om

Im-basa
Mco-tco ; ba-tto

634

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abu

Ba-lun
213 a. Ba-f»

Ba-kdsi
(N-halemooe)

Ban.gante
(N-goten)

Ba-ti

Man, vir. ...

Meat

M-bembw

Titi

Ny-am

Ny-am

Ny-am

Medicine ...

...

Bi-an

Gi-e, dzi-e.
Bw-el {tree)

Egi-an or
Bi-a

MUk

Me-mwa

...

E-be

A-bi

Me-dimbe.
E-hon

Monkey ...

Kema.

Se

Kiem,

Kem.

Kiem

Kcon ; //.

Kern

A-tcona; me-

mco-kcdu

Moon, month

Mw-edi

Mw-e,

N-gton

N-geoan,

N-joan, a)-fe,

Mw-ei

N-gon

N-gon a).he

Mother ...

An

Inye

Ne'

Nya or
Nyan.
Nyo-n.
Ne

Ne

Mountain ...

N.kcodi.
M-kuri

N-kcokco

Fi-kol ; Ico-kol

M-b5

...

Mouth

Numbu

N-dvim

Mu-dium.
N.s5,
N-sol.
Nyu

N-sear' or
Nsbl

N-piol

Nail (of finger

N-yanda.

Be.ya [pi.)

N.yan'

N-yane

Nn-yan'

or toe)

N-gan'

Name

D-ina

J-o

D-in

D-in; m-in

... ••.

Navel

...

E-toii

Mu-i ; ■pi. m-i.
A-ton ; me-

E-ton

Neck, throat

Kino

Kin

Kin.

N-kan or

Kien.

E-b51

N-ken.
A-btoal,
A-bol ;
me-bol

Bco-al

Night

Bo-ye

N-g<ogto

N-kcD

E-hinte.
N-kii.
Bo-ihinrin.
Bu-in-e-hina.
E.pii

N.kco

Nose

J-olco,
N-jolco

J.oi

Di-co ; m-co

D-co or
D-u ; mu-

Di-co

Oil palm ...

Kana lende

Kiy-enki y-e.

(C-enki-y-e)

D-e

D-i; m-i

D-i

Ox

Ny.ak'.

M-fon

Ny-aga

Ny.ak'

N-yak'.
N-jun ny-ak'

...

Paddle

Paku

...

...

Pake

... ...

Palm wine,

• ..

...

...

Mi-m

beer

Parrot

N-kusi.

N-g<os'

Koi,

Koi.

Koi In-kusa

N-geosco

Koij

Kut

Penis

• t •

• ■■

...

Pig

N-gwea

N-gtoe

N-gco

N-gu

N-g<o

Pigeon

M-benga

M.benga

M-beng'

N-gol.

M-benge

...

Place

M-bukco

M-bcoke

...

H-um

■•* •••

Rain

M-bala

Lo

M-pu

M-bu

M-bto

Rat

P«

P«

Pco.
Sal'poj.
Ku

Pco.
Ku

Pco

' Ewem-ne = my mother.

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, Sic , MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 635

English

211.
Bonken

212.
Abu

213.

Ba-lun

213 a. Ba-fu

214.

Ba-kosi

(N-halemcoe)

215.
Ban-gante
(N-goten)

216.
Ba-ti

River

Mw-anji.
N-pulu.
Mun-dana

Mw-anye

...

E.dib

...

...

Road

N-gia.
M-lumji

N.gie

N.yi

N-sI

...

...

Salt

...

...

N-kiia

N-k«a,

N-kwe

N-ktoa

...

Shame

...

...

...

A-scon or
E-sun ; me-

...

...

Sheep

Dcoma.

M-pot.

M-bcot.

M-b«t

Ge-humba ;

Ton

Mu-ong' ; mi-
Mu-longi ; mi

E-ti5xa

bi-tumba

Shield

...

...

...

CO-kumbu

Shoulder ...

...

...

E-kembel

E-kon ;
me-kon.
E-kexal ; i-

M-beeka

...

Sister

M-ana mw-aya

M-anye

Moj-anyan
mco-at

Mco-annya-
ma>-at

M-anya
m CO -are.
Kare

...

Skin

Kol5

Kugco

E-kop,
E-kcokop

N-gob

N-gob

...

Sky ... ...

B(o-belala

Bco-be

Di-ob

Di-ob

...

Slave

...

N-lam,
N-tan.^

M co-tan ; ba-

N-tan ; be-tan

M-beya

Im-bace

Sleep

Mo

Fi-lo

...

Ky-o

...

...

Smoke

Mw-a

Ny-ombe

Me-tuf

Mco-atu,
Mu-entu

Me-tuf

...

Snake

N-y5

...

Ny-o

...

...

Son, boy ...

M-ana

M-ana ; b-on'

Mco-an-de-m.
Mco-an-
mco-an-gi-om.
Mco-an

Mco-an
mco-an-gi-om ;
b-an-ba-re-gi-om
Mco-an ; b-an

Mco-an-de-m.
Mu-an

...

Song

L-on

W-ongi

...

N-kenge.
(•kcona = io

sing)

...

...

Spear

Kofi

E-kon

E-kofi.
Fi-tob; Ico-.
E-lco

A-kon ; me-kon

E-kon

...

Spirit, soul

N-kuku

Ke-dim'

...

E-dim'.
E-kale

...

...

Star

^on

^on

N-gingi

Tintina.
N-tinti

...

...

Stick

N-tumbu.
M.tumbu.
Bona

M-bwen

N-tun.
M-pofi

N-ton

N-ton

Stone

Dali

I-kok

E-la

A-le ; me-le or
A-la ; me-la

E-la

I-tane; a-tane

Stool

• ..

< . *

E-ti

A-ti ; me-ti

E-te

Sun

Y5

Fi-yana

E-ya.
E-ton-di-ob

E-nyai.
E-tonde

E-nya

In-guna

Tail (of an

*•>

• • •

N-kon

•••

...

animal)

Tear

Mi-sSdi (//.)

• •■

■ ••

A-sod ; nie-

...

..'.

Testicles ...

...

...

...

A-bin ;
me-bin

...

...

Thief

I-yeba

W-ive

Mu-wib ; ba-.
N-jib

N-jib

...

...

636

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abu

Ba-lun
213 a. Ba.feo

}U-k5si
(N-halemooe)

Ban-gante
(N-goten)

Ba-ti

Thigh

...

...

E'kompa.
Pipen-e-ku

£-pen; me-

Ana me kuu

...

Thing

E-lombcQ

Kake'

...

Ji-om ; bi-em.
Di-am ; m-am.
A-kan ; me-

...

• ••

Thorn

•••

• ••

...

A-jo ; me-jo

...

• ••

Tobacco ...

Yak«

Takco

...

• ••

. ..

• ••

To-day

I-suna

Len

Gee

Ge',

Ji

Em-ui

Gee

...

Toe

I-n5

N-yo

M-coe

M.coe

• ••

To-morrow

• ••

gcoba

^uba

Gean

• ••

Tongue ...

Demi,
Dim

Ki-lem'; bi-lem'

Egi.em'

Egi-em'

Ege-am'

...

Tooth

Sungco; ma-.
Di-sona ;
ma-sona

I-son ; ma-son

E-pon

A-pon ; me-son

E-pion

• ••

Town, village

N-kon

N-kon.
M-boke

Mu-kl,
N-ki.
M-b»uk'

M-bo>.
Di.ad.
M-bcoa.
N-kon

M-bcok'

Tree .

E-yeli or
Bw-eli

Ke; be

Bu-el',
Bw-ed'.
Hi-un

Bu-al' or
Bw-el'; m-el'

Bu-el'

Bco-ete; ma-ete

Twins

M-asa

Ma-fas'

...

...

■ •■

•■■

Urine

■ *■

■••

...

Me-sen

>••

•••

Vein

...

...

N-pik

N-sei or
N-si

N-kod

...

War

Boo-koilco

Wa-la

N-pum

N-pom

N-jum

...

Water

Ma-ndiya

Ma-lebe

Ma-di.
Me-dib

Mi-re

Me-dib,
E-dib

Ma-dea

Well, source

...

• ••

...

*.•

...

White man

N.kala

N-kala

N-kala

N-kala ;
beti-kala

N-kara

Nasala (Arad.)

Wife

Mw-ayco

Mu-tan

Moj-alan ;
b-alan

...

...

00-kcotoo ; ba-

Wind, air ...

Pupe

Pupe

■ ■•

Pema

...

...

i

Witch

Bw-ana (?)

M-b5

•■»

Lem.

...

...

N-ganlonge

Witchcraft

Bw-ana

...

•••

E-lem or
A-lem

...

...

1

Woman ...

Mw-ayo9

Mu-tan

M<o-at,

Mco-at or

Mw-ad

OO-kudu,

Mu-ran or

Mu-ad ;

(jO-k<atco; ba-

Mco-alan

bebe-at,
beb-ad

Womb

. . .

•••

...

Diem

...

...

Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam

...

...

E-pidemu

Hi-on; 1-un

I .yon ; 1-on

jMa-kaa (//.)

U-kaa

Kuad.

Kcoto

Kuad

Kcotok

Year

M-busija

M-o

• •>

Mu-e ; mi-e

...

Yesterday...

...

...

Gian

Gian

^uuba

...

One

E.ytogM.

-kya,

E-ok, E-hfi],

N-ho,

£-hu.

OO-mSsi

U-wo,

-ca

E-feo

-hco.

Pog

•ho

N-hok.
-m«e

Po,
Pox

• 'i Survival of YiA- prefix.

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, &c., MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 637

211.

212.

213.^

214.

1

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abw

Ba-Iun
213 a. Ba-foa

Ba-k6si
(N-halem«e)

Ban-gante
(N-goten)

Ba-ti

Two

■ba

■ba

-ba,
•be

•ba,

-m-ba

■ba

■ba (baba)

Three

■alu,

-ia,

-la.

-n-le.

-Ian,

•tad'

•lalu

•a

-lal, -Ian

•la

•lal

Four

-na.

-nanu,

■ni,

-n-nl.

•nin.

•ne

■ne

■na

-nin

•ni

•ni

Five

•tan',
■tanca

•tanu

-tan'

-n-te.
-tan'

•tan'

•tanco

Six

Bi-sama.

M-itu.

Mu-tcob,

N^tu,

N^tM

Ba^latw, •latbi '

Mu-tcdba

Bi-sama

Ma)-to),
N-tob,
Tios (213 a)

N-to9b

Seven

^amba

N-jambwe

Tsiambeny',
Samba

^iampfa,
pi-amba.
Samba

Samba or
N^jamba

Ba^latw
(D^mosi

Eight

Wambi,
Bw-ambi.
L-ombe

Mw-am'

W-am',
W-om',

Wu-am'

Wu-am',
W-am'

Woj^am'

Belemdn '

Nine

Bua,

Ki-bS

De-bu, Di-buk.

A-bco,

A^bog

Belem&n>

Di-bwa

A-bog

A-bu ; me-bu

co^mosi

Ten

J.».
D-um

E-bom

Di-um, di-om.
Dj-com.
M-bom

Di-om,
J-om ; m-iim

Di^om

Ba^bot'

Eleven

«••

Di-om n-hok

Di-om mun-ho
J-om n' e-ba

{twelve)

Di^om nu pog

...

Twenty ...

M-u-ma-ba.
M-u-a-ba

M-u-ma-ba

M-oj-ma-ba.
M-bom mi-be

M-co-mu-ba,
M-um m-ba
or -e-ba

M^omba

...

Thirty

M-u-m-alu

M-u-m-a

M.»-ma-lal.
M-bom mi-lan

M-um n-la

...

...

Forty

...

...

M-oa ma-ni.
M-bom mi-nin

M-um nni

...

...

Fifty

...

...

M-u-ma-tan.
M-bom mi-tan

M-um n-tan.
(M-ti-figw-um
= eighty)

...

...

Hundred ...

Bto-keya.
E-buka

M-bojkco

M-u-di-um.
M-bcakol.
M-buki(2i3a)

M-boka,
Mbokal

...

Thousand...

Kuri

...

...

...

...

I, me, my . . .

Wan.

Mme.

Mi. itg.

Me, Men.

?

N-.

Me-.

N-.

N-, Me-.

N., A^.

-a-me

-me, yen

-ye-me, -ewe
ami -evve-m- "

■om, •em''

-ewe.m '

Thou, thee, thy

0).

Wa, Onwco.

OOe.

(jOe. E-mon.

?

00-.

0)-.

0)-, E-.

E-, to-.

■>

-yee, -on

-we, -yen

-ea-be, -we,
-e-we, -evv-on,
evv-on-

■toe, -wco, -0,
-on

•we

He, him, his

Yei.

Nyei.

M5.

Mco. Mci3-en.
Bcabcd.

...

...

A..

A-.

A-.

A-, E-^

-en

-nye, -ye, -e

-ye-be, -e-moj

•i or -e

' Noteworthy.
• The possessive pronouns
initial. Thus : ejem, awem,

1734

ift these three languages (213, 214,
adoii, mue, abwed, aden, ejab.

215) precede the noun ami carry its concord as an

T t

638

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

211.

212.

213.

214.

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abco

Ba-lun

Ba-k6si

Ban-gante

Ba-ti

213 a. Ba-fco

(N-halemcoe)

(N-goten)

We, us, our

Ba-su.

Ba-se.

Se.

Se. Se-ben.

Ba-sa-.

Sa-.

Si-.

Se-.

•aa

-bis, -wes'
-b-is-

-ya-se, -e-se

-ed

Ye, you, your

Yie.

Nyie.

Nye.

Nyi. Nyi-ben.

...

...

Ba-.

Be-.

Nni-.

Nyi-.

-a-bu

-j-en

-ya-nye,
-e-nye

•nyi, •en

They, them,

Bawu.

Bco.

Bco.

Bco. Be-n.

■ *.

their

Ba.

Ba-.

Ba-.

Be-.

•b5o, •ee

•ben

-ya-be, -e-bca

■ab

All

-sie.

B(i)-sie

•SCO,

Ba^sco

...

£-sian

...

...

This, these

Wo- (I), ba-;

Nu-(i), ba-

»

...

•in (An^in,

...

ye- (7), be^(8)

ki-(7),bi-

(8);

ab^en ; mu^in,
me-n ; ad-in,
me-n ; eji-n,
abe-n ; an-in,
ej-in ; abu-in

(14))
•eda (Aw-eda,
ab-eda ;
mu-eda,
m-eda; S^c.)

That, those

Wo-ne, ba-ne ;

pa. A-nu-
a-ba; a-ki

(I).

. ..

-ine, -ene

...

...

yi-ne (7),

(7),

(An-ine,

bi-ne (8) ; A^c.

a-bi (8)

ab-ene ;
mu-ine,m-ine;

Bad

•be

■be

-boiiuco (t. e.
not good)

-bebe.
■baiicau.

(-co = not)

e-bonaka.
(-aka = 7iot)

Timi

Black

...

-a-gafin.
-e-lama.
-e-fin

■hina.
-n-dibel

a-lam

•gi-
-amu

Female

Mvv^adi.

Mw-are ;
ba-are

Mw-aa

■at' (Mo)-at)

•at (Mw^at;
bebe-at).
-ad (Mu-ad)

-ad (Mco-ad)

•koatcD

Fierce, sharp

. . .

...

>•>

•••

...

Good

•banya.
-amco

Laam,
-am

■bone

■bon

-bcoii

N(o-b«ala,
-bcola

Great

N-yiti

-nin

-nen.
-hae.
A-scoe

•yco.
-kcola

-duDco.
-ha (-pa,
-m-pa)

-ngamu

Little

•titi

-tcokco

(Ki-tcokco)

•tige.
-teke,
•sat,
•sal'

M-oni.
-sada

•sad

Long,high,tall

...

...

...

Ja-. (Ja-be =
to be long)

...

...

Mai

N-om.

-lom

M(o-an-gi-om.

Mco-an-gi-om ;

Mco-an-gi-om.

M-lumco; ba-

Ngi-om.
-tor'

//. bare-gi-om.

Nj-com.

-dem.

-tor.

-pale

■dem.

Nge-om.

Wcoa-.

■pale

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, &c., MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 639

English

211.
Boilken

212.
Abto

Old

Red ..
Rotten

Short..
Sick ..

White...

-pumbwa

•pupe

2IS.

Ba-lun
213 a. Ba-fco

214.

Ba-kosi

(N-halemcoe)

215.
Ban-gante
(N-goten)

216.
Ba.«

■juni,

-n-jun

-n-jitonco

-dyun

tuna

•yexa (verb)

...

...

-bco or
■bo

...

gulak

-kulon.
-kcona.
-kula,
•wula

•wul

gapu.

-puwa,

•pupa,

•puva,

-puba

■pup'

•puwa

■lamu

-pfumamu

Above,up,on

...

>>>

Mu-in'

-

...

top

Before

*(•

• ■•

A-sa

...

Behind ...

...

Om-bus'.
Am-bi

A m-biii

...

Below, down

oa-se.

A-se

A-se

Far

...

I -turn

...

E-tun.
Pib

...

Here

Wan.
Nana.
Waa

Afa

Fan.
Fa

Hen,

Hene.

We.

Awe

...

In, inside ...

Tete

Tete.
E-yca

Faten.
Ten.
A-ten

Ate.
(jOne

...

Middle

Ten,
00-ten

Atinte

• ••

Near

Bembe

Bemben

Outside . . .

W-bok.'
Ebok

...

Plenty, many

Kukoi

N-gan

Kem.
Ken

Hin

...

There

Unene

lya

Oiiwe.
a)n,
OOne.

Awe-da.
Ahe

Where.' ...

Wee?

Fe?

N-ye?

Fafe?

He?
00?

...

No!

...

...

Ku.' Ka?
Si ! Sia !

Kem!

...

Not {with vert,

-ti-, -ta-

Tutu.

•wu, -u (suffix)

-uu, -co, -ke,

■aka,

-aa, -ka

as prefix, in-

-ta

-ka (suffix).

-ka, -da, -sa

(suffix)

ix, or suffix)

Ku-? Ka-

(suffixes) ; also
by changing
initial pro-
nouji to n
negative pro-
noun or by
differently ac-
centing the
verbal root

T t 2

640

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

211.

212.

313-

214.

215.

216.

English

Bonken

Abu

Ba^lun
213 a. Ba^foa

Ba.kdsi
(Hhalemcoe)

Bafi-gante
(N.goten)

Ba-ti

To

?

?

?

?

?

?

„ beat ...

...

...

•lua (lu-ere =
preterite)

•lua.
■laba

-lua

„ buy, sell

•somba

•wen

-giane.

•^ma

•giane,
•jana.
-ptoma

■giane,
-jane,
-fsicoma

■ ■•

„ come ...

■mbee,

•fini.

■page,

•hu.

-pere

■ ••

-mbaa.

•Icooi.

•pa,

•pa.

■wana

■fom

•peri {pret.)

■pax

„ cut

-lena

•koo

•kuale

•ktoale

•peale

*••

„ dance ...

•sak'

•sae

•pa

•paa

...

„ die

■waa

•woo

-gua

-gua

-gua

...

„ eat ...

■ja

•ja

•da (•dere =

preterite)

■did

•da

...

„ give ...

-m-bisi

Bon

-ba (-be)

■b«,
-be.
-baxa

•ba

...

» go

•ke

•ke

•puak.

•nsu

•npu

•ke

...

„ kill ...

...

-gu

•kooale

•gUM

•••

„ know ...

•mbonibco

•yi

...

•bi

. .•

*•■

„ laugh ...

•noo

•wolo

-WUCil

-gua.
-wco

•giioj

...

„ leave off,

...

...

...

cease

„ love,^want

•tonda,
•tondie

•din.
•ton

-dina

-di».
-dena

•denoa

...

„ see

...

■ ••

-tone

-ton

•to

...

„ sit.remain,

■ *•

•dia

-dia

■dia

...

abide

„ sleep ...

...

...

-nae

-nare.
•nana,
•kuna kyoj

■nane

„ stand.stop.

...

...

•tewi

...

-temi

...

be erect

„ steal ...

•iwa

■iba

...

•jiba

...

...

PREFIXES IN BONKEN AND ABO)

Class I. M'-, Mo-, Mco-, If-, Mu-, — ; 2. Ba^, B'^ ; 3. Mu-, »!'•, — ; 4. Mi- ; 5. Di-, I-, E-, — ;
6. Ma-, Mco- ; 7. E-, Ke-, Ki- (Ki^ frequent in Abo)) ; 8. Bi-, Be- ; 8 a. Fi- (Abco), 1- (Bonken) ; 9. N-,
I*., Ny., Nji-, Iny- ; 10. sameasQ; 11. Loa-, Lo-, Wco- ? ((?r 1 2 ?) ; 13. missing; 14. B5-, Boa- ; 15. .'Ku-
(in nouns), ? CO^, U- (infinitives and adverbs) ; 16. We^, Wa-, Fe- (only present in adverbs).

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE MA-NEWGUBA LANGUAGES
(BA-LUN, N-KOSI, BAN-GANTE)

Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Moa-, Mu-, W- (mco, ni, an, aw'-, ew'-, a, fi) ; 2. Be^, Ba- (be, ab'-) ; 3. Mu-, N-, Ngw'- (mco,
emu-, mu-, n) ; 4. Mi^, M- (mi, me) ; 5. A-, E-, Di-, De- (d', de, re, ad'-) ; 6. Me-, Moo- (me, m') ; 7. E^, Ji^,
Gi^, Egi-, Ege^, Dzi- (the three last forms rare) (j-, ej', e) ; 8. E-, !•, Bi^ (rare) (be, e, b') ; 8 a. Hi^, ly^,

GROUPS 00-QQ : SPANISH GUINEA, &c., MANENGUBA, MIDDLE SANAGA LANGUAGES 641

Fi- (in Ba4un) ; 9. — , N- (M-), Ny., H- {]'-, ej-, an, e) ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. missing or represented by
Li- ; 12. Lo-, Lu- (rare, except in Ba-lun, //. to 8 a); 13. missing ; 14. Bco-, Bu-, Hi- ? (Bco- is a
diminutive in Ba-fu) (bco, ab', b') ; 15. (O- (in adverbial compounds only) ; 16. (in adverbial compounds
only) He-, We-, Aw'-, a)w-.

Traces of the -ni locative suffix in the form of -n.

PREFIXES IN BA-TI
Traces of preprefixes in Classes 9 and 10.

Class I. Mm-, Ol)- ; 2. Ba- ; 3. CO-, O- ; 4- E- ; 5. A-, I-, E- ; 6. Ma-, A-, Mco- ; 7. Ge-, Ye-, E- ;
8. Hi-, Be- ; 9. In- (Im-), N- (M-), Ang'-, Un- ; 10. same as 9 ; 11, 12, 13, not observed ; 14. Bco-, Wu-,
U- ; 15, 16, and 17, not observed.

Apparently an honorific A- singular prefix is present.

211. Bonken is spoken between the head streams of the Dibombe river (an affluent of the Wuri-
Duala) and the south-west slopes of the Maneiiguba Mountains, east of the Mongo basin, and south to the
confines of Duala-Wuri.

212. Abco is spoken between Bonken and the Mongo river.

213. Balun is spoken in the Baluii country, north of the Abco, east and south of the Barombi. The
Bafo) dialect is north of Baluii and west of the western encampment of Manenguba Mountains.

214. Bakosi is spoken in the country north-west of Boiiken and eastwards to the south-west flanks
of the Manenguba Mountains.

215. Baiagante is spoken east and north-east of Bonken to the limits of Bamum ; and southwards
to the Inubu-Wuri river.

216. Bati is spoken both sides of the Lower Mbam river and thence southwards and eastwards to
the north bank of the Sanagd. Also across the SanagA till it confines with the Yaunde-Mvele branch of
the Faiig group.

GROUP RR

THE PAmVE OR 'FANG' LANGUAGES

217. Yaunde or Eundu '

2 1 8. Pafiwe or ' Fafig ' -

218 a. Ma-ke

219. Bulu 219 a. N-tum

220. N-jiem, N-dzem or Zima (Zamam)

220 a. Ma-ka

GROUP SS

THE KADEI-SANGA-LWBAI LANGUAGES

221. M-bimu

222. Gundi or Ba-gundu

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaiinde or

Panwe

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke*

219 a. N-tum

Zimu
220 a. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Adze

N-gwak

M-bar.
A-wel

...

..-

...

...

Animal,wild

Zit; mi-zit

Cit,

Tsit

•■•

...

• ■•

beast

Tsit

Ant

E-son.
E-kvikum

E-son.
Sigi,
Seki.
M-bebe.
Fom.
Kam.
E-pon (218 a)

E-son

• ••

Ant, white

^igibem

• •*

■ •*

...

(termite)

Ape (chim-

Wa,

Wagha,

Wco'co;

Gwa ; be-gwa.

...

■ ••

panzi or

Wo.

Waka.

be-wco'co.

Njie ; bo-njie

gorilla)

Ngi

Wcooj;
be-wcoM.
Nji; be-nji.
N-gi.
Ndyina

Nji ; be-nji

Arm

E-nam ;

W-oj ; m-co

W-o> ; 111-01

M-b5a;ma-b5a M-bco

Mo-kpapa

bi-nam.

W-uco ; m-uoi

Arrow

...

E-be or
I -be ; bi-be

E-bae; bi-bae

Bahele ;
bi-bahele

Axe

tO-von ; le-von
or a-von

(jl)-von ; a-v5n

0-von ; a-von.
(j0-v6n

Ton ; bi-toii

...

Baboon ...

...

E-ltighe.
E-seghe,
I-seke

...

...

...

...

Back

M-viis'

M-vus'

M-viis'

Koan

•■•

' The Yaiinde 0/ Rev. Father Haarpaintner and of R. F. Nekes are evidently two different dialects. That oj
the last-named is virtually Bulu. Yaiinde is written Eundu by G. Tessmann, and E-wondoo by others. Under Yaiinde
are included the E-ton, M-vele, and Ba-ne (Be-ne) dinlects.

" Under Panwe or 'Fang' {also pronounced Mfan, Pafft-we, Pangwe, Pahwan) are included the CO-pieba,
tO-kak, Mw-ai, and Mco-kuk dialects. Ma-ke 7uould seem to be quite a distinct dialect in the southernmost part of
the range of this language.

^ Chiefly 0/ the Upper Sanga basin above the Jd confluence.

* The last word in each series is usually of the Ma-ke dialect

GROUPS RR, SS : THE PANWE, &c., AND KADEI-SANGA-LOJBAI LANGUAGES 643

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaunde or

Pan we

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eiindu

218 a. Ma-ke

219a. N-tum

Zimu

220 a. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Banana ...

(O-cue

A-nzoi;

me-nzui.
A-teota ;
me-tcota.
I-kond ;
bi-kond

A-jcoe; me-jcoe

N^o; bi-n^5

Kondco

...

Beard

Zol

N-zel

Zel

N-^e

...

...

Bee

M-fcofon (//.
same)

M-veofom,
Vufon.
W.ui

M-vo'om

...

...

...

Belly

A-bum ;
me-bum

A-bum ;
me-bum.
I-vus.
Cl)-san

A-bum ; me-

M-u

M-on

Li-pumu

Bird

O-ngion

(JL)-ncon ; a-non

tO-non ; a-non

Non ; bi-non

...

Blood

Ma-ki

Me-ki

Me-ci

Me-cico

...

■ • *

Body

Ny-ol ; meny-ol

Ny-ol ; me-t-

Ny-ol ; me-f

Ny-ul

...

Bone

E.fes,
Hi-ves; bi-fes

E-ves or
E-vbs

E-ves ; bi-ves

Jihe ; bi-jihe

...

Bow

M-fan ; mi +

M-ben; mi-l-

M-fan ; mi +

M-pan ; miH-

...

• ••

Bowels

Nye ; mi-nye

Mi-ya

...

...

• *■

• ..

Brains

B-co

B-col

Bo-nde

. . .

...

Breast (man's)

N-kuk' ; mi +

Tiii

Toe

BU

t ..

Breast

A-be ; me-be

A-bei ; me-bei

A-be ; me-be

E-bel; me-bel

..*

(woman's)

or ma-bei

Brother ...

N-dom ;
ben-dom.
M-anyan ; pi.
babe-nyan.
Ma-zan ;
babe-zan

M<o-ne-nyan ;
bcobe-nyan.
N-dcoma.
N-gon

Mco-ne-nyan ;
b(jL)be-nyan.
N -dcoma

Mo-yco; bo-yoa

• •■

Buffalo

Ny-at {pi.

Ny-at ; beny-at

Ny-at ; beny-at Zom5 ; '

Jcomu '

Dz-ate

same)

bi-zomo

Buttocks ...

Me-kan

Me-kan.
A-kan {sing.).
N-jen

Me-kan

Me-boa

...

...

Canoe

E-fuiiga

Bi-al ; m-al.
Be-a.
E-len

Bi-al ; m-al

Bi-a

...

■"

Cat

E-singa ; bi-

N-sing'

E-siiigi

...

...

•••

Charcoal ...

U-ag; m-ag

Fire (.' Fi-re).
Me-i {pi.)

...

...

...

...

Chief

N-ti ; be-ti.
Kukuma

Kuma; be-f

Kum ; be-kum.
N-kukume ;

mi +

...

...

Child

.M-ongo> ;
b-ongeo.
M-an ; //.
bSn

Mo-n ; bo-n.
M-ona,
M-ono

M6-n ; bo-n

Mw-an ; ba)-an

Keke

Moi-asini

Cloth

E-weomen.

E-tco ; bi-t<a

E-top ; bi-top.
N-gomsa

Kan ; mi-kan

...

...

Cold

A-veb.
E-fue

A-j<a.
A-vie

...

...

...

Country ...

pi.

Nam

A-yon; me-

A-yon ; me-
' Noteworthy.

Kul; bi-kiJl

644

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

217.

Yaunde or

Eundu

218.
Panwe

218 a. Ma-ke

219.

Bulu

219a. N-tum

220.

N-jiem or

Zimu

220 a. Ma-ka

221.
M-bimu

222.
Gtmdi or
Ba-gundu

Cow ...
Crocodile

Day ...

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog

Door, door-
way
Dream

Drum

Ear ...
Egg ...
Elephant

Excrement
Eye

Eny-aga ; bi- Ny-ar'
N-gan N-gan ; be +

Amw-s,
Am-co

M-bebala

M-fu,

M-funfu
M-be

Bi-yiyem

A-lu.

M-u (pi.

same).

Amio-sa
Kcon,

A-kom
N-gan.

Ngen-gan
M-vu ; be -I- .

N-vu
M-be ; mi -^

N-dem ; me +

N-kul ; mi +

N-gom.

N-kul.

M-be
A-loKo ; ma-lcoo> A-lco ; me-lco
A-ki ; ma-ki A-ki ; me-ki

sog,
N-sok

D-is ; m-is.
J-is ; m-is

Face, forehead A-su ;• me-su
Fat, oil

Father

A-won.
Um-buan

Tara.
I-suu.
I-sia

N-gan ;
ben-gan

Mo-s.
Me.lu(^/.)

Gandi

M6-ho ;
mimo-ho

M-vu
M-be ; mi 4-

M-pie ; 6m-pie
E-be ; me-be

Fear ..
Finger

Fire ..

Fish ...
Foot ...

Forest
Fowl ...

A-marra
CO-nyu ;
le-nyu (a-nyu)

N-zok; be-f .

N-zoY,

N-zox
A-bi ; pi.

me-bi
J-is ; m-is.

Dy-it ; m-it

A-su ; me-su
A-von ;

me-von.

M-bon
Tara,

Tata.

E-sa,

I-sa.

Tare.

Tyita.

(Jan = my
father)
W-on
0-nyu ; a-nyu

E-yeyem;bi-. Bi-lim (//.)

E-yiyem ; bi-

N-kul; mi-f. Kul ; bi-kul.

M-bae; mi+ N-kom; me +

A-loa ; me-lco Egwale ; me- A-loo

A-ci ; me-ci E-ci ; me-ci

Zok ; be-zok N-;^co; me-f Jcokco

N-tuan, N-doen.

N-diian N-dua.

E-sik
Guajs Kus

A-kol ; me-kol A-bco ; me-bco.

A-kul ;

me-kule
A-fan ; me-fan A-fan ; me-fan

Kcop,
Kup, Kub

Kti ; be-ku.
(Kcalcd = hen)

Me-bi

D-is ; m-is

A-su ; me-su
A-von ; me-

Tara.
E-sa
A-tat' !

W-on

0-nyu ; a-nyu.
(0-nu

N-duan.
E-sik

Koas

A-bc) ; me-bbi

A-fan; me-
Kup ; be +
' Noteworthy.

Bi-pihe

D-iho ; m-iho. M-i ( pi.)

D-is ; m-is

(220 a)
M-pom
Me-geoa'

B-coa

J-ine ; bi-jine.

Nyina ; be 4-

(220 a)
Dalore.

Pihe.

Kuda (220 a)
^u ; o-su
E-beo ; me-beo.

E-ko ; me-k5

Kom

Ku5 : o-ku5

Bumara

Baha
A-bun,
A-bon

Diki

Gandu

Yciiku
Joaku

D-ico ; m-iu

So-ngcue, Apa

Mco-so-iigtoe

Ptie

I-su
Li-tindi

E-bele.
Gedza

GROUPS RR, SS : THE PANWE, &c., AND KADEI-SANGA-LWBAI LANGUAGES 645

English

217.

Yaunde or

Eflndu

218.

Pan we

218 a. Ma-ke

219.

Bulu

219 a. N-tum

220.

N-jiem or

Zimu

220 a. Ma-ka

221.
M-bimu

222.
Gundi or
Ba-gundu

Frog

Ghost

Girl, maiden

Goat

„ (he) ...
God

Grandparent
Grass

Ground

Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

Hand

Head

In-gongco.
N-kongco

Kon ; be +
N-gon'

Kabat

E-kele
Samba.

Iny-amboj
M-vamba
E-log ; bi-log

{pi.)
Nam.

A-wondco

N.gal
I-sil ; bi-sil

W-uoo ; m-uco.
W-o ; m-o

N-loa ; min-lco

Heart...

Heel ...

Hide ...
Hill ...

Nem ; mi-nem

E-tindi ;
bi-tindi
E-kob; bi-kob
... N-kcol

Hippopotamus N-gub

Hoe ..
Honey

Horn ...
House...

Hunger
Husband

E-bak ; bi-bak
W-o»e

Ton

N-da; me+ .
E-bem ;
bi-bem

On-zan

N-nom ;
bi-yom.
Nom,
U)-ncome.
Fam, Pfam

A-kabe ; ba-.

N-konge ;

mi + .

N-kona
Kon ; be-kon
M-6n mu-nga.

N-g5n
Kaba; be +

Nume kaba
N-zam.

Any-am
M-vam
0-but.

Vi-eo ; pi. 1-eo
^i.

Ma-cok
0-wone
N-kan ;

min-kan
N-zali ; me +
E-sil.

M-viot
Ku ; ma-kii.

VV-co : m-oj.

A-kule ;

me-kule
N-t5 ; min-to.

N-noo,

N-15
N-lem ;

min-lem
E-tsinege,

E-tyinigi
E-k5
OO-kukur.

N-kto.

OO-kwi
N-gup; be + .
N-zok-a-me-jim
E-bak
VV-i,

VV-tii.

Y-uwi
N-lak ;

niin-lak.

M-ban
N-da ; men-da.

E-tuda.

(Ny-anda =
_roof)_^
On-zan.

N-ze
Nco,

Ncom.

Fam

Kon; bi-k5n N-dim ; mi-l-

Kabat ; be + . Tap ; bi-tap
Kabade
E-kele
Zambe

Mott-mia

Mu*aniai-m<atoa

0-but.
E-jilik

(jO-w5ndoi>

A-koa'u

E-bcoa

W-on

M-pua

E-sil.

Me-vule
W-M ; m-to. M-bco ; me-bco A-konji

A-kule w-oj

Li-tandu

N-to ; min-to Lo ; mi-lo. N-noo ; mi-lca Mco-loj

N-uoo ; mi-leo

N-lem; mi-f Lem; mi +
(mi-lem)
E-timikeli ; bi- N-tin e-b5

A-ngeten

N-gup ; be+ ... Dzimati

Kwan
N-lak; mi-h N-to; min-to

W-5e,
VV-ui

N-dap|^ M-ber'; mi-f. Joj

men-dap N-jab (220 a)

Li-tindi

N-gubu
B-oi

N-doabu

0-zan.

N-sa

Zae

Fam,

Ma>-dom(22oa)

Pfam

646

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yatinde or

Panwe

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a. N-tum

Zimu
220 a. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Hyena
Iron

I-kye"

E-ki, ■■■
I-ki ; bi-ki

E-ce

N-keohco

Gunjcij

E-dala'

Island

E-siga

E-siga.
E-bul.
E-nyin

E-kot

...

•••

...

Ivory

M-ban ; mi +

M-ban n-zok

M-ban zok

N-to nzo

...

■ •■

Knee

A-bon ;
me-bon

A-bon ;
me-bon

A-bon ; me-

E-bcoa ; me-

...

Knife

CO-ken ; le-ken O-ken ; a-ken

O-ken ; a-

Cico.

*••

. •*

E-ba; me-

Lake

Ma-ng' {sea)

E-liba
CO-swi

a)-sue

...

Leg

M-bian ; mi +

A-bco ; me-bo).
M-fe ; mim-fe.
E-nam

A-bco; me-bco

E-bco ; me-boj

Keco

Mu)-vende

Leopard ...

^e

N-ze ; ben-ze

Ze ; be-ze

N-kwe ;

...

...

ori-kwe

Lion

E-ngwem ; bi-

...

.••

••*

Lips

E-ya

I-ya or
E-ya ; bi-ya

E-yae ; bi-yae

...

...

...

Magic

N-gan.
Bi-an

N-gbwel.
N-gir ;
men-gir

N-gbwel

E-lem

• ■•

• *•

Maize

E-fun

Fon

Fon

M-pihe

^kco

Bala

Man

Mo-t; bo-t

M6-t ; bo-t.
Mcj-r ; ba).r

M6-t ; bo-t

M6-r ; bo-r.
Mo-t; bo-t
(220 a)

Mu-ru; ba-ru

Mumco-to»

„ (vir.)...

Nom,
CO-nome ;
be-yom.
Fam

Fam ; be-fam.
Ki

Fam ; be-fam

Mo-rom ;
bo-rom

• >.

Meat

Zit

M-via.
Tyit.

E-nam ia leg
of meat)

M-vian.
Bidi

M-pebe

Titi

Medicine ...

Me-bala

Bi-an

...

• ..

...

Milk

Me-nyan.
Me-be

Me-nyan.
A-bi

...

...

...

...

Monkey ...

Kcoe

Kwe; be-kwe

Ktoe; be-t-

Cem ; 6-cem

• ..

...

Moon

N-gcoan.
Ngon

N-gon.
N-dugi.

Mi-eoo,
Mi-el

N-gon

M-pakoa;mi-(-.
N-gonde

(220 a)

Bakiia

M-oali

Mother ...

Nya.
Nyuco

Nyia.
Nane.
Nya.
I-nyo

Nanea.
Nyie

Mo-ngooe

I-nya

Mountain ...

N-kol; nii +

N-kol

N-kol ;
min-kol

E-ciii ; me-

...

...

Mouth

A-nyii ;
me-nyu

A-nyi3,
A-nun,
A-nii

...

...

Numbco

E-non

Nail (of finger

Zi-e ; bi-e

Z-e, J-e; bi-e

J-ae ; bi-ae

N-ya; bi -f

...

...

or toe)

Name

Dz-oae

J-ui ; m-ui.
J-ina

J-coe; m-ooe

Di-e ; mi-e

...

...

Navel

D-op ; m-op

D-51; m.ol

...

.,.■

...

...

GROUPS RR, SS: THE PANWE, Sic, AND KADEI-SANGA-LCOBAI LANGUAGES 647

217.

218.

2ig.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaunde or

Pan we

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eiindu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a. N-tum

Zimu

2zoa. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Neck, throat

N-kin

Kin

Ciii

Ciii

Night

A.15

A-lu ; me-lu

A-lu ; rae-lu

E-lu; me-lu

Nose

J-coe ; m-coe.

J-5,

J-iie; m-iie

D-<a; m-coe D-co

L-co

Z-ue; m-ue.

J-ui.

(220 a)

N-cume.

M-u.

J-oi

N-dzu.
M-byok

Oil palm ...

A-len ; me-len

A-len ; me-len

A-len ; me-len

E-len; me-len

■ ••

Ox

Ny-aga

Ny-ar,
Ny-at

...

.'•'

Paddle ...

In-kab

Kap',
A-kap

...

...

...

Palm wine,

Me-yojg

Me-yok,

Me-yok

Me-nyco

...

beer

Ma-yok

Parrot

Kus

Kos

Kcos

Kcohco

>•■

Penis

M-vel

N-kon ;
min-kon.
N-kun.
M-vel

N-kon.
N-sot ; mi +

Jo G5ki

Jcoka

Pig

Ngwe

N-giii; be +

N-g<oe ; be +

N-ko ; ori-k5

• .•

Pigeon, dove

OO-ben,
OO-bon

CO-ben ; a-ben.
(CO-bon) •

CO-ben ; a-ben

Dudua

...

Place

V-om

V-om {p/.
m-om)

V-om

...

...

Rain

M-vdii

M-veii,
M-v6n

M-ven

M.pie

...

Rat

E-du; bi-du.
CO-hongto ;
le-hongcj.
Kcosi

E-du; bi-du.
Fco

E-du ; bi-du

N-sau ; mi +

River

co-sue

00-sui; a-siii

OO-soae ; a-scoe.
CO-sui

Ediba ; Dibco
me-diba

E-ikco

Road

Sen,

N-zen

Zen.

N-^e ; men-;^e Dzi

Gamunon

Zen ; me-zen

M-vcoke

Salt

I-ngu

Nkhco.
E-nku

E-nku

...

...

Shame

OO-son

CO-pon

...

Sheep

N-tomba,
In-tomba,
N-tumba ;

N-tome ; mi + .
N-tuma.
N-d5moki

N-tomba; mi +

N-tem ; mi +

...

Shield

mi-.

N-gub

Shoulder ...

E-tul""

E-thcol or
E-tul.
A-ban

...

...

Sister

Kal; be +

Kal; be-kal

(and bu-kal)

Kal ; be-kal

Kal ; okal

Skin

E-kcobco

E-ko ; bi-ko

E-kop; bi-

Kono; bi-l-.
N-korco

Sky

Yop

Y5

Yop,
Jop

Ko.
Jcoa

Slave

E-tuga ;
bi-tuga.
CO-loa; be-lco

N-pugRa.
N-teobe

...

Sleep

O-yo

0-yco.
I -bom

0-yco

...

Vina

Smoke

CO-tsida

0-tita,

0-tita

Dudum

• •■

CO-tuta

648

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaunde or

Panwe

Bulu

N.jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a. N-tum

Zimu

220 a. Ma-ka

Ba gundu

Snake

Ny-o

Ny-5 ; beny-o.
(N-vom =

python)

Ny.5 ; be -(- .
(A-kpwee =

viper)

...

...

Son, boy ...

Mco-an; bco-an

M-on fam

M-on fam.
M-oane: b-cane

...

Mu-a ■>.

Mu-a-mu-e

Song

Zi-a ; bi-a

Z-a ; bi-a

Ji-a ; bi-a

...

Spear

A-kon

A-kon ;
me-koii

A-kon ; me-

E-k5a; me-

...

...

Spirit, soxd

N-sIsim

N-sisim.
Kun

...

...

...

Star

OO-titie ;
le-titie or
a-titie

Otete; a-tete

Ca-tete; a-

...

...

Stick

En-gen ;
bin-gen.
In-tum

0-le ; a-le

0-le; a-le

...

...

...

Stone

A-kok; me-kok.
N-gok ; me + .
Atigcoge.
In-kok

A-kok ; me + .
A-kox

A-kok ; me-.
A-k5e ; me-

Kugu (220 a)

...

•••

Stool

I-tuoo

E-ban.

E-tM.

Kwa

...

...

...

Sun

N-lcD-dzob

J5,
Dyo

Jop

Do

Y«

Mcu-scssa

Tail (of an

lii-gem

N-gem,

...

...

• •>

•••

animal)

N-giem

Tear

Bege ; bi-bege

Mi-ge(//.)

Di-li'i ; pi.
mi-li'i

...

...

...

Testicles ...

■••

M-ban mi
a-bin.
A-bgni

Mim-ban.
A-bin

E-bin

Mom-bara

Ma-pindi

Thief

M-fadi ;
befadi

N-ju.

A-zii.
N-jib

N-wuwup ;

mi-t-

...

•••

...

Thigh

A-be

A-bi

...

...

Thing

Dz-am; m-am.
Dz-om ; pi.
by-em

Z-om ; bi-om.
J-um ; bi-tim.
Dz-am ; m-am

J6 ; a-j5.
, -om ; bi-om.
J-am ; m-am

^a; bi-sa

..•

...

Thorn

E-yco; bi-yw

E-yeo ; bi-yco

• • >

•••

...

Tobacco ...

Ta

Taga

Ta'a

N-tcola

...

• ••

To-day ...

A-na

E-miJ.
E-im

Den

M6-h5

...

Toe

CO-nyu; a-nyu

0-nyu a-bco

6-nyu a-bco

J-ine e-b«B

• •■

To-morrow

CD-kidi

Kirie,
Kidie.
OL)-zan

...

...

...

•••

Tongue ...

0-yem

Dem ; a-yem.
Dem ; me-dem

0-yem ; a-yem'

Jem ; bi +

Dem

Lemi

Tooth

A-son; ma-.
A-sun

A-soii; me-sun.
F5.
(I-kek =

molar)

A-son ; me-son

E-je ; me-je.
Jie ; me-jie

(220 a)

M-ize (/>/.)

Mi-non (pi.)

Town, village

Z-al ; m-al

N-lam ; mi + .
J-al ; m-al

S'-lame ; mi + .
J-al ; m-al

Kwar

Dali

Dzapa

Tree

I-le,

Hi-le ; bi-le.
E-li

E-le; bi-le.
Mi.
N-kum

E-le; bi-le.
N-kumba

Le; bi-le

Le

E-bakca

GROUPS RR, SS : THE FANWE, &c., AND KADEI-SANGA-LCJBAI LANGUAGES 649

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaunde or

Panwe

Bulu

N-jJem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a. N-tum

Zimu
220 a. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Twins

M-byas

M-bias ; mi +

Urine

Me-nyulcdkcd

Me-nyotok.
Me-nyogele

Me-nyojlok

Memi-hele

...

M-inye

Vein

N-sis ; min-sis

N-sis

...

• ••

■ «•

War

Bi-ta

A-bal ; me-bal

Ci)-ban ; a-ban Dom

...

...

Water

Me-ndib'.
Ma-ndim

Me-jim

Me-ndim,
Me-ndip

Me-diba.
Me-jiba(22oa)

Ma-bib»

Ma-ikoa

Well, source

E-tam

A-bole.
0-ton

E-tam

...

...

White man

N-tange,
N-tanga ; pi.

mi-^

N-tana

N-tangan

...

...

...

Wife

N-ga,
N-gal ; PL
be-ya, be-yal

N-gal ; be-yal
or ba-yal

N-gal; be-yal

Mi-al

...

...

Wind, air...

E-wundu ; bi-

E-vunele,
E-vuli

E-vunulu.
M-fep

...

...

...

Witch, sor-

N-gengafi.

E-vus ; bi-vus.

E-vii ; bi-vu.

Lem

A-lemboj

A-lembto ?

cerer

M-bibyan

N-gana.
Yem

Yem ; be-yem

Li'kundu ?

Witchcraft

N-gan

Me-b-i-an

...

...

Li-kundu ?

Woman ...

Mi-ninga ;

Me-nege ;

Mi-nga ;

M-oma ; //.

Mi.a

M-ai mco-tco

bi-ninga

be-nege.
(Mo-nbgo).
M-unga ;
boj-unga

bi-nga

b-oma.

M-«ada(22oa)

Womb ...

*••

... '

...

• ••

...

Wood (fire-

E-sig.

CO-kala.

L-u

...

Guda

Lo-ya

wood)

N-dcdan

E-sik.
L-u
A-monge

Yam

E-kwdco; bi-

A-ndia ;

0-p«

me-ndia

Year

M-bu

M-beb; mim-bu

M-bu ; mi +

M-pu

■ ••

...

Yesterday...

An-googe

An-goage

...

...

...

...

One

•da, -a.

-f6.

•fok.

Ngw-ar.

-woreo

E-moati

-fok,

-ori

-jie

-wod (220 a)

M-pok

(-fori, m-bori,
a-vori, e-vori,
oj-vori)

Two

•be

-be

-bae

-m-ba,
-be

-ba

-bae

Three

-lala

■la

•la

■le,
-lal (220 a)

-lali

-lalu

FovtT

-nyi

-ne

•nyin

-na,
-ne

-na,
-ne

•nnai

Five

-tana

-tan

■tan

-ten,
-tan (220 a)

-tanco

-tanu

Six

■ samena

■sam

Saman.
-samen

■tobo,
-tob

-tan-e-worcd

-tana-i mcoti

Seven

-sambwala.
Zangba

Zangbwal,
N-zango>al

Zangbwal

-ten a ba.
Tebel (220 a)

•tan-e-ba

-tana-i pae

Eight

Mu-ojm

Nw-am,
On-wam

Ngw-om

ten a le.

Mi-em (220 a)

-tan-e-lali

-tana-i lalu

Nine

E-bu

E.bBl

E-bul

ten a na.

Bie (220 a)

-tan-e-na

-tan-i-nai

650

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

217.

218.

219.

320.

221.

222.

English

Yatinde or

Panwe

Bulu

N^jiem or

M^bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma^ke

219 a. N>tum

Zimu

220 a. Ma^ka

Ba^gundu

Ten

A-wuom.
A-vwom

A^wom or
A^g^m

A^wom

Kam

(me^kam =
tens).
Dom (220 a)

Kamco

E-bcofe

Eleven

A-wtioam ci
zi-a

A^wom a fok

A^wom a fok

Kam le gw^ar

Kamco ne worco

E-bcafe

inge-mtoti

Twenty ...

Me-wuom m-be

Me-gum.

Me-wom

Me-kam me^ba Kamuba

Moatcope

Me-wom

me-bae

me-be

Thirty

Me-wuom
me-la

Me-g:um.
Me-wom
me-la

Me-wom me-la

Me^kam me^le

...

...

Forty

Me-wuom
me-nyi

Me-wom me-ne

Me-wom
me-nyin

Me^kam me^na

...

...

Fifty

Me-wuom

Me-wom

Me-wom

Me-kam

• ■•

...

me-tan

me-tan

me-tan

me-ten

Hundred . . .

N-tet

N-kama

N-tet

Thousand...

...

A-kutu {pi.
ba-kutu)

...

...

...

I, me, my ...

Ma, Me.

Me-ne, Me, Mo.

Me, Ma.

Me.

am (? M-bili).

E.mi.

Me-.

Ma-, Me-.

Ma-.

Ma-.

Ma^.

Na^.

•ma, -a-m.

-am, •mi

-a-m

-w-om

?

?

-o-m

Thou, thee,

Wa.

W-em, We,

Wco.

Go. Gwe.

Yco toni

We.

thy

Wb.

O)-.

Wa-.

0)-.

Geo-.

■>

?

-coa, -ue

-we, -a, -ya

•woo, -He

•gw, -gto

?

?

He, him, his

Nyi.

E-nye, Nye.

Nye.

Nye.

Yeikcc

Wcola (?)

A..

A-.

A-.

?

?

-nye, -e, -u-e

•nye, -a, -ya

•nye, -e

-nye, -we

5

■>

SVe, us, our

B-ia.

B-ize.

B-ie.

B-inco.

B-i-.

B-ie-.

Bi-.

Bi-.

-b-ia, -a-n,

•a, -a-za.

-o-nge, -a-n.

-2;e?

-wan

-waha

-a-ngan

Ye, you, your

Mi.na, Mi-ne

Mi-ne.

Mi-ne, Mi-e.

Mi.

...

Mi-.

Mi-ne-.

Mi-, E-.

?

•mi-na,-a-nan,

■ena, -ina

-enen

•yin?

-wa-nan

They, them.

Bco, Ba.

M-bo, E-booa,

Bw, Be.

Be.

Ba.

their

Be.

Be-.

Ba-.

Ba-.

Be-.

?

■bci), -a-ba,

-e-bco, -coa.

-ap

•bco .''

?

-a>-bea

•bcoa, -coa

All

•se (be-se, &=€.)

-se, -so (be-se,
-sese

se, -se'e

(be^se, cs'c.). ,
•ese

■be-he (bebe-he,

K^C.)

...

This, these

nyco, -ba ;
•nyu, -mi ;
-di, -ma ; -zi,
-bi ; -nyi,
-di (10),
and -nyi;
•wi, -hi(ii.');
-wi (14)

E- [before
nouns). After
nouns: for
greater preci-
sion, -nyi,
-ba ; yu-, -mi ;
-di, -ma ; -ji,
•bi; -nyi,
di (10);
•yu(ii)

GROUPS RR, SS: THE PANWE, &c., AND KADEI-SANGA-LtOBAI LANGUAGES 651

217.

218.

219.

220.

221.

•
222.

English

Yaunde or

Panwe

Bulu

N^jiem or

M^bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219a. N-tum

Zimu

220 a. Ma^ka

Ba.gundu

This, these

■ne, -na

{continued)

(nyi-ne, di-na,

E- {before
■word-root).
-e-le, -le

[suffix)

That, those

•li (nyoo-li,
-ba-li ; -nyu-li,
-mi-U ; -di-li ;
-zi-li; &'c.)

-nye-le, ba-le ;
we-le, mi-ele ;
d-ele, ma-le ;
j-ele, bi-ele ;
ny-ele ; w-ele ;

•ayat, 'that',
in Ma-ke and
south-west
Fang

-le

•le

Bad

•be

-a-be.
•bi

■bebe

•bi^wco

• ••

E-be

Black

•dibi.
■windi,
■hindi

-e^vine.
N^put

-e-vindi.
N-put

A^jujum

Bindcoa ^

Pueopco

Female

-ninga.
-gal.
■ga

N^gal.
E^koma^

-n-gal

-mi^al

...

•••

Fierce, sharp,

-a-vol.

n-jon.

...

.■•

■••

•■•

bitter

-a-jco

a^yok.
A^vol

Good

-m-bembe.
-m-bon

-m-ve.
-m^ben,
-m^bon

-m-vae.
-m^ben,
a^ben.
-m^bon

-m^bia

E.nyani

Great

•nen.
-cit (m-oit,
b-Mt, &^c.).
-bim

•nen.
•nden

•nen

E^p5

•boya

...

Little

•tuk.

■tcok,

•tcok.

•title.

Mo^munu.

•dindi

-bco-at.

N-tcok.

•tycotycoe

E^tco'cobco

•buu

-b-5t.

-a.vetyan

-an (m-an,

b-an)

Longjhigh.tall

•yab

-a^ya.
-a-le

-a^yap

•jaha

...

...

Male

Nom,
•lorn

•fam.

Ncom ; //.
be-yum.
E-sa ; be-sa.
I-sa

Nom ; be^yom

N^jom ;
min-jcom

Old

-nom

•tul,
-tool.
Nom ; mi.om

...

...

•■

Red

E-vele

CO^siiege.
Na-cox.
N-tsok.
E-tycakoale

E^vele

' In this group the adjectives often precede the noun.

652

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

217.

218.

S19.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaunde or

Panwe

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-bimu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a. N-tum

Zimu
220 a. Ma-ka

Ba-gundu

Rotten

-a-tek

E-bol.
-bie

...

...

• ••

...

Short

•etun

■kui

E-thun

...

...

...

...

Sick

-kcoan

(n-kcdan-an)

-kon

...

...

...

-dzuipeke

White

■fum,
-a-fum

E-fumele.
-a-fum,
•fum

E-fumele

E-pum

Pundaya

Pe

Above, up, on

A-ycijp

O-yto,

A-yob

A-ko»

Li-kco

top

Yo.
E-fa e-yo

Before

Ol).su

A-pu.
E-fa a-pu

(jO-su

...

• ••

• ••

Behind ...

Am-fus,
Am-fu

M-vus.
N-jin.
Em-vHs.
N-fin

Am-vus

Below, down

A-si

E-si.
E.fa e-si.
Se

A-si

...

• ••

I-se

Far

O-yab

O-ya,
O-ya

O-yab

...

Di-aha

Nia-ngai

Here

Ha,
Hala

Va.
Ene

Va.
Nne.
A-va,
Ane

We

M<o-siki

In, inside ...

I-te,
I -tare.
A.._
•mn

Te.
E-.

E-ti.
Wi,
We.
E n-zan

E-te.
Mu, -mu.
E-tere.
E-.
-en

Tonele ?

Middle

A-san

N-zan,^
En-zan

•a.*

• ••

*••

...

Near

Babe,
Bebe.
A-be

Bi.
Bibi.

A-be

Bebe

• *.

'••

...

Outside ...

A-nsen,
Nye

A-tan.
E nsen

A-nson.
A-su?

...

...

...

Plenty, many

A-bii.
Z-in

A-bu,
Abiii

A-bui

E-bu

Buaya

E-keni

There

Aha,
Hali.
We

Vale.
Te

Vale,
Vala

• • .

'"

.*•

Where? ...

He,
A-he .'

Vi?

E-ve ?

Ve

N-kohe ?

...

...

No!

Kwa!
Koikwa !

Kcokco!
A-haii !

Koa,
Kcokco!
Mcomco !

Hee!

...

* ' •

Tiot(wiihverb,

Iki. -iki.

Ses'. -pi-.

Si- {negative

-nya-, -aka-

Ya-

A-

as prefix, in-

-siki-, -yiki-.

■dia. Ke-

verb).

fix, or suffix)

Te, T'.. Be-

(imperative
prefix)

-ki, -kik

GROUPS RR, SS: THE PANWE, &c., AND KADEI-SANGA-LCJBAI LANGUAGES 653

217.

218.

21

Q.

220.

221.

222.

English

Yaiinde or

Panwe

Bulu

N-jiem or

M-biniu

Gundi or

Eundu

218 a. Ma-ke

219 a.

N^tum

Zimu

220 a. Ma-ld

Ba-gundu

To

N— an, A-, E-

O)-, 0-, E-

A-, Zu-

0-

?

■>

?

„ beat ...

■yit

■yire,
■yire

-bom

...

...

...

„ buy, sell

■kus

sum
•nzu.

-kus

■ ■■

...

„ come ...

-pu, -su

•zu

-nsye

...

-via^ka

t.\-pu-:in)

•so.
■nza^ka

„ cut

■kige.
■tsik

■kige or
■ki-y"

■tyiji.
-ciYi

...

...

...

„ dance ...

•dzem

■zem

-jem

•bcole

...

• -■

„ die

•wu

■wu

•wu

•je

. .

• •a

,, eat

•dl

•ji

di

-de

■diu

-..

,. give ...

■ve.
•va-ga ? -ha

■ve.
■va-ga

-ve.
-va'a

•njS

—

r, go

■ke (N^ken)

-ke.
-wula.
■yena

■ke

•tea

...

■••

„ kill ...

-woe

-yti,
-yii.
-wi,
•y'wi

-woe.
-yu

■jo

...

„ know ...

■yem

-yema

•yem

•yoa

.*•

-.-

„ laugh ...

■wue

(M^wu^an)

-we.
-nyeke

•wue

•njco

...

...

„ leave off,

■lik

•lige.

■Ilk'

...

...

...

cease

-size

„ love.want

■ding

•nyeje,

•nye;e

-kwele.

*.•

—

(N-ding-an =

-nyeiye

■yi

-kwale

to love).

-nyege or

-yi

-nyeve.
-yi

„ see

•yen

(N^yen-an)

•yen.
-deke

•yen

-be

•«•

— .

,, sit.remain.

•tobo.

-tue.

-tobS

• ■•

...

• •«

abide

■ligi.
■tcoa

-taba

„ sleep ...

•y5 {more a
noun)

■yco.
-i-bom.
-ye

-yco

•Ja

•dziagco

-VIM

„ stand. stop,

■tele.

-tebe

•tebo

**•

...

...

be erect

-tebe

„ steal ...

•dzib

-zu

■wup

•jiba

...

...

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN YAUNDE
Class I. Mco-, Mi., M'-, N'-, 00- (m, nyco, to) ; 2. Be-, Babe-, Bi^ Bco-, B'- (be, ba) ; 3. N^, — (nyu,
m) ; 4. Mi- (mi) ; 5. A-, D'^, Z'-, J'- (d*, di) ; 6. Me-, M'-, Ma^, A^ (ma, me, m') ; ?■ E-. Hi-, — , Zi.
(ri, dzi) ; 8. Bi- (hi) ; 8 a. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N- (M-), — (nyi, yi) ; 10. N^ (M^), — ,Le^ (//. to u) (concord di) ;
II. CO- (pls.'Le- and A-) (to) ; 12. Leo-, L'- (rare) ; 13. absent ; 14. (almost absent) B6>-, Bi-, Wu^, 0)- ;
15. (jO-, A^ ; 16. Ha-, Va-, We- ; 17. Mu- (preposition and suffix) (-mu, -n).

PREFIXES, &C., IN PANWE AND BULU
Similar to Yaiinde, but the ist prefix is occasionally Me- and Mo ; the 2nd prefix is sometimes Ba-
and Bcobe- ; the concord of No. 3 is usually yu ; prefix No. 7 is sometimes Ji-, and there is no Le- prefix
(10) plural to Ol)- (i i). The plural to 00- (l l) is A-, probably No. 6 (Ma^). There are traces in Panwe
and Bulu of 8 a as Vi^, with plural Iah- (12). In connexion with No. 17 there is a suffix -en.

17]4 U u

654 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES IN N-JIEM

Like those of Panwe, but often dropped or wanting. E- usually stands for Di- (s). (0- seems to be
plural to No. 9.

PREFIXES IN MBIMU, GUNDI, PANDE AND BONGIRI, AND KAKA,

Pygmy dialects of Upper Saiiga, &c.

Class I. Mu-, Mi-, Moj., M'. ; 2. ?B«-,Ba-; 3. Mu-.M'- ; 4. Mi-; 5. Li-,Di. ; 6. M'-,Ma-; 7. E- ;
8. ?; 8a. Vi-; 9. N-, — ; 10. N-, — ; 11. Leo-?; 12. ?; 13. ? ; 14. Bu-, B«a- ; 15. O)-.

217. Yaunde is spoken in the hinterland of West Cameroons immediately south of the Sanagd river ;
between the Sanagd and the Nyon, and eastward to about the 14° of East longitude (vicinity of Kadei
river basin).

218. Panwe and 218 a. Make are spoken in the Gaboon and Spanish Guinea ; as far south as the
Central OOgojwe, east to the Ivindo, north to the Benito and Campos rivers. Make is the southernmost
dialect of Fan.

219. Bulu and 219 a. Ntum are spoken in the more western parts of South Cameroons, between the
Nyoti river and the Campos.

220. Njiem and 220 a. Maka are spoken in the reg;ion between the J a river and Upper Ivindo
affluents on the south and the 4th degree of North latitude on the north ; west of the Bumba river and
the 15th degree of East longitude, and east of the 13th degree of East longitude. The Maka language,
more or less allied, is the speech of a region to the north of the Njiem people, between the Upper ja and
the Nyoii rivers.

221. Mbimu is spoken between the Upper Bumba river and the Kadei, immediately east of the
Njiem or Njima country.

222. Gundi is spoken in the region east and south of Mbimu, between the Bumba, J a, and Saiiga
rivers.

GROUP SS {continued)

THE KADEI-LCOBAI (UPPER SANGA) LANGUAGES

223. Pande 223 a. Bo-2giri 225

224. Ba-yanga or Ba-yaka '

224 a. Bu-koiigcd (Nyemele) 224b. Ba-kuta

Kaka of Sdlu
225 a. Ksilia. 0/ ^ore

GROUP TT

THE FERNANDIAN DIALECTS

226. Fernandian or Bube' 226 a. Eastern and Southern Bube 226 b. South Western Bube

223.

224.

225.

226.

226 a.

226 b.

English

Pande

Ba-yanga,

&>€.

Kaka

Bube of North-

Bube of East

Bube(y

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224 a.

225 a. Kaka

west and

and South

South-west

Bu-kongu,

d^C.

ofNgore

North-east

Fernando P6

Fernando PS

224 b. Ba-ko>ta

Fernando PS

Adze

Jaba

Rcoa

Animal, wild

...

Ny-amu

N-aba.

N-ama.

M-belu ;

beast

He.saci

M-belca

im-belu

Ant

...

...

Bto-suse

Se-subcd

N-cula; i-cula.
M-bii

Ant, white

1-cwa

N-cua

N-ca.

(termite)

In-cw9

Ape (chim-

...

..•

• ••

■••

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

Bo,,
Bcdci

OO-bto;
ma-bco.
E-beo

M-bo>

Lu-bu; ma-bo>

Lu-bca; ma-bu

Lu-bo ; ma-bo

Arrow

*..

...

Oolu

Mu-na or
BQ-na ; pi.
bi-na

Mu-na; bi-na

M-piu ?
Mi-na {pi.)

Axe

• ••

• »•

...

E-au ; bi-au

R-o>a

R-»a

Baboon ...

• • .

...

...

...

M-bcoRa

Back

..*

Kong'

H'na,
E-hina.
I-nna

...

E-hina.
Huna.

Mu-tende

Banana ...

Li-kondoi.

Gondcd

Gondu.

Bu-kube ; hi-.

E-k»be ; be-

Mu-kubi;

Ndu

Kuonde

-koba

bi-kubi

Beard

*..

**•

Nj.eri

I-sedu

E-sedu.
M-belu.
Ma-siba

E-selu

Bee

...

...

Nyui

Luny-ui ; pi.
n-iii

Nen-ui.
Lu>-pasela

Luny-ui ; n-uL
A-huhu

Belly

Mo-i.

Mo-ye',

■ ••

Bu-la,

Bu-ila

Bu-la.

Bumu

Mo-i

Bw-ela

E-twke

Bird

Blood

...

...

N-on
Mi-kiu

Si-nodi ; tco-
Ba-nna

Si-roidi; tu-
Ba-nna

Si-nycodi ; toj-
Ma-ila

Body

...

...

Mo.i

COb-utoj.
Koj-lotcd

Ktu-loatbi.
Mu-yo>

Mu-ju; me-Jat

' Pygmies? dialects of U^per Sings and Lobsi, known as : Ba-yanga or Ba-yaka ; Bu-kongca (Nyemele) 224 a,
atid Ba-ko>tu 224 b. Ba-yanga is spoken in the district of Niumba..

' The first column represents the dialect of the north-west and north-east parts of the Island of Fernando PS.
A list of the Fernandian tribes or clans is printed after the geographical delimitation of the language.

U U 3

656

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

223.
Pande

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, S^c.

224 a.
Bu-kongco, dfc.
224 b. 13a-kuta

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

0/ Ngore

226.

Bube(?/A^/jr/>4-

west and

North-east

Fernando Po

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.
Bube of

South-west
Fernando Po

Bone

Borassus palm

...

Bow

Bowels
Brains

Breast (man's)
Breast

...

(woman's)
Brother ...

...

Buffalo

M-bcoko>

Bull ...

...

Buttocks ...

...

Canoe

...

Cat

—

Charcoal ...
Chief

...

Child

Cloth

M-anga.
Ma-bukulcd
(/>/.).
Lenge

Cold

...

Country ...

..,

M-bukw

E -lenge

::

Uha

Mu-ua

Mu-iiha;
mi-uha

(Mu-tende =
■wild date)

Bu-ndun

...

M-pira

M-pireo

...

B(o-ela

Ma-luka

Ma-luka

...

Tcoko

T«ko

Tcokco

Temu

E-aca

E-aka

E-aka

...

Di-bele; ba-

Eri-bele; ma-

M-belto

or ma-bele

...

Tw-ici,

Ol)mu-edda ;

Mu-ndanye

W-ici ; bi-lci.

imu-edda.

Bco-ici.

Mu-ndanye

Mu-ndanye

N-yeomu or

M-b«okci>?

N-kcomco ?

I m-bcokco

Jcomon '

M-bookco?

N-kcop<o

Dome ukco

N-dcome
m-bcokco

...

De-sini

Moj-bconco; me-

De-sini.
McL)-bcono>

...

B-atw ;

Bw-atco ;

B\v-atco

bew-atci>

bi-atu

...

In-jipa.

Inipa

(English word)

Bco-attu

N-cimba^

{■wild)

Ibira,"

Bco-tuku ; ba-

Mu-cuku ; ba-

Bila

Kidceriku

Mo-ina.

B-cola,

OOm-cola ;

M-cona ; b eons

Mu-ntere

B-toni.

ab-cola.

S-cala-i ; t-cola-

Ma)-lale.
Kcom-cola

Kandwge

Lua

Semba ;
bi-semba

...

^ilhe

Sile.
Ccoka

^ini

• •■

B-toba.

I-ci

I-ci,

Lei; bi-ci

E-ce ; i-ci.

E-dia.

Cae

Badua

M-bcokoj.

Kari coku.

Kadi 'cokco.'

N-kadi 'uku.

N-gopo>,

M-bcokco

Gopo.

N-gcamto ?

Hauku.

COku kaca-na.

N-keopoj kadi

M-bcokco

kan.wla

Kandi

...

...

...

■ • •

Bw-hcoku

E-lco, ""

E-lco ; bi-lu.

I-lue ; bi-leo

E-live

Mb) -CD

In-kcopa.

M<o-sa la-be.

Mio-hco
6(o-yammu

Miu-rimco ; ba

Cow

Crocodile ... Gandu Gandn

Day, daylight

Devil, evil
spirit

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

' Noteworthy. • Noteworthy. The far-spread -simba root.

• Nycona is ' calf ', a -word which, as ' nyana ', reappears in many forms of Eastern and Southern Bantu.

GROUPS SS, TT: THE KADEI-LWBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 657

223.

224.

225.

226.

226 a.

226 b.

English

Pande

Ba.yanga

&-(.

Kaka

Bube of North-

Bube of East

Bube^

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224 a.

225 a. Kaka

west and

and South

South-west

Bu-kongco

, 6^f.

of Ngore

North-east

Fernando PS

Fernando Pd

224 b. Ba-

ko>ta

Fernando Pd

Dog

...

...

M-bie

Im-pua ; i-pwa

M-bua,
M-pwa ; i-bua

OO.bwa,
M-bwa

Door, door-

. •>

...

Numu-me

Eri-be,

Eri-be.

Lu-tambco

way

Edi-be

Lu.famboj.
N-dene

Dream

N-sebi

...

N-semia

Drum

N-gom

...

Ear

Li-tui.

Li-lui,

Tea or

Lu-toa ; ba-tu

Ld to ; ma-t5

L(o-tco; ma-tco

Li-teu

Li-loye ;
nia-loye

pi

Leo ; pi. a-loj

Egg

...

N.je

Boj.heu

Mctf.ye ; me-yu

MU'ju ; mi-ju

Elephant ...

Jcokco

Jtokco

Jcoku or
N-jcogu

...

...

...

Excrement

...

...

To-m

Go-re.
To-m

To-m

Eye

L-io> ; m-iu.

Dz-ioi ; m.iscd

M.isi,

N-okco,

Jcokco,

N'Cukco ;

M-is<i>

M-ihi {pi)

In-ccokcd

N-cwkco ; pi.
i-ccokco

i-ccokco

Face, fore-

>••

...

Bui-su.

Bu-sco.

Bu)-sco.

head

A-pulu

M-pulu

Ri-pcocco

Fat, oil ...

'"■

...

M-Utcd

T-ita,
B-ita

B-ita,
M-ita.
Nammo

Am-a.
M.ita

Father

Siangco.

Tacd

3a-ngco or

Q).boye.

Mco.te.

l-je.

N-da

Sa-iigwe

Bu.

I-nta ; bi.nta

tO-moye ;

a-boye.

E.nta.

7 «>A

Cemea

Fear

...

Sa.

I. ye
Sasa

Mu>sari.

Saha

Saha

Finger

...

...

Mu-numbeo.

Bo-ne; bi-ne.

Moj-nye,

Mu-nye ;

Mu-nu

Ebi-dale (//.)

Mu-nye ;
me-nye.
Bu-tue ;
be-tue '

mi-nye

Fire

Mu-nya.

Mo.ya

Du.

Bto-sto; bi-isoa.

Mio-cosco ;

M(o-oa8ea.

Mo-ya

Dite.
Bu-mara

^i-su.
Bo)-rupa

me-cosco.
Mu.sa

Oreo

Fish

W-ue

^ue

Ba-a.

In-cua

N-cue,

N-cwe ; i-cwe

Sansu (225 a)

^ue

Foot

Tindi.

Tendi,

A-bo>.

Di-koteo ;

D-ahala or

Rala,

Li-kaka

Tindi ;

ma-tindi.

Kulu

Kol"

aba-kotw.

Ed-ala.

R-aha

D-ala; m-ala

Ri-ala ;
m-ala.

Mu>-esco

Forest

Pendzie

K-dima

Diku

Bu-saka.
Ba-buela

Bu-saka.
OOmu-ambcola

Mw-ambula

Fowl

...

...

Kube

Ifi-ku,
lii-kcaa

N-kcoe.
(Mu-ti-whe =
cock)

Nkcohe

Frog

• •■

...

...

...

...

A-tete,
E-tete ;
bi-tete

Ghost

...

...

...

•••

Dupe.

Mco-rimco

Mw-e.
M(o-rimu

' This word is printed in the Spanish vocabularies ' Bu-tae ; //. be-tne '. / cannot help thinking the n is a
misprint for u.

6S8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

223.

Pande

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, d^c.

224 a.
BU'kongo>, &><:.
224 b. Ba-kuta

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

0/ ifgare

12.(1.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando P6

226 b.
Bube of

South-west
Fernando Pd

Giraffe

Girl, maiden M-ange-ma-
ni(om-cali

Goat ...

Mo-ina mo>ita

Sam

,, (he)
God ...

Grandparent

...

Grass ... ...

...

Ground

...

Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl

Gun

Hair

...

Hand

Li-tandcA.
Dzeli

Danda

N-gal
Burru

A-kungi

Head Mu-tn

Heart

Heel

Hide

Hill

Hippopotamus N-gubn

Hoe

Honey
Horn

Mbi-sukw Tea

House...

Hunger

N-dakM

N-gubu

Ma.

Fuma

Kimati
Nyul"

Tu

Wa-ita.

M-ula-mu-adi.

M-«na-

COb-col'adi

M-oila-ka-hcdla

mw-ara-nna.
(Bi-cotu =
virgin)

Im-p«di

M-bori.

M-bori ;

M-p<dde

bam-bori

In-tubu-bcodi

Dum 'e-bori

N-kotco 'bori

Dupe.

Ka-dupe.

• ••

Pcotco

Kube.
Lupe,
Rube.
Pwtwe

Boj-ywla,

I-ye-ula

I-ye-cola,

Bto-loina

I-ye-cola.
Nyeula

Si-lelikwa

^i-lela

Loo-kca'u ;
i-ku'sa

B-«iiba

M-oba.

M-oba

• ■•

Tu-ttokw

E-tatk"

E-tata"

E-tata"; bi-

Bu-supa.

E-sila; bi-sila

Bi-sie,

Ebi-supa.

Bi-sii

E-sUa

E-uala.

E-kutc0.

Ri-bac»; ma-

E-dia.

Di-bacc0.

Ri-ala ; ba-ala Di-ala.

E-lecola.

Me-nye

i^ fingers^)

E-twe.

E-cue

E-twe; i-twe

A-sUa

E-teba

E-tema.
Bu-teba

E-tema ; bi-

...

N-konda-konda

I-sapu-sapu

...

Mu-tata.

Lb>tu.

Scuba

0)-hinU

•••

E-hulo

Bw-e

Bw-e

Bw-e

B-ea

...

Lu-bcolu,
Ri-bolco;* ma-

In-jeab«a

N-cibco,

N-ccob«9.

E-ccoboa.

Luba

Cubed,

N-coobco ; pi.

i-ccdbw

N-cala

E-hulto.
N-cala.
Bwdne

N-cala

See roots for penii

GROUPS SS, TT : THE KADEI-LWBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 659

English

223.

Pande

223 a. Bo-iigiri

224.
Ba-yanga, &"€.

224 a.
Bu-kongcd, dr't.
224 b. Ba-kuta

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

pf ■Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bnheo/East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

Husband

Hyena
Iron . . .

Island

Ivory . ,
Knee ..

Knife .

Bcdlico.
M-bcdtco

Lake, sea ...

...

Leg

Mu-nde

Leopard . . .

Lion

Lips

...

Magic

Maize

Man

Sukcd ?

M-o>.
Mco-peli

Man, vlr. ..

Mco-peli,

Mio-pe

Meat

Ny-ama

Medicine ..
Milk

...

Monkey ..

...

Moon

B-ui.
Bu.tu

Konjco.
Lese.
Yube

Mco-tu,
Mco-toi

Ny-ama

a>-ii

Bong'
Kamba

Mco-pondo>. Tiehe.
OOku Bei

N-goi

Mu-U

Mco-tu pai, M-bam
Paye

Titi.
Ny-amu

Ny-emu

N-gonde.
Kundi

Bco-bai,
Bco-ba

£-ah'u

M-ume.
M-oam-anco

Kuanye.
Ab-ehu.
He-RaKoi.
Mco-kusu.
E-au
E-tula; bi-tula E-cula; be-

E-dii I-dukucd.

I -15
L-(oba ; n-kcoba I-sake.

and t-ci>ba

(jOb-itta

0)li-ulw.
E-pas<o ;
bi-pasu

I-bebu

Lco-hcdba.

E-cu.

Se-da ; pi.

tyu-eda or

d-eda
£-lua.

E-riba
Lu-pula.

Mu-iscd

I-beboi.
Mu-ehe ;
mi-ehe

B-ubi.
Bo-ia.
Ubu-cu;be-cu

Bo- ye ; ba-ye

N-aba,
N-ama

Di-beie;
a-bele

Hima

D-ea.
B-ea.
E-lembco

Mo- ye; bo-ye.

OOmcome-cu ;

abcobe-cu.

(OmcD-ccd ;

aba-coi
M-eome.

N-dume

N-kelapi.
N-ama

A-wele,

A-beli,

Di-bele
Bua.

Mco-coma.

N-cupu
Mc-loikoa.

Er-eha.

Di-a,

Di-wS.

E-leb«i.

Bu-ea *

M-ume

Lu-nda ;
ma-nda (pi.)

Di-tula or
E-tula

Ma

E-j<o ; bi-JM

E-riba

Mu-escij

Mu-ee ; mi-ee

Roimo*

Mon-cu.
Mu-cu; bu-cu

M-come.

M-um-anno ;

b-com-annco
Bu-nyua

Ma-beU

E-lembo.

(M-eja =
moonlight)

' Bu-ea and related words May be equivalent to Mu-ela '
(s an inJiecUon.

' the ' brilliant ', the ' shimnt; white ', of wki(h Mu-esi

66o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

223.

Pande

223 a. Bo-Sgirj

224.
Ba-yanga, 6^^.

224 a.
Bu-kongco, &'i:.
224 b. Ba-kcdta

225.

Kaka

22^ a< i^aica

a/ Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

Bube of

Soutli-west

Fernando PS

Mother

Mountain .

Mouth

Nail (of finger
or toe)
Name

Navel

Neck

Night

Oil palm ...

Ox

Paddle

Palm

beer

Parrot
Penis ..

Pig ..
Pigeon
Place ..

wine,

Mo-ngoae.

Ngfi.

Niangu.

Emmi,

Enti.

Nye,

Nangu

Ng»

Nyangwe

CO-mi.

Nye.

Nycomu.

(225 a)

OO-bedi,
tO-beri

CO-meri ;
i-meri

Bu-eri

...

...

Kyeki

(O-basa.

Ka-basa.

E-hulco.

E-hulco.

E-gcoba.

tO-masa,

E-hco

Lu-edi.
E-tiba ; bi-iiba

E-masa

M.5kco

Mb>-nina.

Numbu

Ba)-ehe.

Mu-alco,

Anco,

Mu-nyon,

Bu-aico

U-anco.

W-anoa

Mu-nye»

Mu-e

...

...

N-jibca

Bi-eh'e (p/.).
E-ida

I-^ehe.
J-eri; bi-eri

J-eri ; bi-eri

..-.

...

L-ira,

Ila

Er-ina ; ' m-ina

Ila

...

...

Ccoku

^ukco

OO-tendu.
Ceku

• ••

...

N-ging'

Inku,

Hukco.

E -hukco.

Ingoi.

Nkco.

N-kco

E-huku

00-pehe.
Ki-la

B6-ci«o

Mu-cico,
Bio-cico.
Mi-rima
(darkness)

Bui-coa,
Bio-ci

Bu-anga

Mi-on,

Du or

Bu-mpco,

Mu-mbco or

M(o -lumbal

Mi-u

Joi

Bu>-omp<a ;

bi-impco.

Di-kekca

OObo-mpco ;
//. ibe-mpco.
Esi-mboj

(dim.)

...

...

...

Bits.

CO-bUa,

B(o-bila ;

(jO-bila,

Bco-bila ;

ma-bila.

U-bila.

ma-bila

(Mu-tende =

Ka-bila

■wild date)

•••

In-kopco.
E-kcopco.
Hcoukcd

M-bcokco,
OOkco.
N-kcop<o.
Si-naba

{dim.).
I-buale

M-b(okco

...

...

...

Kape

N-kapi ;
i-kapi
B-ahu,

N-kapi

Bahu,

M-ahil

^

M-ahu.
T-oape

M-ahu

...

...

...

lii-ku,
. I-kco

Eii-kco

L(o-koi>jco ; pi,
bi-kcojco '

Li-bia.

Elcaku.

Mon-palw

Nini ?

Ku-amba ?

...

L(o-kutca,

E-lookoa(224a)

•kutu (223 a)

...

...

Bara

A-sulu.
E-scohco

E-8uln

E-sailco ;
bi-scolco

...

...

.*•

E-leka

E-leka.
Beka

Bekabeka

a«*

• •>

...

CO-mco

OOlcokco

(jO-lcokco

' Noteworthy us a very archaic form.

Note eccentric plural.

GROUPS SS, TT: THE KADEI-LCJBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 66i

English

223 a.

223.
Pande
Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, &'c.

224 a.
Bu-kongb), 6r'c:
224 b. Ba-kuta

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

of H gore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando P6

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

Rain ...
Rat ...

River...
Road ...

Salt ...

Siiame

Sheep...

Shield...

Shoulder
Sister...

Skin ...
Sky ...
Slave . . .

Sleep ...

Smoke
Snake

Son, boy
Song ...

N-dci>b<d

N-gila.
N-dzia

Bu-lu

M-anga m-peli

...

Biu

L.o>la.
M-pula

(storm)

L-ula.
M-pula

N-kula

• ••

• ■•

(X)-bica ; a-bica Mu-wica ;

M-bco,

me-i|sa.

Sim-beo

I-vatsa.

In-kcolu

Kindi.

Kiu.

I-tupcd.

Die,

U-re,

D-u ma-ye

Me-dugu

a)-rie

Di.

Ai-tupoj

0-re

D-zila

N.gia.
N-se (225 a)

E-tele

N-tele,
E-tale.
N-ke

Mu-ke

• ••

Kcoa

Boj.a.

Ke-sal.

Solco.

Bto-uinha

Bco-ha.
Ncoa

Noia,
Ma-nua.

(E-nwa =
sea water)

•"

...

E-coiom

^coom

Coiom,
Com,
Coil

"•

Hola

In-codu.
Ncelu

N-coru.
N-pelu.
^oru

N-celu

liu-ababa; bi-

N-k<obu,
N-kubco.
A-ko>bi

E-ondo>

• ••

...

I-at<o,

Mu-eda ;

Mun-danye

Bo-ita; be-eta

ab-eda

Bcow-atu.

Ebw-eta

...

...

L-cotcd

Mu-tata

Scoba.

Mu-tata

...

...

Lu)-baku

Neo'eo.
COmu-ela '

M(i>-cokca.
Lu-bakbi

..I

Bala

Si-bala

Si-bese.
Mu-taki.
M-pimbi

M-pimbi

Dongi (lala =

A-diagu

T(o.lci),

Tco-la>.

Uto-leo

verb)

Tu-loj

Tco-rinye.
COt-w

•••

...

Bu-idi

E-di

Mw-iri

• ••

Ny-unge

N-coa

En-ua.
Babba."
M-bamba

...

Mu-a.

Mo.ina-m.«

A-uci.

K(om-cola.

M-tona

Mo'ina wa-pai

Kcom-tola.'

Kcub-ula,

OOb-cola

M-cola,
M-cana,
S-cona {dim.)

m-coma-nnu)

•••

J-embi

^i-anco (/'. e.
little mouth)

Bi.la

Si-anu

' Compare words for ' moon '.

' Compare Nyama gbawa of Gaboon.

Noteworthy. Does it stand for Ku)ma)-(Guniu-)ana or Ka-rauana ?

662

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

223.

224.

225.

226.

226 a.

226 b.

English

Pande

Ba-yanga, &^c.

KakR

Bube of North-

Bube of East

Bube of

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224 a.

225 a. Kaka

west and

and South

South-west

Bu-kongto, dr'c.

0/ Ngore

North-east

Fernando PS

Fernando Pd

224 b. Ba-kcota

Fernando PS

Spear

• >•

(

Kii

E-cika ; bi-

Mu-cika,
MoD-jsika; me-

Me-cika ; pi.
be-cika.
(-suma (cf.
•fumu) = to
cut with a
spear)

Spirit, soul

Ma)-riboj ;
ba-ribco.
Bco-we.

M-M

McD-rimto.
Bco-e.

M-M

Mw-e.
M(o-ima.

Mu-yto

Star

...

...

...

In-cucco,
N-caca

Mu-tMka?ok.

N-dcojsi.
M-cence

Mu-twkw.
Ccoc'

Stick

...

...

...

B(o-te.
S-aa

p-ahaft ;
tw-ahaft

Mto-te

Stone

*••

...

Kogu

I-te

A-iti ; ba-te.
Di-te; ma-te.
M-colu

Di-te; ma-te

Stool

>.•

...

...

...

• ..

E-upa

Sun

M-ui,

M-iie

Dadi

D-M.

Yesu (225 a)

E-teohi

N-toi.

Ei-tcogi.
M(o-ukca

Ri-t«hi

Tail (of an

...

• ••

• ••

M-eke,

...

Mw-ela

animal)

B-eke; b-ike

Tear

...

■ ••

• ••

Be-ela

. . .

Me-ela

Testicles ...

Li-baiiga ; ma-.
J-an-ba-kutu

Ma-pindi

A-pindi

...

...

—

Thief

...

Huba.

Mco-iibe ;
be-ube

M-pele.
Mu-bbe.
Lu-ba.
M-be

Huba,
N-hube

Thigh

Bel»

■ ■«

>••

E-pasco.
E-uba

I-bebelM

L-5.
E-bebelM.
Lcu-hco

Thing

•••

...

E-lcokto.
A-ktola.
Si-kuU

E-kwle.
E-luku

L-ama.
Lukco.
I-kcoli.
E-k«la

Thorn

...

...

•••

Lo-ri

Mu-tende

Mo-ri.
Lo-ri ;

Tobacco ...

...

...

Ka

L-aceya •

La-acia

^i-bak

To-day ...

a. 1

...

...

Lilcd.
Rau

Delu

JarcB.

Rau, '
Ro

Toe

...

...

Mu-nu-kul

Bto-esu,
Bco-nesu

Mu-nye ; me-

Mu-nye mwa
mu-ala

To-morrow

...

...

...

U-badi

a)-badi

I-mbi to) :
e-laho9

Tongue

E-lemu

Lemi,

Gieme or

Lco'beboo ;

L(o-bebo>

Lu-belto.

E-lemi

Jem

i-bebu

Lu-tulco

Tooth

M-bo>kco (//.).

M-ineo (//.)

Me-die (//.).

Be-tlw ipl).

R-elu ; m-elco,

R-en«; m-en««

M-inco

Su (225 a)

Di-eloj ; b-elco

m-enoj

■

Town

M-buka.

M-bcoka.

Jari.

E-kia; bi-ria.

Lu-luu.

E-ce.

Li-ndca

Lango)

Ndi

E-ci.
Lu-baco

E-ria;
bi-ria.
En-ce,
En-je .

KiBi J

GROUPS SS, TT : THE KADEI-LCOBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 663

English

223.

Pande

223 a. Bo-ngiri'

224.
Ba-yanga, c^c.

224 a.
Bii-koiigco, &-'c.
224 b. Ba-kuta

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

0/ ffgore

226.
'&\xh& of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando P6

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

BMheof

South-west

Fernando PS

Tree

Twins
Urine ..

Vein ..
War ..

Water

Mon-gcdkca

M-inye.
M-ime

M-e

Well, source
White man

Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft
Woman ..,

A-lembu ?
Mum-uli

Womb

Me-le,
Mu-le.
Duma

M-inye.
Mam-b«li

Ma-ye

A-lembu
Mo-itu,
M-aitu

Jio-e-ti

Am-india

Mo>-dibco.
Me-dugu

M-eri

Pupcolra

Mi-mia.
M'Cri (225 a)

...

••

Wood, fire-
wood

Yam

Kuni

Moj-le.
Kuni
Butai

Year

...

• »■

Yesterday...

...

••

One

•mcD.
•gbe (223 a) >

-muti

Two

•bale,
•leisi (323 a)

•bai,
-baye

•watoa,
•wate

-ba

Bu-te

Be-buku
Ba-nyera

Bi-ta

B(o-cdpe.
(Riba = dew)

Bu-kara ; ba-

W-ari.

W-aiseo.

(Jl)w-ari.

Bo-rima
N-dundu

n-dulu
Bu-aya'rimeo

Bu-aisb3 ;
b-aiscd.
W-adi.
Aw-aisu.
S-adi.
Mu>-ita ; ba-

Eu-la ; mu-la

L<o-om

Boi-te,

Mo)-te ; ba-ti,
ma-ti

Ma-nyera

Bi-la.

Di-opco
M-cophe ;
b-cophe.

M-ope.

Ta)-bele;m-ele
Riba
Mu-kara ;

Ai-pephco
Ma-niula.

Wio-todi.

Mu-aisco.

Mu-are
E-nrudu

Bca-te.
Bu-te :

ba-te

ba-

B(o-gua

Mu-aisti> ;

ba-isu.

(JL)mu-ahoiIa ;

ab-ahcola.

Mu-kadi ;

ab-adi.

Mo-iiki
Reme

Be-bcdkco
Ma-nyera

Mu-inj'
Bl-ta

Mto-upe

Ri-hunyu

Mw-ara-nna.
M w-adi

Mu-ncoke

Ba-iarimo>
Rcomco
Mw-ara-na ;
b-ara-na

Reme.

Bu-la
La-coso>

B-ilu. ^(o-ule ; bi-tole So-oli ; bi-oli

S-ule ; bi-ule
Ccokoj ? L-o>, Lw-a ; m-a

Lu-a ; m-a Lu-a ; m-a.

Duda ?
M-padi M-padi I-mbi tco-

pwasa

Bu-U,
•H,

En-nye.
•li, -le,

■li,
-de

•ne,

-de.

•ni

•nye.
Ne

ba,

-pa, ba

-im-ba.

-pa (E-pa)

(E-pa,
Mem-ba,
A-pa,
N-ba, &'C.)

•ba

' The numerals 0/223 a are altogether Sudanis.

664

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Three.

Four

Five ..

Six

Seven

Eight .

Nine ..

Ten

Eleven

223 a

223.
Pande
Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, dr'c.

224 a.
Bu-kongco, dfc.
224 b. Ba-kuta

225.

Kaka

22; a. Kaka

fl/ Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

•atco.

•satco,

•lali or

•ta

-ta.

-ta

-ata,

-satu,

-tati

(Be-ta,

•ca

Ba-ta (223 a)

•natu

Me-ta,
Tw-ta)

(Be-ta,
Me-ta,
Ata,
OJ-ta,
N-ca, e^'f.)

•ne.

•na,

■na.

■le

•ele, -le,

-e-ni,

-na,

•nai

•inni (225 a)

•ene.

-ne

Ba-na (223 a)

»

•m (a-m, o-m).

(Bi-ele,

Mi-ene,

Mi-ele,

Cu-ene,

Bi-le,

N-ne)

•tanu.

Vue.

•tani,

•tM

•to>, -cico

•tco.

Vue.

Banco,

•tan

(Me-teo,

•ceo

Jeg {223 a)

Tanco.
Singa

bi-tco,
to-tco,
N-cco, &=€.)

•amanco.

Vue na mcoti.

•tanewatco

Dahah or

Nasi-le or

-'na mu^li (•tco

Jegbe(223a)

Singa mcoti

(224 a)

Rahah

Asi-la.
Raha,
Naha

understood)

•ta-mco-bali.

Vuena(ba)-bai.

•taneba.

Dahah la-ni

Atco-ba,

-'na maim^ba

Jegbwisi

Singa

•tan yco te-ba

(Ra-la-ni).

Na-tco-pa.

(223 a)

(bi)-baye.
(Ma)-nai
(ma)-satu

Bi-tco la i-ba

Naha-

mem-ba.
Daha la bu-le.
Na me-pa.
(Bi)-ele
ket(u-ta

•ta-mu).ato>.

Vue na

•tane-bi-lali.

Da 'lai-ba.

E-tela.

-'na me^ta

Jeg-ba-ta

(mi)-satto.

•tan ycote^tati

Bi^tco la bi^ta

Ma-ni.

(223 a;

Singa

(ba)-nato>.

(Ma)-nai

(ma)-nai

Naha me-ta

•tan-a mcomcone.

Vue na (ba)>na.

■tanena.

A-ni na bi-eu.

Lacw-ene or

'Na-mi

Jeg-ba-na

Singa (ba)-na.

•tan yojte-nai

Bi-tw la bi-ele

La-cwele.

(223 a)

(Ma)-nai
(ma)-tanco

Naha-mi-ene.
M-aha-liii,
A^ni na bi-co

Bucope.

Jum.

Kamon.

BieS.

Le-enyco,

Miemu,

Bwpe (223 a)

Kamon.

Kamu(225a)

Biu

De-nyco.

Miemyu or

Jcoka.

Le-etco.

Mico.

Bwpe

Bico, Mico,

Mco.

Li-u.

Di-on, Ni-on

R-enyco

Buupe

• ••

Kamu ni^wate

Bico la nl.

Mieco la ne

Miumu-li>

HKomoycij.

Bieu la nl

Bcope jegbe

(223 a)

Twelve is Mico na maim-ba.

GROUPS SS, TT: IHE K.ADEI-LGJBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 665

English

223 a,

223.
Pande
Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, 6^c.

224 a.
Bu-kongu, (Sr'c.
224 b. Ba-k(ota

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

of Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando Po

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando Po

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

Fifteen

Twenty ...
Tliirty

Forty

Fifty

Hundred ...

Thousand...

...

Kamu ni tan

00.

E». O).

Mi-eco- or to.

Bi-eweo or

Mi-e-e&j or

(Reya also —

Bi-eyu.

Bi-eyu

fifteen.

(O) na mu-li —

(la-o> iti

O) mu-li =

sixteen)

counting).
(Bi-eyu tola-ni

= sixteen)

sixteen)

Dzazu.

Ma-kupe.

Kamon-ba.

E-ci,

Di-cila ; pi.

Di-cila.

Bc>>pe-b<ope

Ma-bupe

Kamu-ba

1-ci

ama-cila

(An-cila =

(223 a)

[twenties)

twenties)

Kamu-tati

Bcd-ra-pa

(^.twice fifteen).
B-oj-dra-pa.
I-ci la bieu

Di-cila bio

Di-cila mico

...

...

Kamu-ni

}ia-ci ba a-pa.
Ba-ci la-pa

Ama-cila me
ma-ba

An-cila ma-ba

...

Kamu- tan'

Ha-ci ba bieu

Ama-cila ma-ba
la bico

An-cila ma-ba
la miu

...

t ••

Gcomai,

Bu-eda

Mu-era or

Mu-era

Gcoma

Mu-eda ; pi.

.*•

(//. te-gwma)

Bi-eda bieu

mi-era

Bu-eda O) =
1,500.

D-eda cila =
2,000.
B-eda cila
a-pa = 4,000 •

' The numerals in the Fernandian dialects are sufficiently peculiar and interesting for it to be worth while to
append a special note in situ in order to comment on them in immediate sequence to their appearance. The root-word
for ' one ' can be traced back to -nye or -ne, which is also the term for 'fnger ' in Fernandian, as well as in some other
forms of Bantu. ' Two' is expressed by -pa or -ba, as in many Bantu languages of Central Congoland, of North
Congoland, and of the Camerouns. ' Four ' has a misleading resemblance to ' one ', but is of course derived from the
Old Bantu root -ne or -ni (in Fernandian phonology it will be noted that n, 1, r, and d constantly permute, like m
and b). Btit there is also a form for 'four' — m —which is puzzling, unless, as happens in other cases in Fernandian,
the m is derived from an n. The root for 'five' — -toi — is probably a contraction o/'-tau, -tanu. -tau is met with in
some Cameroons dialects. T, in Fernandian, is easily palatalized into ty and c, and therefore -tco {^five ') frequently
becomes -cico and -co>. Daha, Naha, Rahah, <s^c.,for 'six' is quite possibly a softening and contraction of a root
-ntanda, -ntandatu {derived anciently from -n-tatu-n-tatu, 3 + 3), which is not only frequently used for ' six in East
and South African Bantu, but makes its appearance in some of the Semi-Bantu languages of the Cameroons hinter-
land. The explanation o/"Nasi-le or Asi-la, together with Natu)-ba, Natco-ta, Nacu-ene is that they and other Fer-
nandian words for ' six ', ' seven ', ' eight ', and ' nine ' are formed by adding ' one ', ' two ', ' three ', and 'four ' to 'five ',
in the sense of ' and one ' (na-si-le), ' and two ' (na-tto-ba). The forms succeeding to ' six ' are also dealt with as in so
many Bantu languages which make use of the term sambco in various forms ; that is to say, using a word for ' seven ',
' eight ', and ' nine ', which might be translated ' the second six ', ' the third six', ' the fourth six '. Besides these terms
for the numerals between six and ten there are peculiar words like E-tela for ' eight ' {which may, however, be a
corruption i^ E-nena~4-l- 4 — and Lacw-ene ybr 'nine'. Lacw-ene, at first baffling, is merely ' and four' (five
anil four). La = and, cu = the concord of Tu (12//; prefix), and -ene —four. Maha-liu for ' nine ', in the same
dialect — Eastern Bube — is also a leaser, -liu, the second part of it, may be a survival of an old form, hin, for 'ten '
(contracted from Li-kumi) and Maha- be one of those privative terms occasionally used in Bantu to express ' nine' —
' one from ten ', 6^6. The words for ' ten ' in Fernandian are also enigmatic in appearance. There are traces of
a form Li-u (already mentioned) which may descend from the archaic Li-kumi. Eastern Bube also possesses the form
Di-on, Ni-on, -nyoa, which, with the substitution of w for m, may be a contraction of the tnainland Di-om (Di-kumi).
But ' ten ' is more frequently expressed in Fernandian by a form Bico, Mico, which seems to find its fullest expression
in the South-west Fernandiati Miemu or Miemyu, and the root of which is -emu or -emyu. Of this, -enyco, -nyu
may be a variant. The form Le-etu, tn East Fernandian, may be nothing but ' — and fix'e ' , the first 'five' being

666

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

223.

224.

225.

226.

226 a.

226 b.

English

Pande

Ba-yanga,

d^c.

Kaka

Bube of North-

Bube of East

Bube^

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224 a.

225 a. Kaka

west and

and South

South-west

Bu-kongcD

&^c.

0/ Ngore

North-east

Fernando P6

Fernando PS

224 b. Ba-kcdta

Fernando PS

I, me, my ...

Nei, »ge ?

A-me.

Me.

Na, Nne.

Nye.

Lnye, Na, N',
Ne.

Na-, »ga-.

Ma-.

Mi..

N-ke-, Na-,
N-, M-, K-

N-, Nke-, K-,
Nkco..

N, Ka, K'..

?

?

•m, -mbe

-ne, -le, -na,
-neo, -m, -a-m

•nye, -m,
-a-nye

•nye, -ka, -m,
•nye, •nyi

Thou, thee, thy We, A-he.

a)fe.

Wo>.

OOe, Wa.

We.

We, A^hwe.

J

?

?

00-, Bco-, a)h-,
Ue-.

0)-, U-.

<X); V; B'..

?

?

•u, .be ?

•coe, -toa, -o>,
-a-co

•ue, •bue, -a^co

•CO, -a^hwe,
•mwa, •mwe

He, hlra, his

Wu-ende.

...

Yu.

Bcoe, Ke.

Olco, Mco.

OOIco.

?

A..

A-, E-.

A..

A^, £•.

?

?

■la, -bcoe, -bco,
-a-i

-o-le, -meo,
•ari

•mco, -a-be,
•mi, •mco

We, us, our

...

...

Da.

Tue, Tco-la.

Teo^e.

A-cu^e, Tu^e,

J

Tco.,T<oh-,Tu..

Tu^, Tco-.

Tu.

?

-tu-e, -tca-la,
•le, -tou, -a-u

•cu^e, -a^u

Tu..
•cu^elco, -Co*

Ye, you, your

...

...

Mu.

Lu-e, Lu-le.
Ma

Lco^e.

Neo, A^bu-e, In.
Lu^e, Mu^e.

?

Lu-, Lu-,
Lcoh-, Neo-.

Leo-, Lu-.

Nue-, Nu-.

?

•lu-e, -a-nu

•lu-e, -a-nyco,
-e^nyco

-a.nyoa,-e-nycii

They, them,

• ••

• •>

We-ne.

Ba, Ba^le.

Beba, Be.

Aba^le, Abeba.

their

1

Ba-, Be-,
Bah-.

Be^, Bale-,

Ba-l<o-.

Ba-, Be-.

?

•ba, -ba-la,
-a-boj

•be, -a^bco

•ba, 'bco

J

understood; just as in most Fernandian dialects ' six ', ' seven ', ' eight ', and ' nine ' are expressed by ' — and one', \
— and two , &=€.

The emphatically quinary nature of Fernandian computation is shown in the distinct term for ^fifteen ' — (i), Eco.
In fuller forms this is Eco and Bi^eyu, Bi^ewco, Bi^e^eco, Mi-e-eco. Possibly the Eco is a final contraction o/"-e-tco, Ihei
root for 'five', derived from -tau ; and the preliminary Bi^e- (abbreviation ^ Bieu, Miemu, 'ten') reduces thel
common expression for 'fifteen' to 10+5. Eco again becomes La-co {^ and fifteen') in further calculations. Thust
fifty-five is Ama-cila ma^ba la-co, i. e. 'two twenties and fifteen ' (la = and, a —fifteen). ' Sixteen ' wCO-nye (IS+ l),(
or Q)-i^le, OO^si^le, CO^de, according to the various concord prefixes placed in front of ' one ' (' one ' being •nye, •le, •de).
' Seventeen ' is CO.me^ba (15 +2), and so on up to Di^cila, ' twenty' (a ivord shortened in North-west Fernandian to\
E^ci, !•«). T)\-v\sl possesses a most interesting resemblance to the •cira and •jila of'Ngindjj and Yduj (A^os. 55 andt
54), to the Li^tinda, •cinda of North Congoland, and the •rinda of some Semi-Bantu languages of the Cameroontt
hinterland. As in these tongues, the calculations of the Bube speech after twenty are in scores preferably to tens.
Thus 'forty ' is ' twice twenty '. In North-west Fernandian we have an interesting exception in regard to ' thirty ',1
which instead of being rendered by ' twenty plus ten ' is Bco^ra^pa, which probably stands for ' fifteen-twice ' (Bco in |
such a case being an abbreviated plural of(ii, 'fifteen').

The D\- prefix of D't-cila., 'twenty', is usually detached from the root and applied to the noun thus enumerated.\
For instance, ' one knife' is S^edda sesi^le ; 'two knives' is tyu-edda tw-ba ; ' nineteen knives' is tyu^edda co tu-elej
(i. e. ' knives fifteen-four') : but ' twenty knives ' is Di^edda (or D^eda) cila. ' Nineteen yams ' ('yams fifteen-four') f
is Ebi^lco e co bi^le, but 'twenty yams' is Di-lco cila. ' Twenty fingers ' is not Ma-cila me^nye, as it might be by\
analogy, but Di^nye e^cila ; ' twenty teeth ' (•inco or -ilco) is not Ma-cila m-elco or m^enco, but R^elco or D^elco cila.!
This Di- prefix is continued in enumeration till one hundred is reached; it is then replaced by No. 6, Ma- or M-. Thus\
' hundred yams' (.colu) is M'^colu (Ma^colu) •era, 'yams-hundred'; ' hundred knives' is M^ed'era (Ma-eda^era).
Attention should also be drawn to the words for ' thousands ' in East Fernandian, which seem to indicate that the D'-,
MX- prefix }nay be an augmentative of the singular number.

There should be noticed in connexion with the more archaic dialect of North-west Fernandian, transcribed by Clarke 1
in the 'forties of the last century, tlie retention of the Vj&- prefix in forming ordinal numbers, Ka^ne, ' once ', Ka-e.pa^j
' twice ', Ka-he-ta, ' thrice '.

GROUPS SS, TT: THE KADEI-LOJBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 667

223.

224.

225.

226.

226 a.

226 b.

English

Pande

Ba-yanga, iSr'c.

Kaka

Bube of North-

'Bvih&of East

Bubeo/"

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224 a.

225 a. Kaka

west and

and South

South-west

Bu-kongu, cr^c.

of Ngore

North-east

Fernando P6

Fernando PS

224 b. Ba-kuta

Fernando Pd

All

...

...

•ese (j-ese, ^^c)

Ama,
-ama.'

Ku-ba

-ama.

Ma-la.
Ku-ma'

■ela,

M-ela,
M-ala.
-ma

This, these

•

00-lco-, ba-li or
a- ; CO, i-le ;
i, a- or aba- ;
e-, bi-le ; soi- ;
e-, i-le- ; loa- ;
tu- ; CO

Preprefixes and
prefixes are
used before the
nouns as de-
monstratives :
(jOIco, aba ;
colco, eme ;
iri, ama ; ele,
ebi ; ele, ile ;
(oico, cotu ; esi,
isi ; &>€., fol-
lowed by -icco
or -ici, -colcoke
or -aiiejfor
' this '; and
-icco, -ici,
owaci or
cobua for
'that'

That, those

(jO-le, ba-leo ;
coft, ie; di-le,
a-co ; e-le,
bi-le ; si-le ;
e-e, i-M ; coft ;
tco-le

Also as separate
demonstra-
tives :

La-nco, la-lco,
a-nco, o-lco,
o-le, xa-lco,
xa-le, 1-co.
Mco {he), ba-lco
{they)

Bad

-e-be

■be

•beeo-
(An-yon «=

not good)

-be.

La-be.
Kala-be

M-me,
Em-me.
•sasa

-mi

Black

-telu

Bo-yundu

A-yund»

Wiliwilto

•cece,
moj-cece.
-Uco

• «•

Female

-m-Mli

-mo-itu,
-m-aitu

•mia

-adi (Kadi).
-aisco

Karl (prefix).
-ahcola
{suffix).
(mu-ahcola,
m-ahcola,
b-ahcola,
e-ahcola,
k-ahcola,
6-f.)

Fierce, sharp

...

Ba-kasco,

•kasu.

-ah',

-ax'

' Noteworthy. Cf. 162, 230, 87, 134, 136, 129, 131, S^c.

668

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

223.

Pande

223 a. Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, df'c.

224 a.
Bu-kongoi, &'c.
224 b. Ba-kcota

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

0/ Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernatuio P6

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando P6

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

Good

■layw

Great . . .
Little ...

Long ...
Male ...

•peli

Old

Red ..,

Rotten

Short..,

Sick ...

White

Above, up, on
top

Before
Behind

Below, down

Far

Here

In, inside ...

Mto-pu,
•pu

Li-kcolco.
Li-bti>(223a)

Ene.
Bondw (223 a)

E-handa.

M(o-sika
(223 a)
Wuande

•nyongco

•mute.

Bw-e-bw-e,

•e (7vith pre-

•nyongoj

•we,

•ye.

■e

ceding con-
cord and
sometimes
doubled: thus
Mu-e-mu-e,
s-e-s-e, &-•€.)

•••

...

(Ote

. . .

• ••

■ >•

...

-kconu,

-ici.

-isi

•

Si-k<onu.

-kcokco.

•kbikco

-isi

■ ■•

...

B-cotu,
•utco

-tco,
M-uteo

•pai

...

-cdbe (Bco^ci»be,
Be^cobe,

-come,
Dcome

...

"

Nt-cobe,
K-eobe).
Di-ala '

(prefixed).
-me-ca>
(affixed)
(come-cco,

s-come-C(u,

lv-come-ca>)

•tenate

-Icolu.
-luna '

-tulatcola
-boi

•luna.'
-cici,
•cili.
N-kcotco

. . .

...

-ntu,

•xundu

•huntu

Si-ntu

■kcona

...

-dcopa.

A-lwadi '

-Icodi

Bco-pumbu

A-pumon

Bco-totco.
Bco-hututu

•hcotco,
E-hcotco

Mu-uto>

...

...

0)bio-hoj.
Pwa

(x)mo)-ho(>.
M-tolcS).
•bila

M-bua

...

...

60bco-sco
M-pwa.

E-hua.

U-ai

CObco-sco

E-nanyeho>.
M-ata-m,
Ma-hata-m

...

...

...

U-hinco.
I-lcoce

0-rie.
-ata.
(jO-ci

CO-ci

Mco-sika.

A-dioj

CO-reka

Ha-tco,

■ •■

M-bcoli

...

Hal«0

Xa-tco.
0-ti
Axco,
Xalco.
OO-ha

...

Bco?

Buhila.

A-rimco.

Di.

Di.

Bula

Bwila

(0-biia

' Noteworthy : cf. word for ' male ', ' man ', -y ala, -bakala, in West Congo and A ngola.
• Cf. East Bantu.

' Cf. -duna in Zulu

GROUPS SS, TT : THE KADEI-LCOBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 669

English

223 a.

223.
Pande
Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, &•€.

224 a.
Bu-kongcd, (S-'iT.
224 b. Ba-kcota

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

of Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bttbe of East

and South
Fernando PS

Middle

Near

Outside

Plenty, many M-ba>tcd

There

Where; ...

No!

Not (with verb Kcakco. -we.

as prefix, in- De-
fix or suffix)

Pcol«(?) A- Ke. A-

To

■>

?

„ beat ...

„ buy, sell

...

,, come ...

•ya-ka

•ya-te.
•nyua

„ cut

„ dance ...

...

„ die

...

...

„ eat

•dzia-ki

-yuma.
i\-die

„ give ...

...

• *.

.. go

• «

t..

-g<oa

•ade.

■di

.yori

„ kill

„ know

B(D-telco,
Bwila
Ke-pie

CO-hita

B-ike

HalL

Keci.:

Ehe!

Bw-e, Lu-e
(imperative).
■ta-, -ci-, -te-.
Te-, Aci-,
Li.

O)- ?, Ala-
•upa

-tolco (-wela,
•tola)

•peloj,

•pa,

■pwa.

•plu
•pwlcj
•bila,

-bila-Ka
•bwa

■da

•mpa
•hela,

• xela.

•cila.

•eka,

•beka
■ula,

■coda.

(■udi = frf/.
•am,

■lam

OObcu^telco.

tObu^aci
Kco^pie.

Bihco
OO-hita.

OOmu-alalca
-nkenke.

A-mote.

•ike.

L-umu
Hali.

Ale.

Xcoke,

Xale.

Xeake
Ka?

Kco?

Kaxe .-
Hatsi !

Hehe!
Te ! Aci^.

Bw^e (sing.).

Lu^e (pL).

(•e- in impera-
tive), ha.-

A-, O)-
■teta

■cola

•pulco

•bcola
•bila,

•bina
•xu

-rra

-vala
■hela,

•eda.

■enda

■oribi

■lam

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

OObu^aci

Beo,
Bico

COlto-lombwaa

Bco^hi

Ehe!

-ci-, •ta-

(■da^, •ca-),
-1'- l-lco-, -li^)
•e.
Li^, La-

E-, Ala-, Ale-
-copa,

•mba,

•teta
-cola.

•ronda,

•rcoanaa
-ptilca

-m-bcola
■bina

•hu,
-hwa

' Cf. the -manya of the East lisintu.

•mba
-eda.

•enda.
•hela

•bola

-am, -an,
•any a '

X X

670

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

323 a,

223.
Pande
Bo-ngiri

224.
Ba-yanga, 6r^c.

224 a.
Bu-kongcd, 6^;:.
224 b. Ba-kcata

225.

Kaka

225 a. Kaka

of -Ngore

226.
Bube of North-
west and
North-east
Fernando PS

226 a.
Bube of East

and South
Fernando PS

226 b.

Bube of

South-west

Fernando PS

To ?

„ laugh ...
„ leave off,

cease
„ love,want

„ sit, remain,

abide
„ sleep ...

„ stand, stop,
be erect
steal . . .

?

?

-yae-t«

•lala.
■dongi

•diagu

0)- ?, Ala-

A-, 0)-

■itcoa

-tuya

•rata.

-iiaha.

•hud a

•xon.

■xodu

-ela

-ena.

-ela

•pela-

•kaHa

•tcdlut

-tcalcd

•mi

...

•ub^

•iba

E-, Ala-, Ale-
•tdnja
•cia

-hodi,
•hora

•ena

•pena.

-ica

•tcslu

■ema

•bubi

PREFIXES IN PANDE, BA-YAKA, KAKA
Much defaced, often wanting.
Class I. Mto-, M'^ ; 2. ? ; 3. Mo>-, Mu-, — ; 4. Mi-, Me-, — ; 5. Li-, — ; 6. Ma-, Me- ; 7. .' i

9. N- (M-), — ; 10. .?Te^,' N^ (M-;

■; II. ?; 12. .'; 13. ?; 14. Bu-.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN FERNANDIAN
Preprefixes are present, especially in regard to Classes i, 2, 3, 5, and 6.

Class I. Umu-, OOmu-, Mco-, Ubco-, CClbca-, Bto-, 00- (mu, bu, bio, <o, k', a-, nye) ; 2. Aba-, Ab'-,
Ba-, Be-, Bto-, A^ (?) (ba, beba, be) ; 3. COmto-, COmu-, Mu-, (x); Bu-, Boa- (mu, bu) ; 4. Emi-, Eme-,
Me-, Mi-, Be-, Bi- (me, be, mi) ; 5. Di-, Ri-, Eri-, Ei-, I-, Re- (r', d'. re, de, di) ; 6. Ama-, Ma-, Mco-,
Ba-, A- (a, aba, ama) ; 7. E-, J- (rare), He-, Xe- ? (e, k') ; 8. Ebi-, Bi-, Ebe-, Be-, I- (bi) = ; 8 a. Esi-,
Isi-, S'-, pi-, Bi.' (si, s', x) ; 9. En-, In- (Im-), N-, ff- (1', n', k') ; 10. I-, »-, Jfg- (i, n) ; 11. OOlco-, (JOlu-,
Leo-, Lu- {pi. I-, If-, Ng-, Ma-) (o), 1", Ico) ; 12. COtw, (Otu-, Tw, Tu-, Tyu-, Cto-, Cu- (tto, tu-, tyu, cu) ;
13. Ka-, Kto-, Ke-' (not used as a diminutive and has no concord of its own, but generally uses that of
Class I. Is rather honorific or feminine in signification ; also adverbial) ; 14. CObeo-, OObu-, Bw-, Q)-
(ba>) (often confounded with Nos. I and 3, but has No. 6 (Ma-) as plural) ; 15. persists in CO- as preposition,

' Te-gtoma = ' hundreds '.

' Bi- (8 or 8a) is sometimes tisedin a singular and slightly diminutive sense, as in 6i-coto9, ' a virgin '.

' 7 here are a masculine and a feminine prefixin Fernandian, which last may be connected with No. 13.
"K-fa-for masculine and THa.- for feminine. But Kco- is superimposed on a retained prefix, whereas Ka- is
used as sole prefix before the mot, though sometimes there are indications that it represents a doubled 13
prefix, viz. : Kah'-, derived from Kaka-, Kak'-, Kah'-. Kcom'-, Kcomu-, may be a retention of the archaic
Gumu/w;// of Class i.

GROUPS SS, TT: THE KADEI-LOJBAI LANGUAGES AND FERNANDIAN DIALECTS 671

'to', &c., and in Keo- as adverbial prefix); 16. Xa-, Ha-, A- in prepositions only; 17. probably
represented by OOmu-, OObu-, Bu- in certain prepositions and locatives, and as a terminal suffix in one or
two phrases, such as Ari-moi, ' he is within '. La- (20) is present in a few words as a locative.

The -ana diminutive suffix exists in Fernandian as -ana, -ale ; chiefly in connexion with words for
' woman ', ' female '.

223. Pande is spoken north and south of the 4° of North latitude, between the Upper Saiiga and the
head-streams of the Lobai (Mubafigi basin). 223 a. Boiigiri between the Upper Sanga and the Kadei.

224. Bayanga, 224 a. Bukongco, and 224 b. Bakcata are spoken between the Middle Sanga and the
Mubafigi basin, south of the head-streams of the Lobai j and on both sides of the Lower Lobai, chiefly
to the south.

225. Kaka is spoken in separated colonies of Kaka people between the eastern basin of the Kadei
and the south-west basin of the Lobai, and on the Middle Saiiga river ; also on the Ngore plateau.'

226. Bube of North-west and North-east Fernando P6 is spoken in the northern parts of Fernando
P6' Island.

226 a. Bube of East and South Fernando P6 is spoken in the eastern and southern parts of Fer-
nando P6 Island.

226 b. Buhe of South-west Fernando Pd is spoken in the west and south-west of Fernando P6
Island, in the San Carlos (Cieorge Bay) district.

Fernandian Tribes or Clans

North-west to North-east : Pulapula, Ikottona, Bascopto, Basite, Basipu, Kebtola, Hani, Basuata,
Isakatcu, Bakake, Orjbula, Bahe.

South-east and South : Belilipa, Barinkuru, Ba)la)kco, Banapa, Biapa, Bepepe, Bcohto, Buepe,
Ureka.

South-west : T^ekcolo), BatetL, Tapa, Somesajmco, Malo), Bufika, Babana, Bicokco, Lcosite, Sibula,
Manabe, Betsi, Western Bcokskco, Western Isakatoj (Basakatio), Oloikcopco.

' See Striiinfell and Struck on f. 448 of the iflnd volume (1910) of the Berlin Zeitschrift fiir
Ethnologie.

* // may chance that in this volume, or its successor, Fernando P6 is spelt Fernando Poo. The last
is more correct and is sometimes the modern Spanish spelling, though Fernando P6 is preferable because
more usuaL The earliest form of the name was Fernao (Fernam) do Poo or Povo (' Ferdinand of the
people '), that being the name of the legeiidary Portuguese mariner who first sighted the island, circ. 1470.

X X 2

THE SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES

GROUP A

THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

Eafen

227 c.

227. Ekoi or Ejam'

227a. Akwa ' 227 b,
Injo or Itun

228. The Nde or Atam diatecis '

228 a. Akparabofi 228!). Agbaragba

229. J«d(Bw-ki*

229a. (x)-sikom 229b. Dama 2299.
Gayi 229 d. Yakoroo 2296.
Alege

Sub-group A i Cameroons Borderland

230. Mbudikum •

230a. Ba-hom

232,
234'

230b. Ba-yoii 230c. Ba-ti
230 d. Ba-k.um 2306. Ba-gba

23of. Ba-li (?r Ba-lu 230 g. Ba-mum
230 h. Mijo-menya 230 i. Pa-piaft
230 j. Pa-vam 231. i^gcoala
Nso or Nfio (Ba-ns6) ° 233. Mbe

Manyafi (A-nyan, Ba-nyan)'
234 a. Konguan

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234.

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

»ki

Mbudikum and

Ns5 cr Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

00-sikom

to 230 j

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabofi,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngoaala |

227 c. Injo

<S^•f.

Dama, &'c.

Adze

Animal, wild
beast
Ant

Ny-am ; to + .

N-sun
N-sian; oj-.

N-ke ; a-ke.

M.fap.

M-fanuti.

(Jl)-siyonga

(227 c)

N-kpata;a
Iny-am

Mu-nko ; all-.
N-ko; e-ko.
N.kw65k.
.A-nyiyo

Ka-ny-am

E-cicu.
Ko-mkanket

Be-sine (//.)

' Ekoi is the Old Calabar or Efik name for /his language. Its real local appellation is Ejam, Ezam, orEjayam.

* 227 a Akwa is also pronounced Akpa or Akpwa. // has no near relationship u>ith the Kwa or Kwo lan-
guage of the Ibibiw country to the ivest of the Cross River estuary {No. 245 a). No. 227 b is the Eafen of Koelle.

There are two distinct tones in the Ekoi group of dialects, ' being the low, and ' the high tone. I have not thought
it necessary, however, to insert these marks, except where they seem to affect the etymology. Moreover, there is con-
siderable local variation in their use, and. as a general rule, they are not of much importance in philological comparisons.
' Included in this column are the Ekamtulufu, the Udom, and the Mbufon (Be-fun) of Koelle, which are Nde
dialects. The natne Nde is spelt Inde by Mr. E. Dayrell. Atam is the author's recorded name for this language in
general, but A tan would seem to be a nickname for one of the Nde tribes, meaning ' sheep ', ' sheep people '. Another
of my names for this language in 1887-8 was ' IVestern Kki'. The Akparabon a«rf Agbaragba of Mr. Northcote
Thomas appear to be only dialects of Nde. Where their words are the same as those of Nde in general, they are not
cited.

* This is the Nki of Koelle and the 'Eastern Nki' of Johnston of 1887-8, the Bto-ki of E. Dayrell, and the
CO-slkom of Northcote Thomas. Its northern dialects, Dama, Gayi, a«r^ Yakoru, extend its range to the verge of
the Munsi country. The A-lege of Koelle is almost a separate language, yet sufficiently near to be included as a
dialect o/Nki, though its location and existence at the presetit day are very uncertai?t.

° This is in the main the language I have heard called locally Mbudikum, though a similar name, Mburukem,
is also, according to Koelle, applied to the Ndob language (237), which is spoken on the eastern side of the Mbudikum
country. Mbudikum in general seems to be closely allied to Ba-hom (230 a) and to the other numerous dialects ranging
fro7n 230 b to iy>'), information as to which is almost wholly derived from Koelle,%vith rectifications and additions from
recent German research. Ngcoala (231) appears to be a distinct language, and this also is derived from Koelle' s
' Polyglotta Africana '. The Bamum dialect or language (230 g) is virtually identical with Ba-nyangi of German
explorers.

* Npo and Mbe are mainly derived from Koelle, with a few modern rectifications by the author.

' Manyan is of my own local collection (1887-8), with afejv Oidditions from German sources. Koelle' sKohgxi&h
appears to be little more than a dialect of Manyan.

GROUP A : THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

673

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234. ^

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Ns5 or Npo

Many an

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 2^0 il

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

CO-sikom

to 230 j

Konguan

227 b, Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Itgcoala

227 c. Injo

c...

Dama, Sr't.

Ant, white

N-kun ; i.)-

ii.

(termite)

Ape (chim-

N-sum ; w-.

N-sum.

Ke-suum

A-pu.

..•

• ■■

panzi or

N.yip

Bcoci;

1

E-pfu

gorilla)

bcoci-la ipL),
A-sagana-p<o

Arm

O-bo ; a-bo

E-bD,

Bu)-bueo ; a-.

0-!pu,

Koi.

OO-bS.

Kco-bw,

Ku-buo»(229c)

0!puyu.

A-bc* (233)

A-wuco; am-M

Bco-bco.

0-bue ; a-

A-pci ; m-bo.

0-b5 (228 a)

(229 e)

M-bd.
Pua or
M-bua.
Fu

Arrow

M-bom ; a-.

Ne-bau ; a-.

Bco-le,

E-kiet ;

Mu-n

N-gutako>.

N-ket; a-.

E-nik.

B(o-re.

mu-kiet.

N-ket

E-dyim.

N-kankan

OO-sisa ;

Ket; ri^ket.

A-nyare.

(228 a)

e-sisa.

M-foa.

O-yuk (227 c)

De-ba (229e)

A-tin

Axe

E-fuk ; m-fuk.

Ne-fog; a-.

De-kia ; a-kia.

N-ja.

N-jam.

Di-teyco.

E-fok (227 a)

Mum-fcdk,
l!e-tem(228a)

De-ka (2296)

N -zab.
N-jaii,
N-jani

Jam (233)

Ne-tetr ; ke-

Baboon ...

N-yok ; pis.
o-yok or
a-wok

...

• .•

••"

Back, back-

N-jim ; ui-.

N-dyam,

E-sem

N-ka!ci or

;,-,

N-sem

bone

N-jem

1 n-jem.
Mun-sum.
In-sem(228a).
N-jara (228 b)

Kajce

Banana ...

X-suri ; a-.

I-^ge-gcomco,

Ke-nkwa

Kindo.

• ■•

E-kwa.

E-gome or

E-gom.

Kondoii

OO-gua

E-kume

Mun-kom.
E-kummi.

(x).kara(228a)

Beard

N-geg.
Nu-e-yat
(227 a).
N-jwu.
Biwe

Mumu-ranyu.
A-je.
N-se (228 a)

Ke-te

Me-dx63.
M-dua.
Nun-cu

Ba-miok

Bee

N-kon ; <.)-kon.

N-kon,

B(o-kuan.

Ke-pak.

Me-syu.

Bi-tii,

OJ-tu (227 c)

E-kwnco,
Muii-keonco.
0-gui (228 a)

E-kua (229 e)

Nyil.

N-tu.

Nu.

Ne.

N-wa;a(23oa).

E-loj (230 i).

Nunun (231).

Deo

Jtoug or

J«u (233)

Bi-tuy

Belly

(ji)-ea,

N-na ; a-na.

E-fS.

I-vam.

Bum.

Be-nie or

0-ya ; a-ya.

M(u-na.

De-fet.

Bum.

Ku-bum (233)

Mi-nie ; ma-

A-wa ; a-a

B6-la (228 a)

Li-fuii,
Le-foii

(229 b,c).
Li-kon (229d).
De-fo (2290)

Bail.
Pfam.
E-vu5 (331)

674

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekol or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum atid

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230 j

Konguaii

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngcoala

227 c. Injo

6-<r.

Dama, fi^c.

Bird

I -non ; n-mon

Blood ...

Body ..
Bone ..

Ai-yu5 or
A-un

Biji.
Begye

E-kip ; a
E-kup,
E-kab

Borassus palm OJ-bi ; a-bi

Bow O-ik; a-ik.

I-niri

Bowels
Brains

A-ron

Breast (man's) N-gaii

Breast

(woman's)

E-be ; a-be.
M-buiige

I -non.

Be-sog (?;>/.).
I-nonon
(228 a)

A-non,

Ma-noii.
Nun (228 a)

Beji.

Mu-ne.
Be-ki (228 a)
E-keb ; a-.
E-kap or
Me-kap.
E-kekup
(228 a)

Da-owom.
Ka-naroii.
Ka-lerco.
A-nyuen

(229 e)

Ba-lon,
Ba-ron.
Ma-ro (229 e)

Be-k5

E-san.

E-neg ; a-. Ka-ji ; bro-ji.

Ba)-lek(228a). Bo-re.
In-tanik U-rop (229 e)

Bo-la (228 a)
Be-di.

Be-rebere.

A-ron.

Ba-fiak

(228 a)
N-gan ; a-gan.

Ne-tem.

E-kpciipco

(228 a)

Ne-ben ; a-.
M(o-ben ;
be-ben

Bcj-bon

Ka-keem.
A-keb.
A-kam

B(o-bei ; a-bei.
Le-bi (229 e)

Si-nun : me-.

(230)

Moi-son; rai- Fu-nan (233)

(230 a).

E-sin (231).

Ma)-sen

(230!).

Mu-sin I
Me-ce.

E-tsi.

N-dze.

Ni-tto (230 a)

N-tsi,

N-tse,

N^i
Ne-di.

Na (230 a)

Ke-kto.
0-kewi (2296)

Me-npi.
A-nam (233)

E-kwe ;
m-k\ve.
An-kue (230 i).
N-ke.
A-Yoj.
Guoj,
Gu.
Kuan

Mu-nwak.
Oi)-gua (230 h).
Ifua-ket
(230 j).
Ron-ket

(231)-
Gom,
Gon.
Wu-an

Ke-wur ;
e-wur.
A-wu (233)

Ke-nte

Ni-tu.
A-tso>rontsci>

(231)-
N-teto.
E'-pon-two.
Ta-kupu.
Ne-pu.
E-kan.
N-kla
M-be.
M-buin.
M-buto (231).
M-bon.
M-bun

Ke-kan.
I-go (233)

Wu-in.
I -ban (233)

Si-nen ; pi.
ke-nen.
He-nam or
Se-nam ; pU
ke-nam

E-mwi.

Ma-nun

M-wiya

E-gup ; be-gup.
E-Yap

N-ket ; ba-ket

Ke-no (/>/.)

Be-wat ;
ba-wat

De-bur ; be-bu'*
De-bor ;
am-eoe

GROUP A : THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

675

English

227.

Ekoi or

Ejam

227 a. Akwa

227 b. Eafen

227 c. Injo

228.

Nde or

Atam

228 a, b.

Akparabon,

229

Nki

229 a.

OD-sikom

229 b, c, d, e.

Dama, is'c.

230,231.

Mbudikum and

dialects 230 a

to 230 j
231. Ngcoala

232.

Nso or Np5

233. Mbe

234-
Manyan

2j4a.
Konguan

Brother ...

M-coni-se-ma.

Ma)-an-na.

N-jie.

Mu-m-to-ga,'

A-fur.

Mcj-meyi.

M-oni-nyen-

M-anye-n<o-ma.

W-an-na.

M-fuda

N-gawe.

M(o-ma.

i-ne-num ;

Mtu-nye-n-ta.

(230 b).

I-fi (233)

Ku-nesa

pi. ab-oni-

Ni-nyen (228 a)

Mu-mi-ela.

a-nyen-

N-dia.

a-ne-e-rum

M-fera.
M-5-te!a
(230 a).
M-fare.
N-dia,
N-diu (231)

Buffalo ...

M-fnn ; a>-fun.
M-fto

*

M'fon,
M-fun, ^
Mum-fon,
Ka-ni-ny-am

(228 a)

Ka-ni-ny-am

N -am-net.
Ny-at.
Ny-ed

I-pon (233)

M-pon

Bull

N-dum-n-fon

N-nu-oru-fon

0-te-m-pon.
Ku-meda

(229 c)

N-dumi.
N-domfon.
Fuora

N-dum-bon

Nam-pon

Buttocks ...

N-dip ; (o-rip.

Nap,

Ba>-nam

Ba-pci.

■••

Ba-nerr' or

M-fuve-n-dep.

Mu-nap.

^tcd

Ba-net

00-ta

Eta.

(jO-ku (228 a)

Canoe

O-kpwi or
O-kpwee

E-gba.
00-kpwi.
O-kpe (228 a)

O-kpe

N-tec»!.
E-pan (230J).
Ke-kom.
Ko)-keoan.
A-pecon (231)

Ge'kumi ; e-

A-jiii ; ba-

Cat

A-ngwa.

E'kandem.

E-wa.

U-wumgop.

Ny-enga-

Mo-inynene.

M w-ambara

O-nga (228 a)

O-nga

E-cua.

Me-nyangub.

M(i)-nyawa

n-kongu

Moj-nyi-jaS

Charcoal ...

N-jire

N-jirenji

E-t»ewe

N'ke.
N-kie.

Ke-mu.
Ke-ke

Ge-kalseii j e-.
De-kinyit

(233)-
De-kiyo»

(233)
Fon ; a-fon.

N-kiri; ba-

Chief, king

N-tui; a-

N'ton ; a-ton.

OO-t&j; ba-tco.

E-fco ; iiie-f«.

M-fco; ba-fca

N-tun.

O'jui; a-

E.fa(23i).

Kum.

Mun«tun.

(329 e)

Fuon

M-ba (233)

M<o-nen

(228 a)

ChUd

M'on ; ab-on.

M-o ; b«5n.

VVu-an ; bi-an.

Me-exi.

••■

M-onkwen ;

M-«oni.

Mw-a,

VVu-ason

M-on ; b'on.

ab-onkwen

M'o»na (227 b)

Mco-an.
Mco-anse ;
ab-onke

Mu-mbua

(230 a).

f*g-ci>an.

Mu-nke.

Ma-nku

(231)

Cloth

E'f 0 ; m-fo

E.gan.
M-bo.
E-£5 (228 a)

Ke-de ; be-de

N-wa.
N-ji

M-pfim

E-woru.
N-den

Other v'ords for brother : M-f«la, M-faru, X-sase, N-jinjia (231).

676

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

227.

Ekoi or

Ejam

227 a. Akwa

227 b. Eafen

227 c. Injo

228.

Nde or

Atam

228 a, b.

Akparabon,

229.

Nki

229 a.

CO-sikom

229 b, c, d, e.

Dama, 6r»f.

230,231.

Mbudikum and

dialects 230 a

to 230J
231. Nguala

232.

Nso or Npo
233. Mbe

234-
Manyan
234 a. ^
Konguan

Cold

Country . . .
Cow

E-dyuk.
£-kena

M-fam ;

(jo-fam.

Ba-tek (227 b)
M-fon.

N-kae-ni-foii

Devil,
spirit

evil

Doctor (medi-
cine man)

Dog ...

Door,
way

door-

Dream

E-mina

M-fam or
M-pam

M-fon.
M-poft.

Ke-kon
(i)sie

M-pon.
A-pi (229 e)

Crocodile

Day, daylight

E-fa-i-nyip. N-yab»

N-yip.
N-jab ; a-jab

E-ye.
00-fu ; m-fin.
(jO-fca ; m-fen

(227 a)

A-kubaisi.
A-rem (227 a)

N-j5 ; 6-j5.
M-bio ; 6-bi5
(227 a)

M-ba ; 6-ba.
(O-keri.
N-dawe

N-deni.
E-ycoe

M-gbanep.
N-gbalep
(228 a.)
E-fen.
E-fco.
OO-bu.

E-pco ; be-p<o.
E-pu (228 a)

A-kwane.
A-kwo.
Ba-kukei>
(228 a)

N-gbawa ; a-.
N-jom

N-wo ; a-w6.

Mun-dyco.
Ufi-gw5
(228 a)

M-b<o ; a-.
OO-kegeri

(228 a)

Nanan.
A-maranju

Nod (22Sa)

E-kurf (and
229 e)

E-p«.
Ho-run.
E-ce

(JO-lom..
Ba-rem (//.)

00-ne-nco-kia,
0)-ni-wa-kie.
O-ni-6-je

{229 e)

Ka-bi.
O-kuakne

(229 e)

Li-fl ; bi-fi,
OO-keri.
Di-jsi (2296)

A-bap

A-fiie.

A-fum.

I-fucoraoo
La-afti.

Pe-tem (230 a)

a)-ho,

OO-fo.

M-fon,

M-fan.

N-tinera.

Ny-ia.

E-taa (231)
E-kap.

N-gan (23o»

Dia; or
Die;.

N-sU (230 a),
Nco-ts«

(231)-

N-cu (230 b-f)
N-dem,

N-dep.

E-pfumu

(230 a j.

Ny-awo».

Sa.

M-betoket
N-gafu.

N -jan-a-fu

(231).

N-ganga ;

b-aiiga.

N-ga-fu-lab
M-xco,

M-vto,

M-vu

(230a, 230!,

230J).

Mo-ngu

(231).

Ma-ndr

(230 h)
CO-vi-nda.

N-zindie

(230 a).

Yuza.

Koo.

N-gonte

(230 h).

U-xoti-n-dab
N-ji«,

N-jonjiu

E-ju.
I-fo (235)

Am-bon

£-kwansi

M-pon

N-gat

E-tu.
^ui.
I-tcd-a-tsatg

(233)

N-gon

Ny-or; bany-or.
N-g(api

De-wu.
N-za

N-gafu-w-pib N-gan ; ba-yan

Bi.
Bog

Mfi

Ke-sun ; e-sun.

A-wuva nab

(233)

M-bi-ny-op.
De-kok; ba-

Ke-no {pi.)

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

677

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234- ^

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

CO-sikom

to 230 j

Konguan

227 b. Eafeii

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Nguala

227 c. Injo

b^c.

Dama, l^c.

Drum

E-kpiri or

E-gbere.

E-kam.

E-tu.

N-jum.

N-ko,

E-kpera;

N-kam.

Ke-I6.

E-tum.

N-jimbiu.

N-ka

pi. n-kpiri or

E-turri(22Sa)

E-don.

N-keom.

N-gom {233)

n-kpera.

Ke-don(229e).

N-ka.

O-kani ;

N-keat

n-kam or

a-kam

Ear

O-tun; a-.

E-tun ; a-.

Boton ; a-ton.

E-ton ; mu-.

Ke-tor ; e-tor.

Tu ; ba-tu

O-ton ; a-

A-ton ; ne-.

Ko-jon ; a-jon

A-ton-u-ro

A-tone (233)

(227 a)

N-ton ; mu-.
0-rui (228 a)

(229 e)

(23').

N-tud.

A-tot

Egg

E-ji ; a-ji.

E-ji.

A-tse.

M-bnm-gup.

Wum.

Di-ci ; ba-ci.

E-gyi (227 a)

I-jin.

Iko-ki; moj-ki.

E-ki(238a)

E-cukwa.

E-ci.

A-ji (229 e)

M-bo (231).

M-bueo.

M-bum.

A-bom (233)

De-ki; ba-ki

■

.M-bon.
E-pob

(230JJ

Elephant ...

N-jok ; 6-jok,

N-Jog-

E-pua.

E-sco.

Ke-tam.

N-so,

N-gyok

Miin-jok.

E-suo (229 e)

N-suen

E-pan (233)

N-sok

(227 a)

In-sok (228 a)

(230 h).
N-cen.
I-zeaii

(230J)

Excrement

A-bin or
A-bun.
(jL)-sam

{227 b)

A-bin,
Ba-biS.

M-bua(225a)

'V.-bua

N-zet,
N-za

Ke-pi (//.)

Eye ... ...

E-yit; pi.

Am-at ;

De-ji or

I-tset.

E-Yo (233)

Ny-err,

am-it.

nem-at.

De-ci ; a-ji.

Ni-tset.

Ny-«t or

Am-ut or

Mam-err or

E-zi ; a-zi

M-tsek or

Ny-es ; //.

Am-ure(227b)

Mam-et.
M-et (228 a).
Em-err (228 b)

(229 e)

Ni-tsegca;
//. ma-.
L-t,
Li-ta,
Dzi-ta,
T-se; ph.
m-i, m-e,
niim-u.
N-di (231)

am-ak or
ani-a

Face, fore-

OO-ci ; a-ci.

A-si-am-u.

B-topu ; ba-pu.

E-se.

E-pi.

Be-pi

head

00-si; a-si.
M-buk

E-siwe-m-biri.

Beri.

B-5s(o (22S a).

N-don,

Dun

M-buw; ba +

E-ge.

E-ju.

N-jujem.

Sa,

N-ja.

Jehta.

Mem-u

E.jepi (233)

Fat, oil ...

A-fom.

A-ku.

Ba-kot or

Mu-ho.

Me-ngurp.

Ba-fo.

A-fan.

Me-yine.

Ba-kud.

E-fut (231).

Mu-gut (233)

Ba-wat

A-ku

Me-nji.
A-fom.

Ra-nnoi

l22Sa)

E-flfun.

Ma-fiam or
Ba-fuam

N-gud.
N-g«at

678

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230, 231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

(JO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparaboii,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngeoala

227 c. Injo

&.<;.

Dama, is'c.

Father

Fear . . .

Finger

Fire

Fish

Foot

Forest

Fowl ...

Frog, toad

N-se ; a-se.

N-ta.

A-ta.

W-ga,

Tata.

N-ta

N.85,

Mo-nci.

Teta,

M-ba (233)

Npo

A-je (229 e)

Taya,
Teta.
Babu.
Tara,
Toru (231)

E-ta

E-fup

U-fum.
A-kbimakcoma.
A-kamakom.
Bco-tik (228 a)

Ke-fup

Ba-t6

Mene.

In-niri bco.

Ka-foj-ga-bone.

Tutopoi ;

W-au-ke-wo.

Ne-non ;

I-niri,

Ni-rawco; a + .

E-lam-bue

iTia + .

I-fei (233)

ke-non

I-nira or

I-nyi.

(229 e)

N-tupu

E-nidi

Nyen.
Nini (228 a)

(230 a).

Soipco,

Mu-nsiepo,

Sib6,

Simbco.

Tumbco.

A-buemtm

N-gun ; a-gun

N-gcon,

(jO'kua ; e-kua.

Mo-k'.

V5i.

N-gto

Gun.

Kere (2396)

Mo-Yco,

E-ynlt (233)

Mun-kut.

M-6.

Mun-kbt

M-5

(228 a)

N-si ; co-si

Ny-a-n-eb.

Ka-kore ; e-.

M-babeso.

St. (233).

N-si,

Mu-nyam.

E-k5e (229 e)

E-|SKi (2:31).

Zco

I -si

N-si (228 a)

N-zco,
|Su,

N-pcoe,
\.sa

E-kat e-jare ;

N'Sapa-le-ga.

E.kab; be-.

La-m-kwo.

N'jim-kcowco,

E-karr or

a-kat a-jare

N-jeme-ne-ja.

A'be-bi-ka.

Lanku.

Mu-mkcowco.

E-kat.

E-rawe-ni-ja.

E-som-de-be.

N-janvkwo.

I-gum-a-Yco-

De-ya-re-ka.

E-ta.

CO-tem-dcbe

La-rekut

lke-Y« (233)

N-sameka

Mu-kto.

Cakco.

13a-ku (238 a)

N-cenkco.
M-fcokwe.
N-zi-kue

E-ekui ; a-.

E-kulube.

Le-kan,

M-baja.

Ke-rin ; e-rin.

E-buY,

E-kweya

E-kunugbe.

De-kan.

A-knob.

I-ba (333)

E-WBY.

(227 a).

E-kanukwcij.

Ke-flb (229 e)

Ma-kop.

E-be

E'fain (227 b)

E-kSkue

(228a)

Knab.
Zi'kob

N-kok ; u-kok N-kog.

E-kua.

N-gop.

N-gub

N-kok

Mu-nkok.

O-kSo (229 e)

N-gcobco,

N-kok(228a)

N-gub_

Mo-ngor.

Kcokcolokcii

(231)

Te-ta.

E-san; n-san

Egbajunu.

Ke-njSu-a'Won.

Ke-san.

Ma.nsan (j>/.)

or o-saii

E-jinanken

O-tuton

Ti-taft.

Sua.

Sangan

Ke-nsa-ne-ngan

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

679

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Np5

Manyaii

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

00-sikom

to 230 j

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngooala

227 c. Injo

iS^C.

Dama, cs'c.

Ghost

N-ki-ba-nsi ; a-,
N-ki-ma-nse.
A-kwo.
N-je (227 b)

Girl, maiden M-caninkae

it

Goat

„ (he) ...

M-btii,
M -btoe,
M-be

Num-i-m-bui ;
a-rum-co.bui.
Nim-i-m-bcoe ;
a-om-co-beoe.
E-konkco

A-kwane.
A-kwo.
E-kum.
CO-tentem

(228 a)

Mio-a-ma-nkco ;
ab-a aba-nkco

Mum-bui.
M-bun.
M-btii (228 a)

Egbefi

B-<oce

VV-anoo-nyinyi;

bio-an-ma-

nyinyi.

Wua-son
E-bw,

E-bu.

0-bi (2296)

U>te-b(B-kinu.
Apije (229 e)

M-pfusi ; mo-

M(o.a-nii-ndyui. W-an-co-wui.
M-on-me-ngue. Va-yei (233)
M-o-me-ngue

Mfa.
Mdzu.

M-bi,
M-vi,
M-pi.
Momfu

(231).
Vi-ndun
Mpop.
Mefor.
Nd(o-am-
biokcd

Biii.
N-don (233)

M-ci>-aci-fti

Mo-ngcole ;
bu)-wa-g(dle.

Men,
Man.
Ngcii man

E-piie-man

God

OO-basi or

E-powo,

B»bon.

Est.

Anyoi.

N-tan.

A-wasi.

O-sowo.

E-burco-

N-Jekob.

Nuye (233)

N-dam

N-dam.

M-buta '

akpabi.

Niekar (231)

E-burco

OOlim (229 e)

a-kpabi

Grandparent

Ite-misei.

• ••

A.twlien J.

N-dumbafi S

Tata S.

Ji-ngti> or

Ite-munyen 5

00-kinka«-

(231).

Yeye?

Eta-ngu.

Ma-ngcd ?

nyiiii j

N-dubara.

Tereteta.

N-dungwc,

N-duma S.

N-dzi.

Ma-fuketS'

Grass

A-wan.
A-ngariga

(227 a).

Nje.

Ajia (227 b)

N-yan.

A-wen.

Ma-kukwcij.

l>a-kukwo

(228 a)

A-^n

Ma-ge
Nwin

Babe

Ground

N-si ; a-si.
N.pi^

N si-si

E-si

E-ca.
N'ca

...

Mak

Ground-nut

M-bangan-ifu.

M-firi ; a-firi

M-bantsam.

PIra or

Blren

N-jeresi.

E-furre

M-fri

Pire.

Ny-ikesi

(227 b).

Ba-yaft or

N-jni

M-bian.
Menzcd

Guinea-fowl

Ikwa.
Oyen (227 b)

Nyafut.
E-nyin.
E-gin (228 a)

Kekan

Sanga ; ma -^

...

M-onko! ;
b-onko!

Gun

N-gun ; a-gun

N-gun.
(jO-kwa.

Mu-nkut
(228 a)

(jO-kua; e-

Kan,
Na-kan,
Ui-kan

Eyuit (233)

Ngu ; ba-ngu

Compare word for ' rain ' in North-west /Idittii.

2 A /so Teta-yin-gura i, Nina-ii-gura 5 (230).

68o

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

»ki

Mbudikum and

Ns5 or Np5

Many an

Ejam

A tarn

229 a.

dialects 330 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

00-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. I^gcoala

227 c. Injo

^-c.

Da ma, &•€.

Hair ...

Hand ...

Head ...

Heart.

Heel

Nyu.
A-myob.
Inu (227 b)

0-b5 ; a-bo

E-ci,
E-si;
a-ci

n-ci or

N-yu,

Nu,

.'\.lu,

Mu-nu.

Ndi (228 a)
Njeme-bco.

E-beo.

Erab-a-bo».

CObok.

iJo-bo

E.pi.
E-rL
I -si

Egi,
Eji

E-soitt-de-kcdia.
E'tem-de-koja

De-jsi; a-pi.
Ni-pi (2296)

M-bingi ; (o-. Ni-nimi.

M-buni

N-dop or
N-dip-e-kat.
N-ip ; a-up.
N-jem

N-gu; -co.gu

Hide „_, ,„„

Hill E-gSi; a-.

I-go»e; n-
Hippopotamus N-jok-a-ya.

Ny-oj-O'ib

Hoe

Honey

Horn

House

E-yon ; a-yon

A-khu'O-kon.
A-tyu-o-kon

1-nyek ; a-.

I-miek. U-fe.

I-ban (227 b)
N-ju ; co-ju.

N.gyco ;

(o.gyeo

Ne-tim.
E-kon.
(jO-wwga.
N-ti (228 a)
Newa-ne-ja.
I-si-e-ta.
a>-keo.

N-dip-a-le-ga.
E-cigi (228 a)

E-gun

N-joj-a-nap.-
N-jok-a-lep.
In-sok-a-ya
(228 a)

E-ru ; a-rcd

A-kuan-kconu.

A-ktomw.

A-ku-muno.

Ba-koj-u-goi

(228 a)
N'tana

N-gwep

(228 a)
N-jci> ; a-jo>.

Muii'joa or

In-ju

De-ten*

Ke-ku-ke-ka.
E-kom-li-je

Kakoi
E-sua-kace

Noiv (or

Nun-)twco.

N-yun.

Nycotca.

Nye
O-kpto ; m-bco.

Atere-pw.

La-ra-po3.

La-m-b&).

Dun-b<oa.

Dedbco-

hare-pu
E-twoj ;

itie-tWM.

1-tw,

E-tsc».

Tu,

A-tn,

E-tcij ; ba-toj,

fi'-'t.
E-tsconet.

E-tse

Tsi-kw5.
Nzi-kue

(230J).
N-dihe-kuar

N-tan-kua.

Korkut.

Aj-uku

N-sese.
Ni-nguatt

De-ben ; e-ben.

(jO-kua
Iia-kud-b(i)-kuan.

Am-o-kua

(229 e)

CO-tuum

Ki'Se ; bi-se.
U-9U (229 c).
M a- ju (/>/.)
(2296)

ll-?ale (239 b).
U-pom (229dl

Nun.
Nycou (233)

Njim-ke-w5.
Kewo.
Ike-bu.

Nji-wa-bco

(233)

Ke-tu,
Ke-tojk.
A-t«u,
A-tova (233)

Jir-kuwto.

E-ji-n-aYM

A-sot.
So-fa

M-ica.
N-dco (231).
N-du,
E-1m {230 b-g)

N-d5.
N-tuju (230 a)

Ke-so ; ye-s5.

A-sco (233)
E-ndu.

Mo-rut -e-j5n

N-da,
N-dab.
X-die.
N-dat,
N-dar (2^1)

N-daw'.
N-dab (233)

Baniiok.
Emane

Dija-a-bo.
Nsama-wuco.
Deka-ha-wuc

N-ti; ba-ti

N-teY

Di-ja-a-kak.
N -a-re-ka ;
nia-t-

E-nto ; ine-noj

Ba-werr,
Ba-wore

M-baii ; ba-ba

E-karr,
E-kat : be-

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER EANGUAGE.S

68 (

227.

228.

' 229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde nr

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Njso

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

io 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Nguala

227 c. Injo

<s^c.

Dama, i^c.

I

N-jae,

N.Jan.

E-son

N-cie.

• >>

N-sae

N-gyae

Mun-con.
In-son

(228 a)

N-jji

Num.

Ma-nun

tO-nincen

Nombi ;

N'dumen.

• ••

Nim.

pe-mbi (230 j).

M-bana (233)

Nimama

M-bana ; be +

(227 a).

(230 d)

«

E-bai (227 a)

N-wo

E-sene ;

E-kuna.

00-kuna

E-tinr'

E-pa."'

E-se; be-se

a-sene.

OO-kunga.

E-tu,

A-ta (233)

E-tuna : a-.

A-koa.^

E-tun.

(Jl)-kunga.

Mu-kcona

Tena.

U-kwa

Tin.
A-tico (231)

I-suu ; n-.

N-waia.

Kan-pukpoj

2am

...

**•

E-kurr'

E-tunu>-bir

(227 b)

I -ban ; a-ban.

Ne-m-in-en-jok.

Bco-pean-e-pua

Mu-sofi-e-sw.

Sombe or

Ba-ban-n-sok.

Am-uii-in-jok

Ne-nv-an-en-jog.

Zu-zean

Mbe.

M-ban-e-sok

Mu-nka-ma-jok.

(230 j).

A-pon-e-sam

El-in-in-sok

Son-scoen or
-sue

(233)

E-ruii ; a-.

E-ron ; a-.

Le-lon ; a-.

Ni-tson.

N-dui-ze-wto.

De-nen or

E-dun,

E-dundiin

De-run.

N-kwije

E-nue (233)

Ne-nan ; //.

E-lun

A-ron (229 1)

(230 a).
E-kcaycote
<23o i).
Tukuta,
Tiokco,
Tukog
(230 b-g).
Kuetco

ma-

I-timi,

E-bamba.

Ngbe ; ma -1- .

M-pu.

Pfia.

N-garr,

I-tima.

N -tame.

Kangbe

Me-nui.

Fibei (233)

N-gat.

M-wnitcdina

M-un-ten-.a.

(d,in. ) ;

Mu-ini.

N-ga ; bo-nga

(227 b).

Mu-kiet

to-gaiipe

Me-nyi,

N.gat.

(228 a)

Mco-nyi.

15i-tame ;

N-naula

n-tame

E-kat ;' a-.

E-ta ; a-ta.

Ke-ka ; be-ka.

U-kwo.

Pfen. "

E-kak

I -come,

OO-ta.

Buj-nam'.

Ku.

A-Yco (233)

I -soma

Mu-kco.
a)-ku(228a)

De-je {229 e)

A-kuar {231).
N-kon,
N-kut.
Ku

.M-gbe ; o-gbe

N-gbe,

E-gban.

N-kwi ;

Ba.

N-kwo

N-gbwe.

E-gbco (229 e)

na-ngui.

A-fon (233)

K-koi (228 a).

N-gue-n-ab.

Mun-kon

M-yangob.
N-khu«.
N-genya.
N-gconya

682

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Mother

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234.

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Nso

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a. ^

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

(jl)-sikom

lo 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngcoala

227 c. Injo

^'C.

Dama, &'c.

Lion

N.kl ; a).ki

Nog

E-jl

A-ndSi.
E-wara.
Gbai.

A.gbwan

Bum

N-kev

Lip, lips ...

E-kpave-nyi

E.kpa;-a.nycij.
E-kpa-amu-nyco

Ke-bu-e-tem

U-ku-m-co.
E-^tia
(230 a)

...

Baba-ye-nu

Magic

0-je,

N-je.

B«»-je.

N.ga,

^i.bsebi

Di-bS.

O-ye.

Baya-m-fe.

E-kpabi

N.ganka,

N-jiep

E-bu.

Bco-ca-wa-nyum.

A-fti) (230 a,

^

0-kpi-e-nnon.
N-jon

E-kpaba

231)

Maize

N-cam,

E-gu.

Ma-nkurofi

E-san,

i?o.iie.

N.jtii.

N-sam.

M-bukpa(228a)

Gi-san.

E-kfii

Ncu

I-ngui

N-gafut,

N-gbafen.

Gtafu

Man

Ne; a-ne.

N-ne ; a-ne.

co-net ;

Nye ; pi. p-oi.

• «*

M-u ; bo-n

Ni ; a-ni

Mu-ne; ba-.

ba-net.

E-mco ; e-po>.

(227 a)

M(»-nine {228 a)

U-ndi;be-ndi'

(229 b).
0-neje (2296)

Mu-n ; bu-n.
M-on ; b-on

Man, vir. ...

Num ; e-nim.

Ma-nun ; aba-

(jO-nincen ; ba-.

Mu-bana;

M-bafia (233).

M-baya-num ;

Nim ; a-om

U-ni (229 b).
O-nyoce
(229 c)

bem + .
Mum-ba ;
pam-ba.
Um-ban (231)

N-dum (232)

ba-waya-nuin

Meat

Ny-am

Ny-am

Eny-am

M-pap.
Ny-am.
N-jab

\y-iam

Ny-a

Medicine ...

N-jan

• a*

B<i»-kia.
0-je ; ma-je
(2296)

A-fw (231).
Pfula.
Fulap.
P i-deb. ^
Fu-ngan

^.f<a-(o-j5ib.
E-fu-ga-sib.
U-fu (233)

Ba-we

Milk

A-yip-e-be

E-newe-ben

Am-uabi(229e)

N-ki-m-buw.
M-bon,
M-bun

Wuin

Am-(oe

Monlcey ...

M-buk ; co-buk M-bog.

E-fuo,

N-ka,

Kan ; me -f

N-son-nya.

Mum-pok.

E-fugft».

N-kai,

N-sek

M-puk(228a)

M-buk

N-kan.
N-kawafi

Moon

M-ii; am-ii.

M-e.

O-duyakco,

Ma-iiu.

Kiii.

N-tan

Ny-am-u-so

Bco-fen.

(jO-tuakoj

Mu-a (230!).

E-iiuaY (233)

Nyen ; a -t-

a)-fen(228a)

Nua

(or -wakwoi).
CO-tcD.

K6-fi (229 e)

B<o-ne,
M<o-n5.
E-ne (229 e)

M-u,
Nu.
M-ot.
Ny-wfl.
Gmuat.
San (231)
Miela.
Ma, Maya.
Nina, Na.
Miia (231)

Na.
N-gob (233)

Ma

' An interesting survival of the Mu-ntu ; ba-ntu root.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

683

English

227.

Ekoi or

Ejam

227 a. Akwa

227 b. Eafen

227 c. Injo

228.

Nde or

Atam

228 a, b.

Akparabon,

ire.

229.

Nki

229 a.

OO-sikom

229 b, c, d, e.

Dama, dr'c.

230,231.

Mbudikum and

dialects 230 a

to 230J
231. Nguala

232.

Nso or Njso

233. Mbe

234-
Many an

234 a.
Konguan

Mountain ...
Mouth

N-dandan ; a-
E-r5rodo ; a-

Nyo ; co.nyo.
E-pua

Night .

Nose

Oil palm

Paddle
Palm wine,
beer

E-gun.
M-kpup

(228 a)
N-nyo» ; a-nysa

Nail (of finger
or toe)

Name

Navel

Neck

A-nyare.
E-miare

(227 a).
E-ngare
{227 b).
E-more

M-ban,

M.ben,

M-bin
E-tun.

N-tetun.

E-ci.

A.ya
N.tun. _

E.mme

A-tu

Ka-kcd

Jif-kwo

Mi.

Nyi; o.nyi._
N-niii; a-nui

E.bi,
OO-bi,
M-bi

E-kafl; a-
0-kem.

A.mu.

-Ma-kin

Ngbamaya ; a-.
E-kpa;.
I-nye.
E-ngwawari

(228 a)

M-bin.
M.pi (22S a)

Ne-ton; a-

N-jame-men.
E.men.
N-kofi ; a-

E-nnkon.
I-nukun.
lio-ru-boj-ji

N-tana-min.
Min,
Mco.min

E.bi

O-tsom : a-.
0-nyu ; a-nyu

(229 e)

Ke-iiku-re-fab.
Ke-fwa,
Ke-fia,
Ke-mfia.
Ka-fa (229 e)

A-buii.
Le-jen

N-kom

E-som.

O-dom (22ge).

Ke-ton ; be-.

Ki-tun (229 b).

Si-con (229 c).

00. mere

(229 d)
Bco-dzu,

Bco-ju,

Boj-cu.

Moi-tiii (229 e)

N-dzon ; ba + .
N.jon.

Li-dru(229b).
Ni-jtii (229 e).
Li-juen (229 c)

Bo-yeb ; ba-.
Ke-so
E-kti.
Gi.lebi (229 e)

A.mum-ande CO-kon 5

N-coj.
N-jue.
N-cu,
N-jot,
N-sud.
A.tsurea

(231)
N-kop.

N.kib (23of).

N-kea-bco

(230 h).

N-kewa

(230 b).

A-nye (231)
Di-cn,

Ni-cu.

Li-n
E-ton,

A-ton.

T5

N-ton.
Mi.

N-gan-miu.
N-jim,
N-jam.
Lot

"E-sun-ca.

Tsu,

E-tscoh.

Nyum.

Tidug.

^ui.

E-pue
Me-ca.

Kondi,

Konji.

Dji.

Le.

E-puye (231).

A.tsi.

N-kon.e-tse
I.toj,

E.to.

Tua,_

N-tuan.

E.tei.

N-ten

Me-lu-"
N-du

N.je

^u. Nu,

E-tson (233) Nyii ; ma +

Ke-ri ; e-ri.
De-yen

Ton

De-nyoe ;
ke-nyoe.
Ne-nya ;
ma-nya

N-yen
De-ton : ba-

Ke-rote; e-r5te. E-may,
A-d<o (233) E-mag.

E-me.
E.miie

E-tu.
I.teo-a-fin

(233)

Be-ti,
Bi-ti

Juifi. Nyuen ; ma +

E-ts(oei (233)

M-ban.
I-vab (233)

N.geop ; ba + .
E-mwi

684

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BAN'IU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,331.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Uki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

io 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

2:9 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngcoala

227 c. Inj5

(S'C.

Dama, &'c.

Parrot

E.gut,
E-kut; a-.
K-wot ; a-wot

E-gurukoaku

E-kakco

Mon-kuaii,
Ma-kwan.
Kuakut

...

N-goh ; bo + .
Ke-nguk

Penis

N-tene,
N-tini.
N-da; 6-da

E-si.
M co-pi.
I\Ie-n|si.
I-nsip

B6-te

liot,
Ne-kut.
Ket.
Keru

N-dam

Pig

N-gumi,

N.gumu,

E-kurog.

N-xcona.

»*•

N-dyui.

N-gcome,

N-gwrnco.

A-kuk.

N-gena

U-ngui

N-gume,

Mun-kuyuk.

Ke-rani(229c)

(230 a).^

N-wum«

A-kuk (228 a)

Semban

(231).
Kum.

ffgum (230 d).
N-jue.
N-ge

Pigeon

Tomtom.

BebinengK*.

Ke-kua ; be-.

Tutu.

Ke-beu : e«"beii

E-wunu

I-biJa.

N-pun.

E-gurukvika

Kcokut.

E-we ; be-we

Toiiton.
Beben (228 a)

Pura.
Gbeiigben

Place

E-ji; be-ji.
E-gyi

E-jibe.
M-pam.
E-tik.
E-bam (228 a)

Ke-fcet

M-ba

•■■>

E-tok

Rain

M-buta.

A-net.

Omcd.

M.bfflfi,

Wu.

Ba.nya.

I-wunta

N-uana.

Ke-fan

M-bofi.

Mban (%%i)

Ma-nep,

(227c)

M-b«ta.
A-lop

Ommu

M-bue

Ma-lep

Rat

M-be; obe

M-be-
(jO.pep.
M-pep (228 a)

E.feb

Cenkwo.
Jcoku.
M-bab,
M-ba.

Mu-forc*
(23')

Jenkun

M-buye.
M-buap

River

A-ya.

A-a (227 a)

A-ya.
Mu-ya.
Ba-ya (228 a)

Ba-jia

Mi-ancia

.-..

...

Road

M-ba ; 6-ba

M-ba.
Mu-nen.
Na-nitin

(228 a)

Bco-kop

Mi-anjse.
Ma-njia,
Ma-nyi

.-••

-M-beyumbi

Salt

A-kan

A-kan

Ba-no.
Ma-nu (2290)

E.ki(23i).
N.ke,
X-ji.
Ngua,
N-guan,
N-gban

Ji-nbaii.
Fu-ngiian
(233}

N-gan

Shame

N.son

...

...

...

>•*

...

Sheep

N-jobui.

M-bun.

E-tam-e-ba.

N-jinju.

N-je.

A-Yon

N-jam-bui.

Bore.

Bu-me-bw.

M-vinzui.

N-jag (233).

N-gyom-b«e,

O-won-m-biii

0-ja (229 e)

N-pui.

Keya

N-jombe

I-tame-w<o

N-juet,

N-je.

Ke-kum.

.Mon-juar

(231)

GROUP A

: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

68s

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

22S a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafeii

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngcoala

227 c. Injo

^-c.

Dama, Sr'c.

Shield

E-nok. E-beta

Shoulder ...

E-fan ; a-

E-funuwo)

Ke-keem ; be-.

N-kumba

M-be.'"

Ne-nker ;

Ke-gb5 (229 e)

(231)-

Kamba,

Kambco,

Kambot.

M-btoa

M-btoabco

(233)

ma-nker

Sister

Mco-n-i-nyene-

Ma)-anna-

N-jie

Mu-mi-aga-

Fur.

Mu-meya.

ama.

yo-fika.

mi-n-jai,

Wtoa.

Mu>-mangtole

Mo-n-i-nyen-

Ni-nyen

N-dia-yjiigue.

N -sawe (233)

i-n-kae

(22S a).

Mw-cona-jana.

Ma-nye-ncoma

M-fala,

M-fera.

M-fuda.

N-tigi.

N-dzasia

Skin

N-gu; (o-gu.

N.gco.

Eny-am-beko.

N-gup,

Juwun

N-kwo-mw-ee.

Biji

N-kwabeji.
Beki (228 a)

0-kue (2296)

N-gob,
N-gtowe.
N-guba.
Bu {230 h).
E-ptoar (231)

N-kuob ; ba +

Sky

N-gurubu.'

E-scawco.

F5a)-bun

Li-ha.

M-ba

De-bii.

(JL)-wasi.

Ne-bu

Ke-nbto.

A-wazi

N-gurigu.

Ni-kob.

E-bonta

Ke-put

Slave

N-suii ; a-.

N-jo ; a-j5.

Cl)-su; ba-su

N-ktoat (231).

N-gban ;

N-sam; ba-sam

N-ka-sun 5

N-jop

N-kuan.
N-gbae.
Kuan.
A-pto(23l)

be-gban.
I-fei (233) ■

Sleep

E-ycoe.
E-yo

Na-no.
E-lo

0-bop

I-lok,
Ni-lok

...

Ke-n5

Smoke

A-tuk.

E-titeg,

E-luktoa.

N-tye-m-ok.

Ke-nji.

Ma-ongto.

A-tuyungu

A-titik.
Nkut,

N-kur

A-lu (229 e)

N-te or

N-se (230a).

N-di,

N-dzindzi,

N-jinji,

N-dindi.

N-dam-m-u

N-di (233)

E-yuiigto

(234 a)

Snake

Ny-5; 6ny-o

Nny-5,

E.fl.

N-u.

Y5,

Ny-5

Ny-o

0-pi

Ny-o.

N-ok (230a).
N.o(23i)

Jo

Son, boy ...

M-on-ne-num.

M-onpe ;

W-ason ;

Me-emban.

W-an-o-ndumen.

M-o: b-o

M-oni

ab-onse.

bco-ason.

Mu-ina.

Vu-an; v-an

M-o.

W-anco-nincen.

M-toja.

(233)

M-ono.

Uua (2296)

Ma)-a(23i).

M-5-num.

Mo-kua ;

•M-on (228 a)

pco-kua.
Mo-nke,
Ma-iikto ;
pis. pe-nke,
ba-nkto

' See words for ' God' in Nos. 9 c, 30, 38, 70, &•€.

Y y

686

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

227.

Ekoi or

Ejam

227 a. Akwa

227 b. Eafen

227 c. Injo

228.

Nde or

Atam

228 a, b.

Akparabon,

229.

Ifki

229 a.

(jl)-sikom

229 b, c, d, e.

Dama, &•€.

230,231.

Mbudikum a7id

dialects 230 a

to 230J
231. Ngcoala

232.

Nso or Npo

233. Mbe

234-
Many an

234 a. ^
Konguan

Song

Spear

Spirit, soul
Star

Stick ...

Stone .

E-kon

E-dop,
E-r5p

E-yam
E-g«ma-m-fuk.

I-runandu.

N-dunandu

E-ti ; a-ti.
N-tam (227 a)

E-tai,
E-tae

E-se.

A-kconakon.

E-kon (228 a)
Ne-kon.

E-kon ; ne-.

E-dop (228 a)

A-kwane
Ne-kpwa.

E-dirandu.

In-dunandu

(228 a)
Ma-biti

(dinting.

E-te.

I-riri.

Be-teawcj (pi.)
E-tan ; ne-tan.

N-dinda

(228 a)

CO-kwan

Ke-bia ; be-bia.
Ke-bie.
Le-k5 (229 e)

Ne-kpera

N-dyuop

Li-kwon ; mco-. Kon.

A-koia,

Kon.

M-fae
N-deni
San ; me-san

U-yan,
U-gan (233)

Ka-ji ; bo
Ke-ci

•J>-

E-ce.
U-wet.
E-tia.
M-ban

M-ban.

Ki-set (233)

Bui-ka ; a-ka.
(jO-ka (2296)

Stool

Sun, sunlight

E-buri

E-yu.
N-jui,
In-jue,
N-juji

E-tenji

N-jon,
N-jun.
In-sui

;228a)

Ke-ji; be-ji

^^ — ,
Ke-su.
E-ptii (2296)

Ge-tumi ; e- E-no7o>

Lon ; mu + . Tei,
N-g^co (230a). Teifi.
N-donoa E-tei (233)

(230 d).
Uco,
CO-wua

(230 g)-

A-Yco (230!)
A-len,

E-ran,

O-kua
N-am or

Ny-am,

N-um or

Ny-um.

N-gam.

Mi-nob

(230J).

Mu-no (231)

piii._
A-jui (233)

De-kwe
De-kon ; ba-

N-dan-awa
Ne-mbe ;
ma-mbe

E-nok.
N-tam

N-te ; ba-te.
N-tae {234 a)

M-ok.

Mm-co {234 a)

Tail (of an

I-ki; ii-ki

• •V

..»

...

...

■ ■■

animal)

Tear

A-bubi.
A-yip-am-at

Am-emi.
Am-ili.
E-rin.
Ba-bedok

(228 a)

Ba-ti (//.)

E-se»nak

Ba-nya-ma-k

Testicles ...

N-da.

M-fan.

De-fri

M>bantsti.

..■

Amu-irere-pen

Ma-anda (//.)

IW-pen.
Mo-ranfen

-

N-ca-um

Thief

0-ta ; a-ta.
Ny-angajn

A-ju.
N i-aju.
Mon-jijek

(228 a)

Ka-ji

N-con

A-irap

Thigh

00-ta

E-neme; a-

Bco-nam ; a-.
Le-kuku

(229 e)

A-pi.
E-biu.
Bia,
Bi.
A-pe.
A-tog

Ke-bei.
E-tam (233)

A-naka ; ma-

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

687

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyafi

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

Oi)-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafeia

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. I^guala

227 c. Injo

iSr't-.

Dama, &»<..

Thing...
Thorn...

Tobacco
To-day

Toe

To-morrow

Nj-um ; mbi-m.

Ny-om ;

mbi-em
E-jonge,

E-yonga.

E-2^one

A-wene.

O-nnwana
E-gye.

E-e

E-jca.

Ny-um,

E-jum
E-jume.

E-jonga.

I-jejona.

In-sen (228 a)
E-taba

Ene.
Ele.
E-lei (228 a)

C-fim
Ke-wofi

E-ru

Bco-run,
Bu-ron

I-niri-e-kat.
l-nar'-a-kat.
1-nen-e-kat

I-ni-gi-ta,
Ni-ye-ta.
E-nyi,
1-nye.

Me-nimbi-<o-k&>
(228 a)

Ka-fco-ge-ga ;
e-f<o-e-ga.
Ka-fua-a-ka

6.

JO

E-wana

Lenje fu-rofi

Tongue

E-rem.

Ne-riw«.

Ka-babon; a-.

E-ebe.

E-niwi.

Nebe(229e)

E-dibi,

Ni-nibi.

E-ribe

A-meminyco.
E-lebi {228 a)

Tooth

E-iia ; am-in

Nem-en ; am-.

Ba)-sion ; a-.

or am-am or

Am-an.

CO-siom,

am-an

Ma-n (228 a)

Boci-pan.
OO-san (2296)

Town or vil-

M-fam; 6-fam.

E-jabe ; a-.

OO-pie ; e-pie.

lage

E-tig

A-jibe.

A-yobili

M-pam

(229 e)

Tree E-ti; a-ti

N-te; be-te.
E-ti.

I-te ; be-te.
E-riri ; be-

Ke-tsi ; be-tsi.
O-si ; e-si
(229 e)

E-2JCO,
E-yco

N-jon

N-deba.

Daba
Dia. _

Ny-ue.

N-de.

N-dieo.

N-jsiie.

N-tie,

N-jiwe,

N-kie
N-two-mco-kw5.

Mco-to-kue.

Sco-ku. Tu-k<a.

N-tunku.

Si-nku.

Mu-pie-kcoar

(231).

Mo-nkut'
E-z6.

Fu-nwi.

N-kondab.

M-fomfi.

Fomsu.

N-dzedz<o
E-dxum.
A-ndicj {231).
Lam, Lem,
Lim
N-den.
A-lo
Lesofi,
De-son ; me-.
N-son,
N-stou
E-la, E-ya.
Ntah.
Ny-u.
N-gon.
Lak.
N-tek.
M-boj
E-tya, E-tx5 ;
me-txa or
me-tyo.
A-tiy.

E-tse (230 a).
N-tu, Tui

N-dan.
I-ko5 (233)

I-fei-wa-Yoa

(233)

Ke-bcopi.
Dupu.

N-gon (233)

Ke-ndemi ; e-.
i-nemi (233)

Son.
A-son (233)

N-da

Ke-ji ; e-ji.
A-?et (233)

All mostly meaning ' Mid {or " little one ") of foot '.

E-nyeii

N-sei

E-con,
E-jan

Ne-noii-a-kak.
Ke-non

M-bcoare

De-ley ; ba-,
De-ruY

Ne-nyan ;
ama-n

E-tok ; be-
Mto-tcak
(234 a)

E-nok,
E-nog : me-

Y y 2

688

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum attd

Nso or Npo ■

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

23!. Ngtoala

227 c. Injo

&'C.

Dama, Cfc.

Twins
Urine ..

Vein ..

War ..

A-bom-6-fQt. A-wen-aba.
A-ya-pele A-ja-fene.

A-fin (228 a)
A-fivi, A-fuwca,

A-fugi A-fuY&j.

M-pabi
(228 a)
E-niye; a-

Water

Well, source,

spring
White man

Wife ...

Wind ...
Witch

Witchcraft
Woman . . ,

Bi-jab ; a-.
N-dylp (227 a)

E-no!,
E-nok ;
be-nok.
Be-ta.
Ebe-ta

A-yip

(jO-kara,
CO-karera

N-kaene.
Men-kama

M-fap

N-je.

N-ye.
0-ye

Neri-kat ;
ana-kai.
Nin-kai

Be-ta,
Be-ra

A-neb,
A-nep,
A-lep,
A-lap.
Ma-mai
(228 a)

M -barane.
Ma-kara

N-ka-wana.

Miin-kconia.

Ma-nka,

Ma-nkai
M-fep,

N-pep
E'kpagba.

B-oce.

E-je
B-coce
Ma-nka ;

aba-ka.

Mun-kare.

Anen-kal'

A-fun
Ba-sa

E-je.
E-ru (229 e)

Be-ti.
VVu-ese (229 e)

00-mco,
OJ-mu.

N-buto(229b).
A-mu (229 e)

Mu-fak (pi:)
N-cince

E-sik (231).

N-gafi (23010

Un-kui (230 j).

N-zi
N-cu.

N-tsto (231).

Ma-pfet(23oj).

A-pit,

Bit,

A-bad

(230 b-c)
In-tse.

N-job (230 a).

N-ci,

N-pi,

N-ke.

N-jab,

N.jib

(230 b-e).

N-ki (231)

ran.
E-ni (233)

Yirp.
Bit (233)

Men-jiv.
Mi-nib {233)

(jO-ne-pi|siet. Pan-mu-kwo. N-tco

OO-kara
00-ninye-oj-gi

A-fu
B-toce

A-kpabi

1 ; ba-

O-nyinyi ;
(jl)-ninye
(229e).
O-nyinye ; a-
Un-jinje
(229 b)

Womb

O.ya.
A-wa

Mc-kara.
Mun-banket
Min-dytii.
Men-vie
(230 a)

Fu.fol

N-gaiiga

N-ga

Mi-ndyui ; pi-

Me-nvie ;

pe-nvie.

Me-ngwe,

Me-ngbi.

Me-ngua,

Me-ngui,

Mu-iigui ;

fls. pe-w3e,

be-ngue,

pe-ngbe.

U-ngwe (231
N-remi

Wui ; a-wiii.
Mo-nge ;
bo-nge (233)

Be-fak {pi.)
Ba-ce

N-den ; ba-len

De-nu or
Ne-nu ; ma-

Ny-en.
Ma-nep.
Ma-nya
(234 a)

N-go!o

M-buye
De-bu

N'-gore or
N-gojS ; ba-
N-ga ; //.
ba-ga

GROUP A : THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

689

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234- ^

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Many an

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

Ol)-sikom

to 230 J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ifgcoala

227 c. Injo

^-c.

Dama, &^c.

Wood (fire-

N-kun

N-kon.

Ke-kon or

N-koe,

Me^fika.

Ke-yue

wood)

E-kul.

E^kun.

N-jue.

Nka.

Un-kiii(228a)

E^kuen (229 c)

Kuin.

N-kuen.
N-kpi.

I^wan (233)

Yam

E-yu; a-yu.

E-nu ; be-nu.

Be^rco.

K<o ; n^kco.

• ••

E-nyaya ; me-

E-w ; be-ye«

E-lu,
Be-lu(228a)

Be^rui (229 c)

I-yok.

A^yco,

A-zto,

E-zu.

KuM

Year

E-ya; n-ya

N-ya,
E.ya

De^jia

N-gu

E-yoni,
Yoni.
M^bon (233)

Mie ; ba-mie

Yesterday

E-nyane,
E-nyare

E-nya

Lenje

E-zo

...

E-yu

One

■t, -it

Jiji,

•bone

•mu.

Mcoan.

•mo,

(J -it, u-t.

Yiyi.

(Ka^bone,

•mo,

Fog (233J

•mot

ma-t, fi-t,

E-gi.

Bo^bone,

•mco.

wo-t, gyi-t,

Yu-t.

&-f.).

Yin,

mi-t, and

ly-it.

•nyi.

N-yin,

ba-t).

•ban.

-inye,

N-ei

J -err.

•jan

•en.

-err (227 b)

•ken,
-kin

(229 b, c,d)

Two

•bae.

•ba.

-fa (Ba-fe,

-m-ban,

-ba.

•pe,

-wai

•fai,

E^fe, ire).

-m-ba.

-baa.

•pal,

■bal.

■fue (229 c).

-m^be.

•be {233)

-pen

•fen.

•ha (229 d)

-pia.

-pen

-bia,

■piat(23l).

-piari

Three

-sa

•pa.

•jiat,

-n-tet.

-tar.

-ra,

•sa,

•ciat

-n-tat,

•tat (233)

-lat

•ra

(Ka^ciat,
Be^ciat, 6-f.).
I-kia (229 b).
1-ci (229 c).
I-pia (229 d).
E-je (229 e)

•tod,
•tat,
•tet,
•ter

Four ...

•ni,

•ne.

•nyi,

•kua,

Gbe.

•nywi,

-ne,

•une,

-in!,

•gbe,

I-kue (233)

-nui

-nyie,

-le

-ine.

•kwa

-me

-inde (229 b).
■ene (239 e)

(Li^kwa).
Gba,

Kea (2300.
Gbcoe (230 h)

Five

•ron,

•ron.

-tafie.

•ta.

■tan

•te,

•don

•run

-dion (229 b).
-dan (229 c).
-dam (229 d).
■jan (2290)

•tea (231),

•kie (230 h),

•tan,

■tie,

•tae (230 i)

•

•tai

690

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

227.

Ekoi or

Ejam

227 a. Akwa

227 b. Eafen

237 c. Injo

228.

Nde or

Atam

228 a, b.

Akparabon,

229.

3»ki

229 a.

OO-sikom

229 b, c, d, e.

Dama, Ss^c.

230,231

Mbudikum and

dialects 230 a

to 230 j
231. Ifgcoala

232.

Nso or Npo

233. Mbe

234.
Manyaii

234 a. ^
Konguaii

Six ..

Seven..

Eight

Nine ...

Ten

Eleven

Fifteen

Esaesa,
•sakesa.
Esakesa,
Asaksasa,
Nsakansa

Be-saya-be-sa.
A-sa-a-sa.
Be-ra-be-ra,

E-ni-ga-sa, A-pimma,

I-ni-ya-sa, A-semma.

U-ni-yan-sa, Be-ne-be-ra

•niv,
■ni.
E-ni-ya-ni

M'e-na-ga be-ne.
A-ne-na-ne,
Be-ne-be-ne.
E-li-ge-le

E-don-ne-ni. A-jima wa-wcai,
E-don-ne-nyie. A-pima wu-bco.
E-ron-e-ni Be-ne-be-run.

E-run-ibe-ne

Nyajiat.
Dicoken

(229 b).
E-jeje (229 e)

Ga.ja-ga-nyi.
Ka-cia-ga-
inye.
Tanifuen

(229 c).
E-janefe
(2296)
Nyi-riii-nyi,
Ni-rri-nyi.
E-nene(229e),
i-lini.
Danci (229 c)

Ka-tan-ka-yi.
Ka-ta-ka-nyi.
A-tane-ga-nyi,
E-janene

(2296)

0-fo,

Wu-wco,

B6-f5

Wa-wco

Wu-b«.

0-fo

O'fo-na-j-it.
Bo-fo-ya-gy-it

Ne-koj

Wu'bwka-yiyj.

0-fo-la-yu-t.

Wu-wco-ka-jiji.

(Wa-wwka-

weba =

' twelve ')
Ne-kco,

Le.k«='y^-

teen '

Degbco,

Legbcd.

Ekpu.

La-hucd

(229 b).

Li-fuca (229/;).

Ki-hcd (229 dj.

De-kue

(2296)
Degbco le-ken.

Ekpu re-den

{or ne-ken).

Dekpw do-
bone

(Enyi =
teen ')

•//-

N-tOYto,
N-tuyu

(231).
N-tuhu,
N-tu,
I-ntu.
N-tbxo,
■n-tcowa,
-n-tcokco
Kwatet,
Guatat.
Sambia,.
Samba

Li-fa,

E-f5,

E-hom.

Fconifo.

I-fum.

Fwmi.

M-fam.

I-fama
Li-vo!o>.

Bco<d.

Sipo.

Vua.

^ibu.

M-bu,

Bo.

I-fl.

Ve. ^

Tsianubj

(231)
Li-gam.
Cam.
Kco-Yom.
Gom.
U-wom.
Wum.
Gumi.
E-vuoa (231)

N-co-gwi-mco-
li-gam.
\-jwwi-m5,
Sco-wi-mu.
Gom-swnyin

Camci.'

N-tsere(23i)

N-tunfu

Samba

Wcoami

Buu

Be-tanda.
-tandat

(234 a)

Tanda-a-mo.
Tanda-ra-mot

Be-enen.
He-nyenen.
Me-nan

Nenen-a-mo.
Nina ra-mot

Vum.
N-pom.
Wum (233)

Biu

N-som-moan Biu ne e-mo

(De-ku = 'fif-
teen ')

Cakpa = ' twelve ' ; Capte = ' thirteen ' ; Camkwa = 'fourteen ' ; Cabta =• 'fifteen ' : in Ba-yon (330 b).

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

691

I

i

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234- ^

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Many an

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

i dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

\ 231. ffgcoala

227 c. Injo

Q^c.

Dama, &-»<;.

Twenty ...

E-sam.

N-cam.

Bco-jiam or

Mu)-Yem-m-bia.

M-pfumba or

E-s5.

E.ti (227 a)

E-ram.

Bu-jam; pi.

N-gom-mi-mba.

M-vumba

E-sa

Nai-tan,

ba-jenx.

Ba-ngom,

Ne-ten.

a-jam.

Han-gumbo>.

Ne-ko>-ka-

Le-ti,

Gumba,

vve-ron

Le-ci.
Di-pi

(229 b, c,d).
Le-zi (229 e)

N-gumb<o-

ine-mba.

Piari-vuto

(231)

Thirty

E-sam' no-fo.

Na-itan or

Iko-jiam

Moj-Yem-tet.

*•■

E-so ne e-biu

E-ti abo-fo.

Ne-tan.

dekpoji

Tet-n-goro.

E-sam nti-na-

Ka-wu-boj.

N-gum-me-tad

wo-fo

E-ram-

{or N-cam)-
6-fo

Forty

N-sam e-bae.
A-ti a-bae.
E-sam nti-
a-bai

E-tam a-ba.
E-ram be-fai

Ba-jem ba-fe

Mu-Yem-
li-kwa.
Kwa-fi-gom.
N-gumkwa

• ••

Be-85 be-pe

Fifty

N-sam e-bae

E-tan aba-ka-

Ba-jem ba-fe

Tangom.

• *•

Be-so be-pe

no-fo, ^c.

wu-boo.

E-ram be-fai-
na-'feo

dekpca

N-gum me-tan

nsa biu

Hundred . . .

N-gan.

E-tan a-run.

Ba-jem

N-kto,

• t*

Be-so be-te

N-sam e-ron.

E-ram e-run.

ba-tane.

N-kS.

(Lo-god =

(E-goro> =

(E-got,

H-kumbto

'five hun-

' two hun-

E-gor = ' two

dred')

dred')

hundred')

Thousand...

Lo-god e-bae.
N-gan' o-fo

E-gorco be-run

E-got e-taS.e

N-dambto

• ■•

f

I, me, my ...

Me.

Me.

He.

M5, Mo.

Me.

Ma (233).

Me.

N-, Ng.,Wga-.

N-, M..

Me-, M'-.

Me-, N-, Jfga-.

N-

Ma-.

Me-, N-.

5

?

-mi-.'

J

?

?

•m, -um,

-m, -meme,

•ji^(-eji,-iji],

-a, -ha, -a-mto,

•om, -wom

•me, -ya

-n-gam,

-anga.

- -na, -eya-na

-ya, -yafige

-eya-ma

-a-mma

or -ama, -jana

Thou, thee, thy

Te. We, Yd.

U-we. Wo.

W5.

U-wo, 00. 6.

U-wo. Wi.

6-, Bo-.

Be-

0)-.

A-.

Wi-, 0)..

-e-a, -a, -wa,

-a, -eye, -eya

•to, -mu, -wai.

•wto, -u, -to.

•WM, •&>, -on.

-na, -ye

-ba, -ja

-ye

-a-yu, -yto,-yu

He, him, his

Te. We, Ye,
Yo.
A-.

U-we, Ye.

Nyi.

E-^ia, 0, E.

Dyi.

A-, Ba-.

OL)-,Nyi^,Nyo^.

A-.

A-.

?

•mo-.'

?

?

?

•eje, -e

•eye, -o-yu

•ya, -y«

-mbui, -a-yi

-ji

We, us, our

Wu-t, U-d, U-t.

Wu^rr. So

(228 a).

Be. Be-se.

(O-pak (230,
230 a, h, i,j).
Ba(230b/og).
PoY (231).

Be-se.

Ne-, E-, Hi-, I..

Be..

Be-.

0)-.

?

£-.

•ra, -i-ra

-jera, -y-urra

•we, -be

-a-puk

-ye.f

' Note remarkable infix.

692

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Many an

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

CL)-sikom

io 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. ^gcaala

227 c. Injo

i^c.

Dama, d^c.

Ye, you, your

Wu-n,U-n,

Wu-n. Nyo 1

Be-n.

Pii, M^puo.

Wu-rr (227 b).

(228 a).

0), 6.

00., Bco-.

Abe-.

Be-, N-.

!•.

-na (-i-na,

•i-ya, -o-ya

-be-n

•pii, -m-pu6

-u-na), &^c.

They, them.

A-bo.

A-bo, Bo.

M-be.

Ptope, 0, E.

their

A-.

A-.

A-

A..

-a-b5

-bere,
-a-bedda

-m-be, -gam-be

■pop

All

Kpekpwe.

Papa.

Gankan

N-tcam.

Sui

Bokbok

(228 a)

Mombmo

This, these

-nyo, -mba

Wto-fa ; ba-fa

»••

? -ene.

or -aba ;

wa)-fa ; dr'c.

■e

•nyi, -mbi ;

•nji, -ma ;

-mfi, -mi ;

-mi, -ma ;

•mbi, -ma.

•nyo-go,

'

-ba-go ; <3-t.

That, those

Anyo or
-a-nyo, -aba ;
-anyi, -abi ;
-aji, -anyi ;
-afi, -ami ;
-ami, -ama ;
-abi, -ama ;
-ama, ama

-fai (Wu-fai,
&c.)

•i^»

Bad

•beb.

■bibi.

Ke-nyuwa.

•pcohu (231).

-bi.

E-re-nop

•bibi (329 e)

-bue.

-cobi

•Wy,

-be,

•piu

Black

•nyare

•ngyara.

•JJ-

•sia (231).

-nyaka.

•cu.

•si.

•jirra (228 a)

E^re'pi(229e)

■&}: ,

Be-eka,

N..
-y-eka

Bco.
A-.

-a-bco

Mankco or
Mankom

■ene (W-ene),
■en

•en-u-ne

■bir

•pfin

Si-a^loli.
■wi.
•pere.
-ga-leg

E^tigli

Female

Fierce, sharp

•ike.
■kai,
•kae

•ubi.
O^gban.
-e^fop,
•eki (227 a)

•nka.
•nkani,
•waka

•nyini,
•nyinyi,
•ninyi

jinked,

•finked.

■san,

■fan

gue,

•ying^ue.

N^j5i.

-engua,

•engwe,

■engbe

*wiii

•gole. _
•ngojo

GROUP A : THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

693

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 :*•

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ifgeoala

227 c. Injo

&r=C.

Dama, &=€.

Good ...

•nog.

•ntow&j,

•nop.
-nawe.

•nop

Great...

-nine
•fan.
•tikpa.
•kpatim

•ntakpa
■iikuru
-e-tum

Little ...

Long, high
Male

Old

•jye.

•ruk.

-mon.

•bonne

•dam,

•dandam.

■dorodS
•ndii,

•ndun.

•num.

•nim (227 a)

■titon.
•onpe.
•set

■nyua.
•niie (229 e)

•kele.
•eri.
•kani (2296)

■nyen,
•nyin.
-nwan.
•bogbco (229 e)

•tanatafi.
•tail

■kui.
■tim

■num.
•niia.
■nse

•kukun

■nji.
■iyen.
O-tep.
I -tarn

•ben.
•kasi (229 c)

-pon^

•bon.

-pu (230 f)

•pane (230 i)
-yee.

•i>a,

•ig^.

-gOYC,

•woye.

•gukwo.

-nen

■no (231)
•gehe (231).

•jicok.

-kele.

■jsiset.

•njan. ,

•nkco.

•yat.

•kuiti
•sisa.

■mia

•mban,

•mbana (231)

-n^dum.

-n^du,

-n-do,

-n^dumi.

•nke.

■nkija
•lun.

•ran,

•ren.

•rana.

•jun.

•ru,

•du (231)

•boii

•kcooin

-a-loli.

•leg.

•ran,

•run
■jek.

■wcowco,

■gwcogwco

■name,
■ndu

■dumen,
■dum

•dun,
•nun (233)

•na.
-num.
■baya-num
(//. a-waya-
a^num)

•kok

Red ... .

., .kGikui,
•koekoe

...

•.•

■ban

...

•tepe

Rotten

.. E-sak.
E-ca^
E^saa.
E-kpo
•bawe

•po

Short... .

.. Ngpuk

• t *

...

...

• i.

Sick ... .

■maiie,

•yayaa

•luom.

-Zazan (231).

■yar.

-me.

•mange

■lua (229 e)

•Jan.
•dyaii.
•yaya. -don

-nyorw

(233)

huan

-neme

White... .

•bare,

•bara.

•je.

•fufu, .fuhu,

•fur

Telepu, -dere

-bara,

•bia (228 a)

■siet.

-fufok (231),

-pepep.

■bat

•puru (329 e)

■bubub,
-fob. .fe.
-bcoket.
•ban

•papap

694

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230, 231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Nso

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.

OO-sikom

to 230J

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Itgcoala

227 c. Injo

&-€.

Dama, dvc.

Above, up, on

•oso,

...

...

...

top

K'-os5

Before

...

...

N-kusu

Behind ...

■mba-n-jim
(pL 6-ba-
6-jim)

...

...

...

Below, down

Ka 6-sere,
K'6-sera

...

...

Ma-si

Far

A-kuri.
N-dam-e-mba,
-ba-nda

...

...

Taale

Here

M-fa.
Nga

M-ra

Nyin

E-tsa.
Woi

In, inside ...

Ke-etim.

Ka-.

Ka-etim,

K6-tem

E-tin

N-tyum.
Ma

Middle

...

...

...

Near

...

...

...

...

Outside ...

N-jim-ere.
N-yim-o-tun.
Ere

...

...

...

Plenty, many

A-ti

E-pusun.
E-tmcoti

Cu5

A-iza.

(OD-ti,

•dyam.

N-ti,

(228 a)

Titi

E-ti).

A-wege.

•fim (227 a)

There

N-go.

Ga.

Kcou

E-tse.

A-fo

Walai (228 a)

Ba

Where? ...

•fan?
Jen?
Gyen (why?)

...

...

•ho>?

No!

Mensa !

Ihi!

Eh!

Ojo!

Ee!

Mm'!

N-kapi !

Can!

Not (with verb,

-ka-, -kai-.

-ga, -go, .ge.

Ke- ; -e.

•tsi, -ma-,

as prefix, in-

•mo-

-de, -da, -re

-re (229 e)

-ka-, -ga-.

fix, or suffix)

■ta-, -daya-.
Ma-, Ma, ;
•ke, -uba,
-ke-bco

To

E — um or -m '

?a)-

?Ko)-

?

„ beat ...

-tem

•muwb)

■men

. 'gcoa. -bu.
-gbumu.
•lap.
•di. •dob

„ buy, tell

•nam.

•gMgCd.

•mende.

•tscoca.

•gori or

•guru

•sia

•fwe -fl.

•guri

•jconi, -ycona.
•juemw.
•feni. -femoj

Bcdr

•yer.
-jion (233)

■jun.
-pfeni.
•pon (333)

Fa.
Fafa

•jo (a^jo,
be-jo,
ba-jo,
ke-jo)

A-wii
-fa?

Ke! ^

Ncan !

Ke-t-aya-me !
Si- ; -ga-, -pe-,

■pure-, •bugu-

•ren,
•den

•kuf,
•kuh.
•ti

' E- is the infinitive prefix and is reinforced by n suffix -um or •m. Example : ' to buy ' = E-gorim.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

695

227.

228.

229.

230, 231.

232.

234^

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

»ki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a. __

227 a. Akwa

228 a, b.^

(jO-sikom

to 230 j

Konguan

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngcoala

227 c. Injo

d^c.

Dama, dfc.

To

E — um or -m

?a)-

?Kco-

>

?

J

,, come ...

•ba

•ba

■ni (229 e)

•ta. •nta.
•tua. •fuoj.
•fe. •toma.
•fu

•wtii.

•ye (233)

•tua.
•tuyco

„ cut

•kemi.
•gbut.
■bok

•kewe

•ket

•ka.
•goja,
•gba.
•gbema

•gwar*.
■wara (233)

•kom

„ dance ...

■ben,

•binebia

•nera^ne.

•nenkiar.

•bin

•wan.

•mben.

■no (2296)

-pin.

•ben

■bin

•binpin.
•nyenbin.
•banban.
-tsa

„ die

■kpcd

•kw5.

•gboa.

•ku.

•gbco.

•wu.

•gboa.

•kfie (229 e)

•kwe.
•gbc».
■kui.
•gfum

•ku (233)

•gu.
•ngu

„ eat

•di,
-yi

■inyum

...

■jue.
•tso

...

•nye

„ give ...

-kare.

•iiki,

■kiu.

■ha.

■pfci>

•ewu.

•nka

•kea

•ke (229 e)

•henco

•kan.
•ncie

» go

•ji, -nji,

•buk.

^ia,

•gw, •guto,

•ndco,

•ron,

-nye.

■fi.

•fi.

-go, •gua.

•dco.

■don.

-fap

•mu

•ru5 (229 e)

•wu. •gora

•ya (233)

•wuara

„ kill ...

•jui.
•yiil

•wti,
■nyuna,,
•yulu

•jue

•••

•ton.
•taa

...

„ know ...

•mune.
•menge

•mai

•nyiri

•sa.
•yo

...

•mandena.
•rena,
-dena

„ laugh ...

-nwe,

•y&jyoii

•juneju,

•wue,

pie.

•waeman.

•yue

•Jon,
-juon

•ngue.

■gwie,

•gui,

-gua.

•ge.

•gati

•tsa (233)

•we

„ leave off,

■maYe

»**

...

...

...

•>•

cease

„ love, want

-kortt.
•kot.
■woma

•korca

•jlan

■koiiu.
•ponu.
•puna,
•tuale.
•kan

•gben

•konu.
•kwat,
•kwak

„ see.

■yen

•ye.

•de,

•tscd,

•yen.

•go»

tS

•le,

•re,

reme (229 e)

1

•yco, -Zfn.

•ycou.

•piom.

•ycona.

•juana,

•juen.

•dieni

•pfeni.
•po (233).
•fei

696

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

227.

228.

229.

230,231.

232.

234-

English

Ekoi or

Nde or

Nki

Mbudikum and

Nso or Npo

Manyan

Ejam

Atam

229 a.

dialects 230 a

233. Mbe

234 a.

227 a. Akwa

22S a, b.

(jO-sikom

to 230 j

Konguaii

227 b. Eafen

Akparabon,

229 b, c, d, e.

231. Ngtoala

227 c. Injo

(Sj^c.

Dama, is'c.

To E — umorm ? Cl)-

„ sit, remain, .none -jon

abide

„ sleep ... -je, -nonco.

•ye -nan

,, stand, stop, -yeme
be erect

„ steal

•ju

■yimi

•jup

?K(o-

J

?

p

•kume.

-nonnon.

•tuora.

•wuere

■jime (229 e)

•ce

•jiwa (233)

•depare.

•de.

•nem.

■were

-lembcole.

•dim.

•buni.

•res! (229 e)

■lema.

•noka.

■Ha

•ag&jci (233)

■bim

•jijie.

•tem.

■te

•la.

•sama-sei

-tena,

(233)

•ten.

•ti.

•jeni.

•kema.

•tsia

...

•zu

...

■yap

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN EKOI AND DIALECTS

Slight traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mw, M-, N-, !*■, Ne-, Ni. (wco, u, n-) ; 2. A., Ana- (aba, ab", ba, a) ; 3. (of doubtful
identity) Mi-, Mco- (?),Nyi- (?), 00-, N^, A-, £• (wco, e, n-) ; 4. Mi. ?, M'^, Mbi^, N- (of doubtful identity) (?) ;
5. E-, I-, ? Nji- (?) ; 6. A-, Am-, M'-, Ma-, Mi- (a) (often used in a singular or collective sense) ; 7. E-
(e, ji) ; 8. traces of Be- (ebe, be, ob'-, bi) ; 8 a. Fi-, Ifi-, Bi- (fi, bi, b'-) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, »-, E- (n, nji ?) ;
10. (1)-, On-, N- (M-), Ny'- (.'nji) ; 11, 12, 13, 14. missing, or 11 and 14 may be reduced to (X>- with A-
for plural ; 15. preserved in prepositions and locatives as K-,Ku-, Go- ; 16. as with 15, Fa-, -fa. (There
is great confusion among the prefixes of 227 and dialects 227 a, b, c : most of them are reduced to single
vowels, and it is only by their concords they can be, to some extent, identified with the Bantu classes.)

PREFIXES, &C., IN ATAM OR NDE AND AKPARABON
Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-, M'-, Mco-, Mum-, U-, N- (-mo-, o, u, n-) ; 2. A-, Aba-, Abto-, Be-, Ali- (ab'-, aba,
be); 3. M«-, Mu-, 0-, 00- (?) ; 4. Me- (rare) (me?) ; 5. Ne-, Ni-, E-, I- (ne) ; 6. A-, Ma-, Ba-, Mu-,
Mco-, Me- (a, ma) ; 7. E-, .?Ege^, Eke- (e) ; 8. Be- (be) ; 8 a. Be- (be) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, In-, Ny-, E-, A-
(n, e) ; 10. same as 9, also Ne- ; 11, 12, 13. missing ; 14. Bo)- (b(o) ; 15. tO- (?co-) ; 16. (prepositional
only) Fa- (fa).

A Na- prefix seems to be present. In some dialects there is an inexplicable plural prefix Ali-, plural
to No. I, Mu-. Nde- (238) also seems to make use of suffixes (such as -la) in place of prefixes, to indicate
plural.

PREFIXES, &a, IN NKI (INCLUDING W-SIKOM, &c., AND A-LEGE 2296).

Class I. Ol)-, 0-, U., Wu- (u, wu) ; 2. Ba-, B'- (ba) ; 3. O)- ; 4. ? E- ; 5. Da-, Le-, Ni-, L'-, E-
(de, ri) ; 6. A-, Ba-, B'-, Ma- (a, ma) ; 7. Ke-, Ki-, E-, I- (ke) ; 8. Be-, Bi- (be) ; 9. N- (M-) ; 10. same
as 9; n. ?Li-; 12. missing; 13. Ka- (ka) (//j. Bw- and E-); 14. Bco- (bco) (both singular and plural,
when in singular takes No. 6 for its plural) ; 1 5. ? Km- (as preposition) ; 20. Da-.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES 697

PREFIXES, &c., IN MBUDIKUM, BA-LI, AND BA-MUM DIALECTS ;
IN NGOOALA; ALSO IN MANYAN AND KONGUAN

Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Mu-,Mo-,Me-,M'-,Ma-,N-, N-,A-, E. (mi); 2. Ba-, Ab-,Bu-,Bi-,Pa-, Pe.,P"-,P«- (ba.bco,
pi-) ; 3. Mco-, Mu-. U- (231), 00-, 0-, N- (u. m- ?) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li-, Le-, ?, De-, Di-, Ej'-, E-,
I-, A-, Ni-, Ne- (de, le) ; 6. Ma-, Me-, Mi-, Mo>-, Amu-, Mu-, Ba- (ma-) ; 7. Ki-, Ke-, Gi-, He-, E-, Ji-,
J'., \i., Ye- (?) ; 8. Bi-, Be-, Ye- (be) ; 8 a. Pfu-, Fu-, Fi-, Vi-, Si-, Se-, He- (?) {ph. in Ke-, De-, Di-,
Ti-) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny- (i, n) ; 10. same as 9, perhaps also Bi- ; 11. U-(?), Rco-, Deo- (?) (//. Mto-) ; 12.
?Ti-, Di-, De-, Ke- (concord sometimes re in No. 231) (plural to No. 8 a) ; 13. ? missing ; 14. Bco-, Bi-,
Be-, Mi-, ?Bu- (bco) (plural in No. 6 Ma-, Ba-) ; IJ. U-, Wu-, Ku-(?) {ph. Bu-, Be-) ; 16. Pe- (?), -fa,
•tsa, Ba- (? fa) ; 20. La-.

There is a Na- prefix with no very definite meaning used frequently as a plural to nouns of Class I.
The La- prefix (No. 20) is present, but is confused with No. 5. The forms cited as No. 12 may really
belong to Class 22 (Ti-, Te-).

PREFIXES, &c., IN NSO AND MBE (232, 233)

Class I. -, M'-, U.. Wu- (?); 2. Be-, A-, Va- (233) (a, ba-) ; 3. ?U- (.') ; 4- -'Mi-C?) ; 5. De-, E-,
I-, Ji- (?) ; 6. Me-, A-, Mi-, Mu- (?) ; 7. Ke-, Ge-, A- (?) ; 8. E-, ?Bi-(?) ; 8 a. ^i- (232), Fi-, Fu- (233) ;
9. N-, N-, En-, Nyi-, Ny'- (?) ; 10. missing or same as 9.

227. Ekoi (locally called Ejam, Ezam, or Eja-yam) is spoken in a variety of distinct dialects across
the coast region east of the Cross River (Calabar) estuary, north-eastwards to the south bank of the Upper
Cross River. Its range includes the Itun or Injo country (227 c), and extends westwards along the south
bank of the Upper Cross River from the Bali confluence on the east to 8° 40' East longitude, and to
the North (Oban Hills. The Akwa dialect (227 a) is almost disconnected in area, and is spoken in the
country east of Old Calabar and Akayon, between the Rivers Akwa and Akpayafe, south of the COban
Hills. Nos. 227 b and 227 c are spoken on or near the Upper Cross River.

228. The Atam or Nde and the Akparabon (228 a) countries are side by side, north of the Upper
Cross River and north-west of Itun (which is part of the Ekoi domain). They are bounded to the north-
east by Bojki and west by Ukele (239). Nde is perhaps spoken south of the Cross River as well.

229. Nki is spoken in the ' Bcoki ' country lying to the north of the Upper Cross River, west of the
Oyi river, east of the Itun and Akparabon countries, and of the 8° 45' East longitude. South of the 6° 45'
of North latitude OOsikom (229 a), a dialect of Nki, is spoken in the southernmost part of the Bcoki
country. Dama, Gayi, Yakorco (229 b, c, d) extend on the north to the Munpi country. Alege 229 e
seems to be a north-western dialect of Nki.

230. 231. The area over which the Mbudikum-Bali-Eamum language (230) and Ngcoala (231) are
spoken is of considerable size. A portion of it is known as ' Bekom ' or ' Bahoni '. It stretches north to
the basin of the Katsena-Allah and Benue rivers, and eastwards to the River Nan (Cameroons), and further
to the banks of the Mbam river. Its northern boundary seems to extend to 5° 40' South latitude, and its
southern to 6° South latitude. Its north-western extension is to the Manyu sources and 10° East longitude.

232. The Banso or Ban^o tribe in Koelle's time (and perhaps now) inhabited the mountainous region
north-west of Bamuni, between 6° and 6° 30' North latitude and 10° 30' to 11° 30' East longitude.
Mbe (233) is recorded by Koelle as the language of the Bambe, and was probably spoken in the south-
east portion of the Banso country.

234. The Manyan (Anyan, Banyan) people inhabit the region south and north of the Manyu or
head-stream of the Upper Cross River, which rises in 6° 40' North latitude and 10° East longitude. From
the sources of the Manyu the Manyafi language extends as far west as the confluence of the Bali with the
Cross River (9° 20 East longitude), and for some distance north of ihe Manyu stream. Konguan (234a)
is located near the Manyu banks.

GROUP A {conlinucd)

THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

Sub-Group A i {loiitimted) (^"amkroons Hordkuland
335. Indiki (Ka-nyim)

236. H;i-fut

237. N-dob or M-burakem 237 a. Tumu

I 238. OlultomcA. See Appendix to l^ocabii/ariesY
Sub-C5r()iii' a 2 Wkstkrn Cross Rivkr
[239. Ukele 239 a N-kodo 239 b O-kpcotw
240-240 c. The E-diba-E-kuri-N-k«k61e
dialects

Siin-rrRoup A 2 (continued^

241. Akunakuna or Uguguna 242 Eswpofi-
Arun. See Appendix to Vocabularies\

243. Uyaiiga

244. Korop or O-dodop 244 a. O-koyoft or

O-konyofl

245. Efik 245 a. Ibibico rf/rt/(r<-A (Kwo)

246. Uwet

F.nglish

ass-
Indlkl

(lia-nyim)

336.
Ba-fut

837.

N-dob or

M-biirukem

337 a. Tumu

Uyanga

344.

Korop or

O-dodop

344a. 0-k5yo&

345.

Eflk

245 n. Ibibicd

246. Uwet

Adze

Ne-hok

Fu-tsen

• ••

• >•

Ekurl

Animal, wild

...

i ..

.••

...

U-nam

beast

Ant

...

•■•

...

O-kokkol ; bo

E-kanakan ;

bu-.

lyon.
E-bu.
Nuene

Ant, while

...

• . .

...

K-dJa; hoi-Ja

E-tenge ; bu-

N-kakftt.

(termite)

IC-bu

Ape (chlm-

...

...

...

i:-yum ;

E-tum : bu-.

N-simbeo.

panzi or

l)(»-um

Kc-no (244:1)

E-dumatum

gorilla)

(246)

Arm

E.la».

Jak,

Som; bi-l-.

0-b5 ; I)a-b5

U.b5; i-bo.

U-bok.

r.nama.

Jiak ; bi-

pa.

l-bu5 (244 a)

O-bok (245 a

Kneka

Jun-Bcoa

(2^37 a)

Ki)-bo (34(1)

Arrow

Pfungen ; <li

San ; hi-san

Guna : ba +

Ka-tal ;
bu-tai.
Ubu-tal

(244 a)

I-daii.
l)i-bit(246)

Axe

Nchok.
Nc-hog

I'^u-tsen

Son

I-fe; bii-fe

Cuun ; i-ciin.

Yun(244a)

E-kuri.
I-bei (346)

Baboon . . .

...

...

••*

E-yum

Ku-nii ; niu-nu

E-bok.
E-dumatuni

(246)

Back, back-

...

•••

>••

E-ram ; bo-

I-ntim ; inu-.

E-dem.

bone

Nylm (244 a)

E-dem (246)

Banana ...

NckonJ

'••

• •■

Guama.
1!(»-Mma

Lu-ndcdiini ;
ku-.
U-kom(244a)

M-boro».'
U-koni

Beard

...

...

...

l')ii-feni ; da-

A-rukflinyan.
Sun-kc-nek

i:bom; n-bom
HiD-bun (246)

Bee

Moi

Ru ; bo-ru

Du ; iiyo-du

IC-yunkona

(-44 ^M
Soi

0-kw6k

' // /,t impossible to illiistratt fully entry individual Semi-Hantu longuoge of the Cross River district. To do so
would exhaust the sptitt at my command. I have, therefore, selected those whith were most important or peculiar for
separate treatment in these columns, and have briefly described Nos.i^& to 243 /// an appendix to this group ofvocabu-
laries. Hut in the Analysis of the next volume full use is made of the material /possess concerning jVos, 238-242.

* See roots for 'penis' in Ao. 100 and in Analysis of succeeding- volume.

GROUP A: THli CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

699

2.15-

2^6

237.

24^.

344.

245.

English

Indiki

lin.fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Enk

(Uu-nyini)

M-burukem
337 a. Tumu

0-dodop
344a. O-koyon

345 a. Ibiblu
346. Uwet

Belly, •to-

Tojna

De-bum ;

me-

Jum ; bi-Jum

Di-fu; da-fu

Ru-gun ; /»/.

Ldibi.

mach

ko-mpon.

Itfi-un (244 a)

I-dep(34Sa).
De-pu (246)

Bird

E-nunl

Pfu-nyl ;

Kile.

0-don i bn-dSn

I-ot;

I-nuen.

(ie-nyl

Nyl-tug

mu-ntot.
I -tot (244 a)

Hc-non (246)

Blood

Ma-non

M-beoab

M-pfcoab.

Bui ; la-bui

Mii-iikcl ; pi.

I.vlp.
CO-miara.

M-fa

imi-nklcowi.

Nye (244 a)

a}-bara

(345 B)-
KcD-wtoo (346)

Body

...

...

...

E-kpa ; bo-kpa

Beeket.
Beket (244 a)

I-dem.
Suut (346)

Bone

Yuhu

Ku-wob !

hu-

Wu-ob; bu-ob

E-yam ; bo-

Kii-wl ; bii-wi.
Kwa (244 a)

0-kp5.
Ke-kup (246)

Bow

...

Tuom ; bii +

Le ; bi-le, ye-le E-ran ; bo-

U-nik; ni-neki.

U-tlga,

U-nik (244 a)

U-tlka.
Kune (246)

Brains

Di-j5n ;
tn-won

Mfi-nbop.
M-bum (244 a)

M-fune,
M-fre.
M-pondua

(24<'')

Breast (man's)

E-sas.

Kana ; be +

Kcoma; bi +

E-tIn ; bco-tin

I-kuii ; nni-.

1-kpa nc-slt.

E-ton

ivsinkue
(244a)

Ke-tlnkun

(346)

Breast

M:i-rumbeo(//.]

De-be; me-be

Nylon ; 1)1 + or

...

E-ba

(woman's)

me-^

Brother ...

So-fen.

M-ana

N-glni,

A-podijo

A-minkal ;

I'.-ycn-eka.

Em-bena

N-gunl.

N.|iie(337a)

ba-muiikai.
N-wen-nande

(344 a)

N-dlto.

Ei\-kaycd-

keiii-u-tum

(246)

Buffalo

Mi-are,
Ny-are

...

N-jom,
N-dzum

...

...

i:-dltlm

Bull

Mu-nom

N-de-m.pon

N-dom-Jle.

• ••

...

A-yara-enoH

Dlmdzuin

(23711)

Buttocks ...

...

• . .

O-fukpal; da-

Cabidislen

E-tak

Canoe

...

Kt-kom ;

be-

Jl ; l/eji

O-kpuga ; ha-

U-wan ; na-.
U-an (244a)

U-bom.
Kokpol (246)

Cat

Em-bom

Nyawu ;

bc +

Tegbemi

A-nwa; ba-

A-iiwa ; na-

A-ngwa.
A-wra (246)

Charcoal . . .

Yanag

I'u-ngarak; de

Slriga; be +

...

...

U-kafl ;
i'i.kaii.
I-kane (246)

Chief, king

Mii-nen.

N-kum ;

1)(.) +

M-bcaan ; bi-.

O-for ;

()-bon ; b(i)-.

0-bon ; m-bon.

Mu-te-m-uk.

N-gbe

bii-forde

Obon (244 a)

O-bot (246)

Paba

Child

Mu-ru-iii-atw.

M-amw.

M<u-an ; bu>-an

Goe; ja-oe

Kw-e-en ;

E>yen.

Mu-ana,

M-ancoa

kw-ana-l)e-n.

E.jen (345 a).

M-«na

Gwen (244 a)

N-ditS.
(N^ltS -
children).
E-eft (246)

Cloth

...

M-pande

Pcle; bc +

D6-ba ; de-ba

i:-ta; itn.
E-ta (244 a)

f)-foa.

Klso (246)

Cold

E-tanan

Fcoke

M-beb.
liilog

Pyawe ;
la-pyawe

Blsi

Tuep

700

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

235-

236.

237-

243-

244.

245.

English

Indiki

Ba-fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Efik

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem
237 a. Tumu

0-dodop
244a. 0-koyon

245 a. Ibibito
246. Uwet

Country ...

...

...

...

Wunta ; bco +

Lu-se ; ni-se

I-dut ;
me-idiit.'
N-tan.

De-san (246).
Dodop (246)

Cow

Mi-are

M-pon ; bo +

N-jie.
N-jom

E-bom; bto-

E-wum ; bu-.
A-am,
E-am (244 a)

U-man-e-nan.
(E-nan =
caftle).
E-am (246)

Crocodile ...

Em -bap

N-gan

N-ga ; be +

E-tagaram ;

bo)-

Kii-un ; bi-un.
Dyuon (244 a)

Fiom. Fium.

I-yufi (246)

Day, daylight

O-ya.
Na-pojS

Mo-t

Nu-rtomu

Ti; ba-ti

De-akwe ;
i-akwe.
Dewe (244 a)

U-sen.
Ti (246)

Devil, evil

Mco-kuku

■ *■

N-dam

...

E-rut ; bu-

E-kpo.

spirit

I-dem

Doctor(medi-

E-muene

Mo-mburu; bo-

Ta-mburi; bi-.

...

...

A-nditeme

cine man)

Te-m-buli ;
ba-m- (237 a)

Dog

E-mu

...

...

A-pia ; b(o-pia

E-bia ; bu-.
E-bwa(244a)

E-btia,
E-bwa.

E-kwa (246)

Door, door-

Nik.

Ke-sima; be-.

Numbi ; be + .

I-tam ; bco-tem

I-tum ; mu—

E-nyin-u-sun.

way

Mbili

Ju-na ;
mco-ju-ma-na

Num-nie

(237 a)

In-wan-e-nu5

(244 a)

Dc-ma (246)

Dream

...

...

I-tameofii

Du-ran ; i-

N-dap

Drum

E-ngom,

Ke-kom ; be-

N-gum ; be + .

Lo-gboj ;

Lu-wum ; ni-.

E-komo.

1-nkom.

Dan (237 a)

do-gbco.

I-komco ; mu-.

I -bit.

1 -kukco

I-fun; b(o-fun

I -bin ; m-bin

(244 a)

M-bombto

Ear

Mu-rii

Ti ; me-ti

I-nya ; bi-yu.
E-yu ; nia-yu

(237 a)

O-run ; di-riin

Lu-nun ; i-.
I -nun (244 a)

U-tofi.
Korco (246)

Egg

Vi-onnco or

Di-ek ; mi-ek

N-ge.

E-dunti ; ba-

E-sien ; bu-.

N-sen.

Y-6n6

M-M (237 a)

E-kiii-u-non

(244 a)

E-nonken

(246)

Elephant ...

Mi-pek,
Mi-pok

N-jok

Ten ; bi-ten

I-di ; bm-di

F.-nyi ; bu-.
E-nye(244a);
//. bu-nye

E-nen.
I-ni (246)

Excrement

• • ■

.. .

...

De-fin ; da-

U-sien ; ne-

I-fuo

Eye

Ni-p'-

J i-t ; mi-t

Jet; be-jet.
J-ed ; in-ed
(237 a)

Cien ; de-ciena

Ne-en ; de-.
N-yen (244 a)

Eny-in.
Tsi-in (246)

Face, fore-

liu-se.

Ju.

Me-t.

Lu-di; la-di

Du-nyo ; i-.

I -SCO.

head

Ne-pog

Ndu-ju

Be-bpu.
E-pu (237 a)

Du-nuo (244 a)

Du-di (246)

Fat, oil ...

Mo-ruk

M(o-wco

Mco-wu,
Ma-wu

Ba.fii

Mu-ne ; ne-ne.
Noye (244 a)

I -sek.
I-kpon.
A-dan or
A-ran.
B<o-norn (246)

Father

I-su

Ta

Kie.
Jie.
Tite

Ai-ita ; bo-

0-m<ana ; bfo-.
Tete (244 a).
A-mena ;
be-mena(244a)

E-te ; me-te.
A-ta (246)

Fear

...

• •.

...

E-bera : boi-

Bu-diem

N-dik

The short u, especially before a terminal consonant, is often pronounced ii in Efik.

GROUP A : THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

701

235-

236.

237-

243-

244.

245.

English

Indiki

Ba-fut

X-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Efik

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem

O-dodop

245 a. Ibibiu

237 a. Tumu

244a. 0-koyon

246. Uwet

Finger

He-ncone,

Fi-ak-fe-fi-ak ;

N-gu<o ; bu + .

E-dadoi ; bco-

Do-no ;

Nuen-u-kut,

He-nono ;

ti-ak-re-vi-ak

Mco-angu; bco-

mu-nonai.

Nuen-u-bok.

tu-n5n5 '

Nuo-ni-bu5

(244 a)

I5u-nanoi
(246).
Nuon (245 a)

Fire

Hiu

Diu

E-wun

Diiun ;
di-jtiun

Di-un ; ni-

I-kan.
Du-gun (246)

Fish

Mi-su

N-sa

N-ki.
N-gisi

I-fbdi ; bco-fobi

Ivkwem ; bu-.
I-saiikime

(244 a)

U-jak,

I -yak.

E-ren-ke-mu

(246)
0-kpot ;

Foot

Xe-bana.

De-bare-ku.

Nye-kti

O-bon ; c-

I-wan-i-kpat.

Mco-korco

N-gie-ku

Ke-kpat

(244 a)

i-kpat.
Kibi (246).
U-kut (245 a)

Forest

Em-bom

N-jan

M-bog

E-tam ; bco-

U-rum.
U-dum (244 a)

A-kai.
Ku-tum (246)

Fowl

Mi-cokca,
Mi-07co.
Kogorok

N-tsak

Nyi

O-ddon ; da-

U-non ; nco-
{anti 244 a)

U-nen.
Ko-non (246)

Frog, toad

Xy-ianco.
Tutorto

Ke-tsan ; be-

San; bi +

l-kp6po; bo-

A-nsan ; na-

I-kwot

Ghost

• •*

. . .

...

U-bije; ba-

0-kani; ba-

E-kpto

Girl, maiden

M-tona-mu-ant

Ma mcoa
mo-nge

M-to-a-yip.
M-co-am-lep

...

...

E-yen-a-nwan

Goat

Muin,

Pok; be-pok

Pog ; be-pog.

E-fon

E-bun (ami

E-but, E-bot.

I-muin

N-kile

244 a)

Hu-din (246)

„ (he) ...

E-baeb.
Hiak

N-di-pok

E-lco.
Dem-pog

0-bare

1-kak ; mun-

0-kp6-e-bot

God

U-mban

N-jiembok

A-wazi.
N-sob

(jO-wase ; bco-

Oi-basi.
E-o> (244 a)

A-basi.
(JO-basi (246)

Grandparent

E-sa-nii $.
Enya-n5 5

M-bam t

M-bewa J

...

E-te-e-te S.

E-ka.

N-kam 0
1-kon.

Grass

. . *

•••

I-jeen ;

Ka-ram ; bu-.

bu-gween

I-yan (244 a)

Di-kun (246)

Ground

...

•■•

••-

E-toyi ; bo-

Buke.

De-san (244 a)

I -son.

N-tan.

Dodop (246)
M-bansan

Groundnut

Moi-ttoboj,

Ke-ndiu ; be-

Sungat ; be -t

A-fokpa ; ba-

M-bansan

M a-tcobu

Guinea-fowl

...

...

...

...

...

N-sankut.
X-siofi

Gun

Engar-

M-pan ; be +

M-ban ; be -f-

Duun; di-juun

Di-un {aiui
244 a)

I-kan.
Du-gun (246)

Hair

Tuin.

Tion.

Nyco.

Din; boi-t-

Nin.

I-det,

E-huen

Nyoju

Nyun (237 a)

Sun (244 a)

I -ret.
Tun (246)

Hand

Ne-kara ;

De-ram-le-jiak

De-mcd-sua

La-piada ;

U-bo ; i-.

0-bok.

ma-kat',

ba-fiada

I-buo (244 a)

K6-bo (246)

nio)-kat'

Head

Mo-rco

N-tco ; mo)-tco

Mu ; be-mu

De-lco; da-

D(o-nco; nu)-nu.
De-nco (244 a)

I-buol,
I -bunt.
De-dw (246).
I-bot,
I-gwot (24s a)

' Noie'worthy for the prefixes.

Probably, after many clippings, from the Portuguese Espingarda.

Zz

702

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

235-

236.

237-

243-

244-

245.

English

Indiki

Ba-fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Eflk

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem
237 a. Tumu

0-dodop
244 a. 0-koyon

245 a. Ibibicd
246. Uwet

Heart

...

E-tangan ; boo-

E-rumsin ;
mu-nsin.
E-sin (244 a)

E-sit.
a)-ti.
De-tensu

(246).
E-sep,
E-tit (245 a)

Heel

E-lindini

N-gande-kfi

f*-ginkon.
Tonton

La-baneo-ceen

Kan-ku-wan

N-ditin-u-kot.
N-ditin-i-kpat

Hide

Yof

...

...

I -yum ;
b(u-wom

Ku-up ; i-yup

Ikpa

Hill

...

...

...

Ke-bin (244 a)

A-kamba-
o-but.
Bi-kun (246)

Hippopotamus

...

...

...

I-santem

I-santim.
I-am (246)

Hoe

Jongor.
I-kcowe

F"u-kon ; de-

Kon

...

E-kori

U-dok.
I-sosok (246)

Honey

Mo-rci3 ma-moi

Mo)-wu-mo-ru.

Nye-dti

E-dcome-

Mu-ne.

A-ran-6-kwok.

Mo-rut-e-jeou

e-yunk5na

Noye-in-sue

(244 a)

Boj-nom-
ka-ku<o (246)

Horn

...

...

• *•

Da-bi

Du-yik ; u-

N-duk

House

M-em

Na ; be-na

Nie ; be-nie

E-rro ; bo-rro

E-n5n ; i-n5n.
E-nu6 (244 a)

U-fok.
E-ro (246).
OO-sofi,
O-fok (24s a)

Hunger

...

...

...

Bu-jo.
Ba-byua

Mu-ngweo

Bion

Husband ...

Me-reme-n-tu;
pe-

O-dum-o-nde

E-be.
U-beri.
CO-dum.
U-dunkam

Hyena
Iron

(146)

E-leon"

Ke-ntine.

Li-ni "'

A-am; ba-am

K(o-pupii

U-kw'ak.

Ka-iin

O-ktokha

(246)

Island

...

...

...

I -sued

Ivory

(Ji)-pan

Me-joii

Mi-nten or

De-jen

Du-yik-d-enyi.

N-duk-e-nen.

mon-jok

Ti-nten

De-nen (244 a)

Di-ninya

(246)

Knee

]n-gund.

Ro-ru,

Du ; be-du or

De-bun ; da-

Do-rum ; no-.

E-don.

Ni-nto

Do-ru ; mo-ru

me-du

De-dun (244 a)

Di-tun (246)

Knife

Em-bamba

Pfu-njam ; di-

Teton ; bi +

E-gwoi ;
bo-gwoi

E-risi ; bii-.
I-se (244 a)

I-kwa.
Faka.'
E-mane (246

Lake

...

...

...

...

0-kpa

I-nyan.
0-kpa (246)

Leg

Mci)-goro3.

Ku; mco-ku

Kco,

0-b5n ; di-

U-wan ; i-.

U-kut.

Em-bene

A-ku ; mto-ku

I -yon (244 a)

K6-on (246)

Leopard ...

Me-kco

N-gon ; be +

Ny-ambog.
N-guad

(237 a)

E-kpe; bo-kpe

E-kwe ; bu-.
E-we (244 a)

E-kpe.
I-kpe (246)

Lion

...

Pa-yanyan

Bu-log

• ••

Lips

...

...

...

...

Bi-un-bi-nwa

I-pok-i-nua.
Doma 1246)

' Portuguese.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

703

235-

236.

337-

243-

244-

245.

English

Indiki

Ba.fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Efik

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem
237 a. Tumu

0-dodop
244 a. 0-k5yon

245 a. Ibibiu
246. Uwet

Magic

13a>-kanyi

M-burco

N-lim ;

E-yuna ;

I-rut; me-rut.

I-fot.

be-lim.

boj-wuna

Kinkon.

I-dion.

M-buli (237a).

De-kan(244a)

Bco-kan (246)

Te-ndan

Maize

Em-basak.
N-gafon

N-gbafon

Gcoami

An-sam,
Ara-pam

N-kwi

I-bokpot

Man

Mu-ru ;

• ••

Mu-m ; bu-m

Gwu-adu.

OO-ne.

00 -WM.

ba-ru (?)

OO-tu ; ba-tu

0-nen (244 a)

00-nut ; //.
be-ut (246)

Man, vir. ...

Me-reme-n-tu ;

Mom-bana; bo-

N-dob ; bu- or

0-dur ; ba-dur.

E-rum.

E-ren.

pe-

ba-

(OO-tu ma-dur;
ba-tie-ma-dur]

U-dum (244 a)

U-dum (246).
I-den (245 a)

Meat

Meny-am

Bu-nyan.
Bi-en

Ny-am

E-ren; ba-ren

Kiap; i-kiap.
De-mu (244 a)

U-nam.
0-buk.
De-mu (246)

Medicine ...

Manyi '

M-burco

M-buri,
M-buli

...

...

I-bok

Milk

Ma-pen

Me-nyi-me-

Mi-nyon

Ma-bum,

Mo-mbai.

Mo-n-e-ba.

me-bi

Mi -bum

Ni-ambai

(244 a)

Ba-bei-mu-n

(246)

Monkey ...

Um-beop'

N-kan ; be +

Jiwe ; be + .

pS; ba-pco

00-bin ; boj-.

E-bok.

Kad (237 a)

E-ok (244 a)

E-ko (246)

Moon

Mu-cali

N-jen

Ny-ui,
N-ui

E-bi ; b(o-bi

U-ye; ka-iye.
U-ei (244 a)

O-fion.
E-we (246)

Mother ...

Ama.

Na.

Man,

Jagaasu (or

Ama ; b-ama.

E-ka; me-ka.

'

Inya

Nyun

Mon

Jaga) ; u> +

Na(244a)

A-yo (246)

Mountain ...

...

*••

...

E-kpun ; bo-

Y-uum ;
mi-utim.
Ke-bin (244 a)

0-but.
Bi-kun (246)

Mouth

Mu-nu

N-dum ; mco-

Num ; be +

E-ba ; bco-ba

I-nwa ; mu-.
I-nwa (244 a)

I-nua.
Doma (246)

Nail (of finger

Ye-rere

N.gco

N-gangu<o

E-bie ; bco-bie

Ko-not ; bu-.

M-bara.

or toe)

Ke-nnot

(244 a)

Ki-meri (246)

Name

...

• ••

.

Du-um

Di-in ; ni-in

E-nyin

Navel

Ni-reo

N-gom

Ngi; be +

De-yum ;
da-wum

DQ-up ; nu-up

E-kop

Neck, throat

E-men.

Ke-mora ; be-.

N-gen,

Di-je

Koj-ot ; bi-ot.

I-ton.

Yot

N-je-ke-mora

^f-ken.

E-gulok(237a)

Kwot (244 a)

Di-get (246)

Night

Na-puru.
(E-pinepin =

darkness)

Tu

Gbon

De-yin ; i-yin

Dei.

N-dei (244 a)

00-kineyeo.
Be-ti (246)

Nose

I-jon.

N-kodiu ; mco-.

Ju; be-ju

CO-una

Ikyun ;

l-bucij.

N'i-on

•kto-moj-diu

mu-nyun.
1-un (244 a)

I-gwco

(245 a).
Suun (246)

Oil palm ...

Ne-piri

De-ten ; me-ten Sa ; bi-sa.

...

Dede (244 a)

E-yup.

E-sa ; ye-sa

N-ten.

(237 a)

Kidi (246)

Paddle ...

...

...

E-dam ; bo-

E-kafi ; bu-kafi

U-den.
E-dam (246)

Palm wine,

Me-luk

• ••

• ••

E-tara ; bco-

N-ten.

Mi-n-ten.

beer

Nok (244 a)

Boru (246)

Parrot ...

Mi-op

Kpagbot ; be +

Knot ; be +

Bi-cam ; bco-

I -rum ;

mun-dum.

I-nim.

Bi-tim (246)

' C/. Bsn/u word for ' know ', ' knowledge '.

I-dim (244 a)

Z z 2

704

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

^235-

236.

237.

243.

244.

245.

English

Indiki

I3a-fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Kor5p or

Efik

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem

0-dodop

245 a. Ibibiu

237 a. Tnmu

244a. 0-koyon

246. Uwet

Penis

I-nik

L(o-daam ; la-

Lu-num ; i-

E-kporo

Pig

.Me-kiianef

Ngi;'be +

Nguyan.
N-jiuan,
N-juyaii

(237 a)

]-nyenye; niu-

E-di

Pigeon

...

Kuku; ba +

Pi ; be-pi

Bi-kpeyi

1-nkwam ;

mufi-

Tomtom

Place

■ ••

...

...

Li-jeem

OO-kwum

E-biet

Rain

IMe-nif.

M.boj""

M-pfuco.

Bom

Mi-nni.

E-dim.

Eiti-bon

M-fu (237 a)

Nai(244a)

Mu-n (246)

Rat

Sane

Kembak

Pok; ba-pok.
Pu ; b(o-pu

(237 a)

Ikpi

E-kpi

E-ku

River

■ ••

...

Li-jaam ; la-.
E-jawali

0-kpa-ne-pa.

U-nan(244a)

I-nyan.
A-kpa.
O-kpa (246J

Road

...

...

...

I -teen ;
bco-teen

E-nen

U-sun

Salt

Sek

Ke-kon

Kon

...

I-nok

I-nun.
E-neoe (246).
M -fere (245 a)

Shame

...

...

...

O-kpi

I -ton

But.
M-bom

Sheep

En-tombu,

N.ju.

N-jongan.

E-raam ; bo-

E-nami ; bu-

E-ron.

N-domba.

Pok

Mu-pun(237a)

(aiid 244 a)

E-ram (246)

I -git

Shield

...

. ..

. . .

...

(Ji)-tu

Shoulder ...

Ycojsore

Ke-aiikon ; be-.
Ke-njat ; be-

Lala.

Ku-leo ; be +

...

Ku-up ; u-jiip

A-fara.
Ke-baiia {246)

Sister

Mu-na.

M-ana-nya-

N-gini-m-lep

A-podigo-

N-wen-a-ntuen-

E-yen-e-ka.

Em-bena

mo-iige

mo-yen ; p!.

a-podigo-

ba-yen

a-tetonde

(244 a)

En-kayoj.
Kam-wen

(246)

Skin

Mi-oru.

N.gu

Kcoat.

I -yum

Ku-up ; u-jup.

1-kpa,

Ycopco

Ku-anyu

{237 a)

Du-upeke

(244 a)

I-kpok.
Ke-kpei (246)

Sky

U-mban

De-b<o

Be-sco.
Ji-bazi

(237 a)

D(o-fom-e-kpai

0-basi.

E-co (244 a)

E-nyon.

Dco-but (246)

Slave

Mco-teka,

N-gban ;

Soil; ba + .

U-yem ;

CO-wan ; ba-.

a)-fu; i-fu.

Mco-teya

bc-gban

Tent; ba-^
(237 a)

ba-yem

U-sixa (244 a)

U-yum (246)

Sleep

...

...

Lco-taam ;
de-taam

Du-dau

1-dap

Smoke

Mi-ei

Fu-suru

^iri

U-gween;
bo-gween

K(o-tan

N-sun-i-kan.

Du-gen (246)

Snake

Mi-ah

Ny-u

Ny-u; be-f

p5 ; la-p5a

E-nun ; bu-.
E-nu (244 a)

U-ruk-i-kott

('rope ill bush'').
Yo (246)

Son, boy ...

M-tona,

Mam-ona ; ba-

Ma)-an-dob ;

Gwo-tu-ma-dur ;

Kwenon-ne-

E-^en-e-ren.

Mu-ana ;

bco-an-ba-dob

//. pema-tu-

e-rum

En-u-dum

b-cona, p-cona,

ma-dur

(246)

b-ana

Song

...

...

...

Lu-gwawene ;
ba-ngwa-
wa-wene

K6-con

I-kwo

Spear

Ne-kong(o

De-kon ; moo-

Kon; mco-i-

Ba-won (?//.)

CO-sam;n-sam.

E-duat.

0-kot (244 a) Bo-gon (246)

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

70s

English

235-

Indiki

(Ba-nyim)

236.
Ba-fut

237-

N-dob or

M-burukem

237 a. Tumu

243-
Uyanga

244.

Korop or

0-dodop

244a. 0-koyon

245-

Efik

245 a. Ibibico

246. Uwet

Spirit, soul
Star

Stick

Stone

Stool

Sun

Tail (of an
animal)
Tear

Testicles
Thief ...
Thigh...

E-riare
Mo-go
I-yog
M-5to

U-mbene

Thing.

Thorn

Tobacco ...

Taba

To-day

Ni-6fen

Toe

He-nono ; tu

To-morrow

Pu-lea

Tongue

Ne-pomp

Tooth

N-in ; mu-en

or me-in

Town, village Mo-k
Tree Pu-ale

Twins
Urine ...
Vein . . .
War ...
Water

E-janki

Bi-le.
Bi-rea
Ma-nif

I-kpen

E-kwunkbni I-yuyune; mu-.
I-koranpad

(244 a)

Boj-weti; N-tog; bi-tog E-di ; bco-di Lu-tuun

ma-keti
De-kom ; mco- N-guto A-ran ; da-ran U-nan; na-nan

{and 244 a)
Ke-iigbak ; be- N-getan ; bi + ... A-kpata

M-ot

Nu-rog

Du-on ; da-run Lu-kwen. •

N-tun (244 a)

Be ; me-be

pi ; be-si or
me-pi

Du-an ; di-an
E-sen

Da-tat (//.)
(0-ii ; b(o-u
0-r5k ; da-

Bco-bie

Fuyi ; da-fuya

0-nwawana

I-tidi

Mco-tap Dee

Fi-ak-fco-ku ; N-guco-moj-kca E-dadoi-e-bon
ti-ak-re-mo)-ku

Ne-man

E-pim

U-gweddi

De-rim ; me- De-mog ; bi -t- . Lata

De-mco (237 a)
De-jon ; moo- M-in ; bem-in. Le-jeen ; la-

Ej-in ; m-in

(237 a)
Ran ; bu-ran Mi ; be-mi Wunta ; bco +

Ke-ti ; be-ti N-gat ; bi -^ E-ri ; ja-ri

De-iken

Mu-njen (//.).

Nia-nyen

(244 a)
Mu-nji-kun
OO-ju
U-naii ; na-

Bi-en.

OObu-imu

(244 a)
Ke-igwe
OO-wana
N-deigwi.

Nene (244 a)
Dco-no-lu-an ;

^/.mu-nonnoi-

mw-an
Di-yen-i-ko.

Di-ene (244 a)
Dara

Ne-nen.
De-nen (244 a)

Lu-se; ni-se.

0-yin (244 a)
K6-ni ; be-ni.

Ke-nei (244 a);
pi. be-

(jO-kecdtcoga ;
ba-

Biyani ; OO-jangi-

da-biyama mi-ange

N-set ; me-set N-dek.
\-zed
Wi U-wei; bu-wei De-yun;la-yun E-nok

Me-nyi

M-lan

Bom

Mi-nni.
Nai (244 a)

U-kpon.

U-wem.

I-gueom (246)
N-tan-ta-o-fion
(' sand of moon '}.
E-kunkune
(246)
E-tco

I-tiat.

Ko-ran (246)
I-fim.

A-katak (246)
U-tin.

0-jio> (245 a).

E-kopkati

(246)
I-sim

Mo-ia-e-yet.
Bu-enyeni

(246)

In5 ; me-ino
I-fuxi,

I-fiyi
N-kpo.

I-sa.

Be-et (246)
N-kukim
U-nwon
M-fln.

A-tane (246)
Nuen-u-kot

M-kpcn.

Ku-di (246)
E-deme.

Oeda (246)
E-det.

E-nyan (246)

OO-bico.

Du-pat (246)
E-to,

E-tu.

Ke-de (246)
M-biumco

I -kirn

(jOsip.

I-tup (246)
E-kon

Mo-n.
Mu-n (246)

7o6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

235-

Indiki

(Ba-nyim)

236.
Ba-fut

237.

N-dob or

M-burukem

237 a. Tumu

243.
Uyanga

244.

Korop or

O-dodop

244a. 0-k5yon

245.

Efik

245 a. Ibibico

246. Uwet

Well, source

White man

Wife

Wind

Witch

Witchcraft

Woman ...

U-men.
Mu-kana

N-karat ; be-

Mu-andco.
Mo-roa

Mo-nge ;
bo-nge

Womb

Wood (fire- Hu-eni Di-wen

wood)

Yam Be-niak (^/.). Ke-dien ; be-

Pco.niaga(//.)
Year

Yesterday... Na-nekcolu Nonku

Mu-m-pan ;
bu-m-pan

Duye ;

abe-duyi
(244 a)
O-dua ; ku-ra A-mbut-6-ne

0-iyen; da-yen A-tun-to-mi ;

ba-tun-be-mi
E-fan ; bco- E-bep {and

244 a)
U-tan ; to- Bu-sa ; ba-sa

Kinkon(244a)

M-Iep ; bi-yep 0-iyen ; ba- 0-ne-a-tun ;
or ba-yep a-ne-ba-tun.

N-wen-e-tuen
(244 a)
De-din ; da- E-sien ; mun-
Wun. I-bid; bu- Ke-met; i-

N-galwun
Jian ; be-jian E-tun ; ba-tun Ka-raia ; bu-ria
or ye-tsan

E-fen ; bco- Di-et ; ni-.
Diie (244 a)
Den. Cinidi Di-yen

A-don

I-dim.
E-kut (246)

Ma-kara

N-wan

tO-fim.

E-beb (246)
A-bia-i-dion,

-i-fot
I-dion.

I-fot.

K u-tan (246)
N-wan ; i-ban.

N-wonwan ;

i-ban (245 a).

Wen (246) ■
I-dibi
I-fia

Bia

I-siia.
Tu (246)
M-kpon

One ... .

■mtoti

•fog

M-b».
M^bog

-koni

-uni.
U-nde {244 a)

-kiet,
-tiet.

Um-buni(246).

Ke.

Tiet (245 a)

Two ... .

.. fent,
•fande.
-fare

-be

-be

•ban (Ba-ban)

-wan.
A-an (244 a)

-iba.
B6-wan (246)

Three... .

■larco,

-ra

•le

•raa

•nan (^»(^ 244 a)

-i-ta.

■lar'

Bc-d^aat (246)

Four ... .

.. -nip'

Ke-nyi

-ni

■dayi,
•dai'

•nai (and 244 a)

-i-nan.
Bo-nne (246)

Five ...

-Ian

-tan (Ke-tan)

San,
^an

•ruon

-nen(rr;^i'244a)

-i-tion.
Bu-rcoon (246)

Six ...

-lendarto,

Tafog

Scolu,

•ruon-na-koni

Ka-saasa.

-i-ti<okiet.

-tandaroo "

^oru

(JL)-nen-o-nde

(244 a)

Bu-rcoon
e-bani (246)

Seven...

•lendurco-nu-m,

Ta-be

Sambe.

■ruon-na-ban

Bu-nai na

I-tiaba.

-renderu-nu-m

^ambe

bu-nan.
(Onen-aan

(244 a)

Bu-rcoon
e-bawan (246)

Eight... .

-namane

Ta-ra

Neni

■ruon-na-raa

Canga-canga-
nai.
OL)-nen-nan

(244 a)

I-ti-a-ita.
Bu-rune-
ba-daat (246)

' Noteworthy.

' Noteworthy. Cf. East Bantu.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

707

235-

236.

237-

243-

244.

245-

English

Indiki

Ba-fut

N-dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Efik

(Ba-nyim)

M-burukem
237 a. Tumu

0-dodop
244 a. O-koyon

245 a. Ibibico
246. Uwet

Nine

1-bco

Ta

-nyi

Tani

•ruon-na-dai

Bu-naii na
bu-nai.
00-nen-a-nai

(244 a)

U-siik-kiet.
O-no-kiet.
liu-rune-
bo-nne (246)

Ten

Yuar,

N-tet,

Wiim.

CtHip

Diu.

Duop.

Jeohar.

N-tat '

Wuom

Sico (244 a)

Bun-jup

Bihuar,

Bcohara.^

Tade'

Eleven

Bcohara na
bu-mcoti.
Yuar-on-
u-mo>t.
(Buni ='^-
teeti ')

Wum-la-m-bto

Cuup-co-ten-te
kbni

Divi na bu-uni

Dutope kiet.
Duop-y-et
kiet (245).
(E-fut = fif-
teen.

Bu-ntun =
fifteen (246) )

Twenty . . .

Hit,

Me-tat-me-be

M-um-be

De-daap

Da-kaanu.

E-dip.

Hint.

De-du (244 a)

De-nap (246)

Rina ;

me-rina.

Ti-tade

Thirty ...

Hit-imbu-ga-
juhar

3

?

De-daap te
cuup

Da-kaanu na
diu

E-dipe duop

Forty

Me-rina-

?

?

De-daap

Da-kaanu

E-dip-a-ba or

a-fande.

ba-ban

na-wan

Aba

Ti-tade-

fande

Fifty ...

Me-rina

?

?

De-daap

Da-kaanu

E-dip-a-ba-ye-

(or Ti-tade)

ba-ban te

na-wan nadivi

duop

a-fande-imbu-

cuup

ga-jeohar

Hundred ...

Me-rina a-tan.
I-birrelin

?

3

De-daap
ba-ruon

Da-kaanu-
deneii

Ikie

Thousand...

...

...

Dogo

...

...

I, me, my ...

Me.

Me.

Me.

A-am.

Mi.

A-mi, Mi.

Ba., Mi-.

^•^

Me.

, N-.

>

?

N-.

-a-yam

•an

-nem, -nam

-aam

-e-mi

•mi, -cok^im.

-cok^immco

Thou, thee,

■>

?

.■\-w5k.

Ngu.

A-fco, A-fu.

thy

CO-, E-, U-, A-.

-mcij-.

?

J

3

3

3

-ap', -aya.

•ha

•wo, •on

-u, •

ma-u,

-co

-0, -ok

•ngu

-fu, -fi,-a)-kuco,
-co-kucomco

He, him, his

?

?

A-me.

3

-a-me

Mon.
?
•mon

E-nye. 1-mo.
E-, <jO-, A-, I .
-e-sie, -enye,
•eke, -enye,
-i-mo

We, us, our

?

?

?

A-far.

3

Lbun.

3

Nyin.
I-.
-nyin, -e-kc-

-a-fani

-bun

. nyin

' Noteworthy. See Nos. 152, 161, antt 2ig.

Ait of these viean ' Five-twice '.

708

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

Ye, you, yotir

They, them,
their

All ?

This, these ?

That, those .'

235-

Indiki

(Ba-nyim)

236.
Ba-fat

237-

N-dob or

M-buiukem

237 a. Tumu

243-
Uyanga

_244- 245.

Korop or Efik

0-dodop I 245 a. Ibibicd
244a. O-koyon I 246. Uwet

?

?

A-fe.

Mbe.

-m-bun

M^bufco,
M-bufu.
£•, !•.
-m-bufco,
E-ke^m-bufii

?

J

A.fe

Mbe.
•mbe

Mo.
E., I..
•mo

?

?

Kukwiya

I -bun?

Kpupru.
(jO-furi.
Fafap

?

J

•uma,

•kwu,

E-mi

' -tomani

-ki

(//. mo-e^mi)

?

?

•coma?

-kw5,
■ko

O^ru.
OJ-kco

{pi. ml-o-ru,
mo-<u^ku)

Bad

Black

•piape.

-pcope

•gegan

Female
Fierce, sharp

-mfi-andco
-mu-ant,
•andu,
•ant

Good

■ep'-

Great

-peotok

Little

•tebitep

Long

...

Male

-ndu,

■buwe

■fin,
-fine

-mo-nge

•in

-tu

■bewre

-irco,
•yirog

•nyibi,
•nyip.
•lep

■loii

■dore.
■tu

•pinpi

•be

•fona (fona^fon -m-bin
in pi.)

-ba ■man

■ira

•epeen -nom

-fara -kangi

•tsak -sodi. -papakpare, -dicomi

(I':-nyetsak} ■kojat {237 a) -pare

•were

N-di.

■me-Ieme^n^doj. -ona (mona,
nom ba-bona)

Old

Red

Rotten

■run

■runu

N-dom,
N-dim,
N-dob

•tara

•gbog.
•yucoma.
•dcopie

•toima,
•tama

■kpen

-fama

-yiri

-dum,
-rum

-num

-n-dun
-wan

•diok

-bit,
-bire.
((Obu-bit =

blackness)
■man

-kco.

-dat
E-ti.

•fon
A^kamba.

A-kwa.

•kpun.

Furco
•kpri.

-tip.

-tuk
■yum.

-nion.

•nyan
A-yara

(pi. ny-ara).

-e-ren.

-o-kp<a
-kani

-di-duot,
•duut

•kpco.
•tagha

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES

709

235-

236.

237-

243-

244.

. 245.

English

Indiki

Ba-fut

N^dob or

Uyanga

Korop or

Efik

( Ba-nyimJ

M-buriikem

©•dodSp

245 a. Ibibiu

237 a. Tumu

244a. 0-k5yon

246. Uwet

Short

...

...

...

...

...

I^bito.
■muk,
•puk

Sick

■nuna

-tscdkco

•kuankuaii

•bim.
-fi^game

•mcoka

•dono,
•rono

White

-nanan,

•pup,

•feowe

•kula

-m-but,

•fia

•nananan

-puwco

(COju^kula,
Class I ;
bada-kula.
Class 2)

-m^buri

Above, up,

A^turco-filiit.

E-jun

Keeyon

on top

•fure

Before

...

...

...

Ke^isu

Behind

U^ruk^a-lam

OO-de "

Ke-edem

Below, down

•■•

...

E^wii

Kconan^ka^buke

Ke^idak

Far

...

...

-..

U^jbmi^wi^la

A^nyirri^nin

A-nyan

Here

...

...

...

Aa

Mandi

Mi.
Ken

In, inside ...

• >•

...

U^lan

Oretin

Ke^e^sit

Middle

(•■

...

...

Ke^a^fot

Near

.,,

...

...

E^kpere

Outside ...

.,,

.

...

Lebom

©•rutun

Ke^angwa

Plenty, many

...

...

0-yam-o-yam

A-njawcd

U^wak.
E^diwak.
E-kese

There

...

...

...

E^ena

Mandicd

Deo,
Due

Where? ...

...

...

...

N^daena ?

Man?

Mon,
Ke^mon ?

No:

...

Ma:

Ee!

N-kongani :

li!

Not (with verb

•se-

Ma-, -mu

•ki^, •ba^, -ki^.

•ma^, •mun-

-kameni-.

Ku^. ke.

as prefix, in-

-ka (237 a)

{and stress on

-mbiri

-na, -nu

Ix, or suffix)

syllables of
verb-root)

To

?

?

?

}

?

Edi-

„ beat ...

■tumbok

•bogoi

•b5

...

•mia.
•tuak

,, buy, sell

•nondu.
•na^eni

•dara.
-kawa

•hcoma,
•hto-.
•kie-

...

• ••

-dep

,, come ...

...

•jiii

•yu-

-wu,

-ni^wu

-kwi

•di

„ cut ...

-pulea

-kper

•kue^

•janga

-yien

•kpi

„ dance ...

•pin

•gwine

•guan

-nkuju

•joikcojco

•nek

„ die

-wa

■gue

•yi-,

•y«- (237 a)

•bi (-ni-bi)

•kwa

-kpa

„ eat

•di^

.ji.

•ji (-ni^ji)

•dia

■dia

„ give ...

-ha "

-bonku

-donsa^ma.

•fe-ma (237 a)

-n-gen

•jan

•no.
•yak

.. go

•nuru

-ke

•ka^ma

•tonga,
(•tun = we/It)

•kgku

•ka.
•sana

, kill

•dcono

•gun

-wu^,
•gu-

•mbana

•kun

•wut

710

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

235-

Indiki

(Ba-nyim)

To

know

„ laugh ... -hion.

■nonok
„ leave off,
cease

,, love, want -ap
„ see ... -pie Yen

,, sit, remain, -notuan

abide
,, sleep ... -fianen

„ stand, stop, -tomp

be erect
„ steal

236.
Ba-fut

gufico

•gin
•ge

■kora

•da

■n-

237.

N^dob or

M^burukem

237 a. Tumu

243.
Uyanga

V

244.

Korop or

0-dodop

244 a. 0-koyon

245.

Efik

245 a. Ibibiu

246. Uwet

•pen

•kparana

•sw (-SCO-ma)

•kpara

■ye (-ye-maj.

•feri.

-yina

•gcoebe

-non

-dea-,

■ngcoma

•die^

•li (•li^ma = io

standi)

...

•pebba

nd5
sek

Edi-

•fiok.
•dionco
•bure

•sak

...

•sida^.
•kpon.
•sico

ntii

•ma
-kut

•irat

-tie.
■kubo
-de

...

•da

•juju

•yip.
•fai

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN INDIKI (BA-NYIM)
Traces of preprefixes.

Class I. Um^, Mu^, Mco^, W-, Mi-, Me^ (m-, mu-) ; 2. ? Pe^, ? Pco^, ?Ba. ; 3. U-, Um^, Mco- (?)
4..'; S- Ne-, Ni- (?); 6. Ma^, Mco-, Mu^ (a, ma-) ; 7. ? Ye-, I- (?) ; 8. Be-; 8a. Hi- ?, Vi-, Y- (?)
9. In^, En- (Em-), N- {pi. sometimes Ma-); 10. ?Ti^, : same as 9 ; 11. ?; 12. Tu^, Tco^ (//. to 13)
13. He-, H'. (?) ; 14. Bu^, Bco., ? Pu^ (bco) ; 15. ?Hu^.

There is a Na- prefix, applicable to periods of time.

PREFIXES, &C., IN BAFUT, NDOB, AND TUMU (236,237,237 a)

Class I. Mo^, Mco-, Ma-, — (m-, mu-) ; 2. Bco-, Be-,Ba- (chiefly in 237, 237 a) (ba, bco) ; 3. (nearly
absent and confused with 9 and I and 6) N- {pis. Ma-, Me-, Mco-), M-, Meo-(?) ; 4. (confused with 6)Me-
(me-) ; 5. De-, Di-, Ej-, Ji-, J., E- (almost absent from 237) (de) ; 6. Me-, Mi-, Ma-, Mco- (me-) ; 7. J-
Ji-, Ke-, L (absent from 237) (ke) ; 8. Bi^, Be^ (very common in 237), Ye^ (237 a) ; 8 a. Pfu^, Fu^, Fi-,
Vi. (in 236 only: pi. No. 12); 9. N^ (M^), E- (?) ; 10. ?; 11. Ro-, Do^, Ndu^ (pi. in 6, absent from
-37) (•') ; 12. Di^, De^ (re) ; 13. ? Ka^ (one instance in 236, Ka-fin = ' iron ') ; 14. Bco-, Bu-, Bo- {sing.
and pi. ; much confused with No. 2) (bo) ; 15. Ku- (in a few nouns : pi. Bu-), Wu-, U- (237) (?).

? A- as honorific prefix in 236.

PREFIXES IN OLULOOMO) (238,238a)

Class I. Ol)., U-; 2. A-, Ba^ ; 3. ? ; 4. Mi^ (also with sing, sense) !• ; 5. E-, I-, D-, Re-, Di-;
6. ?Man., M'., Ma^ (with singular sense); 7. Ke^ ; 8. Bi-, Be^, E^ ; 9. En^ ; 10. ?E^, (Ji- ; 11. Roo^,
Deo- ; 12. ? Je^, Da^, Ra^ ? ; 13. missing ? ; 14. Bu^ ; 15. Kco^, Ku-. The Da- or Ra- plural prefixes may
be No. 20, or may be outside the Bantu scheme. There is a Ja- sing, prefix difficult of assignment to any
Bantu class (unless it be No. 13); and the correspondence of these prefixes in singular and plural is
uncertain.

Won- (' child ') is used as a diminutive prefix.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES 711

PREFIXES IN UKELE-NKODO (239,239 a)

Class I. W-, U-, O)-, A-; 2. A-, Ba- ; 3. ? ; 4. ? ; 5. Le-, De-, Li-, E-, I-, Ji- ; 6. Ma- (rare,
usually Ba-); 7. Ki- ; 8. Be-; 9. N-(M-); 10. ?; 11. Ndco-, Lw-, Lu- ; 12. ? ; 13. ?; 14. Beo-, Bo- ;
15. Ku-, Kco-. In OkpSto (239 b) prefixes are less used to distinguish singular from plural. So far as
I can distinguish them they are: Ko- (//. 0-), I-, A-, Ke-, Ki-, Be-, Li-, Le-, E-, 00-, U-, La-, Leo-, Ba-

(= Bantu Ma-), Ka-.

PREFIXES IN EDIBA-EKURI-N-K(J0KOLE (240-240 c)

Class I. 00-, 6-, U-; 2. A-, Wa-, Okpto-, 0-, U- ; 3. ? ; 4. absent ; 5. E-, I-, Li-, Le- ; 6. ? Wa- ;
7. Ke- ; 8. ? absent ; 9. N-, Nya- ; 10. N-, Na-, Nye-, also Ti- ; 11. Loo-, Lu- ; 12. ? Li-, Di- ; 13. Ka- ;
14. Bu- (sing.), Buu-, Boj- {pi.) ; 15. Kco-, Ku-.

Also singular prefixes Hoa-, Hu-, Hi- ; Gwo-, Geo- ; Nya- ; and plural prefixes Okpco-, 0-, U- ; La-,
Li-, Di- ; Na-, Nye- difficult of assignment to any Bantu class.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN AKUNAKUNA DIALECTS (241-241 c)

Class I. 00-, Wa- (gu) ; 2. A-, Ba-, Be-, Bco- (ba) ; 3. A-, 6-, U- ; 4- Mi-, M'- ; 5. L, E-; 6. Ma-,
Me-. Mto-; 7. : ; 8. .'Be-; 9. N- ; 10. ? ; n. ? ; 12. ?; 13. ?; 14. Bco-; 15. ?; ? 20. Nda-.

PREFIXES IN EDIBA-ESOOPON-ARUN (242-242 b)

Class I. 00-, O- ; 2. A- ; 3. O- ; 4. Mi-, I-, E- ; 5. E-, I-, De-, Le- ; 6. Mi-, Ma-, Me- ; 7. Ik'-, Oc'-,
Ij-, Ke-, Ki-,Ge-; 8. Ip'-; 9. ? ; 10. Is'-,N-; 11. ?; 12. ?; 13. ?Ka-. Other classes apparently unrepre-
sented. There is a plural prefix K'- difficult of assignment, and in fact the exact identification of the
cited prefixes with the Bantu classes is not guaranteed. Apparently suffixes (especially -wa) can be used
to form plurals.

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN UYANGA (243)

It is not possible to arrange the Uyaiiga prefixes to correspond with the Bantu classes. I can only
catalogue them thus, premising that the first two categories seem to correspond with Bantu Classes I and
2 -.—sing. A-, Mo-, 0-, 00-, U- ; pis. Ba-, Beo- : sing. Li-, I-, E- ; p/s. Bco-, Bu-, B5-, Ba- : sing. De-, Di-,
Du-, 00-, O- ; pis. Da-, Dij-, Ta- : sing. Lu-, Leo-, — ; pis. La-, De- : sing. G'-, E- ; pL Ja- : sing. 00-,
Du- ; pis. Di-, Dij- : sing. La- ; pis. Ba-, Da- : sing. Mi- ; //. Ma- : sing. Bi- ; //. Bco-. There are con-
cords, often dissyllabic — coke, bibu, bcobe, boipa, ebe, co, o, ba, u, a, mi, le, da, bu, (oba, (ojio, but their
application to their respective prefixes is not certain enough for me to place them.

PREFIXES, &C., IN KOROP AND OKOYON (244,244a)

Class I. 6-, 00-, U-, Kw-, A-, Mu- (w, ne) ; 2. Ba-, Be-, Bu-, Bco-. Pa- (ba-, bio) ; 3. U- ; 4. I-, Mi-
C.sitig.) ; 5. De-, Ne-, L (de) ; 6. Ba-, Abe-, A-, Mu-, Mco-, Mi- (? ma) ; 7. Ke-, Kco-, E- (ke-, e) ; 8. Be-,
Bu-, Bi-, I- (be) ; 8 a. ? Bi- ; 9. N- (M-), I- (? n-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-), Ni-, Na-, Ne-, Nco-, De- ?, Di- .', Da- ? ;
1 1. Lu-, Du-, Di-, Deo- (lu) (pis. U-, Ku-, I-, N-, Ni-, Mu-); 12. ? ; 13. Ka- (ka) (//. Bu-) ; 14. Bu-, Bi-,
U - (bu) ( pis. Ka-, Ba-) ; 15. Ku-, Kco- (ku) (ph. Bu-, Bi-, I-, Mu-) ; 16. (locative) Ma- ; 1 7. (as suffix
only) -tin, -tiii, -n'. Prefixes A- (sing.) and Ka- (//.), Mu- (sing.) and Ne- (pi.) are difficult to classify.
In any case the assignments to Bantu classes are arbitrary and not always convincing. The prefixes in
Okoyon are : 00-, 0-, A-, — : pis. Abe-, Be- ; 6-, E-, U. : pi. Bu- ; - : pi. De- ; I- : pis. N-, M- ; Du- :
;*/. I- ; Ke- : pis. Be-, Bu-.

712 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFLXES IN EFIK AND IBIBIO)

The prefixes in Efik may be set forth as follows : —

Substantival — E- {sing.) : pis. Me-, I- ; A- (sing.) : pi. M- ; I- (sing.) : pi. Me- or Mo- or M- or N- ;
0-, U- {sing.): pis. I-, N- ; Edi- {sing.) : pi. Ndi-. Other prefixes implying abstract qualities, action,
agency, &c., are : Edi-, Eri-, A ndi- (//. mendi-), Mbu- (answering to the Bantu Bu-), and Eki-, Mbi-,
and Mboi-.

PREFIXES IN UWET (246)

The ascertainable prefixes in Uwet are the following, nearly all of the singular number. There are,
no doubt, other plural prefixes than Ba- and M-, but they have not been recorded : Di-, De-, E-, I-, Ki-
Ke-, Kco-, Ku-, 6-, O)-, U-, Dw-, Du-, Bi-, B5-, Bu-, M-, N- ; M- {pi.), Ba- (pi.), Be- (pi.).

The following summary of languages Nos. 238, 238 a, 239, 239 a, 239 b, 240-240 c, 241-241 c, and
242-242 b may be given here : —

OLULOOMOO OR OKUNI (238), IKOM (238 a)

Olulcomu is spoken in two slightly differing forms in a very small area (Ikoni-(jOkuni) on the Upper
Cross River, a httle south of 6° North latitude, and of the Akparabon country. Its numerals are : Wune
= ' one ' ; A-fa = ' two ' ; A-ttal = ' three ' ; A-nna = ' four ' ; A-tan = ' five ' ; A-titan = ' six ' ; Ju =
'ten'; Bo-kuro = ' fifteen ' ; Ke-ten = ' twenty '. Ko-b5; //. i-bo = ' arm ' ; E-lalo ; i-lalo = ' axe ' ;
Ke-tet =' beard ' ; K6-kon<o = ' bee ' ; De-yu = ' belly ' ; Doligo = ' bow ' ; Ke-kub5 = ' bone ' ;
Ma-fulo = ' brains ' ; E-furu = ' buffalo ' ; Ke-Ia = ' buttocks ' ; Ko)-kuk = ' canoe ' ; 0-kum = ' chief ;
E-fom, E-fon = ' cow ' ; Dema = ' door ' ; E-ci = ' egg ' ; E-nyi = ' elephant ' ; Ma-la = ' fat ' ; Dcj-kun
= ' fire ' ; Ke-kat = ' foot ' ; E-kok = ' fowl ' ; E-bu = ' goat ' ; E-burco-a-kpabi = ' god ' ; De-lo =
' hair ' ; Re-tu = ' head ' ; E-timo = ' heart ' ; E-t5 = ' house ' ; Ke-man = ' iron ' ; 00-pu = ' leg ' ;
(jO-ni = ' man ' ; Ko-fe = ' moon ' ; Ke-kul = ' mountain ' ; E-tiwo = ' penis ' ; A-kuk = ' pig ' ; 0-yalo
= ' rain ' ; Ma-ya = ' river ' ; E-tima = ' road ' ; Dco-da = ' sleep ' ; O-didore = ' star ' ; Royi = ' sun ' ;
M -bum = 'thing' ; De-mile = ' tongue ' ; Da-salo = 'tooth ' ; Ke-fr5 = ' town ' ; A-yafile = ' twins ' ;
De-ku = ' war ' ; 6se = ' witchcraft '. Other roots are given in the Analyses in Vol. II.

UKELE-NKODO (239-2393)

These two allied languages or dialects are spoken on the northernmost reach of the Cross River,
between the Nde and the Esupoii languages, and extend northwards to Nki and Akaju. Their numerals
are : -von (van) = ' one ' ; -fa = ' two ' ; -tia, -tat = ' three ' ; -na = ' four ' ; Ku-bok = ' five ' ; Bcorani
= ' six ' ; Ee-nam-be-tian = ' seven ' ; Be-na-be-na = ' eight ' ; Salejop or I-se-la-jop = ' nine ' ; Jop=
'ten'; N-dojlop ^Jr Kcolop = ' twenty '. Noteworthy roots are: Ko-bok = ' arm ' ; E-me or Jeme =
' belly ' ; B-eyi = ' blood ' ; .\I-fon = ' ox ' or ' buffalo ' ; OO-varr = ' chief ' ; W-an = ' child ' ; Kco-zcolco
(from -Zulu, ' firmament ') = ' day ' ; Le-bcoa = ' dog ' ; M-biem or Bto-nyi = ' elephant ' ; Jiel or A-jen
= 'eye'; Dede = ' father ' ; Nona = ' finger ' ; Le-bal = ' goat ' ; Ki-to)lco or Le-jeletw = ' hair ' ;
De-toa = ' head ' ; Guon or A-gwun =' house ' ; OO-bukpw = ' leg ' ; Ifbe = ' leopard ' ; OO-lol or
O-lok = ' man ' ; E-tuma or Lituma = ' moon ' ; A-de or Ba-kana = ' mother ' ; I-jul = ' nose ' ; Luwe
= ' sun ' ; Ba-inyi = ' water ' ; Ba-naba = ' woman '.

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES 7i3

OKPOTO (239 b)

This is the ' Okpoto II ' of its discoverer, Mr. Northcote Thomas. It is allied somewhat closely to
Ukele-Nkodo, though a distinct language. Its geographical position is isolated and interesting, namely,
an enclave some distance to the north-west of the northern Cross River, in the northern range of the Ibco
tongues, and not far from Igara. It has no affinities with Igara or Ibo), and probably represents the relics "
of an ancient extension of Sub-Group A I of the Semi-Bantu languages towards the Lower Niger. Its
relationship with Ukele and other Cross River speech-forms is obvious. Its numerals are : Kcone or
0-gua or .gu = ' one ' ; -va, •ba = 'two'; -ka (-sa) = ' three ' ; -na = 'four'; Ko-bwS = ' five ' ;
B'rane = ' six ' ; B'reba = ' seven ' ; Bco-esa = ' eight ' ; Ru-beji = ' nine ' ; Jo = ' ten '. Noteworthy
word-roots are : Ko-bo = ' arm ' ; Ke-sa = ' arrow ' ; A-gboj = ' banana ' ; Ko-toto = ' bee ' ; Leme =
' belly ' ; Ke-non = ' bird ' ; Be-nyi = ' blood ' ; Kco-bco = ' bow ' ; Li-be = ' breast ' ; Li-gwe = ' day ' ;
E-bwa = ' dog ' ; Ki-gbe-lema = ' door ' ; La-jira = ' egg ' ; Dzen = ' eye ' ; Le-be or Ba-ne = ' fat ',
' oil ' ; Ara = ' father ' ; Ka-nco = ' finger ' ; Ke-ko = ' fowl ' ; E-bili = ' goat ' ; La-me reka = ' hand ' ;
Le-ta = ' head ' ; E-mara = ' house ' ; Le-du = ' knee ' ; Kota = 'leg'; A-nw (//. ba-na) = ' man ' ;
W-adu = ' male ' ; Lco-keokco = ' moon ' ; Aka = ' mother ' ; I-koro = ' finger nail ' ; E-dza = ' nose ' ;
Ba-nya-duba = ' river ' ; Bovnu = ' salt ' ; Dzol = ' snake ' ; Le-tatal = ' stone ' ; Lcowe = ' sun ' ;
Leda = ' tongue ' ; Le-rar = ' tooth ' ; Ba-ni = water ' ; E-lagwa (f>l. i-) = ' woman '.

EDIBA-EKURI-NKOOKOLE (240-240 c)

These languages are spoken over a rather wide stretch of country between the Oban hills (especially
the western half of these uplands) and the Cross River at its western bend (Ediba). The Ekuri-Nktokole
territory lies between the Escopon-Arun languages on the north and the Akunakuna and Uwet on the
south, and on the borders of Uyanga. There are, seemingly, four very distinct speech-forms — Ediba
(240), Nkpani (240 a), Ugep (240 b), and Nkukole ' (240 c). The numerals are : Gwen (240) or Sin ot
Wana (240 a), -jana (240 b) or -gani (240 c) = ' one ' ; -va, -peo, -pu, or -wa = ' two ' ; -tat, -tili, -tele,
or -cilj = ' three ' ; -na or -nia = ' four ' ; -uwco, -tene, -teen, or -teco = ' five ' ; -ten-awana, -tin-a-gani
= ' six ' ; So, Ju, -jo = ' ten ' ; Ne-nubto, Leau, Le-yap, or Le-nan = ' twenty '. Noteworthy word-
roots are : E-dum (//. lo.dum) = ' ape ' ; Oi)-bo = ' arm ' ; Lo-buk (//. la-buk) = ' arrow ' ; I-ban =
' axe ' ; Lam, Ke-fat = ' back ' .; E-kwom, -nantco, -ke-njon = ' banana ' ; E-bom = ' beard ' ; O-kwuiii-
kwana, N-kokuni (240 a), and E-totoiyco (240) = ' bee ' ; Deme, Ke-fat, U-tu = ' belly ' ; Bi-yono,
I-non, K(o-non (//. la-non) = ' bird ' ; Ka-ji (//. wa-ji) = ' blood ' ; 0-vebco, Koyco, U-nek = 'bow ' ;
Ku-juok = ' brains ' ; Lco-kontu (pi. la-), Le-be = ' breast ', S and 5 ; Gwo-ban {pi. bu-) = ' brother ' ;
U-tuo = ' buffalo ' ; La-galiba = ' buttocks ' ; E-kpok = ' canoe ' ; 0-vai, 0-gbun = ' chief ; Gwa-
gwani, Go-gurru (//. bo-) = ' child ' ; E-om = ' cow ' ; I-taran = ' crocodile ' ; Le-je, Higu = ' day ' ;
E-ja, E-fa = ' dog ' ; Lco-kuma, E-kcoma, I-ban = ' drum ' ; Go-tun, 0-t6n='ear'; Y-eoni, I-nya-
bale = ' elephant ' ; La-bi (240 c) = ' excrement ' ; .Si-enoa, J-en, Je (//. n-ye) = ' eye ' ; Ki-gemi (240a)
= 'fat'; Ata, Woi = ' father ' ; E-non, I -nonai = ' finger ' ; I-bale = ' fish ' ; Bi-xuxco, Hunon
= 'fowr; E-bu, U-jan, I-jen = 'goat ' ; Li (240 c) = ' hair' ; E-ba-kon (240 c) = ' hand ' ; Le-tu =
'head'; Le-konduli = ' heart ' (240 c) ; Botd, E-kokon, OJkwuiik wana = ' honey ' ; Li-bije (//. la-)
(240c) = 'horn ' ; E-tofi, E-tuco = ' house ' ; E-lamco (240 c) = ' iron' ; Le-dudun, N-dandan = ' knee' ;
Kco-von, K6-fe, Hco-on = ' leg ' ; U-dumnan (240c) = ' man (vir) ' ; O-nen, 0-nan = ' man ' (person) ;
Le-ba (240c) = ' milk ' ; Aiya (240, 240 c), Mma (240 a, b) = ' mother ' ; E-kbon (240), Hu-lan (240 c)
= ' mountain ' ; E-nia (240 c) = ' mouth ' ; Le-kto, Li-kil = ' neck ' ; Jconu, Zuma, Nyamco = ' nose ' ;
O-kpco (240 c) = 'penis '; Kumba (240) = ' pig ' ; Ada, wada (240 c) =' river' ; U-no, Yconun =
' salt ' ; W-liam = ' sheep ' ; E-cankpa (240 c) = ' skin ' ; Li-gi (240 c) = ' sky ' ; U-tek (240 c), OJ-fcoli
(240 b) = ' slave ' ; N-diamu (240 c) = ' sleep ' ; Ripi (240 c) = ' smoke ' ; Yod (240 a), Duo (240 c) =

' They ought really to be classed as four distinct latiguagcs. Ediba and Nkukole arc the most
di'i'ergent.

7i,| ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

'snake'; I-zek (240), O-kon (240 c) = 'spear'; Le-ta (240 b), Hw-ta ^240 c) = ' stone ' ; K&)-tiak(240c)
= ' thigh ' ; Boi-jam (240 c) {pi. okpoj-jam) = ' thing ' ; Le-liak (240 c), E-men (240), Le-da (240 a) =
'tongue'; Le-ga (240 a), Lala (340 c) =' tooth ' ; Ke-ti (240), He-ci (240 c) = ' tree' ; Lco-ni (240 b),
Lu-ji (240 c) = 'water'; U-fefe (240 c) =' wind ' ; Gwa (240), Yanen (240 b), Ha-nan (2400) =
' woman ' ; Le-gal (240 c) = ' womb '.

THE AKUNAKUNA OR (DGUGUNA DIALECTS' (241,241a to 241c)

These are spoken in a narrow strip of country chiefly on the right bank of the Lower Cross River,
between Umon and Akunakuna, west of Uwet and Ekuri, south of Ediba. They are four in number :
Akunakuna (241), Abini (241 a), Umon and Ikco-Morut (241 b), and Akpet (241c). The first three
are fairly closely related; Akpet (241 c) is very aberrant and really a distinct language. It is impossible
to illustrate each dialect here : further information must be sought in Mr. Northcote Thomas's Specimens
of Languages from Southern Nigeria and in the Analyses of my second volume. The numerals are:
Jen or Peni (241), E-noi (241 a), Wuni (241b), and -mojgoi (241 c) = 'one' ; -fai, -poja (241 c) =
'two'; -tat, -gat (241 c) = 'three' ; -na, -nai = ' four ' ; U-bok, Ku-bo, 1-70(241 c) =' five ' ; OO-bara-
gon, OO-were-wuni, I-yanaci (241 c) = 'six' ; OO-war'-i-fai, I-ya-ne-pa (241 c) = 'seven ' ; (li-bari-t-at
(&c.), I-ya-ne-gat (241 c) = ' eight ' ; U-fuedzop, U-niu-we-d^eni, I-ya-ne-nai (241 c) = ' nine ' ; = Jop,
Sop, Diop, Subco, Jo (241 c) = ' ten' ; Jin = ' fifteen ' ; E-nap, De-nup, U-nu (241 c) = 'twenty '.
The word-roots in Akunakuna and Umon have often a distinctly ' Bantu ' complexion. This is much
less observable in Akpet (241 c), which has, no doubt, been much mixed with the Niger Delta languages.
The following are noteworthy examples : E-nop = ' ape ' ; G6-bo, 6-b5 = ' arm ' ; A-da = ' beard ' ;
0-don (241), E-rai (241 c) = ' bee ' ; I-me, Ge-t5, U-gbwe = ' belly ' ; O-som, O-ne = ' body ' ; O-dd =
' bone ' ; I-bei = ' breast o ' ; E-dem = ' buffalo ' ; U-zut, 00-siet = ' canoe ' ; O-non = ' chief ; U-rori
(241) = ' child' ; E-fom = ' cow ' ; Jep, Dyep = ' crocodile ' ; E-bia = ' dog ' ; Sari, Cari, Sere =
' egg ' ; E-nyi, I-ni = ' elephant ' ; A-bi = ' excrement ' ; I-nono = ' finger ' ; O-gon, Do-gon = ' fire ' ;
E-gowa, I-kowa (the West Bantu -kuba) = ' fowl ' (241, 241 a) ; I-kogo, I-go, E-ho (241, 241 a, 241 c)
= 'fowr;^ E-ban, E-bon, E-ven = ' goat ' ; Sin, I-sen = ' hair' ; E-to, De-toi = ' head ' ; A-don
(241 a, b), E-cempia (241 c) = ' heart ' ; Do, I-duna E-g5 (241 c) = ' house ' ; I-rii, De-du = ' knee ' ;
U-kpwama = ' lip ' ; OO-som (//. a-som), O-ne, O-nno = ' man ' ; 0-rum = ' man (vir) ' ; E-fuk =
' monkey ' ; CO-fe, Gco-fe = ' moon ' ; Akaka, Akam = ' mother ' ; Ama, Gama = ' mouth ' ; E-fat =
' penis ' ; E-^i, I-si, E-ndi = ' pig ' ; I'pa = ' place ' ; Bu-nco, OO-nok = ' salt ' ; I-da, Bi-dai = " sleep ' ;
Jok = ' snake ' ; VV-am (//. b-am), Gw-an = ' son ' ; E-gugun (241 b) = ' star ' ; E-tan, E-taeo =
' stone ' ; Duwei (241 b) = ' sun ' ; (jO-fen = ' thing ' ; Oi)-meo, Dio-men = ' tongue ' ; San = ' tooth ' ;
I-se, Ge-se, I-le = ' tree ' ; Ma-ni (241), U-nsi (241 c) = ' water ' ; O-negwa, 0-nugwa = ' woman '.

ESOOPON-ARUN (ADUN) » (242, 242 a, 242 b)

Mr. Northcote Thomas {Specimens of Languages from Southern Nigeria) divides this speech into
six dialects or principal types (or, if Ndaja-nawe be further subdivided, then into eight) : Apiapum,
Oderiga, Ndajanawe, Wakande, Igbco-i-maban, and Agiga. I think it is sutificient discrimination to
consider 242 to include all the Escopon-Arun dialects as yet recorded, and 242 a and 242 b the more
aberrant southern speech, Igbeo-i-maban and Asiga. Eswpoii-Arun covers a fairly large section of the
Cross River bend between Ukele on the north-east and Ekuri-Ediba on the south-east. The numerals
assume forms like these: Wune, Wani = ' one ' ; A-fa, A-fo = ' two ' ; A-tan, A-ta = 'three ';
A-nebum, A-nebw, A-na, A-nafi = ' four ' ; A-zien, -can, -sen, Te, Tenco = ' five ' ; A-zadani, Sadeni,
Tencowco, A-tenawonto = ' six ' ; A-zenafa, Tegafo, Te-na-fo = ' seven ' ; A-zen&>tan, Te-ga-tco,
A-te-ga-ta = ' eight ' ; A-suwoawune, Xeawani, 0-rov5vene, Te-ga-noj, E-mugabcozco = ' nine '

' These are the same as Koelle's ' Akurakura '.

' Cf. Ibto 00-kukoj, 0-kuka.

' Nearly identical with Koelle's ' 0-kam '.

{

GROUP A: THE CAMEROONS-CROSS RIVER LANGUAGES 715

Jop, J5, E-bcijzcj (242 b) = ' ten ' ; Ji ==^ ' fifteen ' ; E-rop, Le-hop = ' twenty '. The noteworthy noun-
roots are : CO-bok, Ke-bok, E-gbegbeye = ' arm ' ; 0-gonaci, 60-bube = ' arrow ' ; E-bre = ' axe ' ;
N-am, N-am = ' back ' ; E-gwomo> = ' banana ' ; A-dai = ' beard ' ; E-wot, E-fara, Ke-vok, Ka-vog
(242 b) = ' belly ' ; I-sise, I-pe, Ai-yi = ' blood ' ; O-yuk, Ke-yuk = ' bow ' ; U-rurun = '• brains ' ; E-bal,
Le-bap (242a)' breast 5'; N-woka = ' brother ' ; E-wot =' buttocks' ; Oi-fat, 00-vara = 'chief ;
Nw-a-iiw-a, Wege (242 b) = ' child ' ; E-bam = ' cow ' ; I-jep = ' crocodile ' ; E-wu = ' day ' ; E-gbwa,
E-pfa, E-va='dog'; Enia, Lemal, O-kegere = ' door ' ; E-bin = ' drum ' ; E-nyie = ' elephant ' ;
I-tienei, Dlen, Den = ' eye ' ; I-yak = ' fat ' ; I-nono, E-nwon = ' finger ' ; E-kpwun = ' fire ' ; I-non
{pi. mi-non) = ' fowl ' ; E-fu, I-vun ■= 'goat ' ; A-kpo, SSnuj Som, I-sisa, I-zisara = ' hair ' ; E-soi =
' head ' ; E-tim = ' heart ' ; M-pi = ' horn ' ; O-tyom, O-xom, 0-com, E-to (242 b) ' house ' ; M-baya =
' iron ' ; E-dudumi, Ke-dudun = ' knee ' ; O-fuk, O-buk, Ke-fe = ' leg ' ; Ba-;atok = ' magic ' ; 0-non
= ' man ' ; O-juno = ' man (vir) ' ; E-fu; = ' monkey ' ; I-pi, I-phie, 0-fe = ' moon ' ; Ema = ' mouth ' ;
I-gugura, Le-kop = ' neck ' ; Ke-rii, I-runwe, I-ruwa, Ge-humco = ' night ' ; Jon, Kun, I-son, CO-hum
= ' nose ' ; 0-nom = ' penis ' ; E-kutnba = ' pig ' ; 0-rana, Le-haiaa = ' river ' ; E-den, E-len =
'road'; I-jok = 'snake' ; O-zup, 0-kon, N-kpa = ' spear ' ; E-gugun = ' star ' ; E-ta, Ke-tat =
' stone ' ; OO-yei, E-kpegera, Lezi = ' sun ' ; O-rup = ' thief ; 0-to = ' thing ' ; E-da, E-dak, Lela =
' tongue ' : E-se, E-ca, A-sa, A-ra = ' tooth ' ; I-ci = ' tree ' ; A-si = ' water ' ; OO-fum = ' wind ' ;
0-tan = ' witch ' ; N-kwanon, Gwano = ' woman ', -fimafip = ' all ' ; OO-mana = ' female ' ; Mama
= ' here ' : Gana = ' there '.

235. Indiki is spoken in the eastern basin of the Duala (' Cameroons', Inubu-Wuri) river; between
the confluence of the Inubu and the Mukombi on the west, and the vicinity of the Wanjam and Mbam
rivers on the east; south of the Mum plateau and north of the Sanagd watershed. The eastern part of
Indiki country is sometimes known as Uanyim (Koelle's Penyin and Penin).

236. Bafut (Mfut, Bcofut) is the language of a small area of north-west Cameroons bisected by 10''
East longitude, north of 6° North latitude, and around the sources of the Imba affluent of the Katsena-
AUah river. Bcofut borders on the Bali country.

237. Ndob or M-biirukem of Koelle's transcription may still be spoken in the little-explored region
north-north-east of the liamum plateau and north of the River Mbu (an affluent of the Mbam), between
the countries of Mambila and Ndzuiigle, and to the east of Mbudikum.

243. Uyanga is spoken in the Uyaiiga country in the eastern part of the COban district and the
north-eastern watershed of the Calabar, Kwa, and Ikpan rivers.

244. KSrop is spoken by the Ododop people in the south-east part of the OOban hill country up to the
political boundary of Cameroons territory (the Akwayafe river). The OkSyoia dialect (244 a) is met with
between the Ikpan river on the east and the left bank of the Cross river on the west, south of Uwet and
Umon, and north of Efik (Old Calabar).

245. Efik language is the speech of the Old Calabar settlements on the east side of the estuary of
the Cross and Calabar rivers, as far east as the Ikpan river, as far west as the Cross river. The Ibibico
dialects (245 a) are spoken on the opposite west side of the Cross river estuary up to the Kwco-Ibco river.
Uwet (246) is spoken in a small tract of country north of Okoyon, between Akunakuna and the Kwa
river.

GROUPS B-G

THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI

LANGUAGES

Group B : Northern Cross River Basin

247. Yala (Inkum) 247 a. Northern Yala

247 b. Agala (North-west Yala)'
Group C : South-west Benue

248. Mun^i or Tivi »
Group D : Southern Benue

249. Afudu

Group E : Central Benue

250. Boritsu or Afiteft ^

251. Mbarike

Group F : South-west Bauci

252. Burum

Group G : Central Bauci
253- Jarawa *

English

247.
Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

348.

Munjsi or

Tivi

249.
Afudu

250.

Boritsu or

Afiten»

251. Mbarike

252.
Burum

253-
Jarawa

Adze

I-pwun

Animal, wild

• *■

I-nyani

beast

Ant

• * •

Noil

Ant, white

E-ga

(termite)

Ape (chim-

X-|Sum

panzi or

gorilla)

Arm

W6.b5,

Wuere.

Abo

A-wuco,
A-vco

Arrow

O-bari.
0-yi

I-vana ; a-

Axe

Li-go,
Le-go

1-jambe'

Baboon

...

I-jompco.
M-bagu

Back

I.pi

Jimi.
I-jum'e ; a

Banana ...

Wto-bua,
Wo-bwo.
A-gboj (247 b)

...

Beard

I-jemi

...

Kon,
E-koii

E-tua

Ny-ama,
N-ama

Gubu.

U-pan.

Gi-rabu.

Gu-juco ;

a-juco (251)
Ge-beben.

Le-bu (251)

Gi-sco

{stone axe).
Le-kar (251)
A-bagco

Kwat

Turukli

Nan

Gu-sunsun

Bog (A-.).
Mel-bog.
Bugu {M.) ;
pi. buki-ya

Mo-n or

Mu-n (A'.).

Mu-na (J/.)
M-bib (A'.)

? Gu-sunsun

Gata la nyii

Ta-kwat.
A-yaba

Lirl

' A'oc//t?V Yala._

' This is Koellc's Tiwi. Tivi is the correct name, though MunjSi is the wide-sprecui outside designation. The
people and langtiage also go by the jtanies (t/" Miji, Be^i, Mbiji, and Gbalco.

' An alternative name for this tribe is, or was, Afiteil. Other neighbours called them Difii.

* Koellc's ' Dsara7ua ' ; Migeod's ' Jara '. KoelWs vocabulary was transcribed nearly seventy years ago and was
incomplete. To amplify it, and above ail to to check its accuracy, I asked Mr. Sieneman, of the Nigerian Administra-
tion, to compile a new vocabulary of Jarawa. Where the two versions differ (they agree surprisingly), I have put
(K.)for Koell^s version and (M.)for Modern. Mr. Bieneman thinks there are two dialects : Bununu and Zungur.

' Cf. Bdntu roots for ' hoe .'

GROUPS B-G: THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE,BAUCI LANGUAGES 717

■

247.

248.

249.

350.

252.

253.

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. Agala

Munsi or
Tivi

Afudu

Boritsii or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

Bee

I-nu.
E-nwu

I-yo7«

JiM

N-dyur; ba-f .
I-wok (251)

...

»i (A'.),
Nyi {M\

Belly

Di-pu,

I-yaye,

A-bu

Ke-mbar.

• «•

Vum (A-.).'

•

Le-pu

I-yawe,
Yaba

Le-pi3(25i)

Tudi {M.)

Bird

Wo-nbana.
A-bwana
(247 b).
A gbana

(247 b)

I-nyom

Ka-nyen

E-nenon.
I-noii (251)

Ni-al,
Nyi-al,
Ny-el ; //.
ny-elbi

Blood

Yiyi,
Yeyi

.•\-wambeoe or
.A-mbe

E-fiem

15a-yan {pi).
A-nyin (251)

Mi

Kil (A-., M.) '

Body

Wo-kpiye

Yuroj,

...

Yor (251)

I-bek,

Yidi ; //."

Yol'

R

■bek

yid-ba

Bone

0-kuob5.

I-kuehe or

K6k5

I-kuw',

...

M-wb (A".).

Gbcoku(247b)

Kcohe; a-f

U-kaw'.
A-kup (251)

Moj-up (/I/.)

Borassuspalm

...

...

• ••

• *■

Kan

Bow

\V6-ta,

Da,

...

Kcoti.""

• .•

Tag (A-.).

O-ta.

Ta,

Gu-ta(25i)

Teak,

Ntalek

N-da ; pis.

Teark (.)/.)

(247 a)

ba-da, ma-ta,
mba-da

Bowels

...

...

• ..

■ a*

■ •>

Ba-tudi {M.)

Brains

Li-wu

■••

...

•■•

...

Bogo-la-

mu-di

Breast (man's)

0-gotu

CO-huan ;

a-han ( = ribs).
Vangile

/ = chest)

N-ka

Ke-lun.
U-top

••■

Jigle or
Kigl (A-.).
Ki-gelli (J/.).
Kun

Breast

Amme,

I-tumbu

I-ban

Gi-me.

Ki-bur or

(woman's)

Ame

A-bian (251)

Ki-buri
(A-., ;1/.)

Brother ...

0-yin.

\Vo)-an-w<oas'.^

Wco-an-noye '

U-ma.

Gwa ; bi-gwa

Yam ma-jin

0-ni

\V(.)-an-gcoam-

I-nyam(2Si) •

•

(A-.).

(Yam ma-gab
= ' sister ').
Ny-umi {M.)

Buffalo

Yeye

...

En-tam

In-daft.
In-dak (251)

...

N-dak-zum

{M.)

Bull

0-ba-yena

Nom-boja

N-tam-niom

E-meni-fur.
In-dako>-
tuser (251)

Bit-n-dag

Buttocks ...

A-taku

...

Tuggi

Canoe

\V<o-wu

TSM ; be-tsto

...

Gun-dun

Gi-rgi (A-.).

Ji-rigi (.1/.)

Cat

(O-kandem

Jonge.

Ny-am-tco-f<o.
A-dambusu ;
mba-

A-ta

Ge-ram.
M-bakiakco

(250

Mco-s (A'.).
Mu-8 (J/.)

Charcoal ...

I-bi

I-ka; a-ka

Ka-ntente

I-^ipiii.
Cui-jan (251)

...

Kal (A'., M.) '

Chief, king

O-suwale,

ruioi,

Mu-s8

U-deii.

Pwmto '

He-renan (A'.).

0-juale

Torco

U-kuor (251)

Rengan {M.)

' Binli

affittilies markeii.

' ' Child of father:

s <

Child of motlier-iny:

3 A

7i8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

247.

248.

249-

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala

Munsi or
Tivi

Afudu

Boritsa or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

247 b. Agala

ChUd

0-yi,

N-giriki

W(o-ane

I -dun.

Ne.

M-un (A'., M.)

On-

Wa)-an,
W-an ; pi.
onco-v

M-ba,
M-bar (251)

Hwe

Cloth

0-pa,

I-boro>.

...

• •*

I-rugu or

Berfte.

T6-pa

Bente.
Kondu

Rugum

Lugod (A'.).
Ma-tax.
Lugut {M.)
(the second
word may
mean ' bark
cloth ')

Cold

-sosia

(JO-hu.

...

0-rurun.

...

I-fwal ;

I-ndeohore

E-jimsur

ma-fwal (A".).

(251)

Yut [M.)

Country ...

Opu-ole

...

...

Cap.
Ri-pcomco

(i.e. kingdom)

Zal

Cow

Yana,

Boa

En-tam

In-dah.

...

Ndag,

it

Yena

In-dak' (251)

N-dak

Crocodile ...

Yije-yenyi.'

A-mbe;ve-mbe Kos<o

I-kur

...

Gan''

E-ku {247 b)

Day, daylight

N-ce,

I-yange.

E-ji-habe

Wu-rci>.

N-pol

Mi-mes(A'.).

N-ci

A-tetan

O-su-ra-fa.
OO-su-re-tan

(251)

Mu-s (M.)

Devil, evil

W-ose.

Ba-kuwci>.

■ ••

O-nyotsu.

Vu-vwel

Gi-gilen (K.).

spirit

E-ya

I-jop.
OO-kumbo]

Le-tsu (251)

Koxal (M.).
Gunba (' jin '.
'whirlwind'}

Doctor (medi-

Oy-eojsi,

VVo-r<o-kombci>.

Mu-s5

0-nyingiha.

...

Bco-mi-bcoma-

cine man)

I-yi-a-tse.
0-nyata

(247 b).

Or-tuele

0-nde-da-pien

(251).

ka-kbur

Dog

O-kukwa.

I-wa

N-degbco

I-bco.

...

M-fM (A-.).

E-w5 (247 b),

•

OO-pu (251)

M-vco ;

I-owo

m-vco-bi (M.)

Door, door-

0-kugeri.

Hundu.

Noja-n-tco {i. e.

(ii-pn.

Kal-ku-n-da o>

way

O-pugeri.
OOlto-gwopfto

(247 b)

O-gbuda

'mouth-house')

N-ju-gu-sok

(251)

Ku-n.da(A'.|.
Gwal-kun-da

Dream

Wa>-norre

...

...

Lod (A-.).
Lot (M.)- '

Drum

E-je.

Gbande.

N-tan

Guya.

N-gcoam (K.).

OO-girigbu.

Gaiiga

Gi-ben.

Ganga (M.) '

I-ma (247 b)

-

OO-tan.
(jO-papom

(251)

Ear

wa-ro,

ToYoj,

Ka-to

A-tfl

...

Ki-t (A'.).

A-ro

ItoY ; a-,
ffgwa

A-tou (251)

Ki-di; ki-ti-ga

(M.)

Egg

Li-jugu,
Le-ju. A-ji,

I-ji; a-ji.
Gi-ke

E-ge

E-tse.
A-ki (251)

...

Ki«

A-zi {247 b)

Leopard 0/ the water.

Bantu affinities marked.

GROUPS B-G : THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 719

247.

248.

249.

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala(Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

Munjsi or
Tivi

Afudu

Boritsa or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

Elephant ...

I-nyi.
E-nyen.
O-dagba

(247 b)

N51».
I-nore

E-fcoan

I-ndr'.
I-nji

...

N-zugu '

Excrement

E-mi

..•

. • •

• >•

...

?ip

Eye

E-kpirri,
Ik-peri.

E-yi (247 b)

I-jsie; a-pie

E.ji

E.gi.
A-yip (251)

Yi-s

Mo-s or
Me-8 (K.).
Mu-ssi ; pi.
mu-ssi-a (M.)

Face, forehead

I-reyi,

E-piri,

E-jue

Gi-tawer.

I-yel

Kun-mu-su

I -lei

ifi-y;

//. i-pi-v.
Julu or

Wor.

(A-., M.).

Ko-lsur (251)

Kun-dum.

Ba-mu-ssu

I-cul ; a-tsul

(M.)

Fat, oil ...

CO-ku.
Li.je.
I-pfoj.
Yanco

N-geyam

E -mai

Ba-nyJ.
Ge-ndup (251)

Ja-mai

Father ...

A-da,

Tere or

E-pi

l-ji,

Da; bi-da

Tada (A-.).

N-da

Tiri

I-jco.

Tat ; //.

I-tse(25i)

tati-a (M.)

Fear

O-ri

M-cia. Cie-v

• ••

...

...

...

Finger

O-yi-ko-bo.

I-ho-wue ;

Me-tana {pi.)

I-fon-nco-bu.

...

M-far.bMg(A'.).

A-ik-a-wo

a-ho-wuu.

Wu-ngara

E-kin-aou«

(251)

M-un-buge

{M.y

Fire

0-la,

Wu-su,

I-ge

U-la.

Kya

Bes,

Ola

U-su

0-rua (251)

Bas

Fish

O-yebe

E-su

E-bi

E-tsS.

Bi-tok (pi.)

N-si,
N^ji

I-wak(25l)

Foot

Wto.pisi.

I-jimw-ngu-

• • t

I-tsun-g(o-suin.

ECwara

Ta-kcos.

A-dabikbu

ahale.

Gi-sun.

M.«t-kojs(Ar.).

(247 b).

I-kue-ngu-

A-fien (251)

Kox-de ; //.
kox-di-a (M.)

tO-kupiegbto.

a-hale

A-patugbco

Forest

A-kol-okpa

Tuhco.
I-kor

E-fu

Gitani.

Ku-tur (251)

I-hai

Znm,

U-zum (A'.).
Ku-rimi (M.)

Fowl

U-gil,

Kove.

pie

I-sun.

■ *.

N-gub (A'.).

CO-gu

Key

Go-kun,
Gu-kun (251)

Kat ; kat-ba,
Kiuk;

kiuk-ba [M.)

Frog, toad...

OOkirifto.

Tongeo.

N-tamscd

N-gara.

• ••

Log-forat {K.).

I-kirixu

^iohoi ;

Ko-ndeu.

Dolok (M.) ;

(247 a).

a-sohcd

Oi)-san.

dolok-ba

I-taru (247 b)

Lu-kum (251)

Ghost

tO-bcopi

• ■•

•••

• • •

• ••

Gungba-ma-

welbco (M.)

Giraffe

...

...

...

...

...

Rakumin-nia-
zum

Girl

Woi-an-kuas

Wo)-angbe

«

I-dun-a-kan.
M-ba-onda

(251)

M-un-galap,
M-un-ma-
ngalap (A'.).
Yarinya(il/.).
Bu-dusuwa
{M.)

' Ba,ntu affinities marked.

' Both these words constitute a paraphrase, 'male (of) hand', 'child {of) hand'.

3 A 2

720

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

247.
Yala (Inkum)

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. Agala

248.

Munpi or

Tivi

249.
Afudu

250.
Boritsu or

Afiten
251. Mbarike

252.
Burum

253-
Jara\ /a

Goat

(he)

God

Grandparent

Grass...

Ground

Ground-nut

Jewco.

U-gbeu(247b)
O-pi

0:SO-w5.
O-wo

A-doku S.
0-koku J

A-si

A-je
E-vi

Guinea-fowl I-fe

Gun

O-la

Hair (of head) In-guere,

N-ere.

Ny-erefu

(247 a).

N-jire-nu

(247 b)
Hand E-tu-a-bo.

Wo-bo (247 a).

A-ik'-a-bco .

(247 b).

Oku-pi-a-bo
Head Li-fu,

Le-fco,

Le-fu.

YAa> (247 b)
Heart Di-kp<otu.

A-pw (247 a).

I-kboto)(247b)
Heel COtuIikpoj.

OO-tsiri-gbco

Hide

Hill E-kiS;

tOce
Hippopotamus I-nj5-a-ya
Hoe Ny-arco

Honey

Horn ..
Horse..

Yan5

Le-ji
W6-nya

I-v<a.

E-kpcdbe
Gbere.

I-gbewe
A-ondco,

Au-wundu

Bese

I-bu

E-men.
Wu-on (251)

Tere-tamon J. Me-nibadia S,
N-gw-tamon 5

Tcdhco
1-neya
I -he ; a-he

Burka.
Ci-biriga

I-jie.
Cire

U-we ; a-we.

I-jima-wue.

I-kuewe.

Koj-wue.

Gara
E-tioju.

Tiyw

E-^im.

I-^uma ; a-,

N-gwa
I-kis

I-kpi.
(x)-papuan

(251)
O-nyokan 0.
W(o-be-c)-soku J E-nyenokanj.
l-cenice6

(251).
1-yaniya 5

(251)

E-pfi.
Efi (251)

Dagwi

Me-ntan(?)

N-tsam-kon.
M-bco-ya-koij

E^ui

Ka-sehi-jian

U-rco

N-dohale

Tsaliu

N-yenya; ve +

Ka-tar

Wu-sen.
N-dyukin

(251)

I-tsug-noj-bu. Vwco
Gi-suii-ga-biJ.
E-sisi-ma-mco,
Gos-ga-w-u

(251)
Gi-tse.
Le-zu (251)

Gi-run-go)-sun.
Gu-tu-fien

(251)

Ka-hwol

OO-hun.
I-ru (251)

N-si-sok

Ge-kirnya.
O-kakum

(251)

M-pil (A'.),
M-bil {M.)

Bit-n-kil (A".).
Nun (J/.)

Ktogol,
KcJYol

Kava (A'.).
Kaggi,
Kaxea {M.)

Viin
N-zal
X-zog (A'.).

Gu-je UM.)
Gan ; pi.

gan-ba
jVl-binduva

(Arabic) (K.).

Bindiga (.)/.)
Nyon (A'., M)

Mo-d-buru.
M-e-burulAT.).
Bugge {M:)

Moj-t (A'.).
Mu-di; i>l.
mu-ti-a (.1/.)

Bali {M.)

Ta-kwot-
kwode (■
suffix)

N-gup

Din

ia pi.

Nget (A-.).

Dom (-(/.) ;

dom-ba
Mu-rog-ni(A'.). .

Nyi (J/.)
N-jop
V\xxB.%{Arabic)

GROUPS B-G : THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE,BAUCI LANGUAGES 721

247.

248.

249.

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

MunjSi or
Tivi

Afudu

Boritsii or

Aflten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

House

Li-nu,

I -yob or

N-to

A-tsa. Leo ; ni-l« N-da (K., M.) ;

Li-nco.

l-yojweo; a-.

Gi-kpi. pi. n-da-ba.

(jOpu-nu (247 a).

Siu

JCu-sok(25i) Balli; balle

Wco-ale (247 a).

(J/.)

U-nu (247 b)

Hunger

Lemme

Je

...

N-zal {M.)

Husband . . .

• ■•

...

Bit ; bit-ba

Hyena

...

...

...

Vu-mubt,
N-guiSgi (M.)

Iron

0-kunge.

l-yoYco {per-

Ka-na

A-nan. ... U-veoal,

Wo-bijen

haps meaning

A-ser U-val (A'.).

{247 a)

'property')

Pin-vuol {M.)

Island

Atakcjlokpa

...

*..

Tudu [Hausa)

Ivory

Ai-yin-i-nyi

Nyi ke ny-orco

I-jien-ftoan

Gi-dun-i-ndr. ... Mi-n-zugur,
A-nyi-a-ninji Mi-n-zuyu

(251)

Knee

U-neowu

I-nu,

E-none.

Gi-tenu. ... Ku-nal (A'.).

I-nyu;

Niun

Ki-nun. Ku-ngelli(/J/.)

a-nu, a-nyu.

Gio-tijin(25i)

N-guha

Knife

O-yiaka

I -ho ; a-ho.

N-tesico.

Gi-man. ... Bag (A'.).

I-pom

Ne-nsico

Ge-sum(25i) Bak (i/.).

Sengat (M.)

Lake

ft*

...

Gw-oreb, I-reb Kidbin (M.)

Leg

I-kpco,

N-guahale ;

Jian,

Gu-osun or ... Kus,

Lekbco

a-ngahale.
I.pe

Dian

Go-sun. - Keas (AT.).
G(u-fien ; Bungi ;
a-fien (251) bangi-a (M.)

Leopard ...

Yeje

Any-am ;
mbany-am

Bi

I-sa. ... M-bid(A'.).
I-ju(25i) N-bit;

n-biti-a {M.)

Lion

0-domu

Beya.
Gbasor

• ••

I-tumu ... N-zum

C>.' forest')

Lips

E-kpcd

...

N-gap-kun-ni

Magic

COb-cdsi.

E-tsaf or

M-betw

Gi-ha. ... Bur (A'.).

E.jibi(247b)

Tsa-v.

A-gapi.

OO-kombcd

0-tse. Mo-ngos (M.)
Wa-gisi (251)

Maize

I-gu

Ku-leke,
Ku-riki

.A-gahafi

Bagba. ... Gu-guren,
M-begba(25i) Gu-nguron

Man

O-su,

Wo-r«,

Mu-nyuar

Ma-nyi. Mw-ad; bi-mad Mo-m ; bo-m.

0-se,

VVii-ru,

A-ndea (251) Bco-ma,

0-pe.

Or ; pi. mba.

Bo-m (A'.).

0-retse(247b)

O-ru ; //.
yoru

Bci>; bu-baba

Man, vir. ...

0 -nor re,

Numusu.

? Mu-nyuar

U-nyalam. ... Bit,

0-nur&>,

Nom.

U-rom (251) Bit-na

Oi-nyir«.

Nom-sorco

C0\vu-ru(247a)

Meat

E.be

Iny-am,
Iny-otn

Ny-ua

I-bi. ... Ny-am
I-bie (251)

Medicine ...

O.ji

l-jivi,
I-jik

M-betco

0-kam. ... Bur (A'., M.) ■
A-ji(25l)

Milk

A -me

A-tumba

E-mie ... Ki-bur (A-., yl/.)

Monkey . . .

Yaka,
Yeka,

I -kale

I.jie "■

Ba-litpi or ... Ny-ou (AT.).
Ge-litpi. Ny-u (M.)

Eka

•

I-kcoap (251)

722

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

247.

248.

249-

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

Mun^i or
Tivi

Afudu

BoritsQ or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

Moon, month

COw-iya.

Wu-ele,

EwCi-er,

U-f«. ... Lean (A".).'

U-ya,

W-iri

Ewu-e

Uf-an (251) Len (Af.)

O-ya

Mother ...

Ene

Ngo.

N5.

E-nyen, Nen ; bi-nen Nga (A^).

(Ngw-am =

Noye

E-nyeroa. Ngi ; nga-ya

my mother)

I-ya(2Si) (.1/.)

Mountain ...

U-ku

...

...

Ra-ku Kwan ;

kwan-ba

Mouth

Oko-nu (347 b)

Dzua,
Itsoa,
I-joa.
A-gjco

A-kuan

OO-nu. ... Kun ; kun-ni
N.j« (251)

Nail (of finger

CO-ku,

I-kuwule; a-

Ka-sie

A-gbapip. ... Nyal (A".).'

or toe)

Uku

1

Gu-fop. Kaxa (M.)
E-kin (251)

Name

Le-yi,
Li.yi

Tina

...

Lok; loke-a

(Af.)

Navel

U-d5

I-jombu; a-

So

U-ku. ... Toiti (A'.).
U-kuom (251) Tungi ;

tonge-a (.1/.)

Neck, throat

0-ko

I-goiigiico.
I-kore

Ka-marson

Gi-tu. ... Moj-tmel.
Juan. N-jamel (A'.).
OL)-junu (251) Duggi; doke-a

Night

OO-tu.

Tuwu.

Fojiije

U-tco-ki-kan. Bw-alak Deog (A'.).'

0.1e(247b)

Ime

U-tu. Dtik (M.)
a)ti-tan

(251)

Nose

Le-nu (247 b)

E-hinga ;
a-hanga

I-jion

Gea. ... Nunal (A".).
Ruan (251) Dugeli (.»/.)

Oil palm ...

Le-ri

...

E-sa

Bu.lah. ... Kwakwa (.1/.)
Ge-to

Ox

0-bai-yone

M-turu

...

In-daR. ... N-dag,
In-dak (231) N-dak

Paddle

...

...

...

Filafile

{Haitsa)

Palm wine,

E-mmo-yeni

M-sorom

• << '

Ba-mmi

beer

Parrot

O-kpopo.
l-kco

I-kanke

■ ... ... A-ku (Af.).

Kelala (A".)

Penis

A.pi

.*■

• • •

Sugi {M.y

Pig

.A-kuk.

Suam or

E-ter

Gi-sum. I-za Gurusunu

0-kbme(247b)

I-sci>am ; //.
we-scoam.
1 «■-.

a)-jik(25i)

Pigeon

Wanban

l-gto

I-kongco; a-.
Kungum

N-tutahue

J.gbesu. ... Kurugdog

Gco-kuar

(251)

Ban ; ban-bale

Place

E-bcoma

He-ni

Rain

O-wo,

Wura,

Bi

E-bie. ... M-ful (A-.).'

Li-wo

Wwla.

U-famu.

A-wundcd

U-fe. -M-vul (;)/.)
U-pcoan.

U-fam (251)

Rat

1-fu

1-hiewe

Fi-wii

l-sur. ... M-bab (A'.).'

I-tsun (251)

M-bap (Af.)

' Btntu affinities marked. ■

GROUPS B-G : THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 723

247-

248.

i

i 249-

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. Agala

Mun^i or
Tivi

' Afudu

Boritsu or

Afiten

25 1 Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

River

Li-fu, Li-fo>.
O-kbcofu

M-panku

...

...

Rod

Bol ; bol-bala

Road

0-kpblco.
U)-piluku

J247 b)

Bw-unda

•'•

•••

Gwon

Jar ; jar-ba

Salt

O-ma

Gbale

N-koja

Bu-nma.
Lu-nwan

(251)

N-vwasa

U-zan,
San

Shame

•••

••■

• . .

N-zun '

Sheep

COhyiero.
O-nyerco

(247 b).
O-mlodu 5

(247 b)

Yongco

I-ta. '"
OO.tnn

Vyel""

N-zur (A-., M.)

Shield

• ..

*.*

Ton

Shoulder ...

E-jiabcd

l-vandey; a-

N-tabe

Gi-bag.
CO-kadyco

(251)

...

i\I(jo-d-bog (A".).
Kun-ku-bi

Sister

0-yinem-

Jima-woj-ma.

...

U-ma keo.

Polgwco ; bi +

N-yumi [M.).

w-nya

VV(.i-an-wa)-as-
e-kwas'

0-ndi-yam

(251)

Y-am-ma-
n-galap (A'.)

Skin

0-kpiye.

I-kua->e ;

N-guanti

Kogbu.

...

N-gob,>

Wogba

a-kua-wco.
I-kua-wu-Yeo

Kupa(25i)

N-gup

Sky

0-kpowo

A-ond<u,
A-wundto

I-bu

1-kpi.
CO-papuan

(251)
0-pi.

...

Tonduali (A'.).
D5en (.1/.)

Slave

0-fie,

Gban,

M-feoa.

Biag (A'.).'

0-pe

Bwan

E-kiwen

U-bpi,

Beak:beak-ba

M-babjsi (251)

(-'/•)

Sleep

Woj-la

Yongco

...

>>•

I-dem

Tulu (A'., M.)

Smoke

N-gwola.

X-yim,

E-nyam

Ba-san.

...

[•yal (A-.).

N-eoala (247 b)

-M-yim.
Mini

A-kian (251)

Yel (,M.)

Snake

Yagwa.
Yeyua

I-yo

Ny-am-ny-u

1-bi-nuje.

U-juo(25i)

Gwom

-yog (A-.).>
Ycook {M.)

Son, boy ...

O-yene-o-

W-an-i-ye.

W(o-ane

I-duii.

Hwe

\Iu-n-bit.

ngorro.

W-an-nomso;

M-ba-u-rom

Mu-n-ma-gab

O-pe (247 b)

pi. on-nomso

(251)

Song

i:-je

gam

...

t*-gel

Spear

0-kpa

I-wange; a-.
A-kwagi.
Dagi; u +

E-gua

U-top."

(jO-ti(25i)

...

Kcoan (A'.).
Kwan {M.)

Star

Nyinyi-ye-6-w5

...

■ ••

J&kjSk

Stick

O-kpcosi

Kuon.
1-kon.
A-ga; mba-ga

Ka-taY

U-tsu.
O-toti.
00-kum (251)

..*

■"f.gun-bcog.
Gagan.
Jedan (A/.)

Stone

Le-co,

I -wuen ; a-

E.pipi

Gi-sco; u-sco.

Tal (A'., tM.).

Le-j5,

A-tkone (251)

Gas

E-jo (247 b).

Le-ki

Stool

Gburaji

I-kone-ye

...

...

...

5u-nol (A'.).
Bu-mgul (.)/.)

Sun

Yeno

1-yaiige.
Yanga

1-juco

Wu-rco.
U-zer (251)

...

VIe-s (A'.).
Mu-s {M.)

B»Htu affinities marked.

724

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

247.
Yala (Inkum )

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

248.

Mtuijsi or

Tivi

Tail (of an

animal)

Tear

A-geji

Testicles ...

U-para

Thief

0-boyi

Thigh

I-taku

249.

Afudu

250.

BoritsQ or

Aflten

251. Mbarike

252.
Biirum

Thing.

O-ja

Thorn

. U-je

Tobacco ..

. E-taba

To-day

Nee

Fifi

Name-ve;//. Me-to (//.)
a-nam
Kwa.

Gu-keV*
Gu-sa (251)

1-nyare-Y ;//.
i-nyare-v

Taba

Yana, E-pi-we-tsco
N-yan

I-yene.
E-nyika (2

V-om

Yunun

Toe

O-yi kwu. I-h5 ; co-h5

A-ik<ou(247b)

Me-tana-jian

(PL)

To-morrow
Tongue
Tooth

Ubu-lenyi,
Ugbco-lenyi

Ai-yin,
Ai-yinu.
A-iiurco
(247 b)
Town, village OOpu-ole.
0-gera

Bw-iri. E-sintcd

A-gbea
Nomborco ; a + Nyiiani

Tree ...

Twins
Urine...
Vein . . .

War ...
Water

OJ-pi,
O-ji (247 b)

A-yapele

Y-evi

O-nyipi

Le-wS

Yenyi,
Yengi

I-nyeye,
I-nyik ; //.
a-nye, a-nyi

I-yaye.
Tuewe

Tcowco.
Kuon.
Kuru.
I-kom

E-jin

E-kuan.
Ka-taY

Well, source

White man tOkara

Wife ...

0-nyam

I-gbala

Nongco,

Yongw.

I-tiawto
N-golum.

N-gerem.

Girimi.

M-gerim.

M-ger

O-ru-nyan ; pL
y-oru be-nyan.
A-kunakuna

Kuasa

A-ngai

I-fon-ne-sun.
E-ki-ne-fien

(251)

Kohu^

U-tsuor (251)
OO-mien.

CO-jia (251)
00 -dun,

Gi-dun.

A-nyi (251)

Ge-hun.

A-tsaranna.

Lu-konte

(251)
E-keji.

CO-ji.

(jO-ti.

G(o-tete.

Gcu-tnku

Meg.

I-ndop (251)
U-ma.

Le-kar (251)

Be-mum.
A-nipiet (251)

2S3-
Jarawa

N-din (M.)

Mi-rin (Af.)
Jconi {M.)
N-gib; ngib-ba
N-ge-kojs (A".).

Sudwli [M.)
Gi-r '; gi-r-bibi.

(Gi-r-mi =

filing 7ny)
Katanabu
Taba
Len (A".).

Lin (M.)

M-far-keos

(A'.).

Mu-n-koxde

[M.)
Lib (A'.).

Lip (M.)
Las (K.).

Lisi {M.)
M-In (A'., M.).

(M-in-ma-bari

= ' two ieeth')

Lla,
Lana

N-gun

...

Sangat

gar (A'.).

Kip (/J/.) ■
Ll« (A'.).

Loj {M.)

N-pi

Mu-rog (A'.).
Bin.
Jam {M.)

...

Jar-bin

Ba)-m«-ba-nni

Ha or
Hwa ; bi-ha

Mam

■ A much changed venion of the Bantu Ki-ntu (Ki-tu, Gi-tu, Gi-t', Gi-r").

GROUPS B-G: THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 725

English

247.
Yala (liikutn I

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. A gala

248.

Munjsi or

Tivi

249.
Afudu

Wind, air... tO-wu
Witch, wizard OObu-ose

Witchcraft
Woman ... OO-nya,
Oi-nya

Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)

Yam

Year

Yesterday...

E-wu.
O-jola

M-bcoma.

I-isi (247 b)
Le-yi

Kombcj

U-kombci>
Kuasa (or
Kasef ) ; pi.
ba-asa
(ba-as-ef)

Konu,

E-ku5nu.

U-su
I-yoyoj

Ny-ini,
Ny-one.
DiJe

Gbe,

Ngbe.
Bepe

E-kuan

Ka-jico

E-pisia

250.

Boritsfi or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

252.
Burum

A-kan.
A-kcd.

A-kco-w6-nyi.
O-nda (251)

E-hon

I -sun.
I-kir (251)

1-tsan.
E-rie

Hwa

253-
Jarawa

Gun

Bo-m'-a-dak.

Po-m-mo-ngos
Mo-ngos
Mam,

Mam-na (A".).

Mam ;

mam-ba (,M.)

N-gun (A'., M.)

Beag (A-,).
Beak {M)
Bian

Ma-nyunu(A'.).
Me-nu(f^^.,/?.)

One

Two

Three.

Four

Five

Six

Seven.

Eight .

Nine

Ten

tO-sie.

0-kptohe

(247 a).

E-he (247 b)
E-kpa,

E-pa

E-ta

E-ne

E-ruwo,
•rojwa,
-Ico

E-rivi,
E-riyi

.^•rapa,
E-lapa,
A-ropa

A-rata,
E-lata,
A-rota

.\-rani,
E-lani,
A-rane

I-gWM.

Mumu,
Mom

Hare,
Hara,
Har

Tare.
Tar

Nyin,
Nyi

-tan

A-taratar.
Tan kar-'mom

Ka-d5, -dd

M-befei,

Be-fai,

-fai
I-tari,

Be -tori.

-tae.

-tar
•njri

•juen,
-tuen

E-nyin-fae

Tan-kar-u-hare Ke-nyi-tae,

Ke-nyi-ka-tar

Tan-kar-u-tare.
Nyinyi

E-nyi,
E-nhi

Gi-en.
N-dzo,
N-jo (251)

A-fa, -fa.
1-fan, -fan

(251)
A-ta.
I-tar (251)

E-ngie.
I-njie (251)

0-ton.
I-tson (251)

O-ton-gi-en.

Tson-i-jo
J251J
O-ton-a-fa.

Tson-i-fa

6-ton-a-ta.
Tson-a-tar

E-ligeo(247b) Pu5,
Pile,
Pawe

Tan-kar-u-nyin Ke-nyl juen, O-ton-ne-ngie.
Ke-nyi-ka-tuen Tson-a-njle

(251)
Puokar.' Don, Kur.

X-don

A-riyor.
Yom (251)

Hwak.
-nin

-ba (m-ba,
bi-ba) •

■tat

-tunun

N-timin

Bi-tama

■kuru,
Ki-kuru

Mco (A'.).
M5k {M.)

Gbari,
-bari

Tat

I-yen.

-kes' (A'.).

Yin, Nin (M.)
Tonan (A'.).

T5ni {M.)

Ton-sar-mto,
T5n-sal-m5k

Ton-sar-bari,
T5n-sal-bari

Kipen (A'.).
Kesnin {M.)

Kes-tonan

(A-.).

Kes.t5n M.)
Lum

' Kar or Kara in these formations means ' again ', ' twice .

'' Pu5kar,^/iv« as 'ten ' in one dialect may he 'fwe-tivice', Puo being an alterttative root for '■fiie ' and kar =
har ' two '.

726

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

347.

248.

249.

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala

Muiijsi or
Tivi

1 >

Afudu

Boritsu or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

247 b. Agala

Eleven

I-gwu-lo-pi

Pnokar-u-mom

N-don-sa-d9

Kur-gien.

J

Lum-kui-mok,

Yom.be-n^tso

Lum^ko>mco

(251)

Fifteen ...

I-gwe-ler<owa

Puokar-U'hare

. ..

Yom^be-fa =

^a-bi.ba =

Lum^kuibari,

= ' /-we/','e '

' twelve ' in
251

' twelve '

Lum^koj-bari

= ' i'..'elve '

Twenty ...

O.fu,

I-kundu

Mu.nyuar

Ge^kam.

J

Hanyamok

a)-f«.

(i.e. ' mti/t ')

U.rom

(-«.)■

O-loofu,

(?' Wrt«')(25l)

Lumbari (A'.)

COgu-rcofu

_(247 b)

Thirty

O-fu-si-gwco

I-kundu-kom-
bue.

I-kundu-bri-
fabi-puwe.
I.kundu-gbi-
jave-puwe

Hanya.mok^
na^lum

Forty

E-fu e-pa

.\-kundu-hara
or A-kuadu-
bar

...

■ ••

...

Hanyabari

Fifty

E-fu e-pa
si.gweo

A-kunduhara.
Kora-bwe

...

- •••

Hanya^bari^

na-luni

Hundred ...

E-fu e-ruwa

.^-kundu-tan

...

...

Naga

Zangu-mok

Thousand . . .

E-fl-gu-nbaro

•

p

...

...

...

Zambar-mok

I, me, my ...

A-mi.

Mu. Ka-mco.
Mon.

Me (.').

Mco(?) Mi
(251).

Me, Ma.

Me. Mi.

-,N..

M., Ma..

N., M., Me-

Ma., Mi^, Me^,
Mu^, N^, M^.

Me-

Me^, N^.

me, -urn, -m,

•mi, -ma, -a-m

•mi

•onum, •num,

•m, -me, -mi

■bam, ■mam,

■eh

■nam

■lam

Thou, thee,

A-wo.

Wco. Ka^wco.

J

:-

Hwco.

Wu.

thy

Ka-nwe.

0)-.

u..

?

J

Wu^.

•CO, -a-wo, -wco

•u, •we, •«

•we, gbe,
-a^ngco, •we

•mu,^onu, •r.u,
-a^fo) (251)

■CO, -mco

■bu. ■mu, ■lu,
■du, -n-du

He, him, his

A-nvL.

Na. Ka-na.
Ngu.

5

J

Ye.

Yi.

-, A., E-.

A..

;

J

A..

?Yi..

•nu, -e-yin

■un, .na

•he, -e

•bi, •mi. li

We, us, our

A-lima.
Le-.

Se. Ka-se.
Se-.

...

...

Wo-d.

Su.
Su..

■ilo, -elco

■si. -se, -a-se

-o.d

•su, -la^su

Ye, you, your

A-luwa.

Ne. Ka-ne.
Ne-.

...

...

V^in.

Wu^n.
Wu.n-.

-a-luwa, -i-wa

•ne, -e-ne, •en

-y.in

-bu-n, •wu,
-law-un

They, them.

A-wa.

Ve. Ka-ve.

...

• ••

Y^en.

Ya.

their

M.ba.

Ve-, !•, M-ba-.

Bi., A..

Ya-.

-wa, -ame

•ve, -av

•en

■be, ■ya. -Ic.u

All

Kpakpa

Ci

Pot

GROUPS B-G: THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 727

English

I

247<
Yala (Inkutn)

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. Agala

248.

Mun^i or

Tivi

249.
Afudu

250.

Boritsu or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

252.
Burum

This, these -lama, -ma

That, those

Bad

Black...

Female

Fierce, sharp,
bitter
Good

Great

Little ,

Long, high,
tall
Male

■^ini.
-duabi-

•nobi,
-jo-ncobi,
-Ico-bubi

-nya

-^u-api
-jo-nepi.

-lo-koku.

•kuru
•kinyen ?

-ji-jum ?

•pinye,

-le-pinye

(247 b)

•bun.
O-ba

N-gunu or
n-gun, m-ban
(Classes i and
2) ; n-gin,
n-gan ; kin,
m-bin ; man ;
m-bun ; kun,
n-gan. (Note:
the -n termina-
tion sometimes
sounds as -nu
or -ne)

N-gura,ni-bara
(Classes I and
2); n-gira,
n-gara ; kira,
ni-bira; mara;
m-bura; kura,
ngara

I-dto-ga (i. e.
'■ good-not ')

•yili,
■yele,
•yeri

■kuase,
-kase.
M-byan-

-i-deo

■kehe.

•tamine.

Tarara
•kereke.

-nyo

Ca

•nomscd,
•numusu.
Nom,
Nam

•jue

-gbe

•nienkco
•so

-ta

Niom

•bi (V6-bi).
•wi (Te-wi)

(251)

•ebr.
•tubir (251)

-a-kcawa,
•kan,
-onda (251)

-a-rar.

■nyan
•gege,

-goge

•pirenu.
-geran.
•tiritinyin

(251)

-i-fur.
-lam.

(jdj-lon.
-u-far.
•tujsir.
•rom (251)

■tasal (?)

•naka

253-
Jarawa

Mimi-,mimin-;

bibi-, bibin-.
?-li

Makum ;
baku. -aku,
■daku with
class co7tcord.
( The demonstra-
tives in Jarawa
usually precede
the noun,which
also takes a
class prefix)

-bib ' (i-bib,
ma-bib, d?'^:.
in pi.).
Bigin (M.)

•pen (Ma-pen)

-tconan (A'.).

Pini (.1/.)
Alamam.

•galap (A'.).

•mame,

■mam,

Mu-n-mam
-da yorot

•btoat (A'.).

•bodden (M.)
-g«l' (Ma-gulu)

(A-.).

Ma-jin (M.)
•gab (Ma-gab)

(K., M.)-

-zari,
-zar
Bit

Adjectives sometimes precede the noun in Jarawa, sometimes follow in plural, when they tatie the concord.

728

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Sick

"White.

English

247.
Yala (Inkum)

247 a.

Northern Yala

247 b. Agala

248.

Munpi or

Tivi

249.
Afudu

250.

Boritsu or

Afiten

251. Mbarike

252.
Burum

253-
Jarawa

Old

Red

Rotten
Short

-kuru,

-nya-kuru

-geowa

■yorw

•duankco.
-kiie

-hun,
•hahun.
•kian,
-jian(25i)

...

Gos {M.)

Bang!
Rumu
Dik, -n-dik

-kuye

•jenere,
•fiere

•yoreo^wum.
•gbange,
•wange,
•ange

•pcopu

•ban

•sum.
•kpi

-tan.

•titsen (251)

(Man^dik)
•kw5nan

-fo> (Ma^fu)
{K.).
•fubi (Ma-fiibi)

(A/.)

Above, up, on

. . •

top

Before

. • ■

Behind

Below, down

Li^ese ?

Far

Here

Mcoma.

Mu

In, inside ...

•se?

scolu

Middle

Near

...

Outside ...

Plenty, many

a)-ncobi

There

Anu

Den

Where .?

No! ...

Aminni !

Hemen
Nga^para

Ungu-ca
Ne.^

Utigu^heni.

Haha.

Ha!
^a r w'), Ga.

Nya

Dii

■kiki
Sara.
'Ra
Hana r

Ci?

Uiigu hana ?
Ga!

as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

bial)

Not {wii/tverd, •ne, -ni (^adver- -ga, •toga, •ke

-guga. De^

(equivalent to
' leave off" and
to -leka ill
liintu)

•gan.
•we (251) I?;-
-mbe

I-kwon

Diimi

I^gwon

Ta-kwudi

...

Tak

...

Da-nat

...

Budco^li

Ji.

Debe

Jin

Binsugge

Bayat'

Datu.

Tu^budtoli

N-sax

Pyak

Nda^bUin

Padaku

...

Yaban ?

N^bin !

Ma!

•so (A-.), -ara.

■dara, -bara.

-sin^.

Kf^- {adverbial,

To ?

„ beat ... -gwo

„ buy, sell -ra

-gbede,
•gbidye

-giam.
•to,
■tcoa

•vyu

•kan.
-saY

•oru.

•bianu (251)
•tsa.

•nemi.

•jap.

•sa (251)

Be-
•wcola,
■wula
•kur

GROUPS B-G : THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 729

247.

248.

249.

250.

252.

253-

English

Yala (Inkum)

247 a.
Northern Yala
247 b. Agala

Munsi or
Tivi

Afudu

Boritsu or

Aiiteii

251. Mbarike

Burum

Jarawa

To

_?

J

?

p

?

Be-

„ come ...

•wa

-va,
-van

•pai

-gese.
-giwa (251)

•ra.
•ve

•yu

„ cut

•sup

-gbere.
■tondu

•dae

•kay.
■yeri (251)

•yer

•kas',
-kasa

„ dance ...

•jije,

•vina.

•kombco.

•tungu-sa.

*..

•bin,

•jeje

•ngudu.
•mara

•sekco

•kawo.
•kama

•bino (A-.).
-tamgu (J/.)

„ die

•ku.
-piakii

-gbco.
•po

-pi

•ku

-ku

•wii

„ eat

-de,
-re

•ya

■ji

•ji

■ji(25i.>

•ri

•H,
•lin

„ give ...

•jj-,

-jiju.

-na

-fu

•num.
■jo> (251)

...

•pa,
•pan,

.- go

f«,

-dzende

•nco

■se

-wco.

•pam
•be (J/.).

•SCO.

(travel).

•ki

•bia (A'.)

-gapa,

•dza,

•gaja(247b)

•ja.
•yem.
•yom.
•biri

„ kill ...

•gbco

...

•kua

-bon.
-wuan

...

-wal (A-.).
•wuli (.1/.)

„ know ...

•je

•fwa

• 1 •

•tog

-dal

., laugh ...

•kesese,

•pepe

•se

•naki

•tse '"

...

•wal,
-wcoal

„ leave off,

•de

...

•tig

•nan

cease

„ love, want

...

-rumu.
•■ar.

•85

•mu

•rum.
•finyan (251)

•simi

•dayi (A'.).
■yeden {M.)

„ see

•mu.

•nge,

-doko,

•san.

-di

-sin,

•mco

•nege.
-niiiga

■doji

•di{25l)

•sene

„ sit,remain,

•piaha

-tamanya

•scoe

•yamu.

• ■■

-dok,

abide

•scoa (251)

•dag (M.).
-raft (A'.)

„ sleep ...

•gbco.

•yawe

•dakara.

•na.

-idem.

•non^tulu,

•gbcoala

•niene

•nina (251).
•nari

•vwa

-non.

Nawo (J/.).
•ngor

., standjStop,

•liale

•tile,

•■■

-yayi.

-sugco

•jaii (A'.).

be erect

-kile

•tetum (251)

.' •jema (M.)

„ steal ...

•iv

...

...

...

•paka-gib

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN YALA (247-247 b)

(These are found in their fullest forms in the Inkum dialect, No. 247.)

Class I. Wo^, Wco-, O-, 0)-, U^, A- (nyo, o) ; 2. ? A^ (a, ba) ; 3. Wo-, Wco-, 0-, CO^ (?) ; 4. ?I.,
?£.(.?); 5. Li-. Le^, Di^, £., !• (de, le) ; 6. ?A-(?); ;• ? ; 8. absent; 9. N.,I., £•(?); 10. ?; 11. OOlu- (?) ;
12, 13. absent ; 14. Ubu-, Ugbu-, CObeo- (?); 15. OOku- (?) ; 16. Oi)pu-.

730 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

PREFIXES, SUFFIXES, &C., IN MUN^I OR TIVI (248)

(Munjsi, like the not far distant Jarawa (253), has — we may assume— in comparatively recent times,
lost the use of prefixes to a considerable extent, and has developed a system of tacking the abbreviated
prefix — sometimes a consonant only — on to the end of the noun-root. In some cases this class suflSx is
used in addition to the class prefix.)

Class I. Wu-, Or-\ A-, — , U-, Ngu- (u, un, ngu) ; 2. Be-, Ve-, Mba-, U-, Y- ; -v, -uv (ve) ; 3. "Wu-,
U-(?); 4. ?I-(.'); 5- I-('.ngi); 6.A.,M.; -m (nga, ma) ; 7. I-''; -y (ki,y, -eye) ; 8. I- ; -v (mbi, i, -v) ;
9. !•(!); 10. same as 9; 11, 12, 13. absent; 14. -v (mbu); 15. -y (ku, -y) ; 16. Ha- (prepositional
only). Sa- a/so takes the place of the Bantu Pa-.

A diminutive prefix is Wan- ('child') ; plural Onov- ('children ').

PREFIXES IN AFUDU (249)

Class I. Wco-, Mu-; 2. Be-; 3. ?Me-; 4. ? ; 5- ? Ji-. I- ; 6. ? ; 7. E-, A- ; 8. ?; 8a, Fi- ; 9. N
(M-), Ny-; 10. ?; 11. Lu- ; 12. ?Ke-; 13. Ka-.

PREFIXES IN BORITSU OR AFITE» (250)

Class I. U-, 0-, O)-, A. ; 2. Ba-, Be- ; 3. ? ; 4- ? ; 5- •' ; 6. Ma-, M-, Ba- ; 7. Gi-, Ge-, Ke- ; 8. Be- ;
9. In-; 10. ?In-; 11, 12, 13. missing; 14. Wu-, Bu-; 15. Gu- ; 16?

PREFIXES IN MBARIKE (251)

Class I. A-,?U-; 2. A- ; 3. ? Gu- ; 4. .' ; S- Le- ; 6. ?A-; 7- I-, E- ; 8. ?; 9. In-,N-,Ny-; 10. In-,
N- ; II. Lu- ; 12, 13, 14. missing ; IJ. Ku-, Kco-, Gu-, Geo-.

PREFIXES IN BURUM (252)

Class I. ?M.,Mw-(rare); 2. Bi- ; 3. (?) Gwo- ; 4. ?I-,Ni-; 5. Ri-, I- ; 6. ? ; 7. ? I-; 8. Bi- ; 9. N-
Ny-; 10. ?; 14- Vu-, Bw-; .'20. Ra-.

(The identification of the little known prefixes in Burum with the Bantu classes is very hazardous.)

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN JARAWA (253)

The prefixes and concords (the concord is present) in Jarawa are not easily discerned in the scanty
information which we still have of the syntax of this interesting Semi-Bantu language. But though they
now (even more than in Koelle's transcription of more than sixty years ago) seem fused with the root-
word, they are detachable in some instances, and their former freedom of use may be presumed. As
Mr. Bieneman points out (191 6), Jarawa has, since the British conquest of Bauci and Nigeria, generally
been enormously influenced by Hausa and Fula, and under this influence (as has occurred in Munpi)
the prefixes have tended to become— or to give way to — suffixes. The following list is somewhat of a
guess at the original prefixes of Jarawa, say of a hundred years ago, or as it was spoken in Koelle's
time (1850), together with a recital of such plural suffixes and concords as Mr. Bieneman has made
known (191 6):

' From Oru = ' man '.

' /n Koelle's rendering of the ' Tiivi^ language there seem to be traces of Gi- as a No. 7 prefix.

GROUPS B-G : THE NORTHERN CROSS RIVER BASIN, BENUE, BAUCI LANGUAGES 731

Class I. Mu-, Mo>-, Mo-, M-, Mi- (mi); 2. Ba-, Bo-, Bto- (ba, bi) ; 3. ?U-, ? Gu- (?gu, ?gto) ;
4. ? ; 5. ? absent ; 6. Ma- (Ma- is also used in the singular as a collective and an abstract prefix) (mai
-ya ?, -ga ?) ; 7. Gi-, Ki- (?| ; 8. Bi- (bi, bibi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny- ; 10. absent, or represented by suffix -ni ;
11,12. absent; 13. Ka- (?) ; 14. Bo-, Bto-, Bu- (? bu) ; 15. ?Ku-, ? Gu- (?) ; 16. Pa- (locative and pre-
positional only) ; 17. absent ; 20. Ta-, Da- ; honorific prefix (? Class) He-.

Suffixes :

Singular.
-an, -al

Plural.

-ba,

-baba, -bale

•ya,

-ea, -a, -ga

•bi,

-bibi

•ni

-na

When a much more extended and minute study has been made of the southern parts of British
Northern Nigeria, especially between the Benue river, the Goiigola, the Bauci mountains, and the Gurara
river, it is quite likely that other Semi-Bantu languages may be brought to light, more or less submerged
under the non-Bantu Juku, Gbari, Igbira, Basa-kcomi (Nupe), or Hausa. As it is, we are puzzled by
the Bantu roots in substantives and numerals which we find in Korco, Ham (Dzaham, Dzaba), and
Yasgua— forms of speech vaguely located north of the Benue, east of the Gurara, and west of Bauci, but
the general character of these languages, as indicated by their phonology, preponderance of word-roots,
and syntax (though they make use of substantival prefixes indicating singular and plural) removes them
from inclusion in the Semi-Bantu family. The easiest explanation that at present offers itself is to sup-
pose that at a remote period all the region between the southern Benue basin, the watershed of Lake
Chad, and the Middle Niger was covered with Semi-Bantu languages, and that, although these have been
overwhelmed and in most cases obliterated by Sudanic, Saharan, and Nilotic invasions, they have been
partially absorbed and many of their word-roots adopted by the later comers.

Dialect 247 of Yala — Inkum— is spoken on the Upper Cross River in a small area, on the bend of
the river north-west of Ikom (about latitude 6° and East longitude 8° 40'). Dialect 247 a, Northern Yala,
is found much farther north, and over a larger patch of country near the Ewayon-Aiya river, 6° 30' to
6° 45' North latitude and 8° 30' to 8° 45' East longitude. Dialect 247 b -Agala— is still further removed
from Inkum on the Cross River, being met with north-west of the northern Cross River under latitude
6° 30' and East longitude 7° 55'.

248. Munjsi. This language— ' Dzua-tivi', originally, perhaps, of North Benue origin — is spoken
over a considerable area of the South Benue basin, west of the Katsena-AUah river, from about 7° North
latitude on the south to the Benue river bank on the north. Either now, or in earlier times, its range
extended a short distance north of the Benue. The eastern neighbours of the Mun^ i or Tivi are the Juku
and Afudu ; the western are the Igara and Akpcotco.

249. Afudu is — or was— the language of a small country south of the Benue river, east of the .Munji
region, and south of the Juku country.

250. Boritsii or Afiten is — or was — spoken to the north of the Middle Benue, south of the Bauci
mountain country, close to the Juku territory on the Benue. 251. Mbarike is — or was some seventy
years ago — spoken to the north or north-east of Boritsu, yet not far from the Benue river or the Bauci
country. The town of Yakuba was said to be about one hundred miles north to north-east of the Mbarike
district.

252. Burum would seem to be the speech of the southern Bauci people in an area near to but north
of the Benue river and farther east than Mbarike.

253. Jarawa seems to be spoken in several dialects in the central and south-east part of the Bauci
mountain country in British Nigeria, some distance north of the Benue river bank, and yet south of Yakuba.

GROUP H

THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN LANGUAGES
254. Gurmana 255. Kamuku 256. Bdsa

GROUP I

THE SOUTH-WEST TCOGCOLAND LANGUAGES

257. Lefana

258. Santrokcofi or Bal6

259. Avatime (Kedea)

260. Nyangbco-Tafi

GROUP J

THE SOUTH SIERRA LEONE LANGUAGES

261. Bulom {or North Bulom) 262. Mampa ' and Krim {or South Bulora)

English

254. \ 255.

Gurmana Kamuka

256. B^sa

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokufi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom '

262. Mampa-

Krim

Adze

Bi-ncammi

A-guba ;

pi-guba

...

...

Ka-w5e ;
boj-woe (260)

...

Animal, wild

■Bi-ninii

Le-na,

Bcoke;

00-ga or

Voes,

beast

La-na ; e-.
E-buco ;
be-buco

ba-bcoke

A-ga ; pi.
ba-ga or
nia-ga

N-vis,
Wis

Ant

Yi-mana

• ••

...

...

O-iiini ; !-.
Ka-gawi ;
ku-gawi (260)

I -pan

Ant, white

.*.

• •.

■ . .

Baba ; pi.

...

(termite)

b'.baba

Ape (chim-

Wamwa

• •■

...

Vugco

I -tin (?)

panzi or

(? baboon)

gorilla)

Arm

I-nigya or

U)-Y« ; ye-Yw.

00-nubco

K6-ne ; a-ne

CO-ula ; i-iila.

U-kant;

Nija.

Do-njie-

(jO-hcoe; ba-

si-kant

Yanu

U-ragbam

(256).

Suiigurcomi.
A-mbala(2 56)

(260)

Arrow

I-ra

A-gcoaba ;
si-gcoaba.
E-ila ; a-ila

Le-burabi; a-.
E-tutco

...

O-tre; i-tre

Sor.
Ke (262)

(256)

Axe

Ti-yapa.

A-pawco ; f i-.

OO-lima

Ka-fe; n-

Ka-wcoe ; ku-

Bera.

Ci-taka

.\-guba ; se-

(260)

Gbere (262)

Baboon

Wamwa

. . .

Kuco; ba-ku(o

OO-dcozi ; ba-

I-tin ; si-tin

Back, back-

A-bato

Ka-ku ; ba-.

Ka-ma ; pi.

Ke-de ; kvi-de.

Wilin.

bone

Ka-mma

m'-ma

Ke-de ; be-de
or bu-de (260)

Kok.
Ufi-kwelin

' Also spelt by Koelle Mampua. Bulom is also pronounced Bulam aiui Bulom.

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES

73J

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku
256. B^sa

257-
Lefana

258.

Santrokcofi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Banana ...

Byi-wunu.

CO-bedie; le-.

Blecco ;

Kco-dati.

Polotj.

A-yaba

tO-kroatra; le-

ba-blecco

Blali (260)

Santumir.
Banna

Beard

Bi-^uri

...

...

(jQ-kusu ; si-

CO-taml; i-

U-pa

Bee

Ti-sein

Bi-scoa ; e-sua.
E-sui (256)

. . .

...

CO-bu; be-bu

U-l«; si-.
Isi-lco.
Koj-loj (262)

Belly

A-fub»

Mco-je ; a-je.
A-me (256)

Ka-hwci)

Ka-futu; ni- '

Li-peo ; e-peo.
E-yame,
E-yeme (260)

Kur,
Kun.

Be-telco.
(Puma = a

belly full)

Bird

A-nunu

E-nconco ; mto-.
U-nunu ;
sa-nunu (256)

> • >

Ka-nsie ; ba-

Ka-dzco ;
ku-dzu

I-ve; si-ve.
Wep (262)

Blood

Mihiu

Ma-hi6.
Ma-he (256)

Nkco

N-tu

Dzcosi.
Dzitosu,
Jcosu (250)

N-koii.

Ma-sen

Body

To-aba

...

...

Siotco,
Suotu or
Di-siotco

I-sii; ki-su

Dial

Bone

U-peo

tO-unpa ; a-.
U-unpto (256)

Kubi

Di-kufi; a-kufi

Li-hcoa ; a-.
Ke-hcoa ; a-

Pa,
Bak.
Pak (262)

Bow

Wu-ta

tO-ta; ye-ta
{(iTtd 256)

Ko>ta ; a-ta

...

Ku-nya ;
ba-nya

Kere.
Ken.
Tco-guke

Bowels

...

...

• ■•

...

Oi)-yawi; i-

Kunne

Brains

Rimba

...

• *■

...

Li-tukpcokumu

>>«

Breast(man's

) Mu-sabca

A-ube ; ?i-tibe.
A-gba (256)

Kayi

N-te "*

Ka-ku ; ku-

Kite,
Ket; ti-t-.
I-ket

Breast

? Mu-sabci>.

Le-suwe ; a-.

Le-nyi ; a-nyi

Le-nye; a-

Li-mcoa ; a-.

U-mu ; pi-mco.

(woman's)

? A-tarebco

A-suba ;
^e-suba

Ke-mo ; a-m6

(260)

Ka-mo,
M'mco

Brother ...

Ba)-tu danuwojba

B(o-ja.

0-nwa ;

(Virtually the

CO-nemi ; be-.

Pintre,

Bu-yena.

ba-nwa

same word as

A-dzya (260)

Pentre,

Ba-tagu.

'child')

Pentse

Be-hangu

(256)

Buffalo

.Bi-haci

...

...

...

Tak,
Yik

Bull

Bi-na bi-tuali

...

...

...

I-nar i-pugan.
I-na puyan

(262)
U-tot.

Buttocks ...

^i-biyco.

• •■

...

Ki-mlcd ;

A-mbi

bi-mlco.
Ki-pi (260)

Purre

Canoe

Hato)

(0-hatu : a-

■ *•

CO-hu ; i-hu

Worn; si-wom

Cat

Ky-anwa

Ki-aiiwa; moj-
1-bele; m-bale

(256)

A-nu

A-Im '"

A-ncobco.
A-jramoje
(260)

Mus.
Yari

Charcoal ...

Bi-rcomco; mco-
IHla ; u-lila

(256)

A-hwe

• ••

Si-h6a.
Te-hSe (260)

1-soi.
Ninkar.
Ninga

Chief, king

Ba-gwamma

Bio.guama ;
a-guama

...

OO-ka; ba-ka

OO-kusi ; be-.
(Ku-kusi =

Su-kconeo.
Be

kingdom)

3 «

734

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku

257.
Lefana

258.
Santrokcdfi or

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyafigbeo-Tafi

261.
Bulom

256. £&sa

Bal^

262. Mampa-

•

Krim

Child

Baa ; (?) aa,

I-hci>; nia).hco.

O-nam ;

CO-bi; babi

CO-nuvcd ; ba-.

U-hiant.

a-baa.

BbXO.

ba-nam

A.nuvco (260).

Ta.

Ba-bukeda

Yan,

E-yi ; b-eyi

■Ka-hant(262).

(infant)

Yawe (256)

Wctf.an 2

Cloth

Sbj-kumbcd

I-mbiete.
A-kuo>.
Tu-gune (256)

Ko-di ; a.di

Di-bula; a-

Ku-sa; ba-sa.
(Ku-nyime-sa
= man's doth,
Ku-dze-sa
= woman's
doth)

Ku-ta

Cold

...

Yarco.
Mem (256)

Y5

Nyenene.
Le-wco.f«

Ku-blco

Wco-bosal.bosl.
-hos {262)

Country ...

Cenge

...

Ko-nconumi

Ke-se ; ku-se.
Tisi (260)

U-pok

Cow, cattle

Bi.tawoi

Bi-na ; e-na.
15u.na; i-na

(256)

...

...

Li-gume ; e-

I-nar;
//. si-nar.
l-nar-i-lakan

Crocodile ...

Mu-vu

U-ba; i-ba.

...

Lenke ;

(jO.le; i.le.

Kiu

A-va ; ji-vd

ba-leiike

E-deke ; be-

1-kI

(256)

(260)

Day, daylight

(jO-hu

OJ-hShd.

Li-mei ; e-mei

Di-yi; a-yi.

Ke-le,

Pal ; li-pal.

N.nana (256)

Ka-le; u-le

(daylight)

Ke-li ; be-li

(260, 259).
Li-wwe.
Ki-wui ; e-

(260).
Ke-mu.ze

(daylight)

N-deae.
Vi-pale

Devil, evil

...

• •<

...

Di-ti ; a-ti

(Jl>-bu; ba-bu.

Titti.

spirit

OOu-lekpw

(260)

Upomal

Doctor (medi-

...

Buka ; a-coka.

...

Kto-fa.

(jO-wcoa-ne-te ;

No-ramda.

cine man)

Bco-tugu (256)

Fa.bla-te

ba-

Nanalama-po

(262)

Dog

A-wa

A-wa ; pi-wa.
I-wawa; si-

(256)

Wewe; ba +

WMewcae;ba +

Ka-drobi ; ku-.
E-bu ; be-bu

(260)

Tumoi,
Tumwe,
Tunbe

Door, door-

A.gwor-i-stii.

I-yeta; mco-.

Ka-yaku; ko

...

(jL)-pupeo ; i-

Bet-u-fomfol.

way

Bi-bangana

0-gba.
U-nca.duba

(256)

U .f omfol

Dream

Wto-rabca

Wco-labeoa

...

Ku-lela

Sunu,
Sonu

Drum

Li-yoma

00-ganga.
U-ganga

(256)

...

Li.bi; abi

Li-vu; e-vu

I-bimbi

Ear

A-tabbi

OD-tombe ; a-.
CO-jebi (256)

Ko-tu ; a.tu ,

Ku>.tuku; a-

Ku-tu ; ba-tu

Ntii.

Ta.nye; nye

(262)
Pil; tipil,

Egg

A-ngi

Le-nge; a-nge.

...

...

Li-dze; e-dze

Re-nje ; a-nje

si-pel.

(256)

Ta-pwen

(262)

Elephant ...

Bi-ni

CO-giwa; a-,
U-dagba ; a-

(256)

A.tu; batu

Tea; ba.toa

Noyi ; be.nyi

l-pl.
Pie.
Pep,
Pepe (262)

Excrement

Tun

Tun

>• •

M.bl

Simi

GROUPS H, I, J: THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES

735

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku
256. B^a

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokufi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Matnpa-

Krim

Eye

Ri-pe ; a-pe

Li-sie; a-8:e.
E-pi (25^)

Le-numl ; a-

Ni-nu; a-nu

Ki.fibi ;

Fol,

bi-nbi.

Hoi.

1

Ke-iiohu ; ba-

Tu-un

(260)

Face, forehead Fhuska

OObuseka.

A-ncDmi ; le-

Ka-tu ; n-tu

A-nu-na-ke-tu

Fol,

I-tunu.

(260)

Kutefole.

Pus'ga (256)

Tu-hole (262)

Fat, oil ...

Ma-nibi

Ma-newe.
Mu-pimi (256)

Le-mui

N.16

Ku-mu.
Ku-wia (260)

Li-ya.
N-kwi,
N-gwe.
Ma-cuema.
Ma-icoi (262)

Father ...

• *•

Baba.

A-ti; ba-ti

Tete ; ba-tete.

(jOka ; ba-ka.

Apa.

Ada (256)

(Te-mi,
Te-ni (260),
Bate-ni =
father-my)

A-ka (260)

Ba.
Papa.
Yapa (262)

Fear

Yasa

...

...

Li-fu.
Ki-fu (260)

Wei

Finger

Ci-vwavwa

I-bcabwa; iiko-.
Bu-fwa ; i-fa

_(256)

Le-ntimi; a-

Le-nebi

Ki-ulabi; bi-.
Ke-wo»e ; a-

(260)

U-sii ; si-su.
Ku-su; mu-su

Fire

Cra

Ola

■••

O-tco ; se-to>

Ki.fu; bi.fu

Dyom.
Jamda.
Jomde (262)

Fish

ICa-suwa

Bi-rega ; mca-.
Bi-geana ;
i-gena (256)

.*•

•*'

Li-kpa ; a-kpa

Yu ; i-yii or
si-sii.
Susi

Foot ... ...

U-vuna

Punde-ta-scj.

U-funa(2 56)

O-gba ; le-gba

...

W-kli; i-kli

Pen,
Ban,
B'en

Forest

A-yici

O-riaba; i-.
A-mbe (256)

...

Le-poj; a-pco

Li-noafu.
Ki-futu (260)

Tco.
Tcofoi

Fowl

V\'a-ruma

Wcu-^rcoma ;

Alma ; s-alma

(256)

E-ku

Kcokco ; ba +

OO-kukco ; i-

I-sok

Frog

U-kundu.
(jO-rigcoa; a-.
(jOkutu ; a-

(256)

Le-p<dtru; ba-

A-kpakpla

Bom

Ghost

Ku-ruwto

...

Kpi ; ba-kpi

0-foefoe ; ba-

Poamul,
Pamol

Girl, maiden

I-hubuta; moo-.
Yaweto (256)

Kco-si.
Ka-dzebi.
Ke-bik ;
bu-bik (260)

Wanta,
Wantin.
Wco-an-tatce.
Wa>.an-dale

(262)

Goat

Bi-yw

Bi-ya ; i-ya.
Bi-eyco ; i-eyeo

(256)

E-se; be-se

Tie ; ba-tie

Cl)-mii ; ba-mii.
E-pija;
be-pija (260)

I-kulun.
B'ilia

„ (he) ...

...

0-rugu; a-.
U-pi ; i-pi

(256)

Ke-tukpA.
E-seojani

Katukpa

Kaitukpa.
E-pija-nye ;
be-

0-yank ; pi-

„ (she)...

.. .

...

...

...

.*•

God

Tura.
CO-hu (///.
' sun ')

o-ha"

A-ya

Ya ; ba-ya.
Diti

Mawu

Foi i^sky')

3 B 2

736

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku
256. B&sa.

257.
Lefana

Grandparent

Grass Ti-naba

Ground ... Cenge
Ground-nut Gwo-inje

Guinea-fowl Ku-regco
Gun Bindiga

(AraUi)

Hair ...

Hand ...
Head ...
Heart...
Heel ...

Hide ...
Hill ...

Wu-jir»

Ki-pyena
... Wa-hihi
Byi-huna

Duduge.

Ti-ira (?)

Bu-ja-t(o-gua.
Ba)-ugua.
Kaka (256)

Nana

A-gcojia; f\-.
I-geopi ;
n-gcopi

Bundeya-
Budenga

(256)
A-hinde ; tco-.
Jihinje (256)

Ka-lco.

Ke-se

Le-nuene

A-ba-(u-tara. K6-nu; e-nu

tO-tara ; a-.

U-ala (256)
U-hie; mu-hie. Ku-li ; e-li

a)-hihyu(2 56)

Ki-tan-ku ;
mu)-.
CO.pukuri

(256)

Hippopotamus Bi-ni-ma-ni

...

...

Hoe

E-sawu ; a-.
I.gewe (256)

Le-nwami

Honey ... A-fukafaka

Tu-scoa.
Ma-ya-sui
(256)

•• .

Horn I-ha

• ••

Li-se; e-se

258.

Santrokcofi or
Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Wawa;

ba-wana

Sefa.
U)-fafu
Ka-sw; n-sco

(Ji>-sie ;

be-sie i.

Tsitsi or

Dzaze 9.

A-suie o.

E-dzi ? (260)
(Jl)-dzogbe.

Li-hui (260)
Ke-se

Le-kcotcowa ; a- Li-zi ; a-zi

Kco-ta ; a-ta OO-kum^

Sesa.
Si-nuni

Kuj-ne ; a-ne
Di-si ; a-si
CO-tu ; si-tu

Ka-bcokute ;'
m-

a- Le-ncoake; a-

Ba-blu

A-tconu; i-
(jO-tii; i-tu

Ku-pi ; si-pi.

Ku-ya ; si-ya

(260).

Ba)-s6 ; te-sS

(260)
Ka-ulakp<o.

Ka-iila (260)

Li-tukpu.

Ke-takpca ; ba-

(260)
Ob-na ; i-na.

I-dzi (260)

Ka-klise

Ku-pi ; si-pi.

Ke-plekpa,

Ke-plukpa.

Bu-pi ; be-pi

(260)
Ka-tokpa ;

ku-.

Pi-aba ; ba +

(260)
Tsi-menyi.

Tco-menyi

(260)
Li-ba; a-ba.

Ka-pa ; bo)-pa

(260)
Ki-bu ; bi-bu

Li-sia : a-

Yomi.
Ba-om.
Lam ^.
Tetaj

U-pue

Gbum

U-kantr.
Ka-kente

Pinkar

I-dirin.
E-de.
I-zemen

Pia.

Kcokcokotsok.

Pia-jok (262)
Bui,

Bol ; ti-bol.

Bon
Gb51,

U-bol.

Ku-kwen
Bentan.

I-bintena

(262)

Kik.
Ron.
Yi-woin

Kara ; ^i-karal

pileo. _

Ma-cue.

Ma-sero>.

Dosule

' Cf.^ mountain'. '^&- is a diminutive prefix.

GROUPS H,

I, J : THE

CENTRAL N]

[GERIAN, &c.

, LANGUAGES

737

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku
256. B^sa

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokcofi or

Bal6

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Horse

Bidiakwa

Bi-rakcoa.
Bu-dakooa ; i-

(256)

...

...

...

Sue

House

U-mwanu.

(JO-ubana ; a-.

O-tto; le-tco

Le-yco ; a-yeo.

Ke-pe ; ku-pe.

Kil.

Kwagca

OO-umconco ;

ft-.

Gi-ta (256)

Ka-fa ; u-fa

OO.pd,
Bo-pa ; ba-
(260).
Ke-pl (260)

Box,
Boiki (262)

Hunger

Ni-murra.
Yi-mwuna ?

...

...

Kco-ka

Ku-'we.
B<o-pe (260)

N-rik

Husband . . .

...

...

OJa,
O-jam

CO-sa ; ba-sa

00-nyime ; be-

Pwkan,
Pukan,
Puyan

Hyena

Ku-ruwto '

...

Ke-giti ;
be-giti

...

A-gudu

...

Iron

Ka-umma

Bi-luma : yi-.
00-sambule

(256)

A-busa

(jO-la ; ba-la

N-tu,
I-tu,
E-tu

Island

CO-mana

.•*

...

'Wu-kp<a

• ••

Ivory

A-ni-bi-ni

Li-ne-le-giwa.
E-ni-a-dagba

(256)

...

...

Li-nyire; e-

Rin

Knee

Wu-nunu

O-ngu ; a-^
(O-ngu-langu)
OO-lule ;
a-lile (256)

Le-nk5

Di-kunci ; a-

Li-klamase

N.lunk,
Monk.

To-iikand».
Le-bot

Knife

E-yifun

Y-ep<o ;

moj-epo).
E-gupi;
un-gupi (256)

Ke-wi ; ku-wi.
0-sika.
Ka-sankali ;

mu-

Ka-pami; m-

I-he

Kin ; le-kin.
Balma

Lake, sea ...

...

• ••

Li-kpu ; a-

Li-vo ; a-vo.
A-hu (260)

U-pal

Leg

Wu-teo.

03 -buna ; e-.

...

Ku-ti ; a-ti.

Li-kli-pcobi

Lunk.

Ka-pini

Tu-awa (256)

Ko-kpa ;
n-kpa

U-ben,

Ban.

B'enmu

Leopard ...

Ku-nama

U-gabi : a-.
U-gebi ; a-

(256)

Kpene

OO-kiti; ba-

(jQ-sisi.
O-nuga ; ba-
(260)

U-gbo ; i-gbo.
Yentop

Lion

1

I-zaki ; mto-.
Bu-zaki ; a-

(256)

OO-bine ; ba-

•"

A-dzata ; ba-

Sonta,
I-sonda,
^onda

Lip, lips ...

Mu-sanu

...

...

...

Ke-nugu-plekpa.

tO-lugbupi

(260)
CO-hiii ; i-.

...

Magic, religion

Wu-nubci»

Bo)-hia ; a-hia

A.fio.

^ina.

6-bu ; ba-bS

I-fon (262)

Maize

Mu-soru

Li-masara.
A-kalaba

(256)

O-uta

• ••

Li-debi

N-kan-ntol

Man

Bu)-tca

OO-gabu ; a-.

Oj^na,

CO-ti ; ba-ti.

O-no ; ba-no.

Nco ; />/. a-nca.

Bu-tu (256)

O-nabi.
U-tsrui ; be-

CO-su<otu ; ba-

A-nco (260)

P",

Peokan;'//.
a-pu

^ /ft //ic near-hy Glmri language Hyena is Bussi. Cf. the Biiilu Fisi.
• A-inya = 'people ' in Bulom, <z»^/ A-nenua = 'people' in Krim.

738

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurniana

255.
Kamuku
256. B4sa

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokcofi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Marapa-

Krim

Man, vir. ...

••■

I-reje; mco-reje

O-nana ; ba-.
U-nonku ; ba-

Meat

Sunda

U-zunibcoa.
OO-sunda

(256)

•*•

Medicine ...

• ••

COniwu,
a)-nibu.
Nabi (256)

Ku-voj

Milk

...

Ma-saba.
A-suba (256)

Monkey ...

■ t ■

U-wama; a-.
Ba)-nu ; a +

(256)

Ka-dzi ; ba-dzi

Moon

Wu-penna

OO-piana.

U-peana(256)

...

Mother ...

■ ■1

Bina.

Na.

Am (256)

U-ni

Mountain ...

A-p5ma

...

...

Mouth

...

(O-nu ; mu-nu

Ke nye ; e-nye

Nail (of finger

A-sari

U-scoali.

Le-fio ; a-fio

or toe)

U-sui (256)

Name

Yi-ziyi

...

• ••

Sina

Koj-fa

Nyetu

Navel...

Neck, throat Dwasa

Li-oawu,

Li-tobu ; a-.

U-cobi (256)
A-ba ; fi-ba.

Bi-liagco.

I-ilu.

U-l»lco (256)

Night...

Nose ...

W-uci

A-gita.
U-gita (256)

Use

Oil palm ... Ku-kwande

£-noa; ni(i)-n«. E-nu
Ny'ianco(256)

Bi-siwa ;
Bi-sua ;

Ox

Bi-naa

(256)

Paddle

Falm wine, Bammi
beer

0-nyime ; be-.
A-no>nye ; ba-
(260)

Ki-dza ;

bi-dza.

Ke-dzya (260)
Ku-wcoa ; ba-.

B(o-wo>a (260)

Ku-mcaani

Ke-tse ; ku-tse.

A-dozi ;

ba-dozi (260)
0-dzidzi: ba-

CO-ne ; be-ne.

E-li ; be-U
Li-toi ; e-tco

Koj-wente ;
a-wente
Ma ; maa-ne.
O-ya ; ba-ya
Kco-bukcate

Ka-nya ; n-nya <JL)-nugu ; 1-.
(JL)-lugbu,
00-nugbu
(260)
O-nefeo ; Ki-nloafu; bi-.

se-nefcj Ke-nucoe (260)

Li-nyi ; e-nyi.
Ki-nyi (260)

Ki-v5kpo ; bi-

No-pugan

(•po)k-an).
No-puyan
(262)
Vis,
N-vis

Un-rom

Mmco.

Nona)
Kil,

Koel.

Kak
I-pan.

Yi-pan (262)
Ya.

Yem
I-ron
Nyen ; //. ti +

Sentaii,

I-santan.

Ku-sukula
Mil,

I-loel.

Le-mue
U-puk ; si-

tO-mu ; si-mu (jOJe ; i-le.

a)-li;i-li(26o)

Ka-ce ; n-ce

0-nu ; si-nu

CO-wwsu; se-
Nancwi
Le-lu; a-lco

E-lesi.
E-lisi (260)

Li-nyco; a-nyto.
Ke-nyoto

(260)

Ku-le ; ba-le.

CO-deoti ;

i-dcoti (260)
Li-gume

CD-si ; i-si
Ku-da; ba-da.

Bu-nu,

Bu-lu (260)

Tsi-mek.

Tii-mak.

Ku-rot>.

B'olohol.

Ku-lemen.

Bco-welen
Culu,

Col,

J-ol.

Urtil

(darkness).

Kule (262)
Min,

U-min ;

^i-min.

Kumen (262)
Wa.

Npa

Nar,

I-nar
Lata
Mui.

M-kalem

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES

739

English

254.
Gurmana

255-
Kamuku
256. Bisa

257-
Lefana

258.

Santrokcafi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Parrot

Yayarlubu

Bi-lesi ; mco-.
(jO'kalai ; a-

(256)

..h

• ••

A-k»

U.pal.
Fabwe

Penis

Bi-tata

Le-go; a-go

Le-scokcoscokco

O-ya'wi ; i-.
Bco-nyenye ;

ba- (260)

*'•

Pig

Gursunu

N-gurusunu ; a-.
I-kam ; ^i-kam

(256)

...

Le-prakwco; a-

0-ha; i-ha

Pyur.
1-per.
Pio

Pigeon

Bi-iya

Tetebara.
Lu-kuku

(256)

■ ..

■ ••

co-tutu

Pu

Place

Peripami

Ke-sii

Ka.ko

Oko ; i-ko

Yin

Rain

E-siru

A-pile.

0-nantu

K-antu

Dzeni.

Porr,

A-pila (256)

Suba (260)

Po.

Hue.

Yi-ptio (262)

Rat

Bi-sa

K(o-liawa.
U-kusa; ?e-

(256)

Ke-si; be-si

Ka-fusu ; m-.
Kpufco ; ba +

Ke-dze ;
ku- or bu-.
Bcotcoe ;
b-'butue.
OJ-ve ; be-ve
(260)

U-bel

River

U-nari

Ke-tu

CO-kcale; se-.

CO-nipe ; i-.

pal,
'Hial

Ka-kcole ; fi-

Ke-likekpa

{small stream)

(260)

Road

U-waya

U-lu; li-lu

OJ-suku ; si-

Ku-dS; be-dS.
Li-deke ; e-.
Ki-dzco; e-dzu
(260)

Na,
Nahe.
Nai

Salt ... .;.

..•

Mande.
Ma-ni (256)

M-a

M-ba

Ku-mo.
Ba)-m3e (260)

I-hil,
I-hiel,
I-hie

Shame

...

■ ••

>••

Si-nunsoa

Kuye

N-lap

Sheep

Tu-mai

Bi-tama ; i-.

K(o-f<onu,

Fcascd ; ba -t-

OO-wesi ; i-.

Lonkobe.

(x)-gud<>> ; a-

Kco-hoxanu ;
ba-

CO-bupi ; bo)-

Nongube

Shield

Shoulder ...

...

A-tutu ; fi-.
U-tutu (256)

Le-mampa

Ni-musi

Li-iiluado

Petuk,"
Petsok

Sister

Bi-yabcoba

B<o-ja.
Bu-yena (256)

O-nwa-hlciku

...

(0-nemi-dze.
A-dA; ba-d4

(260)

Wantim

Skin

U-duba

U-waba; a-.
Tto-awa (256)

...

Kukii,
Kcdku

Ke-plekpa

Korr.
Ko

Sky

A-zuba

...

Ka-tu ; ko-tco

Ka-tu ; n-t»

Li.fu.
0-iiu8us«

_(26o)

Tuke.
Foi.
Huelu (262)

Slave

• ••

Bco-glama.
Bi-geama

(256)

OO-buene; ba-

a)-lonko>; ba-

0-d5ko

Wuke;
a-wuke

Sleep

Ma-rabu

Le.ji

...

...

Si-da.
Te-da (260)

L&l

Smoke

Mi-jiycij

Moj-hie.
In-jiiku (256)

U-yS

...

Ku-nyu

I-gbimi,
I-gbemi

Snake

CO-hwaa

A-hua; f>e-.
tO-hua i a-

(256)

Koj-lakpi ; ba-

• ■•

O-gblaga ; ba-.
E-blija; be-

Kirr, Ker.
Koe.
Kern

740

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255-
Kamuku
256. Bdsa

257.
Lefana

258

Santrokcjfi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbca-Tafl

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Son, boy ...

Ran

I-wau; mo)-.
Bcdco.
Yawe (256)

• •■

Song

Wa-zanga

...

...

Spear

M-api

Le-ila ; a-ila.
E-sanu ;
n-sanu (256)

'"

Spirit, soul

Hi-ringice

...

...

Star, planet

Ma-ringani

Ko-yabi

Stick

A-ngwco.

E-gUeo ; fi-.

do

U-kuta; pe-.
M-bala (256)

Stone

Wu-tari

co-tale; a-.
OO-tai (-56)

A-tabi

Stool

...

A-ube ; yi-.

I-bcoku ;

A-pegba; pe-

e-boiku

Sun

CO-hii

O-hahS.
U-ana (256)

OO-hwe

Tail (of an
animal)

Tear

Testicles ...

Thief ...
Thigh...

Thing...

A-raba
A-bura

Bu-zumbwi
Wu-tca

I-ri

I-nuta ;
mco-uta.
I-nute (256)

U-yune

00-bi-nyime

Trak,
Tra.

Tra-mtode.
Tsamo)

(O-sa

I-dzi-zaza

Tun

...

Ku-kii : ba-ku.

Sondu.

A-kpl5 ;

Bal.

ba-kplo (260)

Sor ; si-sor

...

Ku-ye

Lon,
Woj-lon

Le.wentrebi;a-

Li-ni!i ; a-nui

U-ltii

..•

CO-se ; i-se

U-tok

Dj.fuw ; a-

Li-kla; a-

Pe,
Pep

. . .

A-blegco.

Com.

Ke-gboj ;

Tant

bu-gb(o (260)

Ku-fi; a-fi

Li-wcoe.

Pal,

Ki-wui ; bu-

Le-pal.

(260)

De-pande

(262)

...

(O-pi ; i-pi.

Ka-se ; ku-
Ku-be ; be-be

U-lum

...

Li-posi ; a-.
Ke.kpotsco; a-
(260)

•'*

Yu ; ba-yu

OO-ze; be-ze

Duinco

...

...

Latan

Ke-sa ; a-sa

Ki-dco ; bi-dco.

Irik. Din.

Ke-dco; bco-dco Ye-kifi.

(260)

Y-indco.
Lana.
Y-ene (262)

Thorn

I-mbi

• ••

.«.

...

Ki-bu; bi-bu

...

Tobacco ...

Taba

■ •■

...

...

...

...

To-day

By-are

Bebe.
Hwaigana

(256)

0-moe

Mie

OO-mconu.
CO-bco (260)

I-nan

Toe

Mu-vwavwa

I-bcobwbuna.

Bu-fu&funa

(256)

..•

Le-kpe-bi

Ki-klibi

U-wem ;
si-wem

To-morrow

...

Beli.
Bei

...

Kco.se.
OO-lese

Ki-vtoe

Gben

Tongue

VVu-riatu

A-IS ; ?e.le.

U-nyemi ; le- O-kpla-kumi ;

Ki-nemi ; hi-.

Li-melin ;

Ratu (256)

se-

Ki-neke; e-

(260)

ti-meliii.

Mu-lin,
Ma-lan.

Di-nyele

(262)

Tooth

O.ni

Li-nye; a-nye.
Li-nie ; a-nie.
Li-ke ; pi.
e-ni (256)

A-nyi

Le-nye; a

•nye

Li-ne ; e-ne.
Ki-ne ; e-ne

(260)

1-can ; n-cafi
Ku-cafi

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES

741

\

English

254.
Gurmana

25S-
Kamuku

257.
Lefana

258.
Santrokcofi or

259.
Avatime
(Kedea)

260.

261.
Bulom

256. B&sa

Bale

262. Mampa-

Nyaiigba>-Tafi

Krim

Town, village

Wu-cefu

W(D-jehu ; a-.

O-ma ; le-ma

A-kreowa.

CO-ma ; i-ma.

Turrt,

(J0-sogb(o

0-kp<o

Kowe.

Ter.

(256)

B(o-ka (260)

Trir (262)

Tree

(Jdu> or Ob ;

CO-wtowe ;

Ku-ji ; e-ji

Kco-wcosw

00-se; i-se.

Rum.

pi. e-u

e-wo>we.
0-do; ye-d

W-si; i-si

(260)

Tok,
Ku-tok.
U-tok; n-tok

Twins

A-pyesa

...

•■-

Tate ;

ba-tate

Tu-iawa

Urine

Gu-masu

...

...

Ku-td, ,
Ba-ta

...

Vein

•*•

Bi-ndua ; ye-.
Bi-ni ; i-ni

(256)

...

...

...

U-nyiit ; si-.
Nyit

War

Wi-gesa

A-giasa

...

—

Ki-gn; bi-gu

U-pem.
Co
Me-n,

Water ...

Ma-ni

Ma-ni

N-tu.

N-tu

Ku-ni.

O-nantu

Bu-ni,
Bu-li ; pis.
be-ni, be-li

(260)

Ma-n

Well, source

...

..•

>. .

A-hulikp<o

...

White man

Bature

Bature.

...

Blco-fw ;

...

Putu-nco

{Hausu)

A-tci>meni

(256)

ba-blufu

(' Portugal-
man ')

Wife

Bu-ripi

U-luku.
Lco-kudi

OO-sanku

O-dze.
E-dzini ; be-.
Y-cofui (260)

La,
Lakari.
Numa

Wind

CO-hufea

...

...

Kco-fefco

Li-wo ; a-wo.
Ke-le (260)

Hen

Witch

U-nubu

."•

...

Se ; ba-se

A-dze.
a)-hui-let6 ;

be- (260)

Serinw

Woman ...

Buo.

Bua ; aa.

U-lcoku.

(jO-sanku

O-dze ; ba-dze

La,

rBcaba

Bikw (256)

U-ledi

Lak,

Lakan.

Numa

(Nu = person,
•vaz.^ female);
pi. a-ma.
Numamo

(262)

Womb, fetus

• ••

• ••

, , ,

Leme

Wood (fire-

£•«

Ye-6.

Kc-C(oeni ;

. ••

CO-nyi ; i-nyi.

U-tok"

wood)

E-uhco (256)

e-cci>eni

CO-nye (260)

Yam

Ma-gapa

I-gana ; mco-.
I-gene (256)

Li-lu

lO-si; si-si

Ki-ku; bi-ku

I-di.
A-nei

Year

M-wiya

• ••

Le-le : a le

Li-gcd; a-goj

Nen

Yesterday...

...

Na-huala.
Nu-enebi

...

Koj-sa

Ki-vcoe.
Ki-vii (260)

Cenca

(356)

One

Buka,
M-buke

Hla.
•nde.
•nfli.
Hi (256)

U-nwi.
-nwi.
-odi

•nu,
0)-nui.
Kusi

•le.

•li (260)

-bul,
-bol

742

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku

257.
Lefana

258.
Santrokeofi or

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260

Nyangbeo-Tafi

261.
Bulom

256. BAsa

Bale

262. Mampa-
Kritn

Two

E-ribu.

Wu-le,

E-nyo,

OO-nyw

•'wa.

•Un,

-rebu

•le,
•lie.
Ye-wi (256)

•ny5

-ba (260)

•ten,
•tsin.
•trin (262)

Three

•tatu

Tatco.
Tata (256)

E-te,
•te

co-tie

•ta.
•tata or
E^ta (260)

•ra

Four

•na^i

Na^i.

Ine,

0-na

•ne.

•hiol,

Nasi (256)

•ne

-e-lS (260)

•hyiil

Five

•tua (A-tua)

Ta,

E-16,

Onoj

•tii.

•man,

Taa.

-15

•iii (260)

•mbn.

Tana (256).

,

•men (262)

Tin.

Jen,

Ji (256)

Six

Cenihi

Tunui.

Ekii,

a)-ku5

•gl<o.

Membul,

Jihi

•ku

Hwlco (260)

Menbul (262)
Manbol

Seven

Tandari '

Tandale.

Mate

Kuousi

Glcoele.

Menatsiii.

(? old form of

Jendye

(z. e. Kuo -t-

Gene,

Mentrin

^five ' plus

kusi) 'five

Gegene (260)

(262).

' two ')

plus one '

Manton
(262)
Menora.

Eight

Tandatu '

Tundat or

Mane

O-ne

Go'wa.

Tundatco.

Ase (260)

Menra

Ndatu (256)

Nine ... ...

Tandapi

Tandari

La-lonwi

Nasi {t. e.

Gotcole.

Menahiol,

{i.e. 'five'

One + kusi)

E.^ita,

Menhyul

pluraltzed

E^l^ita (260)

tninus ' one ',

'ten less one ')•

Ten

U-pwa.

(jO-pa.

Le-vu.

Le-fu«ii

Li-ofo.

Wtoan,

Bu-,

oo-pwa (256)

La-Ion

Ke-fo (260)

Wan,

Pu.

Wan

Eleven

U-pwa-m-buke

CO-pa-nu-nde.
(CO-pa-na-lie

= twelve)

Le-vu-n-nwi

Le-foasi o-nui

Li-ofo ni oole.
Ke-fu u tcoli

Wan nimbul.
Wan ne bul

Twenty ...

Bu-rebu

00-palie.
Wcopi (256)

A-vla

A-fusi a-nyu

A-vi ta 'wa.
A-fi ta ba

(260)

U-ton,
Tcon.

Konco (261).
Konco,

Konconco(26l
262)

Thirty

Putatu

...

Aviate

A-fMsi-a-tle

A-vitata.
A-fata (260)

Tcon-nu-wan

Forty

Pune/il

...

Avlane

A-fwsi-a-na

A-vi te ne.
A-fa ta le

(260)
A-vi te ta or

Ti-tcon or
Tton-nu-tcon

Fifty

Patna

Llti

A-fwsi-a-nu

Ti-tojn-u-wafi

A-fiti.

'

H»tu (260)

Hundred ...

U-si.
Tad!

...

?

K5-lafa

I-hutu ti 'wa.
tO^hcbtu (260)

Konco-ainya-
men

Thousand . . .

Tadi u-pwa

...

?

Ka-kpe

A-vi tawa

...

' // would seem as if Tandari iiiiglu be a combiiuition of lost forms of 'five ' and ' two ' of more Ba,ntu com-
plexion, as similarly Tandatu ({//</ T&ndajai of 'five + three \ 'five +fpur'.

GROUPS H, I, J: THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c, LANGUAGES

743

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokcofi or

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafl

261.
Bulom

256. B6sa

Bal6

262. Mampa-
Krim

I, me, my ...

Ga-mi.

Mi. Mo.

A-mi.

A-mi.

Me. E.

Yaii. Me.

Mi., Ma-, Ma-.

— .

M-, N-
Li..

Le-,

Le-, Ni-, N-,
K-.

Me-, M-, E-,
I-.

Ya-, Me-, A-.

•mi

-ni.

-mi.

•mi, •ni, -mi

•me.

•me, -mie.

Ma (256).

Mi-, Mina-'

-mda, -am,

N.,I-

Me-'

-m (262)

Thou, thee, thy

Ga-bu.

.'

A-wca.

A-fo».

Wco, Wo.

Mun. Mco.
Hom(262). Mu.

I-.

A.,

Fa-.

Wco-.

M'-, N-.

•pco-, -pb-'.

?

-fco-' (-lefto-).

?

?

-bu

-WW, -bw, -wu

•CO.

Fura-

-fco

•wco.
Wco^'

-mu, -mua,
-meoe

He, him, his

Bovki.

?

A-nu.

Nco.

Ye.

Won. Wco.

Ba-, Wa-.

00-, U-.

A-.

A, E-, I-.

U-, Wco-, 00-.

?

?

-noa-.'

?

?

•ba

•nu.
Nuna^

-ma, -nco

-ye.
Ye-'

•wco, -we

We, us, our

Ga-tu.

J

Abu.

Awco.

Blco.»

Hi. He.

Ga-tu-.

B»^.

Buco-, Bu-,
Mu-.

Ku-, Kui-.

E-, I-, Yi-,
He-.

J

?

J

-wco-.

?

1

^tu

-0. (256)

ibu.
Bura-

•wco (loj,
le-woa; (Vt.)

-blco, -Ico.
Blco-

-he, -n (262)

Ye, you, your

Ga-hi.

• ••

A.mi.

A-ye.

Mlco or W-conco.

Nga. Nco.

Na-, N-.

Be-.

Bie-, Bi-, Mi-.

Ml-, Nco-.

Nana-, ?Nco-.

J

•mi-.

-ye-.

?

?

■tihi

?

-ee (le-ye, Ss'c.)

•nilco, •wconoj.

-na, -mu(262)

J

Bira-

Mlco., Wconco-

They, them,

Akie.

• ••

A^ma.

Ma.

Bale. Ba.

Pe. Nga. Na.

their

Ba-.

Bco-, Ba-.

Be^, B^, Ba-.

Na-, Na-.

J

?

-ma-.

?

?

-ga ?, -baba

•ma.

Bara-

-ma (le-ma,

ire.)

-ba, -bale,
-ale.
Ba-, Bar-

•na, -na

All

Ca

...

•se

-dudu

-pete,
■kura (260)

Buleii,
-len

This, these

•na (ba^na,

...

•m6, -me

-woj, -ba ; -se ;

-cia (o-cia,

-tre, -ke, -tco

C^c.)

(6-m6,

ba^m5

-le ; ya ; d^c.

ba-cia ; dvc)

•tco-wonnco,

or ba-me;

( pronominal

-le (a-le, ba-le ;

-tco-ngunna.

ka)-m8

; le-m5

particles suf-

^^c.) (260)

•mana, -no,

e-me ;

&-€.)

fixed to noun)

-on (262)

That, those

•re (ba-re, &'c.]

• *•

•ne (o^ne.

-nu [ivith pro-

-kolo (a-kolo,

-le

(The demon-

ba-ne;

is'c)

nominal par-

ba^kolo ; d^c.)

stratives in

ticle prefixed)

•lele (a.lele,

Gurmana

ba^lele ; crc.)

follow the sub-

(260)

stantive)

Bad

•mugu

■lewoj (i-lewco)
•jipyu (256)

•bie

...

-zizi.
-zimizi (360)

Ban-
Worre,
Wori

Black

•^iri

•pili,
[•si (256)

•nu

...

Kpikpi,
Kpiki

•ti

' Possessive pronouns precede the noun they govern in Nos. 257, 259, andido,
' Note infix pronouns for objective.

' There is some indication that Blco is a contraction t;/ Balw, and that the real root of the 1st person plural is •lo»,
proceeding from an earlier •dco.

744

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kamuku
256. B&sa.

^S7-
Lefana

258.

Santrokcdfi or

Bal^

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangboj-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Female

Fierce, sharp,
bitter
Good

Great

LitUe

Long

Male

Old

Red

Rotten

Short

Sick

White

-bcMO,

? Bcoba

■jemi
•tatea

Bubua.
Buta.

Ew (256)

-sem (i-sem).
-peine (256)

I-da.
I-gembi
(256)
keda(Ki-keda) I-jimi.

Jike (256)

•bbri

■cenje

•tuali

Kuji.
•enye (256)

Ma-gcoma.

Ba-guma

(256)
•jene.

•jenje (256)

•ledi (Ku-ledi,

■so

•jam

(Ko-jani,
o-jani, &^c:)

•hwyen

■fuara

•sanku

Biele,
Bienle

Kpelekpele.
■ble

Pimpi,
-bibi,
-dibi

■be

Kunku

■fututu

■dze.
■li (260)

■pe.

Gba (260)

■bidi

■sis&mi

■dze.
Gblama-dza

(260)
■nyime.
■nyie (260)

Kuku,

-keku.

Kukcd.

Tsitsi (260)
Z&Z&.

•z& (260)

Kpekpemi
-nya.

(fico-nya =
sickness)
Pitititi.
H'coahcoa

(260)

•lakan.
-ma.
•mamo (262)

Kelen.

■kalaii.

-kene (262)
■txomu.

Ba

•kit.

•tun.

-pcomcd.

-jon
•wiU.

•pul

P",
•pwkan

•ben,
Bena

-tun
-nakil,
■nak

Dinte,
•linte

Above, up, on
top
Before

Behind
Below, down

Far ...
Here ...

In, inside ...

Pana

E-li {i.e.
'head')

Ka-ma
Ka-lo

Me.
Menke

KemS

Ka-tn

Ka^ma
Ka^lu

CO-dzage
M'foj

Kame

Ni — awa.

Ne — aba (260)
Ni — anume.

•elu (260)
■ede
Ke-se,

■se.

•si (260)
Cu
Ni.

I^cia,

I-kya.

Ba.

Mand (260)
<me.

Ni.

Ti.

Kii.

Ne-.

•me (260J

A-tuk,
Etuk
I^bol

Welin
A-lu

Lewil
Ha.
Ka.

A-yl.
Ko).
Ktu
Le

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES

745

English

254.
Gurmana

Middle

Near . . .
Outside

Plenty, many E-kwcoje

There .

Pare

Where? ...

...

No!

Awa!

Not (with verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)

-za- ; -ci

To

?

,, beat ...

...

„ buy, sell

•dun

„ come

„ cut

„ dance
„ die...

„ eat
I, give
» go...

„ kill
„ know

-pana,
Ponu
bar!

■kwane

•ya,

•ya-sci>

255.
Kamuku
256. Bdsa

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokufi cr

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbeo-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Mampa-

Krim

Lelc

-ba. -ma-nda -ta- (-la-).
(256) -te. (.le.)

...

Ku-si.

A-yIn;

-me.

Te-yen

Ni-kusi,

Ne-pi(26o)

• ••

Puni

Tent

Siuto)

Kcd
Onwe-nti).
Ni— su or
I — su (260)

Foe

Pco (M-poa).

Glegle.

A-kpilba.

Kpi

Kpan.

Fab'o.

Gele (260)

-gbir.
-takwi

N-fa,

I-klo,

Kul.

M-fa

I-k515.
Niklo.
I-kw (260)

Kut-tokol

Fe?

Fco?

L<a?

Fele .'

Ni-fco?

Do.'

• >■

00!

Gbere !
Be!
IB!

Ta-, Tan-.

-H-, -bi- ; Ki-,

Yen. Be-. Cin

-lu-

Bi-, Ma- (nega-

-en, Cin.

tive verb, ' is

-ke-. -an.

tiot ', in 260)

N-, Ke- (262)

?

•hua-gca.
-de we (256)

(No infinitive
prefix)
•bid

0)-, Kii-

-sa.
-sanga (256)

•ye

■susu,
-sunsu.
-ya

-hali,

•hali-ga.

•gule (256)
•kiap.

-jaja (256)

...

■wa

-budi,
•bure

-jula-geo.

-teheba (256)
-uo.

■wui (256)

•t6

•kpiii

-kpi

•lewa.

•di

•le.

•ya (256)
-pua.

-peni (256)
-gucj.

-gi« (256)

•tu.

•ya
-tru.

■se

-a-sa
•ta

•^ilan,
•pila

...

•16

Ku-. Te-(26o) Hali-

■kusi

•bun.

•sunta

da

-pin.

-wungul.

■wotiolu.

-tevila

ba

•hun.

•moi.

-wi (262)

•yawi.

Keb,

-pa.

-ket.

•ya (260)

-beti

yo>

•ye

tse

-wu.

(Di-wu =

death)

na.

•dyeo

•ta (260)

kco

•ka

tra.

•kon,

•ga.

•k«.

•dze (260)

-koni

ye.

-dyl.

•yi (260)

•dl

•te.

f*

•nyi (260)

746

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

English

254.
Gurmana

255.
Kaniuku
256. B&sa

257.
Lefana

258.

Santrokcafi or

Bale

259.

Avatime

(Kedea)

260.

Nyangbco-Tafi

261.

Bulom

262. Matnpa-

Krim

ro ... ...

?

?,

{No infinitive

CO-, Ku-

Ku-. Te- (260)

Hili-

pre^x)

„ laugh ...

•ratu

•hinga

•ma

■ma

•mde

•mam

„ leave off,

...

...

...

•die

...

•hinka

cease

„ love, want

•rubi

•kura-gi.

•thwi.

•bco.

-dime,

-mar.

•kula-ni(2s6)

•yo

■bombco

-deme.
•dco (260)

•mara.

-YO

„ see

...

■hianau.
-heki (256)

•nu

•nya

-mo.
-di

-ke,
•ki,
•kco

„ sit, remain.

...

■ncokula.

• ■•

■ ■•

•ze.

•coe.

abide

■gage (256)

-di

-jala

„ sleep ...

•hundco.
•leji.
•huiigcoa.

•weje (256)

•te (lie

down)

•jco-d

-dco-sida.
•dco-teda

(260)

■lal,
-lol.
■hine.
•Ico (262)

„ stand, stop,

• • *

-isange.

•nye

...

-le.

•sem

be erect

-^ika-ni (256)

-kedu (260)

„ steal ...

-zumbi

•yu

■zudu

•dui

PREFIXES IN GURMANA, KAMUKU, AND BASA (254, 255, 256)

Singular prefixes.
A- ; Bi^, Byi^, Bu^ ; Ba-, Ba^, Bo>^ ; (!)■, U^, Wu^,
Wo^ ; £• : I-, Yi^, Ye^ ; Ti-, Ci, Tu, Tco^ ; Le-,
Li^,Re^; Ki-, Gi^, \e^; Ka- ; Ku^,Kco-; Ma-, Ba^
or A- ; Mco^ or Mu^ ; Mi^ ; Nyi^ ; Ka- ; Pa- (loca-
tive in Gurmana) ; Su^, Seo^.

(A^ is plural to CO^, U-, Wu- ; to £• ; to Mco^, Mu^ ; to Le-, Li-, Re
Si-, ^e-, Ji-, and Tco- are plural to A- when A- is a singular prefix

Plural prefixes.
pi-, ^e-, Ji^ ; Tco- ; £•, I-, Ye- ; Mco-,
Mu- ; Ri^ ; ^a^ ; A^ ; N- (M^), »•, Un^.

to Ba^, Ba^, and Bco-.

£■, !•, Ye^, and Mco^ are plural to Bi^, Byi^, and Bu^

Ri^ is plural to Yi^ in the singular.

Ye^, !•, pa-, pi-, and Mu- are plurals to 0)-, U-, Wu.

Mco-, N-, N-, Un-, and pi- are plurals to £• and !• in the singular.

Mco^ is plural to Ki^, Gi., and Ye- in the singular.)

Concord particles are present in Gurmana, Kamuku, and B4sa, but their forms are little known.

Kambali and Gwari or Gbari, are languages spoken respectively to the west and east-south-east of
Gurmana, Kamuku, and Bllsa, and offer considerable afifinity in numerals and some word-roots, and in
pronouns slightly resemble Nos. 254-256, and equally the Bantu (except in the ist and 2nd person
plural), but apparently they do not make use of prefixes — at any rate for determining singular and plural,
and cannot be classed as Semi-Bantu, though they have certainly absorbed some ancient Bantu elements
in their speech.

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES 747

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LEFANA (257)

Class I. (sing.) 0)-, 6-, U-, A-, E- (o, a>, u, nu) ; 2. (//.) Ba-, Be- (a, ba, be, e, ma) ; 3. (sing.) Ku-,
Km., Ke. (ku, k(o, ko) ; 4. (pi.) E- (e, a); 5. (sing.) Li-, Le-. I-, 6- (le) ; 6. (pi.) E-, A-, Ba- (a);
7. (sing.) Ke-, E- (e, a) ; 8. Be- (be) ; 9, ? ; 10. (pi.) La-, Le-, Li- (li) ; 11. (sing.) O)-, 6-, U- (co) (//.
No. 10) ; 12. (pi.) Ku-, Kcu-, K5- ; 13. (sing.) Ka-, K- (ka, ke) (pi. No. 2) ; 14. missing ; 15. Ku-, Keo-
(Kutco).

Class 3 — Ku-, Km-, &c. — seems to fuse with Class 15, and both classes are connected more especially
with trees or /he members of man's body. Classes I and 2 in all these Tcog<oland languages are chiefly
connected with mankind and ' anthropomorphized ' beasts.

PREFIXES, &c., IN SANTROKOOFI (258)

Class I. 0)-, — fwco) ; 2. Ba-, B'- (ba) ; 3. 00-, 6-, 6- (wa>) ; 4. Si-, Se-, E- (se, e) (a plural and
also an abstract prefix) ; 5. Di-, Ni-, Le- (le, ni) ; 6. A- (ya, a) ; 7. Ku-, Km-, Ko- (ko)) (a singular prefix,
with plural No. 6 A-) ; 8. ?; 9 and 10. N-, M-, N- (be) (singular and plural, especially to No. 13);
II. ?; 12. missing; 13. Ka- (ka) (this, as a diminutive, is singular, with a plural in No. 10— N-, &c. ;
as a plural prefix it is plural perhaps to No. 7) ; 14. ?; 15. Ku-', Km-, Ko- (koj).

PREFIXES, CONCORDS, AND SUFFIXES IN AVATIME AND NYANGBOO-TAFI

(259-260)

Class I. CO-, 6", Nm-, A-, — (co, a, ye ; -na, -iico, -e) ; 2. Ba-, Be-, Ma- (ba, be ; -ba, -be); 3. CO-,
O- (6, 16, \u> ; -n<o, -no) ; 4. I-, E- (i, le ; -ne) ; 5. Li-, Le- (li ; -le) ; 6. A-, E- (a, la ; -na) ; 7. Ki-, Ke-,
E-,.Ka- (ki ; -ye, -e) ; 8. Bi-, Be- (bi ; -be, -me) ; 9. — (pis. Classes 2 and 10) ; 10. Si-, Ti-, Te- (in
No. 260) (pi. to 9 and' 1 5) (concords and suffixes : si, ti ; -se, -te) ; 11. missing ; 12. Ku- (pt. to 13)
(ku, (d; -ka>) ; 13. Ka-, Ke- (ka, a ; -e); 14. Bm-, Bu- (bco) (absent inAvatime; both singular and
plural in NyangbM-Tafi) ; 15. Ku- (ku, a ; -co) ; 16. ? Fa- (-awa, -aba) ; 17. ? Ni-, Ne- (-me, -ni).

•bi is a diminutive suffix.

The arrangement of correspondence between singular and plural prefixes differs sometimes in
Avatime and NyangbM-Tafi. In both tongues much uSfe is made of suffixes in addition to prefixes.

There is an interesting feature in Avatime, which may also occur in other Tojgcoland languages.
Where two associated nouns come together to form a compound, such as ' fowl's egg', ' lying's stool ',
'medicine man ', there is fusion on these lines : The prefix of the second noun is placed yiVj/, then the
root- word of the first noun, then the root-word of the second. Thus : 'medicine man' is CjU-WMa-nete ;
//. ba-wo»anete : from Ku-WMa, ' medicine ', and CO-nete, ' owner '. ' Fowl's egg ' is Li-kukM-dze ; //.
a-kukM-dze : from CO-kukM, 'fowl', and Li-dze, 'egg'. 'King's stool ' is Li-kusi-gbM : from CO-kusi,
' king ', and Li-gbM, ' stool '.

In addition to Avatime, NyangbM-Tafi, SanttMkMfi, and Lefana, there would seem to be two
other languages in North-east Ttogtoland which come near to qualifying as Semi-Bantu. They are
named Basari and Camba. In word-roots they offer little similarity to the four mentioned (Nos. 259,
260, 258, and 257) languages of South-west Tcogooland. Basari and Camba are spoken in the north-east
pans of Ta>gcoland between North latitudes 8° 50' and 9° 30', between the sources of the (Oti river and
those of its tributary the Mu>.

In their prefixes Basari and Camba offer considerable resemblances to the languages of South-west

' No. i5^^Ku-, Km-, &c. — is the infinitival prefix in languages 258 and 259. There is no discernible
infinitival prefix in 257. CO- is also employed in that sense in 258. Te- is the usual infinitival prefix
in 260.

748 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Tcogcoland. They are : 0)-; //. Be- : Ke- ; //. Bi- : Ke- ; pi. E- : O)- or Bu- ; //. 6- : O)- or Bu- ; //.
Me- or E- or I- : De- or Di- ; //. A- : Ge-, Te- ; pi. Mm- : N- ; pi. I- or E- : Km- or Geo- ; //. Te-, &c.

In their pronouns they are Semi-Bantu. The simple roots are: Ma. N, 'I, me'; Se, E, 'Thou,
thee • ; O), ' He, him ' ; Tem, De, Te, ' We, us ' ; Nim, Nam, Ne, ' Ye, you ' ; Be, ' They, them '.

The numerals are : -ba, 'one'; -le, 'two'; -ta, 'three'; -na, 'four'; -moj, -mo, ' five ' ; -lu or
Lcobe, ' six ' ; B611ee or Lcole, ' seven ' ; Bini or W\, ' eight ' ; Bcowra or Onwe, ' nine ' ; Sala or Bui,
' ten '. Umongu or -nko is ' twenty '.

But a variety of suffixes are also used additionally to indicate the singular and plural senses of the
noun ; and there is a tendency to employ as well inflectional changes in the root-word— a very un-Bantu
feature. When more is known about Basari and Camba the preponderating evidence may be in favour
of their being classed as Semi-Bantu languages ; and in such cases their geographical position is of
interest, as it helps to bridge over the interval between the Semi-Bantu of the Kaduna basin (Central
Nigeria) and those of the Tcogooland group.

PREFIXES, &c., IN BULOM (261)

Class I. — , ? U-, ? (0- (?u, ? 0), -wo), -na)) ; 2. A- (a, pe) ; 3. ? Un- (rare), U- (u, nto) ; 4. I- (i) ;
5, Di-, Li-*, E-, I-, Yi- (i, la) ; 6. Ma-*, A- (a) ; 7. absent ; 8. absent ; 9. N-, I- (n, i) ; 10. Ti-, pi-, Si.
(this is the commonest plural prefix, but it is not certain that Ti- and Si- (^i-) may not represent distinct
classes) (se, si, ti) ; N-, it- (n, m); 11. Lw-,* U-, tO- (u, o) ; 12. Tu-,* Tco-* (a singular prefix);
13. missing; 14. ?Woj-* ; 15. Ku-,* Koj- (used only as plural) ; 16. (prepositional) Ha-, Hco-. -pcomu
is a diminutive suffix, -neo is a suffix meaning 'person ', 'agent'. La and Poa are respectively female
and male prefixes.

The prefixes marked with an asterisk are now inseparable from the noun-root in Bulom, though
a little more detachable in Mampa-Krim. In modern Bulom, prefixes, especially in the singular num-
ber, are gradually passing out of use. The one most commonly retained to indicate plural is Ti-, Si- The
concords were formerly much in use. They are a good deal dropped now, especially adjectively. The
assignment of the prefixes and concords to Bantu classes is very hazardous, but there may be some
affinities. •

PREFIXES, &C., IN MAMPA AND KRIM (SOUTH BULOM) (262)

Class I. O)., 0-, ? Wto- (co, wco,-na)) ; 2. A- (a) ; 3. ? ; 4. I- ; 5. Le-,* De-, Di-, I-, Yi- (?) ; 6. Ma-,
M'-, Mu- (sing., collective, and plural) (?) ; 7. missing; 8. missing; 9. ?Yi-(?); 10. Si-, Ti- (si, ti) ;
II. L<o-,* Nm-* ; 12. Tu-,* Toj-* (singular) ; 13. Ka- (?) ; 14. ?; 15. Ku- (?) ; 16. (prepositional) ?Ha-;
20. ?Ta-.

Prefixes marked * are not (usually) detachable from the word-root and have become part of it. In
the most modem form of South Bulom, as in the nearly extinct northern dialect, prefixes are increasingly
disused or are becoming fused with the word-root and their sense forgotten. The vocabularies here given
of Northern and Southern Bulom (derived mainly from Nylander (1814) and Koelle (circa 1850) ), though
checked by the author at Sierra Leone in 1904 q,nd 1907, and by the collections of Northcote Thomas in
1915-16, will strike the student of present-day Sierra Leone as old fashioned. But for purposes of com-
parison I have naturally desired to preserve the older speech of a hundred to fifty years ago.

Mention should be made here of the Kisi language on the north-eastern borders of the Sierra Leone
Protectorate and about the sources of the Niger. It has numerous similarities in word-roots with Bulom,
and had no doubt anciently a Semi-Bantu basis. But it has been so overlaid with non-Bantu features,
and has departed so considerably from Bantu standards in its word-roots and syntax, that it cannot be
classed logically as a Semi-Bantu language.

I

GROUPS H, I, J : THE CENTRAL NIGERIAN, &c., LANGUAGES 749

354. Kurmana or Gurmana (Gurumani, Kurmani are variants of the name) is spoken on the banks
of the River Kaduna, between Zungeru and Gusoroj, ten miles to the north of Kuta.

255. Kamuku is spoken east of the Middle Niger, between the Lower Kaduna and the Lower Man-
yara rivers, east-north-east of Raba, and along the north bank of the Lower Kaduna. B&sa (256) is
apparently spoken to the east of the Lower Kaduna, not far from Kamuku.

257. Lefana is spoken in the Lefana villages of the Bueme district, a small area of a few square miles
in South-west Tcogtoland, east of the Lower Volta river.

258. Santrokcdii or Bal6 is spoken in the south-west of Tcogcoland between the Volta river and the
Akpcusco highlands, in the south part of the Bueme district.

259. Avatime is the ' foreign ' name of a speech — Kedea or Kedeame — native to the western part of
South Tdjgojland, at an average distance of eighty miles from the seacoast, on the east of the River Volta.
The Avatime people, like those speaking languages Nos. 257, 258, and 260, are said to have migrated to
their present site from the western bank of the Volta river. Nyangbco and Tafi (260) are two closely
allied dialects — one language - spoken on the south-east of the Avatime area. All these Tcogtoland Semi-
Bantu languages are limited to a small region of South-west Tcogtoland, generally called Bwem orBweme,
between the first and second hill ranges beyond the coast-plain east of the River Volta.

261. North Bulom is said to be nearly extinct now. Its locality a hundred and even fifty years ago was
the .Sierra Leone peninsula and the opposite coast territory north of the Rcokel estuary. It passed gradually
into South Bulom (Mampa, Krim) (262) along the Sierra Leone south coast as far eastwards as the Sherbro
ri\'er and islands where ' Krim ' is no doubt still spoken. Mampa seems to be the name farther inland.

3C

GROUP K

THE SOUTH GUINEA LANGUAGES
263. Temne 264. Baga

265. Landcama

GROUP L

THE NALU LANGUAGE

266. Nalu

GROUP M

THE NORTH GUINEA LANGUAGES

Sub-group M i : The Jeba Languages

267. Biafada

268. Pajade

Sub-group M 2 : The Bisaos-Bcolama Languages

269. Kanyop or Manjakco

270. Pepel w Bisaco

Sub-group M 2 continued

271. Sarar flr ^adal

272. Bcola (Bcolama, Juan or Jual)
Sub-group M 3 : The Dyoi.a Languages

273. Dyola orFulup 273 a. Fulupf?/ F5nyi

273 b. Filham (or Jola or Epux)

GROUP N

THE UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGE

274. Konyagi

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne '

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi.

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bcdla

273 b. Filham

Adze

A-toj ; c-tw

M-feben

...

...

Fu-nir.
E-dumandi

(273 a)

Ra-ziin

Animal, wild

U-pem;trQ-pem

...

...

■ ■•

En-dukuren

...

beast

Ant

K-ank; tr-ank.
Kak.

K-en ; c-en.
Ka-fifi

E.taha,
E.tafa ; ba-.
E-luyora

(biting)

Fa.uwiri

Ant, white

Ka-miiimiii ;

...

...

>>•

Bu-lol

I-nan

(termite)

tra-

Ape (chim-

Ra-wcotco; tra-.

...

• ..

E-gS,

N-nanambco

panzi or

U-fuka

-

E-gom

gorilla)

Arm

A-lonk ; ma-.

N-dafan

Gu-buda.

Ka-jag (269).

Ka-nyen,

I-nil

Ke-tsa ; nia-tsa

Kio-beda(268).

Ki-nyine,

Ga-nyen ; gu-.

(263, 265).

Ku-jinke(268)

Ke-nyan,

E-gudum,

Ta-man ;

Ka-nyen

E-kudul.

ma-man (264).

(270-272).

Ka-ban

Da-kande

N-gont ;

(265)

ngi-ngont

(271)

This is also written Timne^n^Timani ; butterawe is the most correct. Landcoma (265) is also written Landuma.

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

75'

I

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

Konyagl

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270 Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272, Bcala

273 b. Filham

ArroTV ..

Axe

Baboon

Back, back-
bone

Banana
Beard...
Bee ...

Belly

Bird

Blood...

Body .,
Bone ..

Bow ...

A-senco ; ma-, ^f -kiam ; a- Bu-meda ; ma-. Pu-nanin (269). Ka-tafi ; u-tan.
Ke-balma ; Pi-saf (268) (ji)-banile. E-dyonku.

tse- (264, 265) Pinpan. E-mera

OO-meri (272)

U-nweri

Ka-bap ; tro-

N-wofaii

A-dira ; ma-.

Bu-tebe,

Fi-ned; gu-.

Ra-ziin

or tse-.

Pa-kuse (268)

Pu-tewe,

Fu-nib ; ku-.

A-bera.

Pu-tebi

Fu-manen:ku-

Ta-munt

(orHu-manen)

Ka-rumbu (or

*>•

...

•••

E-nyara.

I-yan«>

-dumbu); tra-.

E-narii

Ra-wcotw

Kd-miit ; tra-

Bu-sol.
Ba-lemuk

(273 a).
Fu-mubum
(273 a)
Hu-niwoj

Wi-ampann

A-pof.

...

...

•••

Fu-nana

Banane

A-polot; e-.

{or Hu-)

A-bana -

K-ek ; c-ek

...

...

...

Fu-lempa.
H u-lemf.
E-sofa

U-wakawe

Ka-mai ; tra-.

Ma-om ;

Gii-njire ;

(jO-nowo.

Y-ad ; f-ad.

N-wazu

Da-me; se-

ba-ume

wa-sire.

U-nop

H-ady'.,

(26s)

Ku-ju (268)

F-adya.
Ba-lempuy-

K-5r ; tr-or or

Me-lax; a-lax

Ba-YU,

Pi-pas (269).

Fad ; kad.

I-doSk

t-sor or'yox

Wa-YU ; ba -f .

Pco-pob (270).

Far,

Pa-kunt (268)

K-en ; i-hen

(271).
Ka-yin (272)

Har

A-bamp ; e-

Ma-fur ; ba-fure Gu-nsudu ; \va-.

OO-kas

E-nakeita ; ba-.

Sere or

U-noune(268)

E-kintu,
E-kindu.
Di-suadu.
Ba-fita

Sire

Ma-cir,

A-nyak

Bcogana.

Pi-nyak

Ha-sim or

Wa-zat

Ma-tsir

P<o-ade {26S)

Fw-isim or
Fu-pim

A-der ; ma-

...

...

E-nil

Im-bana

Ka-bant ; tra-

Mco-xol ; a-

Bu-jeda ; ma-.

Ku-mox ; i-

Ga-wol,

I-fy'-

or tse-

Pu-jere (268)

(270).

Pu-mua

Pu-m<»(27i-2)

(K-wol (273 a)
( pi. u-wol).
E-gaka,
Hu-gak

A-bantra; e-.

M-firl; a-

Bu-nadu; ma-.

Ka-naja (269).

Fu-nagen ; ku-.

N-gan

A-banta(264).

Pu-nade (268)

Ke-nani,

Hu-naden

A-bontsira

Ka-nane

(265)

(270, 271).
Ga-kori (272)

' The terminal vo-ivel in Konyagi is sometimes so faint that it is best rendered by a small letter ab'-ve the line.
-bana, -banana is a widespread word in the Guinea coast regions for ' banina ', and it was here that the west

European word ' banana ' originated, through the Portuguese.

3 C 2

7S»

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

,

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landtoma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Boala

273 b. Filham

Bowels

Brains

Ru-mpa ; nu-

Ma-fit

Breast (man's) A-kapatr.
A-kabats

Ma-nalo ;
abu-nalo

Breast
(woman's)

Brother

Buffalo
BuU ...

Buttocks

Cat

Charcoal ...

Chief, king

Child ...

ya- (265).
A-kawets
(264)
Ka-lont.
Da-sa or
Ra-sa : ma-sa

U-'wantr ; a-.
Wto-an-tu-baki,
W(u-an-tsi-bald
(264).
CO-bagi (265)

U-ban ; tra-

U-na-u-runi.

Tura (265)

A-sa; e-sa

Wu-senyi ; ma-,
Pa-kede (268)

M-ben ; a-ben .A-bili ; ma-bili.
Pebr (268)

N'Woke.

M-fon

N-kodo.

Ma-ide.
Ninda.
U-jase.
U-peare (268)

Ma-pimbefcele Tura

Canoe, boat A-bil

M-bafe

A-yari.
N-yari ; e- or
ma- (264, 265)

K-ontr,

K-onts {pi.

j-onts) (265).

K-unt; t-unt

(263)
U-bai ; a-.

(jO-be ; a-

Bi-regi; sa-.
Ku-lun (268)

Ja-ng^ma

Bi-jenj (269),
Bi-jus (270).
Bu-gidj (271).
Bi-jinj (272)

Pi-al (269).
P-el ; m-el
(270).
Pi-al ; mi-al

(271)
Tu-maki (269).
A-simaka.
Tse-magco.
A-dza, A-toa,
A-tsa(27o,27i,
272).

Ujkas."
O-kal

Bi-rpene (270).

Bco-tian.

Bi-ten.

Bu'tsen (272)
U-ndali

N-jenk ; a-jenk Nya ; gu-nya.
Ma-nyae(268)

M-fem ; be-

W-an;a-wut(/5/.).
Wa.het;a.fet.
Ba-fet; a-fet
(264).
W-an.fet ;
m-an-a-fet (265)

U-yama ; '
bi-yama.
Fa-nkama

(268)

Nambi,
Numbe,
Num

Mu-hlaw.

M-lam.

Ka-fes or

Ka-hes.

Har
Mu-nof.

Ma-kuku
Bu-^u^ ; a-.

Bu-siis.

Ba-gefi,

Ba.gin,

Ba-gan
Fi-el ; gw-el.

K-ihl,

K.il._

Ka-lam

Ati.
A tumba

E-dakoi(273a)
Fu-muna.

Fi-jin;

gu-jin
E-baty'- ;

si-baty'..

E-bat ; si-.

Fu'tiit (273 a)
Bu-sana ; u-

E-danguma ;

Ki.jol.
Ka-juar ; i-.
11 (272)

Da-rkuan

(269).

N-hlei ; ba-

(270).

Na-si<d;ba-sio3

(271, 272)
Na-mpa,

Ba-jan (269).

Na-mpeo(27i).

A-bok,

A-buk (270,

Bg.§

Se-ful
I-iiak

I-bol ; wa-wil

A-ceron

I-dyela
I-ni

O-ta

Kulu

^:,

Ya-ngwan
Wa-iyona

gu-

l-sehco ; pi-.

Ka-nufuk
Bu-gek,

F(o-geg ; ko)-

Fu-met ;

Hu-dek.

Hu-met
A-sanum ; ku-. A-sangaf

00-wi.

E-i.

A-ta.

O-yi.

A-ka, A-ya
E-nyu.

A-nyil.

Di-nyil.

Mu-nyil

Fa-ttaf ; u-tab

GROUPS K-N:

THE SOUTH

[ GUINEA-UPPER GAMBL

\ LANGUAGI

:S 7S3

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

KSnyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

$adal

272. Bcola

273 b. Filham

Cloth

Kcota.

Ke-kidi

Lcope ; ba -(- .

O-kata; nge-.

Ka-ful,

A-tcUd

Ta-foroj (265)

Ku-l«tM (268)

Om-pan.
Ukata.

Ka-lafat (271)

Ka-hul

Cold

O-trank,
O-tsank,
N-tsank (264)

Ja-jax

Joawi,
Jebi.

Hu-tonta,

Ni-tont.

Nofik

U-dyi

Country ...

A-tof,
A-ntof

...

...

•••

E-suk.
Dyogi.
Bu-kin

U-nal

Cow

U-na (-bera =

Ma-simbe

N-nara ; gu-.

U-yet (269).

E-be ; p-ibe.

A-ziivel,

female).

Ku-na (268)

0-yit.

E-be-yare

A-zvel ; pi.

Wa-na,

Wu-iet,

vu-zavel

A-na ; tse-

Wu-it (270-2)

(264, 265)

Crocodile ...

A-kwi ; ta-,ya-.

Ma-fek;

Ja-siyi; ba-f .

0-teke,

Y-can ; s-oin.

Ny-aund

A-fut« (264)

ba-feke

Fa-tema (268)

0-tiak

Y-a ; s-on.
Y-om

Day, daylight

A-rei ; ma-.

Mi-yakat

Nga-bu-nari.

Pu-nag,

Fu-nak (Hu-).

U-lobu

Ra-sok.

Pu-dyade

Pu-nak

Bu-radob.

Ro-yan ; tu-.

(268)

Ba-lai

Da-yan (265).

Di.an (264)

Devil, evil

U-krifi.

M-banjon

N-aria.

U-jai (269).

E-wats.

Santen

spirit

A-ronpon.

Na-ntene

Mu-nkers

A-say'-.

O-kerfl

(268)

(370).

U-jsawe

(271,272)

A-mmahl ;

kum-.

Bto-gun

(273 a)

Doctor (medi-

U-btolomba.

Mi-let; be-let

U-jar«na; bi-.

Na-pene (269).

A-sontena.

Vi-leo,

cine man)

I-wur-a-tsor ;

//. a- (264).
CO-jara ; a-

(265)

U-jande-bur»

Na-pena

(271^,272).
Ni-nkanya ;

bo- (270)

A-jifa; ku-.
A-lax; u-

Vi-leoa

Dog

A-tran; e-.

Ma-bet;

Gi-sadu.

U-bcos (269).

En ; p-ien.

I-wi

A-dzan.

ba-bete

Ji-ba (268)

O-bol (270).

E-dyaba,

A-tsien ; ya-

y-b5z.

E-jaba.

(265)

O-burp (271,
272)

E-nai

Door, door-

Ka-rare.

Me-lem ; a-

Gu-mpuru.

Pu-laman

Ka-mbU.

Ra-Sgatyeri

way

Ke sunga

(264).
Rco-kan

Ka-njide (268)

(269, 272).
Pu-lumcd
(270).
Bu-dipi (271)

Ka-dyunkurp.
Ga-negen ; o)-.
Ge-nunom; u-

Dream

Ma-re

...

...

E-sahut,
Sevit

N-dakerebu

Drum

A-bitin.

Dundun.

Dane; raa + .

Kin-jangar.

E-if.

I-ngan

Kelen.

Ma-tambe

Pa-dane (268)

O-ndagin.

Bu-gad,

Dundu (264,

On-dank (270).

Bu-gar.

265)

Ka-mombuion
(271).

Kam-burabulu.
Un-donga

(272)

Bahan.
Fi-ndum

754

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dycla)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Peptl

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

Padal

272. Bula

273 b. Filham

Ear

A-lans ; e-.

Mi-neau

Gu-nufa ;

Ka-bat (269).

Ga-ncd ; gu-.

Anuf

A-ranes,

ma-nufa.

Ke-bars ; i-

K-os ; w-os

A-lenas ; ya-

Ku-ncofe (268)

(270).

(or Ka-was).

(264, 26s)

Ke-wat ;
i-bat (271).
Ka-badz ; e-

(272)

E-dyan

Egg

Ra-mes ; e-

Mi-nyiri

Na-nya.
Ma-nine (//.)

N-jenye.
Pu-nene,
Pu-nian

Keh.
Fe; ke

I-nin ; wa-nin

Elephant ...

U-rank.

Ma-rebe ; be-

I-yoTfa ; gu-.

U-longa (269).

E-nab; pi-.

I-nyi

Wa-rank

Weiwcoe

0-yo>ga

E-nyaba

(265).^

(268)

(270).

A-ban ; tse-

U-lonk(27i,

(264)

272)

Excrement

E-nin

...

...

W-at.

Ma-sau

Wa-bint

Eye

Ka-for; e-.

N-kiet

A-gira; ma-.

Ki-kasi (269).

Gipil ; gu-sil.

I-ngrr ;

Da-for; ya-

Ma-sa (268)

Pe-kil ; e-kil

Ji-kil ; ku-kil

wi-ngrr

(265)

(270).
Pu-gas ;
ge-gas (271).
Pu-kas or
Fe-kas (272)

(273 b).
Di-kil (273 a)

Face, fore-

D-er ; s-er.

Mu-hol ; a-hol

Lugu,

Ki-kas (269).

Bu-hl.

Yi-ka; waka

bead

A-bun ; e-.

Luyu.

Mu-nkil (270).

Ha-kil.

Ta-gbun ; ma-

Tco-sa (26S).

Pi-juk ; i-juk

Fi-rin ;

(264, 265).

]!u-jumu

gu-rin (273 b)

Ke-roii (264),

(267).

Ku-run; tse-

Pu-jin (268)

(265)

Fat, oil ...

Ma-ru

Dyua.

Ma-kam (268)

Mi-nkir (270).
O-gera.
U-kara

Mi-ta or
Mi-f-.
Mu-t5n

{273 a).
Ba-dik

Wo-gu

Father ...

U-kas.

Baba

Baba.

A-sin (269).

A-mpa.

Rrmiih' ;

CO-kom,

Wade-.

A-si (271).

Papai.

wa-rrmuh'

Pa.

Ape.

A-hli (270).

A-mat.

Bapa,

Pape- (268)

Papa,

A-tuba.

Papa

Paba

A-fapa

Fear

Ne-sa

...

...

...

Ka-kcoli.
Mu-keoli

De-wiiya

Finger

A-sal; ma-.

N-te ; a-te

A-karu; ma-.

Pu-ko)anye(269;

, Fu-sink; ku-.

Fu-mbak ; //.

Ta-sen; ma-

Ko-nyit (268)

Pco-konj ;

Fi-sex ; gu-.

wu-mbaki

(264).

i-konj.

Hu-sik

Ta-lar ; ma-

Pu-kon (271,

(265)

272)

Fire ... !..

N-antr.
N-ants,
N-ents (264,
265)

Met ; a-metcoa

Furu.
Nakus (26S)

M-buriia

(269).

Burco (270).
Buduo (271).
Budo (272)

Ya-mbun'; sa-

VVa-ddbx

Fish

Ka-lop.

Ma-leii ;

Yesa : wa + .

O-rik (270).

E-wol,

I-gis

A-lup; ya-

ba-lene

I-san (268)

O-tap (271,

E-vcl,

(26s) ■

272}

E-ol ; pi-

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

755

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dy51a)

Konyagi

,264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

271 Sarar or
^adal

273 b. Filham

272. Bcjla

Foot

Ka-tak,

N-gban-ga-fan

Fa)-guran-

Ka-pein (271).

Kot

I-vaire ;

Ka-trak; tr;i-.

ka-gali.

Wi-pent (272)

Ga-hanum,

wa-pari

Ke-tara.

M-am-pi-nyawe

Ke-kenuni

Ke-tsege(265).

(268)

A-ni ; ina-ni

Forest

A-gbonkco.

N-koi

Kida ; foj-kida.

Pu-leke (270).

E-hemba.

F«k

Ka-baki (264).

Pu-nyu (268)

Pu-tat,

Ka-ramba ; u-.

A-kantsa

Pu-tsats (271,

Gu-refi

(265).

272)

A-pus

Fowl

A-toko,

Ma-tkc*

A-jua; ma-svia.

U_-gog (269).

E-xulol; SU-.

Fa-vain,

A-trok5-

Pa.jafe (268)

O-gtoka (270).

E-mandyuk.

Fa-yainy'

A-tsojgto,

U-gok ;

E-kelen

A-tsoY<a

iigu-gok (271,
272)
U-faro> (271).

Frog, toad

A-tral,

Mi-sok

Tcoti.

E-hol.

For

A-tsal.

Pa-tageo (268)

(JL)-bopal(272)

E-fol ; f i-

A-r«treo.

.

A-funtal

Ghost

A-mogbula

...

...

...

Buy-ik,
Bu-ik.
A-purepiir

A-nangwblle

Girl

U-borkeo; a-.

N-gamin-i-fai

Ni-nda; ma-da.

Na-mpali or

A-sungtita.

A-rreg

U-fane.

Wo-njae (268)

Na-mpoile ;

Be-jut ; SU-.

Ba-fet-i-rani

ba-.

E-jafia; ba-

(264).

Ni-mpile ; bo-

Wo-ntsai

(270)

$

•

(265)

Goat

W-ir ; c-lr

Me-fi ; be-fie

N-dahu ; gu-.
Wo-ndafe

(268)

U-pe,
'_0.pe,

O-pei (269-72)

E-jamen ; si-.
E-dyamen

E-nangal

» (he) ...

Ka-yank ; tu-.

Me-fim-be-bar

Gu-nraba.

O-rou; nge-rou.

Fi-jehel ; gu-.

O-tcbna

f5i-rombi(264)

Pa-tabe (268)

U-duou

Hu-dikel

{or Fu-).
Hu-sufi

God

Kuru (263,264).

Ma-halafi.

Gu-dana.

Bate.

At-e-mit {or

N-wunna

Kanii (265)

Mi-yagat

Ko-dan

Bursei.
Gbate,
Gbadzi

E-mits)
{i.e. ^ chief of
sky •)

Grandparent

U-kas-u-bom S.

Ma-iikere S.

Mama

A-tiam,

Ampa 5.

K-rrauiba

U-kara-u-

Mama 9

A-tem,

Inya 5.

bom 5.

A-temu.

FafanS.

Mama.

A-bewca g

Dyahan ^.

Ta-nun (264).

(271)

A-nofanu

OL)-tem (265)

Grass

Ke-ren

...

...

...

Mu-kaco.
Mu-git (273 a)

I-dil

Ground

A-tof

•'•

...

E-tama.
M-of.
Yi-nkam

I-nga

Ground-nut

A-kand.

N-kwlima

N-tia.

O-lek,

Fu-kiu ; ku-.

• ••

Ta-kan ; ma-

Ma-nko>li

O-Uak.

Ba-dyaiigata

(264).

(268)

O-piat,

Ku-lun {265)

O-pets

Guinea-fowl

A-cem

...

Fu-sina

Sael,
Sel

7S6

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

271. Sarar<?r

padal

272. Boila

273 b. Filham

Gun

A-pinkar

M-bingar

Gu-fungaru.

Pu-ngare (269).

E-fumben,

{Portuguese)

Ke-di (268)

Ke-nani,
Ka-nane

E-pumben

Hair

Ra-fon.

Mi-lecou ;

Ga-mbuei ;

0-el (269).

K-al; w-al.

I-mmiil

Kui.fon;se-fon

a-leuu

wei.

O-yele ;

W-al (273 a)

(26s)

•

Pa-saj (268)

ngi-ele (270).
W-el, Wu-el

(271,272)

Hand

Ka-tra, Ke-tsa,

N-tegafan.

Ga-ntafu.

tO-nanen(27o).

Bu-lefej

I-rinya ; wa-

•

Ke-dza.
A-talan.
Kca-fon ; se-

N-te; a-te

Ka-tajawe

(268)

U-nani (272)

{or -lefe).
Ka-nen ;
u-neii

Head

Ra-bomp ; te-.

N-ki; a-ki

Bu-ofa or

Be-hen (269).

Fu-keou ; gu-.

Ari-gavu; wi-F

Da-bump ; se-

^

Wu-ofa ;

B-ene ; e-hene

Fu-kco,

(263, 265)

ma-gafa (267).
P6-fa (268)

(270).
Bu-gcon,
Bu-kcon ; i-
(271, 272)

Hu-k(o

Heart

Kabut

•■•

E-konk.
E-sigire.
Fu-ny',
Ku-ny'-

Ity-endye

Heel

Ra-batka.

N-duget»en ; a-

E-tendye,

Pu-|Soanye

Fu-ton ; ku-.

I-tak ; warak

Da-benta; se-

E-tenje ;

(269).

Hu-tond

(264)

ma-renye.
Ka-dtn-ka-dan

Pu-pon,
Pu-sonyi

•

(268)

(271,272)

Hide

A-reka

...

...

Ka-foiigol.
Ka-bafi

*.. *

Hill

Ka-cen ; tra-

...

Bu-reb.
Hu-rit.
Hu-tint,
E-tinti

...

Hippopotamus

U-ka ; tra-.
A-numu

{pygmy)

...

...

...

E-kau

1-mwu

Hoe

Ka-trala.

N.jcakot ;

Jalco; ba + .

0-kobarol

Ka-dyandco.

I-guba

Ka-tsala ; pis.

a-jcokotcoa

Ka-jama (268)

(269).

Ge-jantco.

tse-, tsu- or

Bu-bonkco,

E-bara ; gi-

tra-.

Bu-mbongco,

(273 b)

Da-ba ; sa-ba

M-buiiku

(270-272)

Honey

Ra-mai.

Ma-sa

••■

Li-a.
Ti.ye (268)

Pu-n6w5

Moj-kum,
Mu-kum

Wa-dedji

Horn

Ka-len

"••

"'

...

Ka-sin,
Ka-pin.
Bu-sin

Oi)-miri; wa-

Horse

A-scoe

Ma-reba

N-duegwa

Um-pulinj.
0-sumpu!el

E-pilin

...

House

A-set ; e-.

N-kuk^

Sadi; ba + .

Ka-tco (269,

E-lup,

A-tyeri

De-nde ;

a-kukua

Fade (268)

(271,272).

E-lop,

se-nde (264).

Ke-tox ( 270).

E-luf; fi-.

Ku-lo>; tse-lu

Ko-kub (270).

Yaii : s-an.

(26s)

Ka-gup (271)

E-hank.
Kii-tefe.
Kalimbisi

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

757

263.

266.

267.

269.

273

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

KSnyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bwla

273 b. Filham

Hunger

Dor

Ba-tame

...

...

Bu-tar,
Ba-tyar

I-nde

Husband ...

(jO-wos; a-

...

...

...

A-in.
A -tan (273 a)

A-zanu

Hyena

A-sulugu

...

E-mundunco.
E-samai

I-ne

Iron

Ka-trco.

M-faj

Bu-jamei.

Bu-bual (271).

Ma-nyi,

Di-gurra

A-fatr.

Tu-poi (268)

Bu-pol (272)

Ma-iny'-.

A.fats

Mu-lap"

Island

A-yel ; ma-

...

...

...

E-tama.
E-tuta

...

Ivory

E-tranku.
Da-sik; ya-

...

Bu-sede gwe
yo7a

Pe-nyi-noj-ycoga

Ka-nin,
Ka-nyin.
Ka-tenyab

B-eyi

knee

Ra-wu ; tra-.

M-bcabax ; a-

E-gumu; ma-.

Pi-juiiul (269).

Fu-jul,

I-kwu

Da-bun ; se-

Patt (268)

Pu-huba,

Hii-duhl.

(26s)

Pu-jeojco (270).
Pu-jUiul (272)

Fu-dyiir.
E-jonkum ;

su- (273 b)

Knife

A-tis (263, 265).

Ma-tudo>

Ke-rani ;

Wu-mbanji

Ge-wa ; we-wa.

I-tcarr

K-amp ;

masa-.

(269).

E-wunyum

.

ts-amp (264)

Pa-jase (268)

O-mbandj,
U-mban ;
ngi-, fige-
(270-272)

Lake, sea ...

A-tonka

...

...

Ka-tok.
Fu-moit.
Hu-imp

...

Leg

A-lafik ; ma-.

N-wut ; a-wut

Gu-ranka; ma-.

Pi-wat (269).

K-eot,

I-muv; wa-guv

Ta-rank.

Kore (268)

Pii-tsema : i-

K-ot.

Ka-tek ; ta-.

(270).

Ga-ts ; go-ts.

Ke-tseg ; tse-

Kot ; i-ot

Ke-kednum

(265)

(271).
Kcu-hats

(272)

(273 b)

Leopard ...

U-sip.

Me-nyambele

Nje-amu ;

U-wat (269).

E-samai,

I-zan

A-pip ; tse-.

gu-samu.

Wu-ot,

E-sama.

A-tumbala.

Na-mbaran

Wu-ots

Ji-gaj (273 b)

O-kadagantsa

(268)

(271,272).

(265)

O-sinka (270)

Lion

A-sonala.

Ma-pinuk

Ji-gadama ;

U-leon.

Ji-nan,

1-wizan

A-yari.

nya-.

U-ji mu-gur

Ji-nera.

O-lemcobagi

Jadame (268)

E-nen.

(265)

Dyi-mukor

Lips

Ka-san ; tra-

Fu-pitum,
Hu-bitum.
Bu-tum.
Hu-bila

VVa-s

Magic, fetish

K-orosu.

Nyint

Bi-sani;sa-san.

Pu-bol.

Bo-bon.

A-vawi

Ma-bani.

Ku>ndanyinl

Ka-suog

Bo-kin

A.jol.

(268)

E-butu (264)

Maize

Ka-mank-ka-fok.
Ka-iikabe

(264).
Ke-babu(265)

N-kafulon

N-tubanycij

Bu-magi,
Bu-maja

Ba-sita.
Hu-sit

7S8

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

KSnyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

-•

'

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. B<ola

273 b. Filham

Man

VVu-ni ; a-fam.

Nyie

U-sa ; bi-sa.

N-ent (269).

An ; bu-kan.

An; wi-ana

I-fim ; a fim.

U-sia {z6t)

Nyi-ent ;

A-nine,

Fum; a +

bi-ent or

ba-ent.

Ny-endz

(272)

A-neine ; pi.
k-ine, we-ine

Man, vir. ...

U-runi ; a-.
I-ruguni ; a-

(264)

La-mkiele ;
ba-

-■•

Aina

Fa-can

Meat

U-pem.

Me-nak

Ny-ari.

O-yemunts.

E-lco.

F"a-iyar

A-peam

Ny-ase (268)

Wu-iamat.
Wu-yamadz

E-leu

Medicine ...

A-trol.

Mi-nient

Bi-sani.

Bunco (270).

Bu-bun,

Wi-loj,

A-dz51,A-tsar.

Bu-roa (268)

Bu-go (271).

Bu-bon

Vi-lw

A-jol(264,265)

Bu-kase (272)

MUk

Ma-noinco.'

Ben

Ma-nna.

Mi-ntati,

Mi-hr,

Wa-mbilla

Ma-pa.

Ma-mbr (268)

Mu-ntcdu

Mi-hl.

Ma-mbr (265)

Mi-n (273 b)

Monkey

Ka-yek.

M-fasak ;

Gi-degwa.

0-satra (270).

Hu-ilol.

I-an ; wu-jan

Wa-kar ;

a-fasake

Ju-pura (268)

U-gon,

Fu-16i

tsa-kar (264,

O-kon (271,

265)

272)

Moon, month

N-of ; y-of.

M-bilan

Wu-lampa.

Pu-li (269, 270).

Hu-hlen.

U-lepera

N-wof (265)

Fa (268)

Pu-na-t (271).
Peli (272)

Fii-le.
Fi-en.
Fu-lhen

Mother ...

U-kara.

Nya

Na,

A-nen (269).

I -nya.

Amma,

Ya.

Nna,

Nana and

Ja,

Nam ma.

Bom.

Nie,

A-ni (270).

Dya,

Namax [ = l/iy

Na.^

Nae (267, 26S)

Ne (271).

Dyai,

mother)

Mana (264).

Ni (272)

Da

Mama (265)

Mountain ...

A-ron; ma-

...

...

...

Hu-rity'.
Fu-sil

I-kuna

Mouth

Ke-sen,

Mi-swle ; a-scole Musu ; ma 4 .

N-tu (269).

Bu-tum ;

Wa-s'

Ka-san ;

Pi-mes (268)

Mo-ntun ;

u-tum

ta- or te-.

i-tun (270).

Ke-sun ; tse-.

Mo-ntum ;

Gai-sun ; tse-

i-tum (271).

(264, 265)

Mi-ntunk

Nail (of finger

A-santrak or

N-wuen ; a-

Ga-nkaru ;

(272)

Ka-nkuaru

Ga-urox ;

Wa-kadem

or toe)

Santak.

nya-.

(269).

o-rox.

A-pantp ;

Karu(267).

Ki-nyere; i-

K-od ; w-or

y a- pants

Koj-fodu (26S)

(270).

Pu-nyere,

E-nyeri

(273 b).
A-hor,
Kor (273 a)

Name

N-es ; rn-es

...

...

Ka-dya.
Ka-res

...

Navel

Ka-bont ; tra-

Mi.lutj ; a-lut>

Wu-roho.

Pu-npunton.

Fu-xulot ; gii-.

I-taravul

or tse-.

Pa-dumpe

Pu-pinden.

F.-kumpulot.

Ke-bont; tse-

(268) .

Pe-suntan

Ku-kusulot

(26s)

Cp. with 262, and with B»ntu words for 'suck ', 'fat '.

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

759

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

padal

272. Bcola

273 b. Filham

Neck, throat

Ka-lim ; tra-

Mi-8<oar

Ndu-ranto ;

Pu-ngwagi

Bu-lamox.

I-gin '

vr tu-.

ma-lafi<o (267).

(269).

E-kondot ; su-.

Ke-lim ; te-

Un-taii (268).

Ke-tsus (270).

E-kondor

(265).

E-rafa (267).

Ke-tut,

Ka-rim ; tse-

Pa-j» (268)

Ka-dudz (271,

*

(264).

272).

Ke-sok ; tse-

Ku-nars

(264).

(270).

A-mira; ya-

Ka-not,

(26s)

Ga-nots (271,
272)

Night

Tra-trak.

Fot

Wo-djana.

Bu-ram (269).

Feox,

Gu-mod,

Tsa-tsak.

Pa-dyene

Bu-rim,

Fuk,

Gu.mad

Tsa-yetsak.

(268)

Bu-dem,

Htik.

a)-bi (263;

Bu-dam (270-
272).
U-s6jen (272)

Bu-iti

(darkness).

E-lim

(darkness)

Nose

Asot.

Mi-nyeni ; a-

Ga-njini ;

Bi-es (269).

E-nyeiidu,

I-tyan

Ta-sut; ma-.

nye-sini.

Bi-hl; i-hl

E-nindu,

(Ama-kul =

Nya-sin (26S)

(270).

E-nyund«

nostrils 263;

B-iz; iz(27l,
272)

Oil palm ...

A-komp

M-si ; a-si

Be-ninji ; sa-.
Be-nij (268)

Be-kiame

(270).

Bu-kiam,

Bu-keem

Ka-bekel,
E-bekel.
Ny-it; w-it

A-gwanna

Ox

Una

...

...

E-be ; fi-be.
Hu-kat,
Fu-kat

I-ni

Paddle ...

Alala

...

...

E-eii,
E-ven.
E-bondokcd

M-banaj

Palm wine,

Ma-komp

...

Bu-nuk

A-ciii

beer

Parrot

A-pal.

Ma-baka ;

Jwga.

On-pimna.

E-kekora ; ba-

J

A-karu.

be-bakae

Ku-joi (268)

U-|semane.

•

E-baYebaye

Un-simana

,

Penis

Ma-runi

...

...

...

E-font,
E-hunt

1-pdl

Pig

A-sop ; ta-,

■ •■

Ya-ncoli.

On-kumbe

E-kumba.

I-mpaya.

tra-, tse-

Kasi;

ma-hasi.
Sefi (268)

(270).

Kumba (272).
U-jifek (271)

E-furka,
E-purgun

(Portuguese
' porco')

Fazin

Pigeon

Ka-fop.

Ma-far ; be-far

A-bale ; ma-.

6-bale (270).

E-leh.

Fak,

A-pcogi.

Pa.p61e (268)

U-balap

Ka-labal,

Faya

A-bugara ; ya-

(271, 272)

Ka-lhaban ;

(265)

U-.

E-pankon

Place

D-er

• *•

...

...

Tin.
Tan.

Fu-laka

I-guac

' Properly I-gv/rn— \^ representing the Russian vowel U which is like a throaty I or the IVelsh y in ty ('house ').

760

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

'

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bcola

273 b. Filham

Rain ...

Rat ...

River ...

Road ...
Salt ...

Shame
Sheep ...

Shield...
Shoulder

Sister .

Skin ...

Sky ...

Slave ..

Sleep ...

K-om; ts-om.
Koo-am.
Tsa-fun (165)

W-er; c-er

Ka-bon ; tra-

R-oii; s-on.
Ka-bia
M^er

N-tak

A-woj

Ma-lap

Ka-lume; Ira-. Ki-ngesia

Ke-longume

(264).

A-gangasia

(265)
Ka-binta

A-kankela.
Ke-bantsa ;

te- (265).
Ke-gbats
(264)

U-wontr.
Ww-an-tu-

bera (264).

CO-bagi (265)
A-zeka.

A-der.

D-j(s ; pip or

se-dis
Ka-rantr.

A-riana.

Kuru (264).

Kanu (265)
co-tar,

U-trar ;

(D-tsar.

I -tsar

Ma-re.
Ka-dira

N-tafe ;
a-tafua

Gu-sina.
Ba-luru.
Pa-tio (268)

Fiali; ba + .
Fear (268)

N-tonkot

Ma-halan

M-bol ; be-bol

0-hleo-wura

(270).
Wi-bal ;
iigu-pco-wal
(271).
Usa)-bal (272).

Pa)-ti
tnu-nti
O-yarp.
Wu-yat.
U-yadz

ti,

A-kSli.
Ma-k5re (268)

Gu-mpalela.
Ji-p6de

Ga-mbahi ;
ny-efahi.
Ka-pe (268)

(same as
'brother')

Pu-nam (269,
271, 272).
Po-tehel (270)

U-pubabu

(269).
Om-palalo

(270)

Pu-ngama

(269).
Ki-sak,
Ke-jak (270,
271).

Pu-ganga;ge
(272)
(same as
'brother')

Nya-du ; ba-. Ka-tel (269,
Ku-ndar {268) 271, 272).

Ke-tUa (270)

Gu-dana.
Ko-dan

U-lasa; bi-.
U-samp (268)

M-bitakala.
Gbate.
Bu-rsei

A-gare (269).
Ni-njok ;
ba-jok (270).
Na-juok (271,
272)

E-lub,
Ka-lup.
Mu-mel.
E-mits (sky)

Fu-jco; gu-.

E-tuku,

Ba-tuku.

Hu-dyunta
Ka-tok,

Dya-tok.

Fu-16i.

Fu-te
Bu-tin.^

Bu-run
Mu-sis

Nyi-su.

Nyi-nyek«
E-saha.

Saya ; fi +

E-bangal,
Ka-banga

Ka-band,
Ga-ban ;
CO -ban

A-lina,

A-Hnu.

A-ti,

A-li
Ga-fol ; gu-pol.

Ka-pungol; u-.

Ka-ban

Sot.
E-mit.
Bu-tuna

A-mikel,
A-megel ; <o-

Er-r6bi

f-nafi

U-Mbe,
U-ci»ve

A-ngao
Wa-niri

U-sufra.

U-sufanax
I-fe

Di-akwa
A-nkus

Ka-not

A-ngan»

Wu-nna

A-rrambu

0-kw6d

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

761

i

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274-

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kan y op

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bula

273 b. Filham

Smoke

Kima,

Mu-roxat

Fu-dju.

O-ru,

Fa-kod,

U-tyityi

A-kima

Ku-ji (268)

U-du

Ha-kor

Snake

A-bok.

Mi-sis; be-sise

Wu-lina ; ma-.

U-koputat

E-wela ; fi-.

La-nno

A-buk; ya-

Pe-rinne (268)

(269).

O-magena ;
nge (270).
O-pula (271,
272)
Na-pat » (269).

Fu-lan,
Hu-hlan

Son, boy ,.,

Wto-an-runi ;

Me-lafu; be-.

Nimba-wani ; '

A-nyol : ka-.
A-nyel; u-.

Fa -tax

a-wut-a-runi.

Me-la

ba-t-.

Na-bat:
ba-bat (271).

Ba-fet; a-fet

Ni-se (268)

A-mbaj ; ka-

(264).

Na-fan (272).

Wa-nfet ;

Ni-ropos

ma-nafet(26s)

bo-pos (270)

Song

A-len ; ma-

■ -•

...

•*•

Ka.kiden.
E-kim.
Ka-kcogen

u-ya

Spear

A-sor.

Ma-gbasa ;

Ta-mbadi ;

O-talca; nge-

Ka-bai ; cj-.

Sori

Ke-gbasa ;

a-gbasa

ba-l-.

(270).

E-bai ; se-

tse- (265)

Sori (268)

Bi-jan (271,
272)

Spirit, soul

Nu-mpul ;

Bu-inum.

yu-mpul

Ya-lun (273 a)

Star

K.os ; tr.os

Bw-ot
Y-ut.

E-dyanene-
nora

A-kwola

Stick

Ka-ntr.

N-kijiga

Wu-da>ko>; ma-.

O-nol (270).

E-gol; si-.

Lioiku ;

Ka-trak,

Pu-lcokca

Pu-don (271).

Fu-nuk

wa-dicoko>

Ka-tsak,

Pu-mbena

Ke-tsega.

(272)

Ke-manduk ;

tse-

Stone

A-sar ; ma- or

Me-lak ; a-

A-yanga ; ma-.

Pu-lag,

E-wal ; se-.

1-taka;

ya-

Pe-anke (268)

Pu-lak

E-wolum.
E-linkin,
E-lankin ; ?i-.
Yi-nkam

wa-raka

Stool

Ka-wan

Tudyu ;
ma-rudyu.
Tinki (268)

Pu-rsori.
Po-tuare

E-jonkot.
Fu-nak.
E-lakam.
Ey-enum

Tingi

Sun

A-retr.

Mi-yakab

Wu-nari.

Bu-neo (269).

Bu-nax.

U-lahwe

A-nei.

Pu-dyade

CO-nco (270).

Ti-nak.

Det;set(264).

(26b)

CO nuar.

Ti-tai (273 b).

Ke-ten (265)

(0-nor (271,
272)

Bala

Tail (of an

Ka-lena

• •■

»••

Fu-loi.

Sawi

animal)

Hu-wet.
Hu-lity'-

Tear

Nan-trar

•••

■ ••

• •■

Mu-h<o.
Mukulam

(273 a)

0-ngwanna

' Also Numbe or Numbi.

' Also Ba-jan, A-bok, and A-buk.

762

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

26q.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup(Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

\.

271. Sarar or
^adal

273 b. Filbam

272. Boila

Testicles ... K-onkal ; tr-

Thief ...
Thigh...

Thing.

Thorn

Tobacco
To-day

Toe ...

To-morrow

Tongue

Tooth.

U-kei
A-lank

Tr-ei.

Ra-ka.

Ye-tr ( //.)
Ka-bank ; tra-

A-taba
Te-non.

Me-gco.
_A-nan
A-sal.

Ta-lar

A nina,

A-lina.

Ni-nan
Ra-mer ; tra-

or tu-.

Da-mir ; se-

(265)

Ra-jsek; e-.
Da>sik ; ya-
(26s)

Ke-sok
N-gbes-gbes

Bai

Mi-lembe ; a-

M-fet; a-fet

Town, village Ka-petr or

Ka-pet ; tu-.

Ke-rare ; tse-

(264).

Dadi ; se-radi

(265)
Tree Na-ntr ; yi-ntr. N-ti ; a-ti

Ke-nts ;

tse-nts (264).

Ke-tog ;

ya-tog (265)

A-raga.
Bu-la^a.
Pa-tan-ka-nyi

(268)

Rii-mbooji

(269).

Pi-powo

(270).

Pu-gawa,

J'u-gaba (271

272)

Ra-kikit.

Se-kikit

(273 a).

Ti-kikor
A-ku ; kuku.

A-bunta
Fu-bon (Hu-)

Le.

To {268)

A-karu-be-

guranka ;

ma-.

Ko-nyite-

kore (268)
N-kudi.

Ku-mpie (268)

X-ta

Bi-pen dekot.
Pcj-konj
pii-tsema.
Pa-kon-i-got

Fan

Wu-dema; ma-. Priamd (269).
Pu-leme (268) Pe-remte ; i-

(270).

Pu-ndiamont

(271).

Pu-ndemut

(272)
A-kede, I-ro>magi (269).

A-jede; ma-. Pi-nyi (270).
Ma-nye (268) Pu-nin (271).

Pu-nyi (272)

Da-re; ma-,
Ya-re (268)

Bu-ri ; ma-ri.

Pi-8 (26cS)

-Me-dz (270).
U-sak (271,
272)

Bu-ko (269).
Bu)-nu ;
iy-conu (270).
Bu-mol (271,
272)

Wax,

Waf.

Kn-da (273 a)
Bu-gub.

Jia-denkun.

Ka-dind.

E-gink
^umbai
Dat,

Dyat,

Dars
Fu-sink ke-

kednum.

H u-sik

Ka-dyum,

Ka-dyom.

Ga-jem
Fu-rerup ; gu-

Hu-lelumf

(273 b)

Hu-nin,

Fi-nin ; gu-.

Ke-nin ;

u-nin (273 b).

Ka-nyin
Ka-lol ; U-.

Ji-lol (=

villas^e).

E-suk,

E^uk"

Fu-bad,
Bu-bat
Bu-bore.
Bu-nunuken

I-gampa

A-lg
Imbuvu

I-nyb
U-lampan

Da-vuga
Dol

Wu-pare

A-tyan

Dina,
Siua

Beyi

Wo-nala

A-ttay

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

763

I

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or
Padal

273 b. Filham

272. Bcola

Twins

Ka-bari; tra-'

...

...

...

Ku-luba.
Ma-luba

U-cep

Urine

Masote

...

...

...

Mu-sur,
Mu-sur

i-tya

Vein

Ra-nta ;

Ma-nar ; abe-

Bu-su,

Ki-ncon ; i-nun

Ka-kil; u-.

Ngan ; //.

na-nta.

Wu-su ; ma-.

(270).

Ga-jsil ; u)-

vi-enkana

Da-nta ;

Ka-wis (268)

Ka-ntan ;

se-danta

i-ntan (271)

(265)

War

Ka-cim.

M-bakar

A-guba; ma-.

Pu-rseka (270).

OD-teya,

N-wut

Defa; se-defa

Pa-se (268)

0-Yot,

Fu-tik.

(265)

U)-gut (271,
272)

Hu-tik

Water

Ma-nt,

Niial

Ma-mbia.

M-leg (269).

Ma-hindcd.

Wa-nka

.

Ma-ntr,

Ma-mbea

Mu-nsop(27o).

Mu-mel

Ma-nts.

(268)

M-el (271,

Na-mun or

272)

Da-mun (264,

265)

Well, source

Ka-lamp

...

...

...

E-bila.
E-koia

Ka-cemmu ;
wa +

White man

U-pcotoa.
OO.fare.
0)-tabu ; a-

Ngie-wune

...

...

E-lulum,
A-Iulu

A-rwiafu

Wife

U-rani ; a-

...

...

...

A-sek,
A-sex

A-svel

Wind, air ...

A-fef

...

...

...

E-hefa.
E-riisi

I-zallc

Witch

U-ser; a-

...

• ••

Asai

A-Yawi

Witchcraft

Ra-ser

Nyent

• ••

...

A-sai

A-yawi

Woman ...

Bom ; a-fam

La-mfai ;

Unali;bi-nali.

N-at (269).

A-nara or

A-svel

or a-bom.

be-fai

U-jafe (268)

Ni-as; b-as

A-nare; ware

U-bera; a-.

(270).

or kare.

I-rani ; a-

Ny-at: b-at

Kari

(2^4).

271).

U)-rani (265)

Ny-adz

(272)

Womb ...

Ka-fantr-ka-

. ..

...

Hu-bikum

poru

Wood (fire-

E-tok,

N-womban

Ma-tima-be-

I-mol

U-yad,

Wa-doywa

wood)

Ke-tok.
Ya-tog.

Ka-lapat

huru.

Ma-t (268)

Wi-yad

yam

A-kui.

N-kiep

Wu-lajca.

Ki-tok,

E-kama.

I-Yoka

A-nei.

Ma-raj« (268)

Ka-tox

Ku-kis,

De-tsak ;

Ekis

ye-tsak

(265)

Year

Ka-ren

...

...

Ka-dyandca.
E-mit

Bona

Yesterday...

Di-s,

Nefot

Waye.

Ta-gal,

Fu-ken,

Yinu

Di-sa.

Paki (268)

Ta-kae.

Hu-ken

Ka-nmaya

' Noteworthy.

Mo-ntco (270)

764

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

369.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

:68. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landuma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bula

273 b. Filham

One ...

•in (p^in, n^in,

•dendeg.

•numa.

-!51e,

-ano,

Di-angco,

\.-va,&'c.,with

■du

•kani,

-Ion (o-lon).

Ya-n5r,

•angco

concord)

•gani.
•ini (268)

■lalan,
■Icolco

-nod,
-nori,
-mori

Two ...

•ran,

•bele

•bihe, -he.

•taba.

-luba.

VVa^xi,

-ren.

-nge,

•pugus (270).

■gaba,

■»i,

•peran (264)

•runke.
•mae (268)

■tab (271).
•taw (272)

-gawa, or

-kaba.

•gopten

■ki

Three...

•sas

•at (pat)

•yco,
•j<o,
•dy».
•jcou,
-majcou (268)

-ku^ant or
•ant (269).
•jint (270),
•yant (271).
-a.yents (272)

-fegi,
■saji,
-hodyi,
-fogi. ^
-fcoaten

•rar (Wa-rar)

Four ...

•anle, •file.

•nam (bi^nam)

■nehi.

■baker.

•bakir,

•naY« (Wa-)

•nere (264).

-ne.

-bakr.

-baxed,

•ngele (265)

•mane (268)

■bagr

•baregen

Five ...

•amat, -tumat.

•teda,

Gu-bida (see

Ka.nyan,

•tcox,

Im-bit or

•tsamat (264).

•tedu

'ami ',' hand'').

•nyene,

•tok,

•bidi

•tsamot (265).

Kw^beda

•nyen,

•tak.

•tsan' {in com-

(268).

•nya

-tcogen.

post/ion 265)

•ka,

Nka (268)

-onco-hii-tok

Six ...

•amat^rto^kin.

Tedu-te^dendeg

M^pagi,

Pagi,

Hu-tok di-anco.

Bidi^gi^ri&o or

De.kin (264).

M^padyi.

Paji,

Fu-takmori.

M-bidgiriad

Ge^tsantin

N-kaine (26S)

Paj,

Fo-torianco

{265)

Pai

Seven

•amat'de-ran.

Tedu^te-bele

En^ganyj.

Paji^ne^plco.

HQ-totdi^luba.

Bidi^gu-a-xi

De.peran

M-podyi-

Jand (270).

Fo-tore.gaba,

(264).

n^gani.

Paji^na-

&'C.

Ge^tsan-te^

Ka-mae (268)

pulon.

maraii (265)

Pagi-na-pulco

Eight... .

•amat^re-sas.

Tedu^te^pat

Wase.

Kuas.

Fu-tak-si-saji.

Mbidgu-arar

De-sas (264).

Ka-ma-jcou

Ba-kari.

Hu-tok^di^

Ge-tsan-te-

(268)

Bafirei (271).

hodyi.

ma-Bas (265)

Bakirei

(272)

Fo^torifdyi

Nine ... .

■amat^ro)-

Tedu^te-binam

Luerubco.

Kuas^ne-plo.

Fu^tak^si^

M^bid^gu-a^nax

nanle.

Ka-ma-ne

Ka-nyangalco

baldr.

De^panere

(268)

(271, 272)

Hu^todi^ku-

(264).

bakir.

Tsan^te-

Fo-tori-bakir

ma^ngele(26s)

ji

Ten ... .

-(o^fat,

Tebel? (». e.

Wa-pohco.

U-nya^nawel

.Si-bankco.

I.poyto or

-o^fatr,

' twice five ')

Papco (268)

(269).

Nyen,

Fukco or

-(o.fats (264).

Disi-nyane

U-nyen.

Pcogcd

Vn (265)

(270).

I^nyan (271).
I^nyen (272)

Kii-nen

Eleven

.. -u)-fat,

Tebele-ntem-

\Va-pohco-f)ga-

Du-kena (272)

U-nyen^di-

Pcog<o-gi-riao

-o-fatr^p.in.

dendeg."

numa.

a^nor.

Pu.ani-tin

Tebele^nta<

Ngapa-kani

(Kwat =

(265)

hAa ^' twelve'

(268)

'fifteen '.
liu-tinken =
'fifteen')

GROUPS K-N : THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

765

263.

266.

267.

269.

273.

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Dyola)

KSnyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcama

271. Sarar or
^adal

273 b. Filham

272. Bcola

Twenty . . .

Ka-gba,

Tebele

Wa.pohco wa-

Mu-ram (271)

Kabanan.'

A-ne-bum {i. e.

Ke-gba.

ka-mbele

ruiike.

O-yi, A.n {i.e.

'one whole

Kare-kuma-

Papeo mane

' valid 7nan '

titan ')

ran (264).

(268)

or simply ' a

Pu-ma-ran

man ')

(265)

Thirty

KQ-gba-tr-co-
fatr

...

...

Kabanan-dy'-
II -n yen

A-fukfo a-rar

Forty

Tra-gba-tro-
ran

...

Kabanan-buka-
si-gaba

A-fukti) a-nave

Fifty

Tro-gba-lra-
ran tr'<o-fatr

...

...

...

Kabanan-ku-
gaba.dy'u.nyen

A.fukeo i-mbit

Hundred ...

Keme kin

...

...

Kabanan-bu-
kana.fu.tok

KSmg

Thousand . . .

A-wul

...

...

I, me, my ...

I. Mina.
Minan.

Mi, Mini.

Ma, Me.

Ngi, Nji, Nji.

I-ndye. Njeni.

.A-mi.

In-, I..

Ni., N..

Ma- (268),
Me- (268).

Gi-, Ngi., Yi-.

I., Ni-.

Nyi-, Ma-.

-mi-.'

p

?

■>

?

-e-mi, -muna

-a-mi

■mam,
-iigamen

-limu, .gumu

(267),
•ma, .me

-na, .nam

(271, 272),
.ni (270),
-ji (269)

-m, -om

Thou, thee,

Mq. Muno.

J

?

Au.

Wudye.

thy

Munon.

Ma-.

?

?

?

U-, Nu-.

?Wu-.

-mu-.^

?

?

J

5

;

•mu, -kamu

•ngei

-me, -he, -ne

•nu (269-272)

-iya, -ia, -i,
-ei, -ae

-yid', -uhu

He, him, his

6. Koono,
Kunoii.
0-.

-kco-.'
•on

Ume. Yo.
Akila.
A-, Na-.
?
•oyco, .ol, -to

Ai.
?A-.
■nai, ?

We, us, our

Sq. Sya,
Syan.
Sq-
-su-.^
-a-sa

u-ii, a)-ii.

CO-lal.

Di-, Du-, U-.

■>

-lo-lali, -co-li,
-u-ri

Buno.

?
J
-fu

Ye, you, your

Nq. Nya.
Nyan.

Nq..

-nu..^

-a-nu

Buku.
Bukurul.
Miul, Muyul.
Dyi-, Dyu-.

-ul

Una.

?

•>
-ugun

They, them,

Nq, Nan.

• *•

...

Kukila. Buk<o.

Ale.

their

Na-

Ku-.

;

•na-.=
-a-nan

From Kaba-nyen = ' twice ten '.

' These (ordinarily) ier

.olil, -il -e

' These infixial pronouns in the objective are also used terminally.
Jtiinal pronouns may be sometimes used infixially.

3 D

766

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Nalu

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (DySla)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcamai

271. Sarar or

273 b. Filham

^
t

^adal
272. B<ala

All

•be.
Roman,
-senk

...

...

Pe, Fe.
Popa.
Pus

Fop

This, these

-we (co-we) ;

-ne (a-ne)

[Classes I

and 2) ; -e

(an-e, ey-e,

in-e, -an-e,

-ak-e, ar-e,

ap-e, atr-e,

ats-e; 6^c.)
6Dw-e — an ;

an-e — an

[Classes I andz)

A-we, A-hue,

bukake ;

ya-ye ;

sa-se;

dya-dye ;

fa-fe; ka-ke;

ba-be; &'c.
Au or Ahu,

bukaku ;

ya-yu ; Gr^c.

U-mi

That, those

Ku-, -on, -an

...

...

Awatir A-hua;

Gedi or

(ojw.on,an-an;

bukaka ;

Xedi

&'C.)

yaya ; sasa ;

-ci (cowa-ci,

<S-6-.

ka-ci, ya-ci,

A-ume, A-umu,

ma-ci ; ^'c.)

Auma ;

Konowon ;

bu-kakum-

fil. naiian

buke.

(l and 2}

bu-kakum-
buku,
bu-kakum-
buka ;

yayuye,-u,-a;
sasunse,-u,-a,
kakunke,
■u, a,

wawume, -u,
-a ; G^c.
( The principle
is to affix
a changing
vowel {-efor
near, -u for
middle dis-
tance, and -a
for far) to the
pronominal-
plus-demon-
strative par-
ticles. 'The ac-
tual pronomi-
nal concord is
also used
for 'this',
' these ')

Bad

-detsa, -a-jiak

•yale.

-nconora.

-dakut.

I-wona

•letsa.

-ira.

-titi.

-fut.

■las

-a-ira (268)

-wursi.

•nyenyi.

•arat

-nini

■

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

767

263.

266.

267.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Naln

Biafada

Kanyop

Fulup (Oyola)

Konyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landcoma

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bcila

273 b. Filham

Black .

Female

•bi

•bera.
■rani
Fierce, sharp -ban

Good ..

Great ..

Little..,

Long ..,
Male ..
Old ..

Red ..
Rotten

Short..

Sick ..

White.,

■tejsa,
■ntesa

-bana.
■bunera.
■baki (265)

■151.
■fetoj

■bol,
•bSli
•runi

•baki.
•wuon

•yim
■tei

■gbutr

•tru,

•trut
•fera.

M^fera

Above, up, R(ykom
on top
Before . . . -kadi.

Rcodi^ka
Behind ... Rovraran

Below, down Rw-rata

Far ...

... Ran.

Ro-yaii

0-boli

Here ...

Ancij.

Nu

•bala,
-balax

-{•fai

-a kon

-a tibel

-a finyax

•kele,
•kiele
-a wok

-a kulunaz

-a wuin,
•wune

Ba^ngilie (267).

■jene.

men.

M^banak

Bai-nde (268)

■jin

Henam.
-nytoget

•pula ?

•pule.

-ar,

•zvella

•nyadz

-are

■baliis.

-pombak

■nyefi

Dub-i-lie.

■nora.

Dyad yak,

NyiwSk

•ya (267).

■wara

Dadak.

Wa-inde (268)

•ware,
-sunsuii.
•s5m.
•dycobi

Lumave (267).

■dem.

■jaloj.

•naik

Ne-nde (268)

■dembe.

Kabak.

■magi.

■kalbkalo.

•ram

■amok

Halage.

•tiaiik.

■tita.

Fatojdy',

•nentiti (268)

■tiers.

■hihun.

•teody'

-tengetsi

-temtem,
-teme (273 b)

-bak.

-nonk

•momok

-bi?

■bto.

■ine.

Fa-can,

•yint

■en

•can

Balibi (267).

■tafe.

•falen,

A^tyerr

Ka-fo-nde

■rpafi

■finan.

(268)

■hina

■dunk

■Nl-bantak

...

...

■popot,
fufut

N-gallak

...

...

■totog.

N-wojana

•tog

Rawe-.

■mage.

■sumute.

U-res

Koro- (268)

■maki

■dyurs

Fasi-lie.

-fasi,

■hit.

N^yerrk

Fasi-nde (268)

-faj

■fita.

•tumpuy'-.
-fur.
■tien

Fa.

Ga-mbin

Fatiai

...

Bu^dyeolen.

Ka^diunkwa

Bu-hl

...

Bu-lemuk.

Ka^muni

Bu-sol

...

...

Tentam.
De-lam.
De-tam

Gbdd'

...

...

Liili,

Nyaka.

Luilui

•nau

...

Tate

Da-nyari
3 D 2

768

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263.

266.

26;.

269.

273-

274.

English

Temne

Naln

Biafada

Kan y op

Fulup (Dyola)

K5nyagi

264. Baga

268. Pajade

270. Pepel

273 a. Fonyi

265. Landoama

-

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bcola

273 b. Filham

In, Inside ...

Ka.,
Ru-,
Rq.

...

...

Nen.
Nende.
Hinde.
Di

Ta-niiri

Middle

Ra-tron

...

...

...•

Dy'-elinga.
D^-etut

Fa-gant

Near

tO-fatsi

...

...

Nun ok.
Leah

Dyu-kufo

Outside ...

Ro-ru

...

...

...

Ti-nyere.
Ti-en

I -parr

Plenty, many

■lai.
Gbati

...

••■

...

Dupodupo.
Pus.
Ifdr

NdyobSni

There

De,
Re.
Rco.
Dia, Ria

Babu,
Baba.
T«.
Bco

Gedi,

Xedi

Where? ...

Reke?
Re?
■ia?
-ona?

...

Btobai,
■ai
(Tai ?, Bai .')

Ne?

No!

Amam !
De!

...

•••

...

Hani!

Se!

Bcolco ! ,

Not (with verb

Ce-.

•ha-

-ma-.

Ma-.

•ut, -at, -et

-la

as prefix, in-

-ki-.

Gal- (r).

Mu-.

(•ut »iost

fix or suffix)

•he, -fe.
Kapi- (neg.
verb, ' not
to-')

Ka- (268)

Mbar^-

commonif).
Dyakum-,
Zakum-,
Kum-

•

To

Tra-, Troka-

j

5

j

Ka-

J

„ beat ...

•not.

•mab

•fumu.

•kcowe.

-tek.

...

■sap

Nafu-'

•tuja

-goteii

„ buy, sell

-wai.

■waya

Gandr-.

-nemate.

-nom,

. ..

•tigila. (264).

Kante- (268)

•gantri.

-nomulco

•tila (263)

-awe.
•wel.
-wap

-nconom

„ come ...

■der.

■yine

Legi-.

-bei,

-janlco.

...

■mbek

-perede (268)

•bia.

-ribe.

■bande

-bile.

-rindi.

-riii

„ cut

•tsap.

•bogu

Rufu- (268).

-te.

•mine.

...

-gbek

■bumu,
-habu (267)

•fal

-pit.

-fitik.

-faren

„ dance ...

■pisa.

•kame

•gama.

•gei.

-bombom.

•tomco

-pe.

Kamede(268)

■ke

•fum,
-bum.
•kak. ^
-ycokon

„ die ...

•fi

■rufe

Neme-.
Sadi- (268)

-gate,
-ketse.
-kerse. -iat

-kers,
-ket.
-fur

...

* 7'/ie verb-roots in 267 .r«(/ 268 seem to be conjoined with suffixes rather than prefixes.

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES

769

English

263.

Temne

264. Baga

265. Landoima

266.
Nalu

267.

Biafada

268. Pajade

269.

Kanyop

270. Pepel

271. Sarar or

^adal

272. Bula

273-
Fulup (Dyola)
273 a. FSnyi
273 b. Filhatn

274.
Konyagi

To

Tra-, Traka-

?

?

J

Ka-

?

„ eat

•di

■teri

Yaha-.
Jam- (268)

•re.
-de

■rie.
-teny.'

...

1, give ...

•s5.

■die

Nuni-.

■wcolcij.

•uli.

■dumi

.p5

Ninka. (268)

-tended

-sene.

-sen.

-dyi

„ go

•k«,

•kohe

-bcoarcii.

-pia.

•kae-

•dofu

■kcone.

•perade (268)

•gia,

■lanye.

-nkco

-giya

-dau,
-dcou

„ kill ...

■dif

•ra

Damu-.
Damem-

(268)

-fen

•mux,
-muk.
-mule

• ••

„ know ...

•trara

«••

•base,
•dyam.
-maman.
-gak

-etabu,
etab

„ laugh ...

■set

•giyu

Oasi-

■ge.
•je

-renken.
-bebet,
•ber.
•delhu, -hlu

„ leave o£f,

•trai,

• ••

...

...

•fatco.

■tavireke

cease

-trei

-kat.
-was

„ love.want

•b5tr,
•boter

•jitobe

Duki-

-iialcd

-boli.
-fany'-.
■mane,
•manol

-tabu

„ see

■nank

-ko

Le-.

Jene- (268)

•uene.
•yeni.
-wen

•jujox.
•juye.
-dyuk

■ >■

„ sit, remain,

■yira

■She,

Die-.

•tuare.

•laku.

■danya

abide

•nyohe

Jcode. (268)

-sori.

■t85.

•tet

•rSko.
■kin

„ sleep ...

•dira,

•dewe.

Dand-.

■pende.

•fintco.

• ••

•ndira.

•nwete,

Danehe-.

-nonte

-not.

•funta

•wete

Data-.
Dasoj (268)

•filoj.
-mori

„ stand, stop,

•tsuma.

•tcote

Nyanye-.

...

•dyume.

...

be erect

■ntsema

Nyenyco-

•hitco.

-jundum.

•hinci>

„ steal ...

■keia

...

...

...

•kuet.
-bot

...

PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN TEMNE, BAGA, AND LANDWMA (263-265)
Class I. (singular) (x)wto-, Woa-, Ixi-, V- (<oka-, (o-, kco, koii, &c) ; 2. (plural) Ana-, Ua-, A- (ana-,
fia-, ni, n-, a-) ; 3. (singular) A- (aria, ni, &c.) ; 4. (plural) Ya-, Y'-, Ye-, E^ (eye, yi, e) ; 5. (? or 20 sin-
gular) Ara-, Ra-, Ra-, Da-, D'-, R'-, Ata-, Ta^,' T'- (ara-, da-, ta-, ri, di, ? ti) ; 6. (plural, collective,

' Ta- was regarded by the Rev. C. F. Schlenker as an independent prejix in Temne, with Ma- for
plural. But it would seem only to be an alternative form of Da.- and Ra-. // is more commonly met
with in Baga (264), -while Da- is the form preferred in Landcoma.

77©

ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

abstract) Ama-, Ma-, Man-, M'. (ama-, am'-, ma. na, mia) ; 7. (?or 13 singular) Aka-, Ka-, Ka-, K'-,
Ke- (aka-, ka-, ak'-, ki) ; 8. (plural) E-, Eye-, Ey'. (eye-, ey'-, e-, y'-, yi) ; 9. (singular) Ana-, Na-, N-,
N- (ana-, an-, n'-, ii'-, ni) ; 10. (plural) Atra-, Tro-, Tra-, Ta-, Tu-, Tsu-, Tse-, Ce-, C, Se-, S'-, p'-
(atra-, tra», ca-, tr-, c-, t-, s', &c.) ; II. (singular, but also mainly prepositional and demonstrative in
sense of ' to ', ' at ') Ru-, Roj- (?) ; 12. (absent or fused in No. 10) ; 13. (prepositional only—' in ', ' at '—
or fused in No. 7) Ka- (.') ; 14. CO- ?, OOwco-? (co-, www-, wco) ; 15. (locative) 00-, Od- (od-, d'-, co-) ;
16. (plural, collective ; not a locative) Apa-, Pa-, P'- (apa-, ap'-, p'-, pi).

In addition there are traces of a singular number prefix Ba-, which is usually reserved for words con-
nected with children. Na- is an honorific feminine prefix meaning ' mother ', or ' mistress ', ' lady '. Pa-
similarly is a respectful masculine prefix equivalent to ' father ' or ' sir '. The 4th prefix, especially in the
form Ya-, has often a dual rather than 'a plural sense, indicating two objects rather than an indefinite
number.

PREFIXES, &C., IN NALU (266)

(There are traces of the concord in numerals and adjectives).

Singular. Plural.

He-
Ma-
Mi-

Mco-, Mu-

N-, N-, Ny-
Ki-, Ke- .'
Ba-?

La- (or Lam-) (feminine)
(Nalu also employs sufifixial vowels — a, -e — to lengthen the noun-root in the plural, additionally to
the plural prefix.)

Be-, A-

A-, Be-

Ba-, Be-, Abu-, Abe-

A.

A-

A-

?

PREFIXES, &c., IN BIAFADA AND PAJADE' (267,268)

Singular.

Plural (Biafada only).

Woj-, Wu-, U- (u) (human beings mainly)

Bi-, Ba- (bi)

Gu-, Gun-, Ga-

Wa-, Ma-, Bo-, Po-

Ba. (ba)

Bu-, Bto-, Wu-, Wco-, Fu-, Fa-, Pu-, Pw-,

Ma- (pa, ma), Man-

Pi- (268)

A-, E- ; Pa-, Fa- (268)

Ma- (pa, ma)

N-, N., Ny., I-, -

Ma-, Gu-

Bu., Wu-, Bi-, Be- (bi), Pi- (268)

Sa-

Gi-

Ma- (ma)

N-, Ni-, Nin-, Ny'. (ni)

Ma-, Masa-, Ba-

Ke-, Ka- (ka) (268)

Gam-, Gan-, N- (M-)

Nya-, Nye-

Ji-, Ju-

Nya-

Ndu-, Lu- (uru, be)

Ma-

Ku-, Kco- (268)

?

La- (268)

?

Nin- (diminutive ?)

Ma-

' The plural prefixes jyPajade are not given by Koelle and arc quite uticeriain. Pa- is the com-
monest singular prefix in Pajade.

GROUPS K-N: THE SOUTH GUINEA-UPPER GAMBIA LANGUAGES 771

PREFIXES, &C , IN KANY0P,> MANJAKO), PEPEL, SARAR (^ADAL) AND

BOOLA (269-272)

Singular. Plural.

Wu-, U-, O)-, A. Gu-, N-gii., »gi., »ge-

N-, Na-, Nyi-, Ne- (na, ni) Ba- (ba), Bi-, Be-

Ki. (269. 270), Ke-, Ka-, Ga- (ka) I- (i), E-

B'-, Bco-, Bu-, Bi-, Pco-, Pu-, Be-, Pe-, Pi-, I-, E-, Ge-, Mun-, Mon-, Mi-

Wi-, U-

Mu-, Mon-, Mun-, Min- I-

Li-, Ni., Nin (270) Bo-, Ba-

Ku- (270) I-
Ba- (269)

■>

PREFIXES, &C., IN DYOLA (FULUP) (273-273 b)

Singular. Plural.

A-, An-, 0- (a, u, um). (This is the ' human Ku- (ku), Buka (ku), Ba- (bu), and Vu- (vu)

being ', ' intelligent ' class)

Yi-, Y'-, E-, I- (e, ei, i-) Si-, Su- (si, su), or ^i-, p'- (fi, fu)

Dyi-, Ji- (dyu-, ju) Ku-, K'- (ku, k-)

Fu-, Fco-, Fi-, F'-, Hu-, H'- (fu, hu) Ku-, Gu-, Keo-, K'- (ku, k-)

Nyi-, Nyu- (nyuj Ku- (ku, k-)

Ka-, K'-, Ga-, Ge- (ka-, ga-, a, ku, gu) U-, 00-, W- (? Gu- in some dialects) (u, vu)

Bu-, Ba-, B'-, Bi- (bu, ba) U-, Vu- (u, vu)

Mu-, Ma-, M'-, Mi-, Mco- (mu, ma) Vu-, U-
(locative) Ti-, Ta-, T'- (ti, ta, tu)
(? locative, rare) Fa-, Ha-

NoUs : Ku- in the first plural class varies occasionally as Ki- and Ka-. Buka- is only applied to
the plural for ' man ' ; Ba- is only applied to words meaning or connected with ' children '. Ka- in the
sixth singular class is used as the infinitive prefix in verbs. Fa- (or Ha-) of the tenth singular class is
rarely used, but seems to answer to the Bantu Pa- as a locative.

PREFIXES, &c., IN KONYAGI (274)

Singular. Plural.

I- — , A- 2. Wi- (wi), Vu-, Vi-

5. I- (da), Yi-, R'-, Li-, De-, Di-, Di- 6. Wa- (wa), Wu-, Wi- (wi)

7. Ya-
9. N-, N-

13. ?Ka-

14. 0-, O)-, 6-, Wu-, U- (pi. No. 6) 14. Wu-, U-

15. Gu- 10. Se-?

16. Fa-, Fu- (pi. 14) (sometimes locative)
20. Rr'-, Ra-, Lo-. Da-
There is not much obvious resemblance here to the Bantu prefixes, though I have used tte Bantu

numbers for their classification. No. 16, Fa-, Fu-, seems often associated with ' male', ' masculinity ',
and may be a version of the Pa- or ' father ' prefix, a form very common in Pajade (268). No. 5 seems
to correspond with the 5th Bantu prefix (Di-, Li-), and No. 6 (Wa-) certainly answers to the Bantu Ma-.

' Note : the plural prefixes 0/26^ are very uncertain.

772 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

263. The Temne language is spread over the western and central parts of the Sierra Leone Protec-
torate, and extends westward over a little of French Guinea. The Baga or Kalum language (264) is— or
was— spoken on the coast of French Guinea opposite the Los Islands, north-west of the Sierra Leone
boundaries. Landuma (265) is the dominant language on the coast of French Guinea between the River
Pofigo) and the River Xunez or Kakande, and e.xtends a little north of the Kakande.

266. Nalu is spoken north-west of Landtuma and south of the estuary of the Rio Grande in the
southern part of Portuguese Guinea.

267. Biafada and the allied Pajade (268) language were — in Koelle's time, sixty years ago — spoken
in the southern part of Portuguese Guinea, north of Nalu, and on both banks of the Rio Grande from near
the coast to a distance of about ninety miles inland.

269. Kanyop or Manjaku is spoken in the coast region of Portuguese Guinea along the banks of
the estuary of the Jeba river. 270. Pepel is the language of Bisaco Island, opposite the north shore of
the Jeba estuary. 271. Sarar or ^adal is spoken on the coast north-west of Bisaoj, and between the
estuaries of the Cacheo and Jeba. 272. Bcola is the language of Biolama and neighbouring islands of the
Bisagos archipelago.

273. Fulup or Dy51a in at least three — possibly four or five — dialects, is spoken over a considerable
area of French and Portuguese Guinea, from the estuaries of the Gambia and the Casamance on the
north-west to the middle course of the Rivers Cacheo and Jeba on the south-east, and behind languages
267-272. The southernmost dialect, called by Koelle Filham, extends south of the Jeba river to Rio
Grande. Dyola or Jola is scarcely a native name, but a Mandingo nickname given to all the Fulup
peoples and those which speak Semi-Bantu languages 267 to 273 b.

274. Konyagi is spoken within the south-eastern basin of the Upper Gambia river, near the country
of Fuladugu ; especially in the district of Yukufigu, through which flows the River Laut, which joins the
Baiiguk. The Banguk enters the Imete, and that, apparently, joins the Upper Gambia.

CHAPTER IV
SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS

TO THE FOREGOING VOCABULARIES

LUKONJO (i).

On page 46, in column i, insert opposite ' Brother ', Mu-genzi, Mw-ene. On page 48, in column I,
opposite 'God', Nya-mu-hanga ; and opposite 'Heart', COmu-tema, COmu-libto. On page 49, in
column I, Eii-ketsi as a second equivalent for ' Lake'; and Eri-ka ; ama- as a second rendering of
' House '. On page 50, column i, the equivalent of ' Name ' should read Er-ina, and I-tunke should be
inserted as a third equivalent for ' Night ' ; Ki-sukeru should be added to the words meaning ' River',
I-kute and Em-penda be inserted opposite ' Road ', and COmu-hembco opposite ' Sheep '. On page 52,
column I, insert Ama-iza among the words for ' Water ' ; -wuma as an alternative root for ' One' (with
a footnote as follows : Perhaps related to -kuma, Efi-kuma, meaning ^ some'); Ndatu as an alternative
root for ' six ', and Ama-kumi-ndatu for ' sixty '. On page 53, column i, a second rendering of ' Thou-
sand ' is Ngamagana ; -nyi- is an alternative form for the objective infix, 'me' ; Ni-we, a third equivalent
of the substantive pronoun, ' Thou ', and -a-wu of ' Thy ' ; Mu- is a second nominative verbal particle for
' He ', •we a second possessive terminal, ' His ', Ni-b», as well as Aba, stands for ' They ' (substantival),
and -a-bu for ' Their', -usye, in the same column, is a second equivalent for ' AH', and Wo»-, (Onco for
the demonstrative 'This' in the 1st Class of substantives. On page 54, column I, insert -tsebu among
renderings of ' Good ', and -kera opposite ' White '. Insert Hewulu and Eriri opposite ' Above ', Eny-
uma opposite ' Behind ', Hali opposite ' Far ', Ha-katikati opposite ' Middle ', Ha-kuhi opposite ' Near ',
Ahandi opposite ' Outside ', -nene opposite ' Plenty ', and Ha-nemu and COkuco opposite ' There '.

On page 54 the negative particles of Olu-konjco in column I require restating :

Si- (Sindi-, Siwa or Su- or S«-, Si-a, Si-tu-, Si-mu-, Si-ba-) ; Soisa-, Susa- (before 2nd pers. sing,
of imperative) ; -ta- (in past, future, and subjunctive tenses) ; Ereke- (negative prefix for infinitive), -ndisa
(= negative verb ' not to do ').

There should be also added the following verb-roots in column I on page 55 :

•laba, 'go'; -ta, 'kill'; -kanza, -ganza, 'love'; -laiikera, -bona or -bcona, 'see'; -wconya,
' sleep ' ; -ema, -ema-na, ' stand '.

On page 55 the prefixes and concords of Olu-konjco require restating in accordance with our fuller
knowledge of the language at the present time (1919) :

Class I. OOmu- (comu-, -mu-, cowu-, yoj, yu, u-) ; 2. Aba- (aba-, -ba-, ba-) ; 3. (jOmu- (w- or comu-,
gu or ku) ; 4. Emi- (emi-, eyi-, gi, yi, i-) ; 5. Eri- (li, ri) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, a-, awa-, ga) ; 7 Eki- (eci-,
ki) ; 8. Ebi- (ebi-, bi) ; 8 a. Ebi- (ebi-, bi) ; 9. E-, Eyi-, En-, En-, Env, N-_(M-) (en-, e-, eyi-, yi) ; 10. Esi-,
Esico-, Esian-, Esion-, Esiony'- (en-, esiw, isi-) ; 11. OOlu- orOvv.-, 6du-, (Jl)nu- (colu-, ru-, lu, du) ;
13. U)tu- (otu-, tu) ; 13. Aka- (aka-, ka) ; 14. (jObu- (cobu-, cowu-, bu) ; 15. OOku- (coku-, ku) ; 16. Aha-
(aha, ha, he-) ; 17. OOmu- (comu-, mu).
URUNYGRO) (2).

On page 54, column 2, there should be added to the negative verbal infixes of Uru-nyor«, -duku- or
-ruku-.

LUGANDA(4-4b).

On page 63, column 4, opposite ' Night ', the Lu-scoga equivalent of 'darkness' should read Eki-
zikiza or Eii-dikiza. On page 65, column 3 b, the first word for ' Stone ' should read Ili-we. On the
same page, in column 4, add 1-wendi (4b) to the equivalents for ' Sky ' ; Oniw-ika (4 b) opposite ' Spirit,
soul* ; and I-bale opposite ' Stone '. On page 66, column 4, Ama-di (4b) should be inserted opposite
' Water '. On page 70, column 4, opposite ' Here ' insert Tanco (4 b), in addition to Waneo.

On page lOy also, the following additions should be made to the negative particles of columns 2 f, 3,
3b, and 4-4 b : In column 2 f (Uru-kerebe) : Ti— ga ; Ti-ka — (' not yet') ; -bula (negative verb). In
column 3 : Nti-, Nt'- ; -tali- ; Wi-, Mwi- (2nd pers. sing, and plural, imperative). In column 3 b : Nti-.
In column 4-4 b : -kw; Ti-, Ta-, Te- (4 b) ; Ezira- (4 b).

On page 71 the following verb-roots should be added in column 4-4 b : opposite ' come', -iba (4 b) ;
opposite ' know ', -ibi (4 b) ; opposite ' love ', -yenda (4 b) ; opposite ' see ', -buna, -bSna, -boine (pret.)
(4 b).

On page 72 some additions should be made to the Lu-ganda prefixes. To the name ' LU-GANDA'

774 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

should be added LU-SESE and LU-SCOGA. Among the prefixes of the jth Class should be inserted
Iri- (4 a), and of the i6th Class Ta- (4 b).

The plural form of the Se-, Sa- ' father' prefix should be rendered : Ba-se, instead of Ba-, Se-. It
should further be noted that Ka- is also classed as an honorific prefix, and that there are traces of an
honorific Ki-.
LUWANGA, &c. (5-5 b).

On page 75, column 5 a, an alternative word for ' Doctor ' is Omu-mali. On page 76, column 5 a,
Omu-ktofu should be added to the equivalents of ' Father ', and Nya-saye as another word for ' God '.
On page 80, column 5 a, add Ama-khuwa as meaning ' Things ' in plural. Page 83, column 5 a, insert
-lahi as an alternative root for 'Good' and -kulundu for ' Great'. Page 84, column 5, add to the nega-
tive particles, -ta, -kata (neither); in column 5a add -tawe, -nga, -kata (neither), OOxu-buta ('to be
without ') ; in column 6 add -k'-, make -ka an infix -ka-, and delete -ta. In columns 7 and 7 a add to
the negative prefix Ti-, -ti- as an infix. On page 85, in the list of Lu-nyara prefixes, &c., make the
objective infix concord of Class 3 -ku- and not ku-. On the same page, correct the statement of the 5th
Class prefixes in Lu-masaba, &c., by changing the spelling of Ki- to Ri-. Add to the Ki-guzii prefixes
of Class 8 the form Eve-.

NYAMWEZI (9-9 c).

On page 95, column 9, insert these negative particles : -ka- (-ha-, -k'-) ; -noo ; -tali- (not yet).

KIKUYU, KAMBA, TAITA, NIKA, &c. (11, 12, 14, 16).

After some words in Kikuyu (column 11) appears a capital D in brackets. This— it should be
explained — stands for 'Dhaicu', a discarded name for the Nyeri dialect.

On page 98, column 14, insert opposite 'Adze', Cezo ; opposite ' Ant ', Ci-viri ; opposite 'Arm ',
M-kconu ; opposite 'Arrow', I-vaneo ; and supply missing figure ^ to second foot-note. On page 99
insert opposite ' Breast (man's) ', Lega ; opposite ' Brother ', M-bari ; opposite ' Country ', N-doae. On
page 100, column 1 1, note that the plural prefix of CO-tuku, ' Day ', is ma-, and insert as a further root
for ' Day ', Hingco; give Mu-t»injiri as the Kikuyu equivalent for ' Doctor', and Ibe for ' Father (his) '.
On the same page, in column 14, add M-ztika to the words meaning 'Devil ', and Ki-ci to the words for
' Door '.

On page loi, in column 14, add Jfgonde as an additional word for 'Fish ', and spell the word for
' Frog ', Ki-cula. In the same column, insert Mw-ai as a second word for ' Girl ', and Vava as another
rendering of Wawa, ' Grandmother '. In column 15, I-cura is the more correct spelling of the term for
'Frog'; while Gtila is the better spelling of' Frog' in column 16. On page 102, column 14, add the
following words: opposite 'Hippopotamus', I-bo>ku ; opposite 'Husband', Miwa, Miyco, Mumi (i.e.
'Husband— my, — thy,— her'); opposite 'Hyena', I-kutu; opposite 'Knee', Ki-tembelu ; opposite
'Lake', I-riva. In column 16 the word for 'Heel' should read Jimbe. On page 103, column 14, add
Ma-riwa to the words for 'Water', and Mw-eri to the words for 'Moon'; in column 12, Tu-manna,
' Night ', should read Tumanna. On page 104, column 14, add a second rendering of ' Shoulder ', I-vega.
On page 105, column 11, add Ka-hi as a second word for 'Son', and U-ndu ; ma-u-ndu as a further
word for ' Thing '. In column 14 insert I-ywe as an alternative equivalent of 'Stone'; and Ki-fumbi as
the rendering of 'Stool'; also Mw-ingwa for 'Thorn' and Linu for 'To-day'. Page 106, column 11,
add 1-tura to the words for ' Town '. In column 14, Ki-gonjo should be added to the words for ' Yam ',
M-baca to the words for ' Tree ', C-uga for 'Vein ' should be noted as a plural with a singular in L-uga,
and ^uku should be instanced as a second word for 'Well '. Page 107, column 15, the equivalents of
' One ' should read : M-cozi. -mwe. Mwezu. In column 14, -randadu should be inserted as an additional
form for 'Six'. Page 108, column 11, Ni- and Nin- should be added to the nominative verbal pronouns
of the 1st person singular. In column 14, -ni- infix pronoun should be added to the forms for ' Me' ;
and (JOkco be given as an additional substantive pronoun, ' He'. In column 12, Itu- may be inserted as an
alternative nominative form of ' We ' with the verb. On page 109, column 1 1, an additional demonstrative
root should be given : -cico (u-cioj, a-cico, &c.). Page no, column 11, the root for the adverb, ' Behind',
should be spelt Xuba, and another form for ' In, inside' should be added Ti-ini. On the same page the
negative particles of Kikuyu (i l), of Taita (14), of Taveita (15), and of Nika (16) require to be re-stated.
Those for No. 11 should run: Ti-; -di- ; -ti ; -diku- ; -dina- (preterite) ; Tiga- (infinitive). For No. 14:
Si-, Su-, Sa- ; -sake- ; Nde- ; -anduangi (verbal suffix) ; -gar Kande- ('not yet '). And for 14a : Si-,
Ndu-, Nde-, Ndi- ; -sa- (past conditional) ; -ya (suffix to present). For No. 15: Si-, Tco-, Ta-, Ttotu,
&c. For No. 16 : ^i-. Si-, S'- ; -si-; Kha-, Khu-, Kahu- ; Tha-; -t>a ; Si-dza, Ka-tsa, Singa. Also
in column 12 the negative particle -di- should be represented thus as an infix and the adverbial Ta- be
added ; and in column 13 the negative infix -dza- should be added as ' employed with the Infinitive '.

On page 1 11, Re- and Li- should be added to the Kikuyu prefixes of the 5th Class, un- should be
given as an adjectival concord for the 3rd Class, and the concords of Class 10 should be rendered enj-,
ci. Also it should be noted that the 2nd prefix in Kikuyu is occasionally rendered Wa- and Ma-. In
the Kamba prefixes, &c., Dzi-, Si- should be added to those of the 5th Class, Ci-, Si- to those of the 8th
Class, and tsi to the concords of the 10th Class. Also in this paragraph dealing with. Kamba the second
of each of the concords should not be followed by a hyphen, as it is not used solely prefixially, but mainly

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 775

as an infix and objective pronoun — a distinction which, from oversight of either printer or author, is often
lacking in the earlier vocabularies of this work. On page 112, the Taita prefixes, &c., require some
alterations and additions, gu- should be substituted for u- as a concord of Class i, and Si- should be
added as an honorific prefix. The form Ru- should be inserted among the forms of the nth prefix in
Pcdkumu.

CAGA, pAMBALA, ZIGULA, &c. (17, 19, 20).

On page 113, in column 17, the word Mii-pare (17 b) should be inserted opposite 'Banana'; and
N-deye (17 d) opposite ' Bird '. In column 19, I-simisi may be added as an equivalent of ' Ant ', and
similarly M-simisi in the 19a and 20 columns ; Ny-ani also, for ' Baboon ' in the 19a column. On page
114, column 19, Nw-ana should stand for 'Child' as well as Mw-ana. On page 115, column 17, N-umbe
(17b) opposite 'Day'; Ny-imo should be spelt thus and not N-yimo. In column 19a, N-ombe ya
m-kulcd should be added to the words for ' Cow ', and Zuwa opposite ' Day' for ' daylight '. In colunm
20, M-ganga should be inserted opposite ' Doctor'. On page 116, column 19, insert Wcoya opposite
' Fear ', and N-onda as an additional word for ' Fish '. In column 19 a two other equivalents of ' Fish '
should be given: Scofi and Zafi. In column 20, M-esw should be spelt m-esco, as it is the plural of
Z-isco ; further, the variant Diz-iso>; am-esca should be inserted. Similarly, in column 20 d, M-eso>
should be spelt m-eso, as being the plural form only. On page 1 17, column 17, M-borco (17 b),' Bullet ',
might be added to the words for ' Gun ' ; and Fi, also I-fo (both of dialect 17 b) to the words meaning
I Hair '. In column 19, opposite ' Grass ', Lu-fcovco might replace Fcovco ; and opposite ' Hair ' might be
inserted the additional form, Lu-zwili; pwili. On page 118, opposite 'Iron ' in column 17, the word
Ky-utna might be given, for its local meaning of 'Brass'. In columns 19 and 20 insert Gembe ; ma-
opposite ' Hoe ', and in column 19, Lu-vea opposite ' Ivory'. In column 20, it might be noted opposite
' Leg ' that Iki-ga ; ivi-ga is an alternative rendering showing the retention of the preprefix. On page
119, column 17, the plural form W-comi, meaning 'Men', 'People', might be added to the terms for
'Man'; and Nsi (17 b) opposite 'Medicine'. In column 19, opposite ' Monkey ', the additional word
N-kima, should be given ; in column 19 a, N-kombe for ' Nail '; and in column 20, opposite ' Man ', the
alternative plural awa-nt'u. On page 120, column 17, add Mu-ra (17b) to the terms for ' River', and
I-ruweu (17b) to those for ' Sky'. On page 121, column 19, insert the alternative Ma-humbu opposite
'Testicles ', and Ki-ga opposite ' Thiglf' . In column 19 a, note that Nw-ana and M-bwanga are addi-
tional terms for ' Son ' ; and in column 20 that m-ila is the plural of W-ila, ' Song '.

On page 124, column 17, add -oyco as another terminal pronoun meaning ' Him ', ' His ' ; and in
column 20, note that Ne- and Ki-, K'- are additional nominative verbal pronouns for the 1st person sin-
gular, and Ku- for the 2nd person singular. On page 125, column 18-18 a, see that the correct fonns of
the nominative verbal pronoun for the 1st person plural are rendered respectively as Tu- and Su- In
. Column 20, the correct demonstrative, 'These' for the 2nd Class is avva-nca, with the preprefix. In
column 17, page 126, add -ddu {17 b) to the terms for ' Little '.

On page 127 the negatives require re-statement. 'No ! ' in 17 b is Hcode! 'Not (with verb), &c.',
in the Caga dialects (column 17) should be rendered : -ku, -feo, -ndi, -la (suffixes) ; -la- (infix for subjunc-
tive) ; -ci (negative verb, ' is not '). And in connexion with this correction the footnote on the same page
should run : ' Chiefly by suffix in the Ca.g& group ; the prefixial forms Si-, ^i-, Hu-, Ha- were recorded
by the author in 1884 in the Mu^i dialect, and similar particles were suggested by a German writer /in-
ly b, but both alike lack confirmation.' gi and Ci are negative verbs equivalent to ' is not '. In column
18 there should be added to the negative particles the infixes -is:-, -esi- applied to all persons, and the
infix -si- used only with the subjunctive. In column 19 the negative particles should be thus rendered :
pi-, pa- (1st pers. sing.), Nku or Kau-, Nka-, Nka-ti-, »ka-mu-, Nka-wa- : -ka- ; Se-, Nko-, Nke- : -pa-,
-se-, -si- or -pi- ; Ka- (in passive infinitives only). The negatives in Bondei (19 a) are : Nki-, Nku-,Nka-,
&c. ; -hi-, -hu-, -ha-, &c. ; Hi- or Ki-, Hu- or Ku-, Ha- or Ka-, &c. ; Nke- (subj.) ; -kasa-, -se-, -ka- ;
•nase; Ifkusu- (infinitives). The negative particles in 20 d are much like those in No. 20, but they
further include these forms for the past tense : Nahi-, Nahu-, Naha-, Nahaki-, &c.

On page 128, the following additions and corrections are required in the statement of prefixes and
concords. In those of the Caga dialects, add Iw as an additional concord for Class 11, and these words :
' but -n or -ny', suffix stands for -ni, the particle associated with Class 17 '. The first concord given for
Class 10 in Pare-Gwenco should be ^i-, not si-. The ' Prefixes, &c.,in pambala-Bondei-Zigula-Mrima'
should bear these additions: 'No preprefixes, except in Zigula, where they are prominently in use.' To
the prefixes of Class i should be added Umu- (20) ; to those of Class 2, Awa- (20); of Class 4, Imi- (20) ;
of Class 7, Iki- (20) ; of Classes 9 and 10, Nyi- (also noting that Zi- is amongst the loth Class prefixes in
No. 20, as well as in 20b). Add to the prefixes of Class 12, Yu- (19a). Further, it should be noted
that the Wa-, Hwa-, Va- diminutive-collective prefix apparently only acts as plural to Ka- in pambala,
that the plural to U- (14) is Nyi, not Ny- ; and that there seems to exist a Ta- prefix in pambala, used
perhaps in an honorific sense.

On the same page (128), in the geographical definition of the Caga area it should be understood that
the range of these dialects extends to Useri and Mamba, as well as Rombo on the north-east, and to
KibonStcd, as well as Macame on the north-west.

776 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

SWAHILI (21-21 g).

On page 129, the words 'and Ki-^ela' should be added after Ki-pate to the dialects enumerated as
21 c and 21 d ; and a footnote should be given to Ki-cnzi to the effect that ' Ki-uizi frequently uses cfor t
and b for z, thus differing from Ki-atnu. Ki-uzi approximates to Ki-tikuu, but there is not space to
record all its variations Jrom /(4^ Ki-amu sta?idard.' In column 21 (SwahUi) insert the Ifgcozi word
M-vi opposite 'Arrow'; and in column 21 b, the word I-tu, opposite 'Banana', as belonging to dialect
21 d. On page 130, insert N-aci in column 21 e opposite ' Buffalo' asa variant on Ny-aci. On page 131,
column 22, ^-aya should be given as another term for 'Finger '. On page 132, column 21 a, opposite
'Grandparent', insert Nana (5); and in column 21 b, opposite 'Grass', Gubu (21c). On page 133,
column 21, opposite ' Leg', insert additionally -guru; in column 21 b, opposite 'Man', M-cu (Siu) ; in
column 21 e, opposite ' Milk ', I-tiva ; and opposite ' Nail ', I-dcowe ; ma-. On page 134, column 21 b,
add Fungwa to the words for ' Pigeon '. On page 1 36, column 2 1 b, opposite ' War ', insert Kondco (21 d).
On page 138, column 2 1 f, opposite ' That, those ', insert Hu-yco, &c. ' with reference to the footnote below.
On page 139, column 21 (Swabili), add -si-, -sipco, -sije- to the negative particles after Ha-, &c. In
column 21 f, add negative prefixes Hau-, Ha-. In column 21 b, opposite ' To know ', add the roots -isi,
•isa, and in column 22, opposite ' To go ', the roots -endre for the past tense of -inda, and -indu-tsa as a
variant on the simple root 'go'.

On page 140, the following corrections are needed in the prefixes and concords : An addition should
be made to the prefixes of Class 5 — , I- (21 e) ; while the concords for Class 5 in all the dialects should
be stated as (li, 1'-, j'- ; r'-, ri (21 f)). The 5th Class prefixes in ^i-angazija, &c., should read ; Dzi-,
Di-, D"-, L'- ; and Ga- be given as an additional form of the 13th prefix.

In the geographical definitions on page 140 of the area in which No. 21 (Swabili) is spoken the word
' Nyasa' should be inserted after Unyamwezi ; and 'or Ki-ngtovi' after Ki-ngozi. pela should follow
' Pata ' as one of the islands on which the dialect 21 d is spoken ; also ' Pata ' is best spelt Pate, though
very variously pronounced. The phrase ' 21 f Ki-wibu (Ki-mrima and Ki-mgaco) are . . .' should read
' 21 f Ki-Twibu (and .' Ki mgaco) is . . .'.
USAGARA-UGCjOGO) LANGUAGES (23-26).

On page 141, in the list of languages of Group G, the name of 26 a is better rendered Ki-umbugwe.
On page 146, column 26, opposite 'Fifty', A-fundika should read A-fundika-a-sano. On page 150,
column 23, opposite 'That, those', the first rendering should read 'to, preceded by He-'. In column 26
on the same page, opposite ' Long ', -leba should be printed -le-ha, and a hyphen is missing before -ere-
nkundu (' Red '). On page 151, the negative particles of Nos. 23, 23 a-c, 24-24 b-g should be re-stated.
Those of 23 are : Si- or Hi-, Hu-, Ha-, Hatu-, &.c ; Si-ku-, Si- (for all persons) ; Kulema- (for infini-
tives); -btile and -bae (negative verbs). Those of 23 a-c are Si., Hu-, Ha-, &c. ; -si- (all persons) ; -leke-
(subj.) ; -bule (neg. verb) ; Si, Inali (adverbial). Those of 24-24 g are : Si- ; -si- ; -si-nati, -si-ku-,
•sinkha, -iikha- ; Kbali- ; -leka.

On page 153, in the clause dealing with the locality of the Northern Sagara dialects should read
thus : ' 24-24 b. The Kaguru, Itumba, and Kondcaa dialeqts are spoke in Northern Usagara, &c.' In
the clause on the same page dealing with Irangi, ' Lake Manyasa ' should be spelt ' Lake Manyara '.
PCOGORO) (28).

In the pages beginning 154, and in the column 28 dealing with the Ptogorco or Mahenge language,
the following additional words should be inserted : ' Adze', Li-tendese; ' White Ant ', Haiigu ; 'Baboon',
Ni-yani; ' Banana ', Li-t«pi ; ' Beard ', N-deu ; ' Bird ', M-bongeo ; 'Blood', Mi-ahi ; ' Body ', Mw-ili ;
' Borassus Palm', M-bunico ; 'Breast (man's)', Ci-tivi ; 'Brother', M-hwaca; 'Cloth', Lu-pande;
'Crocodile', N-gwena; ' Uog ', Nana ; 'Dream', M-p<ota ; ' Egg ', Ndi-gi ; ma-gi ; ' Face ', C-ene ;
'Forest', Li-tcopulco ; 'Frog', C-ula; 'Girl', M-hinja ; 'He-goat', M-kambakco ; 'Grandparent',
delete M-buzi and insert Mau : ' Hide ', M-bapa ; 'Iron', Debi; 'Island', Lu-hconyu; 'Knee',
Nununca; 'Leopard', Ci-buwi ; 'Lion', Li-himba; 'Maize', Li-lombe ; 'Medicine', M-kongeo ;
' Nail', N-gonji ; 'Name', Li-hina; ' Navel ', Kuvu ; 'Nose', M-bula; ' Parrot ', Li-kwala ; 'Pig',
N-guruwe; 'Rhinoceros', M-bela; 'Salt', Cananyana ; 'Sheep', Funyamco : 'Shield', N-gao ;
'Shoulder', Li-wega; ma-; 'Sister', Mw-aca ; 'Skin', Li-papala ; 'Sky', Ku-mbindi ; 'Slave',
M-manda ; ' Sleep ', M-bcota ; ' Spear ', M-gcoha ; ' Stool ', Ki-tebu ; ' Sun ', Li-cuwa ; ' Tail ', M-sisa ;
mi-; 'Thief, Mw-ivi ; 'Thigh', Li-wondco; 'Thorn', Li-stomr; 'Toe', Ci-dtole ; 'Tongue', Lu-limi;
'Tree', .M-kongeo; ' Vein ', N-dandamba; 'Water ', Ma-ci ; ' Wind ', Ma-Iiti(//.) ; 'Witch ', M-bawi;
' Witchcraft ', U-bawi ; ' Wood', X-dungco; ' Yam ', Ci-yawo.
SANGO), KIMATUMBI, &c. (29-32).

On page 155, column 29, opposite ' Bowels', insert Lu-da ; n-da. And in the same column, opposite
'Country', substitute In-byi for the word incorrectly spelt. On page 158, column 32, opposite ' House',
correct the spelling of Mm-ambe to M-mambe. On page 160, column 27, opposite 'Slave', add (//.) to
Ma-teka. On page 168, in the prefixes, &c, of Bena, Gangi, and Buiiga, add to Class 16 Pa- (31 a).
To the prefixes, &c , of Ki-matumbi, add Kina, Ki-, honorific.
KIMAWANDA-KIDONDE (33 a).

On page 169, at top, add the words 'or Ki-mawanda' to '33a. Ki-donde', and place these words
after Ki-donde throughout the vocabulary at the head of column 33.

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 777

Further, beginning on page 169, supplement the words given in the Mwera column (33) by the
following, all of which apply to the Ki-donde or Ki-tnawanda dialect of Mwera (33 a) :

'Adze', Songole(33a);' ' Ant ', M-hycokw ; 'White Ant ', U-mehe ; ' Arrow ', M-sale ; 'Baboon',
Ny-abu ; ' Banana", N-hcowco; 'Beard ', N-devu; 'Bee', N-dzuki ; ' Belly ', Lu-tubw ; ' Bird ', N-dege ;
' Blood ', M-lcopa ; ' Body ', Mw-ili ; ' Borassus Palm ', M-funico ; ' Bow', U-pindi ; ' Bowels ', Ma-tub« ;
'Brains ', U-lcat<o ; ' Breast (man's) ', Ki-fua ; ' Breast (woman's) ', Tombco ; ' Brother', N-dugu; ' Buf-
falo', Ny-ati ; 'Bull', N-hufi; .'Buttocks', Li-tak<o; 'Cat', Nyau; ' Charcoal', Ma-kala ; 'Chief,
Yumbe ; 'Cold', Behco; 'Country', M-lima' ; 'Cow', Hcolcowati ; 'Crocodile', Mamba ; 'Day',
Ma-yeo ; 'Devil', M-zuka; 'Doctor', M-ganga ; 'Dog', Galu ; 'Door', Nanta j 'Dream', -lota;
'Drum', N-gcoma ; 'Ear', Gu-tu ; 'Egg', Finga ; 'Elephant', N-tembco ; 'Eye', S-iso ; m-eso ;
' Face ', Ki-hanga ; ' Fat ', Ma-futa ; ' Father ', Tati ; ' Fear ', W-coga ; ' Finger ', Ki-butu ; vi- ; 'Fire',
M-otci> ; ' Fish ', Somba ; ' Foot ', Lu-ayco ; ' Forest ', Mu-hulco ; ' Fowl ', N-huku ; ' Frog ', Ki-bula ;
' Goat ', M-buzi ; ' He-goat ', Bebelu ; ' God ', Mu-lungu ; ' Grandparent ', Sukulu ; ' Grass ', Lu-bihi ;
and Mi-yani : ' Ground ', Si ; ' Ground-nut ', Sugu ; ' Guinea-fowl ', N-kanga ; ' Gun ', Bunduki ;
'Hair', M-fwili: 'Hand', Lu-wuhco ; 'Head', Mu-tu; 'Heart', M-oyeo; 'Heel', Ki-sugunhu ;
' Hide', Kupco; Hill', Ki-dunda; 'Hippopotamus', N-hcomontu ; 'Hoe', Gembe; 'Honey', Uki;
'Horn', Peto ; ma-; 'House', Ifanda ; 'Hyena', N-t<ote; 'Iron', Fy-uma ; 'Island', Tinghi ;
' Knee ', Findi ; ma-; 'Knife', Mw-ere; ' Lake ', Lamba ; ma-; 'Leg', M-guu ; ' Leopard ', Duma ;
' Lion ', Simba ; ' Lips ', Mi-ltomto; ' Magic ', U-hawi ; 'Maize', Mu-lombe ; ' Man ', Mu-nhu ; 'Medi-
cine', Mi-ti ; ' Milk', Ma-ziwra ; ' Monkey ', Ka-lipa ; ' Moon ', Mw-etsi ; ' Mother ', Mama ; 'Moun-
tain ', Dunta ; ' Mouth ', Dudula ; ' Nail ', N-kombe ; ' Navel ', Lu-kufu ; ' Neck ', U-gwsi ; ' Night ',
I-kiltij; 'Nose', M-pula'; 'Ox', N-ombe ; 'Paddle', Kafi; 'Palm wine', U-gimbi; 'Parrot',
N-kwalu ; ' Pig', N-guruwe ; ' Pigeon ', Huwa ; ' Rain ', M-lungu ; ' Rat ', M-pewa ; ' Rhinoceros ',
Tupa ; 'River', Lu-kemba ; 'Road', N-dzila; 'Salt', M-kere ; 'Shame', Ki-nyala ; 'Sheep',
N-gondoIcij; 'Shield', Ki-ktopa ; 'Shoulder', Yega ; 'Sister', Lumbu ; 'Skin', Kingco ; 'Sky',
U-langa; 'Slave', Mu-wanda ; 'Smoke', J-cosi ; 'Snake', N-zeoka; 'Son, boy ', Mw-ana ; 'Spear',
M-geoha; ' Spirit', M-oyca; ' Star ', N-tondwe ; ' Stick ', Li-biki; 'Stone', Di-bwe ; 'Stool ', Ki-g<ada;
'Sun', Tsuwa; 'Tail', M-kila; 'Tears', Ma-hutsi ; 'Thief, Mw-ifi; 'Thigh', Patsa ; 'Thing',
Ki-nu ; 'Thorn', D-iba; ' Tobacco ', Tumbaku ; ' To-morrow ', Ma-yto ; ' Tongue ', Lu-limi ; 'Tooth',
Li-tsino ; 'Town', Kai; 'Tree', Di-biki; 'Twins', Ma-wila ; 'Vein', Nu-tsitsi ; ' War ', N-kondoj ;
'Water', Ma-tsi ; 'Well', Ki-sima and Lu-wanta ; 'Wife', Mw-ehe; 'Wind', Behoj; 'Witch',
M-hav?i; 'Woman', Mw-ehe; 'Wood', Di-biki; 'Yam', J-ombco ; 'Year', Mw-aka; 'Zebra',
M-kunda. ' One ', -mojsi ; 'Two', -pili; ' Four ', -nne ; 'Five', Tanu; ' Ten ', Tanutanu ; 'Twenty',
Mi-longo mi-bill ; ' I ', ist pronoun singular, He-ni ; 'Thou ', He-gwe ; 'We',He-twe; ' Ye', He-mwe;
demonstrative suffixes, first position, -mwe, waha ; second position, -dya. Adjective roots : ' Bad ',
-lema; ' Black ', -titu ; ' Female ', -mwehe ; ' Fierce ', -kali ; ' Good ', -ncoga ; ' Little ', -dcodi ; 'Long',
•tali ; ' Male ', -bigalu ; ' Red ', -ntunhu ; ' Rotten ', -cola ; ' Short ', -fupi ; ' Sick ', -itamu ; ' White ',
•ntseru. Adverbs: 'Above', M-hindi ; 'Before', Lo-ngodzi; 'Behind', Ku-mgohgeo ; 'Below',
Ha-ntse; ' Far ', Ku-tali ; ' Here ', Ka-behi; 'In, inside', M-nanda : ' Middle ', Kati-kati ; 'Near',
Behi; ' Outside ', Ha-ntse ; ' Plenty ', Bw-antco ; ' There ', Ha-dya ; ' Where ?', Kw-ahi ? ; 'No!', Ta-
bule ! The only or the principal negative particle is Ta-. Among the verb-roots are : ' Beat ', -tcoa ;
'Buy or sell', -gula ; 'Come', -itsa ; 'Cut', -bawila; 'Dance', -ycowe-la ; ' Die ', -fa ; 'Eat', -dya:
'Give', -gcole-la; 'Go', -cula; 'Kill', -kcoma ; 'Know', -hili-ka ; 'Laugh', -seka ; ' Leave off, -leka ;
' Love ', -kol-ela ; ' See ', -ona ; ' Sit ', &c., -kaa ; ' Sleep ', -asa ; ' Stand ', -wima ; ' Steal ', -eba.

On page 182, at the commencement, read 'Prefixes and Concords in Ki-mwera and Ki-donde'.
Insert Di-, J'- (33a) in the prefixes of Class 5 ; Fi- (33 a) in those of Class 8; Ha- (33a) in Class 16 ;
and at the end of the clause substitute ' 17. M- (33 a) ' for ' 17. ? '

MAKONDE (34).

On page 178, column 34, opposite 'We, us, our', the second substantive pronoun should be printed
thus: We-re-tu. On page 181, column 35, opposite 'Not', &c., insert 'Andi- (negative prefix)'. On
page 182, add to the prefixes of Makonde and Mavia, Gw- in Class 14, and Na-, honorific. Add to the
prefixes of Pangwa, Ji- in Class 9.

TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES (39-433).

On page 192, column 42, opposite 'Two', insert a third form, -bali ; and opposite 'Nine', remove
the full stop that wrongly follows Fundi, which should read 'Fundi lu-bali '. On same page, in column
34, opposite 'Two', insert -wari, and similarly in column 43 a, -bali.

On page 195, add to the prefixes. Sec, in Kabwari : 'Ba-, Bi- are honorific prefixes in the singular '.
On page 196, in the Lungu and Mambwe prefixes, insert a hyphen after Ania- and Yama- of the 6th
Class. In the clause on the same page dealing with the geographical definition of Kabwari, the last
words should read : 'Bu-lega Group (FF) '.

' Theoretically (33 a) shoitld follow each of these citations so that, inserted in the column, they 7night
be distinguished from the words oftS.weT& (33).

778 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

On page 206, the infinitive prefix given in column 44b should be Uku-. On page 208, column 52,
the word for 'Arrow' should read Mu-vwe. On page 213, column 52, opposite ' Palm wine ', insert
Ma-kama. On page 217, column 49, in the last but one word for ' That ', the figure (i) should follow
Wu-ninco in brackets.
NGINDO) (55).

On page 221, at the top, the figure ' should be supplied to ' North Ngindo' and refer to this foot-
note: ' ' North Ifgindo {indicated in column by ' N') is the Ki-gindo or Ki-maningu of Archdeacon
Woodward, and is spoken north 0/ the Ruvuma river.'

Also, beginning on this page 221, a number of words should be inserted in column 55, representing
additions to our knowledge of North Ngindo. Theoretically, all such words should be followed by an
(A^) in brackets, to indicate that they belong to the northern type of Ci-ngindo. This distinguishing
mark can be omitted here: 'Adze', Ki-kcotamu; 'Arm', Lu-wcokeo ; ma-bukco ; 'Breast (man's)',
Ki-tivi ; 'Brother', M-an'ita ; 'Charcoal', Ma-kala ; ' Cold ', Ma-riri ; ' Country ', Ki-tambo> ; ' Cro-
codile', Li-wamba ; ' Day ', Li-tanv?a ; ' Devil ', M-bepto ; ' Doctor ', M-tela ; ' Drum ', N5ma ; 'Face',
Ku-mihco ; 'Fat', Ki-vungi ; 'Fear', B-coga ; ' Finger ', Lu-konja : n-gonja ; ' Fire ', Mu-otco ; 'Foot',
Lu-ajco; 'Forest', M-hitu ; 'Frog', Jula ; 'Girl', Mw-ikige ; 'God', M-nungu ; 'Grandparent',
A-hukulu ; ' Guinea-fowl ', Li-kanga ; ' Heart ', M-ujco ; ' Heel ', Ki-hinginginco ; 'Hide ', Li-mbendera;
' Hoe ', Li-jembe ; ' Horn ', Lu-penibe ; 'Hyena', N-tcote: 'Knee', Li-jugwa ; 'Knife', Ki-himbi;
'Lake', Li-liwa ; 'Leg', Lu-kongonco; 'Lion', Li-himba ; 'Maize', Li-tombe ; 'Medicine', M-tela;
'Milk', Ma-wele ; ' Monkey ', Li-lipa ; ' Mountain', Uhu-vuko; 'Nail', Cuwo ; y-uwo ; 'Navel',
N-huku; 'Neck', N-tandala; 'Nose', M-bul<o ; 'Palm wine', U-gimbi ; 'Parrot', Li-kwalu ;
' Place ', Ki-rive ; ' Rat ', Li-kule ; 'Rhinoceros', M-bera; 'River', Lu-kemba; ' Salt ', M\v-inya> ;
' Skin ', Li-mbendera ; ' Sleep ', Ndu-gconoj ; ' Tail ', M-kila ; ' Tears ', Ma-n-jcopi ; ' Thigh ', Li-bondco ;
'Thing', Ki-teneo ; 'Tobacco', Ni-mbaku ; 'To-morrow', Ma-lawu ; 'Town', M-hali ; 'Twins',
Ma-vila; ' Vein ', N-dandamba; ' White man', M-sungwa ; ' Wife', Mw-aka-figu ; ' Wind ', M-pugco ;
'Yam', 1-jawrco; 'Yesterday', Li-cco. In the pronouns, Northern N-gindo has the peculiar forms of
Awawa for ' He ' and Kiniki for 'Ye'. In the adjective-roots, 'Bad' is -hakala ; Female', -kali;
'Good', -halala; 'Great', -kura; 'Long', -tandaraan : 'Old', -makecco; 'Red', -kare; 'Rotten',
-wojla ; ' Short ', -jipi ; ' Sick ', -tamwe ; ' White ', -hulila. .^s regards adverbs : ' Here ' is ' Pambanu;
' Middle ', M-gati and -na-kati ; ' Outside ', -nja ; ' Plenty ', -jircoka ; ' There ', Papalya ; ' Where ? '
Ku ? In verb-roots ' Buy or sell ' is -heme-la ; ' Cut ', -hikitco ; ' Go ', -jenda ; ' Love ', -jupa.

YAO) (54).

On page 233, column 54, opposite 'Not', &c., the particle -ka- near the bottom of the series should
be represented as an infix. On page 234, in the list of Yaco prefixes, &c., the words beginning ' Also the
prefix Na- ' should conclude : ' with concord of Class I '.
MAKUA (56).

In the vocabularies beginning page 221, a few words should be added or corrections made in the
columns of the Makua languages.

On page 221, column 56, opposite Axe, the third word should read In-padu. On the same page,
column 56a, insert I-^elelco, opposite 'Adze'; opposite 'Arrow ', Mu-upa; opposite 'Belly', N-tukwa.
On page 222, column 56 a, opposite ' Bull ', insert I-nope i-lopwana ; opposite ' Country ', I-lapo ; oppo-
site ' Cold ', I-peo. Page 223, opposite ' Doctor ', add ' (JOmi-rete ' to ^I-naka ; opposite ' Dream' insert
I-tora. Page 224, qpposile ' Foot ', add M-nyani ; opposite ' Girl ', M-nati ; opposite 'Grandparent',
A-pwia ; opposite 'Ground', I-taya. Page 225, opposite 'Heel', I-kuttia ; opposite 'Island', I-cu-
rumba ; opposite ' Lips ', N-laku ; ma-. Page 226, opposite ' Palm wine ', U-beka ; opposite ' Penis ',
M-ltomto. Page 227, opposite 'Rat', Toroj ; opposite 'Skin', Ni-kuli. Page 228, opposite 'Testicles',
I-kat>e; opposite ' Thigh', Na-ki-tondorco ; opposite 'To-morrow', M-rotco ; opposite 'Town', I-wani;
opposite 'Vein', M-t>itari; opposite 'W'ell', I-hima. Page 229, opposite 'Wife', A-twa ; opposite
' Witchcraft ', U-kwiri.

On page 246, at close of footnote, insert 'and' before 'p. 230'. On page 279, column 67, opposite
' Know ', put -wia. -azi in place of incorrect statement. In column 69, add -siva opposite ' Know '.
SECUANA DIALECTS (74-74 c).

Page 317, to the paragraph headed ' 74 ' dealing with the geographical area of the Secuana dialects,
add: '74c. Njenji, .' North-eastern Barotseland'.
WESTERN AND NORTH-WEST ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES (83-88).

Page 333 and onwards, in column S3 (Si-luyi, &c.), insert this additional information: 'Arrow',
Selco; 'Baboon', Pombwe; 'Breast (man's)', Sati ; 'Bull', N-gundi; 'Cold', Sengi ; 'Cow',
N-gombe nco hcoti; ' Grandparent S', Kuku ; 'Hair', Teuki; 'Hide', Mw-aye; 'Milk', M-enji ;
' Female ' (p. 346), -licoti.

Column 85 (Mbunda) .- insert opposite 'Adze', M-bay<o : 'Arm', Mu-konoj ; 'Baboon', M-puya ;
'Breast (man's), Ha-mbuiigi ; 'Brother', M-bwembwa ; 'Charcoal', Ma-nungu; 'Child', Ci-kukeo;
' Face ', Lcolw ; 'Forest', Mu-nendi; 'Fowl', Sumbi ; 'Grandparent', ^u-kulu ; 'Hide', Ci-Iambu ;
'Hill', Ka-lundu; 'Island', Mu-ccoli'; 'Mother', Ba-nana; 'Ox', Ci-twatwa; 'Shame', Li-yena.

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 779

SOUTH-WEST AFRICA LANGUAGES (HUMBE, 91a; KUVALE, 92 b; NDOMBE, 93;
SUMBI, 94 b).

Page 350 and onwards :

Column 91 a. Insert (also above, in title) 91 a Humbe. Also in column 91, insert the following
words of the Humbe dialect (North Kuanyama) 91 a : 'Adze ', Om-phiva ; ' Ant ', (x)-nyconene ; ' Ant,
white ', tO-hendi ; ' Axe ', Ori-khava ; onoii- ; ' Kaboon ', On-tyima ; 'Back' Om-bunda ; 'Heard',
Ono-ndyeri ; ' Breast (man's) ', On-thuleo ; ' Brother', OOmu-naike ; cova- ; Cat ', OL)-sue ; 'Child',
OOm-cona ; cov-ana ; 'Eye', Ei-so; 'Finger', OOtu-pia ; 'Foot', Om-phandi ; 'Forest', CO-fika;
' Fowl ', CO-usua ; <una)-usua; ' Frog ', E-fima ; ' Ghost ', On-dele ; 'Giraffe', Om-base ; ' Girl', OOmu-
fikto ; ' God ', Suku ; ' Grandparent ', Se-kulu ; ' Grass ', E-hcoli ; ' Ground ', tO-fi ; ' Hand ', Efi-khasa ;
'Heel' (jOtyi-fininike ; 'Hill', E-konkhco; 'Hippopotamus', OOfi; wncu-fi ; 'Island', E-tomba ;
'Knife', OJ-mtokto ; 'Lake', E-tala ; ' Lion', Ofi-khi-yama ; 'Man (vir) ', OOmu-lume; 'Medicine',
OOmu-hemba ; ' Moon ', OO-hami ; ' Finger-nail ', CO-nyana ; ' Name ', E-mima ; coma-mima ; ' Neck ',
COmu-mimto ; 'Paddle', Om-phalulto ; 'Parrot', tOtyi-pui ; 'Rain', Om-bula; 'Road', On-dila ;
' Sleep ', OOtu-punkhi; ' Song', COtyi-ndimbto; 'Spirit', CO-hande; 'Star', Om-bungultilu ; 'Thigh',
E-tumbco; 'To-morrow', COmumbai; 'Urine', tOma-su ; 'Wife', 'Woman', (jOmu-ri-kandi ; 'Year',
E-mima ; ' Yesterday ', Oii-khila.

'One', -mcosi, -ndeke ; 'Four', Kwana ; 'Nine', Tyindiye ; 'Ten', Tyi-kumi; 'Eleven',
E-kumi n'on-dike ; ' Twenty ', Ama-kumi e-vari.

' He ', OOe ; 'We ', On-thu ; ' Ye ', Onne.

' All ', -ise.

' Fierce ', -kala-vi ; ' Great ', -le ; ' Red ', -kusu ; ' White ', -hekuke.

' Behind ', Kco-mima ; ' Here ', CO-papa ; ' Plenty ', -hepa ; ' These ', (Okco-kuna ; ' No ! ' Hal ! ;
'Not (with verb)'. Hi-.

' Dance ', -mama ; ' Know ', -tyindi ; ' Leave off, cease ', -mana.

The remainder of the Humbe vocabulary is almost identical with Kuanyama (91).

Humbe is spoken in the Humbe territory, north of the Middle Kunene, along the Kakulcovari
stream.

In the list of languages on page 350, and afterwards at the top of column 92, insert ' 92 b. Kuvale,
Kubale ' ; in the column of 92 enter the following words, attributed to 92 b : 'Adze ', Mi-urisa ; ' Ant ',
On-diru ; ' Ant, white ', OO-hendi ; ' Arm ', (JOku-hcakco ; ' Arrow ', On-teta ; ' Baboon ', Oii-kcij, On-cima ;
'Back', E-tambco; 'Banana', E-hondito; 'Beard', Jo-njori ; 'Belly', Ei-umco ; 'Bird', OOci-dira ;
' Blood ', OOmu-lai ; ' Bone ', E-cipa ; ' Bow ', Konge ; ' Bowels ', Yo-njanja ; ' Brains ', tO-moi ;
' Breast (man's) ', OOlu-kcIoj ; ' Brother', E-lumbi, Mu-haina; 'Canoe', COku-atoj ; 'Cat', OOu-bihii ;
' Child ', On-dele ; ' Day ', (jOlu-nyuku ; 'Dream ', On-dyondi ; ' Excrement ', E-tundi ; (onia- ; 'Fire',
Mu-rirco; 'Fish', On-ponde; 'Foot', Om-padi ; 'Forest', Mu-siteo; 'Frog', Ci-nibcotco; 'Girl',
Mu-kadcona ; 'Grass', Vi-nangco (//.) ; 'Hair', J(u-hici; 'Heel', COci-si; 'Hide', Ci-al«; 'Honey',
OOn-ci; 'Horn', On-pet<o ; 'House', On-juto ; 'Husband', OOmu-dico ; 'Island', Ci-ludi; 'Ivory',
On-piti ; ' Knife ', OO-mcokco ; ' Lake ', E-diva ; ' Leopard ', On-baladi ; 'Magic', U-lo>di ; 'Man, vir',
(Omu-diu ; ' Medicine ', Mi-longeo ; ' Milk ', CO-mala ; ' Monkey ', Ci-ntcotca ; ' Mountain ', OOci-fua ;
'Finger-nail', Lu-nyana; 'Neck', U)-singco ; 'Night', U-tuike; 'Oil-palm', Mu-lunga; 'Paddle',
Lu-vale: ' Palm-wine ', OOmu-lufu, Bco-lutiga ; 'Parrot', E-kerie ; ' Penis ', "Tini ; ' Pig', Ci-nguleo ;
' Place ', OOmu-tumba, Pcoa, Peohika ; ' Rain ', On-bira ; ' Road ', Oii-gira ; 'Sheep', On-jiii ; 'Shield',
Ci-akulileo ; 'Sister', Mu-haina; 'Sleep', E-peocui ; 'smoke', Mu-esi ; 'Snake', (Dny-uka; 'Son',
On-dele; ' Spirit', (jO-handi ; ' Star', OOny-use ; ' Stick ', On-bueti ; ' Stone ', Ewe : ' Stool', Ci-pundi;
'Sun', E-taiigo); 'Tear', Ma-heodi (//.); 'Testicles', Ma-tondco; 'Thigh', E-tumbeo ; 'To-day',
Dinoa; 'Toe' Mu-nwe w<o padi; ' Tooth ', E-yeca ; ' Town ', Ci-longeo ; 'Twins', Jo-mbako>na(?^/.) ;
'Vein', Mu-sipa ; ' War ', OOu-ala, (jOvi-ta ; ' Water ', M-iva ; 'Well', OO-nyombto, E-tcotco, Ci-simu ;
'Wife', Mu-kupua ; 'Witch', Mu-lcodi; 'Woman', Ci-kumba ; 'Yam', U-nyangto.

'One', -mM, Mcosi; ' Six', E-pandu; ' Nine', OJmu-covi; 'Ten', E-kunyi ; ' Twenty ', Ma-kunyi
a-vari.

' He ', COe ; ' We ', OO-twe ; ' Ye ', (Ovo-onwe ; ' They ', Oavo.

' All ', A-cilie.

'This, these', E-ngu(i); On-benu (2) ; ' That, those ', E-ngu i-nya (l) ; On-be-nya (2).

'Black', -divoi; ' Female ', -kadi ; 'Little', -nunu; ' Long ', -la, -laala ; 'Male', -diu; 'Old',
-kulu-pa; 'Red', -sai; ' Sick ', -vela ; ' White ', -pembai.

' Before ', A-nkco ; ' Behind ', Ke-tambeo ; ' Far ', Kco-hale ; 'Here ', Peoenu ; ' Plenty ', Cakaka ;
' There ', Poj-enya.

'Dance', -dana; 'Die', -ena; 'Kill', -leka ; 'Know', -nongon-uka ; 'Leave off, cease', -pua,
-hula, -nyima ; ' Love ', -yeva ; ' Stand ', -riera.

In Kuvale, preprefixes — especially in the CO- form — are sometimes dropped. The 1st and 3rd pre-
fixes are therefore usually Mu-, and the 4th Mi-, the 6th Ma-, the 7th Ci- and Ke-, the 8th Vi-. There is
a Yco- or Jco- prefix, which may be No. 10. No. 11 is usually Lu-, 14 is (Oil- and U- and in one word,
B<o-; 15 is Ko>-. The 00-, O- preprefix is always retained before the 9th prefix (On-, U)-)

78o ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

The area in which Lu-kuvale is spoken seems to be the region on either side of the 15" South lati-
tude between the Upper Kunene and the Upper Kubafiga).

COLUNDOMBE, NDOMBE (93).

The following words of this scarcely known tongue have recently been transmitted to me (see p. 350
et seq.) :

' Adze ', Ci-sele ; vi- ; ' Ant ', tOlu-njinji ; pi. a)16- ; ' Ant, white ', E-keke ; pi. ba- ; ' Arm ', COkto.
kuukca ; //. a)ba>- ; ' Axe ', On-daibidi ; ' Baboon ', Cx)-piina ; tola)- ; ' Back ', Ony-ima ; ' Banana ',
E-hondico ; //. coba-.

From these it may be deduced that the 6th prefix is Ba-, (x)ba-, CObco- ; the 7th Ci- ; the 8th Vi- ;
the loth 016-, (JOlw.

SUMBI (94 b).

On page 350 and onwards the following words should be inserted in column 94. Sumbi (94 b) is the
dialect of the Novo Redondo coast district of Central Afigola, immediately south of the Kuvo river. It
represents the northernmost extension of the South Angola Sub-group of Group X :

'Adze', Di-sua; a-; ' Arm ', Ku-aka ; //. aka; ' Arrow', Duinda ; ^/. a-duinda; 'Baboon',
Pompo;//. ei-pompo; 'Relly', Ei-vumu; 'Bone', Ki-hiba; i- ; 'Bow', Kio-nyima; pi. co-nyima;
' Bowels ', Mi-dia ; ' Brains ', U-oiigw; ' Breast (man's) ', Ei-tulo> ; ' Brother ', Yanja ; ' Buffalo ', 00-ncoci ;
'Canoe', U-lung:u; mco-lungu; 'Child', U-manihe ; a-; 'Cloth', Ei-tanga ; co- ; 'Country', Om-
bala ; ' Day ', Ei-kumbi ; ' Doctor ', Ki-winda ; i- ; ' Door ', CO-pitoo ; a- ; ' Dream ' On-jcoji ; ' Drum ',
Oii-gcoma ; ' Ear ', OOku-tui ; a-tui ; ' Egg ', Ei-yaki ; ' Elephant ', U-pamba ; ' Eye ', U-asu ; a-wasu ;
'Face', Om-bombco; 'Father', So; a-so ; 'Fear', U-keke ; 'Fire', Ol)tu-pia; 'Fish', Belela ; om-
belela; ' Forest ', Mu-kelenge ; ' Fowl', Yuamwa ; ' Frog', Ki-mbcatto ; im-; ' Ghost', Ki-lulu; 'Girl',
Mu-ketu ; ' Ground ', OO-seka (also Bu-tcotco) ; ' Hair', OO-jinga ; ' Hand ', (J0-k<oko> ; a- ; ' Heel ', Ki-
sende; ' Hide', OO-handa ; 'Hill', Ki-tubu ; 'Hippopotamus', Ofi-guvu ; 'Husband', U-eiami ;
' Hyena ', Ki-mbungu ; ' Iron', Ki-kete ; ' Island', Ki-sanga; ' Leopard ', Hongto ; ' Maize ', W-mojma;
' Monkey ', Ka-kuiku ; ' Moon ', OO-diji ; ' Mountain ', Ku-lunda ; ' Name ', On-tuka; ' Nose ', Ei-nunu ;
'Palm wine', A-luva, W-alwa ; ' Pigeon ', OO-embe ; ' Rain ', Om-vtilu ; ' Rat', E-pingu ; 'River',
M-biiiga; 'Salt', U-ngwa; 'Shame', CO-sconyi ; 'Sheep', M-budi ; 'Skin', Handa; 'Sky', Ei-lo>;
'Smoke', D-ipi ; 'Snake', Iny-coha; 'Son', M-cona ; 'Song', OOku-imba ; 'Spear', Ei-duinda;
'Spirit', Ki-lulu; 'Star', OO-tetembwa ; 'Stone', Ei-dati ; 'Tail', OO-kila ; 'Tear', A-suena (;>/.) J
'Testicles', Ki-punu; i- ; 'Thigh', Ki-huba ; 'Thing', 1-teIe; 'Thorn', OO-minya ; 'Tobacco',
A-kanya; ' Tooth ', Ei-jco ; ' Tree ', Ki-saba ; ' Vein ', I-piba; ' War ', Ei-ta ; ' Water ', M-ema ;
' Well ', U-tabu ; ' Wind ', Fele ; ' Woman ', Ukani ; a- ; ' Firewood ', CO-yinyi ; ' Yam ', Oi-dingw ;
' Year ', I-dima ; ' Yesterday ', Maha.

'One', Mcopi; 'Two', -badi : 'Six', Ei-pandu ; 'Seven', Ei-pandu-badi ; 'Eight', Ei-kinana ;
'Nine', Ei-kia; 'Ten', Ei-kwin, Ei-kwinku; 'Twenty', A-kwin ya-badi; 'Hundred', Ei-keta,
E-keta.

' I ', Eme ; ' Thou ', Eye ; ' He ', E ; ' Ye ', B-enu.

' All ', -neoka (?).

'Bad', -bi; ' Female ', -kianyi; ' Fierce ', -kema ; 'Good', -na; ' Long ', -sojmi ; ' Old ', -lakanu ;
' White ', -seba.

' Before ', Ku-mesu ; ' Below ', M-coti ; ' Far ', A-pala ; 'Here ', P<oba ; ' Inside ', Mumu ; ' Middle ',
Bu-kati; 'Near', Pepi, Kiki; 'Outside', Bu-samwa; 'Plenty', Ki-hcoka ; 'Where?' Yupi?;
' Not ', ^o-.

' To beat ', Ku-pwpa ; ' cut ', -kcottota ; ' dance ', -tconco-ka ; 'die', -nahi; 'eat', -dia; 'give',
-ku-ika; ' go ', -endco-kco ; ' kill ', -tooma ; ' know ', -tena; ' love ', -ztole ; 'sit, remain ', &c., -tumara;
' stand ', -atema ; ' steal ', -nyana.

The prefixes in Sumbi differ chiefly from those of Umbundu (94) in the disuse of preprefixes. The
1st prefix is U- and Mu- ; the 2nd A- ; the 3rd U-, CO- ; the 4th is Mi- ; the 5th Ei-, Di- ; the 6th is A-,
O)-, Mw; the 7th is Ki-; the 8th I- ; the 9th I-, Iny'-, N- ; (? loth Ei-) ; the 13th Ka-; the 14th U- ;
and the 1 6th Bu-.

The locality of Sumbi is the coast district of Middle Angola about Novo Redondo.

SONGO) (97).

Page 366 et seqq. Insert in column 97 the following additional words of Songco :
'Ant', Ci-mbembe; bi- ; ' Ant, white ', Kenene ; ma-kenene; ' Axe', N-zimbu; ' Back', Kunda;
ma-1- ; 'Banana', Konde; ma -I- ; 'Beard', Mu-epe; mi-; 'Bee', Ny-iki; 'Belly', Timba; 'Bird',
Ka-njila; ' Body ', Mu-Ua ; ' Bone', Ki-kia; bi- ; ' Bow ', OD-ji ; 2;i-co-ji ; ' Bowels ', (O-la ; ma-la;
' Brains', U-ongco; ' Brother ', Pange ; ' Buffalo ', Pakasa; ' Buttocks ', Takco ; ma -f ; 'Charcoal',
Kala; 'Child', M-eona; b-ana ; 'Cloth ', Tanga ; ^ji ■*- ; ' Cold', U-talala; ' Dream ', N.z<oji, Hoi ;
'Ear', Ku-tui; ' Excrement ', Tu-ji ; ma-^ ; ' Eye ',Di-isu; ' Face ', M-pala ; ' Father ', Tata ; 'Fear',
U-«ama; 'Finger', Mu-nyi ; 'Fire', Tu-iha ; 'Fish', OO-pi; 'Foot', Ci-nama; bi- : 'Frog', Ki-ula,
Ci-mbotco; 'Ghost', N-zumbi ; 'Girl', Mu-kenu; ba- ; 'Goat', Kombto ; 'He goat', Ki-tui, Sutu ;
'Grass', Mw-angu; mi-; 'Ground', Ma-vu ; ' Guinea fowl', Kafiga; 'Hair', Lu-ngconia, Bi-mbita

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 781

{pL); 'Heart', N-zundu; 'Heel', Ka-sende; tu- ; 'Hide', E-pati ; ma-; 'Hill', Umu-lundu ; mi-;
' Hippopotamus ', N-guvu ; ' Honey', U-ipi; ' Horn ', Ku-Iomba, M-binga ; ' House', On-zw; ma-nzea;
'Hunger', N-zala; 'Husband', Mu-iala; ba- or imi-; 'Hyena', ^i-nguli; ibi- ; 'Iron', U-tali;
'Island', Ci-koilco; 'Ivory', Oi)-z»; 'Knee', N-gcalco; 'Lake', Mu-nguli ; mi-; 'Lip', Ka-nua;
ma+ ; 'Magic', U-anga ; 'Milk', Lu-mui ; 'Monkey', Kima ; 'Nail', Ci-ngala ; 'Night', U-^iki;
'Nose', M-bimbi ; 'Oil palm', Di-yi ; ma-; 'Ox', N-dumbe; 'Paddle', Ki-handu; 'Palm wine',
U-ala ; ' Pig ', N-gulu ; ' Pigeon ', Bembej ' Place ', Ki-didi ; ' Rain ', Mvula ; ' River', Lu-izi ; ma + ;
' Road ', N-jila, Ci-kcoka J ' Shoulder ', Panga ; ' Sister ', Yaya ; ' Sky ', Kilu ; ' Smoke ', pi|Si ; ' Son ',
M-cona; 'Song', Zompa; zi+; 'Spear', N-gumba ; 'Spirit', Mu-enyco; mi-; 'Star', "Tetemwa ;
'Stick', Mu-ti; 'Stone', N-tanti; 'Sun', Kurabi; 'Tail', Mucila; 'Tear', Swpi ; 'Testicles', Lu-
mbuesa ; ^i- ; 'Thief, Kaba; ^i- ; 'Thing', J-uma; b-uma ; ' Thorn ', Mu-a ; mi-ya ; 'To-day',
Linoj^ 'Toe', Mu-nyi; ' To-morrow ', Kila ; 'Tongue', Lu-laka ; 'Tooth', OO-zto ; ma-zoj ; 'Town',
M-bonge; 'Vein', Mu-piya; ' White man ', Tamga ; 'Wife', Mu-ketto ; 'Wind', Puji; 'Witch',
N-ganga ; ' Woman ', Mu-ken<o; Firewood ', Lu-kuhyi ; ' Yam', Mu-tombto ; 'Year', Mu-nyamco.

'One', M-bcopi ; 'Two', -ball; 'Six', Sambanca ; 'Seven', Sambu-adi ; 'Eight', Nanki ;
' Nine ', OOn-vua ; 'Tea', Kuhi; 'Twenty', Ma-kuihi a-badi ; 'Hundred', Kama; 'Thousand',
Kulakapi.

' I ', Imi ; ' Thou ', Iba ; ' He ', Mwene ; ' We ', Itto ; ' They ', Bene.

' All ', -cosu.

'Black', -^ikalele, -nakana; 'Female', -kenu ; 'Fierce', -laka ; 'Little', -teki ; 'Male',
-ndumbe, -iala ; ' Old ', -co-kulu ; ' Red ', Ku-binga ; ' Rotten ', -bcolco ; ' Short ', -tita ; ' Sick ', -biza ;
' White ', -kcota.

' Above ', Milco ; ' Before ', Ku-lute, Ku-pala ; ' Behind ', Hima ; ' Below ', OO-jsi, Kco-pi ; 'Far',
Kuli ; ' Here ', (jOco, Hcohu ; ' In ', Mcomco ; ' Middle ', U-kati ; ' Plenty ', -landa ; ' Where ? ' Ku-iyi,
■ihi.

' No ! ' Kan^ ; ' Not ', Ki-, Ka-, -koj.

' Beat ', -wita ; ' buy ', -mana ; ' come ', -ya ; ' die ', -fua ; ' go ', -enda ; ' kill ', -jiya ; ' know ',
■ajila ; ' leave ofT', -ehela, -tusula ; 'love', -yola ; 'sit, remain', -tumama, -^ala, -tunga ; 'sleep',
-kusa; ' stand', -mana ; ' steal ', -nyana.

In its prefixes, Soiigio differs from the other Aiigola languages by occasionally retaining preprefixes
(Classes i, 3, 4, and 9) ; its 2nd prefix is Ba- ; 5th is often absent ; 8th always Hi- ; 9th sometimes On-
and O)- ; and i6th Hco-, CO-, U-.

The following words should be added to the Kimbundu and Ngola vocabularies from page 368
onwards :

Column98a, opposite 'Spirit ', N-dele ; ^i- ; opposite ' Horn ', N-gela; ' Lake', Di-sanga; 'Nose',
Di-zue; 'Road', Ki-k<oka ; 'Here', Bcobco; 'In, inside', (also in column 98) Mumu; 'Middle',
Bu-kapi ; ' Near ', Ku-zukama ; ' Where ? ' Buebi ; ' Sit ', -tuiiga.
MINUNGU (112 a).

Page 411 et scq., insert the following vocabulary of Minufigu :

'Adze', Neco; ^i+; 'Ant', Jinji; zi-+; ' Ant, white ', Mu-sua; ' Arm ', Ku-bcokco ;' Arrow ',
Ki-haneku ; Sehu ; i;i + , Mu-fula ; ' Axe ', Neico, Neco, Ka-sau ; tu- ; ' Baboon ', Ci-sangu ; i- ; ' Back ',
Ny-ima ; 'Banana', Di-konde ; ma-; 'Beard', Mu-eru ; 'Bee', Ptika; 'Belly', Mimco ; 'Bird',
Ka-jila : ' Blood ', Ma-nyinga ; ' Body ', Puyeo ; ' Bone ', Ki-fua ; bi- ; ' Bow ', Honji ; ^i + ; ' Bowels ',
Li-ira ; ma-ila ; ' Breast (man's) ', Tulu ; ' Breast (woman's) ', Biele ; ' Brother ', Puo ; ' Canoe ', U-ateo ;
' Chief ', Swba ; ' Child ', M-eona ; b-ana ; ' Cloth ', Di-ina ; ' Cold ', pika ; ' Country ', I-^i ; ' Cow ',
N-gombe ; 'Crocodile', N-gandu ; 'Doctor', Ki-mbanda ; 'Door', Pitu ; 'Ear', Kuti; 'Elephant',
N-zamba ; ' Excrement ', Tuji ; bi+ ; ' Finger', Mu-nyi; ' Fire ', Kaya ; ' Fish ', Ji-fuoj ; zi- ; 'Fowl',
Kusa, Susa, N-temba, Ka-sumbe ; 'Goat ', Kombco; ' He goat ', Ki-sutu ; ' God ', N-zambi ; ' Grand-
parent', Kuku ; ' House ', N-zuco; 'Hunger', Mu-yala; ba-; 'Hyena', Ki-nguli ; bi- ; 'Island',
Ci-kcolw ; ' Ivory ', (jO-zco ; ' Knee ', N-gtolo> ; ' Knife ', Pukco ; ' Leopard ', Kunda ; ' Lion ', Kcoji,
Ko3:!5i; 'Lip', Mu-zumbu ; mi-; 'Man', Mu-tu; ba-tu ; 'Meat', I-foi, ^ifu; 'Moon', M-be2ji;
' Mother ', Mama ; ' Nose ', M-bimbi ; ' Parrot ', Kusu ; ' Pig ', N-gulu ; ' Pigeon ', Di-embe; 'Sheep',
M-budi ; 'Shoulder', Hihi ; ma-f ; ' Sky ', Hcolco ; ' Slave ', Mu-ika ; ba- ; ' Sleep ', Kulu ; 'Son',
Mu-zangala; 'Spear', Ka-tapi ; 'Spirit', N-zumbi, Mu-nyu; 'Stone', Di-we ; 'Sun', Kumbi;
' Thief ', Mu-yu ; 'Thorn', Mu-ntonteo; 'To-day', Lcolu; 'To-morrow', Mu-ngu; 'Tongue', Dimi;
'Tooth', Di-ju or Di-^u ; 'Tree', Mu-ti or Mu-tondco ; 'Urine', Ma-su; 'Vein', Mu-pia ; 'Water',
Muma; 'Witch', N-deoji; 'Woman', Mu-ketu; ba-.

'One', Mcos^i ; 'Two', -yadi ; 'Three', -tantu ; 'Four', -wana; 'Six', Samanco ; 'Seven',
Sambuali ; ' Eight ', Nake ; 'Nine ', Di-vu ; ' Ten ', Kuini ; ' Hundred ', Kama.

' r, Imi ; ' Thou ', Ibe ; ' He ', Mwene ; ' We ', Itu ; ' Ye ', Ineo ; ' They ', Bene.

' All ', -cosu.

' Black ', -buyila ; ' Little ', -teke ; ' Short ', -embco ; ' Sick ', -bata ; ' White ', -lUa.

' Below •, Htopi ; ' Here ', Baba; ' Middle ', Hi-kati ; ' Plenty ', Balanta.

I7S4 3 E

^

782 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

' Dance ', -kina.

(The rest of the Minungu vocabulary is almost identical with either Umbangala (114) or Ngola
(98 a).)

Noteworthy among Minungu prefixes are No. 2, Ba- : No. 8, Bi- ; No. 9, Ji- ; and No. 16, Hea-,
Hi-.

HOiLOa {113).

Page 411 et seq., insert following words of Hiulco in column 113 :

'Ant', \-jinji ; :;{+ ; 'Ant, white', Jumba ; ' Axe ', N-gimbu ; ' He-goat ', Ki-tui ; ' Guinea fowl',
Kanga ; ' Hair', Ki-mbita; bi- ; or 2Jin-gonyo> (//.) ; 'Head', Mu-twe ; ' Sheep ', Meme ; 'Song',
Zomba ; ' Star', Noanojpi ; 'Stone', Tandi; 'Sun', Tanga ; 'Tear", Di-bibi ; ma-; 'Thief', Kaba;
'Thorn', Mu-sangi; ' War ', Bita; ' Water', Meyoi ; 'Wind', Pupi; ' Witch', Mu-Ioa^i; ba- ; 'Woman ',
Mu-ketco ; ba- ; ' Kirewood ', Lu-kuyi, Lu-kuni ; ' Yam ', Bi-sari (pi.) : 'Year ', Mu-vii.

MPAMA (167).

Page 533 et seq., insert the following words of Mpama in column 167 :

' Adze ', N-gwa : 'Ant', U-sieme; mi-sieme; 'Ant, white', Un-ciele; n-ciele ; 'Ape', E-sumbu ;
bi- ; ' Arrow', 1-kula ; ma-; ' Axe ', Z-6mbi ; m-ombi ; ' Back ', Nz-ima ; ' Banana', Un-tela; 'Beard',
Om-po>li; pi. ni-peoli ; 'Bee', Un-zoi ; n-zoi ; 'Belly', M-oi ; mi-oi ; 'Bird', Ny-coli ; 'Blood',
A-longto or Ma-longu or Ma-dukco ; ' Body ', Ny-totco ; ' Bone ', U-kwa ; ti-kwa ; ' Borassus palm ',
I-lebco; a-; 'Bow', U-nano) : mi-; 'Bowels', Un-ccobco; n-ccobco ; 'Brains', U)-sa>kci>; 'Breast
(man'sj ', N-tcolco ; ' Breast (woman's) ', A-bele; ma- ; ' Brother (Ji)-yebi ; a- or U-dimi ; a- ; ' Buffalo',
E-kcobongcj or E-kcabonzco ; bi- ; ' Buttocks ', Di-n<o ; mi- ; ' Cat ', N-gambala ; ' Charcoal ', Z-aka ;
ma-ka ; 'Chief, U-kondi ; ba- ; 'Child', Mw-ana ; 'Cloth', E-lomba ; 'Cold', M-pica ; 'Cow',
N-gombco ; 'Day', CO -sea ; a-sca ; 'Devil', E-limca ; bi- ; 'Door', E-tibakca; ' Dream ', N-dcati ;
'Drum', OO-kcole; //. n-kcale ; 'Ear', 1-toi: a-; 'Egg', Un-kele; n-kele; 'Elephant', Un-cimba :
mi-; 'Excrement', Ny-ei ; 'Eye', L-isoj ; ' Face ', E-longi, M-batata; 'Fat', M-uta ; 'Fear'.
CO-bcolu; 'Finger', Un-zali ; 'Fish', N-cu; 'Forest', Z-amba; m-amba ; 'Fowl', N-ccosco; 'Frog',
E-kcokeakca; 'Ghost', N-jcoli ; 'Girl', Mw-a-mw-ale ; b-a-b-ali wUn-dende; an-dende: 'Goat',
M-bc»li ; 'He-goat', Mw-a-bw-ele ; ba-mpele; 'Grandparent', Ny-onkcok<o; 'Grass', E-s<obe ;
'Ground', N-tcatoa ; 'Groundnut', N-zcokca; 'Guinea-fowl', Li-keme ; 'Gun', M-ba ; 'Hair',
Un-cwe ; ' Hand ', I-kaka ; a- ; ' Head ', ISIu-tu ; mi-utu ; ' Heel', E-tindi ; ' Hide ', l-kcakca; a-:
'Hill', U-kongca; mi-; 'Hippopotamus', N-gubu ; 'Honey', Bw-eyi ; m-eyi ; 'Horn', I-seke ;
ma.- or a.-; ' House', Un-gumbe ; in- or N-dakca; ' Hunger', Nzala ; 'Husband', Bw-ele ; bam-pele ;
' Hyena', OO-bwa ; ma-; ' Iron ', Uri-kcosoj ; fi-kcasco ; 'Island', E-scakoi; bi- ; ' Ivory ', Mo-nzca;
' Knee ', I-bongoa ; ' Knife ', Oi)-tali ; a- ; ' Lake ', E-diba ; ' Leopard ', N-goi ; 'Lion ', N-kcasi ; ' Lip ',
E-leka ; ' Magic ', A-lemwisi ; ' Maize ', I-sangu ; ' Meat ', OO-suni ; n-cuni ; ' Medicine ', U-nto ; mi- ;
'Milk', Ma-i-ma-a-bele ; 'Moon', E-yeli or U-gonye; 'Mountain', U-kongoa ; mi-; 'Nail (finger)',
E-poasco; bi- ; ' Name ', Un-tolu ; ' Neck', N-kingoa ; 'Night', E-kca cr O-yi ; a-yi ; 'Oil palm', I-bila;
' Ox ', E-kcabongca ; ' Paddle ', N-kai ; ' Palm wine ', A-lekca ; ' Parrot ', (jO-kombi or N-koasoa ;
'Penis', I-kcotoa ; 'Pig', N-goya ; 'Pigeon', E-benga; 'Rain', M-ptali ; ' Rat ', M-pco ; 'River',
E-bale; 'Road', N-za; 'Salt', E-leke; 'Shame', N-tei ; 'Sheep', M-bata; 'Shield', I-yembe ;
'Shoulder', I -beke; 'Sister ', U-nyangto<'rE-bunani ; ' Skin ', I-kcakco ; ' Slave ', Un-tamba ; 'Sleep',
E-tcolco; ' Smoke', N-dumbele; ' Snake', U-seme; ' Son, boy ', Mw-a-bw-ele; ' Song', Ya-yembe :
' Spear ', tO-kongoa ; ' Spirit ', U-limoa ; ' Star ', U-lambi ; mi-; 'Stick', Msv-ete; ' Stone ', I-kenzeke ;
' Stool', E-kengele; ' Sun ', Li-kanga ; 'Tair,Z-ela; m-ela; • Tear', I-kalwi; ' Testicles '. L<o-baiiga :
ma-; 'Thief, U-yibi ; ba- ; 'Thigh', E-beloa ; 'Thing', Ema; bi-ema; 'Thorn', I-lca; 'Tobacco',
1-kaya; ' Toe ', Un-jali ; ' To-morrow ', Lcabi ; ' Tongue ', CO-lemca ; ' Tooth ', D-inoa ; ' Town ', J-oabe ;
m-cobe ; 'Tree', Mw-ete ; 'Twins', Ol)-Hma : a-; 'Urine', M-inya ; 'Vein', Un-cisa ; 'War',
E-tumba; 'Well', I-diba; 'White man', Un-dele ; 'Wife', Mw-asi; 'Wind', Mw-embco; 'Witch',
U-lcaki; ba- ; ' Woman ', Mw-a-mw-ali-a-m-pomba ; ' Yam ', E-sundu ; ' Year ', E-S6> ; bi-sco ; 'Yester-
day ', Lcobi.

' One ', Bcakca, -ukca ; 'Two', -bale; 'Four', -i-nei : 'Five', -tanca; 'Six', Sameneo ; 'Seven',
Un-cabale; ' Eight ', U-nanali ; ' Nine', I-bwa ; ' Ten ', Zcamu ; 'Twenty', Ma-kwa-bale ; 'Thirty',
Bw-eli; 'Forty', N-yumi-nei ; 'Fifty', N-yumi-tanoa ; 'Hundred', Mo-nkama; 'Thousand',
N-kutco.

' I ', JJgai ; ' Thou ', Kau ; ' He ', Wangoa ; ' We ', r Banga : ' Ye ', Benu : ' They ', Bangoa.

' All ', -kima, -ema

' Black ', -yindco ; ' Fierce ', -tabele ; 'GooJ ', -ulamu ; ' Great', -nene ; ' Little ', -kiki, -sini ;
'Long; -sanda ; 'Male', -bwele ; 'Old', -bike, -kunde, -kcokcotco ; 'Red', -telu; 'Rotten', -bcolo) ;
' Short ', -ktiku, -kwekwe : ' Sick ', -koinu ; ' White ', -fumbca.

'Above', Li-kojlca; 'Behind', W-n-cima ; 'Below', On-kwe ; 'Far', U-sika ; 'Here', "Wabu ;
' In, inside ', OO-moi ; 'Middle', Lo-ntei; 'Near', OO-pepe ; 'Outside', Lto-poale : • Plenty ', N-dukco ;
' These ', Wana ; ' Where ? ' Wani ? ; ' No ? ' Te !, Pili ! ' Not ', -te-, -to-te.

' Beat ', -kuta ; ' buy ', -somba, -teke ; ' cut ', -zeke ; ' dance ', -sana ; ' die', -wa-ka ; ' eat ', -je ;

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS 783

' give ', -pe ; ' go ', -tambula ; ' kill ', -bcoma ; ' know ', -yeba ; ' love ', -linga ; ' see ', -yene ; ' sit ',
•zala ; ' sleep ', -kcolu ; ' stand ', -teme ; ' steal ', -yibi.

Besides the prefixes already given for this Mpama group of dialects (167-167 a), the following forms
should be added for Mpama :

Class I. U-, tO- (with a concord -yoa) ; 2. A-; 3. U-, M-, Mw- ; 4. Mi-, I- (with concord mi); 5. Z-,
A-, E-, Li- (with a concord di) ; 6. A-, Mi- ; cS. Be- ; 9. N- ; 11. 0)-, U-, Lu- ; 14. Bw-, (jO- ; 16. Wa-
(Lco- takes the place of No. 17, Mu-).

SEffGELE (168) and BA-TENDE (168 a).'

Page 533 et seq., insert following words in column 168 :

' Ant ', Le-nycomco ; nyumu ; ' Ant, white ', Ke-sieli ; be- ; ' Ape ', Ke-dia ; be- ; ' Arm ',
Kukcd; //. mi-eke;' 'Arrow', E-kttla; ma-; 'Axe', Ke-kie ; be-; 'Back', M-ongco ; m-engeo ;
'Banana', Lto-kumco; 'Beard', Lcolu; 'Bee', Le-nyuki ; 'Belly', E-kuni ; ma-; 'Bird', Ny-
ojnyi ; ' Blood ', Ma-kila ; ' Body ', Bie ; ' Bone ', Le-kwa ; ' Borassus palm ', Elebe ; ' 13ow ',
Bco-ta ; ' Bowels ', Mo)-s<i>b<o ; me-; 'Brains', Bai-nyingi ; 'Brother', Mbcosi; ' Buffalo ', Nyati ;
• Buttocks ', Ke-kesi : be-: 'Canoe', Wati; ' Cat ', Ngambala ; ' Charcoal', E-kala ; ' Chief ', N-kumi ;
'Cloth', Kekoi; 'Cold", Mpie ; 'Country', Kese; 'Crocodile', Ngconto ; 'Day', Duoi ; 'Devil',
Mcdku; ' Dog ', Mvwa ; 'Door', Ke-wcoko> ; 'Dream', Njeoli ; 'Drum', N-kcal'ankcolco; 'Ear',
E-twco; 'Egg', E-kele : 'Excrement', Tibi; 'Eye', Di-si ; n^i-si ; 'Face', Kedwco, E-bcolu;
' Fat ', Male ; ' Father ', "Tata : ' Fear ', Bcokco ; ' Finger ', Leyala ; njala ; ' Fire ', Mba ; ' Fish ', Ncu ;
' Foot ', Ke-tame ; ' Forest ', Dia ; ma- + ; ' Fowl ', Nccosu ; ' P'rog ', Ki-eke ; ' Ghost ', ffketa ; ' Girl ',
Ke-yeyenji, Ke-mcokati ; be-i 'God', Njame; ' Grandparent ', Nkaka ; ' Grass ', Ntana; 'Ground-nut'
Le-yookto ; njcoku ; 'Guinea-fowl ',Nka ; ' Hair ', Mf5 ; ' Hand ', Ke-kanyi ; ' Head ',Mcotu ; ' Heart ',
Mukulco; 'Heel', Ke-kitiki; 'Hide', Ke-kubco ; 'Hill', E-kcolco; ma-; 'Hippopotamus', Nguwe ;
' Hoe', E-temi ; ' Honey ', Bu)-ojki; ' Horn ', E-seke ; ' House', I^zoj; ' Husband ', Mcolumi ; ba-;
'Iron', Ke-peke; 'Island', Ke-sanga ; 'Ivory', Mfuto : 'Knee; Ebco ; 'Knife', Mbeli ; 'Leg',
Kw-colo> ; mi-ele;' ' Leopard ', Ngtoe ; ' Lion ', N-kcosi : ' Lip ', Ke-lele ; bi- ; ' Magic ', Ke-lenemi ;
'Man', Mw-otoi;//. ba-te ; 'Meat', Nuka ; 'Medicine', Mweme : mi-; 'Milk', Mpila e mabele ;
' Monkey ', Nkema ; ' Moon ', figonco ; ' Mother ', N-goni ; ba-ngco ; ' Mountain ', E-kulco ; ' Nail ',
Ki-nkuti: 'Navel', Mofi-kcole ; 'Neck', N-kie ; 'Night', E-tika; ' Nose ', E-yulco ;' Oil palm ',
E-ba; 'Ox', Nyate ; 'Paddle', »ka; 'Palm wine', Mana ; 'Penis', E-kata ; 'Pig', N-comi ;
' Pigeon ', N-ktoba : ' Place ',M -bete; ' Rat ', M-pcokco : ' Road ', M-bie ; 'Salt', Mw-a; 'Shame',
Bio-kuti ; 'Shield', N-guba ; 'Shoulder', E-peke ; 'Sister', M-paka; 'Skin', Le-pusco ; 'Sky',
•E-yulco; ' Slave ', Mon-duka; 'Sleep ', Tcoleo ; 'Smoke', Mi-dia; 'Snake', N-tale; ' Son ', Mco-diti ;
' Song ', N-zieme : ' Spear', E-ko ; ' Spirit ', Mco-dimi ; ' Star ', Mw-otco; mi-ete;'' ' Stone ', N-kwoIeo;
'Stool', M-bata ; 'Sun', Vuna ; 'Tail', Mto-kela ; 'Tear', Yata; 'Testicles', Le-ba; me-ba ;
'Thief, Mw-suki: ba- ; ' Thigh ', Ke-bele ; ' Thing ', Ki-a ; bi-a ; 'Thorn', N-ciene ; 'Tobacco',
E-ka; ' To-day ', Neonco : ' To-morrow ', M -bale ; ' Tongue ', Le-leme ; n-deme; 'Tooth', Di-ine ;
mi-ine ; ' Town ', Bcola, M-bcokco ; ' Tree ', M(o-te ; ' Twins ', N-keta ; ' Urine ', M-ia ; ' Vein ', Mo-ntu;
mi-; 'War', Bi-ta; ' Water ', M-pila ; ' Well', E-subi ; 'Wife', McD-kale ; 'Wind', Mom-pebe ;
' Witch ', Mto-lcoki ; ' Witchcraft ', E-kuti ; ' Woman ', Moo-kati ; ' Year ', ? Mw-aka ; 'Yesterday',
M-bale.

' One ', -mcati ; ' Two ', Yu-ele ; 'Three', -sati ; 'Four', -ni ; 'Five', -tani; 'Six', E-siami ;
'Eight', E-nana;' Nine', Ewa; 'Ten', Di-emi; 'Twenty', Mw-abi; 'Thirty', M to -sati ; 'Forty',
M(o-ni ; 'Fifty', M(o-tani; 'Hundred', N-kama.

' I ', Me ; ' Thou ', Yie ; ' We ', Bete ; ' \^ ', Meni ; ' They ', Be.

' AH ', -nsoi.

'Black', -m-pini; 'Female', -kati ; 'Fierce', -m-poatw; 'Good', -we; 'Great', -diti ; 'Little',
•kite; ' Long ', -le : ' Male', -diti ; ' Old', -kcoloj, -nuna ; 'Red', -lele; ' Rotten ', -pconu ; 'Short',
-kwe ; ' Sick', -kale; 'White', -sese.

'Above', O-nge; 'Behind', (jO-ekele : 'Below', O-iikili; 'Far', E-bblo ; 'Here', Kconi ; 'In',
O-nsi ; ' Middle', OO-ketie. W-ketiatie ; ' Near ', Belebele; 'Outside', Oi)-nca : ' Plenty", Kabakaba,
Vuki ; 'These ', Wani : ' Where ? ' K5ni ?

'No!' "We! 'Not , -ka-kco, -we.

' Beat ', -bcola : ' buy ', -suma, -teke : ' cut', -siele ; 'dance', -kena; 'die', -kwa ; 'go', -ye;
' know ', -yeba ; ' leave off', -sile; ' love ', -kwoana ; ' see ', -mconco ; 'sit', -kala, -wa ; ' sleep ', -twloa ;
' stand ', -yiseke ; ' steal ', -su-ka.

The Batende prefixes, which are additional or different from those of Seiigele, are :

Class 1. Un-, — , Mw-, Moj- (concord yeo, co) ; 3. M«o- ; 4. Me- ; 5. E-, I- (concord di, i) ; 6. Ma-,
A-; 7. Ke-, Ki- : 11. Le- : 14. U- (beo, bu) ; 15. O)- ; 16. Wa-.

' Most 0/ these words and particulars refer to the Tende dialect of Sengele (168 a), which may turn
out to be a distinct language.

' Xote siiitilar vowel change in roots for ^ arm', -aAsMj-tikR-, ';«««', -otca, -te ; '/<^',-o1m, -ele; ifc.

784 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

On page 545, at the end of the last paragraph, should be added the words ' east and north-east of
Btolcobco, latitude 2°-2° 30' South, longitude 16° 30°-i7° East'.
KI-WUMBU (177).

On page 553 et seq., insert following information :

' Adze ', Temi ; ' Ant ', In-zanzala; 'Ant, white', Lu-mpe ; 'Arm', Kukco; 'Arrow', Ki-t<oma
bi-; ' Axe', Ki-tadi; bi-; ' Back ', N-godi ; ma+ ; ' Beard ', Ki-levco ; 'Bee', N-uki; 'Belly', Ki
vumu; ' Bird", N-uniorBalaka ; ' Blood ', Ma-kila ; ' Body ', N-itu ; ' Bone ', Ma-fwa (/A) ; 'Brains',
Tomfi ; 'Breast (man's)', N-tulu; 'Brother', M-boyca; 'Canoe', Bw-atu; 'Cat', N-gamanya,
M-buma; ^Child', Mw-ana ; b-ana ; 'Cloth', N-lele ; 'Cold', M co-did i ; 'Cow', N-gombe; ' Croco
dile', }*-gone; 'Day', Tiii ; 'Devil', Mw-fu, Balageo ; 'Doctor', N-ganga; 'Door', Mw-elto o/-
Ki-vi; ' Dream', N-zcodi; ' Drum ', N-gcomoa ; 'Ear', E-ti; ma-ti ; 'Egg', Ke; ' Elephant ', N-ztok<o ;
'Eye', D-isi; m-isi ; ' Face ', Lu-lungi ; man-dungi; 'Fear', B-coma; 'Finger', N-lemboj ; mi-;
' Fire ', M-ba ; ' Fish ', M-bidi ; ' Foot ', Ku-lu ; mi-lu ; ' Forest ', Tanga ; ' Fowl ', N-susu ; ' Frog ',
Kcotcd ; ' Ghost ', M-pele ; ' Goat ', N-taba ; ' Grandparent ', N-kalca ; ' Grass ', Ma-lenge ; ' Ground ',
N-tooto»; 'Hair', M-fumfu ; 'Head', Mu-nswi ; 'Heart', Mu-k»lco ; ' Heel', Singini ; bi+ ; 'Hide',
Swama ; ' Hill', Hama; //. ma-lama ; ' Hippopotamus ', M-vubu ; 'Hoe', Temi; ' Honey ', Boj-nugi-
man-paka; 'Horn', M-paka ; 'Iron', Ki-songwei ; 'Island', Ki-iidi ; 'Ivory', M-pungi ; 'Knee',
Bongoj; ' Knife ', M-bele ; ' Lake ', Zanga ; 'Leg', Kulu; ' Leopard ', N-gco ; ' Lion ', N-kcosi ; 'Male',
husband ', Bakala, Balaga; 'Medt', M-bizi; 'Medicine', Bi-longto ; 'Milk', Ma-beni ; 'Monkey',
N-kewa; 'Moon', N-suiigi; 'Mother', Yaya, M-pangi; 'Mountain', Lama; 'Mouth', Mu-nua ;
'Nail', Zala; 'Name', N-kumbco; ',Neck', Mco-widi ; 'Night', M-pimpa ; 'Nose', M-bombco ;
' Oil palm ', Ma-di-ma-ii-gazi (-fi-gazi is the root) ; 'Paddle', N-kafi; 'Palm wine', Ma-lavu ; 'Pig',
N-gulu; 'Pigeon', Wembe ; 'Place', Ki-ladi ; 'Rain', M-vula ; 'Rat', M-puku; 'River', N-zadi ;
'Road', N-zila; 'Salt', Mu-ngwa ; 'Shame', N-s<oni ; 'Sheep', Meme ; 'Shoulder', Ki-samco ;
'Skin', N-itu; 'Sky', Tuti; ' Sleep ', Tonzu, Bi-mina ; 'Smoke', Mw-isi ; ' Snake ', N-tadi; 'Son',
Mw-ana-bcolco ; ' Song ', N-kunga ; ' Spear ', Yco ; ma-yco ; ' Spirit ', Dumu ; ma+ ; ' Star ', M-bwetete ;
' Stone ', Tadi ; ma-f ; 'Sun',Tedi: ' Tail', Mu-kila ; 'Tear', Ba; 'Thief ', Mw-ivi ; mi-vi ; 'Thigh',
Ma-toj, Ma-taku (//j.); 'Thing', Bi-lco ; ' Thorn ', N-siene ; ' To-day ', Lelco ; 'Toe', Mu-lemto;
'Tongue', Lu-dimi; 'Tooth ', D-inu ; m-inu; 'Town',Bula; ma+ ; 'Tree',N-ti; 'Twins ', Ba-mbu;
' Urine ', Ma-suba ; ' Vein ', Mw-anzi; 'War', Bi-ta; 'Water', Ma-dia; 'Well", I-te; bi-te; 'White
man', Mun-dele ; 'Wife', Mu-kadi ; 'Wind', M-pira; 'Witch', Mu-lojwi ; 'Witchcraft', Bw-anga-
bwa-leka; ' Woman ', Mu-kantu ; ' Wood ', N-kuni ; 'Yam', Kwa; bi-kwa ; I-ala; bi-; 'Year',
Mu-mvu; 'Yesterday', Ma-biii.

' One ', Mcosi ; ' Two ', -cole, -ale ; ' Three ', -tutu ; ' Four ', -na ; ' Five ', -tanu ; ' Six ', -siana ;
' Seven ', N-samu ; 'Eight ', M-pwomco ; 'Nine', Bwa; ' Ten ', Kumi ; 'Eleven ', Kumi ye mtosi ;
' Twenty', Maku'-m-eole; 'Thirty ', Ma-ku'-ma-tutu : etc. ; ' Hundred ', N-kama ; ' Thousand ', Funda.

' I ', Me ; ' He ', Nde ; ' We ', Betco ; ' Ye ', Abenoj ; ' They ', Yau.

' All ', -onsi.

Demonstratives are (i) the pronominal particles and (2) the suffix -na, preceded by concord.

' Black ', -pinu.

' Behind ', Ku-mangodi ; ' Below', Yansi ; ' Far ', Kule ; ' In ', Muna ; ' Middle ', Kati ; ' Plenty ',
-aloo; 'These', Kuna; ' Where?' Akuni? 'No!' Ke !

'To—', U-.

' Beat', -beta; ' buy ', -suma, -teka ; ' come ', -ya ; 'cut', -tita; ' dance ', -kina ; 'die', -fi; 'eat',
-dia; 'give', -wa; 'go', -wena; 'kill', -dusa; ' know ', -yeba ; ' laugh ', -seva ; ' leave off ', -sisa,
-yekesa, -yeka ; ' love ', -zwla ; ' see ', -mtona ; ' sit ', -kala, -bwa ; ' sleep ', -tonza ; ' stand ', -telama,
-sapi ; ' steal ', -yiba.

The prefixes of Ki-wumbu seem to agree with those given on page 564 for the group of Teke tongues.
The 5th prefix, often missing altogether, is occasionally E- ; the ' singular ' application of 8 (8 a Bi-)
seems to be present in a few words. The l6th prefix is apparently Ya- and Wa-. The 15th, when used
as an infinitive, is U-.

The correct spelling of the language name appears to be Kiwumbu (the root being -wumbu).

CHAPTER V

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES'

1. OOLU-KONJOO.

Sir Harry Johnston in The Uganda Protectorate, vol. ii, p. 897 and p. 959 et seq. Also, under the
name of ' Kikondjo ', in Mittheiluttgen des Seminars fiir Orientalische Sprachen, vol. xiii, Berlin, 1910
(p. 133 of last section), in an article by Bernhard Struck, setting forth the vocabularies collected by
Emin Pasha in Central Africa in 1891-2. In this the spelling of the words is often misleading through
the unnecessary doubling of consonants. A few words have evidently been misheard by the great
traveller. He has also written down a form of Lu-konjoj spoken in the south-west of the area over which
that language extends, and which is somewhat mixed with the Lega and Bira dialects of the Congo
Forest borderland. The best rendering of Konjo) is the translation of St. Mark's Gospel published by
the British and Foreign Bible Society, 1914.

2. URU-NYORO).

The first vocabulary of Uru-nyorw proper appears (in all probability) in Stanley's Through the Dark
Continent, 1878, vol. ii, p. 488, wherein it is called ' Interior Unyoro '. The same language may also have
been further illustrated by Emin Pasha in the Zeitschrift of the Berlin Ethnological Society in the early
'eighties, but I cannot trace this (in any case) unimportant fragment. The first definite illustrations of
this important Bantu language were published almost concurrently in 1902 : namely, the vocabulary of
Orunyoro) in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Protectorate (vol. ii, p. 897 and p. 959 et seq.), and
An Elementary Ln-nyoru) Grammar, by H. E. Maddox, London, S.P.C.K., 1902. The last-named is
more applicable to the Urutorto dialect (see below).
2 a. RU-GU»GU.

This northernmost dialect of the Nyorca sub-group is probably first alluded to in the works of
Sir Samuel Baker andF.W. Felkin, but it was never illustrated by any series of words until a vocabulary
of it was compiled by Mr. J. F. Cunningham in 1907. This has been revised and added to by an
educated Mu-ganda in 1912.
2 b. RU-KYOOPL

This is the Nyorco dialect spoken on the west or south-west coast of Lake Albert Nyanza and on the
verge of the Congo (Ituri) Forest. It is Stanley's Ru-kobe, and is illustrated by a brief and imperfect
vocabulary opposite p. 442, vol. ii of /« Darkest Africa. It was briefly referred to also by Dr. Stuhlmann
in Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika (Berlin, 1894), and probably in his later valuable contributions
to East Equatorial African ethnology. The present writer has collected a little information about it,
including evidence that the correct pronunciation of the name of the dialect is probably Kyupi.
2 c. URU-TORO), RU-SONGORA, and RU-IRO).

Except for a few words in Stuhlmann's book, these dialects of the Nyoruj species were first illustrated
in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Protectorate, vol. ii, p. 969 et seq., and so far no further illustrations
have appeared, though a good deal of the Nyoro) speech illustrated by the Rev. H. E. Maddox (see above)
is really Uru-toreo.
2d. a)RU-HIMA(of Afikole).

This Nyoro) dialect is also first illustrated in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Protectorate, vol. ii,
p. 969 et seq. A few words, besides an excellent description of the Hima aristocracy, appear in an article
by Major J. A. Meldon in ihe Journal 0/ the African Society, Jan. 1907, p. 136. There is also an article

' This Bibliography does not pretend to be completely exhaustive. It is limited by the author's own researches,
and he will be glad to receive further information as to important sources of information which he has overlooked.
References to the languages and dialects herein enumerated may occur in many works not mentioned, but where they
have been known to the author, yet not mentioned in this list, they have seemed to him not worth inclusion if they
provided no definite information as to the locality, structure, or relationships of the speech. He does not also refer to
work which is not original ; that is to say, illustrations of any of these languages in the works of Bleek, Torrend,
Meinhof, Werner, Johnston, .Struck, Madan, &c. , which are no more than repeated words and passages gleaned and
quoted from the original published research of other.i.

786 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

on the Ba-hima, with a few words of their language, by the Rev. J. Roscoe, in the June issue of the
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 1907, p. 93 et seq.

2 6. RU-KARAGWE.

This southernmost dialect of Nyorco, though first alluded to by Speke and Stanley, was not illustrated
by lists of words until the publication of The Victoria Nyanza (London, 1899) by Lieutenant Paul
KoUmann, p. 211 et seq.
2f. URU.KEREBE.

Under the name of Ki-kerewe in Paul Kollmann's Victoria Nyanza, p. 211 et seq. Also, and much
better, in the Mittheilungend. Seminars/. Oriental. Sprachen, vol. xii, Berlin, 1909, p. I of the last, African
section. Here is an excellent ' Essai de Grammaire' of Ru-kerebe or Ki-kerewe, by Eugene Hurel,
followed by a vocabulary. There is also an allusion to this language in A?tthropos, No. vi, 191 1, p. 63, by
the same writer (the Rev. Father Eugene Hurel) ; and additional information concerning language and
people may be found in a most informative article by the same author [Religion et vie domestique des
Bakdrdwe) in vol. vi Anthropos, 191 1 (p. 62 et seq).
2g. RU-ZIBA, (LU-SINJA, RU-ZINZA, RU-NYAMBU, LU-^A^I ?, RU-RORI?)

This group of dialects of the south-west coast-lands ' of the Victoria Nyanza, the affinities of which
are almost divided between the Nyoro, Uganda, and Ruanda species, was first illustrated by .Stanley in
Through the Dark Continent, p. 486 under the name of Ki-nyambu. Under the same name there is a
short vocabulary on p. 160 of J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. The next illustration appears
in Paul Kollmann's Victoria Nyanza, p. 211 et seq. But by far the best treatment is in three articles by
Hermann Rehse in vol. iii oi Zeitschrift fiir Kolonialsprachen, Berlin, 1912-13 ; and one article on the
Bazinza in the same periodical for 1914.

3. URUNYA.RUANDA and KI-RUNDI (3 a).

The first published vocabulary of this language appeared in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Pro-
tectorate, p. 969 et seq. Its most complete illustration is at the hands of Pere Eugene Hurel {Manuel de
la Langue Kinyarwanda, p. I et seq. of the African section, vol. xiv of the Mitt. d. Seminars f. Oriental.
Sprachen, 191 1). But there are many references to the Ruanda speech, which give interesting word-roots,
in Anthropos, No. iv, 1909, p. 847(PSre Felix Dufays) ; No. v, 1910 (Pfere P. Schumacher), p. 870; 1912,
No. vii, pp. 456, 529, and 840 (P6re Alex. Amoux) ; and 1913, No. viii, pp. 110, 754 (Arnoux, Le Culte dc
la SociStd secrete des Imandwa ati Ruanda).

With the Ruanda language must be associated the closely-allied dialect Ki-rundi (3 a). This is
effectively illustrated by Pfere J. M. M. van der Burgt on p. l et seq. of the 5th vol. (African Studies) of
the Mitt. d. Seminars f. Oriental. Sprachen, Berlin, 1902, and the Grammaire de la Langue Kirundi, by
P^re A. Mdnard (1910), and Dictionnaire Franfais- Kirundi, K'irundi-Fran^ais, by the same author, 1912.

3 b. RU-HA, -TUTSI, or -TUSI. Probably nearly identical with Ki-jiji.

The Ruha, Tutsi, or Tusi speech was first illustrated on p. 154 of Mr. J. T. Last's Polyglotta
Africana Orientalis, published by the S.P.C.K., London, in 1885. Subsequently in Paul Kollmann's
Victoria Nyanza (p. 211 et seq.), \n Anthropos, iii, 1908, p. I, by Pere Loupias. The Ki-jiji dialect
is represented by a few words in Sir H. M. Stanley's Through the Dark Continent (1878).

4. LU-GANDA, together with LU-SESE 4a, and LU-SCOGA 4 b.

The character of this classical Bantu language was first revealed to philology in a brief vocabulary
by H. M. Stanley in his Through the Dark Continent, p. 486, in 1878. In 1882 appeared the Outline
Gratnmar of the Lu-ganda Language, by the Rev. C. T. Wilson, CM. S. (London, S.P.C.K.). In 1S85
was printed a short Ganda vocabulary on p. 173 of J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. In 1899
(London, S.P.C.K.) was published the Lu-ganda- English and English-Lu-ganda Vocabulary, by the
late P. J. Pilkington, C.M.S. And in the same year, 1899, came out a short vocabulary, p. 211 et seq.,
in Paul Kollmann's Victoria Nyanza. In 1902 also was published (London, S.P.C.K.) The Elements of
Lu-ganda Grammar, together with Exercises and Vocabulary, by a missionary of the Church Missionary
Society in Uganda (an important work). In 1902 a vocabulary and brief study of the Lu-ganda language
was given in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Protectorate, pp. 897-8 and p. 980 et seq. In 1904 was pub-
lished (London, S.P.C.K.) ihe. Lu-ganda-English and English~Lu-ganda Vocabulary oi\\\e^'&^\.G.\<.
Blackledge, and about the same time (undated) the fragmentary Collections of a Lexicon in Lu-ganda
and English, &'c., by the Rev. Philip O'Flaherly. Subsequently to these dates a good deal of Anglican
Church literature had been published, chiefly by the S.P.C.K., in the Lu-ganda language. A full
bibliography of works on Luganda down to 1908 is given by Miss Alice Werner in \!m. Journal of the
African Society, 1908.

4 b. LU-SCOGA is little more than a dialect of Lu-ganda.

Like Lu-sese (for which our only authority so far is the vocabulary published by Sir Harry Johnston
in his Uganda Protectorate), it has been comparatively little studied by the missionaries because it was
naturally more convenient that their works should be printed in the standard dialect of Luganda. Apart

' And, according to Oscar Baumann, the south-east coast-lands likewise, the fiEsi, and Rori territories.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SliMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 7S7

from Sir Harry Johnston's vocabulary of Lu-soga, there are some words to be obtained in the article on
the Basoga-Batamba by Father M. A. Condon, of the Mill Hill Mission, published in Anthropos for 1910,
p. 934. And there is the Gospel of St. Mark, translated into Lu-soga by a missionary of the Church
Missionary Society in 1896, and of St. John in 1899 (B. and F.B. Soc).

5. LU-NYARA and 5 a. LU-WANGA (Liikabarasi, Lurimi, and Lusinga).

These dialects of the Kavirondoj sub-group are for the most part solely illustrated by Sir Hairy
Johnston's vocabularies in his Uganda Protectorate, and the vocabulary of the Luwanga (Lurimi) published
by Mr. C. W. Hobley in 1902 (Eastern Uganda, Sec, see below). The first writer to record a definite
specimen of ' Bantu ' Kavirondo (Kisisa dialect) was Mr. C. VV. Hobley in the Journat 0/ the Anthropo-
logical Institute of Great Britain and Ireland for May, 1899 (p. 340). Lu-hanga or Luwafiga (5 aj is
now well illustrated by the translation of St. Luke's Gospel, B. and F. B. Soc, 1916.

6. The remarkable MASAB A or West ELGON sub-group was first signalized (perhaps without an under-
standing of its importance) by Mr. C. W. Hobley in the same number of the Anthropological Institute's
Journal already referred to, under the name of Muhasa. But the true features of the Lu-gi^u (Lu-scokwia,
Masaba) and Lu-konde dialects of this Masaba group were first shown by Sir Harry Johnston in his
Uganda Protectorate. Shortly afterwards, Mr. C. VV. Hobley published (in 1902), through the Royal
Anthropological Institute, his Eastern Uganda : an Ethnological Survey, in which he gave a short
vocabulary of ' Ketosh ', the southernmost Masaba dialect. Subsequently a Grammar of Lu-masdba
(nearly an identical dialect with Sir Harry Johnston's Lu-scukwia or Lu-gi?u), by the Rev. J. B. Purvis,
C.M.S., was published by the S.P.C.K. in 1907 ; and reading-books and hymns in this language by
missionaries of the C.M.S. were either printed locally about 1907 or published by the S.P.C.K. in the
same year. The present writer has also an additional vocabulary of Lu-gifu in manuscript by Mr. S.
Ormsby ; and a few words collected by Mr. J. H. Driberg. In 1910 the British and Foreign Bible
Society published a translation of the Gospels in Lu-masaba.

7. The KI-GUZII or KI-SUBA-KI-KORIA sub-group was first illustrated by Sir Harry Johnston in the
Uganda Protectorate under the name of ' Igizii '. Soon afterwards, in 1902, Mr. C. W. Hobley's Eastern
Uganda was printed by the Royal Anthropological Institute and contained a vocabulary of Kossova',
a dialect of Ki-guzii. Subsequently vocabularies in manuscript of the Ki-guzii (Ki-suba) and 7 a the
Ki-koria languages (in the Ki-suna and Ki-tende dialects) were furnished to the author by Mr. G. A. .S.
Northcote, at the suggestion of Mr. Hobley. References to Kikoria, under the name of ' Bakulia', occur
in the writings of Bernhard Struck (' On the Tatoga and Iraku languages ', &c.) in the Soiiderabdi uck aus
^Das Hochland der Riesenkrater', by Dr. Fritz Jaeger, Berlin, 1911 ; and in the Vdlkerstdmme im Norden
Deutsch-Ostafrikas, by Captain Max Weiss, Berlin, 1910.

8. The KI-pApi sub-group (? LU-^A^I, ?RU-RORI).

The principal e.xamples of this group^f it be a separate group — Ki-rori and Ki-^api, of the south-
east coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza, north of Busukuma and east of Bukerebe islands and peninsulas,
are utterly unknown to us ; except in so far that Oscar Baumann in his Durch Masailand zur Nilquelle
(Berlin, 1894, p. 196) declares Kifafi to be a mere dialect of Lusinja or Luziba, that Hobley, in his
Eastern Ugattda, thinks their speech a member of the Nyamwezi group, and that Weiss, Kollmann, and
Bernhard Struck aver explicitly that the ^api and Rori tribes are Bantu, though resembling the Nilotes
of their vicinity in physique, manners, and customs.

9. NYAMWEZI languages or dialects :

Firstly, the typical Nyamwezi speech of the north and north-east — Ki-sukuma-Kirwana, and in
addition 9a. North-west Nyamwezi (Jii-sumbwa) ; 9 b. West Nyamwezi (Ki-galaganza or Garaganja,
Ki-vinza. Ki-bende, and Ki-gala) ; 9 c. South, Central, and East Nyamwezi (Ki-nyanyembe,
Ki-konongco, perhaps Xi-ximbu or ^i-^imbu, and Ki-nankwila).

In the Mitt, aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten of igio Bernhard Struck published a most*uselul
article and map on the geographical distribution of the Nyamwezi dialects. This summary gives a
detailed bibliography of books and articles on this group of languages or dialects.

The most important of these authorities (some of whose vocabularies are precious, though small) are
the following: Collections for a Handbcokof the Nyamivezi as Spoken at 6'>y£j«yi?;«(5^, by Bishop Steere,
London, S.P.C.K., 18S2 ; the Galaganza, Sumbwa, and Sukuma vocabularies in Polyglotta Africana
Orientalis, J. T. Last, C.M.S., London, 1885 ; Eine Kinvamvjezi-Gratnmatik, by R. Stern, published in
the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Spr., Berlin, 1906 (based on the Kikionongo) dialect) ; Grammatik des Kinyamuesi
(specially of Kinyayembe), by C. Velten, Gottingen, 1900. Also, the vocabularies at the end of vol. ii of
H. M. Stanley's Through the Dark Continent, London, 1878, and the vocabulary of Kisukumaat the end of
British Central Africa (S\x Harry Johnston, London, 1897) ; Contes, Chants et Proverbes des Basumtwa,2L
Grammaire de Shi-sumbxi'a, both by Pire A. Capus, in the Zcits.f. Afr. u. Or. Spr., vols iii and iv, and a
Shi-.iumbwa-Erench Dictionary, also by Pere A. Capus, printed at Saint-Cloud, Paris, 1901 ; besides J. T.
Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, give us some understanding of the north-western Sumbwa dialect
— almost a separate language of the Nyamwezi group ; Grundriss des Kinyamwezi, by A. Seidel, as an
appendix to a book by C. W, Werther, Die mittleren Hochldnder des vdrdlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrika,

788 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Berlin, 1898, treats more of the general features of the Nyamwezi group ; but Das Kisuhuma, Gram-
matical Sketch and Vocabulary, &c., by A. Seidel, Berlin, 1894, gives a specific account of the north-
eastern dialects ; and Kisukuma more especially is the subject of a lengthy and authoritative treatise by
Captain C. Herrmann in the Mitt. d. Sein.f. Or. Spr., Berlin, 1898. There are a few words of Kibende in
the article on La Musique chez Us Negres du Tanganyika in Anthropos, vol. viii (1913).

10. Kl-NYATURU or KI-LIMI was first mentioned in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, but
the short vocabulary given is not accurate and fails to exhibit the peculiar features of this tongue. These
have been eflTectively shown in Abriss einer Grammatik der Kinyaturu-Sprache, by Wilhelm Schregel,
in the Mitt. d. Sent./. Or. Spr., vol. xvi, Berlin, 1913. We still lack a sufficient vocabulary.

11. KIKUYU.

A great many works have been written on the interesting Kikuyu people, but their language, in two
or more dialects, has not yet been treated exhaustively. My material has been derived from my own
studies (a vocabulary was published in my Uganda Protectorate) ; the Notes on the Kikuyu and Kamba
Tribes, by H. R. Tate, in ihc Journal of the Anthropological Institute, June 1904, p. 130; the English-
Kikuyu Vocabulary, by A. W. M'Gregor, S.P.C.K., 1904; the Kamba and Kikuyu Vocabularies, by
Mrs. Hinde, Cambridge University Press, 1904 ; and the translation of St. Luke, by the B. and F. B. Soc,
1915.

An English-Kikuyu Handbook, by Father A. Hdmdry, is said to have been published in London by
Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner & Co. in 1903 (I have not seen this) ; and With a Prehistoric People, by
Mr. and Mrs. W. S. Routledge (London, 1910) contains a glossary of Kikuyu words dealing with medicine,
Warfare, and special practices.

The KI-MBE or KI-DAICOO dialects of Northern Kikuyu were illustrated by a few words in
T.Wakefield's remarkable article on the geography of Equatorial East Africa (p. ■^X')) Journal of the
Royal Geographical Society, vol. xl, 1870. Trifling though this reference is, the paper in which it is to
be found was one of the most noteworthy anticipations of geographical discovery in Africa ever made by
an intelligent interrogator of Arabs and negro porters.

12. The KAMBA language was first revealed by Krapf in his vocabularies, but was not treated with any
effective accuracy until the publication in 1885 of a series of East African vocabularies, including Kamba,
by the Rev. A. Downes Shaw, C.M.S., printed by the Church Missionary Society. A useful, unpreten-
tious, but accurate vocabulary of Ki-kamba was written by Mr. Stuart Watt, of the Ngelani Mission,
British East Africa, and published in 1900 by Kelker, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, United States. In 1885,
however, a short Grammar of the Kamba Language was written by Mr. J. T. Last (London, S.P.C.K.),
who also illustrated the language in his I^olyglotta Africana Orientalis. In 1904 Mrs. Hinde combined
with her work on the Ki-kuyu language two quite distinct Kamba dialects (Cambridge University Press).
Some light is thrown on the Kamba language by Mr. C. W. Hobley in his admirable treatise on The
Akamba and other East African Tribes (Cambridge University Press, 1910). The most important con-
tribution to the study of Ki-Kamba, however, is in the Handbook of that language by Ernst Brutzer in the
Mitt. d. Sem.f. Orient. Sprach., Berlin, 1906. A short vocabulary of Kainba is also given in \}[\t. Journal
of the Anthropological Institute, June 1904, p. 130, by H. R. Tate.

13. PtOKWMQ) or PFOOKCOMOO appears first in print in the Six Vocabularies of East African Lan-
guages published by Krapf at Tubingen in 1850. A few words were given by the Rev. Charles New in
an appendix to his East Africa (London, 1873), and by Dr. Fischer in the Berlin Zeitschrift: Ethno-
logische Gesellschaft, 1878. The first serious treatment of the Tanaland language was by Ferdinand
Wiirtz, Worterbuch des Ki-tukiiu und des Kipokomo in Zeitsch7-ift fiir afrikanische und oceanische
Sprachen, Berlin, 1S95, followed by Grammatik des Pokomo in the 1896 volume of the same periodical.
Since then Miss Alice Werner has placed at my disposal a valuable vocabulary and elementary grammar
of Pokomo in manuscript, compiled by her in 1912-13.

14. The TAITA dialects were amongst the vocabularies in the appendix to the Rev. Charles New's book
on East Africa, published in 1873; hut the Taita language or group of dialects received no cflfective
illustration until its inclusion in the Pocket Vocabulary of East African Languages, by the Rev. A. Downes
Shaw (C.M.S., 1885). A Vocabulary of French-Siuahili-Taita, by P^re Hdniery, was published at
Zanzibar in 1901 ; and a short vocabular)' of 'Taita' appears in \.hc Journal of the Anthropological
Institute, June 1904, p. 130, by H. R. Tate. But the most important work on the subject is the separate
vocabularies and grammatical notes of Mr. V. Verbi and Miss Austin (of the C.M.S.) on the Ki-dabida
and Ki-sagala dialects, supplied to me in MS. by Miss Alice Werner: likewise the article by Archdeacon
H. W. Woodward, Ki-taita or Ki-sighau, in vol. iv of the Zeitschrift fiir Kolonialsprachen, Berlin, 1914.
Moreover, since much of this work was written, 1 have received a full vocabulary of Ki-sighau (-siyau)
in MS. from Archdeacon Woodward.

15. The TAVEITA language was first illustrated by Sir Harry Johnston in \(\% Kilimanjaro Expedition
1886. Besides my own material, I have received in manuscript from the Rev. A. R. Steggall, of the
C.M.S., a vocabulary of Taveita.

16. The NIKA-GIRYAMA-DIGO) dialects were first illustrated by Ewald in the Zeitschrift der

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 789

Deutschen Morgenldndischen Gesellschaft in 1846. They are next represented by a short vocabulary (one
of six East African languages) published byKrapf at Tubingen in 1850, and in 1873 by New's vocabulary.
The more modern and accurate illustrations of this group of East Coast dialects are to be found (under
the head of ' Kinyika ') in the Pocket Vocabulary of East African Languages of the Rev. A. Downes
Shaw ; under the titles ' Digto' and ' Nika ' in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Orient. Sprach., Berlin, 1905 (Carl
Meinhof) ; but more effectually in the Nika-English Dictionary^ compiled by the Rev. T. H. Sparshott
from the manuscripts left behind by Krapf and Rebmann (pubhshed, S.P.C.K., in 1887) ; and the Giryama
Vocabulary and Collections, by the Rev. VV. E, Taylor, both works published by the S.P.C.K. in 1887
and 1 891 respectively.

17. CAGA.

(Caga is the best general name for the Bantu speech of Mt. Kilimanjaro, the main dialects of which
may be enumerated further as 17. Mcopt, 17 a. Ki-siha or ^ira, 17 b. Ki-macame, 17 c. Ki-rombu, and
i7d. Ki-meru.)

Sources of information are : Vocabulary at the close of the Kilimanjaro Expedition, by H. H.
Johnston, London, 1885 ; Uehersicht der gramviaiischen Elemente des Kichaga, by A. Seidel : Zeits.f.
Afrik. u. Ocean. Spr., Berlin, 1895 ! Mdrchen und Rdlsel der Wamadschame, by E. Ovir, Zeit.f. Afrik.
u. Ocean. Spr., Berlin, 1897 ; Das Kisiha (a partial study of the Kisiha dialect of the pira people,
W. Kilimanjaro), by H. A. Fokken, Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or. Spr., vol. viii, Berlin, 1905 ; IVorterverzeich-
nisse aus dem Ki-Dschagga und Pare, collected on Baron von der Decken's expedition.

Vocabularies of most of the above dialects, together with Ki-meru of the adjoining mountain of Meru,
have been collected for me by the Rev. A. R. Steggall, and others were transmitted through Mr. A. C.
Hollis, formerly Secretary to the British East African Administration.

18. PARE-GWENO), 18 a. C-ASU.

My authorities are vocabulary and notes collected by Sir H. H. Johnston and published in his Kili-
manjaro Expedition, 1885, and an important MS. vocabulary obtained through Mr. A. C. Hollis. Also
scattered notes in the works of Krapf and von der Decken ; and in the Zeitschrift fiir Afrikanische
Sprachen, Berlin, 1887-8. Sconyu, an isolated Bantu dialect spoken on the north-west coast of Lake
Natron, in the north-eastern part of German East Africa, is said by Struck to be a dialect of Pare.' In
1909, in the xth vol. oi Archivfiir das Studium deutscher Kolonialsprachen. there was published (Berlin,
Georg Reimer) a Grammatik des Chasu in Deutsch-Ostafrika (Pare-Gebirge), by Ernst Kotz, which one
may presume to be an illustration of the Kipare language from internal evidence, though, as too often
occurs in German linguistic works, there is no clue given to fix the geographical area with precision.

19. ^AMBALA.

Collections for a Handbook of the Shambala Language, by Bishop Steere, Zanzibar, 1867 ; Versuch
einer systeviatischen Grammatik der Schambalasprache, by Karl Roehl, vol. ii of the publications of the
Hamburg Kolonialinstitut, 191 1 (an important treatise). There is also an interesting article on this and
allied languages (Notes on the Shambala Language), by Miss A. Werner, in •Cor fourjial of the African
Society, 1906, and Archdeacon Woodward has supplied me with a full vocabulary of the eastern form of
the language.
19 a. BONDEI.

A few notes on this language were given in iht Journal of the Anthropological Institute for February,
1896, by the Rev. Godfrey Dale. Grammatical notes and vocabularies have been published by the
Rev. (Archdeacon) H. W. Woodward, through the Universities' Mission, Zanzibar, 1882, and a short
vocabulary is given in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. Bondei is also treated by Carl
Meinhof in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Spr., Berlin, 1906, vol. ix ; but my conclusive information is an MS.
vocabulary compiled by Archdeacon Woodward in 1916.

20. ZIGULA and 20 a, NGURU.

Vocabularies have been published by J. T. Last in his Polyglotta Africana Orientalis ; by H. M.
Stanley in Through the Dark Continent; and in 1902 Archdeacon H. W. Woodward published the
Collections for a Handbook of the Zigula Language, through the Universities' Mission, and sent me in
19:7 a MS. vocabulary ; in 1906 a Zigula-English Dictionary was issued by the Rev. W. H. Kisbey
(Universities' Mission) through the S.P.C.K. Zigula is also treated by Carl Meinhof in the Mitt. d. Sem.
f. Or. Spr., vol. ix, Berlin, 1906.

A vocabulary of the Nguru dialect appears in Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.
20b. KIM-RIMA (LIMA).

Very little is recorded of this eastern (coast) dialect of Zigula. What there is (besides a few scattered
words collected by the author) is given in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, under the heading
of Lima. Kimrima {lit. ' the language of the mainland ') is quite distinct from Swahili, though it is
sometimes classed as a Swahili dialect.

' The ' Rebmann M.S.' referred to by R. N. Gust in the 2nd vol. of his Modem Languages of Afii<a.
' I cannot find the reference to this opinion of Struck. If I remember it aright he states that according to native
tradition this Bantu colony on the shores of Lake Natron was founded by refugees from the Pare mountains.

790 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

21. SWAHILI (KI-UNGUJA, Kl-HADIMU, KI-JfGtOZIl, 21 a. KI-MVITA, 21 b-d. KLAMU, &c.,
21 e. KI-TIKUU, 21 f. Kl-WIBU, and 21 g. KI-NGCOJI.

The modern literature dealing with the Swahili language is so considerable that it would be impossible
to give a full list of the works here ; those however will be quoted which contain material specially germane
to the purpose of this book :

A vocabulary of twelve words of Swahili was collected by the English traveller Thomas Herbert, who
made a voyage to India and Persia, via the Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar, and the Komoros in 1626-30.
The fullest edition of his travels was published in 1677 ; the first in 1634 ; but I have not been able to
trace these words in either edition of his book ; unless the allusion is to the words he gives of the Mohila
language (see p. 2). Henry Salt in 1809 recorded twenty-eight more words (of the Kigunya or Kitikuu
dialect) very incorrectly ; but a longer vocabulary appeared in x^x^ Journal of the Geographical Society of
Bombay in 1844. The first work, however, which attempted to deal with the language in a mbdern and
accurate manner was that of Bishop Steere {Handbook to Swahili, S.P.C.K., London, 1875), though
Swahili had been studied elaborately in its Mombasa dialect by Krapf and Rebman much earlier, and
Krapf in 1850 had printed a fairly long vocabulary in his collection of Six East African Languages, Sec,
published at Tubingen (Wurttemberg) 1850.

KrapPs great Swahili-English Dictionary (London, Triibner and Co., 1882) is a mine of information
on this important language, but its practical value is a little spoilt by the perverse orthography adopted,
and by Krapfs South German inability to distinguish between the upper and lower consonants. For
etymological purposes, however, and the recording of rare and obsolete words, this is a work of lasting
importance.

Since the attention drawn to the political affairs of East Africa, and the great development of mis-
sionary work which commenced in the 'eighties of the last century, innumerable grammars and dictionaries
of Swahili have been published in English, French, and German. The best of these are the following :

A Handbook oj the Swahili Language, iornXXx edition, by A. C. Madan, M.A., London, S.P.C.K., 1894;
English-Siuahili Dictionary, by A. C. Madan, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1894 ; The Groundwork of the
Swahili Language and African Aphorisms, by the Rev. W. E. Taylor, M.A. (Mr. Taylor's well-known
studies of Swahili deal more particularly with the Mombasa dialect, and with the Ki-ngcozi or poetical
language of Swahili literature) ; the Linguistische Studien in Ost-Afrika, No. i, Swahili, by C. Meinhof;
Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or, Spr., vol. vii, 1904, Berlin ; and in the same volume the Hundert Suaheli-Rdtsel
(hundred Swahili riddles), by C. Velten ; also in the Swahili Mdrchen and Desturisa Waswahili ; Vocabu-
lary of English Words and Sentences translated into Six Dialects of Swahili, by A. C. HoUis (printed
as a supplement to ihc Journal of the African Society, London, 1910.' Mr. A. C. HoUis has also supplied
the present writer with a good deal of information on Swahili dialects in MS. In 1909 the Grammaire
des Dialectes Swahilis, by the Rev. Father Ch. Sacleux (Paris, Procure des PP. du Saint-Esprit). This,
however, is confined in its range chiefly to the dialects of the Equatorial Coast and of Zanzibar, and the
opposite mainland, and does not mention the important dialects of Ki-wibu and Ki-ngojji. In 1915,
through the Cambridge University Press, Captain C. H. Stigand published h.\s Dialect in Swahili, vihich
has much the same range as P6re Sacleux's work, only treats more fully of Ki-ngojzi. There are references
to (but no illustration of, here or elsewhere) the ancient dialect of Zanzibar (Ki-hadi'mu) in the Grammaire
of Pere Sacleux, and in the earliest works of Bishop Steere. Miss A. Werner has subsequently illustrated '
Ki-hadimu in the (1916) Jottrnal of the African Society and privately to the author. A little information
regarding the southern dialect of Ki-wibu (Cape Delgado) is to be obtained in Bleek's Languages of
Mozambique, London, 1856. The information therein is chiefly derived from the journals of Dr. Wilhelm
Peters, of the Berlin Academy. An imperfect vocabulary of Ki-wibu is given in Daniel J. Rankin's Arab
Tales, &=€., translated into Tugulu (Makua). Allusions to the rarely mentioned Ki-nggye or Ki-ngcoji
of Angojje (Angoxa, between Mozambique and Quelimane) are to be found in Apontamentos para o Estudo
das Linguas falladas pelos indigenas . . . de Mozambique, by Joaquim d' Almeida da Cunha (Loanda,
1886) : also in thegeographical writings of Consul H. E. O'Neill, referred to under the heading of Makua.^

22. KOMOROO I^I-ANGAZIJA, 22 a. HI-NZUANI).

The dialects of the Komoro) Islands (probably three in number) are little else than an ancient and
corrupted form of Swahili. They remain to this day very insufficiently studied. The principal materials
available (of any value) are a short vocabulary ('Anzuani or Hinzua') published by Last in \\\s Polyglotta
Africana Orientalis, and vocabularies of the same dialect of Johanna Island, by J. M. HiUlebrandt, in
the Zeit. fiir Ethnologic, 1876, p. 89. In 1869 Bishop Steere published a short vocabulary of the
Angazija dialect of Great Komorto. A few words of these Komorco dialects under the name of ' Anzuani '
can be gleaned from Bleek's Languages of Mozambique. A further bibliography (including a reference

' The Ki-tikuD, Bajun, or Kigunya dialect was earlier illustrated by Ferdinand Wurtz in the Zeit. f. afrik. u.
ocean. Spr. of Berlin for 1895, where fairly long vocabularies of both Poka?mft) and Tifcuu are printed from the papero
of this deceased missionary. Ki-tikuu, however, is most correctly transcribed by Mr. A. C. HcUis in the afore-
described vocabularies published by the African Society of London.

' A further bibliography of Swahili is given by Miss Alice Werner in the Catalogue of Linguistic Works in the
Journal oj the African Society, April 1908. Miss Werner's work on Ki-hadimu, referred to above, is based on the
researches of Miss Abdy, of the Universities' Mission.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 791

to the brief vocabulary collected by Herbert in 1626, see p. 2) is given in the second volume of R. N.
Cust's Modem Languages of Africa. The best addition, so far, to our knowledge of the Komorw dialect!)
generally is that given under the headinsj oi An Unpublished Vocabulary of the Komoro Language, by
Bernhard Struck, in x.\\c Journal of the African Society, July 1909. Cust alludes to an early MS. vocabu-
lary of Hinzuani by a (? Madagascar) missionary, 'Elliott' (presumably of the London Missionary Society).
I have not been able to trace this.

23. DZALAMOa or ZARAMO).

A short Vocabulary of Zaramo was published by Bishop Steere in 1869. A resume oi the features of
this interesting language is given by Meinhof in the loth vol. of the Mitt. d. Sein.f. Or. Spr., Berlin,
1907. This reviews the work of A. Worms {Grundziige der Grammatik des Kizaranio . . . Zeitschr. fiir
afr. und ozean. Spr., vol. iii, 1897, and Worlerverzeichnis der Sprache von Uzaramod, vol. iv of the same,
1898), and of Maass and Seidel (Beifrdge zur Kenntnis des Kizaramo, Zeitschr. f afr. u. or. Spr., vol. iii).
But the most important contribution to our knowledge of Dzalamco is the series of transcripts of Dzalamo)
superstitions, beliefs, and folklore by M. Klamroth, and notes on pronunciation (Otto Dempwolff) in vols, i
and noi ihe Zeitschrift fiir Kolonialsprachen (Berlin, 1911-12).

23 a. KAML

Ki-kami is well described by C. Velten in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Spr., vol. iii, Berlin, 1900. A
vocabulary is given in J; T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, in which also appears the only illus-
tration I can find of 23 b. Kixutu. 23 c. Ki-ruguru is more amply set forth in the appendices to C. W.
Werther's Die mittleren Hochlander des nordlichen Deutsch-Ost-Afrika, Berlin, 1S98.

24. Northern SAGARA (KAGURU).

We come here to a group of closely allied dialects, better described perhaps under the general name
of Sagara, from Usagara, the hilly region of German East Africa in which they are spoken. The chief
dialects are Kaguru (24), Itumba (24a),KondoaorBolwe (24b), Ziraha (24 c), Kwenyi (24d), Nkwifiya
(24 e), and Ndunda (24 f ). All these are briefly illustrated in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.
The northernmost dialect, Kaguru, is more fully exhibited in a Grammar of the Kaguru Language, by
J. T. Last, S.P.C.K., 1886, though unfortunately this work is marred by numerous press errors. A few
words of Kaguru (' Sagara ') are given in Stanley's Through the Dark Continent.

25. GCOGO).

Ki-giug(o, often alluded to in the works of the earlier East African explorers, was perhaps first illus-
trated in Stanley's Through the Dark Continent. John Clark, of the Universities' Mission, published
a Vocabulary in 1877 through the S.P.C.K. There are two short vocabularies of Gcogoj in J. T/ Last's
Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. Otherwise, our information is scanty, except such as can be derived from
a translation of the New Testament into Ki-gcogco, published in 1899 by the British and Foreign Bible
Society of London. Ga>go3 is also alluded to in the Durch Masailand of Oscar Baumann, and in Die
mittleren Hochlander of C. W. Werther and the Sonderabdruck aus 'Das Hochland der Riesenkrater', by
Bernhard Struck.

26. IRANGI.

There is a short vocabulary of Irafigi in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis ; and there are
a few references to Irangi words in an article on the Waraiigi by Leut. Baumstark in the Mitt. v.
Forschungsreisenden, cvt., aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Berlin, 1900. Last's translation, how-
ever, seems to include numerous non-Bantu words of adjoining tongues. My chief information about
this interesting speech is derived from A. Seidel's Grammar and Vocabulary appended to Werther's Die
mittleren Hochliinder des nordlichen Deutsch Ost-Afrika.

27. HEHE (KI-HEHE).

The first illustration of Ki-hehe was probably the short vocabulary given in Polyglotta Africana
Orientalis, by J. T. Last, but the first authoritative treatment of the language was by C. Velten, Die
Sprache der Wahehe in the Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or. Sprach., Berlin, 1899. There is also a pretty full
vocabulary of Hehe by Father Cassian Spiss in the Mitt, des Sem. fiir Orient. Spr., vol. iii, K. F.-W.-
University, Berlin, 1900.

28. POOGGRO) or KI-POOGOLOO.

There is an excellent treatise on this language by Prof. Dr. Eduard Sachau in the sixth vol. of the
Archivfiir das Studium deutscher Kolonialsprachen, Berlin, 1907 ; I also possess a MS. vocabulary by
Archdeacon Woodward.

29. SAffGO) or RORI.

This language is singularly little illustrated, considering its interest and its political importance.
A fragmentary vocabulary was given under the name of Kirori in Stanley's Through the Dark Continent.
vol. ii. A short vocabulary (with some additional words on p. 225) appears under the name of ' Safigo or
Lori ' in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. But it is better illustrated in Carl Meinhof's
Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen, p. 133-48 (Leipzig, 1899).

30. BENA.

A short vocabulary of Bena appears in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.

792 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

31. GANGI.

There is a short vocabulary of Gangi (p. 93) in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.
31 a. BUNG A.

A short vocabulary of Bufiga appears in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis (p. 139). Buflga
would seem to be a Zuluized jargon of the Aiigoni raiders, which contains other incongruous and non-
Bantu elements. It is vaguely alluded to as such in the treatise on Kifigoni by Father Cassian Spiss in
vol. vii of the Mitt. d. Sent./. Or. Sprach., Berlin, 1 904.

32. KI-MATUMBI.

A full vocabulary, almost a dictionary, of this language, by Bernhard Krumm, is given in the Mitt,
d. Sem. f. Or. Sprach., vol. xvi, Berlin, 1913. Also Grundriss einer Grammatik des Kimatumbi, by
Bernhard Krumm, Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Spr., vol. xv, Berlin, 1912.

33. MWERA and 33 a. KIDONDE or KI-MAWANDA.

A Skizze der Grammatik des Ki-mwera in Deutsch-Ostafrika, by R. von Sowa, appeared in the
Zeitschrift fiir afrikanische und oceanische Sprachen, vol. ii, 1896 (Berlin). This is the only extant
account I can find and it is so tantalizingly brief. Such very slight references to Kidonde as I can glean
from the writings of English and German explorers suggest its close connexion with Ki-mwera. It is
seemingly the same language or dialect as Kimawanda ; and of this I possess a full vocabulary, drawn up
by Archdeacon Woodward in 1916. This arrived too late for inclusion in the vocabulary columns,
but its main features are treated in the preliminary Corrigenda et Addenda.

34. MAKONDE and 34 a. MAVIA or MABIA.

Makonde was first illustrated by Bishop Steere in Collections for a Handbook of the Makonde Lan-
guage, Zanzibar, 1876. Last gives a short vocabulary in his Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. There are
vocabularies of Ki-makonde and Ki-mavia in Apontamentos para o Estudo das Lingiias filhidas, Sr'c.,
da Provincia Portugueza de Mozambique, Sr'c., by Joaquim d' Almeida da Cunha, vol. i, Loanda,
Imprensa Nacionale, 1886. But some of the information contained in this convenient transcript is derived
(with acknowledgements) from the various papers by Consul H. E. O'Neill, published on pp. 403-4 in the
1883 volume of the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society.

35. SUTU or MANUNDI (NINDI) and 35 a. KI-MATENGO).

A fairly comprehensive vocabulary (but no grammar) of this language is given under the name of
Kisutu by Cassian Spiss in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Sprach., vol. vii, Berlin, 1904. [The grammar pre-
ceding the vocabulary deals only with ' Kingconi ', the Zulu dialect of the country.] Kimatengco is repre-
sented by a pretty full vocabulary in the KimatengU>-Worterbuch of Father Johannes Hafliger, published
in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Sprach., vol. xii, Berlin, 1909.

36. PAUGWA.

Ki-Pangwa is described by M. Klamroth in the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Sprach., vol. x, 1907, pp. 183
to 192.

37. KESE or KISL

Illustrated by a vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa, Second Edition, London,
1904.

38. KINGA.

Grammatik der Kinga-Sprache, by R. Wolff, vol. ii, Archiv fiir das Studium deutscher Kolonial-
sprachen, Berlin, 1905.

39. KABWARI or UBWARI or KIBA-KABWARI and 39 a. Eastern KI-LEGA.'
Kibakabwari is represented by a vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's Uganda Protectorate ; Eastern

Kilega by an incomplete vocabulary in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.

40. GUHA.

A short vocabular)' of Guha is given by Stanley in vol. ii Through the Dark Continent. A much
fuller vocabulary was published by Sir Harry Johnston in his British Central Africa. A more complete
MS. vocabulary, however, was compiled by the Rev. A. Jones, of the London Missionary Society,
Tafiganyika, about 1889.

41. TABWA (MARUNGU).

The first hint of this language of South-west Tafiganyika may be derived from Stanley's vocabulary
of Maruiigu in vol. ii of Through the Dark Continent, but Tabwa is one of the best illustrated of all the
Bantu Languages in Essai de Grammaire Tabiva, by Gustave de Beerst, in Zeits. f. afrik. u. ocean.
Sprach., Berlin, 1896, and most of all by the Dictionnaire Kitabwa-Fran^ais et Fran(ais-Kitabwa, by
the Rev. Fr. Auguste van Acker, published by the Congo Museum, Tervueren (Brussels), 1907.

42. BEMBA (KI-BEMBA, Kl-WEMBA, KI-EMBA).

I think the earliest illustration of this important language consists of a brief vocabulary (Bemba) on

' South Kilega is dealt with briefly under the name of East Manyuema by Stanley in his Through the Dark Con-
tinent, and also by a MS. vocabulary compiled by Emil Torday. Western Kilega, by Stanley, under the name of
' Baregga '. See pp. 181, 473, 484.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 793

p. 131 in Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. Much fuller treatment is given in Sir Harry Johnston's
two vocabularies (Ki-wemba and Ki-emba) in British Central Africa, 1897. Bemba has been exhaus-
tively dealt with in An Introductory Handbook to the language of the Bemba People, by W. G. Robert-
son, L.M.S., published by the London Missionary Society, 1904, and by a Grammar of the Bemba
Language as spoken in North-east Rhodesia, by the Rev. Fr. Schoeffer, Oxford University Press, 1907.

43. LUNGU or ULUNGU.

This language is doubtfully illustrated by a few words under the name of Marungu, Urungu, &c., in
Stanley's Through the Dark Continent, but the only vocabulary extant of any completeness or correct-
ness is that given by Sir Harry Johnston in British Central Africa.

43 a. MAMBWE.

A vocabulary of Ki-mambwe is given in Johnston's British Central Africa, but the language is more
effectively illustrated in Outlines of Ki-mambwe Grammar, with vocabularies, &c., appended, by the Rev.
David Picton Jones, L.M.S., published by the London Missionary Society in 1893.

44. Ba)2;WA or USI.

Beyond references to its being a distinct tongue in the works of Giraud and other early explorers of
Lake Bangweulu and the Luapula, there is no literature exhibiting its characteristics. It would seem to'
be no more than a dialect of Bisa from references by recent travellers in the Bangweulu region.

44 a. BISA or WISA.

The first definite vocabulary of Bisa which I can find is that in Stanley's Through the Dark Continent.
Another vocabulary was published in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis. The first vocabulary
of any fullness appeared in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa. Since then a much more effec-
tive illustration of the language was contributed by Mr. A. C. Madan, M.A., A .Short Introduction to the
Wisa dialect of North-east Rhodesia, Oxford University Press, 19C6. Bisa words are also given in the
work immediately named below.
44 b. LALA-LAMBA.

The Lala-Lamba dialects have been treated very fully in two works by Mr. A. C. Madan — A Lata-
Lamba Handbook and A Lala-Lamba Dictionary — both published by the Oxford University Press in
1908 and 1913 respectively.

45. FIPA.

A few words of the interesting Fipa language are given in my British Central Africa, but such
material as we have for the study of Fipa is due to the industry of Bernhard Struck, who published
a vocabulary of the Fipa language in the foumal of the African Society, October 1908, and also in
Anthropos for 1911, p. 951.

46. NYALUNGWA or RUNGWA.

This language is spoken to the north of Lake Rukwa in the valley of the Rufigwa river. It is illus-
trated by a short vocabulary in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis.

47. CINA-MWAKGA.

This speech of the northern edge of the Nyasa-Tafiganyika plateau may be studied in the Transla-
tion of the Gospel of St. Luke issued by the B. and F. B. Soc. in 1903.

48. UNGU or WUNGU, 48 a. KI-MANDA.

There is a short vocabulary of Ufigu in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, and a much
fuller one in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa. Ki-manda, according to Bernhard Struck and
Dr. Fiilleborn, would seem to be a dialect of Wungu.

49. I^I-NYIXA and the allied Nyasa-Tanganyika dialects known as I^i-wanda and Ifi-wiwa are
represented by a vocabulary' in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa, and Isi-nyixa is more fully
illustrated in the Translation of the New Testament, B. and F. B. Soc, 1913.

50. ICI-WANDIA (ICI-RAMBIA, ICI-NDALI).

A vocabulary of Wandia is likewise given in British Central Africa.

51. NKONDE or NYIKIUSA. 51a. 'MWAMBA", IKI-KUKWE or CI-SOOCIRI.

These dialects of the North Nyasa mountains and coast were first transcribed in a little ' Mwamba'
vocabulary compiled by the Rev. J. A. Bain, and printed at Livingstonia (Nyasaland) in 1891. But they
were made better known, as regards published material, by a vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's British
Central Africa. Nkonde, under the incorrect name of ' Konde ', was treated very fully by C. Schumann
in Grundriss einer Grammatik der Kondesprache, in the Mitt. d. Sem.f Or. Sprach., vol.ii, Berlin, 1899.
It is also illustrated by Meinhof in his Grundriss einer Lautlehre der Bantusprachen (Leipzig, 1899).
Under the name of Ci-scociri Miss Werner has contributed some words to 51 a.

52. HENGA and 52 a. TUMBUKA (Cl-KAMANGA).

Ci-hefiga, and the closely allied Ci-tumbuka, are represented by a vocabulary of Ci-henga in
Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa, and in Notes on the Tumbuka Language and a Table of

' Mwamba ami -Scociri simply mean 'mountain ', and may refer to the Awa-kukwe people in the mountains
immediately north of Lake Nyasa.

794 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

Concords, dr'c, of the Tumbtika Language, by Dr. W. L. Elmslie, of the Livingstonia Mission, Aberdeen,
1891. The language of the nearly extinct Wa-kamanga (or Aba-kamanga), a former ruling caste among
the Batumbuka would appear to have been nearly identical with Ci-tumbuka. See for this an article on
the Kamanga Tribe of Lake Nyasa, by Andrew Nkonjera, in K\\^ Journal of the African Society, April
1911.

53. CI-TONGA ('ATONGA') and 53 a. CI-SISKA.

This speech of the west coast of Lake Nyasa, which has many interesting features, is still imperfectly
illustrated. There is a vocabulary of it in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa, and a Tentative
Translation of the Gosfel of St. Mark, published at Livingstonia (Nyasaland), in 1890, by the Living-
stonia Mission.

54. YAO).

A few words of some mongrel dialect of Yaco (' Monjou') were written down about 1809 by Henry
Salt when he visited Mozambique on his way to Shoa (Ethiopia).

A vocabulary of the Yaco language, under the name of Muntu, was given in Koelle's Polyglotta
Africana, and was attributed by him to the ' Veiao '. It represents the eastern form of the Yato language
where it impinges on the Lomwe or Makua dialects, but is very near to the Nyasaland speech. Bishop
Edward Steere published, through the S.P.C.K. in 1871, Collections for a Hattdbook of the YaCid Language.
Next in time, probably, followed An Introductory Handbook of the VaO) Language, by the Rev. Alexander
Hetherwick (London, S.P.C.K., 1889). A vocabulary of Yaco (like Mr. Hetherwick's, the south-western
type of the language) is given in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa Protectorate. There is also
a short vocabulary of this language in Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, by J. T. Last.

55. ffGINDO), North and South.

The southern dialect of Ci-ngindo is illustrated by a vocabularj' in Sir Harr>' Johnston's British
Central Africa. A veiy short \'ocabulary under this name in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africans Orientalis
possibly illustrates the northern form of this language. Archdeacon H. W. Woodward in 1916-17 com-
piled a vocabulary of Ki-tnaningeo, which is apparently identical with northern Ngindo). Although this
arrived too late for the vocabularies it is given in the addenda.

55 a. CI-MPOOTCO.

This half-way speech, intermediate between Yaco and Ngindco, has been made known to us by the
Universities' Mission to Central Africa in its translation of the Psalms and Prayer Book (B. and F. B. Soc,
undated).

56. I-MAKUA.

A few words of Makua (incorrectly transcribed) appear in the work of Henrj' Salt describing his
journey in 1809-10 to Abyssinia via Cape Town, Mozambique, and Somaliland. But the Makua lan-
guage was not effectively illustrated till it appeared as ' Matatan' in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana (1854),
and next under the name of Mosambique in The Languages of Mosambique, a Compilation, published in
1856 (London, Harrison & Sons), by Dr. \V. H. I. Bleek, who derived much of his information from the
MSS. of Dr. VVilhelm Peters, of the Berlin Academy. Short vocabularies of Makua and Lomwe appeared
in the geographical papers of Consul Henry Edward O'Neill, published on p. 209 of the Royal Geogra-
phical Society's Proceedings in 1882, and on p. 648 of the volume for 1884. In 1879, Bishop (as he after-
wards became) Chauncy Maples had published, through the S.P.C.K., Collections for a Handbook of the
Makua Language (see below). In 18S6, Mr. Daniel J. Rankin published, through the S.P.C.K., London,
Arab Tales Translated from Swahili into the Tugulu ' Dialect of the Makua Language ; togetlier with
comparative vocabularies of three dialects of Makua, and with a short English- Tugulu and Mbwabe
vocabulary (London, S.P.C.K., 1887). An accurate vocabulary of Mogambique Makua was published in
Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa, and a certain amount of additional information concerning
Makua in MS. is in the possession of the author.

56 a. Northern MAKUA (MEDO), &c.).

The northern dialects of Makua, Mbwabe, Medco, and Masasi were first recorded under the name of
Meto in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana, and long afterwards— but imperfectly — in the writings of O'Neill
and D. J. Rankin [Arab Tales, &c., which gives comparative vocabularies). Bishop Chauncy Maples,
Collections for a Handbook of the Makua L.anguage, really illustrated Northern and not Southern Makua.
In J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orientalis there are a few words of these northern dialects, under the
general name of ' Makfla '. I owe my latest information of 56 a to a full vocabulary contributed by
Archdeacon Woodward.
56 b. LOMWE (or Western MAKUA).

A few words of Lomwe were given in the geographical papers by Consul H. E. O'Neill, already
referred to. It has only been treated, however, at any length, in Sir Harrj' Johnston's British Central
Africa, and in a ver>' interesting paper by Miss Alice Werner in i\\c Journal of the African Society, vol. i,
1902 ( Vocabulary of Lornive).

' Tiigiihi is equivalent to my I-maV-ua, to Southern Makua as contrasted with Medio or Northern M.ikua.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 795

57. CUABO) or CUAMBOa (the language of Quelimane).

Ci-cuambci>, under the name of Kiriman, is amongst the vocabularies in Koelle's Polyglotta Afrkana.
A certain number of words of this language, under the name of 'Quelimane', appears'in lileek's Lan-
guages of Mosambique. A vocabulary of Ci-cuambco is given in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central
Africa. Some further information regarding this interesting language can be derived from Contes en
Chwabo ou Langite de Quelimane, &^c., by Fr. J. Torrend, in Zeits.f. afrik. u. ocean. Spr., Berlin, 1895
and 1896.

58. Cl-MAZARtO and CI-KUNDA.

An English-Tshiguniaiiocabulary was compiled and printed by Dr. Robert Laws, of the Living-
stonia Mission, somewhere about 1880 (there is no date or place of publication on the copy in the author's
possession). A vocabularj' of Ci-mazarco appears in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa
Protectorate.
58a. Cl-PODZO).

A vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa Protectorate.

59. CI-NYUNGWI (TETE) and 59 a. SENA.

Ci-nyungwi and Ci-sena vocabularies, under the names of ' Tette ' and 'Sena', appear amongst
Bleek's Languages of Mosambique. A vocabulary of Ci-sena (Ci-nyungwi) is given in Sir Harry John-
ston's British Central African Protectorate. Also a Praktische Grammatik der Bantu-Sprache von Tete,
einem Dialekt dcs Unter-Santbesi, mit Varianten der Sena-Sprache, is given by Fr. Alexander v. d. Mohl
in Mitt. d. Seiii.f Or. Spr., vol. vii, Berlin, 1904; and fables in the same dialects (under the misleading
title of ' Kaffrisch '), by the same author, are published in vol. viii of the same periodical. An Introductory
Grammar of the Sena Language spoken on the Lou'er Zambezi, by \V. G. Anderson, was published in
London by the S.P.C.K. in 1897.

60. CI-MBCO or CI-CINJIRI.

The Ci-mbco language is illustrated by a vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa.
It is said to be the same as the Cicinjiri dialect of the Macinjiri who inhabit the eastern part of the Lower
Shire basin between Mounts Ciperconi and Morambala.
61 a. MANANJA.

Ci-maiianja, or the south-eastern form of Nyanja, was probably first illustrated in a Grammar of
the Chi-nyanja Language, by Alexander Riddel, of the Livingstonia Mission, Edinburgh, 1880, but this
form of the great Nyanja speech was to receive a magnificent treatment in A Cyclopaedic Dictionary of
the Mang'anja Language, Spoken in British Central Africa, by the Rev. David Clement (Ruffele) Scott,
Edinburgh, 1892. There is a comparative vocabular>' of this language in Sir Harry Johnston's British
Central Africa. Mafianja has also been dealt with, from a practical point of view, by R. Caldwell in
Chi-nyanja Simplified, published by the Zambezi Industrial Mission, London, about 1896 (though called
' Chi-nyanja', tiiis language is really the Maiianja dialect.)

61. CI-NYANJA.

The Ci-nyanja proper of Lake Nyasa is spoken nowadays more particularly on the east coast of the
lake and on its islands (Likoima, &c.). It was partially dealt with in A Table of Concords, Ss'c, of the
Chi-nyanja Language, by the Rev. Dr. Robert Laws, Edinburgh, 1885. Soon afterwards began to follow
the numerous publications of the Universities' Mission from its Nyasaland centre on the island of
Likoma. Of these the more important are A Vocabulary of English-Chi-nyanja, &»<:., as Spoken at
Likoma, London, S.P.C.K., 1895 ; The Chi-nyanja Exercise Book (Likoma dialect), London, S.P.C.K.,
1898 ; Nyanja-English Vocabulary, Enlarged and Re^'ised, by the Rev. Herbert Barnes, U.M.C.A.,
London, S.P.C.K., 1902.
61 b. CI-PETA or CI-MARAVI.

This is the south-western form of Nyanja, more or less identical with the old term Maravi, and prob-
ably first illustrated by a vocabulary under the name of Marawi in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana ; also as
Maravi in Bleek's Languages of Mozambique. It is also the speech of the Dictionary of the Kiniassa
iMnguage, by the Rev. John Rebman, compiled in 1853-5, but not published by the Church Missionary
Society until 1877; and the 'Ci-nyanja' (' Ci-cipeta ') of Sir Harry Johnston's vocabularies in British
Central Africa. (N.B. The spelling of Rebman's name in most of his printed works is without a second
terminal n.)

61 e. Cl-CEWA.

Ci-cewa (or Cawa), the form of Ci-nyanja spoken on the south-west coast of Lake Nyasa, is illus-
trated by a vocabulary in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa.

62. SENGA or NSENGA.

An imperfect vocabulary of Ci senga appears in Sir Harry Johnston's British Central Africa. This
language was not properly made known until the publication of the Sehga Handbook, &'c., by A. C. Madan,
Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1905.

63. NYAI, NYAU, NANSWA, or LOOZE.

This interesting speech is ver>' imperfectly known. The author's knowledge of it is derived from

796 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

a short MS. vocabulary furnished by Miss Alice Werner, which was possibly copied from material printed
by the African Society.

64. KARAN A (CI-SWINA, pUNA, MA^OONA, GOOMO), KALANGA, KALAKA, ^ANGWE, &c.)

The Karana speech of South Central Zambezia is probably the earliest recorded of all Bantu lan-
guages, words of it appearing in Portuguese records of East African exploration as early as 1505, and
thence onwards to about 1760. These words have been carefully gleaned from such records by R. X. Hall,
the Warden of Zimbabwe, and transmitted to me in MS. in 1907, together with a comparison between
them and modem Ci-karana. The difference between ancient and modern is comparatively slight, showing
no great change in the language. Karana was probably the ' Chilimanse ' language of Eastern Zambezia,
recorded by mid-nineteenth century explorers, such as Andersson and Chapman.

My information of the modern language of ' Monomotopa ' is derived principally from the following
works: A Dictiofiary and Notes of the Grammar of the Mashona Language, &•€., London, S.P.C.K.,
191 1 ; Dictionary of the Tebele and Shuna Languages, dt'c, by W. A. Elliott, L.M.S., London, 1897;
AnAMatebele and Makalaka Vocabulary, &'c., by M. E. Weale, Cape Town, 1893. Elliott, in his above-
mentioned dictionary, refers also to the Rev. A. M. Hartmann's Dictionary and Grammar of Mashuna
(the Gomo) dialect). The most recent work (Buluwayo, 1915) is Mr. C. S. Louw's Manual of Chikarahga.

64 a. NDAU or SOFALA.

Ci-ndau, spoken by the Vandau, appears amongst V>\i:€&'% Languages of Mosambig ue nnAtr \.h& name
of Sofala'. A note on the Pronunciation ami Orthograpliy of the Ci-ndau Language was published by
Professor Daniel Jones, M.A., University of London, 191 1. Vocabularies of Ci-ndau and ' Va-ndau' in
MS. have been kindly furnished to the author by Senhor Luciano Lanne through the Mo(;ambique
Company. The above-mentioned Dictionary and Notes of the . . . Mashona Language (S.P.C.K., 191 1)
deals with the eastern form of Karafia and contains many Cindau words ; as also does the Manual of
Mr. Louw.

65. CI-TEVE.

A vocabulary of Ci-teve, a language of the Upper Pungwe river, has been furnished me in MS. by
the Mozambique Company.

65 a. CI.TOMBOOJL

My knowledge of this language is based, together with that of 66. RONGERO, 67. Northern VATUA
or CI-RUE, and 68. MA-pANGANA, only on MS. vocabularies furnished me by the Portuguese officials
of the Company of Mogambique.

69. pENGWE.

peiigwe appears first in Koelle's ' Nyambane', and next as ' Inhambane' in Bleek's Languages of
Mosambique, It has been more accurately illustrated under the name of ^engwe and ' Vatua of Mori-
bane' by the Portuguese officials of the Mogambique Company (MS.), and under the name of Gitofiga,
appears in a Translation of the New Testament, by the .American Bible Society, New York, 1905.

70. CfOPI (or pi-LENGE, HLENGWE, or ^ITSWA). ^

Vocabulary with a Short Grammar of Xilenge ; The Language of the People commonly called Chopi,
c^c, by Bishop Smyth and John Matthews, London, S.P.C.K., 1902. There are also references to this
language in the works of Henri A. Junod. And ^4 Gospel Picture-book and Translated Passages of the
Book of Comnwn Prayer and of the New Testament, published in 1897, 1898, and 1902, by the S.P.C.K.,
London, contain slight ilkistrations of the gitswa, and {5i-lenge dialects of Ccopi.

71. THONGA or RONGA (SI-RONGA), BILA (71a), HLANGANU (71b], JOWGA (71c) and
SI-KONDE (71 d).

This is Bleek's ' Lourenzo Marques ' language. It has received ample illustration in grammar by
Henri A. Junod, Grammaire Ronga, &'€. (with vocabularies), Lausanne, 18916. A vocabulary ofpi-rofiga,
derived from the works of a native missionary was published by E. W. Smith-Delacour in 1893, but it is
misleading and incorrect. The gi-puthsu variety of Ronga is illustrated by a selection of passages from
the New Testament published in 1904 by the S.P.C.K.
71 e. ^1-LOI or NUALUNGO).

Briefly referred to (often under the name of Jofiga) in the writings of Henri A. Junod.
7lf. SI-GWAMBA or ^IHLENGWE. ' ^

This speech of the ' Knob-nosed Kafirs ' is briefly and imperfectly illustrated in the Lefons de iiig-
wamba,hy Paul Berthoud, Lausanne, 1883; and the same writer contributed a Grammatical Note on
Gwamba to the 1 6th vol. of \.\\^fournal of the Royal Asiatic Society. A Translation of the Gospel of
St. Luke was published in 1892 in ^i-gwamba by the British and Foreign Bible Society, London. But
my vocabulary is derived principally from a MS. compiled for this book by a South African official,
and forwarded through Lady Phillips.

72. VENDA.

Ci-venda, the most interesting language of South Africa, is still very little known to us. The only
works extant which treat of it being Das TSi-venda, by Carl Meinhof, Leipzig, 1901 ; Die Verba des
Tii-venda, by Paul Schwellnus, Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or. Spr., vol. vii, 1904 ; an article on the Bawcnda : a

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 797

Sketch of their History and Customs, by the Rev. E. Gottsching, Journal of the R.A.L, 1 905 ; and
The Ba-ivenda of the Spelonken, by R. Wessmann, translated by Leo Weinthal, The African IVorld,
London, 1908. 1 have relied chiefly on a MS. vocabulary by the Rev. Theodor Schwellnuss, supplied
through the kind services of Lady Phillips.

73. SE-SUTHW, 73 a. SE-PfeDf (PELI).

The Western Transvaal language of Se-pedi is very imperfectly known, partly because it is passed
over in favour of its modern development, Se-suthco. It is represented by a New Testament published in
London in 1890 by the British and Foreign Bible Society, and by similar works of translation of German
missionaries, the results of which have been summarized by Carl Meinhof in his Das Tsi-venda already
referred to, and also in his other works on the subject of the Bantu languages. Se-suthco is the language
of the compound tribe of ' Basuto ', and is little else than a western form of Se-pedi, but owing to the
political prominence of the people speaking this dialect, it has received far more attention than the parent
speech. The French missionary, Casalis, published a Grammar in 1841, Frddoux a Grammatical Note
in 1864, and Endemann a Grammar m 1876, and Mabille a Vocabulary in French about the same time,
and finally a Scsuto-English Dictionary (Morija, 191 1). The rest of the modern literature illustrating
Se-siitheo is little else than translations of the Bible, with the exception of two books of the highest rank —
the Worterhuch der Sotho-Sprache {Siid-Afrika), by K. Endemann, Hamburg, 191 1, and A Practical
Method to learn Sesuto, by E. Jacottet (Morija, 1906). The Worterhuch is one of the four or five really
great works on the Bantu languages. The Si-kcolcolco dialect of Se-suthco carried by Basuto into Northern
Rhodesia, and frequently alluded to by Livingstone and subsequent travellers as the dominant language
in Northern Rhodesia, has in modern times departed so widely from Siithto and Cuana standards as to be
almost an independent tongue. It is catalogued by me in the following paragraph.

74. SE-CUANA, (SE-XLAPIN, SE-ROLON, &c.), 74 a. SE-MANGWATO), 74 b. SI-KOOLOaLO),
74 c. NJENJI, ZINZI.

Se-cuana words, more or less imperfectly transcribed, occur in the works of Lichtenstein and other
South African pioneers early in the nineteenth century. Archbell published a Grammar in 1837, and
there are Vocabularies and Grammatical Notes by Pelissier and Livingstone in the Grey Library at
Cape Town. In \ki^ Journal of the American Oriental Society for 1849 appears a short vocabulary, and
another was published by a missionary named Brown in 1876. The language in its various dialects is
much dealt with by Bleek in his general works on the Bantu tongues ; but Se-cuana was not treated satis-
factorily until the publication of Notes towards a Secoana Grammar, by Archdeacon William Crisp,
London, S.P.C.K., 1900, and the Secwana Dictionary, by the Rev. John Brown, published by the London
Missionary Society in 1895. The tones of Se-cuana are well illustrated in a work by a Cuana native
author: A Sechuana Reader, by David Jones, M.A., and Solomon Tshekitho Plaatje (University of
London Press, 1916). Mr. Plaatje (the Cuana author referred to) has also given us an important piece of
work in modest form : Sechuana Proverbs, with Literal Trattslations, or'c. (Kegan Paul, Trench,
Triibner), 1916. The dialects of Se-cuana other than the standard form (more or less Se-xlapin; have
received scarcely any attention by philologists, and would probably prove to be interesting in their
divergences. I have gathered up a few words of the northernmost dialect, Se-mangwatco, which is
virtually the same as Se-twana of Lake Ngami. Si-kcolcolco, the language of general intercourse in the
Western Zambezi basin has recently been well illustrated by Dr. Stanley Colyer's Sikololo Grammar
and Vocabulary (London, 1917), and Stirke and Thomas's Sikololo Phrase Book (London, 1915) and
Comparative Vocabulaiy (1916). The words in Njenji (74 c) are mainly derived from Capello and
Ivens.

75. pOSA (' Kafir', usually spelt Xosa in South Africa).

The first vocabulary of posa appears in the work of Andrew Sparrman (a Swede), published in 1776.
His list of posa numerals, nouns, adjectives, and verbs, though short, is not only accurate, but differs
little from the forms of these words as used to-day. Other vocabularies of posa appeared in the works of
Lichtenstein, liarrow, and other South African pioneers of the early nineteenth century. The earliest
Grammar is probably that of W. B. Boyce (a Wesleyan missionary), published at Graham's Town in
1834, and singularly modern in orthography and treatment (it is interesting to note Boyce's acknowledge-
ments to Theophilus Shepstone, destined to become, more than forty years afterwards, famous for his
being the agent appointed to annex the Transvaal). John AylifT printed a Vocabulary in 1846 ; the Rev.
John W. Appleyard a Grammar at King William's Town in 1S50 ; ' Bonatz a Grammar in 1862 : Davis
a Dictionary in 1872 ; and Roberts a Grammatical Note in 1874. The Rev. J. Torrend, afterwards cele-
brated for his Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu, printed an Outline of the Xosa-
Kafir Grammar in 1886. The best modern treatment of this speech has been the Kafir-English Dic-
tionary, by the Rev. Albert Kropf, published at Lovedale, South Africa, in 1 899, and a Grammar of the
Kafir Latiguage, by J. McLaren, London, 1906. Scarcely any literature is known to me at present which
deals with the divergent dialects of posa, such as Isi-pondco, Isi-bada, Fengu, &c. ; but there is
a fairly long vocabulary of Isi-pondco (difiering very little from Isi-posa) in the Zcitschrift fiir Afrikan-
ische Sprachen, Berlin, 1890, by Bachmann, added to by Beste.

' The Kafir Language ; lOiiiprisinq a Sketch of its History, e^'i'., am! a Grammar.

1734 3 F

798 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

The wretched hotch-potch of speech known as Kitchen Kafir (Isi-kula) is described by Otto Trapp
in Anthropos, 1908.

75 a. ZULU.

The Zulu language in reality differs no more from posa than Scots fr6m Southern English— if indeed
as much. But political developments have given this form of Kafir speech a great importance. Schreuder
published a Grammar of Zulu in 1850 in Norwegian-Danish. The American missionary', Lewis Grout,
published a Grammar of the Ztilu Language in 1859, after referring to the language in the Journal of the
American Oriental Society in 1848. The great Bishop Colenso ' produced a Grammatical Note in 1859
and a Dictionary in 1861. Other dictionaries before and since were published by Dohne (whose work
was of importance, since he attempted to discriminate between the aristocratic Ukukulama dialect and
the Isi-lala or speech of the plebeians) and by Perrin. The Rev. Charles Roberts brought out a short but
useful Z2ilu Dictionary '\n 1880. The veteran missionarj' Grout produced a revised edition of his Gram-
mar of Zulu under the title The Isi-zulu, London, 1893. The Rev. Charles Roberts published a Zttlu
Manual or Vade Mecum, London, 1900. But the most modern and the best of dictionaries dealing with
the Zulu language is that by Alfred T. Bryant (Zulu- English Dictionary), published in Natal in 1905,
a work of exceptional merit.

Other useful sources of philological information are: the Isi-zulu Vocabulary and Phrase Book, hy
Samuel Gibbs, Natal, 1885 and 1890 ; and Some Zulu Customs and Folklore, by Miss L. H. Samuelson.
London : the Church Printing Company, 1912.

75 b. The SWAZI dialect of Zulu — almost an independent language— though often alluded to in the works
of African travellers and missionaries, remained absolutely unillustrated on paper (so far as I am aware)
until, through the kindness of Mr. R. Coryndon, Commissioner of Swaziland,' a MS. vocabulary was
compiled and sent to me by Mr. A. G. Marwick. Later, an even fuller vocabulary was compiled by
another South African official, and forwarded to me by Lady Phillips.

75 c. TEBELE (SIN-DEBELE).

This dialect of the Matebele (Amandebele) Zulus was probably first set down on paper by Mr. M. E.
Weale in a small book published at Cape Town in 1893 [Matabele and Makalaka Vocabularies). It has
later been illustrated in the Dictionary of the Tebele and Shuna Languages, by W. A. Elliott, of the
London Missionary Society, London, David Nutt, 1897. An even better treatment has been given in
the Shindebele Dictionary, by the Rev. J. O'Neill, S.J. (London, 1913). *
76. GAZA-NGOONI.

The Zulu dialect spoken by the Abafigioni of Nyasaland is considered to resemble somewhat closely
th? Zulu speech of Gazaland, south of the Lower Zambezi, and east of the Limptopco, and both together
constitute virtually a separate language and not a mere dialect of the parent speech. The Ngconi lan-
guage was first illustrated by Dr. W. A. Elmsley in his Table of Concords, Ss^c, of the -Ngoiii I^anguage,
published at Aberdeen in 1891. Dr. Elmsley also published at the same time an Introductory Grammar
of the Ngoni Language, as Spoken in West Nyasaland. The Ngconi dialect of East Nyasaland has been
treated with great fullness and accuracy under the name oi Kihgoni by Bishop Cassian Spiss (Apostolic
Vicar for South Zanzibar) in the Mitt. d. Sent. f. Or. Spr., vol. vii, Berlin, 1904. Some information
regarding the Gaza dialect has been sent me in MS. by the officials of the Mozambique Company.
Slight references to Gaza and to the Ngoni dialect of East Nyasaland may be met with in the Travels of
Captain Elton.

^7. LENJE.

This language of the Upper Kafue basin has but one authority at the present time, and that a most
conclusive one. It is fully described in the Lenje Handbook, &'c., by A. C. Madan, M.A., published by
the Oxford University Press in 1908.

78. ILA.

The speech of the Ba-ila or Shukulumbwe people of Northern Rhodesia is solely but completely
illustrated in A Handbook of the Ila Language, by the Rev. Edwin W. Smith, published by the Oxford
University Press in 1907.

79. TONGA (of Central Zambezia).

Chi-tonga, under the name of Batoka, received — like so many other Bantu tongues of South-Central
Africa— an early illustration by Livingstone, whose MS. vocabulary in the Grey Library at Cape Town has
recently been copied and made available by Dr. Peringuey. The speech was next illustrated, to some
extent, by the Rev. Fr. J. Torrend in his Comparative Grammar of the South African Bantu Languages
(London, 1891). But I do not think it was competently set forth until a MS. vocabulary was compiled
by an official, C. F. Molyneux, of the British South Africa Company and sent to me for the purposes of
this work. The same official, assisted by Mr. F. V. Worthington, similarly illustrated and located the

' Colenso's Zulu-English Dictionary attained its fourth authorized edition, published at Pietermaritzburg, in
* Now Governor of Uganda.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMLBANTU LANGUAGES 799

Chi-we and Chi-totela dialects. Lastly, in 191 5, their colleague, Mr. A. W; Griffin, published, through
the Oxford University Press, a ChitoHga Vocabulary 0/ the Zambezi Valley.

80. SUBIA.

This is the Shubea or Ma-shubea of Livingstone and other early explorers of South-Central Africa,
and is represented in Livingstone's MS. vocabularies compiled about 185 1. It received no further
illustration, however, until the Etudes sur les Langues du Haut-Zambize : Grammaire Soubiya et Louyi
was published by the Rev. E. Jacottet at Paris in 1 896 (Ernest Leroux). This only makes a slender contri-
bution towards the vocabulary, and the lack has been kindly supplied for me by British South Africa
Company's officials (F. V. Worthington and C. F. Molyneux) in a MS. vocabulary in my possession.

81. YEYE (MAKOOBA, BAKUBA).

This scarcely known language of Luyi affinities found by Livingstone as the speech of the lake-
dwellers on Lake Ngami and the swamps of the Lower OOkavaiigco was illustrated briefly by him in his
MS. vocabularies, first as ' Bakhoba' and next as ' Bayeiye '. It is probable that he recorded a jumble
of dialects, in part Yeye or Khcoba (Kuba, Kubu, and Mpukupu), in part an outlying form of HercKo or
Kuanyama. Andersson, in Lake Ngami (1854), and in a paper published in the Journal of the Royal
Geographical Society (1856), supplied another version of Yeye.

82. NYENGtO — Livingstone's ' Banyeiiko '— the speech of the Bampuku^u and the peoples west of the
Upper Zambezi, may in reality be a southern dialect of Luyi. It is so far represented only by Living-
stone's MS. vocabulary in the archives of the Grey Library at Cape Town, now made accessible by
Dr. P^ringuey's efforts.'

83. SI-LUYL

This important— but now nearly extinct— language of Barotseland was often referred to by Living-
stone and others, and received its first illustration in his 1852-5 MS. vocabularies in the Grey Library.
But there was little to indicate the true character of this somewhat peculiar Bantu tongue till the publica-
tion of the interesting Grammatical Sketch, by E. Jacottet, already referred to in connexion with Subia
(Paris, 1896). M. Jacottet, in the third part of his Etudes sur les Langues du Haut-Zambize (Paris,
1901), published Luyi legends and folk-lore translated word for word into French. Vocabulary material,
chiefly illustrative of the Si-kwangeo dialect, has been sent me by Mr. Thomas, of the Barotse National
School, and by Mr. J. H. Kenney, of the British South Africa Company's Administration. Si-luyi is also
dealt with in A. W. Thomas's and D. E. C. Stirke's Comparative Vocabulary of Sikololo-Silui-Simbunda
(London, 1916).

84. LUENA (or LUINA, LUBALE).

This language of the Luena river, a western affluent of the Upper Zambezi, is quite distinct from Luyi,
with which it has sometimes been confounded through an alternative name for Luyi being Luiana. Under
the name of Luina it was illustrated in one of Livingstone's MS. vocabularies (which I have not seen),
said to be in the archives of the Grey Library at Cape Town, but presumably unknown to Bantu students.
The character of this language remained a matter for speculation until an article on Luena, by the
Rev. W. A. Crabtree, appeared in (he Journal of the African Society for 1912. The information there
given was, no doubt, partly obtained from a missionary named Schindler, who translated into Luena the
Gospel according to St. Matthew. This work, subjected to analysis by the Rev. Robert Glennie, of the
Baptist Missionary Society, already enabled me, through the kind help of Mr. Glennie, to obtain some
idea of the structure of Luena ; but my vocabulary of this little-known L-inguage was made much more
comprehensive by MS. lists of words compiled by Mr. Walter Fisher, of Kalcne Hill, Northern Rhodesia,
forwarded through the British South Africa Company.

85. SI-MBUNDA (?MWE, MA-^A^A, LU-VIKO)), 85 a. KALUIANA (of the region between the
Kabompo and the Upper Kafue and Northern Zambezia, the Lukcona district of North-west Barotseland).

This Mbunda language is apparently allied to the speech described by the Portuguese travellers,
Capello and I vens, under the name of ' Kaluiana '. They give a short vocabulary of this language in their
Journey to the Territories of Yacca, London, 1882. Si-mbunda has since been amply illustrated in MS.
vocabularies supplied to the author by Mr. A. W. Thomas, of the Barotseland Administration, and in his
published Comparative Vocabulary of Sikololo-Silui-Simbunda (London, 1916).

86. LUJAZI or MA-FONDA. N-GANGELA (86 a). A-MBWELA (86 b).

Lujazi and Ma.ponda (virtually one language! were first illustrated in Livingstone's MS. vocabularies
about 1854 (now in the Grey Library at Cape Town). N-gangela is briefly illustrated in the works of
Capello and Ivens and of Serpa Pinto ; references by Serpa Pinto to the Ambwela (Ambuella) language
would make it out to be a dialect of the Lujazi tongue (see How I crossed Africa, Serpa Pinto, London,
1881). I have recently received (through the kind offices of Mr. W.J. B. Chapman) a fairly full vocabu-
lary by the Rev. Father Keeling of Northern Ngangela, and another of the Lu-imbi (86 c) dialect from
the Upper Kwanza.

' This h.is been circulated in typescript and includes short vocabularies of 'Bayeiye ',' Bashubea ', ' Balojaii ',
' Maponda ', ' Borotse ', ' B.itoka ', ' Bauyenko ', ' and ' .Secuana ' : all with a Secuana fades, yet tolerably accurate.

3 F 2

8oo ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OP BANTU LANGUAGES

87. UKOYA.

For my knowledge of Nkoya and 87 a. Mbwela I am indebted to MS. vocabularies and notes sup-
plied by the Rev. E. W. Smith (Chaplain to the Forces), the author of the well known Ila Handbook.

88. KIWKO) or KIOOKWE.

This is illustrated by a fairly accurate vocabulary in the Territories of Yacca book just referred to, by
Capello and Ivens, an English translation of which was published in 1882. Dr. R. N. Cust mentions the
existence of a MS. vocabulary of Kiiokco by the German traveller Biichner. It is somewhat better rendered
by Hdli Chatelain in Bantu Notes and Vocabularies, No. ii, Journal of the American Geographical
Society, Washington, 1 894. Kiioko) is obviously nearly related to Luena. It is the ' Jok ' of E. Torday,
who has also furnished some words used by me.

89. H^RERW.

OOtyi- or Oci-h6rerco receives mention of a few words of illustration in the earliest travels of Francis
Galton and Andersson, but it was probably not set forth efificiently until the Grammar and Vocabulary
{Grundzilge einer Grammatik des Hererd, a^c.) published by the Rev. Dr. C. Hugo Hahn in 1857, and
the information which he and other German missionaries gave to Bleek for the latter's Comparative
Grammar of the South African Languages. There is said to be an early vocabulary in MS. by the
Rev. J. Rath, in the archives of the Grey Library, Cape Town. The most efficient treatment which this
important language had received, up till recent times, was in the English-Herero Dictionary, by the
Rev. F. W. Kolbe, published at Cape Town in 1883. This work utilized the MS. vocabulary or dictionary
by the Rev. J. Rath, already mentioned, and a Herero-English Vocabulary, by the Rev. H. Brincker.
The Rev. P. H. Brincker, of the Rhenish Missionary Society, wrote numerous articles on Hererco, chiefly
in the Zeits.f. Afr. u. Oc. Spr., of Berlin. He further treated of H^rerto in its relation to other members
of the group in his Lehrbuch des Oshikuanjaina (1891). Additional information on Hererto.is given in
vol. xvi of the Lehrbiicher des Seminars fiir Orientalische Sprachen, by G. Viehe, published at Berlin in
1897 (Grammatik des Otji-hererCi)), and also in an admirable little Isook, the Praktische Grammatik des
Nama, Otyi-hereru, 6-y., by A. Seidel, published at Leipzig about the same time.

90. NDONGA or AMBO).

(JOfi-ndonga or tOtyi-ambco of Ovambcoland is said by Cust to have been illustrated in a Grammar by
Theophilus Hahn in 1883, but I have not seen this work. A short Vocabulaty and Grammatical Note
were published by Buttner in the Zeitsckrift ol the German Geographical Society in 1881. There is said
to be a MS. vocabulary, by G. H. Hahn, in the Grey Library at Cape Town. For practical purposes,
however, we have no more and no better illustration of the speech of Ovamboland than the Grammar and
Vocabulary of this language by A. Seidel in the Praktische Grammatiken des Nama, Otyi-Herero, &'c.
published at Leipzig (A. Artleben) in the latter part of the nineteenth century (no date in my copy).
A good deal of information concerning (jOpindoiiga is given in P. H. Brincker's Lehrbuch des Oshi-
kuanjama, described below.

91. KU ANY AM A. 91a. HUMBE.

The language of North Ovambcoland and the regions immediately north of the Middle Kunene was
first adequately described in an excellent treatise by the missionary P. H. Brincker, Lehrbuch des Oshi-
kuanjama, published at Stuttgart and Berlin in 1891 : this work is of special value in the comparative
study of the Bantu tongues. Kuanyama is also illustrated by the British and Foreign Bible Society's
translation of the Gospel according to St. Luke, published in 1894. Examples of this language are also
given in Sprachproben aus Deutsch-Sud-Afrika, by P. H. Brincker, in which the author also cites the
Ndofiga and Hdrero) languages. Under the name of Humba', Kuanyama was earliest represented by
a short vocabulary in Capello and Ivens's Travels to the Territories of Yacca. My own vocabulary has
been considerably enriched by a MS. contribution from the Rev. Father Keeling, of the Huamboj
Mission, Southern Aiigola. 91 a. Humbe is represented by a MS. vocabulary contributed by Mr. W. J. B.
Chapman, which arrived too late for insertion.

92. NYANEKA.

This speech of the Huila highlands in Central South Angola is efficiently treated by a Diccionario
Portugutz-Olunyaneka, by the missionary fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit and Sacred
Heart of Mary, published at Huila in Southern Angola in 1896, and hy Ensaios de Grammatica Nyaneka,
by Afifonso Maria Lang, published at Lisbon in 1906.
93 a. LUNKUMBI. 92 b. KUVALE.

The Lufikumbi speech of South-eastern Bailundo, instanced by Capello and Ivens In \\\€\x Journey
to the Territories of Yacca, seems to be very near Nyaneka, from the few words printed by those writers.
Kuvale or Kubale, of the Upper Kunene, is represented by a MS. sent by Mr. W. J. B. Chapman, which
arrived too late for inclusion in this edition in the body of this work. (Seep 779.)

93. NDOMBE or KWANDO), 93 a. KORCjOKA.'

This speech of the Mossamedes coast, spoken by the Andombe, Akwandto, and Akoroka tribes

' Mr. W. J. B. Chapman, of Southern AFigola, asserts thai the true Koru>ka tongue is non-Bantu (Bushman) and
not a dialect of Ndombe.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 8or

(also by the Akubele and the Akuisco ?), is as yet scarcely illustrated. I travelled through this region
in 1882, and gathered then that Olundombe was very similar to Olunyaneka, but the vocabulary written by
me was lost, only a few words being preserved in another note-book. A little more information, has been
received from Mr. W. J. B. Chapman. (See p. 779.)

94. NANO) or UMBUNDU, 94 a. OOVIYE. 94 b. SUMBI.

This speech of Befiguela and of the highlands to the east, has received considerable illustration from
comparatively early times. The Hungarian traveller and slave-trader, Ladilaus Magyar, illustrated
Umburidu (' Nanco ') by short vocabularies in the Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society in 1843,
and in his Reisen, published in 1859. Within the same period the missionary Rath compiled a MS.
vocabulary, said to be in the Grey Library at Cape Town, and W. H. L. Bleek himself took down a Hst of
words from a Nanoj slave in Cape Town. Serpa Pinto, in his How I crossed Africa (London, 1881) gave
a short vocabulary of Umbundu. A vocabulary also appears in the Travels of Ivens and Capello already
referred to, published in 1882. But this language remained but httle known, as regard details of grammar,
until the publication of the Uinbimdii Grammar and Vocabulary, respectively by the Rev. Wesley M.
Stover and the Revs. W. H. Sanders and W. E. Fay (Boston, U.S.A., 1885). The excellent Grammatica
do Umbundu and the Methodo Pratico da Lingua Umbundu, by J. Pereira do Nascimento and Ernesto
Le Comte, were published in 1894 and 1897 by the Lisbon Society of Geography. Am important and
interesting specimen of this language in its coast dialect, under the name of Paiigela, was given by
Sigismund Koelle in his Polyglotta Africana (London, 1854). For Sumbi, see p. 780.

95. KISAMA or MBWIYI.

Excepting a few words cited by H^li Chatelain in his writings on Kimbundu and cognate dialects,
the only illustration we have at present of Kisama is that given by Koelle in his Polyglotta Africana.

96. LIBOLOJ or LUBCOLCO or LUBALCO.

Similarly, Koelle up to the present is our only authority on Liboko.

97. SONGOD. '

Koelle likewise is the principal authority for Soiigo, the dialect of the south-eastern portion of the
Kimbundu field (Middle and Eastern Kwanza basin) ; but a short Vocabulary is said to have been pub-
hshed by the German traveller Lux, at Loanda, in 1881 (which I have not seen) ; and, since the greater
part of this volume was printed, I have received a full vocabulary of modern Soiigo through the inter-
mediary of Mr. W. J. B. Chapman, which confirms Koelle and supplies more information. (See p. 780.)

98. KIMBUNDU (MBAKA, MBONDCx), and the language of Lcoanda).

Kimbundu, under the incorrect name of Bunda, is one of the earliest illustrated of Bantu languages,
its features having been set forth in a short Grammar by Pedro Diaz, C.J., printed at Lisbon in 1697, and
earlier still in religious pamphlets and catechisms by the Italian Jesuit missionaries. Di Conto and
Pacconio, in 1622-3 and in 1661-4. Its next illustration was in a Dictionary and Grammar by the
Capuchin missionary, Bernardo Maria de Cannecattim, published at Lisbon in 1804 and 1805, and
republished at Lisbon in 1859.' Livingstone compiled a MS. vocabulary in 1855, which I have not seen.
A short Vocabulary by the German explorer Lux was printed at Loanda in 1880, and a vocabulary
appeared (together with one of Umbundu) by Hale in a report of the United States Naval Expedition to
South-west Africa in 1846. Souza-e-Oliveira and Castro-Francina published a Grammar at Loanda in
1864. No really complete dictionary of this interesting speech has as yet been published, though
several are said to have been written by Portuguese (such as Senhor Joaquim d'Almeida da Cunha) or
educated natives of Angola (such as Senhor Sebastiao de Jesus) and to be stiU in MS. awaiting publica-
tion. My vocabulary, derived from nearly all the modern sources, is fairly complete. The great authority
on Kimbundu is — and will remain for a considerable time — that distinguished Swiss missionary, the late
Dr. Heli Chatelain. Dr. Chatelain published, through the American Folklore Society (Houghton,
Mifflin and Co., Boston and New York) in 1894 Folk-tales of Angola : Fifty Tales, with Kimbundu Text
and Literal English Translation, b'c., besides a vocabulary of Kimbundu given in the Zeits.f. afr. u. oc.
Spr., Berlin, 1889, and his Grammatica Elementar do Kimbundu, puhVished at Geneva in l88g. He also
included illustrations of Kimbundu in his Bantu Notes and Vocabularies, No. ii {American Geographical
Society Journal, 1894). He mentions that an educated native, J. D. Cordeiro de Matta, published three •
works on Kimbundu, at Lisbon, in 1891, 1892, and 1893. But I have not been able to see these.' My
fullest information on Kimbundu has been received in MS. from the Rev. H. Withey (see below).
98 a. NGOLA.

The more archaic dialect of Ngola or Eastern Kimbundu was first illustrated by Koelle under that
name in the Polyglotta Africana. Allusions to it may be met with here and there in the writings of H6Ii
Chatelain, and in the vocabularies published by Serpa Pinto in the Appendix to his How I crossed Africa

' Hili Chatelain, in his Folk-Tales of Angola, pp. 23-4, gives a bibliography of Kimbnndn, and mentions that
Cannecattim's work is characterized by incorrectness, confused spelling, and erroneous renderings of words.

' There is a long vocabulary of Kimbundu in vol. ii of From Bengiiela to the Territories of Yacca, by Capello and
Ivens, but it is full of misprints and inaccuracies, due to its being in reality the unacknowledged and nncorrected work
of a Brazilian traveller named Dutra.

8o2 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

(London, 1881). My records of Kimbundu and Ngola have quite recently been enriched by vocabularies
contributed by the Rev. H. Withey, of Bishop Hartzell's Mission to Angola.

99. MBAMBA.

The north-eastern form of Kimbundu, generally known as Kimbamba, is illustrated by a short
vocabulary in the Bemerkungen Uber die Sammlung von Mbamba- WSrtern und iiber das Mbamba- Volk,
published in the Zeits. f. afr. u. oc. Spr., Berlin, 1889.

100. Kipi.KONGW.

The most important dialect of the Kongco tongue— that which radiates from Sao Salvador as a centre
— was perhaps the first of the Bantu languages to be studied and set forth on paper. The earliest
description of the speech was (after translating its title into English) the celebrated Certain Rules to
Facilitate the Difficulties of the Congo Language, usually known as Brusciotto's Grammar, and issued at
Rome in 1659. This work, however, is said to have been preceded by a treatise in Kifi-kongco on
Christian doctrine by a Jesuit father named Jorge, printed at Lisbon in 1624. A copy of Brusciotto's
Grammatical Rules actually found its way to the library of the British Museum, where it was identified
by H. Grattan Guinness, of the Livingstone Inland Mission. Mr. Guinness, with the assistance of
Mr. James Mew, B.A., and Mr. Henry Craven, effected a translation from the original Latin into English,
and republished Brusciotto's Grammar in an accessible form in London (Hodderand Stoughton) in 1882.
The so-called MS. 'Dictionary of the Congo Language', dated 1772, discovered by the late R. N. Cust
in the library of the British Museum, is not a treatise of Kongo at all, but of the Luaiigco dialect of
Kakongo, and is mentioned under that heading. Short and incorrect vocabularies of Ki^ikoiigtt) were
printed in the works of Barbot and Merolla in the course of the eighteenth century. In 1808 the Portu-
guese missionary, Cannecattim, published at Lisbon a dictionary in Latin, Portuguese, Kimbundu, and
Koiigco (the Kiscolongoj dialect). An extensive vocabulary (spelt, unfortunately, according to the uncouth
English orthography of the times) appears in the records of Capt. Tuckey's expedition to the Congo in
1816 (this was the Boma dialect). Under the name of 'Mimboma' the standard Koiigco language is
illustrated in KotWe's Polyglotta Africana. The other early nineteenth-century vocabularies in the works
of Oldendorp, Clarke, Douville, and Kilham, are too fragmentary and incorrect to be worth consultation.
The language never received proper treatment on a scientific basis until the publication, in 1882, of
a Grammar of the Kongo Language, by H. Grattan Guinness, and in 1883 the English-Kongo and Kongo-
English Dictionary, by Henry Craven and John Barfield. Both of these, especially the last-named, are
works the value of which was not appreciated either then or in later times. The remarkable publications
of the late Dr. W. Holman Bentley, of the Baptist Missionary Society, overshadowed the earlier work of
the pioneers of the Livingstonia Inland Missionary Society. Dr. Bentley published a Dictionary and
Gratnmar of the Kongo Language in 1886, and a Dictionary and Grammar of the Kongo Language (on
a much larger scale) in 1887. The last-named is a classic, but it takes the dialect of Sao Salvador as its
standard, and is a little inclined to ignore variations and archaic terms which, to a philologist, are of
greater interest. The Rev. W. Stapleton dealt with Kongo) of a generalized type in his Comparative
Handbook of Congo Languages, printed at Yakusu in 1903. The Grammaire Fiote et Dictionnaire, by
the Rev. Father Visseq (1889), represents the Kiscolongco (' Mussurongco' or Soonyoo) dialect of the coast
region of the Congo estuary.

100 a. KI-KOffGO).

The speech of the Ba-koiig<o, of the eastern part of the Congo cataract region up to Stanley Pool
(Kisundi, Kibwendi, Kisese, &c.), is not at present effectively illustrated, to the extent that all its phases
may be compared with the less archaic dialects of Sao Salvador, Bajma, and Sconyco. It is to some
extent represented by the ' Musentandu ' dialect recorded by Koelle in Polyglot/a Africana. The lan-
guage of the Ba-kong(o, of the vicinity of Stanley Pool, answers to the vocabulary in Stapleton's Com-
parative Handbook. Some words also have been obtained by me from the papers by missionary authors
published in Anthropos, and in X\\t Proceedings of the Royal Belgian Society of Geography ; besides notes
collected by myself at Stanley Pool in 1 883. I have also used the Basunde or Sundi dialect given in
Koelle's Polyglotta^Africana. In 1901 the Rev. Father R. Butaye published a Grammaire Kikongo
(and in 1910 a Kikongo-Sivahili-French- and Flemish Dictionary) which more or less represents
Kibwendi and the speech of Leopoldville, south-west of Stanley Pool,
loi. KAKONGO).

In 1772 a remarkable Kakongo-French Dictionary was written by an unknown French missionary,
who may possibly have been the Abb^ Proyart. This author, in his Histoire du Loango, published at
Paris in 1776, gives a short vocabulary of Kakongio ; but the MS. dictionary of 1772 is a remarkable com-
pilation. It is written in a beautifully clear hand in eighteenth-century French, but with the Kakoiigo) words
spelt after the phonetic system of to-day. The author has quite grasped the principle of the prefixes.
A copy of this work, without author's name, came into the possession of the Grenville library, and thus
passed into the keeping of the British Museum, where it is dated 1772, and numbered MS. 33779, Congo
Dictionary. But it illustrates northern Kakongo), not Kikofigcu. In the nineteenth century Oldendorp and
the editor of the Narratives of Tuckey's Expedition to the Congo published fragmentary lists of words of
Kakongu). A vocabulary called ' Kabenda ' in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana supplies a good illustration

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 803

of Kakongo, were it not that this great writer and linguist got curiously muddled over some of the prefixes,
which he turned into suffixes by some error of transcription. Stanley gives a short vocabulary of Kakongcu
in his Through the Dark Continent, published in 1878. Dr. Adolf Bastian, in his work on the Luango)
Coast, published in 1875, supplies a few more words and numerals. I have been additionally helped by
vocabularies collected for me by the captains of the Elder Dempster Line of steamers to the West Coast
of Africa, and a reference to ihc Dictionnaire Franfais-Fiote, dialicte du Kakongo, Mission de Landana,
1890.

loi a. KI-YOMBE or LUANG OJ.

This northern dialect of Kakofigco is the language mainly represented by the 1772 MS. dictionary
described above. It first appeared in print in the name of Nyombe in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana ; and
has been effectively illustrated, more than half a century later, in the Grammaire du Ktyombe, by P&re
Auguste Le Clercq in the 1907 and 1908 volumes of Anthropos (under the name of Kiombe).

102. KTVILL

The only material for the study of this North Luafigo) dialect of Kakongco is that provided in the
Dictionnaire Vili-Fran(ais , by Pcre Marichelle, Cur^ de Loango, published at Loango (French Congo
Coast) in 1902, and the Dictionnaire Fran^ais-Vili (Loango, 191 2), and Methode pratique pour F Etude
du Dialecte Vili (Loango, 1913), by the same author.

103. KILUMBU). The language of Kama (SETE KAMA) and Mayumba (French Congo Coast).
The existence of this northernmost Kakong<o language, sometimes attributed to a tribe called

Mayumba, was noted by the missionary J. R. Wilson (see R. N. Cust's Modern Languages of Africa,
vol. ii), but I have seen no specimen of it, save the short vocabulary (' Bafioti-Mayumba') contained in
the first volume of Gunter Tessmann's Die Pangwe (Berlin, 1913), which seems to indicate that it is
scarcely more than a dialect of Kivili ; though traders on the coast have informed me differently.

104. LUBA, 104 a. LU-KETE, 104 b. LU-^ILANGE.

The widespread, beautiful Luba speech was probably first mentioned in history by Douville, the eccen-
tric Secretary of the Paris Geographical Society in the first half of the nineteenth century. Douville
makes references to the Baluba in his work on his half fictitious journeys in West Africa, published in
1831. The first record of their language was given by Commander V. L. Cameron, in the appendices to
his Across Africa. He recorded a short vocabulary. Stanley gives a vocabulary of ' Kirua ' in his
Through the Dark Continent. The Luba language was briefly illustrated in Comparative Vocabularies,
published by Biichner in the early eighties (which I have not seen). It was illustrated briefly and not
incorrectly in Wissmann's works, but it received no authoritative treatment until the Grammaire de la
Langue des Bena Lulua, by P^re Aug. Le Clercq, published at Brussels in 1897 ; and the excellent
Buluba-Lulua Gratnmar and Dictionary, by the Rev. W. M. Morrison, printed by the American Tract
Society, New York, about 1906. See also Les Bena-Lulua, by R. P. Vervaecke in La Revue Coiigolaise
for 1910. Some light on the western ^ilange dialects of Luba (104b) have been thrown by the
researches of Mr. Emil Torday, whose work in MS. is at present in my possession and is incorporated in
this book. Words of the Lukete dialect have been supplied to me by the Rev. Robert Glennie, and from
a little book, Kikete Primer, by the Rev. D. W. Snyder (Kasai, 1895). Pfere Aug. Le Clercq has also
written on the Bakete, but I cannot trace his articles.
104 c. North-western LUBA or MOYOO.

My authority for this speech is entirely the work in MS. of the Rev. Robert Glennie, of the Baptist
Missionary Society.

105. CI-LUBA or South LUBA.

This speech of Katanga and southernmost Congoland is to some extent identical with the ' Rua '
vocabularies of Cameron. But it was not effectively illustrated till the Notes on the Grammatical Construc-
tion of Chiluba, by C. A. Swan, was published by Kegan Paul, Trench, Triibner and Co., about 1892.
A much fuller vocabulary is given in the Dictionnaire Franfais-Kiluba, by Emile Jenniges, published
at Brussels in 1909.

106. East LUBA or KI-HEMBA.

The Eastern Luba dialects were not well known until the publication, in 1912-13 at Brussels, of
I. Vandermeizen's Granimaire de la Langue Kituba-Hemba and Vocabulaire Kiluba-ffemba-Frangais,
(jfc. Previously they were only represented by the Rua vocabularies of Stanley ( Through the Dark
Continent) and Last (Polyglotta Africana Orientalis), and by some words collected for me by Mr. Emil
Torday and by Consul George Babington Michell in 1907.

107. North LUBA or LUNA-INKONGOO.

Almost the only illustration of this dialect is that given in the translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew,
by the American Inkongco Mission, published at Inkongco, on the River Sankulu, in 1905.

108. North-east LUBA or LUSONGE, 108 a. 6ENEKI or North LUSONGE (both alike usually
termed ' Ba-songe ').

My information regarding these dialects is derived almost entirely from MS. vocabularies compiled
by Mr. Emil Torday, except for a few words supplied by Mr. G. Babington Michell.

8o4 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

109. KANYUJKA or TUNYCjOKA, 109a. TUWANDA, 109b. South-east KANYOJKA
(KANYIKA).

This language was first recorded, in its south-eastern form, under the name of ' Kanyika ' in Koelle's
Polyglotta Africana. After a long interval of time it was next treated of by P^re Auguste Le Clercq,
who published at Vanves, Paris, in 1900, Elemens de la Langiie Kanioka, ?in(\ at the same place, in 1 901,
Vocabulaire Fran(ais-Kanio/;a. The same writer contributed in 1909 to Anihropos, Legendes des Bena-
Kanyoka, with a French translation.

no. LUNDA, no a. MA-BUNDA, ill. RU-UNDA.

A western dialect of Lunda (ui.Ru-unda) was illustrated in one of Koelle's vocabularies in his
Polyglotta Africana. It strikes me as correct, tliough terminal vowels are a little too often clipped. It
is obviously a distinct language from the wide-spread Lunda of the South Central Congoland and
Northern Zambezia. The more classical type of the language— true Lunda — was treated in Methodo
pratico para fallar a Lingua da Lunda by Henrique de Carvalho, Lisbon, 1889, and also in his later
work, a volume of his scientific Report on the Portuguese Expedition to the Mwata Yanvco. A short
vocabulary of Lunda is also given in From Benguela to the Territory of Yacca, vol. ii, by Capello and Ivens,
London, 1882, and a longer and better vocabulary by H61i Chatelain in his Bantu Notes and Vocabularies,
No. n, Journal of the American Geographical Society, Washington, 1894. Lastly, I have to acknowledge
much help in regard to the south-eastern form of Lunda (Ma-bunda 1 10 a) in a MS. vocabulary compiled
by Mr. Walter Fisher, of the Northern Rhodesia Administration.

112. ^INJI or piN^I and MI-NUNGtO 112 a are alluded to here and there by Heli Chatelain in letters
addressed to me a snort time before his death, with a few words in illustration. They are said to have
been represented among the short vocabularies compiled by the German traveller Biichner, but I have
not been able to see these, and for all practical purposes these two dialects, like n3 HCOLCO and TEMBCO
or Batembco,^ remained unknown until 1 91 7. There were references to them and to kindred tongues in
the Travels of Schiitt, published in 1881, which showed that they were Bantu and belonged probably to the
group in which I have placed them. Since my vocabularies were printed, lists of words in Mi-nungo> and
Hcdlu have been forwarded by Mr. W. J. B. Chapman. (See pp. 781, 782.)

114. UMBANGALA or IMBANGWLA, n4a. YONGOJ.

This language of the Upper Kwaiigo river, in the district of Kasanji, is chiefly made known to us
by a short vocabulary published by Heli Chatelain in the Zeits. f. afr. Spr., Berlin, 1889 ; secondly, in
his Bantu Notes and Vocabularies {Journal Amer. Geog. Soc, 1894); and further by notes in a private
letter addressed to me by the author. But Umbangala is undoubtedly the same as the ' Kasandsh ' of
Koelle's Polyglotta Africana. Further references to this speech, under the name of ' Gala', may be
identified through the bibliography of CwsVs Modet-n Languages of Africa. Yongco 114 a would seem
to be a northern dialect of Umbaiigala.

115. UPINDI or KWESE (KIKWESE, UKWESE), 115a. U-SAMBA.

These dialects of the Central Kwaiigo-Kwilu region are said to resemble Umbang'ala. All we know
of them is through the references contained in the writings of Henrique de Cavalho and of Heli Chatelain,
who gives one or two words and the pronouns. From references made by Mr. Emil Torday in his
writings and maps (notably the Ethnology of the South-western Congo Free State, Royal Anthropological
Institute, 1907) it is permissible to identify with this speech the Bakwese of the Upper Kwilu.

116. YAKA (BAYAKA).

The only record of this language which I can find is that contributed by Mr. Emil Torday to the
Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britaiti and Ireland [Notes on the Ethnography of the
Ba-yaka), vol. xxxvi, 1906.

117. Northern YAKA (' MAIAKA ').

This dialect was written down by the late H^li Chatelain in Part iii of his Bantu Notes arid Vocabu-
laries, Journal of American Geographical Society, Washington, 1894 ; but it would seem to be much
more akin to the Kimbunco language of the Teke group than the language styled Ba-yaka by Mr. Torday.

118. BAMBALA.

Such slight knowledge as w^e possess of the language spoken b)' the Bambala people we owe to
Mr. Emil Torday, whose information on their language appears in his Notes on the Ethnography of the
Bambala, in the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, vol. xxxv,
1905. . .

119. HUANA.

Similarly, Mr. Emil Torday is at present our only authority on the language of the Bahuana, in
his article on the ethnography of that people in the Journal of the Roval Anthropological Institute,
vol. xxxvi, igo6.

' ' Locative ' references to Hcalu and Hungu, Had! nnci Ifgudi, Usuka and Tembto occur (in regard to
Hulco) iti (he/ownals of George Clrenfell (see my George Grenfell and the Congo), and in Heli Chatelaiu's writings,
among others his Folk-Tales of Angola.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 805

120. BUMA or BOOMA (BABUIWA), 120a. KIBOOMA or BADIMA (Eastern BUMA), I2ob.
Southern BUMA or BABUMA.

The language of the still little-known Babuma of the Kwa-Kasai was first written down to some
extent by myself (see vocabulary in my River Congo, last edition, published in 1895), and was probably
the north-western of the three dialects. It is true that a language called ' Babuma ' is among the vocabu-
laries in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana. The slave who spoke it obviously came from the region near the
confluence of the Kwa-Kasai and the main Congo ; but the language he spoke resembles greatly an
eastern dialect of the Teke group, more or less akin to Kimbunoj. Nfevertheless, it may stand as the
southern dialect of Buma. Mr. Torday, in 1907, kindly collected a vocabulary for me of the Buma speech
farther east on the Kwa-Kasai (possibly the ' Badima' language). This is so far the only illustration we
have of the eastern Buma dialects. Our knowledge of this language is puzzling and unsatisfactory at
present.

121. BAYANZI.

Yanzi is said in some of the north-west Congo languages to mean ' bush ', and in others ' flea '.
' Bayanzi ' may mean ' the people of the bush ', as compared to those that have conquered a place on the
river banks; or if 'flea' be the true etymology, the 'restless people'. The name ' Bayanzi' was, in
Stanley's eariier travels, applied by some misunderstanding to the riverain Babangi people, but it seems to '
be better fitted to the little-known tribes on either bank of the Lower Kasai, and between the Lower Kasai
and the Lukenye. Emil Torday's MS. vocabulary is so far the only illustration I have of this most cor-
rupt Bantu speech ; and, according to the same important authority, ' Bayanzi ' must stand as the general
name for the speech of the Basofigto, Badifiga, Makua, Bangcodi, Bakonde, and Waiiguli tribes of the
Lower Kasai.

122. PENDE (KIMPENDE, TUPENDE), 122 a. BABUNDA.

My only authority for this speech at present is Torday's short MS. vocabulary in my possession ;
together with his references to the Babunda in his and Joyce's monumental Notes ethnographiques sur les
peuples communement appeles Bakuba, (s'c. (see below) : also his Ethnoiogy of the South-west Congo
Free State, published in 1906 by the R.A.L

123. TUKONGOJ.

Similarly, my scanty knowledge of the speech of the Ba-kongo or Tu-kongo is due to Torday, though
there are references to this language in the writings of Chatelain and Wissmann.

124. piLELE or tUSONGE, 124 a. BANGONGCO (WANGONGCO), 124 b. BA»GENDI.

A MS. vocabulary supplied to the author by Kmil Torday, and references in work mentioned below.

125. BUpONGOJ or 'BAKUBA', 125a. Northern BAMBALA.

1 have MS. vocabularies of two forms of Bufongo, collected by Emil Torday, and this language and
dialect are treated of in his share of the ' Notes ethnographiques sur les peuples cominunement appeles
Bakuba, ainsi que sur les . . . Bushottgo \ by Emil Torday and T. A. Joyce, published by the Musee du
Congo Beige, 191 1.

126. LUMBILA.

This supposed archaic dialect of the Bufoiigo is illustrated in MS. vocabularies by Emil Torday, and
in the important work just referred to issued by the Congo Museum.

127. MISUMBA, 128. LUSAMBCO (under the name of ' Kitwa' or languages of the Batwa).

129. South BASONGOOMENO) and 129 a. North BASONGOaMENOO dialects (DIBELE, &c.)
MS. vocabularies collected by Emil Torday.

130. BANKUTU, 130a. WANKUCU or Eastern BANKUTU.

This language, besides a MS. vocabulary by Emil Torday, is illustrated in Esquisse de la Langue
des Wanktithi, by P^re Flor van Hove, in Anthropos for 191 1.

131. BATETELA (SUNGU) and 131a. LU-KENYE or Northern BATETELA.
MS. vocabularies by Emil Torday.

132. COLEMBA, 133. AKELA.

MS. vocabularies by Emil Torday.

134. NKUSU or South MANYEMA (or MBADI and ? TOOSANGOO).

Under the name of Kikusu this language has a brief illustration in Stanley's Through the Dark Con-
tinent. Under the names of Kusu and Nyuema it is briefly illustrated in J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana
Orientalis. Its fullest illustration so far, under the name of Manyema, is in Sir Harry Johnston's ^r/Wj^
Central Africa.

135. BABILI (North-west MANYEMA).

This language of the region between the Lualaba-Cay(o and west of the Lower Lomami river is
illustrated in the Bulletin of the Societe Beige de Geographic, 1909.

136. BAKUSU (North MANYEMA).

This language is only illustrated so far by MS. notes compiled by the late Rev. W. H. Stapleton.

8o6 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

137. BAMBOLE or BAMBCOLI (or LUKILI).

My information of this speech of the Lower Lomami is due to a short vocabulary of Bambole col-
lected for me by Mr. George Babington Michell, formerly Vice-Consul at Stanley Falls, and now H.B.M.
Consul at Para.' The more southern Lukili dialect (137 a) of this language is represented by a MS.
vocabulary collected by Emil Torday.

138. MOOLEKA.

A scarcely known language, to be located somewhere about the Lower Lwmami and the north-east
bend of the Lualaba-Congo, not far from the Ltomami confluence (perhaps east of that point), is only
represented by a few words collected by W. H. Stapleton, barely sufficient to show its peculiarities.

139. KITUMBA (' Kitwa of Middle L<omami').

This speech was first illustrated by Stanley in his Through the Dark Continent under the name of
'West Manyuema '. The remainder of my material is derived from a MS. collected by Mr. Emil
Torday and styled ' Kitwa ' (Dwarf or Bush people language) of the Middle Lo)mami. Other evidence
ascribes to it the name of Kitumba.

140. NYA»GWE or South-west KILEGA (? WANG(jl)BELI0O, ? BAZIMBA).

This language, spoken on the Lualaba river at and near Nyangwe, and sometimes attributed to the
Bazimba people, is styled ' Kirega' by Torday, whose MS. vocabulary is my only source of information,
besides scanty references in the works of Belgian explorers.

141. GENYA (ENYA, BAGENYA, or ZIMBA).

This speech of the river-frequenting, canoe-dwelling folk on the Lualaba-Congo was first illustrated
under the name of ' Baregga ' by Stanley in his Through the Dark Continent. After a long interval of
time it was transcribed by the Rev. W. H. Stapleton in two MS. vocabularies in my possession.

142. MBANGOa or BANGOO-BANGOO or North-west KILEGA.

This speech of a now almost extinct tribe, said to have occupied the region between the Lualaba,
Elila, and Lowa rivers, in the north-western part of the so-called ' Bulega ' country, is illustrated by a MS.
vocabulary collected by the late Rev. W. H. Stapleton.

143. South-east KILEGA.

This is the language illustrated under the name of East Manyema in Stanley's Through the Dark
Continent. It is also the Mbangu-bangu of Bernhard Struck and Carl Meinhof in Struck's Linguistische
Kongostudien, pp. 95-112, African section oi Mitt. d. Seminars f. Orient. Sprachen, Q^c, vol. xvi, Berlin,
1913-

144. North-east KILEGA or ' BALEGA '.

This is the ' Regga' of the Rev. I. Griffith's contribution to J. T. Last's Polyglotta Africana Orien-
talis, p. 203 ; together with additions and amendments made by myself near the Bulega country in igoo.
Ki-tenibco (144 a) is probably a northern dialect.

145. KUAMBA (BA-AMBA).

The only faithful illustration I know of, dealing with the actual speech of the Ba-amba on the flanks
of Mount Ruwenzori, is that supplied by me in my work on the Uganda Protectorate.

146. LUBUSESE or LUVIRA (BASESE, LUBIRA, LUSESE, WAWIRA, WASUMBURU).
Under the names of ' Babira ' and ' Babusese ' this speech received a short illustration in Stanley's

In Darkest Africa. Under the name of 'Wawira' it has a better illustration in Emin Pasha's vocabu-
laries published in the Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or. Sprach., vol. xiii, Berlin, 1910.

147. KIVAMBA (or BANANDE).

This is stated by Emin Pasha to have been the language of the western Ba-amba or Banande of the
Middle Semliki river. Under the name of Kivamba, its only illustration is the vocabulary of Emin Pasha
in the^ Mitt. d. Sem. f. Or. Spr., vol. xiii, Berlin, 1910. But it is clear to the present writer that the
speech recorded through the intermediary of an interpreter is more like some jargon or compromise, and
contains numerous Luganda or Runyorio words.

148. LIHUKU (or LIBVANUMA).

This speech of the north-west Semliki was also first mentioned by Dr. Fr. Stuhlmann in his reports
of the journey with Emin Pasha ; but it was first illustrated in my work on the Uganda Protectorate
under the name of Libvanuma. A vocabulary was compiled in 1892 by Emin Pasha under the name of
' Wasoiigoro ', and has been published, with the rest of Emin Pasha's vocabularies, in the Mitt. d. Sem.
f. Or. Sprach., vol. xiii, Berlin, 1910. This language is also the Banyari of Bernhard Struck.
148 a. BAMBUTTU.

This Pygmy speech of Biomili and the Nepcokio river and the Ituri, is almost a dialect of the afore-
mentioned Lihuku. My authority for it is a MS. vocabulary collected for me by Mr. G. B. Michell in
1907.

' Mr. G. B. Michell, besides his studies ol Bantu languages between 1906-9, is the author (earlier) of papers on
the Berljer dialects of Morocco ; and notably of a treatise on the intrusive Sudanic (,?) language of the Bakumu, near
Stanley p'alls, not yet published.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 807

149- BAKICOKWA (or BAKWA), BALESE.

A short vocabulary is given in Stanley's In Darkest Africa.

150. KIBIRA or BAKUMU.

Under the name of ' Babira ' a few words of this speech was given in Stanley's In Darkest Africa.
A longer vocabulary of Kibira appears in Sir Harry Johnston's Ugatida Protectorate. A further vocabu-
lary in MS., under the name of ' Bakumu ',' has been supplied to me by Mr. G. B. Michell.

151. ABABUA-MOOBENGE (Central and South Central dialects). 151a. HOMA or Northern
ABABUA.

The first illustration of the interesting Ababua speech, the northernmost group of the Bantu languages
of Central Africa, was probably written down by Emil Torday, who furnished me with a MS. vocabu-
lary in 1907. But I have derived further information on the subject of the central group of the Ababua
dijilects from the works of Franz Thonner, Du Congo i PUbangi, Brussels, 1910. Under the name of
Bangba,_the late W. H. Stapleton compiled a vocabulary in MS. of the South-central Ababua speech.
151 a. HOMA, of the southern Bahr-al-Ghazal, is based on a vocabulary collected for me in 1916 by
Major Cuthbert Christy, R.A.M.C, and further notes forwarded by officers in the Sudan service.

152. Western ABABUA ('BABATI', 'MOOBATI') or DUNDUSANA.

This is the Dundusana of Franz Thonner in his Du Congo a fUbangi: the Babati of Stapleton and
Grenfell.

153. South-eastern ABABUA ('BABALE').

Under the names of Balese and Indekaru this language is briefly illustrated in Stanley's In Darkest
Africa. It is the Babale of W. H. Stapleton and G. B. Michell, both of whom compiled short MS.
vocabularies, which are in my possession. •

154. ABtOBWA (or North-eastern ABABUA).

My only authority for this is a short vocabulary in MS. compiled for me by Mr. G. B. Michell in
1907.

155. KELE (or LOOKELE).

The Kele language is treated somewhat fully in the Comparative Handbook of Congo languages, by
the late Kev. W. H. Stapleton, of the Baptist Missionary Society, London (1903). I am also indebted
to his colleague, the Rev. William Forfcitt, for further MS. information on this subject. The Kele lan-
guage is one of the elements in the Yalulema Vocabulary, by Dr. A. Sims, printed at Harley House,
London, E., 1887. A short vocabulary of Lokele was furnished to me in MS. by Vice-Consul G. B.
Michell. There is also a Note on the Kele Verb, by the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, in itie Journal of the
African Society for 1906.
155 a. LIFWMA or LOOKUSU (YAKUSU).

This is represented by some words in Sims's Yalulema Vocabulary of 1887, and is also illustrated in
MS. notes of the Rev. W. H. Stapleton.
15s b. TCOPOOKE or TCjOFOOKE.

A few words of this language occur in Stapleton's MS. vocabularies, and still fewer in an article
on theTofoke by Emil Torday in the 191 1 volume of the Proceedings of the Anthropological Society of
Vienna.

155 c. TURUMBU or BARUMBU.

Represented by a few words in the Yalulema Vocabulary of Dr. Sims, and also in MS. notes of the
Rev. W. H. Stapleton. Under the name of Warumbi or Warumbui, an allusion to these same people is
made in an article by Dr. Joseph Maes in Anthropos for 1909, though very little information is given in
this regarding their language.

156. BISIA or BOBANGA.

Represented by a short MS. vocabulary furnished to me by the Rev. Robert Glennie, B.M.S.

157. SOl)K(jl> (LOOSOOKOO, HESOO, BASO)).

This well-marked speech of the north-east bend of the Congo is one of the elements in Dr. Sims's
Yalulema Vocabulary. It was first treated authoritatively by the Rev. \V. H. Stapleton in his Compara-
tive Handbook of Congo Languages. I am indebted for further information regarding it to the Rev. Robert
Glennie and the Rev. D. Christy Davies, also of the Baptist Missionary Society, as well as to MS. notes
of the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, lent me by his widow.
1 5 8. LIKANGALA.

Represented by a few words collected by the Rev. William Forfeitt, Baptist Missionary Society.
159. ABU J A or BUJA (ABALUKI, BOMANGI).

Represented by three vocabularies in my Uganda Protectorate. Also by short collections of words

• Bakumu is, no doubt, a Bantu appellation which has been conferred on both Bantu and non-Bantu tribes near
the confluence of the Congo and Liiidi rivers in the neighbourhood of Stanley Falls. But it is best used as the dis-
tinguishing name of that remarkable non-Bantu si)eeeh which is the southernmost point of the Sudanic wedge thrust
into the heart of the Congo basin from the Bahr-al-Gharal.

8o8 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

transcribed by Franz Thonner in Dans la grande ForH de VAfrique Centrale (Brussels, 1899), and
MS. notes by the Rev. William Forfeitt.

159 a. BWELA (IRINGI, ILINGI, MAMOI).

Under the name of Ilitigi this speech is illustrated in my Uganda Protectorate. Under the name of
Mamoi there are a few words of Bwela given in the Bulletin of the Royal Belgian Society of Geography,
Brussels, 1906. A few words also have been supplied to me by the Rev. William Forfeitt.

160. LIFODTU) (UP(ji)Ta)).

Under the name of ' Ptoto ' this language of the northern Congo was illustrated by Stapleton in his
Comparative Handbook of Congo Languages. Under the name of ' Upoto ' a vocabulary of it appears in
iTiy Uganda Protectorate. It has also been transcribed in MS. by the Rev. William Forfeitt, and in various
small primers and translations issued on the northern Congo by the Baptist Missionary Society.

161. NGOMBE (BONJCO, DONGO), BALONGCO of the Lower Mubaiigi ; MAGINZA of the
Northern Congo, &c.).

The Ngombe dialects were first set down on paper by the Rev. W. H. Stapleton in his Comparative
Handbook of Congo Languages. They were illustrated subsequently (very slightly) by Franz Thonner in
his Datis la grande Foret de FAfrique Centrale, Brussels, 1899, and his Du Congod a FUbangi, Brussels,
1910. I have some additional information also from the Rev. William Forfeitt.

162. L(Jl)L(Jl) and dialects (MONGOO, LUNKUNDU, 162 a. LWTSAKANI}.

The widespread Lcoliu language was first transcribed by the missionaries of the American Congo-
Balolo Mission, in translations of portions of the Gospels. In 1893-7 appeared A Guide to the Lunku?idu
Language (by I. and F. T. McKittrick, probably), published at Harley House, London, E. Lcolco is also
amongst the languages dealt with by Mr. Stapleton in his Comparative Handbook of Congo Languages.
This Handbook also makes an allusion to the westernmost dialect, Lotsakani, but the only information
regarding this of any value has been contributed in MS. by the Baptist Missionary Society. A few words
of Lcolco dialects appear in Franz Thonner's works, already mentioned, and I have been furnished with
other information on this subject by the Rev. William Forfeitt. The Rev. Robert Glennie, B.M.S., has
sent me the notes on the Lcotsakani (westernmost dialect of Lcolco), compiled by the Rev. R. D. Darby.

163. JCOBCO.

This virtually unknown language to the south of the Ngombe belt on the northern Congo is only
recorded by a translation of the Lord's Prayer, published by the Rev. Holman Bentley in an appendix to
his book on the Congo, published in 1900.

164. NGALA and dialects (BCjOLWKI, MANGALA, LUBALA, of Lower Mubangi, &c.).

This is to a great extent the conventionalized ' Bafigala ' of the Belgian Congo, and as such was well
illustrated by Suggestions for a Grammar of Bangala, \>y the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, published at Yakusu
in 1903 (Baptist Missionary Society). It is nearly identical also with the 'Kibaiigi' of Dr. A. Sims,
printed in 1886. Under the name of ' Maiigala' a vocabulary of this language is given in my Uganda
Protectorate. It is one of the nine languages of Stapleton's Comparative Handbook of Congo Languages.
Under the name ' Bwlcoki ' it has been copiously illustrated by the Rev. J. H. Weeks, of the Baptist
Missionary Society (MS. furnished to author) : and Pere Cambier has written one or more works on it
which I have not seen, and La Langue Congolaise (Brussels, 1891).

165. SANGA (BABINGA, BAMBU, BASINDE, BASAiWGA, BAMPONDE, &c.).

The Bantu dialects of the Lower Saiiga, between its junction with the Ja and the region of its con-
fluence with the main Congo, are very little known. They are represented chiefly by a few words of the
Babinga dialect of the Safiga Pygmies, given by M. L. Douet in the Bulletin of the Ethnographical
Society of Paris, January 1914. Under the name of ' Ketiene ', a speech of the Safiga-Likwala estuarjr,
I have gathered a few more words from the translation of the Lord's Prayer by the Baptist Missionary
Society. But I have since learnt that Ketiene = Batende language (168a).

166. BANGI (LWBOOBANGI, LOONUNO), IREBU).

This is the ' Kiyanzi ' of Stanley's Through the Dark Contiticnt, and of the present writer's River
Congo : from its Mouth to BSlobS. The language was known as ' ^'anzi ' until the spreading of its more
correct name of Baiigi or Bobaiigi by the Baptist missionaries. The most complete and important illus-
tration of this language of the western Congo is given in the Grammar and Dictionaty of the Bobaiigi
Language, by John Whitehead, B.M.S., published by the Baptist Missionary Society in 1899. It is also,
together with Ngala, the ' Kibarigi' of Dr. A. Sims's vocabulary', 1886, and has its share of illustration in
W. H. Stapleton's Comparative Handbook of Congo I^anguages. A few words of its Ircbu variant are
scattered about the Rev. George Grenfell's diaries' and note-books.

167. MPAMA or BOOKCOTE (INJOOLO), WANGATA).

A few words of Wangata are given by Lieutenant Engel in La Revue Congolaise, vol. i, 1910; but
Mpama has been illustrated since this work was in print by a vocabulary compiled by the Rev. A. R.
Stonelake, B.M.S., 1918. See pp. 782, 783.

168. SENGELE, 168 a. BATENDE.

No. 168 is represented by a MS. vocabulary compiled by the Rev. Robert Glennie, of the Baptist

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES. 809

Missionary Society, and by allusions in the article on the VVangata in La Revue Congolaise, vol. i, 1910.
The ' Batende ' or Ketiene language has been illustrated (1918) in a vocabulary by the Kev. A. R. Stone-
lake, B.M.S. See for both 168 and 168 a pp. 783, 784.

169. WADIA, 170. NTOMBA, 171. IMOMA, 172. LESA, 173. SAKATA, 174. BATETE.

I gather from various allusions in the Proceedings of the Royal Belgian Geographical Society at
Brussels, and in the private communications made to me by the Baptist Missionary Society at London,
that these are definite dialects or languages of the region all round Lake Leopold II, and on the north side
of the River Mfini-Lukenye ; but so far the only specimens of their words which have come to hand are
those given in two articles on the Lesa tribe by M. Baeyens in La Revue Congolaise, nos. 5 and 6, 191 4 ;
and a short vocabulary of Ntomba compiled for me by the Rev. R. Glennie.

175- IFUMUorIFURU(INGULUNGULU,BABa)MA,BANFUMO, BANFUNGUNU, KIMFUNU).

The Eastern Teke dialects.

There is scarcely any other illustration at present of the eastern group of Teke dialects, except the
Vocabulaire Fran^ais-Ifumu {Bateke) (with grammatical sketch), by the Rev. Father J. Calloc'h, Paris,
Paul Geuthner, 191 1, and the Gospel of St. Mark translated into 'Chumbiri Bateke', by Mr. Billington,
of the American Baptist Missionary Union, 1905.

176. KIMBUNO) (South-east TEKE), BADI or AMBALI (? Isi-bana of the French missionaries).
This is none other than the ' Babuma ' language given in Koelle's Polyglot/a Africajia, and it is the

principal source of my vocabulary of Kiteke' given in my River Congo, from its Mouth to Bdl6bd{\'&ii).
It is also the ' Teke ' of Stapleton's MS. vocabularies.

177. KIWUMBU of EWUMU or KIWIUMBOO (South TEKE).

Illustrated by a translation of the Lord's Prayer in Bentley's work on the River Congo, and by
a short vocabulary translated by Rev. John Howell, B.M.S., in 191 8. See p. 784.

178. ITEO) or TEKE proper (ILALI or BALALI, or South-west TEKE).

This is the language of Dr. A. Sims's A Vocabulary of the Kiteke (Batio), &-^c. (two vols.), published
by Hodder and Stoughton in 1886, and Gilbert and Rivington, 1888 (London).
179- NTErE or BANTErE (West TEKE).

This dialect is the ' Ntere ' of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana.

180. MUTSAYA (or North TEKE).

See vocabulary in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana.

iSi. MBETE (BAMBETE, BUMBETE, LI-MBETE or North-east TEKE).
This is the ' Bumbete ' of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana.

182. Ll-MBAMBA or MBAMBA.

The ' Mbamba ' of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana, and the ' Limbamba ' and ' Ol)bamba ' of French
explorers.

183. Western KODTA (BAKWTA, OOKOOTA, MOO^EBO, YALIMBONGOO).

Under these names, and especially as ' Okota de I'Ouest ', this speech is slightly illustrated in
Capt. M. R. Avelot's article on Recherches sur I'histoire des migrations dans le Bassin de L'Ogooud in
the Bulletin de Geographic Historique et Descriptive, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, 1905.

184. ApIRA or MA^ANGO (APOONO), ESIRA, &c.).

Besides a brief vocabulary in A Journey to Ashangoland (London, 1867), by Paul du Chaillu, the
existence of this group of Gaboon dialects receives a very slight illustration in Capt. Avelot's article above
referred to. I really knew little of this important language until, in 1915-16, P^re Andre Raponda- Walker,
a priest serving in the Gaboon, wrote down a vocabulary for me at the instance of Monseigneur ."Mexandre
Le Roy, Bishop of Alinda.

185. KOOTA or Eastern BAKWTA (CAKE, LI-^AKE).

This is the ' Okota de L'Est ' and the ' Ndassa' of Capt. M. R. Avelot (vide supra), and apparently
identical with the ' Undaza ' of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana, and that eastern location of Bakcota people
indicated on Avelot's maps.

186. 'kELE or BA-KALAI (Dl-KELE, LlN-GCaMO), BANGWE, &c.).

This speech was first transcribed in the Grammar of the Bakele Language, with Vocabularies,
written by Messrs. Preston and Best, missionaries of the American Mission to the Gaboon, and published at
New York in 1854, edited by the Rev. J. L. Wilson; though Koelle published, almost simultaneously,
a vocabulary of ' Nkele ' in his Polyglotta Africana. Under the name of ' Bakalai ' a few words are given
by Paul du Chaillu in his Journey to Ashangoland, and in L'Afrique Equatoriale-Okanda, by the
Marquis de Compiegne (Paris, 1875); and also in Capt. .Avelot's article in the Bulletin de Geographic
Historique already mentioned. But in 1916 I obtained an additional vocabulary from Pere Raponda-
Walker above referred to. Another useful source of information is the translations of St. John and
SI. Matthew, published by the B. and F. B. Soc. in 1879 and 1910.

8io ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

187. OOKANDE (COKANDA, ^IBE, I^COGO), APINJI, &c.), 187 a. MPWVI.

See vocabulary contributed by Alfred Marche (OOkanda) to Stanley's Through the Dark Continent ;
and the few words given in De Compiegne's work on ' Okanda ' (cited above), and in Avelot's article
(supra).

There is likewise a vocabulary of I^ugco in the same work. Mpcovi is illustrated by a brief vocabu-
lary in a. Journey to Ashangolanti {VsmX de Chaillu). I have however (1916) received a full vocabulary of
COkande from Pere Raponda- Walker.

188. BABONGO) (AKWA, WAKA). '

See Marche's vocabulary ' Ukoa or Mbongo' in Stanley's Through the Dark Continent, and Avelot's
article ; also P. du C\ia\W\x's Journey io Ashangoland,

189. LI-DUMA (NDUMU).

See Essai de Grammaire Douma, by the Rev. Fr. Antoine Reeb, Paris, 1895, and Vocabulaire Adutna-
Fran(ais and Vocabulaire Fran^ais-Aduma, by Father P. Dahin, Kempfen, Bavaria, 1895.

190. NJAVI or NJABI (sometimes styled a dialect of LI-DUMA).

There are allusions to this group of dialects in Avelot's article {supra), and there is a short vocabulary
in Paul du Chaillu'syo/^rw^v to Ashangoland. My chief material, however, is a vocabulary supplied by
Pere Raponda-Walker.

191. NKOOMI-GALOOA.

Allusions to this speech are found in the above-mentioned writings of De Compi^gne and Capt. M. R.
Avelot. There is also a short vocabulary styled ' Okande-Galwa ' (Gilcoa seems nearer the pronuncia-
tion) in the first volume of Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwe (Berlin, 1913) ; and there are words of
' Commi' (Nktomi) in P. du Chaillu's Journey to Ashangola?id. But the best source is obviously the
translation of the New Testament into Gakoa, published by the B. and F. B. Soc. in 1907 (the translation
was made in Paris).

192. ORUNGU (A-DYUMBA, IVILI).

There is a vocabulary of Orufigu in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana. Other dialects of this language
are alluded to briefly in the writings of De Compiegne and Avelot.

193. MPONGWE.

In 1847 the Rev. J. L. Wilson published in New York vocabularies of the Mpongwe language, of
which a second edition was brought out also at New York, in 1879. A Grammar of Mpongwe in French
was published in 1875 by the Roman Catholic missionaries of the Gaboon, and 1877 and 1881 a
Dictionary, in two parts, French-Mpongive and Mpongwe- French. A vocabulary of Mpongwe is also
given as a means of comparison in the Grammar of the Bakele Language, by Messrs. Preston and Best,
of the American Mission already referred to.

194. ^EKEBULU or ^EKIANI (MBU^A-MBULU).

The dialects on the coast north of Mpongwe, which are not ' Fang' in affinities, are comparatively
little known. They are represented, to some extent, by the ^eke vocabulary (Baseke), which appears in
Koelle's Polyglotta Africana. This (fortunately) has been checked and supplemented by a vocabulary
supplied to me (1916) by Pere Raponda-Walker.

195. BENGA or BIENGA (CORISCO).

A brief vocabulary of Beiiga was given by Clarke in his Specimens of Dialects (i^^Short Vocabularies
of Languages of Africa) published in 1849. The language, however, received no adequate treatment until
the publication of a Grammar by the American missionary James L. Mackey at New York in 1855. This
was republished in a revised form by the Rev. R. H. Nassau, through t'ne American Tract Society, New
York, 1892. The Rev. R. H. Nassau also gave a number of Benga animal names in his Where Animals
Talk (London, Duckworth and Co., 1915)- A few words of Befiga and a Discussioji of the Beiiga Verb,
by Carl Meinhof, appeared in the Zeitschrift fiir Afrikanische Sprachen, Berlin, 1887-8. A full vocabu-
lary of Benga (sometimes called 'Cl)kcota') was sent me in I9l6by Pfere Raponda-Walker. A translation
of the New Testament into Benga was published in New York in 1881 by the American Bible Society.

196. NGUMBI or KOMBE, 197. BALANGI, 198. NAKA or BATANGA (BAPUKU).

These languages of the narrow coast strip between Spanish Guinea and the vicinity of the Duala
country of the Cameroons are mentioned by various German writers on the ethnology of the Gaboon and
Kamerun, from the publication of Dr. Bastian's LoangokUste in 1875 onwards. Dr. Bastian gives a few
words of Balangi sufficient to place it in its relationships. Other information has enabled me to identify
the Benga ('Ndtowi') vocabulary in Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwa as representing the Ngumbi or
Kombe of other writers. A few words of Kombe are given by Dr. R. H. Nassau in his book Where
Animals Talk. Information concerning Bapuku (a dialect of the Naka or ' Little Bataiiga ' speech) is
given by the Rev. Fr. G. A. Adams in the volume oi Anthropos for 1907. A fragmentary but precious
vocabulary of Naka or Bataiiga, by the Rev. J. R. Wilson, was published in vol. i (p. 351) of \.\\& Journal
of the American Oriental Society (Boston, 1842).
199. BANCOHO) (MALIMBA).

A Grammatical Sketch and a Vocabulary of Bancohto, by the Rev. Fr. G. A. Adams, appears in the

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 8ii

loth vol. oiMitt.d. Sem.f. O?: Spr. (Berlin, 1907). A short vocabulary of ' Benga-Bancukco ' is given
in Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwe (Berlin, 1913) : and an allusion, supported by a few words, appears in
Carl Meinhof s interesting article Die Sprachverhiiltnisse in Kamerun in the Zeit. f. Afrikanische u.
Oceaniscke Sprachen (Berlin, 1895).

200. MABEA or MAGBEA and acraa. NGUMBA.

I possess a MS. vocabulary of Mabea, contributed by Mr. G. L. Bates. Short vocabularies of
Mabea and Ngumba appear in Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwe, and there is an allusion to Mabea in
Carl Meinhofs article above cited. But a really important illustration of Ngumba occurs under the
heading of Die Ngumbasprache, by P. H. Skolaster and H. Nekes in Mitt. d. Sem.f. Or. Spr., vol. xiii
(Berlin, 1910).

201. BASIKI (BIMBI, BANEK).

A short vocabulary of this language appears in Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwe.

202. BAKtOKOO (YABAKALAKI).

There is a very brief illustration of this speech, by E. Schuler, in Zeitschrift f. Afrikanische u.
Oceaniscke Sprachen (Berlin, 1897).

203. BASA or MVELA.

The main illustration I have of this said-to-be ancient speech immediately south of the Duala
regions is a vocabulary of my own collecting in 1887. There is a short vocabulary in Giinter Tessmann's
Die Pangwe.

204. DUALA, 204 a. WURI.

This, which is one of the earliest known languages of Group OO, was first illustrated by the great
missionary, Alfred Saker, in his Grammatical Elements of the Dualla Language, with Vocabulary, Ss^c,
published at the Cameroons (Baptist Missionary Society) in 1855, and, shortly afterwards, by a vocabu-
lary (' Diwala ') in Koelle's Polyglotta Africana (1856). A Vocabulary of the Duala Language, for the
use of Missionaries and others, presumably by Saker, was published at the Mission Press, Cameroons,
1862. In addition, there are numerous references to Duala, as compared with other Bantu languages, in
the works of Prof Carl Meinhof, notably his Grundziige einer vergleichenden Grammatik der Bantu-
spracHen, his article on Die Sprachverhiiltnisse in Kamerun, and his contributions in the first volume of
x\\& Zeitschrift f. Afrik. u. Ocean. Sprach., Parts II and IV (the second article is mainly by Dr. E.
ZintgraflQ. In the .\frican section of vol. v, 1902, of the Mitt. Sent. Or. Sprach., Duala-Mdrchen, by
Wilhelm Lederbogen, supplies some recondite words and useful examples of syntax. But I also rely for
my information and opinions concerning Duala and Wuri on my own MS. vocabularies, collected in situ
between 18S6 and 1888.

205. ISUBU (BIMBIA).

The very distinct Isubu language has been imperfectly studied of late years. My sources for it- are
principally my own collection of words taken down between 1886 and 1888, checked by vol. i of Joseph
Merrick's remarkable Dictionary of Isubu, printed in 1842.' In addition, there is a vocabulary in Koelle's
Polyglotta Africana. A Grammatical Note was published by the Baptist missionary, Joseph Merrick,
in 1854; and there are other short (and, I might add, untrustworthy) vocabularies specified in Cust's
Modern Languages of Africa.

206. BAKWIRI or BAKWILI, BAMBOOKO).

I have collected copious vocabularies and notes of this language between 1886 and 1888. In addi-
tion, a short vocabulary was published by the Baptist Missionary Society in 1876; and a fairly good
account of the language is given by A. Seidel in Beitrdge zur Kolonialpolitik und Kolonialwirtschaft,
vol. iii, Berlin, 1901-2, p. 193 et seq. Allusions to Bakwiri are contained in an article by Count Rogo-
zinski, in the fournalof the African Society for July 1903, and in ihc Mitteilungen von Forschungsreisenden
und Gelehrten aus den Deutschen Schktzgebieten, edited by Dr. Freiherr von Danckelmann, Berlin, 1903.

207. BALUE or W. BAKUNDU, BARONDOJ-BAKASL

My material is chiefly of my own collecting in situ, in the years 1886-8. Some additional informa-
tion may be derived from Oberleutnant Lessner's ' Die Balue oder Rumpiberge und ihre Bewohner ' in
Glo6us,igo4 (Braunschweig), and also from articles and maps in the Mittheilungen I'on Forschungsreisen-
den, 6^f., aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten (edited by Dr. Freiherr von Danckelmann), Berlin, 1903.

208. NGOLCO-BATANGA (Koelle's ' Murundo').

Koelle's vocabulary of 'Murundo' (Polyglotta Africana) is my chief source for this interesting
northernmost Bantu speech, together with material of my own collected in 1886-8, which enabled me to
locate the language transcribed by Koelle as ' Murundo ' ; and further evidence, geographical and lin-
guistic, in addition to the article by Lessner in Globus, 1904 (above mentioned), and the maps, &c., in
the Mitt. V. Forsch. aus den Deutschen Schutzgebieten, Berlin, 1903, and the same work for the year
1898.

' A Dictionary of the Isubu Toniiue (in two volumes). This work, as far as I am concerned, is only known
through its first volume in the British Museum Library.

1

8i2 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

209. BAKUNDU (of the East).

C. H. Richardson, a Baptist missionary, published at Berlin, in 18S7, through the Zeitschrift of the
German Ethnological Society, a Note on Bakundu. But I possess considerable material of my own
collecting. There is a short vocabulary on pp. 202-3 oi Mittheilungen von Forschungsreisenden, &-'c.,
aus den Deutschen Schutzgehieteti, by Dr. von Danckelmann, Berlin, 1898 ; and in addition, an allusion
to this speech is made in the fourth part of vol. i of the Zeits.f. Afrik. u. Ocean. Sprach., in the article of
Count Rogozinski in \.\\^ Journal nf the African Society for July 1903, and in the above-mentioned article
by Oberleutnant Lessner. There is further a vocabulary and brief syntax, by Herr Bufe, in the Zeitschrift
fur Kolonialsprachen, Berlin, 1 9 10.

210. BAROMBI-MBONGE.

Vocabularies of my own transcription between 1886 and 1888, and allusions in the writings of Count
Rogozinski; also references in the maps and articles of the Kamerun regions contained in the 1 898 and
1903 volumes of the Mitt. v. Forsch. a. d. Deutsch. Schutzgeb., already instanced.

211. BONKEIf, 212. ABO).

A short vocabulary of Abto or Abu is said to have been printed by Alfred Saker, the Baptist
missionary pioneer in the Cameroons, about 1854, but I have not seen it. My only sources for Bonken
and chief material for Abco are of my own collection in the Cameroons, besides information supplied to
me subsequently by a native linguist, Beba Bell. Also a few sentences of Abo) in MS. contributed by the
late Rev. J. J . Fuller (Baptist Mission). A short vocabulary of Abco is given in Prof. Meinhof's Die Sprach-
verhiiltnisse in Kamerun (see below). There are references to Bofiken in the preliminary geographical
information of Koelle's Polygloita Africana.

213. BALUN (Melon of Koelle), 213 a. BAFO).

Besides Koelle's ' Meloii ' vocabulary (Polyglotta Africana), which I have traced to this region, there
is a short but valuable vocabulary of Baluri and Bafco on pp. 202-3 '" the Mitt. v. Forsch. a. d. Deutsch.
.Schutzgeb., above mentioned, Berlin, 1898. Also references (geographical) in the volume of the same
publication for 1903; and vocabularies and some syntax by the missionary Bufe in Zeitschrift fiir
Kolonialsprachen, Berlin, 1910.

214. NKOOSI or BAK6SI (Nhalemoe of Koelle).

This Nhalemoe vocabulary of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana I have traced to the Bakosi people east
of the River Mongo) in West Kamerun. This identification has been confirmed by the fairly full vocabu-
lary of Nkcosi, given (with grammatical notes) by the missionary H. Dorsch in the Zeitschrift fiir
Kolonialsprachen (Ernst Vohsen, Berlin) for 191 1.

215. BANGAJfTE (Ngotefi of Koelle).

The Ngoteii of Koelle's Polyglotta Africana is the speech of the Bangaiite and neighbouring tribes of
the region immediately south-west of the Maneiiguba mountains in West Kamerun. The means of
identification (besides my own researches in 1887) are to be found in the various articles on the Kamerun
hinterland in the volumes cited of the Mitt. v. Forsch. a. d. Deutschen Schutzgebieten.

216. BATI (Baceiiga).

Our only means of realizing the features of this particularly interesting speech are contained in the
article by Prof. Carl Meinhof, Die Sprachverhiiltnisse in Kamerun in the Zeitschrift fiir Afrikanische
und Oceanische Spracheti, Berlin, 1S95 ; and in the commencement of Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangwe,
Berlin, 1913.

217. YAUNDE or EUNDU.

Yaunde (Jaunde or Eundu) was first brought to notice by a brief vocabulary in Carl Meinhof's Die
Spi'achverhiiltnisse in Kamerun {Zeitschrift f. Afrik. u. Ocean. Sprachen, Berlin, 1895). The first
thorough description was given in Grammatik der Yaunde-Sprache {Kamerun), by P. Max Haarpaintner
in Anthropos for 1909 (pp. 684 and 919 et seq.). Also Die Sprache der Jaunde in Kamerun, by P. Herr-
mann Nekes, Berlin, 1913 ; and the valuable information regarding Yaunde in the first volume of Giinter
Tessmann's Die Pangwe. There are comparisons with Ngumba (Mabea) in P. Nekes' preface to
Skolaster's article on Ngumba above referred to.

218. PANGWE or 'FANG', 218a. MAKE.

The Rev. J. R. .Wilson published a brief vocabulary of Pafigwe (Fan) in vol. i of th^ Journal of the
American Orie?ital Society. A short vocabulary was also contributed by Marche to Stanley's Through
the Dark Continent. In 1881, the Rev. R. H. Nassau, M.D., published a Fanwe Primer and Vocabulary,
which had been compiled by the Rev. H. M. .A.dams, of the A.B.C.F.M. Gaboon Mission, who died in
August 1856, which material was revised in 1878 by the Rev. J. Bushnell, and prepared for publication by
Mr. Nassau. In 1887, Mr. Robert Cust published a Pamue-Spanish Vocabulary of the Fan Language,
the dialect of Spanish Guinea, which had been compiled by Senor Amado Osorio Zabala (S.P.C.K.,
London, 1887). In 1894, the Rev. A. W. Marling issued in London a. Premier Li^'re de Lecture Pahouin,
and at the same time a translation of the Gospel of St. Matthew into the same language. His widow,
Mrs. Arthur Marling, issued in 1902 a privately printed volume, which is The Story of the Bible, trans-
lated into the Pafigwe language. Its title is Milan nten Anyame. My chief sources of information, how-

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 813

ever, for the Pangwe language are (beside the above-mentioned Adams-Bushnell Primer) the Dictionnaire
Fratifais-Fang, Sf'c, by the Rev. Fr. Lejeiine, published at Paris in 1893, and a MS. vocabulary com-
piled for me by Mr. G. L. Bates, of the Ja river, S.E. Cameroons. There is also an article on the Paiigwe
language b)- Giinther Tessmann {S^richwdrter tier Pangwe, IVesta/rika) in Anthropos for 1913 ; and
much valuable information on the same subject is given in that author's remarkable monograph, Die
Pangwe, published in the same year.

219. BULU. 219 a. NTUM.

A MS. vocabulary collected for me by Mr. G. L. Bates, gives probably the Ntum dialect of Bulu.
1 have also used a vocabulary in Giinter Tessmann's Die Pangzue ; and a translation of the Gospels into
Bulu, published by the B. and F. B. Soc. in 1896.

220. NJIMA, NJIEM or ZIMU, 220 a. MAKA.

My only source of information is a MS. vocabulary collected for me by Mr. G. L. Bates, long resi-
dent in the Cameroons interior, and a noteworthy contributor to our knowledge of its zoology. Though
there is no vocabulary, there are useful references to Njima or Ndzem in Tessmann's Die Pangwe. This
language is also alluded to in connexion with the next group by Dr. Ouzilleau in the work cited below.
He calls No. 220 Ndzimu, and notes that it is a kind of connecting link between the ' Fang ' languages
and those of the Saiiga and Lobai Pygmies.

221. MBIMU, 222. GUNDI, 223. PANDE or LINDZALI, 233a. BONGIRI, 224. BAYANGA
or BAYAKA, 224 a. BUKONGO) or NYEMELE, 224 b. BAKOaTA, 225. KAKA of Salo),
and 225 a. KAKA of Ngore.

These scarcely known languages of the Upper Saiiga basin and the Lobai have been revealed to us
in an article by Dr. Ouzilleau, Notes stir les Langiies des Pygmies de la Sanga, suivies de dix vocabu-
laires, which appeared in the Revue d' Eilinographie et de ^'ociologie, Paris, 1 91 1, p. 75 et seq. But the
existence of these tongues and the northern form of Kaka (of Ngore) are interestingly confirmed by an
important dissertation on the unclassified languages of the Adamawa-Cameroons borderland : Worier-
verzeichniss der Heidensprachen Adamauas, in vol. xlii (1910) of the Berlin Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic.
226. FERNANDIAN or BUBE (also styled EDIYA).

The Nortliern dialect of the Bantu language of Fernando P6 (often called Banapa, Bateti or Bani)
attracted attention early because of the temporary British occupation of the island in connexion with the
slave trade and the settlement there of Baptist missionaries. In 1841 there was printed by the Baptist
Mission in London an ' Adeeyah ' vocabulary, prepared by the Rev. John Clarke. In 1 848 a vocabulary
was included in the Report on t/ie Niger Expedition, by Capt. Allen and H. Thomson. The Rev. John
Clarke published at Berwick-on-Tweed, in 1848, An Introduction to the Fernandian Tongue, which has
been almost the only information on the subject at the disposal of most philologists until quite recently.
A short vocabulary of Ediya appears in Specimens of Dialects, hy the Rev. John Clarke, published in
London in 1849. W. H. I. Bleek deals with Fernandian in his incomplete Comparative Grammar of the
South African Languages, but had, of course, only Clarke's material before him. 1 collected a little
information at Fernando P6 in 1885-8. In 1887-8 there appeared by Oskar Baumann in the Zeitschrift
fur Afrikanische Sprachen, Berlin, an article Beitrdge zur Kenntniss der Bube-Sprache, and a further
contribution by the Rev. Father Jose Martinez y Sanz, S.J. (see below). In 1890 was published at Madrid,
by the Rev. Fr. Joaquin Juanola, Primer Paso a la Lengtia Bubi (also styled Gramdtica de la Lengua
Bubi, Fernando Pdo). This work deals firstly with the northern dialect, and subsequently with that of
the east and west.
326 a. Eastern FERNANDIAN.

The group of dialects (Biolcokco, Ureka, &c.) of the eastern and southern parts of the island of Fer-
nando P6, associated chiefly with the region round the Bay of Concepcion, is illustrated in the afore-
mentioned work by Joaquin Juanola, and also in an article by the Rev. Father Jose Martinez y Sanz, S.J.,
in the first volume of the Zeitschrift fur Afrikanische Sprachen, Berlin, 1887-8 (p. 138 et seq.) —
Vokabular des Banapa-Dialektes. A little information concerning South-eastern Fernandian can be
derived from the works of J. Clarke (An introduction to the Fernandian Tongue and Specimens of
Dialects, cs^c). Some reference to this form of the Fernandian language is made in the published and
manuscript vocabularies of Theophilus Parr and William Luddington, as described in the next paragraph.
226 b. South-west FERNANDIAN.

This last of the three divisions of the Bube language is so far scarcely known in philological circles.
In 1881, the Rev. Theophilus Parr, M.A., assisted by William Luddington, published a short Dictionary
of the San Carlos or south-western dialect of Bube at ' George's Bay ' (the considerable inlet on the south-
west side of Fernando P6 Island, known to the Spaniards as San Carlos Bay). The same writers (Parr
and Luddington) also compiled in MS. much additional information regarding this form of the Bube
language, which the first-named kindly placed at my disposal when 1 was writing George Grenfell and the
Congo. From this dictionary and grammar in MS. I have derived much information for the present
work.

3 G

8i4 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND AUTHORITIES FOR THE SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES

Interesting suggestions as to the affinities of the Bantu with the Semi-Bantu languages will be found
in Bemhard Struck's two articles on the Linguistic Bibliography of Northern Nigeria in vol. xi of the
African Society's J otirtial, and, most of all, in his two admirable articles in the Zeitschrift fiXr Kolonial-
sprachen, vol. ii (Berlin, 191 2).

There are a few notes on Niger languages in the appendix to Dr. W. B. Baikie's Narrative of an
Exploring Voyage up the Rivers K-wora and Binue (1856); but Baikie's much fuller vocabularies sent
home in 1866 Have miserably and unaccountably disappeared (vide C\x%^% Modern Languages of Africa).
Although I do not regard the South Kordofan languages as being Semi- Bantu, full information
regarding them is now attainable in the writings of Mrs. Brenda Seligman, especially those published in
vol. i of the Zeitschrift fUr Kolonialsprachen (Berlin, 1911), and in the article Zu den neuen Sprachen
von Siid-Kordofan, by Ferdinand Bork, in vol. iii of that publication. Mrs. Seligman and her husband.
Professor C. G. Seligman, of the University of London, have published in English scientific periodicals
further information on the prefix-using languages of the Bahr-al-Ghazal, and have kindly placed MS.
notes at my disposal.

The Languages of West Africa (especially vol. ii), by Mr. F. W. H. Migeod, throws a little light on
the Nigerian Semi-Bantu languages and the Nigerian relationships of Bantu.

But to leave generalities, the following are the works that have supplied me with the information
I have been able to put together in this book :

For the Cameroons-Cross river groups I have relied, firstly, on my own vocabularies of Mbudikum
and Babom (230, 230a), of Manyan and Mbe (234, 233), of Ekoi (Ejam) (227), Akuna-kuna (241),
Atam (238), and Nki (229), written down during my travels in those regions between 1885 and 1SS8:
and secondly, on the vocabularies of Ngtoala (231), Bayon (230b), Bati (230c), Bakum (23od), Mco-
menya(23oh), PapiaK (230!), and Pavani (230 j),Bagba (2306), Bali (Balu) (23of),Bamum (Bamomi
(230 g), Bafut (Mfut) (236), Ndob or Mburukem (237), Tumu (237 a), and Ns5 or Npo (232) in Koelle's
Polygloita Africana, most of which have been checked by long subsequent German research, and their
localities identified. Koelle's vocabulary of ' Benin ' (Ba-nyim) has since been identified with the Indiki
language of the southern Manefiguba countr>', and this interesting form of Semi-Bantu has been
further illustrated by Dr. Hoesemann's Aus dem Schutzgebiete Kamerun in the Mitt. v. Forschungsrci-
senden, cr'c., a. d. Deutschen Schutsgebieten (Berlin, 1903), which treats of the Indiki orBanyim speech.
This last-mentioned work, compiled by Dr. Freiherr v. Danckelmann, contains additionally maps, which
arc of great utility in locating the area occupied by Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages in the Cameroons.
Captain Franz Hutter, in his Wanderungen, &'c., im Nord-Hinterland von Kamenin (Brunswick, 1902),
deals to some extent with the Bali language (230 f), and another dialect of this group, Banyangi (which
seems to be a variant of Bamum, 230 g), is described in E. Bufe's Die Dualasprache in ihrem Vcrhdlt-
iiiss su den Dialekten des Nordgebietes der Station Bombe (Zeitschrift fUr Kolonialsprachen, i5?^f., Berlin,
1910). I have derived increased information regarding Ekoi and Akwa (227, 227 a) from the work of
Mr. P. Amaury Talbot, much of it published in his In the Shadow of the Bush (London, 1912).
Mr. Talbot has also kindly supplied me with MS. vocabularies of Ekoi, Kwa (227 a), Korop (244),
Ekuri-Nkokole (240-240 c), Uyanga (243), and Eflik (245).

His colleague in Southern Nigeria, Mr. E. Dayrell, sent me vocabularies of Injo (227 c), Olulcomco
(238), Nde (228 a), Akparabon (228 a), Agbaragba (228 b), »ki (229), Inkum-Yala (247).

I have also found particularly useful as regards the study of the Cross River Semi-Bantu, Mr. North-
cote Thomas's Specimens of Languages from Southern Nigeria (London, 1914). From this I have
derived my only information regarding the Jfki dialects (COsikom, Dama, Gayi, Yakorco, 229 a to
229 d), Ukele-NkodS (239, 239 a), and Okputco (239 c), and much additional knowledge of Ekuri (240),
ffkpani (240a), Ugep (240b), Nkokole (240 c), the Akunakuna (241), Abini (241 a), Umon (241 b).
Akpet (241 c), Ediba-Esopon-Arun dialects (242 to 242 b), Yala-Iiikum (247- 247 b), and the Nde and
Nki dialects (Nos. 228 a b, 229 abc d).

My information regarding Efik, Ibibica (245, 245 a), and the allied Kw5 dialect, as well as of Uwet
(246) and Okoyon (244 a) has been chiefly obtained from the Rev. Hugh Goldie's Dictionary of the
Efik Language (Glasgow, 1874). Of nearly all these Cross River-Cameroons languages' and dialects I
had, however, transcribed vocabularies during my travels in this region in 1885-8, besides further incorpo-
rating the vocabularies of Ekamtulufu (228), Udom (228), Mbufon (228), Alege (229 e), Okam (242),
and Anan (245) in Koelle's Polygloita Africana.

My vocabularies of Munpi (Tivi) 248) are derived from a MS. compilation supplied to me by
Lieut. Hetley, W..\.F.F., of Southern Nigeria, and from Koelle's ' Tiwi ' vocabulary in the Polyglot ta
Africana (the two agree very closely, but Hetley's vocabulary is of to-day, and Koelle's of sixty odd years
ago). I have also added a few words from the Munpi vocabulary' in Northcote Thomas's Specimens of
Languages from Southern Nigeria (London, 1914), and have derived considerable enlightenment as to
the syntax of the language from an article on ' Munshi or Tivi ' in the foiirnal of the African Society
(1916), by Mr. A. H. Judd.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 01" THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES 815

Such fragmentary information as I have concerning the Semi-Bantu languages in the Benue basin
proceeds from Koelle's P. A. vocabularies of Boritsu (Afiten) (250), Mbarike (251), and Afudu (249),
though there are some helpful geographical indications concerning these in Struck's writings above cited.
Burum (252) is illustrated by the Gospel of St. Mark translation (15. F. Bible Society).

As regards the Nigerian Semi-Bantu, I have obtained my first information of Kamuku (255), Basa
(256), and Jarawa (253) from Koelle's Polyglotta Africana, but the vocabulary of Gurmana (254) or
Kurmana was supplied to me by the Rev. W. P. Low, C.M.S. There are allusions to the Nigerian Semi-
Bantu in Striimpell's and Struck's Worterverzeichniss der Heidenspracheti Adamauas, in vol. xlii (1910)
of the Berlin Zeilschrift fur Ethnologic; which, besides, by its vocabularies assists in determining the
geographical location in the North-east Cameroons of Bantu, Semi-Bantu, and Sudanic speech-forms.
.As regards Jarawa of Bauci, I received in 1916, through the kind offices of Resident F. Heckles Gall
a fairly full vocabulary, compiled by Mr. J. A. J. Bieneman, of the Nigerian Education Department.

^Iy illustrations of the Semi-Bantu languages of Tcogcoland (the Bwem country) are derived in the
main from the following authorities :

Avatime (259) and Nyangb<a-Tafi (260) : Einiges uber Geschichte, 6^£-., des Avatunevolkes in Togo,
by E. Funke, in Zeit.f. Kotonialsprachen (vol. i, 191 1) ; Versuck einer Grammatik der Avatimesprache,
by E. Funke, in the Mitt, des Seminars f. Orient. Sprachen (vol. xii, Berlin, 1909); DetUsch-Avatime-
Worterverzeichniss and Z'/f Nyahgbo-Tafi-Sprache, by E. Funke, in the same vol. xiii, 1910; Lefana
(257) : Die Lefana-Sprache in Togo, by D. Westermann, also in vol. xiii of the Mitt. d. Sem.f. Orient.
Sprachen ; Santrokcofi (258) : Die Santrokofi-Sprache, by E. Funke, in vol. xiv (191 1) of this great com-
pendium of Asiatic and African languages. TheBasari and Camba languages of North-east Toogtoland
are briefly illustrated by vocabularies in vol. xi of the Mitt. v. Forsch. u. Gelehrten a. d. Deutschen
Schutzgebieten (Berlin, 1898), by Graf von Zech {Vermischte Notizen Uber Togo, &c.).

For my knowledge of the Senegambian (Nalu (266), Biafada (267), Pajade (268), Kanyop-Manjakco
(269),Pepel(27o),Sarar or^adal (27i),andBeiala (272)groups ofSemi-Bantu speech-forms, and for Temne
(263), Landuma (264), and Baga (265), I was formerly obliged to rely almost exclusively on Koelle's
Polyglotta Africana, with the addition of the Grammar (London, C.M.S., 1864) and X^e. Dictionary
(London, C.M.S., 1880) of the Temne Language, by the Rev. C. F. Schlenker, C.M.S. , and on a few travel
notes of my own collected at Sierra Leone in 1907. But in the autumn of 191 5 I was invited to visit the
camps of the Sengalese troops in France, and there not only obtained a copy of the Rev. Fr. Ed. VVintz's
Dictionnaire Franfais-Dyola ' (preceded by a Grammatical Essay), published in Paris in 1909 ; but was
enabled to write down from the mouths of the Senegambian soldiers the Dyola or Fulup language in
three dialects, as well as recording, for the first time, the Konyagi (274) of the Upper Gambia basin.
My knowledge of the northern and western dialects of Temne is derived almost entirely from Koelle's
Polyglotta Africana (Landcoma (264) and Baga (265). I owe also to Koelle much of my scanty know-
ledge of Bulom (261) and Mampa (262), supplemented by a little note-taking in West Africa in 1907,
and by the very poor work of the Rev. G. R. Nylander {Grammar of the Bulom Language), published in
London (C.M.S.) in 1814. But further information is now given on Temne, Bulom, and Mampa-Krim
(Southern Bulom) in the works of Mr. Norlhcote Thomas, Specimens of Languages from Sierra Leone,
3 vols, (including a Temne Dictionary and Grammar, published in London, Messrs. Harrison and Sons,
1916).

' The Felup or Fnlup of other writers (No. 273).

SKETCH MAP

OF BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU AREAS AND
KEY-MAP GIVING NAMES

Sketch Map

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