A COMPARATIVE STUDY
OF THE
BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES
OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE CAPE TOWN BOMBAY
HUMPHREY MILFORD
PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE
BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU
LANGUAGES
BY
SIR HARRY H. JOHNSTON
G.C.M.G., K.C.B., D.Sc. (Cambs.)
OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1919
PREFACE
THIS work on the Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages, of which the first volume is
now published, was commenced about seven years ago, in pursuance of a plan determined
as related in the text very much earlier in my life. It was already beginning to be
printed in 1914, when the War broke out. The effect of the War on the Clarendon
Press, as on most other printing establishments, was greatly to delay the setting up in
type ; at the same time, the indirect results of the War increased the material at my dis-
posal and constrained me to write a longer and more comprehensive work than that
which had been originally contemplated : for the campaigns in Africa took place for the
most part in countries containing Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages, with the result that
many vocabularies were supplied, and thus some languages were brought to light that
were previously unknown.
It has been thought best to publish the first portion of this work on its completion.
The second part, an analysis and comparison of the phonology and word-roots, and
a comparative examination of the syntax of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages,
together with the conclusions to be derived from this evidence, is also finished ; but its
printing and publication must await some relaxation in the present stress.
The work has grown to such dimensions that I have to economize space and paper
as much as possible. Therefore I must ask to be excused from tendering in detail my
thanks and obligations to my numerous helpers, both 'living and dead. In a way, this
acknowledgement is achieved by the very full Bibliography at the end of this volume,
and I trust in that not to have omitted the name of any contributor of information. Of
the personages in the past whose work has prompted this comparative study of two
related language families of Western and Central Africa, there are five whom I should
like specially to mention in a dedicatory sense : the Rev. Sigismund Koelle, the Agent
of the Church of England Missionary Society, who composed the famous Polyglotta
Africana and other studies of African languages at Sierra Leone between 1848 and 1854 ;
Wilhclm Heinrich Immanucl Bleck, the Librarian of the Grey Library at Capetown, the
real originator of Bantu studies ; Edward Stcerc, Bishop of Zanzibar, and author of many
works on the East African Bantu ; the Rev. W. H. Stapleton, of the Baptist Missionary
Society on the Congo ; and A. C. Madan, M.A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford, who
has done so much to increase our knowledge of the East and South-central Bantu
languages and of the Bantu syntax in general. It was mainly due to Mr. Madan's
vi PREFACE
intercession that the present work finally took shape and achieved publication ; and
I have deeply regretted the fact that he has died (August 1917) before he could see
it in a completed form.
I also desire to tender my thanks to the British South Africa Company, Chartered
and Limited, for the efforts made by its London Direction and its employes in South-
central Africa to record hitherto quite unknown languages for the purpose of this book :
and to the French Government and His Majesty's former Ambassador in Paris, Viscount
Bertie of Thame, for the facilities accorded to me in 1915 to visit the camps and hospitals of
the ' Senegalese ' soldiers in France. This assemblage of negroes from all parts of French
West and West-central Africa was a singularly fortunate circumstance, inasmuch as it
enabled me not only to get an increased acquaintance with the Semi-Bantu languages,
but at the same time to check the accuracy of Sigismund Koclle's invaluable vocabularies
which were transcribed sixty to seventy years ago at Sierra Leone, from freed slaves
arriving there from all parts of West and Central Africa.
I hope circumstances may permit of this study of the Bantu and Semi-Bantu
languages being published in its entirety while I am still able to correct the proofs, and
while most of my numerous helpers are alive to appreciate the results of their collaboration.
H. H. JOHNSTON.
POLING,
April 1919.
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES .... I
CHAPTER II
THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES . 15
CHAPTER III
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF 366 BANTU AND 87 SEMI-BANTU LAN-
GUAGES AND DIALECTS 39
THE BANTU LANGUAGES :
Group A. The Nyanza Languages 45
B. The Wunyamwezi Languages 86
C. The British East Africa Languages 98
D, E. The Kilimanjaro) and Usambara Languages 113
F. The Zangian Languages 129
G. The Usagara-Ugcogoi Languages 141
H, I. The Upper Rufiji and Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma Languages ... . . 154
I (cant.}, J, K. The Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma, North Ruvuma-North-east Nyasaland. and
Ukinga Languages 169
L. The Tanganyika-Bangweulu Languages 184
M. The North-west Nyasa Languages 208
N, O. The Yaco-Ngindco and Mozambique Languages 221
P. The South Nyasaland Languages 236
P (cant.), O. The South Nyasaland and Southern Rhodesia-Pungwe-Sabi Languages . 252
Q (cont.), R. The Southern Rhodesia-Pungwe-Sabi and Sengwe-Ronga Languages . 268
R (cant.), S. The Sengwe-Ronga and Becuana-Transvaal Languages .... 281
S (cont.), T. The Becuana-Transvaal and Zulu-Kafir Languages 298
U, V. The West Central Zambezia and Western Zambezia Languages . .... 318
V (cont.), W. The Western Zambezia and North-west Zambezia Languages . . . 333
X. The South-west Africa Languages . 350
Y. The Angola Languages 366
Z. The Kofigco or Westernmost Congoland Languages 378
AA. The South Congoland or I.uba-Lunda Languages 394
AA (cont.), BB. The South Congoland and Upper Kwangco Languages . . . .411
BB (cont.), CC. The Upper Kwangco and Kwangco-Kasai Languages .... 427
CC (cont.), DD. The Kwangco-Kasai and Central Congoland (Luange-Lcomami) Languages 439
DD (cont.), The Central Congoland (Luange-Lcomami) Languages 451
DD (cont.), Sub-group DD I. The Central Congoland and Manyema Languages . . 462
viii LIST OF CONTENTS
PAGE
DD I (cant.), EE, FF. The Manyema, Middle Loomami, and Elila-Liowa-Lualaba (Bulega)
Languages 473
FF (coni.), GG, HH. The Elila-Loowa-Lualaba, Ruwenzori-Semliki, and Upper Ituri
Languages 4^4
HH (cont.), II. The Upper Ituri and Wele-Aruwimi (Ababua) Languages . . . 49 s
JJ. The Aruwimi-Lomami Languages 59
JJ (conf.), KK. The Aruwimi-Lcomami and North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-
groups KK i, KK 2) 52
KK (cont.). North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-group KK 3) . . . -533
KK (cont.). North Central Congoland Languages (Sub-group KK 4) . . . 546
LL. The Kwa-Kasai-Upper COgtowe (Teke) Languages 553
LL (conf.), MM. The Kwa-Kasai-Upper OOguwe (Teke) and Central COgcowe Languages 565
MM (/.), NN. The Central COgcowe and COgowe-Gaboon Languages . . . -57^
NN (cont.), OO. The OOgiowe-Gaboon (Mpongwe) and Spanish Guinea-West Cameroons
Languages 5^9
OO (cont.). The Spanish Guinea- West Cameroons Languages (Sub-groups OO I, OO 2,
OO3,OO4). 64
OO (cont.). The Spanish Guinea- West Cameroons Languages (Sub-group OO 4 (cont.),
OO5) 618
OO (cont.), PP, OQ. The Spanish Guinea-West Cameroons (Sub-group OO 6), Manen-
guba, and Middle Sanaga Languages 630
RR, SS. The Pafiwe or ' Fang ' and Kadei-Sanga-Lcobai Languages . . 642
SS (cont.), TT. The Kadei-Lcobai (Upper Sanga) Languages and the Fernandian
Language and Dialects 655
THE SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES :
A. The Cameroons-Cross River Languages (Sub-group A i) . . . . 672
A (cont.). The Cameroons-Cross River Languages (Sub-group A I (conl.), Sub-group A 2) 698
B-G The Northern Cross River Basin, Benue, Baud Languages 716
H, I, J. The Central Nigerian, South-west Tcogioland, and South Sierra Leone Languages 732
K, L, M, N. The South Guinea, Nalu, North Guinea, and Upper Gambia Languages 750
CHAPTER IV
SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE FOREGOING
VOCABULARIES 773
CHAPTER V
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES . . . 7*5
MAPS
SKETCH MAP OF BANTU AND SEMI-BANTU AREAS SiS
KEY-MAP GIVING NAMES 819
ERRATA ET ADDENDA
THE printing of the first portions of this work began in 1914, and the correction of the proofs was
somewhat interfered with by the author's absence in America, and later on in France. A few errors,
therefore, escaped his notice in the earlier chapters till after the printing-off had taken place ; or some-
times words or phrases became erroneous on the receipt of further information from Africa.
Also, during the printing of this book, much new material has been received, dealing more especially
with the Konjca (No. i) and other Nyanza tongues ; with Taita (14), Nika (16), Caga Dialects (17-17 e),
[Sambala (19), Zigula (20), Swahili (21-21 g), Pcogorto (28), Kidonde or Kimawanda (333), North
Ngindco (55 n), Makua (56), North Kuanyama or Humbe (91 a), Kuvale (92 b), OOlundombe (93),
Sumbi (94b), Songto (97), Minungta (ii2a), Hcolu (113), Mpama (167), Batende (i68a), and
Kiwumbu (177).
It has been thought more convenient to give the mass of the addenda and corrections at the end of
the Vocabularies, the greater part of which were in print before this additional information was received ;
and only to insert in the preliminary pages a correction of the errata in the earlier work. But readers
specially interested in the languages above cited are advised in studying them not only to take note of
the correction of errata here given, but of the additional information at the end of the book ; and students
who wish to have before their eyes, without turning to the beginning or end of the volume, as complete
a conspectus of the Bantu languages as can be produced at the present time, might insert with the pen
the additions to and corrections of the Vocabularies in the appropriate places.
On pages 3, 5, 6, 13, and 14, and wherever else the word occurs, for 'p<osa' read 'posa'.
On page 7, and wherever else it occurs, for ' Herero' read ' Herero) '.
At the bottom of page 14 should be added this sentence : ' and of the Semi-Bantu of Senegambia and
Nigeria'.
In the foot-note to page 16 a hyphen is missing in ' Tatflga-und-Iraktileute' .
On page 17, in line 5, insert the word ' one ' after ' differing '.
On page 19, line 20, 'preprefix ' must be substituted for 'prefix'. In line 34, instead of ' Class 6,
its plural ', substitute : ' Class 6, apart from being the plural of Class 5 '. In line 37, instead of ' Classes
9 and 10 were ', read ' Classes 9 and 10 are'. In line 39, instead of 'Classes 12 and 13 were', read
' Classes 12 and 13 are ', and instead of ' Class 13 (Ka-) could ', read ' Class 13 (Ka-) can '. In line 40,
after ' Class 14 (Bu-) ', change 'was' to 'is'; and in line 41, 'Class 15 was' should read 'Class 15
(Ku-) is '.
On page 20, in line I , the words ' but was ' should read ' but is '. In line 2, ' Class 16 represented '
should be ' Class 16 represents ' ; in line 3, change ' had ' and ' meant ' to ' has ' and ' means ' ; in line 4,
change ' existed, were ' into ' exist, are '. In line 5, for the word ' certainly ' read ' first quinary and then '.
In line 1 7, after ' No changes ', insert the words ' in sense '. In line 19, after ' prepositions, and ', insert
the word ' perhaps '.
On page 22, line 5, instead of the words ' The Fula ', read ' The Semi-Bantu, the Fula ', and in line 6,
after ' Wolof ', strike out the following words, ' the Temne '. In the footnote, line 7, strike out ' Temne ',
and after ' Bantu ' insert ' Semi-Bantu '. At the end of line 9, instead of ' Sudanese ' read ' Sudanic '.
On page 25, in line 3, after 'fusion' insert the words ' some of.
On page 26, line 4, instead of ' akin ' read ' related '.
x ERRATA ET ADDENDA
On page 27, in line 4, for ' dates ' read ' date '. At the end of line 14, instead of ' And here ' read
' And hence '. In line 25, instead of Africa has been a long process in unwritten history and cannot be
compressed, &c. ', read ' Africa has not been a long process in unwritten history and can be compressed,
&c. '.
On page 29, at the end of line 5, the letter a should be deleted from ' defecations ', which word should
read ' defections'. In line 33, instead of ' Bantu languages which ' read ' Bantu languages that '.
On page 30, in line 8, the first two equivalents of ' hair ' should be rendered -wele, -wili, and not
bele, -bili. In line 17, among the word-roots for 'blood ' should be inserted -kila (after -rcopa).
On page 31 a table is given of the original 19 prefixes of the Bantu languages. It should be premised
that this is the full list of prefixes with concord particles or answering pronouns. But in addition there
are now known to be five or more other prefixes locatives, or indicative of sex or honorability. These,
however, are -without concords.
On page 32, line 4, ' m- before a nasal' should read ' m- before a labial '.
On page 36, in line 9, the simple vowel system of Old Bantu should read : ' 5, a, e, I, u, and
perhaps u '.
On page 39, in the Title of Chapter III, the number of Bantu languages and dialects should be
enlarged from ' 276 ' to ' 366 ' ; and of Semi-Bantu languages and dialects from ' 24 ' to ' 87 '. Similarly,
on page 42, in the last paragraph but one and in the footnote, the figures 276 (total number of Bantu and
Semi-Bantu languages and dialects) should be changed to '366, of which about 360 are illustrated '.
On page 43, n the list of Bantu language Groups, P should stand for ' THE SOUTH NYASA-
I.AND LANGUAGES ', Q for 'THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES',
and R for 'THE SENGWE-RONGA LANGUAGES'.
On page 44, 2nd paragraph, the Groups of the Semi-Bantu Languages should be rendered thus :
Group A. (S-B.). The Cameroons-Cross River Languages.
B. (S-B.). The Northern Cross River Basin Languages.
C. (S-B.). The South-west Benue Languages.
D. (S-B.). The Southern Benue Languages.
E. (S-B.). The Central Benue Languages.
F. (S-B.). The South-west Bauci Languages.
G. (S-B.). The Central Bauci Languages.
H. (S-B.). The Kaduna Basin (Central Nigeria) Languages.
I. (S-B.). The Tcugcoland Languages.
J. (S-B.). The Southern Sierra Leone Languages.
K. (S-B.). The South Guinea Languages.
L. (S-B.). The Nalu Language.
M. (S-B.). The North Guinea Languages.
N. (S-B.). The Upper Gambia Language.
Page 85. In the prefixes, &c., of Lu-Masaba and Lu-konde, among the forms of the 5th prefix Ki-
is erroneously given. It should read Ri-.
Page loo, col. 16, the root for ' Ear ' should read Sikiru.
Page loo, cols. 14. 15, 16, opp. ' Fire ', render the words M<o-doj, Mcu-teo, Mco-hco as M-odeo. M-6tco,
and M-Shco.
Page 101, col. 12, opp. 'Frog ', for C-ua read Cua.
Page 101, col. 14, opp. ' Foot ', for Su-aiyo read Lu-aiyo.
Page 105, col. 16. opp. ' Thorn ', for D-zala-g-umba read Dzala-gumba.
Page 106, col. 13, opp. 'Wood', the root should be spelt -kuni, -khuni. not -kunii. -khunii.
Page no, col. 14, opp. ' Inside ', for -a n-denji read -a n-denyi,
Page 113. The alternative name of the principal Caga dialect should be Mcopi. not Musi.
Page 114, col. 20, opp. 'Bull', for N-jeka read X-jeku.
(Page 140. The concords of the 4th Class of prefixes in Swahili and Swahili dialects should be stated
as mi-, -ni, -i- 1. not lm-. mil-. !).
Page '53i ' ast paragraph, for ' Lake Manyasa' read ' Lake Manyara'.
Page 198, col. 17. The word Ily-enza should be opposite ' Egg' and not ' Ear '.
Page 228, col. 54, opp. ' Stone '. for Li-gonga read I.i-ganga.
Page 5, thirteenth line from bottom of last paragraph, for ' Lewis Grant's ' read ' Lewis Grout's '.
Page 6, tenth line from bottom of last paragraph, for ' Ba-yeiyi ' read ' Ba-yeiye '.
Page 7, fifteenth line from top, for -ft read -//.
Page 10, fifteenth line from top, for 'Sudanese' read ' Sudanic ', and tenth line from bottom, for
' C. Hermann ' read ' C. Herrmann '.
Page II, fourteenth line from top, after ' Lutheran ' insert 'pastor and '.
Page 12, twenty-first line from top, for ' Dr. Eduard Sachau ' read ' P. Hendle ' ; and on p. 791, par.
28, instead of ' Prof. ' insert ' P. Hendle, edited by '.
Page 29, one line from bottom, for ' two hundred and seventy-six ' read ' three hundred and sixty-six '.
Page 33, three lines from top, for ' consonantal ' read ' substantival '.
Page 37, eight lines from top, after 'twenty-six' insert 'main '.
Page 378, and again on page 803. In the summary of titles at the commencement of the Vocabu-
laries on p 378, and again in the bibliography on p. 803, Ki-yombe or Ci-luangoj should be numbered
102, Ki-vili or Ki-vumbu or I.u-wumbu (N.Luangco) 103, and Ki-lumbu pf Ma.yitmba. 103 a, conform-
ably with the Vocabularies.
Page 792, par. 33, delete 'preliminary Corrigenda ft'.
Page 798. In the paragraph numbered 76, the name ' Elmsley ' should be spelt ' Klmslie '.
Pa;,'c 8 1 5, twelfth line from bottom, for ' Sengalese ' read ' Senegalese '.
i "34 Johnston, Jlatilii. .SV//. 1919, face p. x.
ERRATA ET ADDENDA xi
Page 231, col. 54, opp. ' This, these ', the demonstrative of the i6th Class should read Apa, not OOpa
Page 237, col. 6 1 a, opp. ' Cloth ', for N-garu read N-saru.
Page 315, col. 76, opp. ' Sit, remain, &c. ', instead of -plaza read -plara.
Page 350. The beginning of 4th footnote should run : ' This language in different dialects is, r*c.\
Page 353, col. 92, opp. ' Fear ', for (X)n-coma read COu-eoma.
Page 355. In the English column, ' Man, vir." is missing opp. to (Oimi-rumendu.
Page 359. The word for ' Nine ' in col. 94 is perhaps better spelt E-cia, K-cieha ; and for ' Hundred '
00-cita. In col. 92 the roots for ' Hundred ' may be -tyita and Cita, instead of -ta.
Page 365. The last paragraph should read : ' 94. Umbundu is spoken in the Benguela and Bai-
lundco districts of southern Angola, north of 14 30' South latitude, south of the Kuvco river, and of 11 30'
South latitude ; and west of the Upper Kwanza river.'
Page 377. The definition of the area of the Kisama language (95) should be limited on the south by
the Kuvco river.
Page 410. Last paragraph, the close of the definition of the area of 108-108 a should read, ' West oJ
the Upper Ltomami, south of the Lubefu, and east of the Sankuru '.
Page 553. In list of titles for ' 177. Ki-wumboi' read ' 177. Ki-wumbu ', and Ki-wumbu likewise
on page 564.
Page 606, col. 204, opp. 'Fire', the figure * which refers to the footnote should be removed from
li-didi and placed after 'afire', which concludes the sentence in brackets. And in the answering foot-
note ' Mote-mote ' the two vowels o should be stressed 6.
Page 675, opp. ' Child', cols. 230-231, after Ma-nku insert Mu-pie (231).
Page 690, col. 230, 231, opp. ' Nine ', the whole passage of equivalents for ' Nine ' should be rendered
thus:
Li-vo;to.
Bcoco (230 b, 230 g).
Sipo (230 i).
Vua.
|Siba (230 c)-
M-bu, Pfoxo (230]).
Bo, Bea (230 d).
I-fi(230f).
Ve, Be, Bemi.
Tsianuco (231).
Page 696, seventh line from bottom, at the end of line an ' a ' should follow ' indicate '.
Page 698, in the list of languages, the line beginning ' (238. Olulwmw. See Appendix, &c.' should
read ' (238. Olulumto. 238 a. Ikom. See Appendix) '.
Page 705, col. 244, opp. 'Thigh', U-nau should be corrected to U-nau.
Page 715, third line from bottom, ' Kwo>-Ibn> ' river should be spelt ' Kwo-Ibo> '.
CHAPTER I
A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES
OUTSIDE the range of the Semitic and Hamitic families of languages, as represented by Arabic
and Amharic, the first types of African speech to attract the attention of Europeans and to be
written down by them were members of the widespread BANTU group ; an association of tongues
as closely interrelated as clear-cut and unmistakable in their peculiar characteristics as the Aryan,
the Semitic, or the Malay families of speech. The Bantu languages of the central prolongation of
Africa were of course totally unknown to the Graeco-Roman civilization of the Mediterranean, the
cultured minds of which may just have been able to perceive (if they collected and collated the
evidence of travellers) that beside the recognized types of Hamitic and Semitic languages of north
and north-east Africa there were the tongues of the Nilotic negroes, of the Nubians, of the Tibu
(Garamantes), and of the Fula and Wolof negroids on the Atlantic coast of the Sahara and along
the banks of the Senegal river. And although we may assume on fairly sufficient evidence that
the Arabian trading-cities of the Yaman and Hadramaut coasts had founded depots for commerce on
the Equatorial East African littoral as early as the commencement of the Christian Era (if not
before), and had likewise got into touch with the north end of Madagascar and the Komorcu Islands,
it is more probable that in those days eighteen hundred to two thousand years ago there were no
Bantu-speaking negroes on the east coast of Africa. Consequently, though the merchants of south-
west Arabia, who acted as important intermediaries in the Indian trade with the Roman Empire in
Egypt, may have conveyed slaves from the Zangian coasts and islands to Egyptian slave-markets, it
is doubtful whether these brought with them any Bantu syllables into the medley of tongues talked
in the Mediterranean basin.
But not long after Arab and Bantu first met on the east and south-east littoral of Africa there
seems to have been a greater fusion of interests between them than between Arab and Kushite
(Gala and Somali). The Arabs took up the stock language of the Zangian group somewhere on the
coast between the Pangani or Rufu river and the Ruvuma and turned it into the Swahili tongue of
commerce that we know so well at the present day the easiest and most widely spread of the
Bantu languages.
When the Portuguese rounded Cape Verde and reached the mouth of the Congo during the
second half of the fifteenth century, they nowhere found a native language (excepting, of course,
North African Arabic) sufficiently easy of pronunciation or simple in structure to be used as
a medium of instruction and intercommunication, until they reached Bantu Africa. Their
missionaries soon began to learn Kifi-kongco and a little later the Mbundu speech of Angola. Kifi-
kongo) words are given in Pigafetta's description of the Portuguese Congo explorations published in
1591. Kifi-kongc.) was committed to writing and to print (in the form of a treatise on Christian
doctrine) as early as 1624 by a Jesuit (Portuguese) missionary ; and a Grammar (see Bibliography
in Chapter IV) by an Italian missionary was published at Rome in 1659. Kimbundu of Angola was
2 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
illustrated by Italian missionaries in 1642 and 1661 ; and a Grammar of Kimbundu (by Diaz) was
printed at Lisbon in 1697. A study of Luangu) and Kakongo> was carried out in the eighteenth
century by French missionaries, such as' the Abbe Proyart.
As early as 1505, but chiefly between the middle of the sixteenth century and 1760, Portuguese
soldier-explorers and missionaries put into their writings numerous phrases of two East African
Bantu tongues: Karana (' Mocaranga ') and Swahili. The amount of the first-named language
which can be gleaned from these early records of Portuguese expeditions in Zambezia and on the
Scofala coast is considerable, and has been conveniently collected for me by Mr. R. W. Hall, the
Warden of Zimbabwe. Though carelessly transcribed by these sixteenth-century Portuguese, with
little regard for grammar or plural prefixes, it is nevertheless easily recognized as Karana and as
easily translated. It shows such comparatively little difference from the same tongue spoken to-day
after an interval of between four hundred and one hundred and fifty years that we should be puzzled
to account for the rapid formation and divergence of the two hundred and twenty-six distinct
Bantu languages of present times ; did we not remember that the Romance languages were not in
existence in the fourth century of the Christian Era, yet were evolved with all their characteristic
features by the twelfth century ; and that the French and Italian of three hundred and fifty years
ago are not more dissimilar from the speech of to-day than is the tongue of the Rhodesian Masuna
from the 'Mocaranga' of Monomotapa recorded by the Portuguese sixteenth-century pioneers.
A short list of words of the Komoro Islands Swahili the dialect of Mtohila was written down
as early as 1626 by Thomas Herbert, an English traveller who voyaged in that year round the Cape
of Good Hope to Aden and thence to India, whence he returned overland through Persia, Caucasia,
and Russia. 1 In the eighteenth century the Portuguese traders and officials on the Lower Zambezi
took up the language of Sena and made it a kind of lingua franca in eastern Zambezia under the
name of ' Chicunda '. [This Cikunda speech was the first Bantu language learnt by the English and
Scottish missionaries who followed Livingstone, and a short manual of it was printed by the
Rev. Dr. Robert Laws in 1879 or 1880.] As early as the seventeenth century, the Portuguese, with
Kimbundu and Kisi-kofigu on their Atlantic coast possessions, Cikunda on the Lower Zambezi, the
speech of Tete (Cinyungwe) on the Zambezi of the Cataracts, and the Citonga learnt by the Jesuit
missionaries on the Middle Zambezi, had realized the truth about the wide range of the Bantu
languages. In the eighteenth century they repeatedly referred in their writings to the similarity of
speech between Angola and Mozambique.
The Dutch explorers, following in the footsteps of the Portuguese along the West African coast,
also began to interest themselves in these harmonious, easily pronounced Bantu languages. Barbot,
who wrote his Description of Guinea about 1682 (English translation first published in 1732), gave
short vocabularies of Kisi-kongco and of a dialect of north-west Cameroons, probably Barundco. 2
Barbot was a Frenchman in the service of the French Royal Company of Africa, but he seems to
have derived much of his information east of Senegal from the Dutch. In the latter half of the
eighteenth century the period of Cook, of La Perouse, of James Bruce greater curiosity than ever
before was evinced as to the languages of non-European peoples. The Dutch occupation of Cape
Colony had attracted to South Africa a number of explorers French, German, and Scottish. The
strange Hottentot speech had already been transcribed to some extent by Wilson in 1691, and
between 1705 and 1713 by Pieter Kolben, the industrious and intelligent Prussian explorer of South
1 These words of the ' Mohella ' language recorded by Thomas Herbert do not seem to be met with in
the first (1634) edition of his travels. They were presumably collected in 1626, but were not inserted
into his book until the 1677 edition was produced. He does not give a ' vocabulary ', as stated by
R. N. Cust (Modern Languages of Africa), but a few words, such as Coquo (fowl), Gumbey (ox), Mage
(water), Sinzano (needle), and Buze (goat).
J As regards the words of Barundco said to have been collected by Barbot, I quote from Astley's
Voyages and Travels, published in 1746. They are the first five numerals: Mo; />' ; Male/a; Melei;
M<.itaii ; and are attributed to the ' land of Ambozes ' (Ambas Bay).
THE BANTU LANGUAGES 3
Africa. But the Dutch had been slow in coming into contact with the Bantu peoples of South Africa.
To the tribes of stalwart, naked Bantu negroes dwelling on the south and south-east coasts they had
given the name of ' Caffer ', copying in this the Portuguese who had picked up ' Cafre ' from the
Arabic Kafir (a heathen). Beyond Hottentot- and Bushman-land, in the centre of southernmost
Africa, the Dutch began (about 1779) to be aware that there existed a ' nation ' of tall black negroes
whom they called 'Beetjuaan ' by some corruption of an unidentified native word which has since been
perpetuated as ' Bechuana '. It was made evident by about 1806 that neither ' Beetjuaan ' nor ' Caffer '
spoke anything like Hottentot or Bushman ; and equally clear that many of the Dutch slaves from
Mozambique, Scofala, or Angola could make themselves understood by these tall negroes beyond
the Great Fish river or north of the Orange. In 1772 an unnamed French missionary compiled
a Kakongco-French dictionary, and in 1776 the first vocabulary of pcosa (Kafir) was printed, in the
work of Andrew Sparrman, a Swede. In 1804 the Portuguese Cannecattim published his Angola
Dictionary. In 1809 Henry Salt, a pioneer diplomatist of the British Government in East Africa,
wrote down vocabularies of Makua, of some Yaco dialect, and of Swahili. 1
In 1808 the notable German traveller, Heinrich Lichtenstein, had grasped and expressed the
idea (in a Berlin scientific periodical) that all the southern prolongation of Africa, from the Congo coast
on the north-west, to the Equator on the north-east, was probably the domain of but one language
family excepting of course the narrow band of Hottentot-Bushman speech from Cape St. Francis
to Cape Frio. [Lichtenstein's Travels in Southern Africa in 1803-6, were published in their English
translation in 1812-15.] The pioneer missionaries of South Africa soon confirmed this theory by
their practical studies, and there were always at hand in those days slaves from the Portuguese
East and West African possessions and from Zanzibar to confirm the idea by contributing
specimens of their more northern forms of Bantu. A vocabulary of the Makua language of Mocam-
bique was, for purposes of comparison, written down from the dictation of a negro slave in Sumatra
by William Marsden, the Orientalist, somewhere about 1778. He himself was an authority on the
Malay language, but he became interested in African philology, and handed his Makua vocabulary
to the scientific members of Captain Tuckey's staff who accompanied that officer in 1816 in the
attempt to explore the Congo from its mouth up stream. These men went there with the
Bantu theory in their minds, though the comprehensive word ' Bantu ' was not then suggested.
They refer to the existence of this one great family across the southern third of the continent in
their contributions to the Narrative of an Expedition to explore the River Zaire (Report on the Tuckey
Expedition) published in 1818.
Adrien Balbi, in his Atlas etlmographique du Globe, printed at Paris in 1826, precognized the
existence of one great language family over all Africa south of the Equator (exception being taken
for Hottentots and Bushmen). He based this theory on the observations of Moritz Rugendas,
a Bavarian artist who had travelled through eastern Brazil in the early nineteenth century and
had taken down descriptions of West Africa and scraps of speech from negro slaves. 2 Douville,
1 Henry Salt was sent to convey presents to the Kings of Shoa and Abyssinia in 1809, to detach
Ethiopia as much as possible from French intrigues against Egypt. On his way to Somaliland round the
Cape of Good Hope, he stopped at Mozambique and there wrote down short vocabularies of Makooa '
(easily recognizable as Imakua) and ' Monjow ' (a jargon seeming like a mixture of Yato, Gindco, and
Northern Makua (Medcu)). His words of ' Monjow' (re-spelt phonetically) are as follows : Mutlungu
(God); Dyuva (sun); Muezi (moon); 7'caunduwa (stars); Afttze (earth); Mztumbi (mountain) ; Mere
(tree) ; Aumba. . . . ? Numba, (house) ; Et&la. (road) ; Meze (water) ; Siimba. (fish) ; Niyati (ox, evidently
buffalo) ; Liguluive (pig) ; Uinpua. (dog) ; Itepu (elephant or ivory) ; Nyzina. (flesh) ; Nune (bird) ;
Eynnda, (pigeon) ; Mulupwana, (man) ; Ateate (father) ; Alumbu (brother) ; Bu (sister) ; Ma.na.ce
(boy) ; Mutwe (head) ; Humpu (hair) ; Makutwe (ears) ; Unwa. (mouth) ; Angonda (war) ; (Akuazi
(a bow) ; fmfamba (arrows) ; Lipongu (spear) ; Uti (gun) ; Jele (salt) ; Jipanje (white) ; Ya-kuswera
(red) ; -a.ngu (my). For a description of Salt's Swahili (' Sowauli', 'Sowaiel '), see the Bibliography of
Chapter IV.
2 The results of his observations are said to have been published in or concurrently with his Voyage
pittoresque et descriptif au Brfsil, ? 1824, but I cannot trace them. Rugendas dealt with the languages
of Angola and Mozambique.
B 2
4 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
a French traveller in Angola (probably in the interests of the slave trade) who much later became
a secretary of the Paris Geographical Society, published a book on the Congo and Angola in 1832;
and although his records of Bantu languages are very jumbled and full of inaccuracies, still they are
not as apocryphal as they were afterwards esteemed. Douville not only mentions some of the
principal language groups in Angola and the western Congo, but realizes through Portuguese
information the importance of the Luba family beyond.
In the 'forties of the nineteenth century great progress was made in Bantu studies. The
(English) Baptist Mission had been established in Fernando P6, and John Clarke, one of its
missionaries, had already put down on paper information regarding the Fernandian or Bube
language. He also published specimens of 209 African dialects, taken down from the slaves who
were landed at the Admiralty depot at Fernando Po. Although there were very few words of
each language (some are more illustrated than others), yet his hearing was fairly accurate and his
writing phonetically correct. His work has a certain usefulness even at the present day. At this
time also the great Sigismund Koelle, like Krapf and Rebmann, a native of the kingdom of
Wllrttemberg, in southern Germany, and a clergyman of the Church of England, was employed by
the Church Missionary Society to watch the interests of the freed slaves landed at Sierra Leone.
He took advantage of this opportunity to collect the materials for his remarkable Polyglotta Africana,
published by the Church Missionary Society in 1854. This work deserves the highest praise, even
in comparison with philological work at the present day. It is the more remarkable, since it was
compiled over sixty years ago. So far as the Bantu languages are concerned, Koelle proves
to be more interesting perhaps than he ever anticipated. He placed on record not only many facts
of Inner African geography which were to remain unrealized for several decades longer, but he
wrote down in 1851-2 the speech of Bantu peoples who were not to be actually visited by the white
man till in some cases the beginning of the twentieth century. Excepting here and there a few
lapsus calami and errors due to mishearing or misunderstanding, his work is remarkably correct
and also shows that many of the languages transcribed by him have changed but little in the
course of sixty years. Nearly all his Bantu vocabularies are included in the scope of the present
work. Koelle appreciated to the full the fact of the existence of this great family of closely-related
African languages, but preferred to call it the ' South African ' family. He was not sufficiently
acquainted with the structure of Bantu speech to include all his Bantu vocabularies under the same
heading; several of them appear as 'unclassified' languages. A few are incorrectly named, but
are easily identified by their affinities and the geographical information he gives as to their position.
Considering the absolute blank of the map of Africa in those days, behind the coastline, his
geographical delimitations of the spheres occupied by the enormous number of languages he tran-
scribed (due to the collation of the information he took down from the freed slaves) is remarkably
accurate, and has been a great help to myself and other recent writers on the Bantu and Semi-Bantu
languages in identifying and locating the forms of speech which he recorded.
Whilst Koelle was working at Sierra Leone and the Baptist missionaries at Fernando Po and
the Cameroons, 1 the American Board of Foreign Missions was despatching evangelists to settle on
1 In referring to the work of the Baptist missionaries in early days in the Cameroons, I must
specially signalize for notice and gratitude on our part the remarkable work achieved by Joseph Merrick,
who - under circumstances of great difficulty printed a dictionary of the Isubu tongue in 1842 and
a Grammatical Note in 1854 ; and of Alfred Saker, who issued a grammar and vocabulary from his
printing press on the Cameroons estuary, in 1855 and 1862. Merrick's work was the more remarkable
in that he was a negro or mulatto who had received his education chiefly, if not entirely, in the island of
Jamaica. He was one of the early recruits of the Baptist Missionary Society in its desire to establish
civilized settlements for the relief of freed slaves on the coast of Equatorial West Africa. It is difficult,
as one reads Merrick's dictionary of Isubu, to realize that this work was compiled so anciently as the
'forties of the last century and by one who had such slight advantages in the way of education, though he
had evidently made the utmost use of the instruction given him.
THE BANTU LANGUAGES 5
the coast of the Gaboon. Here they not only made the discovery of the Gorilla, but through the
linguistic zeal of the Rev. J. L. Wilson, of Messrs. Preston and Best, and in later days of the Revs.
R. H. Nassau, H. M. Adams, J. Bushnell, and of Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Marling, they recorded the
Kele or Kalai, the Mpongwe, the Benga, and the Panwe (Fang) languages of French Congo and
Spanish Guinea.
At the same period also the 'forties and early 'fifties the German naturalist, Dr. Wilhelm
Peters, of Berlin, 1 was exploring Portuguese East Africa and writing down words of the Bantu
languages spoken there. And those noteworthy pioneers of East Africa, the missionaries Johann
Ludvvig Krapf and Johann Rebmann (both of them natives of Wiirttemberg, and, like Koelle, in the
service of the English Church Missionary Society), were revealing the Bantu languages of Equa-
torial East Africa from the Tana river to south-west Nyasaland, either through their travels or by
the interrogation of slaves. Krapf realized the existence of the Bantu family, but called it the
' Nilotic ', and later the ' Orphno-Cushitic ' ; very inappropriate names, considering that the Nile
basin and the Kushite (Gala-Bisharin) race barely come within the Bantu sphere, and that there
exist the well-defined and quite independent families of Nilotic negro and Kushite languages."
Missionaries of the United Presbyterian Church of Scotland simultaneously were settled at Old
Calabar on the eastern confines of Southern Nigeria, and were exploring the hinterland up the
Cross river. Though they collected little or nothing in the way of Bantu languages, they were
enabling philologists to define the limits of the Bantu family on the north-west.
In South Africa a great impetus was given in the first half of the nineteenth century to the study
of languages by missionary work and by the explorations of Robert Moffat and David Livingstone.
The first adequate grammar of p<osa (Kafir) 3 had been published by W. B. Boyce in 1834, and
was succeeded in 1846 by a vocabulary or a short dictionary written by John Ayliffe, and Apple-
yard's Grammar in 1850. Then came Lewis Grant's Zulu Grammar in 1859, and a Zulu Grammar
and Dictionary by the eminent Bishop Colenso. But the great event in the history of Bantu studies
was the appointment in 1860 of Wilhelm Heinrich Immanuel Bleek to be Librarian of the collection
of books presented by Sir George Grey as a public library to Capetown. Bleek was born in 1827
at Berlin, and was a student at Bonn University, where his attention was directed to the arrange-
ment of South African languages and the affinities of Hottentot speech. He published a disserta-
tion in Latin on this subject in 1851, and this attracting the attention of those who were advising
the British Government in regard to the Niger expeditions, he was offered a post on the Niger
in 1854 (in conjunction with Dr. W. A. Baikie) ; but his health prevented his taking up this appoint-
ment. Instead he accompanied Bishop Colenso to Natal, where he began to study the Zulu
language. Moving to Capetown in 1856 his value was at once appreciated by one of the few great
Governors who ever went out to South Africa Sir George Grey (a man whose services to the
British Empire and the world at large have never yet been sufficiently appreciated). Sir George
1 Dr. Peters's travels took place between 1842 and 1848.
2 The Rev. Dr. J. L. Krapf issued from the Tubingen University Press (Wiirttemberg) Vocabularies
of Six East African Languages in 1850, a Vocabulary of Wakuafi' (Masai) in 1854, and compiled in the
course of many years his Swahili- English Dictionary, which was published in London in 1882. Although
this work is of great interest to students of the origin and affinities of the Swahili dialects, its value is
marred by the author's eccentric orthography and his preference for the Mombasa dialect over that of
Zanzibar. He is also too ready to include as ' Swahili ', words really belonging to quite different Bantu
languages spoken in his time by the slaves of the Arab settlers. Krapf also collected materials for a Nika
Dictionary which was afterwards completed under the editorship of the Rev. T. H. Sparshott (1887).
Johann Rebman or Rebmann both spellings are used by him one of Krapfs colleagues, had
compiled an interesting study of ' Ki-niassa' in 1853-5, which was not published till 1877. This was
more or less the Ci-maravi dialect of the widespread Nyanja tongue. Rebmann also contributed to the
above-mentioned Nika Dictionary.
* As already mentioned, the Kafir language was first transcribed in print by Andrew Sparrman in
1776. Sparrman was the naturalist to Captain James Cook's second expedition to the Pacific.
6 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
Grey gave him a post as Government Interpreter at Capetown, which he enlarged into that of
Librarian in 1860. As early as 1856, however, Bleek, through studying the vocabularies written
down by Dr. Wilhelm Peters, had not only grasped the unity of the great language family of
Central and South Africa, but had proposed as an appropriate name for it the term BANTU, a term
which he derived from the wellnigh universal word for ' men "- 1 Bleek considered that, despite
variations in pronunciation, this term was so universal and so characteristic of the languages to
which it belonged in exhibiting the detachable prefix and unchangeable root, that it should preferably
be selected for their universal designation, for the additional reason also of its shortness and easy
pronunciation.
Bleek really laid the foundations of Bantu philology. In 1862 he published at Capetown the
first volume of his Comparative Grammar of the South African Languages, and in 1869 the second
volume (in London). He had previously brought out a handbook of Australian, African, and Poly-
nesian philology between 1858 and 1863, and although his conclusions are too far-fetched, especially
in detail, and are not borne out by a more scientific study of these African and Oceanic forms of
speech, still he detected many an obscure truth or half-truth. In his scheme for the Comparative
Grammar of the South African Languages he hampered himself by attempting to deal with Hottentot
(and no doubt later on, Bushman) as well as with Bantu. As there is no affinity between the two
groups other than that they are both forms of speech uttered by Africans, this was a mistake. His
first volume deals only with phonology, and the second gets no farther than the nouns and their
prefixes. But both volumes opened up as no other work has done, the fascinating interest of the
Bantu languages to philologists, and even to the outside world. It is as easy to trace the affinities
between one Bantu language and another as it is between those of the Aryan groups perhaps
easier. As a rule they are melodious languages with the phonology of Italian, and as easily pro-
nounced. They are expressive, and compared to most other African speech families, comparatively
simple and logical in their syntax. Bleek adopted an excellent system of orthography, one towards
which we have somewhat reverted of late.
He made the best of the scanty material at his disposal, which was indeed small as compared
with what we have before us at the present day. It consisted of Krapf's, Rebmann's, and Steere's
East African vocabularies of Pcokcomu> (which he used very little), Kamba, Nika, Swahili, and
{Jambala; Yao> (collected by Peters and Steere), Makua (Peters), Sena and Tete (Ci-nyungwi) ;
of Tekeza (under which term he meant the Thonga or Ronga language of Delagoa Bay and
Amatongaland), Sesutco, Sexlapi or Secuana ; Zulu and Kafir (pcosa) ; of Yeye (Ba-yeiyi), with
references to Rotse or Lui, Tuka or Tonga, Nyengco, Subia, Lujazi and Ma-ponda, all derived from
Livingstone's MS. vocabularies ; 2 of Herero, Ndonga (Ovambco), Nanio or Benguela, Angola or
Bunda (properly, Ki-mbundu) ; of Kongo (Kisi-kongco) ; Mpongwe, Kele (Dikele), Benga, Duala,
Isubu, and Fernandian. Bleek's work, as already stated, did not get beyond the noun, its prefixes,
and their concords. But it was of such an illuminating nature that its interest has prompted as
many philologists to work for its completion as writers of fiction have been impelled to finish Edwin
Drood. At any rate, the reading of his two slim volumes in 1883 inspired me with the determination
to write this work now published, and to lose no opportunities for its preparation when my
African travels or researches should enable me to collect material.
1 In its fullest form with the preprefix it is Abantu or Ba,b*ntii. The singular is Umuntu (archai-
cally, Gumuntu). The root is -ntu, apparently meaning no more than 'object' in its essence, and
deriving its precise and differing interpretations from its prefixes : thus (discounting preprefixes) Mu-ntu
= ' a human being ' ; Ba-ntu = ' men, people ' ; Ki-ntu or A'a-nfit is ' a thing ', and Bi-ntu or Tu-ntu
' things ' ; I'a-ntu = ' a place ' ; Lu-ntu = ' a quality ' (of some kind) ; and Bu-ntu is ' humanity '.
a Which, scarcely used since, now contribute to the information of the present volume, through the
kindness of Bleek's ultimate successor, Dr. L. Pe'ringuey.
THE BANTU LANGUAGES 7
Bleek divined or actually exposed many of the facts connected with the origin and structure of
the Bantu languages. But from the very insufficient material at his disposal he was led into several
wrong deductions. One of these evidently a pet theory of his was in regard to the origin of
a Zulu term for God (Amii-kiihtiikitlu, which may (or may not) have been at one time the Zulu
term for this concept. He realized that this word must mean either ' the great, great one', or ' the
old, old one ' (for -kitlu can bear both meanings, even in the same language) ; and seeing the tendencies
of Zulus to ancestor worship and the deification of dead-and-gone notabilities, he thought he found
in this the etymology of the much more widely spread Bantu term for God Mulungu, which
he considered to be a contraction of (Amu-kiilunkulu. As a matter of fact, the two words have no
connexion, (dnnt-kiilunkulu had the interpretation and origin given to it by Bleek, but Mulungu
is really the rain or the sky god, and is derived from a root, -lungu, which is sometimes applied to
the firmament and sometimes (though rarely) to rain (see numerous instances in the East and
Central African vocabularies). Bleek's other error was in regard to the preprefixes or articles and the
concord particles. He noticed that the vowels preposed to the Zulu-Kafir prefixes (wmu-, aba-, ill-,
&c.) were detachable from the second syllable, the prefix proper (mu-, ba-, or ti-, &c.) : that the
preprefixes had vanished from a good many of the Bantu tongues, but seemed to recur in the con-
cord particles ; yet that these particles, though in general offering considerable resemblance to the
prefix, in some cases exhibited a strange dissimilarity. Thus, for example, the concord particle of
the Ma.- prefix might be sometimes ma- and yet at others ga-, ya-, or a-. The concord particle of
Mu- might be gu-, yu-, or u-. Inasmuch, therefore, as we cannot postulate for the conjoint pre-
fix and preprefix, a mere duplication of similar syllables (we can do so in regard to the majority
in such forms as baba-, bnbu-,kiki-, hilti-,&c.), and cannot assume a hypothetical mumu- for the first
and third, and mama- for the sixth, how are we to explain the dissimilarity between the concord
particle and preprefix, and the prefix itself (often that between mu- and gu-, mi- and gi-, ma,- and
ga-) ? Bleek's attempts to do so in paragraphs 407-10, 461-5, and '536 of his second volume do not
hit upon the right explanation. A step nearer in this direction was made by the Rev. F. W. Kolbe
in his Language Study based on Bantu (London : 1888), and perhaps in earlier works dealing with
the Herero language ; but it was reserved for the present writer to find the most reasonable solu-
tion of this enigma, when he studied in 1901 the archaic Bantu languages of the West Elgon district
(see his Uganda Protectorate, vol. ii, pp. Sgi-a). 1
Bishop Edward Steere, who went out to East Africa as a member of the Universities' Mission
in 1865, was a noteworthy pioneer in Bantu philology. He was the first to deal in a practical and
intelligent manner with the Swahili language. His Handbook and Exercises were for twenty or more
years after their first publication in 1875 the generally accepted means of acquiring that tongue,
both for practical use and philological inquiry. 2 Steere also was the first to set forth clearly the
features of the Yaco language, of Ngindw, Dzalamo), the Nyanyembe dialect of Nyamwezi, of Sambala,
and Makonde. In dealing with Ngindto and Dzalamoj in 1869 he, at the same time, added a few words
to our very slender knowledge of Ki-angazija, the language of Great Komor<o. This far-outlying
ancient Zangian ('Swahili') speech, together with the closely allied dialect of Anjuan, had, as
already related, not only been one of the first written of the Bantu languages (by Thomas Herbert
in 1626, in its Mwhila dialect), but had been studied by a Madagascar missionary named Elliott,
and by Dr. Wilhelm Peters in the 'forties, 3 and by Hildebrandt in the early 'seventies of the
nineteenth century.
Livingstone's interest in African languages waned somewhat through the pressure of other
1 See also p. 361 of the article on the Bantu Languages in vol. iii of the eleventh edition of the Ency-
clopaedia Britannica.
1 Later editions have been issued by Mr. A. C. Madan, M.A.
5 His work is included in Bleek's Languages of Mozambique.
8 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
cares after his first great journey across the continent. His Zambezi expedition of 1858-63 resulted
strange to say in absolutely no additions to our knowledge of the south-east African Bantu
languages ; though it was eventually, through the planting of missionaries in Nyasaland, the cause
of a great advance of Bantu study. Livingstone's last journeys (in which he discovered the great
Lualaba-Congo, crossed and recrossed Tanganyika, reached Lakes Mweru and Bangweulu, and
penetrated the Manyuema country into the heart of the Equatorial forest) might have helped philology
but f&r the fact that the vocabularies and language notes which he made in the course of five years
never saw the light. In common with all the rest of his scientific material they were put on one side
by his literary executors and apparently have now been lost. Dr. W. A. Baikie, of Niger fame
(another pioneer of British Empire whose scientific work met with insufficient appreciation from
pietistic minds), collected much linguistic information dealing with the Semi-Bantu languages to the
south of the River Benue, but very little of this material has been saved for our information.
In the middle of the 'seventies the Trans-African journey of Commander V. L. Cameron gave
us (in all probability) the first definite illustration of the Lua (Luba) tongue, and enabled us better
to understand old Portuguese records which suggested the continuity of Bantu speech across the
continent. In 1877 the publication of H. M. Stanley's Through the Dark Continent conferred really
great benefits on students of the Bantu languages; though I doubt if these were appreciated (except
by Robert Needham Cust), for many years afterwards. Stanley indicated the Bantu character of
the Victoria Nyanza and Tanganyika languages, and of those along the course of the Upper and
Western Congo.
Meantime French and French Swiss Protestant missionaries and those of the London Missionary
Society * had been adding to our knowledge of the Becuana and Ronga groups of tongues in South
Africa, and the great German explorations of south-central Congoland had begun, together with the
missionary settlements in Nyasaland. These last were to produce the brilliant language studies of
Dr. Robert Laws, of David Rufl'ele-Scott, and Alexander Hetherwick, besides the work of
Alexander Riddel, Dr. W. Elmslie, and J. A. Bain, and, farther to the east, the studies of the
northern Makua dialects by Bishop (as he afterwards became) Chauncy Maples.
Stanley's levin-stroke through the pitchy darkness of unknown Africa had started the opening
up of the Congo from its estuary eastwards. George Grenfell had commenced his career as
missionary-explorer in the Cameroons, and with his noteworthy colleagues, Thomas Comber and
William Holman Bentley, was exploring western Congoland and commencing to note its languages.
Kongo) studies had been resumed, indeed, after a blank of nearly seventy years 2 by Dr. Adolf
Bastian, who in 1875 published his work on the Luangto coast, which contains a good deal of
interesting information regarding the western Congo and Gaboon languages.
In 1880 the Egyptologist C. R. Lepsius the inventor likewise of the Standard Alphabet pre-
ceded his Nttbische Gramntatik by a famous Preface on the Languages of Africa, in which occurs his
definition of Bantu characteristics. But this preface, though remarkable at the period at which it
was written for its extended knowledge, is based on some erroneous conceptions due to the lack of
material for comparison ; and Lepsius's definition of Bantu peculiarities no longer holds good, since
some of these are found to be shared by other African language families.
When the last quarter of the nineteenth century opened, and with it began the tremendous move-
ment of Europe on Africa, the time had arrived, evidently, in which some definite acknowledgement
should be made of the interest offered by Negro languages Jo the world at large as a field of study.
1 The Rev. John Brown's Secwana Dictionary (now in its enlarged 1895 edition) was first published
about 1877.
1 The jast work on the speech of the estuarine Congo, published under the old Portuguese Roman
Catholic missionary rdgime, was that of Father Cannecattim in 1809.
THE BANTU LANGUAGES 9
The task of tabulating all the extant information on this subject was undertaken by Robert Needham
Cust, a retired Indian Civil Servant, who in 1883 published his Modern Languages of Africa. It does
not pretend to be more than a history of linguistic research in Africa and a geographical enumer-
ation and allocation of all the then known forms of speech in Africa from north to south, and east
to west. But it is combined with the most extensive bibliography. Little attempt is made to describe
the structure of these different types of speech, but evidence as to their relationships is sometimes
adduced. Yet the work has been of the greatest help to students in many fields of African research,
since its publication, and is still of value for the extent and correctness of its bibliography. It shows,
in fact, a surprising amount of research, and personally I have seldom found any of its references
wrong or misleading.
In 1882 an Italian professor of Palermo, Giacomo de Gregorio, issued a work at Turin entitled
Cenni tii Glottologia Bantu, which, however, was little more than an extended review of Bleek's
published writings. In 1884 the present writer had in his book on the River Congo given a little
new information regarding the Bantu languages of western Congoland. In 1885, however, in an
appendix to his account of the Kilimanjaro) Expedition, he advanced slightly the development of
Bantu philology by the information there given, and by one or two novel deductions drawn from
the work of earlier writers. During the 'eighties and 'nineties some progress was made in the
enumeration and study of the tongues of south-west Congoland and of eastern and southern Angola,
through the work of German explorers A. E. Lux, Otto H. Schutt, Dr. Max Buchner and
of Portuguese expeditions under Serpa Pinto (1878-80) and Capello and Ivens (1878-85).
Between 1885 and 1888 the present writer investigated and wrote down ten or more of the
Cameroons languages and several of the Semi-Bantu forms of speech on the border-line between the
Cameroons and the Cross river region ; but little of this work has been published before its appear-
ance in this book. During the same period Mr. J. T. Last, once of the Church Missionary Society,
and later, and for long, a Government servant in Zanzibar, earned our gratitude by the printing of
his Polyglotta Africana Orientalis, and by studies of the Kamba and Sagara languages. Mr. Last
collected his information either direct from the natives of the different countries or by interrogating
far-fetched slaves and porters in Arab caravans. The bulk of his work is surprisingly accurate,
considering the difficulties of its transcription. He gave much new information for fixing the East
African boundaries of the Bantu sphere.
Amongst the first Bantu scholars of German South-west Africa were the missionaries or the
sons of missionaries, the Rev. Dr. C. H. Hahn, Theophilus Hahn, the Rev. J. Rath, G. Viehe, Rev.
F. W. Kolbe, and the Rev. H. Brincker ; whose studies were published between 1857 and 1891.
The extremely interesting Herero language had been written down as early as 1857 by Dr. C. H.
Hahn. Its characteristics were fully revealed by Rath, Kolbe, Brincker, and others before the
German political occupation of that region.
In the 'seventies and 'eighties Primitive Methodist missionaries (coloured as well as white),
such as William Luddington and Theophilus Parr, and Spanish Dominicans such as Juanola, did
a great deal for the elucidation of the Bantu dialects of Fernando Po. Much of the work of the
Primitive Methodists, however, has not yet been printed, but has been lent to the present writer for
his assistance.
The 'nineties of the last century witnessed a great advance in Bantu studies. The languages
of the Western and Upper Congo were taken in hand scientifically by the British Baptist missionaries
notably Dr. W. Holman Bentley, Dr. A. B. Sims, 1 the Revs. W. H. Stapleton 2 and George
1 Dr. Sims did not belong to the British Baptist Mission, though in close relations of comradeship
with its members.
* Stapleton's research work in regard to the tongues of the whole Congo basin might justly be described
io A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
Grenfell (though the work of this last was not revealed till after his death in 1906). Missionaries of
the Congo-Balolo Mission chiefly Messrs. Eddy, I. and F. T. McKittrick, did good work in con-
nexion with the Lunkundu and Mofigio dialects of the Lwlto language. To these workers in a field
of exceptional interest must be added in the first decade of the twentieth century the Revs. John
\Vhitehead, William Forfeitt, Lawson Forfeitt (at a later date), Robert Glennie, and John Weeks.
Simultaneously, or earlier, the American missionaries were at work in southern Angola, where the
great Heli Chatelain (of Swiss origin) dealt in a masterly way with the Mbundu language and
kindred dialects, and where the Rev. Wesley M. Stover illustrated the Nantu or Umbundu of Bihe.
In central Congoland, the Rev. W. M. Morrison, of the American Presbyterian Mission, gave us
the first satisfactory exposition of the Luba or Lua language. George Grenfell had led the way
(with Stapleton) in defining the northern limit of the Bantu family in the region of the Mubangi
basin. Franz Thonner, a Viennese explorer, followed this up, and in 1899, as well as at later dates,
revealed the existence of parcels of non-Bantu speech as far south as the northern banks of the
Upper Congo. Stapleton, H. M. Stanley, William Forfeitt (especially), and Vice-Consul G. Babing-
ton Michell, carried on this delimitation eastwards and showed us the existence of Sudanese tongues,
like the so-called Bamanga, imbedded in areas of Bantu languages (Archdeacon Farler, of the
Universities' Mission, and A. Downes Shaw, C.M.S., had earlier helped in the laying down of the
northern Bantu limit in East Africa by recording the curious Mbugu of Usambara).
The agents of the London Missionary Society (notably the Revs. J. Griffiths (Ki-lega), David
Picton Jones (Guha and Mambwe),and W. G. Robertson (Bemba)) had opened up to our knowledge
the western and southern Tanganyika tongues, in which direction some additional or parallel
information was obtained by the present writer in 1889. French, Belgian, Dutch, and German
Roman Catholic missionaries, preceded by the explorers A. Marche and the Marquis de Compiegne
in the OOgonve basin (early 'seventies), Monseigneur Le Berre, Fathers Delorme, Dahin, and Reeb,
Lejeune, Alex. Visseq, Butaye, 6m. Cambier, and, above all, De Clercq ; ' Gustave de Beerst, P. H.
Trilles, Eugene Hurel, P. Schumacher, I. M. M. van der Burgt, and A. Capus and J. Calloc'h were
putting down on paper at the same time and thenceforward into the twentieth century the languages
of the Gaboon, of north-west and south-central Congoland, and the region between Tanganyika and
the Victoria Nyanza. Paul Kollmann, a German official in East Africa, in 1899 published useful
vocabularies of some of the south Victoria Nyanza languages, which were treated more scientifi-
cally at an earlier or a later date by Peres Eugene Hurel, Loupias, Dufays, Schumacher, Alex.
Arnoux, Menard, and A. Capus, and by Hermann Rehse and Hauptmann C. Hermann. I should
also mention with due acknowledgements the services of Messrs. J. F. Cunningham, J. A. Meldon,
S. Ormsby, and G. A- S. Northcote, of the Uganda Administration, who, between 1899 and 1909,
worked at the recording of Victoria Nyanza and Albert Nyanza dialects as specified in the Bibliography
following my vocabularies. Research of value amongst the (still little-known) tongues of south-east
Africa was being done in the 'nineties and in the early twentieth century by the Swiss or French
Protestant missionaries, Paul Berthoud (who dealt with the f>i-gwamba of the north-east Transvaal),
E. Jacottet (who also gave us our first scientific account of Subia and Luyi, two languages of the
Upper Zambezi), Henri Junod (|5i-ronga and its dialects and folk-lore) ; and by Bishop Smyth
and John Matthews (jsilenge or Ccopi), the Revs. Theodor and Paul Schwellnuss (Venda), A. H.
as enormous ; only about a quarter has seen publication. A go,od deal of his work is incorporated in the
present book. The remainder, unfortunately, is scarcely utilizable owing to accidents which attended it
after his death, as we lack the English elucidation of the vocabularies, portions of which also are still
missing.
1 Bantu philology owes much to the labours of Pere Auguste De Clercq in south-central Congoland
(the Luba and Kanywka languages especially), and to Pere J. Calloc'h for his work on the Ifumu or
eastern Teke language and the Sudanese tongues of the western and north-western basin of the
Mubangi.
THE BANTU LANGUAGES n
Hartmann (Mapuna, Karana), and W. A. Elliott, L.M.S. (Masuna and Sindebele). In northern and
eastern Zambezia 1 good work was being done ere the close of the nineteenth century by Father J.
Torrend, S.J., in regard to the Ci-tonga of the Central Zambezi and Cuabco of the Zambezi delta. In
the opening years of the twentieth century Edwin Smith gave a distinct uplift to Bantu studies by the
publication of his Handbook of thella (fittkulumbwe) Speech. The linguistic work of the Universities'
Mission between 1890 and 1906 must not pass unacknowledged. In addition to the remarkable
contributions to Bantu literature made by Mr. A. C. Madan, at one time a lay member of the Mission
(contributions elsewhere enumerated), Archdeacon H. W. Woodward, and the Rev. W. H. Kisbey
added to our knowledge ofZigula (Zanzibar coast), and the Rev. Herbert Barnes illustrated the
Nyanja language of Lake Nyasa in its northern form.
As regards the actual work of Bleek the general survey of the Bantu tongues the first forward
step since Bleek's time was taken by Father J. Torrend, S.J., in his Comparative Grammar of the
South African Bantu Languages, originally published in 1891. But the most noteworthy advance on
Bleek was made by a fellow German, Carl Meinhof, a Lutheran missionary, who had probably studied
the Bantu languages for some time before his first noteworthy publication, Grundriss einer Lautlehre
der Bantusprachen, published at Leipzig in 1899, and added to subsequently by his Gntndzilge einer
vergleichenden Grammalik der Bantusprachen (' Materials for a Comparative Grammar of the Bantu
Languages '), besides many articles in German linguistic periodicals, which are referred to by me
elsewhere in this work. One to whom all Bantu students must remain deeply indebted is A. Seidel,
a great German philologist, whose studies of African languages have gone far outside the Bantu field
(as have those of Meinhof), but who, from the early "nineties onwards, has given to the world
a series of admirable grammars or grammatical sketches, of dictionaries and vocabularies of east,
south-west, and north-west Bantu languages.
Nor in any record of Bantu discovery should the modern Portuguese be left out of account.
Serpa Pinto, Capello, and Ivens, in their works of the 'seventies and 'eighties of the last century
had, as already related, given vocabularies of Angola and north-west Zambezia Bantu languages
which have been of assistance to investigators; but in the 'nineties, Henrique de Carvalho pub-
lished that really important study of the Lunda language which is referred to in the Bibliography ;
and various Portuguese missionaries (especially Ernesto Lecomte and Affonso Maria-Lang) sub-
sequently wrote excellent accounts of the northern members of the Herero group in southern Angola
(Umbundu and Nyaneka).
Bishop Steere had a noteworthy linguistic successor as philologist in a lay member of the
Universities' Mission, Mr. A. C. Madan, who, beginning in the 'nineties with the illustration of
Swahili, has brought out during the last few years works of considerable value, not only of specific
languages such as those of Northern Rhodesia (Senga, Bisa, Lala-Lamba, Lenje), but on the structure
and phonology of the Bantu languages in general.
C. W. Hobley, almost the oldest now in seniority of service amongst the British East African
officials, had in 1899 discovered the northernmost colony of the Bantu in eastern Africa the Konde
orHasa people of North-west Elgon, and had published a short vocabulary of their language in the
Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute. In later years he contributed much information
regarding the speech of the Kavirondco Bantu and of the Basuba (Kiosoova), as well as the Akamba
of British East Africa.
The Luganda language 2 received its first efficient treatment by a member of the Church
1 Into northernmost Zambezia (N. Rhodesia) the widespread Luba language enters, and the Bantu
student was at one time mainly indebted to the missionary C. A. Swan for his knowledge of the southern
Luba speech. Mr. Swan published in 1892 Notes on the Construction of Chihtba. But since then (1909)
we have had the Kiluba (Sanga) Dictionary of mile Jenniges.
2 This Sanskrit of the Bantu was, I believe, first put on paper by Stanley in the vocabularies of his
la A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO
Missionary Society, P. J. Pilkington, who was killed in 1898 in the mutiny of the Sudanese soldiers.
Other members of the Church Missionary Society, the Revs. Blackledge, O'Flaherty, Walker,
Hattersley, Purvis, H. E. Madox, and Crabtree, 1 and Dr. A. R. Cook, from this time onwards pub-
lished works on Luganda, Ru-nyorio, and on the interesting Masaba speech of West Elgon
(originally discovered by Hobley). Mrs. Hildegarde Hinde wrote on the Kikuyu and Kamba
languages. A. C. Hollis, Secretary to the British East African Administration during the early
years of the twentieth century, materially helped our comprehension of the different dialects
of Swahili by illustrating them in the Journal of the African Society. Swahili in the later years
of the nineteenth and the commencement of the twentieth century had received additional treat-
ment (additional to the still useful works of Steere and Madan) at the hands of Pere Sacleux
and other French missionaries, Dr. G. C. Bilttner, Carl Meinhof, A. Seidel (German philologists),
and the Rev. W. E. Taylor, of the Church Missionary Society, the last-named being a leading
authority on Swahili. [An excellent description of the Giryama dialect of the Nika language had at
an earlier date been published by the same writer (W. E. Taylor).] An adjoining language, the
Sambala, received in 1911 the amplest treatment from the point of view of scientific philology by the
German missionary, Karl Roehl. In fact, with the uprise of the German power in East Africa went
hand in hand an investigation of the East African languages, chiefly, but not always, by missionaries
Catholic and Protestant : C. Velten (Nyamwezi, Kami, Hehe, Swahili), Ferdinand Wiirtz (Piokiomoj
and Tikuu), Ernst Brutzer (Kamba), A. Worms and M. Klamroth (Dzalamio), Bernhard Krumm
(Matumbi), Fathers Cassian Spiss and Johannes Hafliger (Sutu and Matengu)), R. Wolff (Kinga),
C. Schumann (Nkonde), Dr. Otto Dempwolff and Dr. Eduard Sachau (Pcogu>ru>).
About the middle of the 'nineties, Miss Alice Werner commenced those studies of the Bantu
languages which have made her subsequently so noteworthy, the more so as she writes with equal
facility in German and French, as well as English, and has therefore contributed some of her most
remarkable essays to French and German periodicals. Miss Werner's work in its critical insight
into the structure of a language recalls that of Carl Meinhof, and of an equally great Bantu scholar,
Bernhard Struck, whose illuminating articles have appeared at intervals in German and English
publications during the last ten years. The Rev. W. A. Crabtree has also attracted attention as one
able to deal with the Bantu languages from the general point of view of scientific philology by his
essays in the Journal of the African Society; while from Paris have recently been issued several
notable studies on the Bantu languages by Mile L. Homburger. The most important of these is
her Etude sur la Phone'tique historique du Bantou. Another interesting French contribution to Bantu
literature is from the pen of Captain Avelot. It deals with the little-known OOgcowe and Gaboon
languages, and is entitled Recherches sur I'hisloire des migrations dans le bassin de i'Ogoue (see
Bibliography).
In the South African field there are curious gaps in our knowledge, and much remains to be
done here. Unhappily, whilst we are waiting for it to be done languages and dialects are fading
out of existence in the whirlpool of race movements which is going on. The most interesting of all
the South African languages Venda of the Northern Transvaal had still a most imperfect
vocabulary until the Rev. T. Schwellnuss amplified it in a private communication for my information.
The Kafir-Zulu dialects are insufficiently known, though thanks to the kindness of the Hon. R.
Coryndon of Swaziland, of Lady (Florence) Phillips and their friends, the Swazi dialect has been set
Through the Dark Continent, published in 1878. Probably Burton and Speke had first shown that it was
a Bantu language by their works published in 1859 and 1864. Its general character and affinities were
not however made clear till the publication in 1882 of the Outline Grammar of the Luganda Language of
the Rev. C. T. Wilson, C. M.S.
1 For details, see Bibliography. The Rev. W. A. Crabtree has worked on the Masaba dialects, in
addition to Luganda, but his material, if it has been printed, has not come under my notice.
THE BANTU LANGUAGES 13
forth in writing for the purposes of this book. The Zulu language has at last been fully exemplified
in the Zulu-English Dictionary of A. T. Bryant; a. Kafir (pusa)~English Dictionary was published at
Lovedale Mission in 1899 by the Rev. Albert Kropf; an excellent Kafir (p&sa) Grammar by
I. McLaren in 1906 ; and an exceptionally remarkable WMerbitch der Solho-Sprache (Siid-Afrikd),
by K. Endemann (Hamburg, 1911), gives us a full illustration of the Sutio or Sothco speech.
Emin Pasha, when Governor of Equatoria, compiled a number of vocabularies, which, however,
did not do more than assist to limit on the north the extent of the Bantu field ; but when he
returned to take service in German East Africa he inscribed some interesting vocabularies of
the Nyanza and Ituri forest languages, which after long concealment were brought to light and
published recently through the energy ofBernhard Struck. In this connexion, though of much
earlier date, may be mentioned the vocabularies published by Stanley in his Darkest Africa, the
importance of which scanty as they are was not appreciated till within the last few years.
Honourable mention should also be made of the work of Father Auguste van Acker in his
Dictionnaire Kifabiva-Francais et Frangais-Kitabwa, published by the Congo Museum, Tervueren ;
and the sumptuously produced Notes ethnographiques . . . sur les Bushongo, c., by Emil
Torday and T. Athol Joyce, which includes much linguistic information. Mr. Emil Torday,
within the last fifteen years, has worked hard to place before the world the remarkable culture of
south-central Congoland, and incidentally has collected almost the only information we possess
regarding the curious Bantu languages north-east and north-west of the Luba field, besides
illustrating several dialects of Luba. His researches have even extended as far north as the
Ababua language group on the northern Bantu frontier. His work, published and unpublished,
appears in the vocabularies of the present book.
German work of recent years in the Kamerun Protectorate has scarcely resulted in those great
gains to philological knowledge we had hoped for, seeing what has been accomplished in East and
South-west Africa. The most splendid monument to Teutonic activity in this quarter lies almost
outside the Kamerun region the Monograph of Giinter Tessmann on the Fang people and their
languages. Die Pangwe is deserving of international recognition (in common with a work by
Dr. Leonhard Schulze, of earlier publication, on Namakwaland). Carl Meinhof, twenty years ago,
collected and published much interesting information on the Bantu languages spoken in the basin
of the Cameroons (Wuri) river (the West Kamerun or Duala group, as it might be called). Father
Haarpaintner gave the first accurate account of the Yaunde speech (northern Panwe) ; Fathers G. A.
Adams, P. H. Skolaster, H. Nekes, E. Schuler, H. Dorsch, and Captain Lessner have contributed
valuable information about the tongues of the West Kamerun group between 1898 and 1910. In
addition to their published articles, I am personally indebted to the English naturalist, Mr. Geo. L.
Bates, for six valuable vocabularies of the leading Panwe or Fang dialects, and for the only
vocabulary extant of the Njiem tongue, which in some way connects the Panwe group with the
corrupt Bantu languages of the Kadei-Lobai region. As regards these outlying jargons of the Upper
Sanga, the Kadei, and the western bend of the great Mubangi river, our sole information comes at
present from Mr. Geo. L. Bates, from the German explorer, Strumpell, and from Dr. Outilleau,
a French medical officer who explored in 1910-11 the ethnology of the Sanga and Mubangi basins.
Dr. Freiherr von Danckelmann and Dr. E. Zintgraff, in common with Captain Lessner, already
mentioned, contributed much exact geography in map-making to enable us to locate Bantu tribes
and languages in the western Kamerun, especially the invaluable vocabularies of Koelle. It is
largely thanks to them and to Lieutenant Hutter (who with Dr. Hoesemann travelled over the
northern versant of the Cameroons river basin in 1900-4) that we have been able to fix with some
precision the boundary in West Central Africa between Bantu and Semi-Bantu. Several French
officials, notably the administrator Clozel, the explorer-botanist Auguste Chevalier, and the far-
travelled and industrious PereCalloc'h have thrown some light on the structure of these Semi-Bantu
14 A HISTORY OF RESEARCH INTO THE BANTU LANGUAGES
languages, south-west of the Central Sudan, between the Mubangi basin and the water-parting
of the Kamerun coast-lands ; and Pere Calloc'h and Captain M. R. Avelot have added to our know-
ledge of the languages spoken in French Congo and the Gaboon. German explorers have dealt
(slightly) with the interesting Semi- Bantu Bali group, between the Cameroons river and the Upper
Cross river basin ; the English administrator and ethnologist, P. Amaury Talbot, has furnished us
with full information regarding the ' almost-Bantu ' tribes (chiefly the Ekoi) between the Old Calabar
region and the Rumbi mountains, information which has been supplemented recently by Mr. North-
cote Thomas's Specimens of Languages from Southern Nigeria. [In this region also the author of
this book travelled extensively some twenty-six years ago, to collect vocabularies for this Comparative
Study of the Bantu Languages.]
In concluding this history of the rise and progress of research into the Bantu speech family,
I may perhaps be permitted to summarize my own credentials as a humble follower of the great
philologists to whose memory my book is dedicated. It was the writings of Richard Burton, more
especially, which first rivetted my attention on this subject. I knew something in general about
the Bantu languages before I set foot in Bantu Africa in the year 1882. In the spring of that year
I accompanied an exploring expedition under the Earl of Mayo, which was to investigate Portuguese
South-west Africa. From Angola I proceeded to the River Congo, and with the help of H. M. Stanley
penetrated into the then almost unknown region of the Upper Congo, transcribing languages in
preparation for a continuance of Bleek's unfinished Grammar. In 1884 I learnt more or less
thoroughly the Swahili language at Zanzibar, and shortly afterwards studied the dialects of East
Africa and Kilimanjaro). Between 1885 and 1888 I was Vice-Consul in the Kamerun and Acting
Consul in the adjoining regions of Southern Nigeria, and for three years gave myself up with ever-
growing interest to linguistic studies in those directions, much of the results being privately printed
by the Foreign Office. Between 1889 and 1896 I wrote down vocabularies and grammatical notes
of the leading languages and dialects of eastern Zambezia, Nyasaland, and south Tanganyika; and
in two visits to South Africa made some acquaintance with ptosa and Zulu. From 1899 to 1901
I worked in situ at the Bantu languages of the Uganda Protectorate and the adjoining Congo forest.
In 1904-6 and 1907 I took advantage of visits to West Africa to obtain (through correspondents or
from travelling natives) additional information regarding Kamerun or Luangco languages. I had
been asked to contribute the first article on the Bantu languages to the Encyclopaedia Britannica
(tenth edition, 1903), and rewrote and enlarged that article for the eleventh edition. To further
my Bantu studies, I paid several visits to Germany (the goal of all students of Africa before this
unhappy war broke out). But in the pursuit of my investigation of the Bantu languages I have
derived nearly as much information from Paris, Brussels, and Lisbon, as from Berlin, Hamburg,
and Stuttgart. I should mention also that a good deal of my work has been checked in course of
preparation by reference to natives of various parts of Bantu Africa, who, when coming to England,
have been good enough to visit me and supply me with information and criticism. Many of the
vocabularies here printed, though compiled (in some cases before I was born) by other travellers,
have thus been tested by me in England, as well as locally in Africa, and have received in conse-
quence certain corrections, additions, and explanations.
In addition to the Bantu family, I have made some research into the North African dialects of
Arabic and the Berber spoken in Southern Tunis, into Gala and Somali, the Nilotic and Masai tongues
of Equatorial East Africa, the languages of the Central Sudan, of Southern Nigeria, of the Kru coast,
and of the Mandingu> peoples.
CHAPTER II
THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES
WHAT are the Bantu languages ? And why should they have been preferred as a special
subject of interest in philological research to a degree far exceeding that of other language families
of purely African location ? They constitute a very distinct type of speech which, as contrasted
with others amongst the groups of negro tongues, is remarkable as a rule for the Italian melo-
diousness, simplicity, and frequency of its vowel sounds, and the comparative ease with which
its exemplars can be acquired and spoken by Europeans. The Bantu languages are attractive to
the explorer not only from the harmonious adjustment of vowels and consonants, but from the logic
of their grammatical structure, which, in the majority of these tongues, provides for a wide range
and a nice discrimination in the expression of ideas.
This one negro language family now covers the whole of the southern third of Africa, with the
exception of very small areas in the south-west (still inhabited sparsely by Hottentot and Bushman
tribes) and a few patches of the inner Congo basin. The Hottentot-Bushman region at the present
day is limited to Great Namakwaland and the adjoining districts of Cape Colony and the western
part of the Kalahari Desert, Kacokcoland, south of the River Kunene, and undefined portions of the
plains between the Upper Kunene and the Okavangco. With this exception, and the now
Europeanized portion of Cape Colony, Bantu Africa extends from Port Elizabeth and Kaffraria
on the south to Fernando P6 and the vicinity of Old Calabar on the north-west, and to Lamu and
the Tana river on the north-east. There are a few small enclaves of non-Bantu-speaking negroes on
the north banks of the northern Congo, and patches of Hamitic, Nilotic, or unclassified tongues
between the south-east corner of the Victoria Nyanza and Usambara in East Africa. But for these
relics of pre-existing or invasive tongues, it might be said that the whole of this southern third
of Africa contained but one indigenous speech family, the BANTU, and that it was only necessary
to define the northern boundary of its range. 1
The northern boundary of the Bantu field is still a little uncertain and not easy to delineate
geographically. It maybe said to start on the west coast of Africa in the Bight of Biafra (due
north of the island of Fernando Po), at the mouth of the Rio del Rey in the southern portion of the
Bakasi peninsula, which flanks the estuary of the Old Calabar river. From the eastern bank of the
Rio del Rey the boundary is carried to the Ndiafi river, and thence with zigzags to the western
flanks of the Manenguba mountains of western Kamerun ; then to the junction of the Sanaga and
Mbam rivers and eastwards to the Lower Kadei, and down stream to its junction with the Safiga ;
from this point again eastwards to the Lobai river and down that stream to near its junction with the
Mubangi. Then the border-line retreats west and south again, but once more makes for the Mubangi
1 We may suspect that in the Abongco or Akwa of the Gaboon and the other Pygmy forest negroes
of the Congo basin we have vestiges of peoples only recently converted to a corrupt form of Bantu speech ;
but their jargon is nevertheless of Bantu type.
16 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
river in its lower course, crossing it above Ibenga and extending eastwards to the Lower Mongala,
which it reaches at Likimi. Allowing for the enclave of the Sudanic Bondunga or Ndonga people
who reach to the banks of the northern Congo at Lisala (near Boptotu), the Bantu border-line
may be said to follow the water-parting between the Moiigala-Dua basin and that of the Ebtola, and
then to cut across east-north-eastward to the Wele-Mubangi, near the falls of Bango and the post
of Jabir. Then another loop southward across the Likati and back to the Wele, after which the
border-line declines south-eastwards to the Upper Aruwimi, below the confluence of the Nep<oko>.
Thence in little zigzags to the Lindi river, and abruptly west through the dense Congo forest back
to the Congo main stream below the Lindi confluence (some distance west of Stanleyville). Next,
the Congo is followed up stream past Stanleyville ; and then with a western loop for the Sudanic
Bamanga the Bantu frontier crosses the Lualaba-Congo once more and serpentines eastward to the
extreme Upper Ituri and the south-west coast of the Albert Nyanza. The east coast of the Albert
Nyanza is all Bantu as far north as Maguiigco ; and thence, in a south-easterly direction, the frontier
keeps close to the west bank of the Victoria Nile till it enters the Busioga country near the northern
shores of Lake Victoria. Crossing the Si<o river, the Bantu boundary is carried (with an eastern loop)
to the north-west slopes of Mount Elgon. From this point the boundary goes south-east and then
abruptly south-west to the entrance of the Nzoia river into the Victoria Nyanza. The north-eastern
coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza are excluded from the Bantu sphere, and are populated by large
colonies of the Geya or Ja-luo> Nilotic negroes ; but from the southern entrance to Kavirondco Bay the
frontier between Bantu and non-Bantu is carried south-east and south and is determined mainly by
the rise of the lofty Equatorial plateaus. A great wedge of non-Bantu peoples conies from east and
north, and touches the Victoria Nyanza at the head of Speke Gulf. From this point the Bantu border-
line passes southwards in zigzags to the Luwambere river which flows into Lake Eyasi (throwing off
eastward the Urangi peninsula of Bantu speech) and skirting Ug<ogo> attains to the Usagara and Nguru
hills, thence curling east and north to the Rufu river. Crossing the Rufu the northern boundary of
Bantu Africa encloses a north-eastern projection to the western, southern, and eastern flanks of
Kilimanjaro. From eastern Kilimanjaro) the boundary-line returns coastwards, then once more
describes a huge north- western loop up the valley of the Athi river to the Kikuyu country, and north
again to beyond Mount Kenya and the sources of the Tana river. Along the Equatorial coast of
the Indian Ocean there is a narrow strip of Bantu territory northward which includes the Swahili
settlements of Witu, Lamu, and Patta, 1 and passes up the valley of the Tana river for a considerable
distance. There are runaway, Swahili-speaking slaves on the Juba river, but they do not represent
any ancient extension of Bantu speech in that direction. Yet it is evident that Equatorial Africa was
at one time almost continuously Bantu in speech (save for the enclaves of Hamitic or Sudanic tongues
such as Mbuluflge and Mbugu or the click-using Useria and Sandawi) from the east coast of the
Victoria Nyanza to the Indian Ocean ; and that into this Bantu sphere there came, several centuries
ago, hordes of invading Nilotic Masai, Dorcobto, Nandi, and Ja-luco. These invasions reduced the
area of the Bantu languages in Equatorial East Africa to islands and peninsulas.
The islands of Zanzibar and Pemba are, of course, Bantu ; Zanzibar being the metropolis of
1 South of this eastern boundary-line between the Victoria Nyanza and the Indian Ocean a line
which terminates on the sea coast at Kiunga in about l 45' South latitude there are several islands of
Bantu speech notably the Sunyu on Lake Natron, the Mbugwe on Lake Manyara, the IVa-meru
(Caga) on Mount Mem. Within the eastern Bantu area there are small enclaves of non-Bantu speech
'JtlUgt (Nandi-Nilotic) on Speke Gulf and in eastern Unyamwezi ; Nege, .Mbulunge, and ll'asi
(Kushitic-Hamite) ; Stndtwi (resembling Bushman) and UsMa, (Wangomvii*), between Unyamwezi
and Ugtogio ; and the perhaps ' Sudanic ' .!//<//<,' in a small enclave in'northern Usambara. Besides,
of course, the roving Masai and Donoboi. A good deal of light is thrown on this complex ethnographical
question in Ueber die Sprachen tier Tatoga-umi lnituleutf,\>y Bernhard Struck, Berlin, 191 1. [In
Sonderabdruck tins ' Das Hochland der Riesenkniter', by Dr. Fritz Jaeger.]
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 17
the great Swahili language. The Komorco islands at any rate the Grand Komorco, Mu>hila, and
Johanna come within the Bantu sphere, as their people speak ancient dialects of Swahili.
The importance of this language family to Africa at the present day and in the near future is
unquestionable. Throughout Africa, north of the Bantu border-line, you meet with a bewildering
number of languages widely differing from the other and mutually quite incomprehensible ; and
although there may exist linguae francae of Arabic (in its different dialects), of Pigeon-English, Creole-
French, Hausa, or Portuguese, linguistic difficulties are relatively enormous, and have long delayed
missionaries, traders, and representatives of Government from getting into close touch with the
indigenous tribes. Moreover, most of these African languages, north of the Bantu field, are exceed-
ingly difficult to pronounce and to acquire, whereas the leading features of the Bantu tongues are an
Italian-like phonology and a relative simplicity of structure. Further, when once one Bantu
language is acquired it is not very difficult to understand the structure and even the vocabulary of
others. Assuming that a European knows nothing but Kipi-kongu> on the west or Swahili on the
east, he can go far and wide over Bantu Africa with either of these tongues to help him, so universal
in form are many of the word-roots indicating the simple concepts of everyday life. One could
probably select twenty-five words of everyday intercourse which were common (or almost identical
in form) to all the leading Bantu languages of the Cameroons, Congo, Angola, British South Africa,
Portuguese East Africa, German East Africa, and Uganda. If, say, one started (as many an early
pioneer like Livingstone did) with a band of porters or canoemen from the Zambezi, one might go
far and wide to the north, west, and east, and with the slow rates of travel in pre-railway days, find
one's porters accustoming themselves by degrees to the changes of dialect and language, till at
length the caravan arrived at Tanganyika, the Victoria Nyanza, or the Upper Congo, with its men
still able to ask their way, or to understand the drift of what was said to them. Who that in
earlier days explored Equatorial East Africa or Equatorial West Africa, or the very heart of the
continent, has not realized the shock and interruption in easy relations when his expedition at last
left Bantu Africa and arrived in a district where the languages belonged to another family Nilotic,
Sudanic, or Nigerian ? How completely at a loss he and his men felt, just as one who had more or
less grasped the principles of the Romance languages of the present day, with no previous know-
ledge of German, would feel on entering Alsace-Lorraine or southern Germany from France or
Switzerland. Though, ot course, the differences would be far greater, since German, after all, is one
of the many Aryan tongues and has an easily recognized community of origin and interrelationship
with the Romance languages.
There is no mistaking a Bantu language for a member of any other African speech family.
A momentary glance at the numerals, at a dozen word-roots with their prefixes or suffixes, deter-
mines the fact whether it is or is not a member of the Bantu family. The phonology also is as
a rule distinctive, though appearances may be deceptive in the case of a few languages of the north-
western part of the Bantu field. The semi-Bantu languages on this north-west borderland have
a vocabulary which contains a greater or smaller amount of Bantu roots, and farther north and west
there are other language families which display obvious resemblances and affinities with what may
have been the Bantu mother tongue ; but outside the Bantu family there is no known speech group
in Africa which displays all the characteristic features of Bantu word-construction and syntax and
at the same time shows unmistakable affinity in word-roots. Curiously enough, there are languages
in southern Kordofan, in Nigeria, at the back of the Gold Coast, or in the Sierra Leone region, the
syntax or construction of which frequently recalls the Bantu idiosyncrasy ; but the word-roots of
the vocabulary would be found wholly dissimilar. Or there are others, again, in West Central
1734 c
1 8 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Africa that exhibit a decided likeness to Bantu in their word-roots, yet in syntax and word-
construction are quite unlike the Bantu.
The following propositions may be laid down to define the special or peculiar features of the
Bantu languages :
(1) The vowels of the Bantu languages are always of the Italian type, and no pure Bantu lan-
guage includes obscure sounds like 6, a, ce, and u. Each syllable must end in a vowel, though in
some modern dialects in eastern and western Equatorial Africa, in Congoland, and South Africa,
the terminal vowel may be elided in rapid pronunciation or may be dropped, or absorbed in the
terminal consonant, generally in such cases a guttural or a nasal. No two consonants can come
together without an intervening vowel, except one of them be an aspirate or a nasal (m, n, n), and
no consonant is doubled in pronunciation. Apparent exceptions occur to this last rule where two
nasals, two r's, two d's, or two fs, come together through the elision of a vowel or a labial, or
where the ordinary aspirate, nasal, or dental is reinforced so that it sounds like a double h, n, or /.
(2) They are agglutinative ' in their construction, the meaning of the root-word being defined
or enlarged and the syntax formed by the addition principally of prefixes, and secondarily of
suffixes added to the root; but no infixes (that 'is to say, no mutable syllable) is incorporated into
the middle of the root-word.
(3) The root, excepting very rarely its initial vowel or consonant or its terminal vowel, is
practically unchanging ; though its first or penultimate vowel or consonant may be modified in
pronunciation by the preceding prefix, or the last vowel of the root similarly, by the succeeding
suffix. In the great majority of cases, however, the root-word remains absolutely unchanged
through all syntaxial combinations. It is frequently monosyllabic and very seldom of more than
two syllables in its original and underivative form. But it is impossible to trace back Bantu con-
struction to a monosyllabic basis, as some writers have attempted to do.
(4) Substantives are divided into classes or genders indicated by the pronominal particle
(' prefix ') which precedes the root of the fully-expressed noun. 2 -These prefixes in an ordinary way
have attributed to them, definitely, either a singular or a plural sense. With the exception of the
abstract prefix Bu- (No. 14), no singular prefix can be used as a plural ; and although the 2nd (Ba-),
the 6th (Ma.-), the 8th (Bi-), and the I2th (Tn-) are in some languages used in an honorific or
collective sense, which causes them even to be applied like prefixes of the singular number, this
use is easily traced down from a plural origin. There is a certain degree of correspondence between
the singular and plural prefixes. Thus, No. i prefix (Mu-) takes invariably as a plural the 2nd Ba.-
(Wa-, Va-, A-), though Ba- may also in the less orthodox languages serve as plural to the singular
of No. 9, or to nouns which have not been endowed with or have dropped their prefix. No. 4 (Mi-)
nearly always serves No. 3 (Mu-) as a plural, though it may also be used with No. 14. No. 8 (Bi-)
is practically the only plural of No. 7 (Ki-). The number of prefixes common to the whole family
is perhaps seventeen, though there may be two other classes, Nos. 18 and 19 (Gu-, sing., Ga-, plural)
which, if they cannot be shown to be ancient variants of Nos. 3 and 6, would raise the total number
to nineteen. These seventeen or nineteen pronominal particles, three of which (15, 16, and 17)
1 'Agglutinative ' is a classifying term which has lost its value ; for all languages are agglutinative in
the sense that as a rule when a concept increases in complexity the word used for it enlarges in volume, the
language being equally agglutinative whether the added syllables are tacked on to either end of the word
or inserted in the middle. Even inflexions were originally due to additional syllables which affected and
modified the root vowels by their proximity. To some extent, indeed, the Bantu languages are not
strangers to inflexion. For instance, verbal roots may become ' inflected ' to express changes of tense,
mood, and meaning.
1 In numerous Bantu languages certain classes of prefix may fall into desuetude and the root-word
appear without a class-indicator. But in such case the noun's class is always present to the native's mind,
and is indicated by its pronoun and its concord or adjectival particle. Class prefixes in Bantu, after all,
are analogous to our ' class prefixes ' ' he ' and ' she ' in ' he-goat ', ' she-bear '.
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 19
often decay into mere prepositions, are attached as prefixes to the roots of the nouns and verbs.
Other monosyllables may be used as qualifying prefixes before noun-roots chiefly in a masculine
or feminine or diminutive (' father ' or ' mother ' or ' child ') sense ; but they have no ' concord ', no
distinctive pronominal particle.
(5) Bantu languages are especially characterized by the principle of the concord. In close con-
nexion with the prefixes are similar monosyllables associated with each class of noun, which are
prefixed to the adjective or numeral in correspondence with the noun, or serve the noun in the
sentence as pronoun or as pronominal particle in the verb. They combine with a vowel (most
commonly -a) to form a genitive copula ; and as an identifying suffix or prefix fuse with any interro-
gative, relative, collective, or demonstrative pronoun, with adverbs or prepositions which refer to
the noun they represent. The forms of these concord-particles or pronouns are usually like the
prefix with which they are associated ; yet there is occasionally a dissimilarity showing diversity of
origin. 1 From these concord-particles seem to have arisen, early in the development of the Bantu
languages, ' preprefixes ', or additionally demonstrative articles (answering somewhat to the English
'the'). These, when definiteness of utterance was desired, preceded the actual prefix. 2 In the
most archaic forms of Bantu speech these preprefixes are syllables of consonant and vowel identical
with the pronominal concord : thus the full form of the conjoined preprefix and prefix in Class i of
the north-west Elgon dialects is Gu-mu, Gu- being the preprefix of Mu- in both Classes i and 3.
Ba-ba is the full form of the 2nd Class, and Ga-ma of the 6th Class. But in all but the most archaic
types of Bantu language, the prefix, if retained at all, is a mere vowel t/-mu-, A-ba-, A-ma-, /-mi.
(6) With the aid of these pronominal and adjectival particles a complete ' concord ' is main-
tained between the noun and its dependent adjectives, numerals, demonstratives, pronouns, verbs,
prepositions, and (sometimes) also adverbs.
(7) Suffixes of an adjectival, locative, or prepositional sense may also be applied to nouns, and,
of an adverbial and postpositional quality, to verb-roots.
(8) No sexual gender is directly recognized in the classes or categories represented by the
nineteen prefixes with concord particles, or by the personal pronouns. These last make no
distinction between ' he ' and ' she ', ' they ' (feminine), and ' they ' (masculine). But a distinction of
sex may be conveyed to nouns and adjectives by sex-prefixes and suffixes (usually Na-, Nya,-; Se-,
Si-, Sa-j -kazi and -rume). Of the seventeen or nineteen categories of nouns, the prefixes and con-
cords of Classes i and 2 are chiefly reserved for human beings. Classes 3 and 4 have a great
deal to do with trees, vegetables, and implements (especially ot wood), and members of the body.
Class 5 comprises many round things like fruits, eggs, stones, the sun, the eye, a tooth, a horn ;
and is also associated with gigantic objects and augmentatives. Class 6, its plural, has a collective
sense and refers to liquids, assemblages of people, animals, and inanimate objects; Class 7 (plur.
No. 8) indicates tools, furniture, methods, 'kinds of, 'manner of doing things or of speaking';
Classes 9 and 10 were often associated with beasts, birds, reptiles, and fish ; Class n (Lu- or
Du-) with ' long things ', rivers, tongues and languages, long stretches of country or ranges of
mountains. Classes 12 and 13 were usually diminutives, but Class 13 (Ka-) could also be given
a specially feminine, tender, and finally honorific sense. Class 14 (Bu-) was generally the prefix of
abstract qualities, answering to our English suffix ' -ness'; Class 15 was applied specially to certain
1 Thus, in many Bantu languages the concord-particle of the 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th, gth, and loth
prefixes, when it is used in a pronominal rather than adjectival sense, differs totally from the prefix. The
1st prefix is Mu- ; its concord-particle when adjectival is tint-, so also may be its pronoun in the objective
case ; but its pronominal particles in other connexions may be a-, git-, yit-, ye-, u-, ka-, -kive, &c. The
6th prefix, Ma.-, has an adjectival concord ma.-, but a pronominal ga.- (ya-, a-).
2 Similar ' preprefixes ' are present in the Temne language group of Sierra Leone, that West
African speech family which offers such a strong analogous resemblance in its syntax to Bantu.
20 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
members of the body like ears, arms, and legs, but was mainly associated with ' doing ! , things, with
verbs as an infinitive, with direction as a locative' to ' or ' from '. Class 16 represented only ' place ',
' here ', ' on ' ; or had to do with time. Class 17 meant ' in-ness ', ' inside '. Classes 18 and 19, where
they existed, were given the signification of 'great size', 'unusualness', 'awfulness'.
(9) Numeration in the original Bantu was certainly decimal. The root lor ten ktimi is
virtually common to more than nine-tenths of the Bantu languages, and so in a lesser proportion
are words for ' hundred ' (-kana or -kama).
(10) Demonstrative prefixes and pronouns are often preceded by a directive '-' (HI- before
labials) which emphasizes attention. Pronouns in the nominative case always precede the verb-
root and the objective or accusative pronoun ; which last likewise ordinarily takes its place before
the governing verb-root. 1
(i i) The root-word of the verb, free from prefixed or suffixed particles, is always the 2nd person
singular of the imperative. The sense, application, and complexity of verbal roots as concepts can
be modified, enlarged, affected adverbially in many ways by changing the terminal vowel and
adding suffixes, some of which almost lead to a process of inflexion by the carrying back of their
dominant vowel. In normal Bantu languages verb-roots end in -a. almost invariably. The verb can
be given a passive instead of an active signification by means usually of a suffix. No changes of
the verb-root are attempted at the initial ; but preceding the verb-root come the particles which
indicate tense and mood, the pronouns, prepositions, and the syllables ot negation. On the other
hand, adverbial particles and occasionally particles with a relative or ' refer-back ' sense are tacked
on to the termination of the verb-root. Negation is most commonly conveyed by prefixial particles
Ka-, Sa-, Ta-, Ki-, Si-, or Ti- (or variants of these), but also by negative suffixes or adverbs, and
sometimes (additionally) by changing the terminal -a of the verb-root to -i. With very rare excep-
tions, the prefix which turns the simple verb-root into an infinitive is Kit- (No. 15 prefix).
(12) Prepositions are used, not postpositions ; the only exception to this rule being the locative
-ni (-nyi,-n, -n) meaning 'in ', which often accompanies the i7th prefix and concord, Mu-. Adverbs,
on the other hand, when not treated as independent qualifying nouns or adjectives are suffixes,
following the verb-roots or pronouns they govern. The most characteristic and widespread of the
Bantu prepositions in some cases not to be distinguished from Class prefixes- are na-, ni- (with,
by, and), -* (of), ku- (to), pa.- (at, on), and mu- (in).
These twelve groupings 2 of Bantu characteristics must be regarded as defining the features of
1 Sometimes in a fuller form (like the French mof) the objective pronoun is placed after the verb in
the corrupt north-west Bantu languages. There is also a doubtful exception in orthodox Bantu to the
rule that the nominative pronoun particle shall precede the verb. This is the instance of the 2nd person
plural of the imperative mood, wherein, in most Bantu languages, the pronoun particle (a very archaic
one in form) -ni, follows the verb-root as a suffix (Peniia ! = love thou ! ; Penda.-ni ! = love ye ! ).
2 C. R. Lepsius, in his introduction to his Nubische Grammatik (I5erlin, 1880), also gave at some
length twelve propositions to define the peculiar character of the Bantu language family. These for
a long time were regarded as the standard by which the Bantu features were to be appraised in setting
them apart from other language types. But his definitions are not in all cases accurate, adequate, or
intelligible, when a complete survey of the forty-six Bantu groups is effected an impossibility in
Lepsius's day. Summarized, Lepsius's propositions were as follows :
(i) The prefixes of the nouns are the most outstanding features in the Bantu languages, and may be
contrasted with the similarly characteristic suffixes of the Hamitic tongues. There are about eight
different prefixes in the singular. [Lepsius -was wrong here ; in his oivn day eleven had been computed;
and even if he had argued that the three Afit- prefixes are to be counted as one though their concords
show them to be inherently different we should still be left with nine, twelve being the probable to/al.]
They may be most easily compared with the genders or sex class-divisions of the Hamitic ; but the Bantu
prefixes have nothing to do with sex. Oh the other hand, they fall into classes which distinguish
humanity from what is not human animals, trees and plants, implements, constructions, and other
things, especially everything that is extraordinary, outstanding. Some stress should be laid on the
tendency in the prefixes to distinguish between conscient beings and inconscient things. [ This fe attire
in Bantu is somewhat exaggerated by L.] The meaning of these prefixes, which must once have been
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 21
nearly all the Bantu languages. But to scarcely one of them cannot some exception be quoted
solitary or unusual, it may be if careful research is made. In the same way, though all these
independent root-words, is now no longer to be traced, and this fact alone would imply that the origin of
the Bantu languages goes far back into Time. [The origin, yes; but not necessarily the migration-
dispersal over Central and South Africa.}
(i) Sex differences appear unimportant to a primitive people, and perhaps from this arises the fact
that in the whole array of negro languages there is no sex discrimination. [An incorrect and over-stated
remark, in view of the indication of sex classification in the pronouns, articles, and concord particles of
the Bongo>, Bari, Masai, Musgu, and other obvious negro languages.} Lepsius then illustrates the extent
to which sex discrimination penetrates the Hamitic, especially the Kushite group of those tongues.
(3) Outside the limits of the Bantu languages, there exist no class prefixes. [How about Tetnne ?
There are class prefixes also in other Semi-Bantu tongues not known to Lepsius, like Avatime of
SW. Tuguland.\ But nominal prefixes, which have lost their original use, are found frequently in the
second zone [i.e. the Sudan and West Africa}, and are also thus characteristic for their origin. [' Her-
kunft ' all this and much else in Lepsius 's twelve Propositions is very vague and of no clear application
to the definition of Rantu salient features.} These nominal prefixes may be compared with the nominal
suffixes in the Hamitic.
(4) Personal pronouns are prefixed to the verb-root. There are no personal suffixes in Bantu
[Lepsius has overlooked exceptions to this general rule}. This last condition is the opposite of what
occurs in the Hamitic languages wherein personal suffixes permeate the speech.
(5) In his fifth proposition Lepsius defines the principle of the concord. [Not altogether correctly,
for he lays too much stress on the ' euphonic ' and ' alliteration ' theory. Euphony in vowel sympathy and
in initial consonants undoubtedly influences the phonetics of the concord-particles, but does not prevent
them sometimes from being dissimilar to the prefixes with which they are associated.} Traces of this
concord or vowel harmony may be met with in certain Sudanese languages (' languages of the second
zone '), sometimes in the noun, occasionally in the conjugation. In the last mentioned it is to be seen in
the south Bantu. Traces of a vowel harmony, which is certainly more euphonic than anything else, since
it arises from the vowel of the word-root, may nevertheless have some ancient connexion with consonantal
alliteration.
(6) In the Bantu languages, owing to the predilection for prefixes, there are no postpositions, only
prepositions. [Incorrect : how about the locatives -ni, -nio, -la?] The Hamitic languages are divided in this
respect : Libyan and Old Egyptian favour prepositions ; Kushite languages employ only postpositions.
(7) The noun in the genitive case in the Bantu languages is placed after its governing noun, and is
linked with the governing noun by a particle which is compounded from the latter's governing noun's
prefix. Here again the practice is dissimilar in the two groups of Hamitic languages : Old Egyptian and
Libyan follow the Bantu method ; the Kushitic tongues place the genitive before the governing noun.
(8) The south Bantu languages arrange the pronouns and the verb so that the nominative comes
first, then the verb, and then the object ; so that the verb comes between subject and object. In the
Hamitic languages it is the rule that the verb either begins the sentence or closes it, so that subject and
object come into immediate contact.
(9) This word-placing in the Bantu is however modified when the object is represented by an
abbreviated pronoun. This is inserted before the verb-root, but after the pronoun of the subject in the
nominative case. The abbreviated pronoun representing the object in the sentence resembles [Lepsius
thinks} an infix. In any case there is no parallel to this arrangement in Hamitic speech.
(10) It is characteristic of the Bantu languages that every syllable should end in a vowel or a nasal
consonant ; a difference without importance. This syllabic character tends through the isolation of the
syllables to give a clearness of expression which does not exist in Hamitic speech.
(11) Associated with this feature is the fact that, in contrast to the terminal enunciation, the initial
utterance of words or syllables in Bantu may be frequently strengthened, particularly by the apposition of
a nasal. Such, as an initial consonant has quite a different meaning and effect to what it would have at
the termination of the word or syllable. While the nasals are of no more importance than other conso-
nants in the final syllable, they are much more potent as an initial sound if followed by another consonant ;
because in such case their tone element is almost equal to a syllable, probably because they are the
remains of an earlier full syllable. [Lepsius' s meaning in this eleventh clause is far from clear, and the
whole proposition is valueless. Perhaps he is alluding to the ' directive n ', frequently referred to in the
present work}
(12) In his last proposition Lepsius descants on the influence of tones, of intonation in ancient
African forms of speech, employed as in Chinese, Burmese, Siamese, and one or more groups of West
and West Central African languages. He classes intonation as among the characteristics of the Bantu
tongues. [ True, it plays an important role in Secunnst and Sesutu, and perhaps to a less degree in Zulu-
Kafir. It is also an essential element in the pronunciation of Mpongwe and of the Fang or Panwe lan-
guages of the north-west; but as a means of discrimination between monosyllabic words roots worn
down by attrition to a common semblance it is far from being one of the distinctive features of the Bantu
languages
22 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
points taken together constitute with an array of numerals, pronouns, prepositions, noun-roots,
verb-roots, and syntaxial features held in common the outstanding marks that distinguish a Bantu
from a non-Bantu language, it must not be supposed that any one of these qualities or distinctions is
peculiar to the Bantu family. Bantu phonology may be matched in some of the Sudanic tongues,
and even (to a remarkable degree) among the Papuan and Melanesian languages. The Fula, the
Wolof, the Temne, some of the Nilotic tongues and the Hottentot possess the principle of the con-
cord ; J in the Fula, in the languages of south Kordofan, of north Togoland, of Sierra Leone, nouns
are ranked in a great variety of classes independent of sexual gender, each class being marked by
a special initial sound, a prefix, or a suffix. Change suffixes into prefixes a revolution which may
take place somewhat quickly in a language (as witness the difference between Tudor English and
Victorian English) 2 in the placing of prepositions and you would have in Fula a form of speech
very reminiscent of the Bantu family. The Bantu languages, therefore, do not strike one as foreign
in their origin to Negro Africa, less so, in fact, than the Fula. Probably the parent speech was
a prefix-using tongue of ' West African ' features spoken originally in the very heart of Africa, some-
where between the basins of the Upper Nile, the Bahr-al-ghazal, the Mubangi, and the Upper Benue,
one of a chain of similar prefix and concord languages stretching from westernmost Africa to
Kordofan. The first invasive move of the archaic Bantu seems to have been eastward, toward the
Mountain Nile and the Great Lakes. The proto-Bantu folk were certainly once many centuries
ago settled in the Nile valley north of the Albert Nyanza. One can trace their place-names still,
in countries long since colonized by Nilotics or Sudanese. In this direction (the south-western
part of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan) they must have remained till at least as late as three or four
hundred years before Christ late enough to have been in full possession of goats and oxen and to
have received the domestic fowl 3 from Egypt or Abyssinia. Then they embarked on their great
career of conquering and colonizing the southern third of Africa.
1 This principle of the concord between the class prefix or termination of substantives and the
adjectives, pronouns, and verbal pronominal particles dependent on them is by no means confined to the
languages of the African negro and negroid. It may, indeed, like so many other ideas, have originated
in Europe or Eurasia, and have spread to Africa. The concord is present in the Aryan tongues (Ilia,
bona femina, &c.), in the Semitic and Hamitic languages. In these last the concord of the genders
extends even to the personal pronoun ' thou ', which is rendered by feminine as well as masculine forms.
In the Bantu, Fula, Temne, and other African ' class ' languages, the classes are many and do not refer
to sexual gender ; in the Dravidian and certain of the Caucasus languages the categories are few, but
likewise have no sexual reference. In the Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic (and Nilotic and some Sudanese)
speech families, the classes may be three masculine, feminine, and neuter or merely two : masculine
and feminine.
* Teutonic English, like modern German and Dutch, was largely prefixial in its qualifying preposi-
tions. Our ancestors said 'uprise', 'uptake', 'understand', 'offset', 'enfold', where we, especially
during the nineteenth century, would prefer the more analytical locution of ' rise-up ', ' take-up ', ' set-off',
' fold-in ', &c.
' I have employed this argument several times before, and so far it has not been successfully com-
bated : namely, that the great dispersal of the Bantu from their first common area of development in the
very heart of Africa cannot have taken place before they had received the domestic fowl and given it
a well-marked generic name kuku which, by the by, is very like the early Persian names for 'fowl'.
Now the fowl was first domesticated from the wild Callus ferrugineus in India (or from the allied
G. banki-va in Burma), about four thousand years ago. [It reached China as a domestic bird about
1400 B.C.] But it was totally unknown to the ancient Egyptians, or to the Greeks before the seventh
century B.C. It did not reach Mesopotamia till about seven hundred years before the Christian Era, nor
Egypt till after the Persian invasion of 525 B.C. Even supposing it spread rapidly up the Nile valley as
a domestic bird, it could hardly have reached Central Africa for another hundred years if so soon. Con-
sequently for the fowl to have become so well-established amongst the Bantu as to have received a lasting
and almost universal name amongst them, much time is required between the Persian invasion and the
period of the great Bantu migrations : say 300 years. Amongst those negro races which do not speak
Bantu languages, though they may be living in closest proximity to the Bantu, the word for ' fowl' is quite
different from the Bantu term (though this last may extend to the Semi-Bantu languages). Nor is it likely
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 23
The most archaic Bantu languages at the present day are those of Bunyorw, Bukonjco, Ruanda,
Buganda, the islands of the Victoria Nyanza, and the region of the north-west slopes of Mount
Elgon (Masaba). It is reasonable to suppose that after the Bantu language-type came into existence
perhaps between the Shari basin and the Bahr-al-ghazal (its nearest relations are found in the
Niger and Cross river basins) its first great concentration lay in the region of the Great Lakes, in
Equatorial Africa. Here it was shut off for a while from westward extension by the dense wall of
Congoland forest. Southward, down the shores of Tanganyika and thence south-west and west
across the mountains and plateaus of southern Congoland to the Atlantic ; eastward and south-
eastward to the Indian Ocean and the Zangian coasts ; southward across the Zambezi and
Mashonaland to temperate South Africa swept the Bantu invaders, armed, it may be, with novel
iron weapons and led by a Hamiticized aristocracy. They progressed, no doubt, as rapidly as the
Zulu or Basutco hordes overran Central Africa under the white man's observation in the nineteenth
century. Here our forefathers or contemporaries have been able to testify to the spread of the
Zulu clans and the Zulu tongue from the 35th to the 3rd degree of South latitude in about fifty
years.
The original Bantu invaders found no empty Africa before them. We may be certain from
abundant evidence that Central and South Africa have been inhabited by man for many thousands
of years, and probably by some black-skinned negro forest negro, Sudanese negro, or Congo
Pygmy for an indeterminately long period, as far south as the Zambezi river. But South Africa
proper, between the high plateaus of northern Becuanaland and the sea-coast of Cape Colony and
Natal may possibly have been the domain exclusively of the Bushman and of the Hottentot hybrid
down to the first Bantu invasions from across the Zambezi in (at a guess) about 700 A.C. South
Africa then or earlier may have been partially depopulated from some cause some epidemic of
germ disease. Anciently thirty, fifty thousand years ago, farther back still, perhaps there existed
in southernmost Africa a remarkable cave-dwelling type, the ' Strandlooper ', whose skull bore less
of a resemblance to the Bushman or the negro than to some round-headed, semi-Caucasian stock of
the Mediterranean. This Strandlooper either co-existed alongside the Bushman or preceded and
was followed by this specialized desert negro. In time the Straridloopers died out, leaving perhaps
some traces of their presence in varied Bushman strains, and bequeathing to the Bushmen their
wonderful gift of drawing and engraving, so reminiscent of the cave and rock pictures of the Solu-
trian and Magdalenian Cave men of Europe or the Palaeolithic and Neolithic nomads of Algeria and
the Sahara.
We may imagine, however, some two thousand years ago, a South Africa beyond the Zambezi
and Kunene rivers given up for a time to the dwarfish, steatopygous, yellow-skinned, click-using
Bushman.
The next disturbing element may have been the Hottentot ; a hybrid between negro and
that the fowl was earlier introduced into East Africa by seafaring Arabs, thus reaching the Bantu home
by another route long anterior to two hundred or three hundred years before Christ. The fowl was
seemingly not introduced from Java or Sumatra into Madagascar by the early Malay colonists of that
island ; but within the Christian Era by the Arabs ; and in Madagascar it bears no native name resembling
the Bantu root-word -kuku. It may nevertheless be argued that the fowl, like tobacco and the Brazilian
Cuscirco. duck, might have been introduced to the coast regions of Bantu Africa quite recently, long after
all Central and South Africa had been ' Bantu-ized ', and have rapidly spread over the southern third of
the continent, carrying its name with it. But in that case why did not its name similarly reach the negro
languages across the Bantu border-line ? Tobacco and the ' Muscovy ' duck are nowhere known by
universal names throughout Bantu Africa, though their Portuguese names of 'Taba' or 'Tabaco', and
'Pato' may still survive here and there and be shared by Sudanic, Nilotic, Nigerian, and Bantu languages.
The Bantu, it is to be noted, have, like the Aryans, remained faithful long after their dispersal to the
word-roots referring to the animals, plants, implements, and abstract concepts known to them in their
original home.
24 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
negroid and some more northern Bushman race, which seems to have migrated from Equatorial
East Africa south-westwards to the Central Zambezi and thence to the Atlantic coast near Walfish
Bay, and on again southwards till the Hottentots entered (what is now) Cape Colony and displaced
the Bushman. Later, it may be, there came other invaders from the north-east, by sea, rather than
by land, the mysterious gold-mining, stone-building, monolith and phallus-worshipping people who
originated the Zimbabwe walls, temples, and emblems. These are amongst the unsolved mysteries
of Africa ; but the most striking of these stone cities, together with this whole impulse and
procedure of gold-mining, most certainly were foreign to the Bantu arts and pursuits. The Bantu
have seldom any word for gold. The tribes oldest in legendary history in South and East Africa use
for gold an Arab word meaning 'moneys'. Zimbabwe and its like originally, perhaps, and cer-
tainly later, early in the Christian Era, became associated with the exploring and trading voyages
of the south Arabians ; and among the early writers of Islamic times there were to be gathered
traditions that when the Arabs first visited the south-east coasts of Africa they found them peopled
with ' Wakwak ' savages, who from the brief allusions made strike one as more like Bushmen than
Bantu. The arrival of the Bantu hordes (the ancestors of the Karana; Becuana, Zulu-Kafir,
Masangane, and Ronga peoples), may have been the cause of the abandonment of the stone
fortresses and mining depots by the sea-people whose forerunners designed or built them. After
a time, however, the Arabs got into friendly relations with the Bantu colonizers, who in a much
clumsier fashion imitated their mining and their stone-building. The Arabs, indeed, by their trade,
their influence, and their slave-markets seem to have moulded the conquests of some early Bantu
warrior-chief into that empire of the Mwenemutapa 1 Lord of the mine which the Portuguese
found still a potent state when they reached South-east Africa at the commencement of the sixteenth
century.
The Bantu were quite possibly settled on the more northern coast of the Indian Ocean the
land of Zanj at the beginning of the Christian Era. The early Arab traders from Mokha, Aden,
Mokalla, and Maskat cultivated friendly relations with them. A hybrid type sprang up, the Swahili,
or men of the ' Suahil ' (coast-lands). With the aid of the Arab daus (sailing vessels) many of
these Swahili from the land of Zanj or Zang (the Persian or Arab name for Black man's country, and
the origin "of ' Zanzibar ') colonized the Komorco islands and even reached Madagascar, supplying
the Malagasy dialects with numerous Swahili words.
In the Congo basin the Bantu invaders often appeared as solitary huntsmen, boldly attacking
the big wild beasts with their iron spears. Bantu culture throughout the Congo basin is closely
associated with the iron spear fiongu, Kongu, Lwnga. They probably found the Congo forests
peopled already with forest negroes speaking tone languages of West African type or with a still
more primitive people, the Congo Pygmies. There would even seem to be portions of the inner-
most Congo basin which the tall Bantu have not yet penetrated and where there are only Pygmies.
On the Northern Congo there still remain patches of non-Bantu territory inhabited by negroes
speaking languages of an as yet unclassified type, vaguely styled ' Sudanic '. Somewhat similar
to these are the Forest Lendu to the west of the Albert Nyanza.
The first great Bantu migrations undoubtedly emanated from the vicinity of the Victoria Nyanza
and north Tanganyika, and were directed round and not through the Congo forests. But in course
of time, the Bantu communities founded in the region of the Albertine Nile and the Nyanzas, or
farther still to the north-west between the sources of the Wele and the Aruwimi, broke through
the wall of forest, and sent streams of migrants across the northern parts of Congoland to the
Gaboon and the Cameroons ; reaching as their final effort the island of Fernando Po, which was not
1 Mwene = ' lord ', ' monarch ' ; Mutapa = ' mine ', ' digging ', ' excavation ', in the dialects of the
Lower Zambezi. This the Portuguese corrupted into Monomotapa.
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 25
very anciently severed from a Cameroons promontory by some volcanic rift. Such an east-to-west
propulsion might, in contact with the Nigerian peoples of the Cross river and Benue basins, have
created by fusion the Semi-Bantu languages ; and no doubt one or two groups of such arose in this
way and not very anciently. But it is more probable, taking all known facts into account, that
a large section of the Semi-Bantu speech forms is either descended from sisters of the Bantu
parent tongue (born in that central region north of the Benue, east of the Niger, and west of the
Shari river), or has been originated by early, very early, south-westward migrations of the proto-
Bantu before the great eastward move into the Nile basin and before the exact shaping of Bantu
features had taken place.
One is led irresistibly to deduce from the linguistic, ethnological, and anthropological evidence
before us that at some such critical period in their career the negro speakers of the early Bantu
languages were brought under the influence of a semi-Caucasian race from the north or north-east.
Perhaps it was a gradual drifting into Central Africa of Egyptian or Gala adventurers coming up
or across the basin of the Mountain Nile ; an infiltration of a superior type of man rather than
a forceful invasion. Descendants of such ancient civilizers of Central Africa are undoubtedly to be
seen at the present day in the Bahima, Ruhinda, Batutsi aristocracies of the Nyanza regions, the
Mangbettu and Azande ' royal ' families of the Nile-Congo water-parting, the Bapi-bu^ongo) of
central Congoland, the Luba chieftains, and the many handsome-featured pale-skinned castes and
ruling clans in so many of the Bantu peoples. Such good-looking ' negroid ' types may be
encountered among the Zulus, the Becuana, the Hererco, the Alunda, Baluba, Manyuema, and the
northern Congo riverain tribes, the Fang peoples, and the Duala of the Cameroons. Livingstone,
Burton, Stanley, as well as later travellers, were all struck with the Egyptian-like features of the
aristocratic families in the big Bantu states and kingdoms or among the warlike tribes of Central
Africa, Similar aristocracies were noted by the pioneer missionaries and traders in southernmost
Africa.
The Bantu-speaking peoples of Africa, it might be here stated, do not constitute a race apart
from other negroes or offer any homogeneity of physical type. But on the whole they represent
so much the average negro type that ' Bantu ' is still in favour as a physical definition among crani-
ologists. In reality, they are just fifty millions of negroes whose speech belongs to one of the
many language families of 'negro type; only in this case the language family instead of being
confined in its range to a hundred villages or two hundred square miles, is spread over the southern
third of Africa say over 3,500,000 square miles from the Cameroons, the Northern Congo, the
Nyanzas, and the Mombasa coast to Cape Colony and Natal. Bantu languages are spoken by Congo
Pygmies and forest negroes of marked prognathism and stunted stature, by fuzzy-haired brown-
skinned Fernandians still in the stone-and-wood age of culture, by tall-statured, handsome pale-
skinned negroids with Egyptian profiles the Bahima and Bafutsi, by great, burly, coarse-
featured, downright, ' West Coast' negroes like the Wanyamwezi, the Baganda, the OOvambto, and
the folk of the Angola coast-lands ; by tribes with the yellow skins, broad, wrinkled faces of the
slit-eyed Bushmen, by the very black-skinned, large-eyed comely Atonga of Nyasa, the semi-Arab
Swahili or Karana, the stately Zulu, the mean-looking Batwa of Bangweulu, the Assyrian-like
Baluba and Bupongco, the simiesque Banandi of the Ituri forest or Babongco of the Gaboon, and the
all-round, moderately ugly, black negroes of average stature and average negro characteristics
throughout the rest of South and Central Africa.
Yet about the Bantu speech and the culture which accompanies it (ordinarily) there is a suggestion,
strengthened by the association of these languages with metal-working (iron more especially), with
agriculture, cultivated plants, and cattle-keeping, that adds to the impression derived from their
legends, their religious beliefs, games, and weapons. It is that the Bantu language family was finally
moulded by some non-negro incomers of possibly Hamitic affinities, akin at any rate in physique
26 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
and culture, if not in language,' to the dynastic Egyptians, the Galas, and perhaps most of all to
those ' Ethiopians ' of mixed Egyptian and Negro-Nubian stock that down to one thousand years
ago inhabited the Nile basin south of Wadi Haifa and north of Kordofan. Such a race may even
have been akin to the Tibu farther west, the Tibu of Fezzan, the Eastern Sahara, and the Libyan
desert. We know that some of the weapons of the Central Congo are to be traced northwards to
Tibu weapons and implements of ancient date.
In spite of the suggestion of Egyptian influence in the domestic animals and plants of Bantu
Africa (as also of the Western Sudan) and of the Egyptian profiles among the Bahima, I cannot but
think this 'Egyptian' influence over the Bantu was wrought indirectly through Gala, Ethiopian, and
perhaps Tibu, through more or less Hamitic peoples influenced by Egyptian civilization of an early
type. If much direct Egyptian influence had found its way to Central Africa from the Lower Nile it
must surely have imported into Darkest Africa that deep attachment to Stone for building and for
worship which emanated from the Mediterranean and south-west Asiatic peoples. But no skill
in stone-quarrying, stone-carving or stone-building ever reached the Bantu, or for the matter of
that, the Fula, the Mandingco, or the Hausa. Of all such arts the Bantu culture and languages are
ignorant.
The Baganda and Banyoro) legends of the incoming strangers of remote antiquity, the wander-
ing demi-gods (' Bacwezi ' ghosts, spirits) who came with long-horned cattle, trained dogs, iron
weapons, religious theories, and the elements of civilization generally, make no mention of building
in stone or of building at all. The very similar Ful shepherd aristocrats of Western Africa likewise
had the ' Bantu ' culture, the herdsmen's craft, a simple agriculture with the hoe, 2 an acquaintance
with iron and copper (though copper plays a very secondary rale in Ful and Bantu thought, legend,
and speech) ; but no notion of stone-building. With the exception of the Bube or Fernandian
indigenes, no Bantu people has been found living in an age of stone implements, though there are
abundant evidences to show that nearly all Negro Africa (except perhaps the innermost forests of
the Congo basin) went through ages of using flaked, chipped, bored, and polished stone weapons
and tools. The Bushmen and Hottentots had remained in this stage, without knowledge of metals,
using stone and also horn, bone, stick, thorn, and shell. Most of the forest negroes apparently
adopted or reverted to wood before they were introduced to the use of copper. An industry in
smelting and hammering copper, in exporting copper in the ingot or in manufactured form seems
to have arisen a long while many centuries ago in Katanga, where the copper deposits are
singularly rich ; and this trade in copper to have spread from south Congoland to north and west
1 It is curious that, but for a few obvious loan-words in the east of Africa, there is absolutely no
Hamitic impression or affinity about the Bantu languages. Lepsius seems to have been impressed by
the complete dissimilarity between the two language families. I cannot see myself much evidence of
Hamitic influence on the structure, syntax, or origin of the Nilotic negro languages and the Bongo) of the
Egyptian Sudan not such as there is for example in the Hausa and even Musgu. But one can detect
in the numerals of the more eastern and south-eastern of the Nilotic tongues, and in a number of their
nouns, evidence of Kushite (Gala and Somal) having long been in contact with the Nilotes, Masai, and
Nandi. But one finds no such evidence in the Bantu languages, not even those of the Nyanzas, which
are the most archaic. Yet in the regions where the purest Bantu speech exists you meet with these
cattle-keeping aristocracies such as Bahima, Batutsi, and Ruhinda, whose physical resemblance to Galas,
Somalia, even Abyssinians and Pharaonic Egyptians, is most striking. One can trace in the local folk-
lore, religion, domestic animals, &c., the influence of the Caucasian or semi-Caucasian races of North-
east Africa, but not a trace of their Hamitic languages. There is perhaps a little influence of the Nilote
in the shaping of the Bantu mother language. Can the handsome negroids from the north and east who
would seem to have been the leaven that stirred the Bantu dough more than two thousand years ago and
who urged these Sudanic negroes to spread over and occupy the southern third of Africa have been
derived from some stock like the Tibu which, though semi- Caucasian in blood, had received no language
from the Asiatic Hamites ?
! Though the Gala, even far inland in Equatorial East Africa, knows and uses the plough, no plough
has ever been known to the Negro or the Fula.
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 27
Congoland ; and southward as far as Nyasaland. Was it pre-Bantu ? We have no means of
telling ; but there are many indications showing that the invasion of the Bantu was facilitated by
the use of iron weapons, and that the working of iron ore and the fabrication of iron weapons and
tools in Central and South Africa dates only from the Bantu conquest of the southern third of the
continent.
The spread of the more aristocratic ' negroid ' Bantu is also associated with the ancient
Egyptian or Gala long-horned ox (Bos taurus aegyptiacus). This breed possibly had a west Asiatic
origin, and it is evidently nearly related to the Indian humped ox. No trace of any wild progenitor
has yet been found in its ancient habitat, Egypt and Ethiopia. It was obviously the first type of
domesticated cattle in Africa. Later there entered East Africa the Indian Zebu breed, which may have
also replaced the aegyptiacus type in southern Arabia. The Zebu, or humped type, crossed Africa
from the east coast to western Congoland, the western Sudan, and western Zambezia, and travelled
down the south-east coast of Africa to Zululand. The Hamites, I should say, had already intro-
duced the long-horned aegyptiacus cattle to the regions south of the Victoria Nyanza. And here
they were brought by that mysterious race, the Hottentot hybrid, to central South Africa and down
the south-west coast to Cape Colony. At some unknown period afterwards the Bantu peoples
round the Nyanzas received these long-horned cattle from the north and conveyed them in their
southward migrations as far as Damaraland. Probably in all but the elevated regions of Central
Africa these straight-backed, long-horned cattle died out from germ-diseases, which is why so many
Bantu tribes at the opening up of Africa by the modern white man were without cattle or had
adopted the humped cattle of Indian origin. Cattle, both of the aegyptiacus and indicus breeds, seem
to have been introduced from Bantu Africa into Madagascar by Arab intermediaries and slave-
dealers ; which is why a Bantu word for 'ox' is the chief term employed in Malagasy.
One of the difficulties attending the acceptance of the theory that the ' Bantuizing ' of one-third of
Africa has been a long process in unwritten history and cannot be compressed within a period of about
two thousand years, is the splitting up of the mother tongue into more than two hundred and twenty
distinct languages, and the improbability of these languages with their marked idiosyncracies having
sprung into existence in so short a period as is assigned by writers like myself. By searching
Portuguese records in regard to the Kongo) or Karana tongues we do not find a great difference
between the speech of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the speech of to-day ; the
numerals of the Bakwiri or Barundco at Ambas Bay (Cameroons) written down by some French or
Dutch trader at the close of the seventeenth century are almost identical with the modern form.
But with the evolution of languages, as of species, Nature I believe proceeds persaltum, alter-
nately with slow progression. A great jumble of events, and lo ! new languages spring suddenly
into existence. Those that suit the altered circumstances remain and continue their course for
centuries with slow modifications. Not more marvellous would have been the rapid differentiation
and specialization of the leading Bantu languages in Central and South Africa, between let us
say the year One of the Christian Era and the twelfth century, than was the coming into existence
of the Romance languages, engendered by the impact of the Goth, German, and Slav on the vulgar
Latin of the decline and fall of Rome. No Romance language existed in the sixth century A.C.
But, by the close of the twelfth century, Italian, Sicilian, Provencal, French, Castilian, Portuguese,
and Rumanian were distinct, mutually unintelligible tongues ; analytic where the parent Latin was
synthetic, possessing an individual character which has not greatly altered in the slow subsequent
changes. Dante's Italian of the thirteenth century would be perfectly intelligible in the streets of
Florence to-day, and is not very different from the dialect spoken in Central Italy from the tenth
century onwards. Yet in the sixth century no such language existed. We might almost say,
judging from the Oaths of Strasbourg and other scanty evidence, that the French language was born
and shaped in its essential features between the sixth and the tenth centuries. English which
28 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
would have been almost unintelligible to an orthodox Anglo-Saxon of 1000 A.C. was created
between about noo and 1350.
I am disposed to agree with Lepsius in the belief that the Bantu language-type, like the parent
speech of the Aryans, has taken a very, very long time to shape out of some negro speech in the
heart of Africa ; I am only arguing that the commencement of the sudden and rapid invasion of
central and southern Africa by the Bantu cannot be referred back much earlier than the second
century B.C. ; and that the differentiation of the more than two hundred distinct forms of Bantu
speech occurred subsequently and rapidly. Six thousand years ago the Aryan Schwarmerei was
probably just beginning, somewhere in eastern Europe. And there were then I suggest but
the slightest dialectal differences in tribal speech amongst the Aryan Russians to indicate that one
group of clans would become the progenitors of the Aryan-speaking Asiatics would in Asia generate
the Tokhari, the Pisacha, the Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Zend languages ; another tribe Aryanize the
Lithuanians ; yet another section (as they marched north-westward, westward, south-westward,
or southward) become ancestors of the Slavs, or the Goths and Germans, the Kelts and Kelti-
berians, the Itali, the Dakians, Thrakians, and Greeks.
But if close resemblance in structure and syntax, if similarity of numerals and pronouns, and the
possession in common of a great number of root-words of nouns and verbs, adjectives and preposi-
tions are to be given full value as evidence of near relationship and of a recent origin from a common
source, then we must regard the expansion and differentiation of the Bantu languages as a much
more recent and rapid process than that which brought about the Aryanizing of all Europe and
much of South-west Asia.
The map of Bantu Africa will show the main directions taken in presumed history by the
different streams of Bantu migration ; and an examination of the groups of Bantu languages will,
after detaching true and widespread Bantu roots from their vocabularies, leave a residue which
must represent the assimilated fragments of prior languages spoken by the peoples whom the Bantu
armies conquered and fused with ; just as in the Keltic tongues, the Armenian, Albanian, and the
modern Romance dialects there are words retained from languages of utterly different affinities
which were in occupation of the land when the Aryan or Aryanized invaders came with their
overpowering influence. Some very slight influence of Gala (a Hamitic 'white man' speech) can
be traced through the East African Bantu, about four hundred miles south of the present Gala range
in East Equatorial Africa. The Sudanic tongues, the Nilotic and Masai, even the Nubian and
Kordofan languages have sent words from the north chiefly of domestic animals, wild beasts, and
trade goods circulating through northern and western Congoland, through the Nyanza Bantu, the
speech of Kikuyu, Kilimanjaro), Usambara, and the coast-belt of Equatorial East Africa. The
unclassified, somewhat monosyllabic tongues of the Niger delta and the Cross river have influenced
the worn-down Bantu languages of the West Cameroons. The influence on Bantu of Arabic,
Portuguese, English, French, and Dutch is so palpable and (excepting that of Arabic and Persian)
so comparatively modern that it hardly comes within the range of philological studies. It needs no
explaining. Considering how long the Arabs and the Gala Hamites have been in influential contact
with the Bantu of East and South-east Africa, and how powerfully the Aryanized Persians of the
tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries A. c. influenced the Zangian coasts and islands, it is surprising
how comparatively few Arabic and Persian words have crept into Bantu speech. Swahili is by
far the most Arabized of the Bantu tongues; yet except in refinements of vocabulary often ignored
by the common people, it remains essentially and very typically a Bantu language. The fact that
the ancient and mediaeval Bantu invaders of eastern Zambezia and South-east Africa knew and
cared nothing for gold till some incoming foreign people from across the seas taught them the value
of that metal, is shown by the absence of any true Bantu root-word for 'gold'. The word by
which 'gold' is rendered in the Zambezian and South-east African Bantu languages is if not
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 29
a variant of the Portuguese ouro or the English 'gold' derived from Arabic, and usually
a corruption of dirham l (nda.ra.ina., nda.la.mu).
Subtracting the foreign, the pre-existing elements from the modern Bantu tongues, we are left
in nearly every group with a surprisingly large proportion of words traceable back to a common
inheritance from Old-Bantu, from the pristine Bantu of North Equatorial Africa. Most of the defeca-
tions from this rule are due to that human love of metaphor and trope, that dislike in timid or refined
minds to calling a spade a spade, a devil a devil, a urinal a urinal. Totemism, superstition, would
start a practice of referring to dreaded snakes not as ' nyoka. ', ' the snake ', but as ' the long animal ',
'the hisser', 'the coiler'. The Bantu tongues have as many paraphrases for alluding shame-
facedly to the genital organs or the functions of generation and defecation as the most modest speech
of Europe and America. The variations of Bantu vocabularies, especially in the south, have been
mainly caused by Hlunipa.. This word a verb in Zulu meaning ' to have shame ', to be ashamed '
covers the practice of not calling some common object, some beast, bird, fish, utensil, or
geographical feature by its proper name if that name happens to be the cognomen of a near relative,
a husband, father, brother, mother, great friend, or respected chief. The custom refers more to
women's utterance than men's ; unhappy Woman throughout the long history of the ascent of the
human species having always been regarded as unlucky, as an Eve doing the wrong thing and
bringing down ill luck by offending the vague Powers of Nature and Fate. Consequently, in parts
of Bantu Africa, if a woman marries a man named ' Lion ', though she may continue to call her
husband shyly and whisperingly by his name, she will henceforth call the real lion, the ' roarer'
the 'slayer of beasts', the 'big cat'. Farther north, if the totem animal of the clan, or the most
striking local example of divine or demoniac power is a crocodile, it might not do to be heard calling
' crocodile ' (on the principle of letting sleeping dogs lie). So the crocodile to the confusion of the
inquiring philologist is not called -Ngwena. or ffga.ndn, by one of its widespread Bantu names, but
' the long one ', ' the sly one', 'the snapper-up ', or some other roundabout nickname. Evidently,
however, as with family slang in our own land, a fashion in misnomers seldom starts from the
vagaries of a few fantastics; otherwise the Bantu languages would not have remained after some two
thousand years of dispersal so astonishingly true to type.
Before the reader's attention is turned to the long series of illustrative vocabularies which
I have thought it best to supply as a prelude to the discussion in detail of the existing Bantu lan-
guages, it might assist him or her if I outlined the most striking features of the presumed Bantu
mother speech. We can, of course, only deduce these from an analysis and comparison of those
Bantu languages which have preserved the greatest proportion of widely-distributed word-roots in
their vocabulary, or have similarly retained archaic forms of prefix, adjective, pronoun, preposition,
adverb, and verb, which, from their recurrence and re-emergence in so many parts of South and
Central Africa, would seem to have been part of the common stock of ideas in the original Bantu
centre of dispersal. I shall thus have supplied some standard of comparison by which the diver-
gency and the degree of divergency of the modern Bantu languages may be gauged, in the outcome
of their development from the parent tongue of North Equatorial Africa, two to three thousand
years ago.
The following are examples of some among the many noun-roots of universal or considerable
distribution in Bantu Africa ; given in the shape which they probably assumed in the original
language or group of dialects (the Ur-Bantu of German writers, or as I prefer to style it in English,
Old-Bantu) from which the two hundred and seventy-six Bantu languages and dialects of to-day
are descended.
1 In its turn, no doubt, derived from the Greek drachma.
3 o THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
NOUN-ROOTS
Father (Se, Sa, Si ; Tata) ; mother (Nya, Na, Nyina ; Mama) ; brother (-ina, -dugu, -pangi) ;
sister (-lumbu) ; maiden, virgin (-wali, -wala, -isika. -dumba) ; grandparent (Kaka, Kukco) ;
child, son (-keke, -ana, Mwna) ; wife (-ka, -kazi) ; twins (-pasa or -longco).
Chief (-Kama, -ami, -fumu, 1 -kusi, -ini (-ene)) ; doctor, medicine-man (-fumu, 1 -gaiiga) ; witch,
sorcerer (-leoki, -sawi, -sawa, -leniba) ; thief, stealer (-ibi, -iba) ; man (-ntu, whence Muntu = a
man, Bantu = men) ; male ( -lume i ; female (-ka, -kazi, -kafci) ; body (-wili, -bin, -zimba) ; skin
(guba (-goovi, -goazi), -kanda) ; head (-tu, -twe) ; hair (-bele, -bili, -suki, -kisi) ; nose (-guleo, -pulco,
pula, -pombw, -indco) ; eye (-isto); ear (-tu, generally Ku-tu) ; lip (-Icomco) ; mouth (-nwa) ; tooth
(inco, -gegco, -songai; tongue (-limi, -laka) ; chin, beard (-devu) ; saliva (-te, Mate); neck (-kingco,
-kcjsi i ; shoulder (-bega) ; buttock (-taku) ; back, backbone (-gongca, -uma, -tana, -busa) ; chest
(fuba, 1 -adi, -tulu) ; breast, nipple (-bele) ; heart (-tima this word is sometimes used also for chest
and liver) ; navel (-keofu, -kuvu, -twto>, -kundi, -kombto) ; belly, stomach (-vumu, -fu, -nda, -mirnba) ;
bowels (-tumbco, -da or -ra).
Arm (-bcokeo, -kconco) ; armpit (-apa) ; hand (-anda, -anja) ; finger or toe (-nwe, -nye, -kumu) ;
finger-nail, and sometimes finger (-ala, -dala, -jala) ; penis (-beoloa) ; thigh (-berw) ; leg (-gulu,
rundu) ; foot-sole (-ayoa) ; vein (-pipa, -sisai ; blood (-rcopa, -gazi. -nga, -kame or -gama) ; milk
(ziwa, -bele); fat, butter, oil (-futa 1 ); bone (-fupa and -kupa, 1 -bisi) ; tear (-stozi, -ziga, -bezi) ;
breath, life, soul (-eonyeo, -oya, -oyto) ; death (-fu, -fua l ) ; ghost, spirit (-zimu, -limu, -banda, -dumba).
Sky, and often God and rain (-gulu or -iguru, -julu, -lungu, -ingu) ; rain (-bula, -lungu) ; sun,
sunlight, daylight (-juba, -ise, -Sana, -langa or -tanga) ; moon, moonlight, month (-ezi from -ela, -era,
to be white, shining, -gondco, -sungi) ; star (-ezi, -eti perhaps from the same source as moon and
nyenye, -nini, -sonda, -tanda, -data or -jata) ; year (-aka, -vu) ; night or day (-Ico or -ilco lelw is a
widespread root for 'to-day' naku, -siku, -tuku, or -fuku) ; darkness (-giza, -sise, -ilima, -rima,
or -zima) ; wind, cold (-pepco) ; smoke (-wsi, -ipi, -iki, -ika, -dinga) ; fire (-lil<o, -otco, from -ota, to
warm, -pia, -bazu) ; charcoal (-kala) ; earth, ground, country (-si or -ti) ; stone (-bwe, -tadi, -ala or
bale, -manya) ; salt (-nyu, -ngua, -kele) ; iron, iron ore (-ela or -bela, -uma, -tadi, -londco) ; water
(-zi, -diba or -ziba) ; river, stream (-geda, -gezi or -giji, -iteo, -donga) ; lake, broad river, sea or
(ziba, -anza or -anja, -zadi, -sabi); mountain, hill (-seozi, -lima, -pili); river-valley l-rambu or
dambco) ; road, path (-dila, -gila, -handa, -btoka).
Tree, stick (-ti) ; dry wood, firewood (-kuni, -kui) ; thorn (-iba) ; grass (-ani, -asi) ; banana-
tree (-gomba, -konde) ; banana-fruit (-tcoki, -konde, -dizi) ; yam (-lungu, -uma, -kua, -rali) ; wine,
mead, or beer (-alwa, -lebu, -lafu or -Iwfu) ; mushroom (-bcoa) ; forest (-bira, -itu, -zitu).
Bee, honey (-uki) ; termite (-swa) ; fish (-swi) ; frog (-ula) ; snake (-coka, -piri (viper), -mamba
(cobra)) ; crocodile (-kwena, -gandu, -mamba) ; egg (-ki, -landa) ; bird (-uni) ; wing, membrane
(-papa) ; guinea-fowl (-kanga) ; francolin (-kwale) ; domestic fowl (-kuku).
Beasts of all kinds flesh (-ama) ; rat (-beba, -puku, -kcosu) ; porcupine (-nungu, -gumba) ;
elephant (-dcobu, -jcofu, -damba, -dembw) ; hippopotamus (-gubu, -vubu) ; rhinoceros (-pela, -pern-
bele) ; pig (-gulu, -gulube) ; buffalo (-ati, -aka) ; giraffe (-twiga) ; ox, cow, cattle (-gombe or -kcomto) ;
milch-cow or breeding-goat (-gcoma) ; horn (-mbe, -pembe, -sengto, -iga) ; goat (-buzi, -budi, -peeni) ;
dog (-bwa) ; cat (-paka, -simba 2 ) ; leopard (-gwe, -koi, -sui) ; lion (-simba, -tare, -tambco) ; hyena
(pisi, 3 -mbwi, -bungu, -puruj ; monkey (-kima); baboon (-yam, -kolube, -pombw); ape (-zike, -scokw).
Sorcery, fetish, religion, witchcraft, to bewitch Mcoka or -dcoga, -sawa; -banda ; -lemba, -kisi,
1 A marked correspondence in Bantu phonology exists between f and k, v and g, s and/, z and v :
so that we find especially in the West, but also in East Africa, -kumu alongside -fumu, -guta. alongside
-vuta. and -futa, -kiiba and -fuha, -ffta. and -kfm ; -suniu corresponding to -funiu and -zuta, to -vuta.
1 The range in meaning of this root is considerable. Sometimes it rises to ' lion ', sometimes sinks
to 'genet '. * Query, cognate with old root for ' bone ' .'
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES
-fiti) ; magic, medicine (-ganga) ; name (-ina or -zina, -it<o) ; song, to sing (-imba, -imbu) ; fear,
noun and verb (-coga, -eopa, -tina, -tia) ; shame (-seoni) ; hunger (-zala, -ala) ; sleep (-lo>, Tulco, from
the verb-root -la, -lala, to extend oneself) ; dream, noun and verb (-Icota, -deotu) ; dance, noun and
verb i -kina. -bina) ; love, desire, noun and verb (-panda, -kunda, -tanda) ; intelligence, and verb ' to
know ' (-manya, -manyi) ; goodness, good (-ema, -wa, -inco, -ncoga, -ncofu, -scoga, -bote, -bota) ;
bad, badness, excrement (-bi) ; rottenness, rotten (-tovu, -ora or -toza, -vunda) ; fierceness, bitter-
ness (-kali) ; hardness (-gumu, -guma) ; smallness, little, young (-to or -tu, -dongu, -ke, -nandi,
-titi, -nini, -gconco, -ana) ; greatness, large (-kulu from -kula, to increase nene) ; oldness (-kulu,
nuna or -duna, -kuka, -kuta, -dala) ; young, new (-pya) ; whiteness, white (-ela, -eru, -tuka, -tuba) ;
sickness (-dwala) ; shortness, (-fupi) ; length, distance, height, ' there ' (-le, -la, -de, -rere) ; ' within-
ness ', inside (-da, -mu, -te) ; ' betweenness ' (-kati) ; place, ' hereness ' (pa-, -neo) ; house (-ndu, -zw,
zwbco, -dagco, -dabco, -umba clay-walled) ; home (-ka, -kaya ; -anda, -banda, -ganda) ; canoe (-atto) ;
paddle (-kapi, -kasi) ; knife (-ele or -bele, -siu, -hamba, -panga, -paka, -pcokeo, -mage) ; spear (-onga,
-ongco, -fumu) ;bow (-ta, -tta) ; arrow (-fwi, -songa, -bamba, -ketto, -sala, -tegco) ; axe (-pasa, -baza
or -bagco, -zuka, -gembe, -gimbu, -temco) ; shield (-gabco, -guba) ; clothing anciently ' skin ',
' pelt' cloth, blanket (-gubw) ; door, doorway (-kuki, -ugi, -ibi, -belco, -pitu ; -liangoa) ; drum
(gcoma) ; thing, property (-ntu, -ma or -uma).
PREFIXES AND PREPREFIXES
The original forms of the prefixes alone and of the preprefixes combined with them were
probably as follows. It should be remembered that the preprefix is virtually identical with the
' article ' of Aryan and Semitic languages. It is also the concord-particle and pronoun of the class to
which the prefix belongs :
Prefix.
Class No. i. Mu- (singular) | usually reserved for human
beings, and almost invari-
,, 2. Ba- (plural) J ably for men and animals
3. Mu- (sing.)
4. Mi- (pi.)
5. Di-, Li-, or Ri- (sing., sometimes used as an
augmentative)
6. Ma- (pi. and collective)
7. Ki- (sing.)
8. Bi- (pi. and collective)
9. N- (M-), , Ni- (sing.)
10. Zi-, T3i-, Ti- (pi.)
ii. Du-, Lu-, Ru- (sing., a good deal associated
with ' length ')
12. Tu- (pi. and collective diminutive)
,, 13. Ka- (sing., nearly always used as a diminu-
tive)
14. Bu- (sing., collective, and sometimes dimi-
nutive as plural to Ka-)
,, 15. Ku- (sing., often used as preposition mean-
' to', 'towards ')
,, 16. Pa- (a locative, meaning 'place ',' at', ' on')
17. Mu- (a locative, meaning 'in ')
18. Gu- (sing., augmentative)
,, 19. Ga- (pi. to Gu-, augmentative)
Preprefix and Prefix.
Gu-mu- (Wu-mu-).
Ba-ba-.
Gu-mu-.
Gi-mi-.
Di-di-, Ri-ri-, Li-li (I-ri-, E-ri-).
Ga-ma-.
Ki-ki-.
Bi-bi-.
Gi-ni-, Yi-ni-, In- (Im-), In-, Ini-.
Zi-zi, Ibi-, I-ti-, I-ti-n-.
Du-du-, Lu-lu-, U-lu-, Ru-ru-.
Tu-tu-, U-tu-.
Ka-ka-, A-ka-.
Bu-bu-.
Ku-ku-, U-ku-.
Pa-pa-.
Mu-mu-.
? Gu-gu-.
Ga-ga-.
32 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Associated with these preprefixes and prefixes, when they assumed the role of demonstratives,
was the ' directive ', a prefatory nasal which usually has the effect of ' this is so-and-so ' when
preceding a noun or a pronoun, and which may be connected with either the gth prefix or with an
old root meaning ' is ', ' it is '. This initial - (- before a guttural, m- before a nasal) in many of the
Bantu languages gives a more insistent character to personal pronouns or demonstratives, in the
sense of 'this, this one'. With the 'directive ' affixed, these foregoing prefixes became in their
archaic forms (and in this shape reappear in numerous existing groups) as follows : Class i. ffgu-
mu ; 2. Mba-ba ; 3. Ngu-mu ; 4. Ngi-mi ; 5. Ndi-li, Ndi-di ; 6. Nga-ma ; 7. JOci-ki ; 8. Mbi-bi ;
9. Ngi-ni, Nyi-n' ; 10. Nzi-zi ; n. Ndu-lu ; 12. Ntu-tu ; 13. Nka-ka ; 14. Mbu-bu ; 15. Jfku-ku ;
16. Mpa-pa. (No such nasalized demonstratives are traceable for Classes 17, 18, and 19).
The most archaic forms which can be deduced for the Numerals are the following :
1. -nwe, -nye, -guma, -dala (meaning ' finger' or ' thumb') ; -mu, -mco, -mwe, -musi, -mcosa.
2. -bali, -bele, -bili.
3. -tatu, -satu.
4. -ne, -nai.
5. -tanco. -sanco.
6. -sambtt ; -kaga ; -sasatu, -sasaba ; -tandatu or Ntatu ndatu (3 + 3) ; -tupa, -tuba.
7. Sambco, Samboo-bali ; Mpungati.
8. -nana.
9. -enda, Kenda ; Ifuka, Ivua.
10. -kumi ; -longco, Mu-longeo ; -kama.
(Plurals of tens twenty, thirty, &c. were Gama-kumi, Gimi-longw, &c. In the Bantu mother
language there were no special terms for 'twenty ' as in the Semi-Bantu and Sudanic tongues, nor
was reckoning by scores, as it is in them).
100. Gama or Kama ; Dili-gana, Eri-gana.
The original forms of the Personal Pronouns in the Bantu mother speech were probably these :
I Mi, N, Ne, Ni. (Other modern forms like Ngi, Ngu, Ndi, Nze, Mbi, Mba are pos-
sibly the original pronoun N- prefixed to particles meaning ' am ' or ' here '.)
me -mi, -n-, -ni-, -ngi-.
my -ngu, -nge, -m, -mi, -ni, -ne.
Thou Gu, Gwe (We), Ku-, Wu-.
thee -ku-.
thy -keo.
He (she) Gu, Gwe (Yu, Ye), Ka-, A-.
him (her) -mu- ; -ge, -ke, -ye.
his (hers) -kwe, -ke.
We Tu, Su (Si), Twe, Cwe, Swe, Hwe, Fwe.
us -tu-.
our -itu.
Ye Nu, Nyu, Nwi (Ni), Mu, Mwe.
you -ni, -nyu, -nu-, -mu-.
your -inyu, -inu.
They Baba, baboo.
them -ba-, -boo.
their -baboo.
The reflexive pronoun 'self was probably -li- (-ji-, -zi-, -ri-, -i-, -e-).
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 33
' All ' was rendered by -onse, -onto or -onke ; and in some senses by -cona and -ama.
' Many ' was -ngi or -ihgi, -vula or -bula, -bama.
Adjectives were scarcely distinguishable from consonantal forms in Old-Bantu, and their more
striking examples in persistence of word-root are cited with the nouns in the foregoing list. Several
suffixes were probably employed in ancient as in modern Bantu to give an adjectival and adverbial
sense to noun-roots, notably the widespread suffix -fu or -vu, which perhaps may be traced to an
older form -bu, and be related to the I4th Class prefix. Adverbs were allied to nouns and pronouns,
and prepositions likewise. Amongst these last, roots that are characteristically persistent and must
therefore have been present in Old-Bantu are : pa-, on, at ; ku-, towards, to, there ; si- or -nsi, down ;
la, -le, -li, -di, -dia, far, distant, there ; nda, -da, inside ; -tei, -kati, between ; -eru, -nja, -nze, outside ;
-pi, which ? where ? how much ? ; -nco, much, exceedingly, properly ; -mbele, before ; -pi or -fupi, near.
The adverbial particles of negation, usually when employed with the verb, were prefixed or in-
fixed in conjunction with the nominative pronoun particle which precedes the verb-root. They were :
Ka- (becoming -kco, as a relative adverbial suffix) ; Sa- or Ta- ; Ki- ; Si- or Ti-.
The following suffixes seem to have existed in the Bantu mother speech for incorporation with
the verb-root at its terminal to modify, reverse, and extend its meaning. Already, perhaps before
the divergence of the main groups occurred, it was becoming customary to change the pristine -a
of the verb-root termination into -i to express negation or doubt, -e to give a subjunctive or potential
sense to the verb, 1 -u or - to indicate other changes of meaning. But in addition to this inflexion
of the terminal vowel of the verb-root, a variety of suffixes came into use which have remained in
force amongst nearly all the descendants of the Old-Bantu.
These were in all probability :
(i) -ba or -wa, 2 probably one of the word-roots meaning 'be ', and used to turn a verbal root
from the active voice to the completely passive ; that is to say, passive with the suggestion of an
agent causing passivity. Example : ku-lefca, to leave ; \M-lekwa, to be abandoned (by some one). '
(z) -ka. This particle also turns a transitive verb-root into an intransitive, but indicates passivity
without an agent directly causing it. The comparison of the -ka suffix with the -ba or -VIA passive
and the ordinary transitive verb-root used in an active sense, might be illustrated in English by the
following example : ' He cools, chills ' : this would be equivalent to the active verb in Bantu : ' He
is chilly or cold ' : this would answer to the sense of the -ka suffix : ' He is cooled or chilled ' (by/
some one or something) : this would be implied by the -ba or -wa suffix. Thus if -pasua (a develop-
ment o(-pasa) meant ' to split ' in Old-Bantu, -pasitka. would mean ' to be in fragments ', and -pastrwa.
' to be split ' (by some one).
(3) -ga or -nga. This suffix conveyed either a sense of thoroughness in action, or still more,
continuity in the sense of the English participle termination -ing. It also inferred habitual or
recurrent action. Example : -pula, ' beat ' ; -pulaga., ' beat thoroughly, continuously '.
(4) -sa (za, sa, sia?) was causative. Thus if -lia was 'to eat', -Asa or -A'pa would be 'to cause
(some one else) to eat '.
(5) -la, -ila or -ira and -ia (and -ela or -era or -ea, by absorption of the terminal -a 3 ; also -ina or
ena) indicated doing a thing to, for, or by another person : as for example -fa = ' to die ' ; but -fia
and -fira would mean ' to die for (or on behalf of) or through ' another person.
(6) The vowel u (or in conjunction with the terminal a, ) combined with -la or -ra, expressed
a sense of reversal. Thus if -funga meant ' to shut ', -fungvUa. would mean ' to open '.
1 Examples of the change to -i and -e would be : Ni-pangti or Mpanga., ' I make ' ; Ni-pangt, ' that
I make ', ' let me make' ; and N-ki-pann, ' I not make '.
2 In the Nyanza group and some of the western Bantu languages the passive suffix is -ibwa.
3 A+i constantly resolves itself into e in Bantu ; a + u into U. In these suffixes /, r, and d, I and
frequently permute ; as well as s and/, .? and z, b and w.
1734
34 THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
(7) -pa was connected perhaps with the root meaning 'place', 'location', 'at', but came to
mean as a verbal suffix ' becoming', ' developing into ', ' acquiring certain characters '. Thus from
the adjective -nene, ' fat ' or ' large ', was made the verb -nenepa., ' to become fat ', from -bi arose
-ii'pa, ' to become bad ' ; from -cogco ' fear ' was constructed -ugup&, ' to be afraid '.
(8) -ana indicated reciprocal action : Ku-penda would mean ' to love ', but Ku-pendana. l ' to love
one another '.
(9) -ama and -ta probably had a reflexive sense, meaning to do certain things for one's self.
Thus -ima would be lengthened into -imama., ' to erect one's self ; -pa, ' give ', became -pate, ' to
give one's .self' or ' to get '.
(10) -ile or -ide (with the variant -ine), perhaps also -isi (and, from their fusion, -itsi, -idzi, -ije)
conveyed a sense of past or preterite action ; and in fact -lie (-ine, -ide, -ire) suffixed to the verb-
root has become the chief form of preterite tense throughout the Bantu languages. The alternative
form -isi (extended into -itse, -idzi, -ije, &c.) has to a great extent disappeared as an independent
suffix, and is only traceable with difficulty in the composition of words. Thus, assuming -kunda or
-gonda to mean ' love ' or ' desire ' in the Old-Bantu, it would become in most of the modern Bantu
languages -kundite in the preterite sense of I (Thou, he, &c.) loved', or -gonzi (-gond-isi), a form
in which it actually exists in some of the Nyanza languages. More often the -itsi suffix united the
other suffixes and verbal forms. It may really have arisen from an older combination of the -ide
preterite with the -sa causative. The present form in Luganda (-idza) rather suggests this.
In addition to these suffixes, the Old-Bantu, like some of its descendants, probably affixed
other 'prepositional', locative, adverbial particles to the verb-root after the manner of -pa (No. 7 in
this list. In this connexion -mu would mean ' in ', ' inwardly ' ; -kco, ' to ', ' towards ' (as well as from
quite another root, ' not ') ; -ge (-je) would be interrogative ' how ? 'in modern Swahili u-ta-fanya-je
means 'how wilt thou manage it', or literally, 'thou will do how?'
Probably in Old-Bantu, as in its modern descendants, the verb was conjugated by prefixed as
well as suffixed particles ; and these last partook of the nature of prepositions (like ku, ' to ' ; pa,
pco, ' here ', ' now ', ' there ' ; -a, ' of ' ; na, ni, ' with '), adverbs and pronominal particles, related to the
noun prefixes ka, ma, gu, la, da, nga, ngi and mostly by auxiliary and abbreviated verbal nouns,
such as li (di) and ba, meaning 'being' ; ta, ya, ' doing', ' going'.
The most strikingly widespread verbal roots in the modern Bantu languages probably assumed
the following forms in Old-Bantu :
abuse, insult -tuka.
beat -pula, -bula. -tera. -beta.
bite -luma.
breed -zala, -ala, -biala.
bring -leta.
build -lunga, -tunga.
bury -zika, -jika.
buy or sell -gula, -suma, -tenga, -landa.
come -iza, -pika or -fuka.
cut, chop -teina. -baza, -senga, -kata.
dance -kina or -bina.
deny -kana.
die -fu, -fua, -fa (-kwa).
dig, hoe -lima.
drink -nyfia, -nua.
1 This was sometimes extended to -zana, -ng&na by fusion with other suffixes.
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 35
eat -la or -da, -lia or -dia.
evacuate, defecate, rain, -nya (this root is related to the ' mother' or feminine prefix, nya-).
give birth
fall -gwa, -bwa.
fear -tia, -Una.
fight, quarrel -rwa, -rwana.
fish, catch fish -vuba, -Icoba.
give -pa, -nika.
go -genda, -gya (-ja, -ya), -tamba, -hamba (march, walk), -pita (pass),
heat, warm, cook -ota, -aka, -pi, -pika.
hunt -winda, -winga.
know -manya, -dzi, -dziwa, -jiwa, -azi.
laugh -seka or -seba.
leave, cease -leka. -sika.
love, want, desire -penda, -kunda, -gonda, -funa, -tanda.
press, milk -kama.
rot -bora (-bcoza), -bunda.
say, speak -ti, -gamba.
see -bona, -lola, -laba.
send -tuma.
sing -iinba.
sit, remain, abide -ikala, -sala.
sleep, extend the body, -lala, -kuna or -gona.
snore
smell, stink -nuka, -riunka.
stand, stop, be erect -gima, -sima.
steal -iba.
strike, kill -ita, -tta, -ta ; -kuba, -buba, -bula.
watch, tend -linda.
weep, cry, mourn -lila.
The original concept of the verb in Old-Bantu was no doubt participial, of the ' verbal-noun '
order, the noun of action. But these verb-roots seem in Bantu to be older than most of the nouns
that do not, like the verb-roots, terminate in -a. ; as though actions were described before all but the
most prominent oBjects. The original verb-roots were largely monosyllabic and never more than
disyllabic * (unless onomatopoeic) ; but I cannot agree with some authorities who have argued that
the whole of the Bantu roots, substantival and verbal, can be traced back to utterances of a single
syllable. Yet they tend that way, and perhaps, in the far past of African peoples, might have been
traced to an ultimate affinity with a monosyllabic parent stock, which afterwards left behind more
direct and monosyllabic tone-using descendants in the regions between the Cross river and the
Volta.
The simple verb-forms in Old-Bantu obviously ended in -a. (with the exception of two or three
irregular, interjectional verbs, such as Ti, ' say ' ; Njeo ! ' come ! '; Li, ' be ' ; Pi, ' cook ', and various
other meanings) ; and the majority of the nouns formed from verbs ended in -U (probably from -au),
-i, or -u. The -e termination of noun-roots may, like those that end in -, have been very ancient
and indicate independence of origin from verb-roots, or may as so often occurs in verbal suffixes
and prefixes arise from the fusion of a- and -i.
1 It is noteworthy that many archaic word-roots in Bantu begin with a vowel and are disyllabic
such as -a/z (buffalo), -ota, (heat), -isW (eye), -atu (canoe).
D a
THE DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS
Indeed, in reconstructing the phonology of Old-Bantu, and especially of the still earlier African
parents of that language family, one is led to assume a greater simplicity of vowel sounds even than
exists to-day in the very Italian-like Bantu languages, and to postulate only d, *, i, and u for the
original Bantu vowel equipment. So many of the existing ea's and unstressed o's, as well as the <?'s,
can be traced back to fusions of * and u, * and /', or to the broadening of u and *'.
As far as we can trace the phonology of Old-Bantu by comparing, one with another, the pro-
nunciation of root-words in the more archaic Bantu tongues of the present day notably the Nyanza-
Tanganyika-mid-Zambezian groups we may surmise that it made no use of tones or clicks to imple-
ment its resources in differentiating sounds ; and that, besides a simple vowel system d, a, t, it, and
perhaps u it possessed the following consonants (interesting deficiencies being also noted) :
Labials
Labial-dental
Dental-lingual
Lingual-alveolar
Palatal-lingual
Palatal
Palatal-faucal
Faucal
Aspirate
m, b, p, possibly w.
v, f. These, however, may well have been absent in the pristine days, and
have arisen subsequently, just before or just after the great dispersal,
principally from b.
t>, s, s. ~G was doubtfully present, as a variant of / and . ) almost certainly
was absent, and is still of very uncommon occurrence compared with 6.
d, t, I, n. R is doubtful as a radical letter, though often arising recurrently
from / and d, and in turn producing z.
i. J, if it had already appeared, arose from a palatalizing of d (dy, d) or g
(gy)'i a lingualizing of_y, or a hardening of z. C, f, / were probably absent
from Old-Bantu.
y. In the primitive Bantu speech it is doubtful if y existed as a distinct pro-
nunciation* from I and gl.
n. This ringing nasal sound was probably heard when n preceded a guttural,
and there may have been in Old-Bantu some of that general nasality of
utterance which so strongly characterizes most of the negro languages of
West Africa as to amount almost to a physical and racial trait a distinc-
tion still more to be remarked in Bushman and Hottentot and in the Semi-
Bantu. But the n as an unsupported consonant (like the ng in German or in
the English words ' king ' and ' ringing ') so common a feature in modern
Bantu can always be traced back to a fusion between n and g or k.
The guttural y was probably absent from Old-Bantu, not having as yet arisen
from the slurring of^ or the faucalizing of w.
k, g. But no x, &, or q.
h was probably absent, though it was soon to arise from p, s, k. or /.
Even in the Old-Bantu home there must have been a tendency among the dialects of the mother
tongue towards an abrupt and wide-ranging variation between certain consonants a psychic
disturbance, so to speak, such as must often arise in aggregated genera and species of animals and
plants or full-blown human languages, when they are about to produce great variations from type.
And this sudden impulse towards varied pronunciation caused transitory or permanent permutation in
consonants. Yet the permuted and the previous forms of word-root must have co-existed in the same
tribe as they often do at the present day. These alternations were particularly marked as between
labials and dentals v changing to ,/ to s, and /to 6 ; between labial and faucal w and g,f&nd
k, v and g; between the lingual and the alveolar /and d (together with r, which last is scarcely,
distinguishable in Old or Modern Bantu from / and d) ; / and n, /and r ; and between the palatalized
d andy, d and *, / and s, t and c, s and f. P permuted easily to /and w, and still more readily and
inexplicably to A, as soon as the great Bantu dispersal commenced. The aspirate, now so prominent
OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES 37
in the phonology of the majority of Bantu languages, was almost certainly absent from Old-Bantu.
No root-word traced back to its most primitive form discloses the presence of h among the Old-
Bantu consonants. The modern Bantu aspirates represent an older p,f, s, or k, or the faucal gasp
of a vanishing click in the pre-Bantu languages.
In conclusion, I might state that I do not share the theory of certain German philologists that
we should attribute to the Old-Bantu some degree of vagueness in consonantal utterance, resulting
in y being the parent of the modern g or w, t'the antecedent of b and w, v and/; x of k, and so forth. 1
The comparative study of the existing two hundred and twenty-six languages derived from Old-Bantu
leads, on the contrary, to the conclusion that this mother speech of innermost Africa had broad,
simple vowels, and distinct, well-defined consonants, almost limited in range to m, b, s, a, d, t, I, ,
k, and g. In this respect, in the development of intermediate vowels and consonants between those
of more pronounced type, the modern Bantu languages have only followed a parallel course to the
Aryan, Semitic, and Hamitic languages. It may be argued that the early articulate utterances of
Man were vague in sound : undecided in vowel quality, and in the influence of tongue, of teeth,
nose passage, and epiglottis on consonantal out-breathings. The extraordinary Bushman language
family may be pointed to as an illustration of a very primitive form of speech surviving, and offering
a similar vagueness in utterance. But the Bushman dialects may quite well be, like the Bushman
race, examples of speech forms that have greatly degenerated and have been much specialized by
isolation in South African deserts. And the vowel sounds of Bushman and Hottentot appear to me to
be simple, few, and clearly marked, except for nasality of tone. It is their clicks which often obscure
the values of the consonants. But even here we have no great range of subtle consonantal sounds
as in the modern languages of Europe, northern Africa, and western Asia. The Bushman lan-
guage, no doubt, like the race that uses it, is exceedingly ancient and shows the severe attrition ot
long usage. The simplification of vowel and consonant values (like the sudden simplification of
customs after long slavery to tradition) tends to be one of those revolutionary occurrences which
accompany the birth of a new language species or a new people : for instance, the Arabic dialects of
the Sudan and of East Africa rapidly becoming two new languages are softening the more exasper-
ating of Arab consonants and enlarging considerably the use of broad, distinct vowels ; Swahili
Arabic, with the regular intercalation of vowel and consonant, is at the opposite pole to the Maghrib
dialect of Morocco, which is mainly a collocation of choking consonants. One has only to compare
the phonology of modern Arabic with that of the ancient Semitic tongues of Mesopotamia and Syria
to realize (as also in the case of Polish and Russian, as compared to Yugo-Slav and Old Lithuanian)
how languages tend as they spread, develop, and are more and more spoken, to differentiate their
vowels and their consonants with ever-increasing complexity ; so that at last the speech becomes
unspeakable by a newer generation or unpronounceable by an invading usurper. Then one of those
radical changes takes place which gives birth to some new and more harmonious jargon : Latin
becomes Romance, Greek changes into Romaic, the cumbrous Anglo-Saxon is modulated into the
pleasantly Frenchified English of Chaucer, which we still speak. And I should not be astonished
if, during the next twenty or fifty years, several languages of Africa and Western Asia even
Armenian, Lesghian, and Albanian were scrap-heaped, and forms of speech with simpler, more
melodious phonologies were adopted in their place.
It is because the majority of the Bantu languages are so simple and clear in their phonology,
so logical in their syntax that they are learnt with comparative ease by the stranger. The majority
of them are much easier to master and to retain in the memory than Hausa, Ful, or Arabic. Those
1 Still less do I agree with their ' pooling ' problematic vowel sounds by the device of a heavily cir-
cumflexed / (?). They cannot themselves suggest how this is to be pronounced. The circumflex is
a shallow and out-worn mystification.
38 DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BANTU LANGUAGES
languages will survive certainly Hausa and Arabic will, though I doubt whether the world or even
the heart of Africa will tolerate for long the innumerable plurals and countless verb intricacies of
the fantastic Fulde speech but they will not spread much beyond their present limits. Already in
northern Equatorial Africa Hausa and Sudanese Arabic are giving way to the Bangala of North
Congoland as a trade and administrative language, because it is a harmonious clear-cut, easily
acquired, sufficiently expressive form 'of speech. Swahili is carrying all before it as the trade
language of the regions between Galaland and the Zambezi. Zulu-Kafir will become the second
language of South Africa if its exponents are wise enough to eliminate the silly clicks which at
present mar its phonology and cause the European to take up instead the ugly and stupid jargon
known as ' kitchen Kafir '.
The political importance of the Bantu languages in the future will be as great as the political
importance of the Indian vernaculars. This has been an additional inducement to me to study
them. But it is perhaps the unwritten history of Negro Africa enshrined in their word-roots
which has proved for me the strongest lure in this long-sustained work of research.
!
CHAPTER III
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF 276 BANTU AND
24 SEMI-BANTU LANGUAGES AND DIALECTS
NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS IN RESPECT TO THESE
VOCABULARIES
THE orthography, both in regard to African geographical names and the rendering of African
languages, is that adopted throughout the volume and explained in detail elsewhere. A summary
of its principles for convenience is given here in apposition to the vocabularies.
M, b, v, p, f, and w, are pronounced as in English. When any of these or other sounds
are aspirated, the aspiration, if pronounced and distinct, is indicated by the letter A 1 : and where it is
less emphasized, by the Greek aspirate '. In numerous Bantu languages there is considerable
indecision on the part of the individual speaker or the tribe as to the utterance of b and w, so
that to the European listener the labial consonant is heard sometimes as a b, at others as a w,
and occasionally as bv or v/i. I have preferred to write it either w, b, bv, or v, according as the
local or predominant pronunciation caught my own ear, rather than to impose accents on the w,
which in reality give little help to the English student, who is sure to be understood by the native
if he uses either a b, w, or v. Nevertheless this indeterminate labial is represented by several
writers well qualified to hold an opinion, as 'w. Y is used by me for the consonantal i (the
Germany). There is a great tendency to palatalize consonants in Bantu; that is to say, to follow
them by an I or a y sound (dy, fy, ny, ky, gy). There is no other logical method of rendering this
pronunciation than by adding the y to the palatalized consonant. Where, however, this
palatalization (a very faint i or y) follows the terminal consonant and the employment of a y might
mislead the eye, the effect is better given by the vertical accent '.
G and k are pronounced as in English, the g being always as in the words ' get ', ' give ', ' go '.
The faucal k (the Arabic j) is represented by q. The Greek gamma (T, y) stands for the velar
g (the Arabic c), which is often rendered in English by gh and which is pronounced like the
French r grasseye, or like a lower utterance of x- This last the Arabic and Scotch ch is
represented by x, which is to be taken as the equivalent of the Greek x- This is the value of g
and ch in Dutch and in many German words ; but the more palatalized sound of the terminal ch, or ch
before a consonant, so often heard in German in f'cAand licht, is represented by x. H is pronounced
as in English or German, but the strong // of Arabic (^) is rendered by h' ', or sometimes by the
double A (Mi). The faucal contraction of the Arabic ain (p) is represented by _L; the mere
elision of a vowel or consonant by the apostrophe, ' ; and the strongly marked hiatus (the Arabic
hamza) which is the gap in pronunciation occurring between distinct words in English (such
as 'still ill') is shown by ;. The nasal consonant sounding like ng in 'ringing' is indicated
by , or the merely nasalized consonant or vowel by ~. N is pronounced as in English. When
1 There is much aspirating of consonants in numerous groups of Bantu languages. Wherever p/i,
th, dh, gh, kh, vA, &c., are encountered in this work they must be pronounced separately and with their
true values : p-h, t-fi, &c.
40 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS
it is an initial consonant preceding another consonant it is slightly vocalized, something like the
pronunciation of itn in the English word 'unto'. When it is doubled, like all other double
consonants it is doubly pronounced.
The Polish or dental / (?) is heaM in some Bantu languages (as it is in Portuguese and
Brazilian pronunciation) but not so prominently or with such etymological importance as to be
worth discrimination. The ordinary Bantu / is alveolar, like the English. It interchanges with r
to such an extent that little distinction can be made in transcribing certain languages, except under
the circumstances mentioned below. One person may use /, another r in pronouncing the same
word in the same tribe or clan. The ordinary Bantu r sounds very much like the r in the
pronunciation of Germans or of educated English people. The rattled r of Spain or the southern
half of France is present in a few Bantu tongues (such as the Nyonu dialects) and is best and
most logically represented by a doubled r. The cerebral r (r) of provincial English and of
many South Asiatic tongues is virtually unknown in Bantu Africa. The velar r (r) is scarcely
distinguishable from y, and should be thus expressed unless it can be shown to proceed from
an older alveolar or dental consonant. R permutes most easily with / and d. In some languages,
however, it is necessary to discriminate between r and / in writing and in pronunciation, because
r has taken the place of /, as / may have of d, in the prefix forms and word-roots.
With regard to the dentals, s is always the upper or light hissing sound, as in the word ' hiss ',
or 'saint'; z similarly is always the lower and heavier sibilant as in ' hazard ' and 'zeal'. The
English sh and sh (French ch and j) are rendered by^r and ^ ; the English //; in 'think' and 'bath'
by 6 ; and dh (tli in ' that ' and ' bathe ') by d. T and d, when printed without aspirate, accent, or
modification are to be pronounced as in English and most other languages. But the / in Bantu
is often aspirated or pronounced explosively, somewhat as English people use the word 'utter'
when they speak of 'ut-ter astonishment'. The aspiration as already mentioned is indicated
by the h or the ' following the /; and the explosive quality by the accent ' (=/') The / in Africa
on the lips of natives often glides into an r sound. When it is most like an r I spell it thus,
when most like a / I render it by / (or d, as the case may be). I do not think it necessary, from
any point of view, to discriminate further between the various slurred "or eccentric pronunciations
of t by the tongues of Africans, as these variations are at any rate in Bantu of no etymological
importance. The d in Bantu is occasionally (as is the /) heard as though doubly pronounced, and
is in such cases doubly written. The dental, alveolar, palatal, and lateral clicks in the Zulu-Kafir
languages are represented respectively by (f, 5, (, and,?.
C stands for the combination of tf, a fusion of consonants that is more conveniently represented
by one symbol, the Italian c (as before and e). It often results from a palatalized k, which in
some tongues is best rendered by ky ; and is pronounced like the English ch in 'church'.
Similarly _;' is used for the combined sounds of dij. Where these compound consonants appear
to be doubled in pronunciation they are more logically rendered by tc and dj, as they are thus
pronounced. Just as the c comes very near ky, so the j sound is scarcely distinguishable from
the palatalized d 1 (dy). In some of the south-eastern Bantu languages there are palatalized b's, v's,
and p's, which are a source of much unnecessary fuss and complication of writing by some who
have rendered them on paper. They should be %vritten in accordance with their local pronunciation
as by, vy, py ; be, vz, ps ; or by, vij, and pf.
The vowels of this phonetic alphabet are, of course, given their ' Continental ' values rather
than those of the eccentric English spelling which grew up in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries. O unaccented is pronounced as o in 'not 1 or 'doll': d represents the sound of o
in 'store' or aw in 'gawd'; 6 is a little deeper than the average German pronunciation of that
vowel and represents the sound of the English in ' hurt ', or i in ' bird '. A, a. (similarly shaped
throughout, even in italics) always stands for the * in 'father', 'rather', 'gala'. The short
IN RESPECT TO THESE VOCABULARIES 41
sound of this vowel (similar to the English u in 'but', or the o in 'worry'), is represented by <Z, a.
j, a is the equivalent of the English * in ' fat', ' gather' or the French e \nfemme. Unstressed
e has the value of e in 'met', 'rend'. E, e is the e in 'fete', or a in 'hate'. A 1 , <r gives the short
sound of e in mere and e in ' there ' (really a fused diphthong between e and 6). 1 is the
English i in ' hit ' ; i, f, the e in ' cedar ', and ee in ' feet '. 0, ii unstressed represents the u in ' pull ',
' put ', ' bull ' ; and u, u is the u in ' ruler', and the oo in ' mood ' (the French on, German u). U, ii =
the French u. The sound < of o in 'bone' (French an and German oh) is represented by the
Greek u. I have not thought it necessary to discriminate further between the various pronuncia-
tions of the single symbol o (o, o, u), as to do so is quite needless for the philological understanding
of my subject, and only an unnecessary puzzle to the reader's eyes. In some of the South and
South Central African forms of Bantu there is a rather indeterminate vowel which varies in
pronunciation between the short u in ' put ' and the o in ' hope '. This is particularly observable
in the Secuana group and in the tribal name ' Basutw '; which is ordinarily rendered ' Basothto ' by
specialists and is actually pronounced more like Sutco than anything else, though to some it
seems more akin to Siouthoi. There is a vacillation also between the sound of I in ' pit ' and e in
' met ' in many Bantu tongues ; but in such cases I prefer to write it as i or e, according as the
sound of the word struck my own ears or those of some trustworthy colleague in African
philology ; for in the etymology of Bantu there is considerable permutation between e and /' when
they are unstressed.
The stress mark is ~, and the unstress ". Neither is employed unless the pronunciation of the
vowel is exceptionally deep or light. The accent or pitch of the voice is indicated by '. This
is so normally and frequently on the penultimate syllable that the accent is only employed when
an exception to the prevailing rule in Bantu transfers the voice-pitch to the first, last, or other
syllable than the penultimate. Monosyllables are not accented unless uttered with vehemence.
The ordinary high and low voice tones in speaking _.j_ EEjE are best shown by employing
the accent ' for the high tone and v for the low. The other tones of the speaking voice so prominent
in the East Asiatic or West African languages are unrecorded in connexion with Bantu (wherein the
manner of speaking more resembles the European mean than the voice production of Hottentot and
Bushman, of West Africa, or Eastern Asia), and it is not necessary to provide for them in this work.
The use of the high and low tones of the voice for purposes of etymological distinction is not
common in Bantu and is only observable (perhaps) in the Becuana group and most markedly
in the Panwe languages of the north-west Bantu area. Even here they scarcely come within
the scope of the present work, which is not so much a pronouncing dictionary as a treatise of
comparative philology. In the case of the southern Nigerian tongues, the discrimination of tones
in language transcription is of great importance. 1
The conventional symbols & and j stand for ' male ' and ' iemale '. The essential and (in nouns)
virtually unchangeable root of the word is printed in heavier type where it is necessary to hold
it in view; consequently the reader will regard fhe lighter- printed syllables as changeable
excrescences on the main concept preprefixes 2 , prefixes, suffixes, and infixes. When there are
articles or preprefixes present in a language they are usually, but not always, given in these
vocabularies, so that the Bantu word takes its fullest form. But when in ordinary pronunciation
the preprefix is dropped, the word is printed with only its customary class prefix (if any).
The plural forms of the nouns are separated from the singular by a semicolon and begin with
1 A reference on this point might be made to my Phonetic Spelling (Cambridge University Press).
The tones of the South Nigerian languages have been accurately described in Mr. Northcote Thomas's
recent works (Harrison & Sons, and ' Man ', R.A.I.).
* The preprefix is the vowel or syllable which precedes the actual prefix.
42 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS
a minuscule letter. Frequently only the plural prefix is given, the rest of the word being the
same as in the singular. When this plural prefix replaces a detachable prefix in the singular,
it is followed (unless the whole word is printed) by a hyphen (-) ; where the plural prefix is
super-imposed on the singular form of the noun (which may be the bare root-word or retain
its singular prefix), the plural prefix is followed by a pins sign ( + ), unless for the reader's
special convenience the whole of the plural form is printed. When it is necessary to draw special
attention to the plural form of the word, which may very rarely differ in slight degree from
the root of the singular, the abbreviation pi. is prefaced. The hyphen preceding or following
a word means that the root form must be preceded or followed by some varying detachable prefix
or suffix. Variants of what is substantially the same term are separated from one another by
a comma only ; quite distinct words by a full stop. Figures and letters in brackets are the
distinctive number of a dialect, a peculiar word or two of which may be quoted as a variant, if
it is not sufficiently distinct from the dominant type of language to be represented in a separate
column. But figures may also indicate noun classes when connected with demonstrative pronouns.
As many equivalents as possible are given for the one English term or concept, provided
their composition bears on the etymological connexions between the Bantu languages. Ordinarily
the most commonly used word is printed first; but because the reader from a partial knowledge
of any of these languages here illustrated does not recognize an equivalent of the English test
word he must not be in a hurry to conclude that this equivalent does not exist ; for it maybe scarce,
recondite, or archaic, and thus have escaped his notice. Great care has been taken to attribute
to no language or dialect words the existence of which cannot be attested ; but it may often
be only among the wise men or old women of the tribe that the word is remembered or rightly
applied. These vocabularies ,are intended primarily for etymological purposes, and do not
necessarily represent the most modern and current form of speech, but all the words known to
be or to have been in these Bantu languages since they first came under observation ; just as English
or French might be illustrated by selections from the recorded speech of the three last centuries.
The gaps in the columns mean that the author has been unable to find an equivalent native
word, either because of the still very faulty nature of our records or because the concept is lacking
where the language is spoken. In a very few cases the whole of the columns attributed to
a form of speech may be blank. This provision of space serves a double purpose : it draws
attention to the exact lacunae in our knowledge and may perchance stimulate research ; and it
provides the necessary room for filling up these vocabulary forms completely in course of time
and in later reprints. The name of the scarcely known language or dialect at the head of the
column records its attested existence as a Bantu tongue ; and one object in the setting forth of these
276 languages and dialects has been to place before the reading world as complete a list of known
forms of Bantu speech as possible. 1 It is probable, indeed, that scarcely one distinct Bantu language
now remains unlisted in this book under some fairly accurate and locally recognizable name, even
though from deficient information I may not have enumerated all its dialects. As regards
naming the languages, I have got as near as I could to the local designations. Where this was
not possible, or it was vexatious to set aside some name long-established in European mouths,
I have chosen the term most likely to lead the inquirer to the spoken tongue or to its printed
records in literature.
On referring to such for verification ot my own version, a reader may chance to observe
that the original European or American authority spells the word differently to its form in my book.
1 The largest number illustrated in previous works is fifty-six. My total is approximate, as it is not
always easy to decide the separation between a language and a dialect. In all about 276 forms of speech
are catalogued in the following vocabularies, and about 270 are illustrated. The specimens of Semi-
Bantu are additional.
IN RESPECT TO THESE VOCABULARIES 43
In such cases I have departed from the original spelling in favour of my own phonetic system,
in order not to puzzle my readers by perpetually varying methods of sound-representation ;
or because I knew the other author's version to be incorrect in the light of later research. It
must be borne in mind that I have travelled most extensively over Bantu Africa between 1882 and
1907, and have put many orthographies to the test as regards local native pronunciation. Yet
I respect other people's version of a word which may differ from my own (unless palpably an
error in hearing, writing, or printing), and give, if need be, the alternate version. Similarly, should
any very critical person peruse these vocabularies and find minute differences between the words
here recorded and those he has been accustomed to hear pronounced in Africa, let him not
too rashly conclude that I am wrong : we may both be right, but the critic may have listened
to a different dialect or to a more precise or more careless speaker. Some of my own early work
of the 'eighties in Bantu or Nilotic transcription was at one time hastily condemned as inaccurate
by other philologists following in my tracks, and for many years I sat meekly under their rejection
of my version, until fuller information came along (or previously buried work was unearthed), and
I was found to have been right after all : it had merely been the case of a different dialect or
a speech wrongly named, but genuine under another designation. Similarly, I have in this book
resuscitated and rehabilitated the work of half-forgotten pioneers by transferring the vocabularies
they had wrongly named or wrongly placed to their right titles and geographical allotment.
The Bibliography which follows these language illustrations recounts in detail the sources
ot my information. For convenience of classification I have arranged the Bantu languages into
forty-six groups distinguished numerically by letters of the old alphabet. The formation of the
groups is guided mainly by interrelationships, and a little by propinquity ; their sequence is geo-
graphical, and commences in the north-east of the Bantu field with the most archaic and primitive
examples of this speech family the languages round the Edward, Albert, and Victoria Nyanzas.
The course followed thence is southward and eastward down through East a"nd East Central
Africa to Zululand and Cape Colony, and back northwards into the western parts of Central Africa
till the survey ends with the Island of Fernando P6.
The following is a list of the groups for convenience of reference:
BANTU:
Group A. The Nyanza Languages
B. The Wunyamwezi Languages
C. The British East Africa Languages
D. The Kilimanjaro) Languages
E. The pambala Languages
F. The Zangian Languages
G. The Usagara-Ugoigo) Languages
H. The Upper Rufiji Languages
I. The Lower Rufiji-Ruvuma Languages
J. The North Ruvuma-North-east Nyasaland Languages
' K. The Ukinga Languages
L. The Tanganyika-Bangweulu Languages
M. The North-west Nyasa Languages
N. The Yaco-Ngindo) Languages
O. The Mo5ambique Languages
P. The South Nyasaland-Southern Rhodesia Languages
Q. The Puiigwe-Sabi Languages
R. The Mapangane-Ronga Languages
44 NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF READERS
Group S. The Becuana-Transvaal Languages
T. The Zulu-Kafir Languages
U. The West Central Zambezia Languages
V. The Western Zambezia Languages
W. The North-west Zambezia Languages
X. The South-west Africa Languages
Y. The Angola Languages
Z. The Kongto or Westernmost Congoland Languages
AA. The South Congoland (Luba-Lunda) Languages
BB. The Upper Kwangw Languages
CC. The Kwangco-Kasai Languages
DD. The Central Congoland (Luange-Lcomami) Languages
EE. The Middle Lcomami Languages
FF. The Elila-Loiwa-Lualaba (Bulega) Languages
GG. The Ruwenzori-Semliki Languages
HH. The'Upper Ituri Languages
II. The Wele-Aruwimi Languages
JJ. The Aruwimi-Lcomami Languages
KK. The North Central Congoland Languages
LL. The Kwa-Kasai-Upper COgcowe (Teke) Languages
MM. The Central OJgo) we Languages
NN. The OOgcowe-Gaboon Languages
OO. The Spanish Guinea-West Cameroons Languages
PP. The Manenguba Languages
i) ' QQ- The Middle Sanaga Languages
RR. The Panwe (Fang) Languages
SS. The Kadei-Sanga-Lwbai Languages
I TT. The Fernandian Languages
SEMI-BANTU :
Group A. The Cameroons-Cross River Languages
B. The Cross River-Calabar Languages
C. The Benue Languages
D. The Bauci Languages
E. The Central Nigeria Languages.
,, F. The Tcogcoland Languages
G. The Senegambian or Guinea Languages
For the convenience of readers I append in an abbreviated form the scheme of phonetic system
of spelling adopted in this book.
Consonants : m, b, v, p,f, and w ; u, d, t, s, s, r, l,j, and y ; //, g, k, as in English ; c like English
c/i ; x like ch in 'loch' or in German machen; i like German ch in ich, licht (almost English s/t);
y (Greek gamma) like g in modern Greek or the French rgrasseye'or the Arabic g/iain ; f = English
sh ; f = English zh or French j ; it = English th in ' that ', and 6 = English //i in ' think ' ; and n -=
the ng in ' ringing '. The dental click in Zulu-Kafir is if, the alveolar f, the palatal (, and the lateral p.
Vowels : *= English <t in ' father' ; a, the sound of in ' but ' ; te, the sound of a. in 'gather',
'hat'; e = e in 'met', e = e in 'fete', f=e in 'there'; I = i in 'hit'; i,t = i in 'ravine'; o = o in
' not ', 5 = o in ' store ', u> = o in ' bone ', o = u in ' hurt ' ; u = u in ' pull ', it = oo in food ', u *=
French u.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
TOGETHER WITH DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL ALLOTMENT OF EACH TONGUE
AND EXHIBITION OF PREFIXES AND CONCORDS
GROUP A
THE NYANZA LANGUAGES
SUB-GROUP A i KONJO
i. Olu-konjw
SUB-GROUP A 2 NYORCO
2. Uru-nyoreo
2 a. Ru-gufigu
2 b. Ru-kycopi
2 c. Uru-torw (Ru-sofigora, Ru-irco, 6-v.)
2 d. COru-hima
English
I.
Olu-konjw
2.
Uru-nyorco
2 a. 2
Ru-gungu Ru-:
b. 2c.
cytopi Uru-torw
(Ru-songora
<t'Ru-irci>,&v.)
1
2d.
OOru-hima
Adze
E-suka; esi-
En-cwanku.
En-cwanku
suka
Em-baizi
Animal, wild
Eny-ama
Eny-ama.
Eny-ama. Eny-ama Eny-emera.
Eny-emera.
beast
Eny-emera.
Ny-emera
Eny-ama
Eny-ama
Eki-soru
En-kura
Ant
M-bali; pi.
OOru-hazi ; em-
N-kwiri
Em-pazzi
Em-pazzi
esim-bali.
pazi. Oi)mu-
N-swki
zigya ; ba-
Ant, white
Emi-lungulu
En-swa.
N-kuyege
En-pwa
En-swa
(termite)
(&)
(Ki-swa = a
termite hil-
lock}.
En-kubebe
Ape (chim-
Eki-tera ; ebi-.
I-sike.
Eki-kuya
Ki-tera.
Yi-siki
panzi or
M-pundu
Eki-kuya; ebi-
Eci-kuya
gorilla)
Arm
OOku-bwkw
OOmu-kwnco ;
OOmu-kwnw OOmu-kunco (X>mu-kconu
(Omu-kconw
emi-
Arrow
(jOmu-swa ;
OOmu-tegw ;
I'.u-scogi En-gcowe COmu-swgi
OOmu-ambi
emi-.
emi-.
Eki-korco; ebi-
OOmu-seogi.
E-kimara.
OOmw-ambi
Axe
Ein-basa ; //.
Eny-anzi.
M-pangco
E-hangu ; pi.
Em-pangeo
esiom-
Em-pangoj.
m-pangu
En-demu
Baboon
En-gerebe ;
En-kcobe
Ki-guri ; bi-
En-kerebe.
En-kcobe
esion-
Em-pundu
Back
(jOmu-gongw
OOmu-gongeo.
Ma-vega. (jOmu-gongoj OOmu-gongw
COmu-gongeo
Eki-bega
Mu-gongu,
Ki-buni (loins)
Banana ...
OObu-karaata ;
Eki-twke; ebi-.
Ki-teoke ; bi-. Eki-tcoke Eki-ttoke
Eci-tcoci
ama-kamata
En-konje
N-gonja
Beard
Esion-deru.
OJmu-leju,
Mu-redu, COmu-ledyu OOmu-ledyu
Ebi-rezu
(one hair of =
Ebi-reju
Mu-redju.
COnu-leru)
(Ji-miri junka
= one hair of
beard)
Bee
En-zwki ;
En-jcoki
K-wkyee ; //. En-jwki En-jwki
En-zcoki
esion-ziuki
b-cokyee.
Em-buri
Belly
In-daar /En-da.
En-da
Mu-da En-da
En-da En-da
Bu-kwle.
Olu-isira
.
4 6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
I. 2.
Olu-konju Uru-nyoru
2 a. 2 b.
Ru-gungu Ru-kyupi
2 C. 2 d.
Uru-toru OOru-hima
(Ru-songora
Bird
Eny-unyi ; Eny-unyi
Kiny-uni ; bi- Eny-unyi Eny-unyi Eciny-unyi
esiony-.
Uny-uni.
Mu-isundi
Blood
OOmu-sasi E-sagama.
Mu-sagama E-sagama
E-sagama. E-sagama
E-samaga
orMu-samaga
E-samaga
Body
OOmu-biri OOmu-biri
Mu-biri OOmu-biri OOmu-biri OOmu-biri
Bone
Eri-kuha; ama- E-gufwa,
Ki-gufwa; bi-
[gufwa; ama- I-guffa
I-gufa; ama-
Borassus palm
Eci-kuga Aka-tugu;tobu-.
Ka-tugu
Aka-kuga Aka-tuga
Eki-kuga
Bow
OObu-ta; ama- OObu-tta;
Bu-ta ; ma-ta OObu-ta
OObu-tta OObu-ta
ama-tta
Bowels
Aman-da Ma-ra (//.)
... ...
Brains
OOb-ongu. OObw-ongu
Bw-ongu OObw-ongu
OObw-ongu OOw-ongu
Esion-cuere
Breast i man's
Eki-kuba Eki-fuba
...
Eki-fuba Eci-fuba
Breast
Eri-bere ; ama- 1-were ; ama-
I-weri;ma-veri I-bere
I -were I-bere
(woman's)
Brother ...
OOmu-hara or Omw-ana-wa-idu
Mw-ana-wa-ici Omw-ana-mau
Omw-ena-we-itu Omw-ene-w-esu
Omw-ana-w-etu OOmu-genzi.
OOwa-nyina.
Mu-nyanya.
B-ene(//.) 1
Buffalo
Em-bugu ; Em-bugu
Em-bugu Em-bugu
Em-bugu Em-bugu
esiom-
Bull
En-de e-nume E-nimi, Numi
Gi-numi
(Ente)eci-nume E-nimi
Buttocks ...
Ebi-kaleru Ebi-bunu
Bi-nyu (pi.)
Ebi-bunu Ebi-bunu
ama-(<?/ 'beasts)
Canoe
OObw-atu; am- OObw-atu
Bw-atu ; pi. Bw-atu
Obw-atu OObw-atu
atu
g-atu 2
Cat
Aka-jangu En-jangu
...
En-jangu En-zangu
Charcoal ...
Ama-kara
...
Ama-kara Ama-kara
Chief
OOmu-kama; Mu-bitu.OOmu-
Mu-kama
OOmu-kamwa OOmu-kama.
aba- kamwa: aba-.
OOmu-bitu
OOmu-nyoru.
OOmu-lemi.
OOmu-kungu
Child
Omw-ana; ab- Omw-ana
Mw-ana Omw-ana
Omw-ana Omw-ana
ana. 00-lume- com-uju = o
ob'-saiza=S
keke $. Aka- mu-tu = 5
mu-tu = 5
mu-keke = in-
Mu-halu
fant
Cloth
OOmu-tanda. OOmu-tanda
Ng-oyi (cotton). Ru-buku
OOmu-tanda. OOmw-enda
Omw-enda (cotton).
Lu-vugu
Oru-goye
(cotton) Oru-goye
(bark)
(bark).
(bark)
Oru-kuzi
Cold
Em-behu. Em-behu
.
Em-behu Em-behu
OOmu-rombe
Country ...
Eki-taka En-si
Ky-alu
En-si En-si
Cow
En-de e-sigija En-te e-zigija
En-te gi-za- En-te
En-te e-bugu- En-te e-zigiza.
gidya
ma N-gabe,
N-gube.
Ki-gabu
B-ene is the eqidvalent of the B-ena (Ba-ina
Perhaps this is a slurring of Gama-tu : vide Lu-masaba.
, meaning' kinsmen ', ' brethren '.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
47
English
I.
Olu-konju
2.
Uru-nyoreo
2 a. 2 b.
Ru-gungu Ru-kycopi
2 C. 2 d.
Uru-torco OOru-hima
(Ru-songora
a(/Ru-irco, <5f c.)
Crocodile ...
En-dicoka
En-sambia.
Gi-nyconigim
En-sambia En-sambia
(snake).
Envpyco
I-hondue
Day
Ki-rco.
Eki-rco. I-zcoba
Mu-ki-roa.
Eki-rco, Eci-rco Eky-irco ; ebi-
Bu-hingi.
OOmu-sana
Ki-roj ; ebi-reo.
Omw-esi,
Hangwe
Omw-ise ( =
daylight)
Devil, evil
OOmu-limu;
OOmu-cwesi ;
... ...
OOmu-cwesi OOmu-cwesi
spirit
aba-
aba-.
OOmu-zimu ;
aba-
Doctor imedi-
Mu-kumco
OOmu-fumu
. .. ...
OOmu-fumu
cine man)
Dog
Em-bwa ;
Em-bwa.
M-bweni Em-bwa
Em-bwa. Em-bwa.
esiom-
Eki-bwa (a big
Eki-bwa (a big Eki-bwa (a big
dog)
dog) dog)
Donkey
...
En-kaina
* *
Door
Bu-sSku.
OOru-higi ; pi.
Mu-zigco
Oru-higi ; eny- Oru-higi ; eny-
001-uyi,
em-pigi
igi igi
R-uyi; pi.
esiony-uyi
Dream
En-deotco
En-dcotco.
N-deosiri
En-dcotco En-dcotco
Eki-rcoteo
Drum
En-gcoma
En-gcoma
En-gcoma En-gcoma
En-gcoma En-gcoma
Ear
OOku-twe; ama-
Cx)ku-tu;ama-tu
Ku-tu ; ma-tu COku-tu
OOku-twe or OOku-tu; ama-tu
twe
OOku-tuitu
Egg
Ere-ye; ama-yi.
Ei-huri ; ama-
I-huri ; ma-
I-huli Ei-huri
Eri-hui
huri
Elephant ...
En-zcogu ;
En-jeojeo
N-zuzco; N-jejco N-jcoju
En-deaba, En-zcozco
esiom-
En-dasba
Excrement
Ama-gedzie.
Ama-zi
Ma-bi
Ama-izi. Ama-zi
Ama-vezi.
Ama-tutorco
Ama-idzai
Eye
Er-isco
Er-isco;
R-isco ; ma-isco Er-iseo
Er-isco Er-isco
Face, forehead
Ol)bu-su
ama-isco
OObu-Sco
Bu-sco OObu-Sco
CObu-sco OObu-sco
Fat
Eki-sawu.
Eki-saju ; ebi-.
Ma-savu
En-sazu. Eki-sadzu.
Ama-guta (oil,
Ama-gita (oil,
Ama-vutta, Ama-zita
butter)
&-c.)
Ama-futa
Father
Tata. I-se.
Tata. 'Sco. I-se.
Tata Tata. Baba Tata. I-se, I -s<o Tata. I-se, I-sco
E-sa
I-se-nytowe
(my). I -si.
I-sco
Fear
Eri-saga
En-kise.
A-tinyiri ... OOku-tina OOku-tina
OOku-tina
Finger
OOmu-nwe ;
COru-kumco; en-
Lu-galco. Kalco OOmu-kumco Oru-kumco or OOru-kumco ; pi.
erne-.
Eki-ara; eby-
OOdu-kumco en-kumco.
OOmu-rcotco.
(Eki-saiza =
Eki-ara
Eki-kumco
thumb)
Fire
OOmu-rirco
(jOmu-rirco
Mu-lireo Mu-rrco OOmu-rrco OOmo-rrco
Fish
Eyi-swe ;
En-cui
N-tui En-cu En-ci3. En-fwi En-tchu or
esi-swe. I-sui.
En-cu or
I-sumbi ; esi-
Em-fu
Foot
Eki-sandco.
Eki-renge.
Ki-renge. E-kigere
Eki-gere ; ebi- Eki-gere ; ebi-
OOku-gulu
Eki-gere ; ebi-
Ku-gulu
Forest
OOmu-situ.
Eki-bira
Ki-bera ... Eki-bira Eci-bira
Olu-longe
E 2
4 8
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
I.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyorco
2 a.
Ru-gungu
2b.
Ru-kywpi
2 C.
Uru-torco
(Ru-songora
adR\i-iT<a,&c.)
3d.
OOru-hima
Fowl En-gcokeo 1 En-kcokto En-kcoko En-kcoku En-kcokco En-kuku
Frog Eki-tere Eki-kere ... ... ... Eki-kere
Ghost COmu-limu ; COmu-ztmu ; Mu-zimu ... COmu-zimu ; Cx)mu-zimu;
aba- emi-. Eki-turu eini-. (x)mu- emi-
Giraffe
...
N-tuiga
...
...
Girl
...
Mu-isiki
...
...
Goat
Em-buri, Em-
Em-buzi
M-buli
Em-buzi
buli ; esiom-.
Em-bene J ;
pi. esem-bene
(he) ...
Esa-mban (5).
Em-berabuzi,
...
*
Em-fay a
Em-paya (S).
(she) ...
Buguma (51
...
*..
God
Ru-hanga or
Du-hanga. 2
Ka-tonda
Ru-hanga
Du-hanga
Ka-tonda
Grandparent
I-sekuru
Is-en-kuru.
...
...
Nyin-en-kuru
Grass
Om-wata.
Om-wata.
Bu-sibbi.
Eki-suki
E-tete.
Lu-saka
(Obun-yansi,
Wbu-yansi
Ground
(Oinu-taka
I-taka
I-taka
I-taka
Ground-nut
...
Eki-nyo>bwa
...
Guinea-fowl
En-ganga
Eki-tajumba
Nku-jumba
...
Gun
Em-bundu
COmu-gangco
Mu-duku
...
Hair
COlu-yuwiri ;
I-suki; ama-
I-swke (Bo-ya,
I-scoke
esion-ziwiri.
suki
on limbs)
Se-suere.
Bu-eya (on
body)
Hand ... ...
Eki-ganza.
Eki-ganja.
Ki-ganja.
Ki-ganza
Eme-nue (z. e.
Ebi-ara ( =
Mu-kunco ;
fingers)
fingers). En-
mi-
garb), (JOmu-
kunco (also
lower arm)
Head
COmia-twe ;
tOmu-twe ; emi-
Mu-tue
OOmu-twe
eme-twe
Heart
OOmu-tummoj.
COmu-tima.
Mu-tima
(x)mu-tima
( Dniu-tTtna
COmu-tuma
Heel
Aka-sinzirco ;
Eki-sinzirco.
Ki-sinzirco
...
cobu-
Eki-kongcoijco
Hide
Eki-ani.
Eki-satco.
Ki-satu.
Ru-hu. M-]
En-gwba
OOru-hu. Cx)mu-
N-gGjzi
guta. En-go>zi
(for slinging
infants on back)
Hill
Eki-cwa ; ebi-
Eki-swa.
.
'
Em-bara
Hippopotamus
Eyi-sere ; esi-
En-jubu
M-vuvu
...
Hoe
I-suka
En-fuka.
...
Em-funi
zummco
En-tuiga
Em-buze.
Em-penne
Ru-hanga 2
Du-hanga
Eki-suki.
E-scoju.
E-tete.
Em-burara.
CObu-nyasi
[taka. A-hansi
Ama-kere.
Eki-nyeobwa
En-tajumba
COmu-gangco
I -stoke
Eci-ganza.
COmu-kconeo
OOmu-twe
OOmu-tummu).
(jOmu-tima
Eki-sinzirco
Em-buzi
Oru-swzi
Em-vuvu.
En -sere
I.u-gaba or
Nyam-hanga
Om-wata.
OObu-nyadzi
I -taka
Eci-nycobwa>
Ama-kerre
Eci-kanga
Em-bundu
I-scoke
Eci-ganza.
OOniu-kconco
COmu-twe
OOmu-tima
Eki-tsintsinw
U)ru-hu ; em-pu
En-zubu
1 Emin Pasha adds the word vutte : perhaps in error.
Ru-hanga also means ' skull '.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
49
English
i.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyorco
2 a. 2
Ru-gungu Ru-k
b. 2c.
ycopi Uru-torco
(Ru-songora
rtW(/Ru-ireo, Sy c.)
3d.
OOru-hima
Honey
OOb-ukyi
OObw-eoki
U-coki
OObw-eoci
OObw-coci
Horn
Eri-hembe;
Ei-hembe ;
Ei-hembi
Yi-hembe; ama-
Yi-hembe; ama
ama-
ama-. En-kule
Eki-kuli
House
Eny-umba ;
En-ju. Ka; //.
N-umba En-ju
Eny-umba ;
En-zco
esiony-
ama-ka.
ama-. En-ju,
( O-mba = at tht
En-zu
house of)
1
Hunger
En-zala.
En-jara
N-zala En-jala En-jara
En-zara
En-jera
Husband . . .
I-ba,Ba(Barco)
Om-gwirarco
...
Hyena
Em-piti
Em-pisi
M-pici Em-pisi Em-pisi,
Em-pidzi
Em-pehe
Iron
Eky-coma,
Eki-coma.
1 Si-coma
Eki-coma
Ec-coma
Ec-coma.
OObu-tale.
M-seke
OOmu-singa
Island
OOku-itsinga or
Ei-zinga
Ki-singa
Ei-zinga
Eki-rwa
Eri-tsinga ;
ama-
Ivory
Er-inco
Er-inco
El-inco la n-jejco
Er-inco
Omw-inu
Knee
Eri-ru
OOku-ju
Ku-vivi or Ei-
OOku-ju,
OOku-zco
vivi,Ma-vivi
OOku-zco
Knife
OOmu-hamba
OOmw-ihiu.
Ki-ambi Mu-yco
OOmu-hyco.
OOmu-siu
OOmu-horco.
OOmu-tambi
OOru-gesco
Lake
En-gedze
Eny-anja
Mu-sanga,
Eny-anza
Eny-anza
Ny-anja
Leg
OOku-yulu.
OOku-guru.
Ku-gulu OOku-gulu OOku-guru.
OOku-guru
M-bundu
OOmu-rundi.
OOru-guru
Eki-rumbu
Leopard ...
En-gwe
En-gco
M-umwa En-gwe
En-gco
En-gwe
Lion
En-dare; esian-
En-tale
N-tali. PSimba
Eki-cuncu
En-tare
dare
Lips
OOmu-nyu ;
OOmu-nwa ;
Mu-mwa ; mi- OOmu-nwa OOmu-nwa ;
OOmQ-nwa ;
emi-nyu
eme-
emi-
eme-
Magic
OOmu-lcoyi.
OOmu-reogco,
Mu-lcogco
OOmu-rcoji.
OOmu-rcogco
OObu-ganga
OObu-rcogeo.
OObu-ganga
Ebiama-hanco
Maize
Ebi-kusa
Ebi-cori
Mi-scoli
Ebi-gusa,
Ebi-cori
Ebi-ccoli
Man
OOmu-ndu ;
OOmu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu; OOmu-ntu OOmu-ntu;
OOmu-ntu ;
aba-ndu.
aba-ntu.
ba-ntu
aba-ntu
aba-ntu
Man, vir. ...
OOmu-lume
OOmu-sadja
Mu-saiza
Om-gwirarco
00mu-seizi;aba
Meat
Eny-ama
Eny-ama 1
Eny-ama Eny-ama Eny-ama
Eny-ama
Medicine ...
OOmu-bazi
...
...
Milk
Ma-tai
Ama-ta
Ma-ta
Ama-te Ama-te
Monkey
En-gende;esion-
En-kende
En-kende En-kyende
En-gema
Moon
OOmu-gesera,
OOku-ezi.
Mu-ezi OOkw-ezi OOkw-ezi OOkw-ezi ;
OOku-esera.
Om-wezi.
am-ezi
OOkw-ezi
En-zorco
(moonlight)
(full moon)
Mother ...
Nya-nsansu.
Mau. Nyco-ko).
Mama.
Mau
...
Mama
Nyina. Nya-,
Nya-bco, &*c.
Mountain ...
OObw-eruka.
Eri-lambco.
Oru-pcodzi Lu-scozi Ru-scozi
Oru-scozi. 1-banga; ama-
Ebi-rika. banga
OObu-rambco
Oru-wanga ;
(I cliff)
em-panga
Also : OOmu-neofu, 'flesh ', ' toneless meat'.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
I. 2.
Olu-konjco Uru-nyorco
2 a. 2 b.
Ru-gungu Ru-kycopi
2 C. 2 d.
Uru-torto COru-hima
(Ru-songora
andRu-irta, &*.)
Mouth
Ubw-anco ? Aka-nwa
Ka-mwa Muka-nwa
Oru-suga Aka-nwa
Bu-nco ?
Nail (of finger
Eci-ala ; ebi- E-nconco
Nconco
E-no>nco E-nconco
or toe)
Name
E-rina Ei-bara ; ama-
I-bara
I-bara I-zina ; ama-
zina
Navel
(Oinu-kundi
...
...
Neck
Ebi-cia. Ebi-tyia,
Balagco
Ebi-tyia. Ebi-tsia. (Ama-
En-goto Ebi-kya (pi.)
Oru-tsia raka = throat)
Night
E-kirco. E-kirco.
Muki-rco
Eki-rco Nydki-rco or
Wa-mira OOmu-irima
Nyeci-rco
Nose
OOmu-huri ; E-nyindco
Ny-indco N-indu
Eny-indco Eny-indco
emi-. E-nindco
Oil palm ...
>
... ...
Ox
En-de ; esion- En-te. E-nimi
En-te. Korwa En-te
En-te En-te.
En-gombe
(ancient term,
nearly forgot-
ten)
Paddle
En-gahi.
... ...
En-kasi
Palm wine,
OObu-abu Ama-rwa
Bu-gemi
Ama-rwa Ama-rwa
beer
Parrot
En-gusu En-kusu
> *
En-kusu En-kusu
Penis
Ei-sulu ; esi- Em-bcolco
Km-bcoleo
Em-borco. Em-borco
sulu
Eci-borco
Pig
En-guluwe Em-punu
M-punu
Em-punu Em-punu
Pigeon
Eri-iba ? Eri-iba ; ama-
E-iva; ma-iva
Eri-iba; ama- En-kombe
iba
Place
Aha-ndu. Aha-ntu.
Ma-gong<o
Aha-ntu. tOmw-anya
H e-usi 00 wa- prefix.
COmw-anya
Omw-anya.
Eki-ikaru
Rain
Em-bula En-jura
N-dakali N-jiroa
Em-bula En-zura
Rat
Em-beba;esiom- Em-beba
Em-bewa
Em-beba Em-beba
Rhinoceros
En-kura En-kura
N-kura
En-kura
River
Eki-sesa. Oru- Eki-saru.
Ki-ambu Mu-gera
Eki-saru Ec-ambco ; ebi-
si. COmu-sia. Eky-ambu
ambco
Em-basa
Road
En-sera (Omu-handa.
Mu-handa Mu-handa
(jOmu-handa. tOmu-handa
I-kute
UJmu-mpanda
Salt
Mu-nyu Eki-sura
Ki-sura
... ...
Shame
En-sconi En-suni
N-sconi
En-sconi En-sconi
Sheep
Em-buri. Em- En-tama.
N-tama En-tama
En-tama En-tama
bangali (? 6) Em-paya ()
Shield
En-gabco En-gabco
En-gabu
En-gabco En-gabco
Shoulder ...
Eki-bega.
... ...
I-bega; ma-
I-bega
Sister
Mw-ale-we-itu Mu-nyanya.
Mw-ana-ma-isi
OOmu-nyanya OOmu-nyanya
(i. e. our vir- OOwa-nyina 01
gin). Mu-hara Wa-mau
Skin ... ...
En-gcoba. Oru-hu.
Ki-satco. Ru-hu
Oru-hu Oru-h'u ; em-pu
OOmu-nyue COmu-biri
N-geozi
Sky ... ...
Olu-beola. Ei-guru
Ki-gulu I -guru
Ei-guru Aha-iguru
Olu-vura
Slave
Mu-iru ; ba-iru. COmu-iru
. . >
OOmu-iru COmu-iru
Mu-sana (5)
Sleep
C0tu-lo> CObu-ru
Ku-basia Vi-ame ?
OOtu-ru OOtu-ru
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
English
I.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyorco
2 a. :
Ru-gungu Ru-
ib. 2 c.
tycopi Uru-torco
(Ru-songora
2 d.
OOru-hima
Smoke
OOmu-ki.
OOmu-ika
Mw-ika
Omw-ika
Omw-ika
OOmu-eki
Snake
En-zcoka
En-jcoka
M-piri 1
En-zok'
En-zcoka
Son, boy ...
OOmw-ana
OOmw-ana.
Mw-ana Mw-ana OOm'w-ana
OOmw-ana.
00n;w-cojco.
OOm-cozco
Ak-ana; iubw-
ansi(littleson).
OOmu-tabani
Song
Olu-imbco.
Eki-zina
Ki-zina
Eki-zinna
Eci-zinnu
Eri-wina
(dancing song)
Spear
I-tumco ; ama-.
Ei-cumco
E-furnu I-cumu I-cumco
Ei-cumco ; ama-
I-tsummco
Spirit, soul
OOmu-zimu.
OObw-comezi. 2
... .
Omw-oyeo
OOmu-zimu
Aka-horcoga
OOmu-zimu
Star
En-gununco ;
Eny-inyizi.
Ny-izi Ny-ezi Eny-inyuzi
Eny-onycozi
esion-
Eny-unyuzi
Stick
Omw-igco
Omw-igco.
Mu-beri Mw-igco En-kconi
En-kconi
En-keoni.
.
Ku-himbco If'
divining-rod )
Stone
Eri-bwe ; ama-.
Ei-bare ; ama-
E-bali; ma- Ru-bengu E-wie, Ei-bwe;
Ei-bare ; ama-
Eri-gwe
ama-. Ei-bare
Stool
Eki-tumbi
En-tebe
t
En-tebe
En-tebe
Sun
Eri-coba.
I-zcoba
Zcoba I-zcoba. I-zcoba
I-zcoba
Umu-ise
Umu
sana
(= daylight)
Tail
OOmu-kira
OOmu-kira
OOmu-kira
Tear
OOmu-sconi ;
Ei-ziga
Ki-ziga
Er-izi ; ama-izi
Er-izi ; ama-
emi-(? = shame]
Testicles ...
Emi-hege (pi.)
Ama-gcosi (//.)
Ama-gcosi
Ama-gcosi
Ei-gcosi; ama-
Thief
Omw-ibi ;
Omw-ibi.
A-iviri
OOmu-summa
OOmu-summa
abe-ibi.
OOmu-suma
OOmu-higura
Thigh...
Eki-hinga
Eki-berco
Ki-berco
. ...
...
Thing
Eki-ndu.
Eki-ntu. Ntu
Eki-ntu Eki-ntu Eci-ntu. Ntu
Eki-ntu. Ntu
En-ganga
Thorn
Ere-h'wa ; ama-
Ei-h'wa
I-gcoa
Eri-h'wa
Ei-h'wa ; ama-
h'wa
Tobacco ...
E-taba.
E-taba
E-taba
E-taba
E-taba
Ka-sinse
To-day
Munabwiri
Derco. Hati
Lerco
Hati. Derco
M-buenu
Toe
Aka-sanwe.
Aka-gere; o>bu-
Ka-kumu ;
Aka-gere
Oru-kumco ; en-
Eri-nco ;
en-kumu
kumco
ama-nco
To-morrow
.. .
Ny-enkya. I-jco
...
. *
...
Tongue
Lu-leme
OOlu-limi.
Limi O-rimi Oru-rimi
00-rrimi
Eii-gambco
Tooth
Er-inyco, El-
Er-Inco
L-inco ; ma-inco
Eci-inco ;
Eri-inco ; ama-
inco ; am-enco
ebi-inco
inco
Town, village
Eki-kale. OObu-
Oru-buga.
Ki-kali ; bi-
E-kka.
O-rrembco ;
tala. E-tieka
Eki-ka
O-rrembco
pi. en-dembco
Tree
OOmu-ti ; emi-ti
OOmu-ti
Ki-sali
OOmu-ti. Eci-ti
OOmu-ti
Twins
Aba-hasa
Aba-rongco
Ba-longco
Aba-rongco
Ama-hapa
Urine
Ama-sco
En-kari
En-kali
En-kari
En-kare
Vein
...
Eki-ny wa (?)
...
.
...
1 Cf. words for ' viper' 1 . 2 Also the word OOru-coya = 'breath', allied to the East B&ntu root for' spirit', -coyco.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
i.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyorco
2a.
Ru-gungu
2b.
Ru-kytopi
2C.
Uru-torco
(Ku-songora
rtWRu-irw, &(.)
2d.
COru-hima
War
Oru-hi
CObu-lemu.
Lamagu
CObu-lemu.
Oru-gamba
CObw-emi
Oru-gamba
Water
Ama-gedzi.
Ama-dzi.
Ma-izi
Mi-jezi
Ama-izi.
Ama-izi
Ama-ssi
En-gezi
Ama-tunga
Well, source
Eri-ziba ?
I-ziba. En-gezi.
i
I-ziba
Ei-ziba
Kitun-gezi
White man
COmu-jungu
COmu-jungu.
Mu-zungu
i
COmu-zungu
COmu-zungu
Eki-tuku
Wife
C0mu-kari;aba-
(jOmu-kazi.
Mu-kali
COmu-kazi
COmu-kazi
Mu-ka- (with
possessive pro-
noun)
Wind
Em-behco.
Em-beheo.
Mu-yaga
*
Em-behco
Em-behco
I-hunga
1-hunga.
COmu-yaga
Witch 1 ...
COmu-rcoi.
COmu-rcogu
Mu-lcogco
COmu-lcogu
COmu-lcogco
Uhmi-kumco
M-bandwa
Witchcraft
CObu-rcoi
I -rcogco
.*
i*
...
Woman
COmu-kari
COmu-kazi.
Mu-kali
...
COmu-kazi
COmu-kazi
Womb
En-da
...
Wood
Ru-kwe; //.
En-ku
En-ku"
En-ku
En-kue.
En-ku
esian-kue
En-sari
Yam
Eki-hama
Eki-rali
.
..*
Eki-rali
Eci-ra
Year
Omw-aka.
COmw-aka ;
Omw-aka
COmw-aka
Omw-aka
Eri-bcoga ( =
emi-aka
sprouting corn,
new year).
Yesterday...
I-J5
. . .
* .
...
Zebra
En-turege
En-tulege
En-tulege
...
En-tulege
En-tulege
One
guma, -yuma
-mu
mu
mu
-mco (Du-meo)
mue
Two
here, -were
biri, -wiri
-biri, -wiri
bili
biri, -wiri
-biri
Three
satu
satu
satu
satu
-satu
-satu
Four
-ne, -nai
nai, -na
na
ne
-nai
na
Five
tanu
-tanu, -tanu
tanco
tanco
tanu
tanu
Six
(Omu-kaga
COmu-kaga
Mu-kaga
Mu-kaga
(omu-kaga
COmu-kaga
(pi. emi-)
Seven
OOmu-sanzu
COmu-sanju
Mu-sanju
Mu-sansu
COmu-sanju
COmu-sanzu
(//. emi-)
Eight
COmu-nane
COmu-nana
Mu-nana
Mu-nani
COmu-nana
COmu-nana
(//. emi-)
Nine
Omw-enda
Omw-enda
Mw-enda
Mw-enda
Omw-enda
Omw-enda
(j)/.emy-enda)
Ten
Eri-kumi
I-fcumi
E-kumi
I kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi
(pi. ama-)
Eleven
E-kumi na ci
1-kumi n'e-mu
E-kumi n'em'
I-kumi naki-mu I-kumi n'e-niu
I-kumi n'e-mue
yuma
Twenty ...
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-kumi ga-
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-bere
a-biri
biri
a-wiri
a-biri
Thirty
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-kumi ga-
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-satu
a-satu
satu
a-patu
a-satu
Forty
Ama-kumi a-ne Ama-kumi a-na Ma-kumi ga-na
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi a-na
a-nai
Fifty
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-kumi ga-
* ..
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-tanu
a-tanu
tanco
a-tanco
a-tanu
1 ' Witch '
stands also for ' wizard' , ' diviner', 'magician'.
The better side of ' witchcraft' is met with under
' doctor' ' medicine man ', and" ' medicine '. 'Magic ' may also mean ' religion ', 'fetish '.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
English
I.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyorco
2 a. 2
Ru-gungu Ru-k
D. 2C.
ycopi U ru-torco
(Ru-songora
andRu-irto,&>c.)
ad.
(Uiu-hima
Hundred ...
Eri-gana
I-gana
Ki-kumi I-gana
I-gana
I-gana
Thousand . . .
Eri-gan' ne-
OOru-kumi
Lu-kumi
...
Ma-gana
guma
(Ka-gana =
e-kumi
10,000)
I, me, my ...
Ngie, Njie.
Nycowe. N-.
Nge.
Nycowe. Ni, N-.
Nycowe. N-,Ni.
N-, Ndi-.
un. -n-. -a-fige
-a-ngco
n-. -a-nge
n-. -a-nje
n-. -a-ge
Thou, thee,thy
Ewe,Tami ! U-.
Wewe, CO-.
Wewe. (x)-.
Wewe. U)-.
Iwe. CO-.
ku-. -a-yco
ku-. -a-we. -co
-ku-. -co
ku-. -a-we
ku-. -a-we
He, him, his
Oyu. A-.
Uwe, Ye. A-.
Ye. A-.
Iwe, Uwe. A-.
Uwe, Oria.
mu-. -a-ye
mu-. -e, -yi
mu-. -codi
mu-. -yi
A-, Ya-.
mu-. -ye
We, us, our
Sitwe. Tu-.
Icwe, Icu. Tu-.
Icwe. Tu-. Itwe
Icwe. Tu-.
Yitwe. Tu-.
tu-. -etu
tu-. -a-itu
-tu-, -itu-
tu-. -a-itu
-tu-. -a-itu
Ye, your, our
Inyue, Inyu.
Inyuwe. Mu-.
Nyuwe
Inyuwe. Mu-.
Yimwe. Mu-.
Mu-.
ba-. -a-nyu
ba-. -a-nyu
ba-. -a-nyu
ba-. -enyu
They, them,
Aba. Ba-.
Abco. Ba-.
Bahco, Badi.
Abco. Ba-.
Abco. Ba-.
their
-ba-. -a bco
-ba-. -a-bu
Ba-.
ba-. -a-bco
wa-, -ba-.
-ba-. a-bco
-a-bco
All
This, these
usi,-cosi(ab-cosi, -cona (b-cona, -cona
ey-cosi, g-cosi, y-cona, g-cona,
esi-iisi. elii-osi, bi-cona, z-cona,
cow-cosi, &c.) tu-cona, bw-
cona, kw-cona,
h-cona)
Yui-yu, ba-ba Ngu-gu<?rto-nu, -hco (with class
<u-nco<7/-gu-nco ba-nu ; gu-nco, prefix)
gi-nco or i-nco e-nu ; di-nco or
ri-nco, ga-nco di-nu, ga-nco ;
ki-nco, bi-nco ki-nu, bi-nu ;
e-nco, si-nco e-nu, zi-nu ;
lu-nco ; tu-nco ru-nu ; tu-nu ;
ka-nco ; bu-nco ; ka-nti ; bu-nu ;
ku-nco ; ha-nco ku-nu ; ha-nu
-cona
That, those
Y(o-lia, ba-lia; CO-nuna, ba- -ri (with
o)-lia, gi-lia ; nuna ; gu-nu- prefix)
ri-ria, ga-lia ; na, e-nuna ;
ki-lia, bi-lia ; di-nuna ; &c.
e-lia or yi-lia; OJ-li, co-linya,
si-lia; lu-lia ; ba-li,ba-linya;
ka-lia ; bu-lia; gu-li,gu-linya;
ku-lia ; ha-lia &c. C0-gu,ba-
li; (o-gu,e-gi;
e-ri, a-gco ; e-ki,
e-bi;e-gi,e-zi;
o-ru ; (o-tu ;
a-kco ; oi-bu ;
u>-ku ; a-hco
class
Bad ...
Black..
-bi, -kirco
-iraulu.
G-iraguru
bi -bi
iragura (root
of verb)
-bi
cona
(As in Uru-
nyorco; but the
demonstrative
answering to
'this here' is
more often pre-
ceded by the
' directive n ' :
Ngu-nu, mba-
nu ; ngu-nu,
figi-nu; ndi-nu,
nga-nu; &>?.)
Ngu-li, mba-li,
dr-f. Ngu-gu,
mba-bco ; Ngu-
gu, ngi-gi ;
cona
(Much as in
Uru-nyorco).
The demon-
strative ' that ',
however, is -ria
(to-ria, ba-ria ;
gu-ria; &c.)
-bi
irugadju
bi
54
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
. English
I.
Olu-konjco
2.
Uru-nyoreo
23.
Ru-gungu
2b.
Ru-kycopi
2 C.
Uru-torto
(Ru-songora
undRu-irtajCrc.)
2d.
OOru-hima
Female ... -kali, humans -kazi. -isiki. ... ... -kazi. -zigise.
and small -tco, mu-tw -isiki
and small
tco, mu-tco
mammals; -esi-
yija, cows; -bu-
wuma, cows
andgoals;-ww-
ene, general
Fierce, sharp,
. . .
ruma (verb)?
bitter
rviSi,(verb root)
Good
-w-ene. -buya
-rungi 2
Great
kulu. -nene
kuru. -kcotu
Little
nunu. -ke
-ke. -toitco
Long
-de, -le
raiha. -hangu
Male
lume
-sadja or -saija
(men). -cojco
(children).
-enume (oxen).
rumi (birds)
Old
kuru (mostly
in verbalform)
Red
-tuku
tukura(?'<??-(W)
Rotten
junda (verbal)
Short
-kuhi
gufu. -ihi
Sick
aluere. -kconi
rwara (verb)
White
-eru
era, -ruwera
Above, up, on
Ha-iguru.
top
Eru-guru
Before
Ah-ese
OOmu ma-isco-ga
Na-mbere
Behind
Below, down
He-nsi
Eny-uma ya
Ha-nsi ya. I-fco
Far
Ha-ra
Here
E-nco
Ha-nu, Ku-nu
In, inside ...
00 -mu
00-mu,
OOmun-da
Middle
...
Ha-gati
Near
...
Ha-ihi
Outside ...
...
Ah-eru
Plenty, many
ngi
ingi
There
E-ria. Ha-li
O)-ku. Ku-li.
A-hto. Ha-li
Where?
...
N-kaha ?
No!
I-yehe !
Kwaha! Anga!
A-a!
Not (with verb,
Si- (Si-ndi-,
Ti-(ti,t(o,ta, ti-
as prefix, in-
Si-wa-
tu,ti-mu,ti-ba).
fix, or suffix)
Si-a, Si-tu-,
-ta-(u-ta-,to-ta,
Si-mu-.Si-ba-)
a-ta-, &*<;.)
bu-sa (cf.Swa-
hili ' Kabisa'.
-bu-sa means
ruruma (verb) -rruma (verb)
rungi
kcotu. -kuru
taitco. -titireo.
-ke
raiha
-saija
rungi
kuru. -pangu,
hangu
itce, -ce, -cice
seizi. -irumi,
-cozco (chil-
dren), -enimi
(oxen)
ikuru, -kura -ikuru
nanata (verb)
junda (verb)
gufu
rwaire (verb)
era (verb)
Ha-iguru
OOmu ma-sco-ga
Eny-uma ya
Ha-nsi
Ha-ra
Ha-nu
00-mu
Ha-gati
Ha.ihi
Aha-iru
OOmw-eru.-ingi
Ku-li, Ha-li.
00-ku
Kwaha ! N-ga ! N-gabiise !
tukura (verb)
guffu
ruara (verb)
era, -wera
(verb)
Ha-iguru
OOmu ma-seo-ga
Eny-uma ya
Ha-nsi
Ha-ra
Ha-nco
00-mu
Ha-kati
Ha-ihi
inji
00-ku. Ku-ria
(As in Uru-
nyorco)
(As in Uru-
nyorw)
-bu-se
'naked')
1 Compare word for ' leopard' in Caga.
Cf. Zulu and words for ''straight'', ' building''.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
55
English
i.
Olu-konjo>
2. 23.
Uru-nyorco Ru-gungu
2 b. 2 C.
Ru-kycopi Uru-torto
(Ru-songora
aWRu-ireo, &"c.)
2d.
(x)ru-hima
To ...
Eri- 1
(x)ku- Ku-
OOku- OOku-
COku-
beat ...
tera
tera
-tera
-tera
buy, sell
awcola, -wcola
tunda. -gura
gura
tunda
come . . .
asa
ija
-ija
iza
cut
dura
-tema
temera
temera
dance ...
bina, -wina
zina, -n-zina
zina
-guruka
die
wa, -kuwa
fwa
fa
fa. -akaba
eat
-Ha
-dia
dia
dia
give ...
ha. (-bain com-
wa, -ha.
-wa, -ha
hwa, -wa
position)
gaba
go
genda
genda. -gya
genda,
njenda
ngenda
kill
-ita
-ita
ita
ita
know ...
kiasi
many a
manya
manya
laugh ...
seka
seka
seka
seka
leave off,
-leka ?
leka. -siga
-leka
reka
cease
love, want
-sima. -yenda
enda. -gonza,
-enda. -gonza
kunda.
gondza
-n-yenda
see
langera
buna, -dora
... -buna, -rora
bcona. -dora.
seobora ?
sit, remain,
ikala
ikara
ikala
ikara
abide
,, sleep ...
-rara
rara. -gconya
-viyama -rara. gcona
biama. -rara.
(Eri-rara) or
(to pass the
-gcona
-lala
night), -gcona
(snore).
niama, -bi-
yama ?
stand, stop,
...
emera. -teka.
ema, -emera
ema, -emera
be erect
imuka
., steal
iba
iba
-iba
iba
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN OLU-KONJOO Z
Preprefixes are present in Olu-konjeo.
Class I. OOmu- (concord <omu-, yto-, u- ?) ; 2. Aba- (ba-) ; 3. (Ornu- (oomu-, gu-) ; 4. Emi- (emi-, gi-,
yi-, i- ?) ; 5. Eri. (ri-) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- (ki-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ; 8 a. 3 Ebi-(bi-) ; 9. E-, Eyi-,
En-, En-, Em-, N- (M-) (en-, e-, ey-); 10. Esi-, Esieo-, Esian-, Esion-, Esiony- (en-?, esi- ?) ; II. Olu-
or (l)lu-, Oru-, Odu-, OOnu- (lu-, du-) ; 12. (x)tu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ; 14. O)bu-(bu-); 15. OOku-(ku-);
16. Aha- (ha-, he-) ; 17. COrnu- (mu- ?).
1 The prefix above the line is the equivalent of the infinitive ' to '. The root of the word is also ike
form of the ind person imperative.
J The concord particles are shown within brackets and commence with a minuscule and not a capital
letter. The adjectival form is usually given first,
3 The 8 a prefix which is given here, and which is prominent in the West Equatorial Bantu
languages, is nothing but the plural prefix 8 employed in a collective or singular sense : generally with
a diminutive signification.
56 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &c., IN URU-NYOROO, URU-TORU), AND (DRU-HIMA
Preprefixes are present.
Class i. (x)mu- (comu-, mw-, m-, ngu-, gu-, u>gu-, o>wo>-, o>-, u-, a-); 2. Aba- (aba-, ba-) ; 3. lOmu-
((omu-, togu-, gu-), 4. Emi- (emi-, e-, i-, egi-); 5. I-, Ei-, Eri-, Ji- (in Rugungu) (eri-, di-, ri-, li-) ;
6. Atna- (ama-, a-, aga-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- or Eci- (eki-, ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ebi- (ebi-, bi-) ; 8 a. Ebi- (ebi-, bi) ;
9. En- (Em-), Eni- (Eny 1 -), Ng-, Yi-, Gi- (en-, e-, i-, eyi-, gi- ?) ; 10. Same as 9 (concord, en-, e-, i-, ezi-) ;
li. Uru-, 00ru-,6du- (oru-, du-, ru-) ; 12. (l)tu-, Utu- (u)tu-, tu-) ; 13. Aka- (aka-, ka-) ; 14. OObu- (cobu-,
bu-) ; 15. COku- (coku-, ku-) ; 16. Aha- (aha-, ha-) ; 17. OOmu- (preposition only).
In Uru-nyorco, if not in the other kindred dialects, an ' honorific ' prefix A- would appear to be
present, especially in terms or titles of address as A-btoki !, A-bw<oli !, A-cali !, A-dyeri !, A-kiki !,
A-mcoti !, &c., &c. The Nya- or feminine prefix is also present.
Ru-gunguand Ru-kycopi would seem, from the very little we know of them, to agree with Uru-nyorco
in prefixes and concords ; except that in Ru-gungu and perhaps in Ru-kycopi, the preprefixes are inclined
to drop out of pronunciation.
1. Olukonjcois spoken in the districts round the south and south-east flanks of the Ruwenzpri range,
and west of the Semliki river and of Lake Edward up to the Ituri basin, along the mountains of the
Congo watershed southwards to the 1st degree of South latitude.
2. Urunyorco is spoken in Bunyorco, east of Lake Albert and west of the Victoria Nile, Lake Kitoga,
and the River Kafu.
2 a. Rugungu is spoken in northern Bunyorco, especially between Fajaco on the Victoria Nile and
Lake Albert, in the district of Magungu.
2 b. Rukycopi is spoken in the Nyono settlements along the west coast of Lake Albert.
2C. Urutorco is spoken at the south end of Lake Albert (in Busongora) and in Torco, namely, the
northern and eastern flanks of Ruwenzori and as far east as the frontiers of the kingdom or province of
Buganda.
2 d. OOruhima is spoken in Ankcole and Mporcorco, east of Lake Edward, west and north of the
Kagera river.
GROUP A
THE NYANZA LANGUAGES (continued}
SUB-GROUP A 2 (continued}
2 e. Uru-karagwe (Ru-ragwe)
2 f. Uru-kerebe 1
2 g. Lu-ziba (Lu-sinja 2 ) Ru-nyambu
SUB-GROUP A 3 NORTH TANGANYIKA
3. Urunya-ruanda and 3 a Ki-rundi
3 b. Ru-ha or Ru-tutsi (Tusi 3 , Ki-jiji)
SUB-GROUP A 4 BUGANDA
4. Lu-ganda (including Lu-sese 4 a a</ Lu-scoga 4 b)
26.
2f.
2g-
3- 4
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ku-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi
Lu-sese 4 a, <z</
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-seoga 4 b
Adze
.
En-cankwi
...
En-torizeo.
E-gya.
Umu-horo ?
Em-bajeo
Animal, wild
E-nyama
E-namenswa.
I-nyamaswa. In-yama
N-Scolco.
beast
I-ri ; ma-ri
I-nyama.
E-nangazi
Iki-kcoku
Ant
Em-pazi.
.. .
tObw-asi.
En-twzi.
N-sana-fu.
E-niangco
E-nyangco
Uru-pisi
N-sansa.
N-kcolcotco.
Em-pazi
Ant, white
En-swa
(x)mu-swa.
En-swa
tOmu-swa. En-swa
En-swa.
(termite)
En-swa
Urun-swa ;
N-kuyege.
in-swa
Ama-guye (/>/.)
N-kwenda
Ape (chim-
...
*
. ..
En-jangwe
E-dzike, I-zike
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm
CGmu-kconu
En-gal o>
OOku-wcokco.
Uku-beokco. Ukco-wtokco ;
OOmu-kunco
(Om-kconoj.
Umu-kconco ama-
Mu-kconco ;
emi-
Arrow
Omw-ambi
Omw-ambi
COw-ambi,
Umw-ambi. Umw-ambi
COmu-sale,
COmw-abi
Ubw-enge.
Aka-sale.
Umu-tegoj
COmu-tegco
(snare, arrow)
Axe
Em-pasco.
COlu-sinzco.
E-senya ; ama-
I-suka, In- Em-pasa ; //.
Em-badzi. Em-
I-sembe ; ama-
Em-bezco.
suka ; ama-. idzi-wasa ?
baidi. N-ya-
En-sena
I-senyw I-dzuma
nzi. Em-pasa
Baboon
En-kcowe
En-kcobe
En-keobe.
Em-pundu
En-kcobe.
En-kende
N-sudde(4b)
Back
(jGmu-gongco
COmu-gongco
Om-gofigw or
OOmu-gongco ; Umu-gongeo
OOmu-gongto.
Um-gongto
emi-. Umu-
E-bega.
gongu ; imi-
Ki-dindeo (4b)
Banana
Eki-tcoke ; evi-
Eki-tcoke; ebi-.
Eki-tuke ; ebi-.
Egi-teoci; ebi-.
Eki-tcoke ; ebi-.
Eki-hisye
En-gamu
Iki-twke (3 a).
Gonja. M-bide.
(tree)
Um-ugwi(3a).
En-emco (4 a).
Iki-agara (old
Ki-gcogco (4b).
R.)
Eri-envu;
m-envu
Beard
COmu-lezu
Ebi-rezu
N-dedyu,
Ubu-anwa or
Eki-rebu.COmu-
Mu-reju
Ubyanwa
levu (43).
Eki-rebco (4 b)
Bee
En-zcoki ;
En-zcoki
Ny-wki
I'.n-zooki. Uru-
Enj-uki
ne-nycoki
yuki. Uru-
The Ki-kerewe of German writers.
zuki ; in-zuki.
Aka-sazi (3 a)
Including the ' Ci-zinja ' ' Ba-zinza ', ' Ru-haya ' and ' Ki-mweri '
of German -writers. 3 Including Stanley's ' Ki-jiji ' and Last's ' Hcolcohcolco '.
4 The second or lower word is generally Ki-rundi. Ki-rundi differs mainly from Ruanda in retaining U and I as
preprefixes instead of CO and E. A few words of the dialect spoken by the Batwa or Pygmies in Burundi are
inserted on the authority of Father van der Burgt.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b-
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda.
(Lu-sinja)
and 33
Ru-tutsi
Lu-sese4a,rt
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
Belly
En-da ; ama-da
En-da.
Umo-nda.
E-bondu.
In-da ; ama-da
I-bunda; ama-.
Ru-bunda
Uru-bunda ;
In-da
Em-bunda
m-bunda
(4 a). O)lu-
butco ; em-.
N-da (4 b)
Bird
Eny-conyi
Kn-coni
Eny-uni.
Eny-eoni,
N-zewa.
Eny-wnyi.
Eki-kungu
Iny-coni
Jnyeoni
N-eoni (4 b)
Blood
K-sagama
En-sagama.
E-sagama
Ama-rasco
i
OOmu-sai.
Eki-amba
Mu-sahi (4 a)
Body
Om-wili
N-gingco
Umu-biri
COmu-biri,
Umu-wiri
COmu-biri
(x)mu-wiri
Bone
E-gufwa ; ama-
I-gufwa ; ama-
Um-gufa
E-gufwa.
E-gufwa ; ama-.
I-gufa (3 a)
I-gumba ;
ama-
Borassuspalm
Eki-kcoga; evi-
...
...
...
...
Aka-tugu.
COlu-ktoma
Bow
COvu-ta ;
CObu-ta ;
OOvu-ta,
OOmu-hetteo.
Umu-hetco
Aka-sale.
ama-ta
ama-ta.
OObu-ta
Umu-kekereo,
COmu-tegco.
( ubdi-keoma ;
Umu-wangco
Bu-tta (4 b)
ama-
(3 a)
Bowels
Ama-da
Ama-ra
Uru-ra; ama-ra
In-da ; ama-da.
**
Ebien-da
Uru-ra ; in-da
Brains
tOvw-ongto
CObw-ongeo
...
Cx)by-ongeo
CObw-ongco
Breast (man's)
Eki-fupa
Eki-fuba.
Eki-fuba
Iki-tuza
. *
Eki-fuba.
En-korco
Aka-ligyi
Breast
I-vere ; ama-
I-bere ; ma-
Ma-bere
I -were
I-vrele ; ama-
I-bere ; ama-
(woman's)
Brother ...
Omw-a-itu ;
...
Um-rumuna.
Mw-ene-tata.
Mu-sadza.
Mu-ganda.
av-a-itu
I-lumbu,
Umu-saza.
Mw-ene-we
Mwa-nyina.
Ka-lumbu.
Umu-hara.
Mu-tabani
Mu-kuru
In-suti (3 a).
(4 a)
Umu-kuru.
Umu-rumuna
Buffalo
Em-bcogco
Em-btogeo
Em-beogco
Em-bcogco.
...
Em-bcogto
Im-bcogco
Bull
E-numi
E-numi.
Eki-masa
Iki-masa.
Iki-masa ; ivi-
En-te sedume
Ki-masa
In-fizi
En-te numi
Buttocks ...
Eki-bunu; evi-
Eki-bunu ; ebi-.
Uru-ende ;
Eki-bunco.
...
(Omu-tulira.
Eki-takco ; ebi-
m-pende.
Ama-takco
Ama-takco.
(Nyco = anus}
(//.)
Mu-fundco
(4 a)
Canoe
Uvw-atco
00bw-ateo;ama-
Ubw-ateo
Ubw-atto,
Uw-atco
Eri-atco ; am-.
Uby-atco
Bw-ateo.
E-bamvu
Cat
En-zangu
Ru-baka ;
Ny-aco,
En-turu.
Iny-aweo
Ka-yayu.
m-paka.
Ny-amco
1-tulco.
Kapa;
En-simba
I-jafigwi.
ba-kapa.
Akany-awu
Ka-jangwa
(4 a). Mu-yai
(4b)
Cattle
Oru-gco ;
En-te
Ki-remba
I-'peo ; ma- seo
In-ka
En-te
ama-gco
In-ka
Charcoal ...
>
1-kara
. . .
I-kara ; ama-
. . .
Li-anda ;
am-anda
Chief
En-kama
Mu-kama.
OOmu-kama.
OOmu-tutsi.
Umw-ami
COmw-ami ;
Mu-hinda
tOmu-temi ;
Umw-ami ;
ab-ami. Mu-
aba-
ab-ami. Umu-
kama (4 .1).
tware ; aba-
COmu-kungu
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
59
English
26.
Uru-karagwe
2f.
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
(Lu-sinja)
Ru-nyambu
3-
Urunya-ruanda
and 3 a
Ki-rundi (R.)
3b.
Ku-ha or
Ru-tutsi,
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
4-
Lu-ganda,
Lu-sese4a, and
Lu-8<oga 4 b
Child
Omw-ana ;
Omw-ana.
Umw-ana.
OOmw-ana.
Umw-ana ;
OOmw-ana ;
aw-ana
Eli-ana
Um-keremeki.
Mama
aw-ana
ab-ana.
Um-tabari
Ak-ana ;
obw-ana.
Aka-tco ; cobu-
Cloth
Omw-enda;
Omw-enda
Umw-endeo.
Oru-tabbi.
Umw-enda
N-goye,
emi-enda
Ulu-bugco
Umw-enda
OOlu-goye.
Lu-bugco
Cold
Em-behco
Em-beh<o
Mu-iaga
Im-behco
Im-behco
Em-pewco.
OObu-titi
Country ...
En-si
Kki-alto
En-si
CObu-taka. Iki-
In-si
En-si. Ebi-alco
hukco, -hugco.
In-si
Cow
En-te ; ama-te
...
En-te mu-kazi
En-ka. In-ka.
1 fi-ka ;
En-te en-dusi
In-gabe.
pi. nin-ka
A-yimara .'
Crocodile ...
E-mamba
En-sambi
En-sambi
In-gcona (3 a)
...
E-gconya,
N-gconya
Day
Eki-lco ; evi-lco.
Lu-naku ; pi.
Eki-lco.
E-zorrco.
I-zuwa. Iki-leo;
Eki-rco (4 a).
Om-zana
n-nakti
COmu-sana
Umu-si ; imi-
ivi-lco. Mu-usi
OOlu-nakco ;
OOmu-sana
1
Umu-nsi.
e-nakco. Jco.
Oru-ntaga
Mu-sana ( =
(daylight)
daylight)
Devil, evil
OOmu-zimu
OOmu-zimu
E-mandwa
Em-bandwa,
I-mandwa
Lubare ; ba + ,
spirit
Im-bandwa
Mu-sambwa
(4 a, 4 b)
Doctor (medi-
A-laguza.
OOmu-fumu.
Umu-genge (?)
OOmu-pfumu.
Umu-fumeo
OOmu-saweo. 1
cine man)
Um-fumu ;
OOmu-laguza
Em-fumu
I-mandwa.
OOmu-ganga.
awa-
In-daruza
OOmu-fumu
Dog
Em-bwa ;
Em-bwa
Em-bwa
Em-bwa or
Im-bwa
Em-bwa.
ama-bwa
Im-bwa
OOgu-bwa ;
pi. aga-bwa.
En-koidi (4 a)
Donkey
En-dcogcowe
En-dcogcobe
In-dcogube
In-dcogcowe;
En-dcogoi
//. idzi-dcogco-
we
Door
Ur-ugi ; inz-ugi.
I-hara.
Uru-igi ; en-igi
tOmu-riangco.
OOlu-igi, Lu-gi ;
OOmu-langco ;
I-lembu.
Urw-ugi.
//. enz-igi
erni-
OOmu-liangco
I-lembco
OOmu-liangco.
OOmu-zigco
Dream
...
Eki-rcotco
En-dcotco
En-dcotco.
In-dcotco
En-dcotco
In-zcozi
Drum
En-gcoma
En-gcoma
En-gcoma
En-gcoma,
...
En-coma.
In-gcoma
N-gcoma (4b)
Ear
OOku-tu
OOku-tui; ama-
Uku-twi.
Ugu-tu
Uku-twi ; ama-
OOku-tu; ama-
Ili-twi ; ama-
twi
tco. COku-tui
twi
(4 a)
Egg
I-huli ; ama-
I-huli ; ama-
I-huli. I-uri
E-gi ; ama-gi
Eli-gi ; ama-gi
E-gi ; ama-gi.
huli
I-gyi (43)
Elephant ...
En-scodzco ; pi.
En-zcozu
En-yudyu,
In-zcovu.
In-scovu
En-jcovu.
nama-scodzco
En-jcoju
In-dayi (old
En-jcobu (4 a).
R.)
N-dcovu (4b)
Excrement
Ama-zi
Ama-zi
Ama-zi. Ama-se
Ama-vi
Emi-zi. Ama-zi.
Ama-di (4 a)
Eye
El-isco ; ama-sco
El-iseo
El-isco,
^isco or Ej-ipco
Ili-nsco ; //.
Er-isco; ama-sco.
Ri-isco
or I ci-cico ; pis.
ama-nsco :
D-isco.E-moni
ama-sco, ebi-
(4 a). L-isco;
cico
ma-isco (4 b)
1 Also, OOmu-laguzi ; see p. 67.
6o
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi
Lu-sese 4 ;\,artd
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
Face, fore-
COvu-sco ;
CObu-syco
.*
Oru-hanga
Uwco-sco
Ama-sco.
head
ama-sto
Bu-enyi.
Ma-isco (4 b).
Eki-eni (43)
Fat, oil ...
Ama-zuta
Ama-zuta
Ama-dyuta
Uru-gimbco.
Ama-vuta
Ama-futa.
Ama-vuta,
Ama-buta(4a).
Ama-futa.
Ama-savu
Ama-zigwa.
( 4 b).
Am-eiigwa
OOmu-zigeo
(oMR.)
Father
M-tata. I-se
Tata. I-se. I-sco
Tata. Ise.
Data,Tata.Ra.
Data
Kita. Sebo.
I -SCO
^co. Se; aba-se
Tata.Sa-. Se-.
Fear
(Oku-tina
(x)bu-tina
Bu-tini
Ub-y-coba.
Uwu-tina
Tia. CObu-ti.
OOku-kunga.
En-tisa
OObu-tina
Finger
COlu-kumu ;
Eki-ara
Eki-ara.
Uru-tcoki.
Ulu-kumu.
(x)hi-nwe; pi.
en-kumu
Oru-kumu
Iki-kumwe
Uru-teoke.
e-nwe. COIu-
(thumb)
Eki-dcole ; ivi-
galco. Eki-ala.
COlu-kumco
(43). Du-ala;
pi. nd-ala (4 b)
Fire
OOmu-lilco ;
OOmu-lilco
Om-riru.
(x>mu-rireo.
Umu-canwa.
U)mu-mco. Ka-
ama-
(Ku-6ta = to
Um-6toj ;
(Ku-ota = to
Umu-lileo
wai. (Ku-cota
warm oneself)
emi-otco
warm)
= to warm)
Fish
En-fwi
N-fwi. En-furu
En-furu
E-here. Em-fu.
I-vui. In-siwi
Ebie-nyanja.
I-fwi,Uru-fwi;
Em-fwi (4 a).
in-fwi. Im-
Em-pune (4 b)
btoga (old R.)
Foot
COgu-gulu ;
OOku-guru.
Eki-renge
Eki-renge
Umu-lundi.
Eki-gere.
ama-
Eki-gere
Uku-guru
Eki-renge (4 a)
Forest
Eki-tundu
Eki-tuntu.
Eki-bira.
I -samba.
Hi-lungu
Eki-bira.
(Eki-bira =
Eci-tundu
Iki-bira
Lu-kcola.
sacred grove,
(nlu-kampa
forest)
Fowl
En-kcokco
En-kcokco.
En-kukco
En-keokw.
In-kukco.
En-kcokco.
(N-kcokcorumi
(I-sake=cw^)
(I-kungulume
En-gcokco.
= cock)
= cock)
(Se-gwanga
= cock)
Frog
Eki-kele ; evi-
Aka-kere ; //.
Eki-kere
Iki-keri
Iki-kere ; ivi-
Eki-kere
ama-kere
Ghost
...
I-tunu
Om-simu.
(Omu-zimu
OOmu-zimu ;
OOmu-zimu.
Ki-zimu.
imi-
Mu-dimu(4a).
Om-cwezi.
Omw-oyco
Ki-ntunge
Giraffe
En-twiga
En-twiga
En-twiga
. ..
...
En-tuga
Girl
OOmu-isiki
COmu-hara ;
COmu-siki,
Umu-kcob-ya.
Umu-kcowa
(jGmu-wala.
aba-
Mw-isiki
Umu-keobwa
Mu-hara (4 a).
1
Mu-guna (4b)
Goat
Em-buzi ; ama-
Em-buzi (pi.
Em-buzi
Em-peni,
Im-pene
Em-buzi.
same)
Im-pene; pi.
M-budi (4 a)
'ama-hene
(he) ...
Em-paya.
Em-paya. Em-
I-sutwa. Iseku-
In-gulati.
...
Ru-sabco.
buzi m-seja.
rume. In-fizi.
Iki-hebe (old
R.)
(she)...
>. .
Bu-guma
Em-buzi mw-
Umu-guma,
In-dcogusa
epiki
Uwu-guma
(old R.)
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
61
26.
2f.
2g.
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ku-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese 4 a, and
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
God
Ru-gaba; en-
.*
Ru-gaba.
Mu-rungu.
Ki-mana.
Ka-tonda.
gaba
Ka-z<oba.
I-mana.
Mu-lungu
Lubare. 1
Ka-tonda
Lu-hanga
Mu-sambwa.
Ki-wumba(4b)
Grandparent
Guku. Kaka.
Guku. Kaka.
. ..
Isenkuru. Kco-
. . .
Jaja
Tatenkulu $.
Isenkuru
kuru S. Nine-
Mawenkulu <j>
nkuruo. Also:
Waba, I-waba
Grass
Evi-nyadzi
I-nansi
Bu-nyasi
I-hamba.
. . .
OOmu-ddco.
Ubu-atsi
E-subi,
E-suwi.
Bu-sambu
(4a)
Ground
E-zi. Na-hanki.
I-taka
En-si. I-taka
O)bu-taka
I-zi. Kuki
I-taka, E-taka
I-taka
Iki-taka
Ground-nut
En-kalanga
. ..
N-porco
Eki-nycobca.
...
Eki-nyubwa.
Ici-uba.
-ny-uwebwa
Ici-ema.
(4 a). L-idco ;
Ici-anza (3 a)
ma-idu (4 b)
Guinea-fowl
...
En-kanga
En-curucumbi
En-sakara.
En-kwfu
In-kanga. In-
doyi (old R.)
Gun
E-huti
N-bunduzioi
Em-bundudzi
Em-bundu.
. *
M-undu
In-gcohco
Hair
I-zcoke; evi-
I -stoke
Uru-scoke; en-
Mu-tswtsi.
Imi-sadzi.
Em-viri,
zcoke
pcoke.
Umu-satsi.
Uru-swiri
COlu-viri.
Emi-sasi,
Ei-pasi ; ama-.
I-scoke (4 a)
Ama-sasi
Ama-sunzu
Hand
COmu-kunco
Eki-ganza
Eki-ganya.
Eki-ganza.
Iki-ganza.
Eki-ganja(4a).
Eki-batu.
Uru-pi
Uku-wukco
Eki-batu,
N-garco
Eki-ratu.
E-kconco
Head
COmu-twe; emi-
OOmu-twe
Um-twe,
OOmu-twe; enii-
Umu-twe
OOmu-twe
Umu-twe
twe. Umu-
twe ; imi-twe
Heart
Om-tuma ;
(x)mu-tima
OJmu-ganya.
(i)nui-tima
Umu-tima
(jOmu-tima.
em-tima
Omu-tima,
E-meme (ster-
Omw-irima
num)
Heel
Eki-sinsinyeo
Eki-sinsinyeo
Egi-tsintsinco,
Eki-sinzircd
Iki-tsintsinco
Hide
(jOru-hu
Eky-ahi ; ebi-
Uru-hu ; em-pu.
. ..
In-kanda ; idzi-
E-diba.
En-kanda
Eki-anjto
Hill
I-wanga ; ama-
Mu-gofigto
Aka-vanga.
Umu- (orfika.-)
Umu-scosyi
I'hi-sojzi.
I -guru
scozi ; pi. imi-
(Ugu-swa =
or utu-
ant hill)
Hippopotamus
Em-fupii
En-zubu
En-yubu,
Em-vubu.
Im-vuvu ; idzi-
Em-vubu
or En-supu
En-jubeo
In-tondeome.
Em-bubu (43)
In-vubu (3 a).
In-tcotcomye
(old R.)
Hoe
I-gembe?
En-fuka
I -gembe ?
In-suka.
I -gembe ; ama-
En-kumbi
En-fuka.
I-gembe.
En-konju
I-funi
Honey
COvu-oaki
0)bw.o>ki
Oi)bu-odzi we
Emi-tsama.
COvu-coki
COmu-bisi
nz-uki
Uw-uki
In Lu-ganda OOk-bale also means ' skull \ Vide note 2, /. 48.
17M
62
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2g.
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese 4 a, ana
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
Horn
I-hembe
I-hembe
Y-embe ; ama-
I-hembe
I-hembe
N-ombe, Ka-
embe.
gombe (horn
Em-pera
as trumpet).
I-hembe (4 a).
Ej-embe ; ama-
embe. L-iga ;
ma-iga (4b)
House
En-zu
En-zu. U)wa-
N-dyu, En-zu.
Kn-zco. In-zu,
In-zco.
Eny-umba.
(at the house of)
N-jeo, N-ju
Aka-zu.
Iki-banda
En-ju.
Iny-umba
N-du(4b)
(hut)
Em-wamba.
(E-ka = home)
Hunger
Kn-zala
En-zara
En-sadzi.
E-sonji.
In-zala
En-jala.
En-jara
In-zara
N-dala (4 b)
Husband ...
...
I-ba (her).
OOmu-gori.
Umu-gabco
...
Ba-(ba-ze = ;_j',
I-ba-ni (my).
Om-seidya.
ba-lco = thy,
Ba-roo (thy)
I-ba
ba-we = her).
Mu-sadja
Hyena
Em-bidzi
Namwe-birwe ;
Em-pisi.
Im-pyisi. In-
I-fisi
Em-pisi.
pi. naw'em-
Em-pumi
fisi. In-dumba
Em-piti (4b).
birwe
(old R.)
En-tagya
Iron
K-dzcoma
Eky-eoma
Eki-coma ; ebi-
Mu-cuma or
l-combela.
Eki-uma.
Ebi-uma.
I-dzuma
Ec-uma (4 a).
Umu-rinda
Ama-tale
(3 a)
Island ...
...
I-zinga ; ama-
Eki-zinga
Eci-rwa
Iki-rira
Eki-singa.
Eki-dinga (4 a)
Ivory
...
...
...
In-zwvu
...
Ei-sanga lie
n-jcofu
Knee
Eki-zui
Eki-zwi
Uku-dyui
Eki-vi. I-bvi
Iki-dzui ;
E-bvivi ; ama-.
ivi-zui
Wku-bwi ;
ama-bwi (4 a).
Ki-vu ; bi-vu
(4b)
Knife
Oru-ipco
(Omu-hyca,
tOmu-iyto,
En-diga.
Unvusco.
Ak-ambe ;
OOmCi-siw
COmu-paj.
Eki-hompco.
In-tambi
cobu-ambe
Em-banda
In-gwta
Lake
Eny-anza
En-anza
Eny-andya,
Eci-veo or
Iny-anza.
Eny-anja.
Eny-anza
Iki-vu.
Iki-tanga.
En-taba
OOru-zi
Tanganyika
Leg
OOku-gulu
OOku-guru.
OOmu-rundi ;
tOku-guru.
Uku-guru ;
OOku-gulu.
Mu-rundi
emi-.
Umu-rundi
ama-
(jOmu-gere (4 b).
Cx)ku-guru
OJku-lenge ;
ama- (4 a)
Leopard ...
En-zumura ;
N-dara
En-geo, En-goi.
En-gwe
In-dzumula ;
En-gco, En-goi.
ama-
En-zumura
ama-. N-gwe
M-para (4b)
Lion
En-tale
En-tale
En-tale.
En-tare
In-tali
Em-porogcoma
N-ganza
Lips
OOmu-nna ;
Emi-nwa
Eki-nwa;
Eme-nua
Imi-nwa (//.)
Emi-nua (4 a,
emi-nna
//. emi-nwa
4b).
Emi-mwa
Magic
Emi-wadzi
Bu-lugco.
CObu-wazi.
OOmu-rcozi.
...
OJbu-lcogco.
(Bu-ganga =
COru-gisa
CObu-ganga
CObu-sezi.
gunpowder)
OOmu-sirisimbi
( 4 a).
OJbu-ganga
(good magic,
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ku-ha or
I.u-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-seae 4 a,and
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
I ,u-scoga 4 b
Maize
Ama-peo
I-lingwa
Eki-cori
Iki-gori. Ma-
*
Ka-swli. Bi-
nyorconyorto
dcomia (4 b)
Man
OOmu-ntu ;
OOmu-ntu ;
OOmu-ntu
COmu-ntu ; aba-,
Umu-ntu ;
OOmu-ntu ;
awa-ntu
aba-ntu.
awa-.
awa-ntu
aba-ntu.
Man, vir. ...
Om-zaidza
OOmu-seza
...
Umu-sore.
*
OOmu-saja.
I-mana.
.
Mu-sada (4 b).
OOmu-gabco
OOmu-zira
Meat
Eny-ama
Eny-ama
Eny-ama
Eny-ama.
Iny-ama
Eny-ama.
I-kembwa
En-sal wa.
(3 a).
N-sarua (4 a).
I-tambwa
E-mamba (4!))
(Pygmy)
Medicine ...
OOmu-wazi
O>mu-ti
Em-bazi
OOmu-ti
Umu-ti
OObu-sahco.
E-dagala
Milk
Ama-te (Ku-
Ama-ta
Ama-ta
Ama-ta. (Ku-
Ama-ta.
Ama-ta
kama = verb)
kama = verb)
(Ku-kama)
Monkey
...
En-kende
En-kende
En-kima
...
En-kima.
En-guku(4a).
En-kembco
(4b)
Moon
OOkw-ezi
OOkw-ezi ; pi.
OOmw-ezi-
Umw-ezi or
Ukw-edzi ;
Omw-ezi.
am-ezi
Ukw-ezi ;
Ukw-ezi
am-edzi
Mw-edi (4 a).
pi. am-ezi
OOgw-egabto-
gabco. E-zeoba
Mother ...
Mawe
Nina. Mawe.
Maha (living).
Mama. Kco.
Koiya. Mama
Ma-. Nyeo-kco.
Noo-kii>
Mawe (dead).
Mawe.
Nyina
Nina, Nyina.
Nyeo-kco. Nina
Nyoj-koo
or Nyina
Mountain ...
I-wanga
I-banga
I-banga,
Mil -cameo
Umu-seosyi
OOlu-scodzi.
I-wanga.
Lu-scodi (4 a).
Uru-ptozi ;
en-pcozi
Mouth
Aka-nwa
Mu-nwa
Aka-nwa ;
Umu-nwa
Umu-nwa ;
Aka-mwa
utu-nwa.
emi-nwa.
Umu-lcomoi
Aka-nwa
Nail (of finger
En-zala ; evi-
Ru-zara ; en-
Em-pambw
Ec-ara.
>
OOlu-ala ;
or toe)
ala
zara
Urw-ara
pi. enj-ala
Lu-kumeo (4 b)
Name
I-dzina; ama-
I-zina
I-bara
I-zina
I-dzina
Er-inya,
dzina
Er-ina.
I-bala (43)
Navel
OOmu-kundi
OOmu-kundi
Om-kundi
...
...
E-kundi.
En-dira
Neck
Evi-dza
Ebi-kya (pi.).
En-gutco
E-zcDsi
...
E-kcosi.
Ama-laka
OObu-lageo.
(throat)
En-singeo.
En-kcotco. Bi-
kie (4 a). Lu-
kya. En-sikya
Night
Eki-lco.
Eki-lco.
Eki-leo
E-zoru
I-dzcolco.
Eki-reo. Bu-ire
OOmu-itumbi.
(Mw-irima =
i
Ubu-cugeo
(4 b). E-tumbi.
(OOmu-ilima =
darkness)
(Eki-zikiza,
darkness)
En-zikiza =
darkness)
Nose
Eny-indeo
En-indco
Kn-indco,
I-zuru
I -d zulu
Eny-indto.
Eny-indeo.
N-indeo (4 a).
Ki-ulco
Eny-endeo
(nostril)
(4b)
F 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
2e.
2f.
2g .
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese 4 a, ant
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
Oil palm ...
. . .
. .
..
1 1
Ox
En-te
En-te
Um-.8embe.
In-ka, En-kft.
In-ka
En-te.
En-te
In-gora (old
(En-ombe,
R.).
obsolete except
? In-gombe '
for ' horn ')
Paddle
En-gahi
En-gahi
En-gai.
In-gafi.
I-gefi ; ama-
En-kasi
En-gasi
Uru-pondco
(pole)
Palm wine,
Ama-rwa
Ama-rwa
Ama-rwa.
En-zcoga,
Ama-luha
Omw-enge
beer
Lamba
In-zcoga.
Uru-agwa
(banana beer)
Parrot
Ki-suku
...
En-kuranga
En-gusu,
Ki-kusu
Penis
Em-borco
Em-boreo
Em-borco
...
Em-bcolco.
Mu-ncoma(4b).
OObu-saji
Pig
Em-bunu
Em-bunu
Em-punu
En-gurube
In-guruwe
Em-bidzi.
Em-bidi (4 a,
4 b)
Pigeon
*
...
Ek.iba
K-numa.
In-zewa
E-jiba.
Aka-numa
I-yemba (4b).
Ka-ibai ;
bu-ibai (4 a)
Place
Aha-ndi
Aha-ntu
Aa-ntu,
Aha-ntu
Aha-ndi
Eki-fco.
Aha-ndu
Awa-ntu.
COmu-tala
Rain
En-zula
En-zura
En-yura ; en-
Em-vura
Im-vula
En-kuba.
dzura
Ma-izi (4 a).
Ma-di (4 b)
Rat
Em-bewa
Em-beba
Em-beba
Em-beba
Im-bewa ; idzi-
E-mese. Em-
beba (4 a).
M-pube (4 b)
Rhinoceros
Em-pera
En-kura
Em-pera.
In-kura
Im-pera
En-kula
N-kura
River
CDmu-gera
tOmu-gera
COmw-iga.
Ec-ambu.
Umu-gesi
OOmu-ga.
Ka-iga ; tu-iga
Umu-gezi
Mw-iga (4 a).
Ki-bale (4 b)
Road
(Oinu-handa
OOmu-handa.
Umw-anda,
En-zira,In-zira
In-jira
COlu-gudco.
(Ru-kongco =
Umu-handa
E-kubco.
cattle road)
En-jira (4 b)
Salt
COm-conyu
tOmw-conu
Um-conyu
Um-unyu
M-unyu
COm-unyco
Shame
En-sconi
En-sconi
En-sconi
In-sconi
In -scon i
Kn-sconyi.
Bu-wemu
Sheep
En-tama
Na-balega.
En-tama
En-tama.
In-tama
En-diga,
(N-gondu =
In-sari (old
Ki-riga.
ram).
R.)
En-ziga.
(Mu-tama =
N-tama(4b)
lamb)
Shield
En-gaco
En-gabco
En-gabco
En-gabco.
. . .
En-gabco,
In-gawco
Ga-gabco
Shoulder ...
I-wega ; ama-
I-bega
1-bega
. . .
I-bega ;
Bega ; ama-
ama-bega
bega
Sister
(JOmu-nyanya
...
U)m-nyanya.
Umu-hara.
Umw-ipiki
Mw-anyina.
Aka-lumbu
Umu-piki
Mu-hara
waitu (4 a)
1 In names of deities like Liya ngombe.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2 8-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese 4 a, and
Ru-nyambu
Ki-nindi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
I .u-scoga 4 b
Skin
En-kanda
O)ru-hu.
Uru-suau
Oru-hu.
Umu-wiri.
(i)lu-susu.
(X)mu-bili
\ I
Uru-satco
In-kanda
O)lu-guta,
Du-guta.
E-diba,
E-diwa ; ama-
liwa. En-guzi
(for carrying
children).
Ir-iwa (4 a).
Lu-u ; pi.
em-pu (4 b)
Sky
I -guru
I-gulu
I -guru.
E-zuru, I-juru.
I-dzulu ; i-juru
E-gulu
Evi-re
Iki-rere
Wa-gulu.
I-banga (4 a).
Yan-gulu (4 b)
Slave
COmu-iru ;
O)mu-iru.
OOmw-iru.
Umu-hutu ;
Umw-erco.
OJmu-du.
awa-ini.
(Omu-zana
COmu-zana ;
aba-.
Umu-zia
(Omu-zana
COmu-sana
awa-
COmu-ja;
aba-ja
Sleep
En-tu-lco
En-ti-lco
OOtu-reo
E-ti-roa
*
OJtu-lco.
N-dco-lo(4b)
Smoke
Omw-ika
Omw-ika
OOmw-ika.
0)m cotsi.
Umw-wdzi.
O)m-uka.
Um-eopi
Umu-yoatsi
MQ-si
Mtopi (4 a,
(3 a )
4b)
Snake
En-zo>ka
En-zcoka.
En-yeoka.
En-zuka
In-zuka
(jOmu-scota.
Em-piri
M-piri
N-y<uka (4b).
(viper)
(En-jcoka =
intestinal
worms)
Son, boy ...
Omw-ana
OOmw-ana.
Umw-ana.
Omw-ana.
Umw-ana.
Omw-ana.
OOmu-yanda.
Um-todyeo ;
Umu-hungu
Mu-hungu
OJmu-tabani.
COmw-cozco.
ab-codyu.
OJmu-lenzi
(jOmu-tabani
(Omw-ujco
Song
Sinna
Ru-embco ;
Uru-dyeng<o
O)bu-zinnu.
>
O)lu-imba.
n-embco
Uru-ririmbto ;
(Dlu-eniba
//. in-dirimbco
Spear
I-dzumco.
I-kyumu
E-dzumu;ama-.
E-cumco.
I-cumco
I-fumco,
Ekiw-kulia
I-cumu
I-cyumu.
E-fumco; ama-.
Uru-huka ;
E-kcoba
im-puka (3 a)
Spirit, soul
(Omu-zimu.
OJmw-oyco ;
Umw-oyeo
OJmu-zimu ;
...
Omw-oyeo.
Omvv-oyeo
emy-oyco
aba-.
Wmu-zimu
Umu-tima
Star
Eny-enyezi
En-enezi
Eny-enyenyo>.
Eny-enyezi,
ln-sonda.
Emu-nyenye
N-sonda
Iny-enyeri.
I-sata ; ma-
In-zatza (33)
Stick
En-kconi
En-kconi.
En-kconi
En-kconi
In-kconi
O)m-ugco.
Eki-sanzu
Mw-igco (4 a,
4 b)
Stomach ...
Oru-fwco
OOru-fwa ;
...
O)lu-buteo
en-fwa
Stone
I -wale ; ama-
I -bale ; ama-
I -bare ; ama-.
E-wiye, I-buye;
I-liwe, I-wuye
Lu-ija. Ej-inja;
En-kulugusi
ama-
ma-inja.
Ki-azi (4 a).
Lu-azi. I-bare.
M-balebale
Stool
Eki-tebe
Eki-tebe
Eki-tebe.
In-tebe
N-tewe
En-tebe
En-tewi
66
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
26.
Uru-karagwe
2f.
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
(Lu-sinja)
Ru-nyambu
3-
Urunya-ruanda
and 3 a
Ki-rundi (R.)
Ru-ha or
Ru-tutsi,
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
4-
Lu-ganda,
Lu-sese 4 a, and
Lu-scoga 4 b
Sun
1-zcowa
I-zcoba
1-zuwa,
E-zcoba.
I-dzua, I-zuwa
En-juba.
(Ma-langa-
En-zuwa.
1-zuwa
(COmu-sana
rara = sun
Scoba,
= sunlight)
rays)
I-zcoba
Tail
COmu-kira
COmu-kira
COmu-kira
Umu-lizco ; imi-
> ..
COmu-kira
Tear
...
I-ziga; ama-
Me-ise gco 1-iseo
Omu-zige.
...
E-dzigga,
(water of the
Iri-coscozi (3 a).
I-ziga
eye)
Ama-scozi (pi.)
Testicles ...
Ama-gcosi
Ama-gcosi
Ama-gcosi
Ama-bya
...
En-jagi. Ama-
nege. Ma-J
Thief
Na-iwa ; pi.
COmw-ibi ;
COmw-ibi
COmu-sambco
. ..
COmu-bi.
nawa-ibi
ab-ebi
COmw-ibi
Thigh
Eki-berco
Eki-berco
Eki-berco
Eki-berco
Eki-sambi
Thing
Eki-ntu
Eki-ntu
Eki-ntu ;
Eki-ntu ;
Iki-ntu ; ivi-ntu
Eki-ntu
ebi-ntu.
ebi-ntu
Idzi-ntu
Thorn
...
I-hwa ; ama-
I-wa
Mo>-scobe.
Eri-gwa. I-hwa
I-gwa (3 a)
(4 a, 4b)
Tobacco ...
I-tebe
I-papco
I-tabe
I-tabe.
I-tabe
E-taba, Tabai
To-day
I'.u-enco
Lerco
Mbu-enu.
Cugu-m-cosi.
Ugu-mu-usi
Lerco
Lelco
Leru
Toe
Oru-kumco
Eki-ara
Eki-gere
Ka-nulco.
Aka-gere,(x)lu-.
Ki-nco (4 b)
To-morrow
Ny-edza
CObw-ire
Ny-enkea,
Edjco
Edzco, H-ezco
Jco
N-encea
Tongue
COlu-limi ; en-
Oru-limi.
COlu-limi ;
Eki-rimi
Ulu-limi
COlu-limi
dimi
\-\e.\t&( gullet)
ndimi
Tooth
El-inco ;
Eli-inco; m-enco.
Il-inco; am-enco.
Ez-inyco,
Idy-enyco ;
Er-inyco ;
ama-inco
l-gigfa(tnotar).
Ri-inco
Ily-inco ;
am-enyco.
ama-nyco.
I-hongco
am-enyco.
Il-inyco
D-inco ;
(tooth gap)
Iri-nyco (3 a).
ma-inco.
I-senge (tusk)
Ama-songezco
(incisors).
Ama-gegco
(molars)
Town, village
Oru-gco
Eki-kale.
COru-gco.
Uru-gco ; in-gco.
...
Eki-buga.
CObu-kindco.
Eki-arco
Eki-kali
M-buga (4 b)
I.fcfl
Tree
COmu-ti
COmu-ti ; emi-ti
COm-ti; imi-ti
Egi-ti; ebi-ti
Umu-ti ; imi-ti.
COmu-ti; emi-
Iki-ti ; ivi-ti
Twins
..
Ama-rongco
...
Ama-hasa.
...
Aba-longco
Ama-hombe.
Im-panga
Urine
En-kali
En-kali
. . .
En-kare.
...
En-kali
Ama-ganga
(animals')
Vein
COmu-zi; emi-
Mu-si, Mu-zl
...
Umu-tsi ; imi-
...
COmu-suwa
War
Ama-dzumu
Bu-lemu.
...
Ku-ruana.
COlu-talco.
Ku-rwana
Iki-terco
COku-lwana.
Kia,Iye( 4 b)
Water
Ama-izi
Am-enzi.
Ame-izi.
Ama-zi
Ama-dzi
Ama-dzi. Ma-di
COtw-endzi
Ama-ozi.
Ame-ndzi
Well, source
I-ziwa
I-ziba
I-ziba. Y-engco.
I-scokco.
Miwa
En-sulco.
En-curco
I-liba
COlu-zi.
Eki-diba
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
67
26.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese4a, ant
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-suga 4 b
White man
OOmu-zungu
Omu-zungu
Um-wera
OOmu-zungu
Umu-zungu
(Omu-zungu.
Wife
()in-kazi; awa-
Mu-ka
Omu-kazi.
Umu-ka (3 a).
Umu-goali; awa-
Mu-dungu(4a)
COmu-gcole.
Um-gori.
(Omu-gore.
OOmu-kazi.
Om-tedzi
OOmu-geni
OOmu-ka.
(bride)
OOmu-kiala
Wind
Em-behca
COmu-yaga
COmu-yaga
Omw-iaga.
Im-behw
Em-behco,
Im-behw
Em-peweo.
(OOmu-yaga
= a gale)
Witch
OOmu-lcogi
OOmu-lcogi ;
OOmu-rcjgi ;
Umu-reozi.
* > *
OOmu-lcogtt.
aba-
aba-
Umu-pfumu
(Omu-sawu.
(priest). Umu-
Ka-txona
vutsi (old R.)
(seer) >
Witchcraft
OOvu-rcogi
OObu-lcogi
OObu-rcogoo
Ubu-lcozi
*
OObu-loogco.
OObu-sezi
Woman
Om-kazi
OOmu-kazi
OOmu-kazi.
COmu-gore
Umu-gore.
OOmu-kazi.
COmu-ka.
I'mu-gcoligcoli.
Mu-kadi (4 a)
Om-tedzi; awa-
Umu-keowa
Womb
...
...
N-da
OOlu-butco.
COlu-la
Wood
Oru-kwi ;
OOru-kwi ;
OOru-kwi ;
En-ku
...
En-ku. N-kwi
en-kwi
en-kwi
en-kwi
(4a)
Yam
...
Eki-ra
I-tuku
...
Eki-ra. Ki-rai
(4 a)
Year
Mw-aga ; emi-
Omw-aka; emi-
Omw-aka
Omw-aka.
...
Omw-aka
aka
E-wo>ga
Yesterday...
Nyeki-leo
N-egorco
Nye-igorco.
I-djorco
Edzcolco. Erco
J
Ny-edzilto.
I-dyoj
Zebra
E-ndoreo
...
En-tulege
...
...
En-tulege
One
-mwe
moo, -mil
-mwe, -moi
mwe
mwe, -mca
mwe, -mu.
N-dala (4 b)
Two
bill, -will
bili
-bili, -biri
biri, .bili,-wiri,
-bili, -wili
biri
-byili
Three
satu
satu
satu
tatu or -patu
datu, -tatu,
satu
satu
Four
-nne
na
na, -ne, -nei
nne, -nye
nne, -na
nya, -ne (4 a),
na (4 b)
Five
-tanu
tanu
tanu, -sanco
tanco, -sanco
tan 01
tanu, -tailed
Six
Mu-kaga
Mu-kaga
Om-kaga.
-tandatu,
Mu-kaga,
Mu-kaga ;
Mu-kage
sesatu
tandatu
(kaga in com-
1 1
position)
Seven
Mu-sanzu
Mu-sanzu
Om-sanyu,
lindwi, -ndwi
Mu-sanzu.
Mu-samba,
Mu-sanju.
Mu-samvu.
Mu-samvu
M-samv<o
Ndui
(samvu in
composition)
Eight
Mu-nana
Mu-nana
M-nana,
Umu-nane
1-nane,
Mu-nane.
Mu-nane
Mu-nane.
Mu-nana,
-na-na (4 + 4)
nane
Nine
Mw-enda
Mw-enda
Mw-enda,
Iki-enda
Ic-enda
Mw-ende or
Mu-endai
Mw-enda,
-enda
1 Also the word 00mu-laguzi/ra; COku-lagula ' to prophesy ', which again is derived from COku-laga ' to show ',
'point out '.
68
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
26.
Uru-karagwe
2f.
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
(Lu-sinja)
Ru-nyambu
Urunya-ruanda
and 3 a
Ki-rundi (R.)
3b.
Ku-ha or
Ru-tutsi,
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
4-
Lu-ganda,
Lu-suga 4 b
Ten
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-cumi.
I-jumi, I-cuimi,
I-kumi
I-kumi.
(Omu-rongu
Mu-longu
Eleven
I-kumi ne-mwe
I-kumi iiin-mu
I-kumi na-mwe
I-cumi na-mwe
I-cumi na-mwe
Kumi na-mu.
(I-kumi ne-bili
(I-kumi ne-bili
na n-dala
= twelve]
= twelve}
(4 a, 4 b)
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi a-bili
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-wili
ga-bili
a-bili.
awili.
a-wiri
Imi-rongco
Imi-longu
i-wiri.
mi-wili
Thirty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Imi-rongu
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-satu
a-satu
ga-patu
i-tatu. Ama-
a-tatu
a-satu
cumi a-tatu
Forty
Ma-kumi a-nne
Ma-kumi a-nne
Ma-kumi ga-ne
Imi-rongu i-ne
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi a-na
a-nne
Fifty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi ga-
Imi-rongu
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-tanu
a-tanu
tanu. (60 =
i-tanu
a-tanu
a-tanu
En-kagai)
Hundred ...
I-gana
I-gana;^/. ma-
I-gana, I-sana
I-jana, I-gana
I-gana
Eki-kumi.
gana
or Ki-kumi
Ki-tufu
Thousand . . .
Ki-humbi.
Lu-kumi
Iki-humbi.
COlu-kumi.
(Bi-humbi bi-
(En-kumii-biri
(Nzuvu =
(Aka-sirivu
bili = 2,000.
= 2,000.
10,000)
'
= 100,000.
Ki-sira =
Ka-kumi =
Aka-kadde
10,000. Bi-sira 10,000.
= 1,000,000)
bi-bili = 20,000. Ka-umpi
Ki-tabarwa
= 100,000)
= 100,000)
I, me, my ...
Inye. N-, Ni-.
Ine, Nene. N-. Inye, Anye.
Jewe. N-,Ndi-
Nzewe. N-.
Nze, Nde (4 a).
-n-,-ni-. -a-nge
ni-, -n-. -a-nge N-.
^e, -nje. -n-, -n-. -a-nze
N-, NJ-, Ny.
n-. -a-nze,
-ny-. -a-nje
nge, -nze,
-a-nje, -a-fige
ndi. -n(m)-.
-a-nge
Thou, thee, thy Iwe. Wu-, 00-
Iwe. 00-, W-
Iwe. 00-.
Wuwe, Wewe
Wewe. U-.
Gwe, Iwe
ku-. -a-we
ku-. -a-we
-ku-. -a-we
U-.
ku-. -a-we
(4a,b).CO-,U-.
-ku-. -we.
ku-. -we, -u
-a-we
He, him, his
Uwe. Nuliya. We.tOgu.OOnu. (x)gu. We.
We. Uyu.
Uyu. We. Ya-,
lye, Ye. A-,
A:
OMiha. A-.
Ye. A-.
Uwu. A-.
Yi-, A-.
Ya-.
mu-. -we
-mu-. -e
mu-. -e
iwe. -mu-.
-we, -mu-,
m-, -mu-.
-a-ge, -a-e
-a-ge
-ye, -e
We, us, our
Itwe. Tu-.
Itwe. Tu-.
Icwe, Ifwe.
Twebwe,
Twewe. Tu-.
Ifwe, Fwe, Fe.
-tu-. -etu
-tu-. -etu
Tu-.
Twese. Tu-
tu-. -a-itu or Tu-.
tu-. -etu
twese. -tu-
-a-ju
-tu-. -fwe,
-a-cu
-a-fwe
Ye, you, your
Imwe. Mu-.
Imwe. Mu-.
Inywe, Ime.
Mwebwe,
Mwewe. Mu-.
Imwe, Mwe.
wa-. -a-nyu
ba-. -a-nii
Mu-.
Mwewe. Mu-
imwe. -wa-.
Mu-.
wa-. -enyu
ba-. -mu,
-a-nyu
ba-. -mwe,
-a-nyu
-a-mwe
They, them,
Awu. Wa-.
Abu. Ba-.
Abu, Awu.
Abu, Awu.
Awu. Wadia
Bu, Babu, Ibu.
their
wa-. -a-wu
ba-. -a-bu
Wa-.
Ba-, Wa-.
Wa..
Ba-.
wa-. -a-wu
-bu, -wu. -ba-
. -wa-. -a-wu
ba-. -bu,
wa, -a-bu,
-a-bwe
-a-wu
All
na(ena); -una
-una
una. -use
se, -ese, -use
uze, -use
una
(Ny&mbu)
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
69
2 e.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 3 a
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese4a, and
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-suga 4 b
This, these
That, those
Bad ...
Black...
Female
bitter
nu
nu (co-nu, ba-
nu(gu-nu;&v.)
nco (with -nco
nco iin-nu.
nu ; gu-nu, zi-
o>-gu, a-ba
concord prefix)
ba-nu ; gu-nco;
Ha- (he-, ho-),
nu ; li-nu, ga-
(a-wa) ; to-gu,
u-yu, a-ba
gi-nco ; li-nu,
Hco-gu,Ha-ba;
nu ; ki-nu, bi-
e-dzi or e-gi ;
(a-wa) ; u-yu,
ga-nca ; ki-nco,
Hu-gu, He-gi
nu;e-nu,zi-nu;
e-H or e-ri,
iyi; i-li, a-ya;
bi-nco ; e-no or
(He-zi) ; Ha-li,
ru-nu ; tu-nu ;
a-ga ; e-ci,
i-ki, i-bi ; i-yi,
i-nco, zi-nco ;
Ha-ge ; &c.
ka-nu ; bu-nu ;
e-vi ;e-yi, e-zi;
i-zi; u-ru; u-tu;
lu-nco ; tu-nco ;
ku-nu ; ha-nu)
o-ru; &c.
a-ka ; u-bu ;
ka-nco; bu-nu;
u-ku ; u-nui
ku-nu; wa-nu;
mu-nu; gu-nu,
ga-nu).
-co-gu, -a-wa ;
co-gu, a-ba ;
togu-u, aw-u ;
u-liya, ba-liya ; -Ha
-li, -le (co-li or
-co-gu, -e-gi ;
co-gu, e-zi; e-li,
cogu-u, eji-u ;
u-liya, i-liya ;
yco-le, ba-li ;
-e-li, -a-ga ;
a-ga; e-ki, e-bi;
eli-co, ag-co ;
&*f. (also -ria,
gu-li, gi-li;
-e-ki, -e-vi ;
e-gi, e-zi; o-ru;
eci-u; &c.
-eya)
&-C.)
-e-gi, -e-zi ;
co-tu ; a-ka ;
u-weo, a-bca
co-gu, a-ba or
-o-ru ; -co-tu ;
m. hu ; lu-ku.
(a-wco) ; &c.
a-wa ; u-gu,
-a-ka ; -co-vu ;
a-ha.
e-gi; e-li, a-ga;
to-ku ; -a-ha ;
e-ki, e-bi ; &c.
-to-mu
in 4 a
-co-li, -wa-lia ;
liha (to-liha,
to-linya or
N-guyu,n-gaba
OOy-u, ab-u ;
-gu-lia, gi-lia ;
ba-liha ; gu-
-rinya,
(n-gawa) ;
cogw-u, egi-u
-e-li ; &*c.
liha ; &c.)
aba-linya,
n-gu-, n-gi ;
or ej-u ; ely-u,
cogw-co, ab-co ;
gu-linya ; &-v.
fi-ga ; <5<r.
ag-u ; eki-u,
ogw-co, ezi-u ;
to-li or gu-ri,
(according to
ebi-u ; ey-u,
ely-u; &>c.
ba-ri ; &c.
vowel of con-
ez-iu ; colw-u ;
N-gu, ? m-ba ;
cord, with n
cotw-u ; ak-u ;
n-gu,fi-gi ; &c.
' directive ' pre-
cobw-u,cokw-u;
(this form is
posed)
a\v-u ; &c.
absent in some
dialects)
-vi
-bi
.vi, -bi
-bi -bi
bi
-na-ligula
iragura, -ira-
yilagula
irabula
duga (-la, -vu)
guzu. sina
kazi
kazi. -zigiza
-kazi
kazi, -jigiya -gcole. -kcowa
-kazi. -wala
(cows)
isiki
(humans').
pala. -dusi
(cattle), -risen-
yi (birds)
lila. -sala
...
codzi. -coki
rura -kali
kali.
kambwe.
-kanu.
-kanga. -ugi
rungi
nuzi. -zima
lungi. -zima
iza. -zima -idza
-lungi, -rungi
Great -hangu
Little -ke
Long -laingwa
nina. -kuru -nini
(healthy), -ru-
ngi ('salted',
' seasoned ').
nuga (tender,
gentle)
kuru. -hangu. -hangu
gazi. (Kutu
= complete)
tu. -ke. -norco. -ki. -nki, -ke.
sule -ntu
leha (verbal), -la. -rere. -rai -le. -ririre
(Ku-leha = to
be long)
-toya, -tu
-lele. -la
kulu. -nene
-tunu. -too.
-tiritu
-wamvu,
wanvu
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
26.
2f.
2g-
3-
3b.
4-
English
Uru-karagwe
Uru-kerebe
Lu-ziba
Urunya-ruanda
Ru-ha or
Lu-ganda,
(Lu-sinja)
and 53.
Ru-tutsi,
Lu-sese4a, and
Ru-nyambu
Ki-rundi (R.)
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
Lu-scoga 4 b
Male
saidza
seza (men).
-seja, -saija,
rume. In-fizi
lume. -masa,
lume, -nume.
-co z co (children ) .
paija
Ki-masa
sadja, -saja.
mime and
band w a.
masa (cattle).
lenzi.
rumi (birds)
-mpanga
(birds)
Old
gulusu.
lame, -gurus!.
gulusi. -kuru
kuru, -kecuru.
. .
kade
keikulu
kekuru
saza
Red
tukula
-tuku
tukura
tukura
.. .
myu- (myu-fu).
twa-vu
Rotten
sunza
zunzi ( -zunda)
nafu
bora
...
vundu. -bcovu
Short
gufu
gufu
guvu, -gufi
gufi
...
mpi
Sick
luaile
rwere (-rwara
dwara
rwara
Iwade
verb)
White
dzela, -gera
era. -katale
era, -eru.
era
...
-eru. -tuku
Kitare
Above, up, on
Aha-igulu
Hco-ruguru.
He-igulu,
He-djuru.
I-julu
Wa-gulu.
top
I-gulu
I -guru, E-gulu
Ku-ruguru
E-ngulu
Before
Ew-iso
OObu-syco.
Mbele,
I-mbere
I-mbere
Mberi,
Mbere ('the
Ha-mbele
Wa-mberi.
first ', ' in
Muma-sco ga
front ')
Behind ...
Eny-uma
En-uma
Ny-uma
Iny-uma
Kuny-uma
Ny-uma
Below, down
Aha-si
I-fwco. Ha-nsi
Ha-si, Aan-si
He.pfco. Ha-si,
Ha-si
Wa-nsi
Far
Ha-le
Ha-ra
Ha-ii, Ha-rai
Ku-re
Ku-le
Wa-la
Here
Aha
Ha-nco. Ku-nu.
Aha, Haha.
Ha-nco.
Ha-nco. Aha
Wa-nco
Ha-hco. Hin-ku
Kunu
Aha-nyene.
Aha. Inco.
N-gaha
In, inside ...
Omu, OOmunzu
Mu. Munda.
OOmu-, Mu.
Mco, -mco. Mu-
Mu
Mu. Munda.
Mu-nu
Nda. -mco
Mu-nco
Middle
Aha-gati
Ha-gati
..
ll a-gati
Ha-gati
Wa-kati.
Mu-kati
Near
ikale, -ikeile
H-ehi
...
Ha-fi, Ku-fi.
Ku-mpi.
Bu-gufi. He-fco
VVa-mpi
Outside ...
Ah-erco
Ha-bw-eru.
En-dya.
Ha-nze
..*
Bw-eru
Ha-nza.
Ah'eru
H-esazi
Plenty, many
E-ngco
ingi. Mu-nco
ngi. Munco.
I-nki, -i-nsi
. . .
ngi. Enyi-ngi.
En-kunduguru
1
Kamara (4 b)
There
Ha-liya
00-kwco.
Kuli. Hcoku
Ha-riya. A-hco
Ha-dia. Ahco
Wa-li. Eri.
Ha-liha
Ey-co
Where? ...
H-kahi ?
Ha-i .'
N-ka ?
He-he ?
He-he?
Wa ? Oye ?
No!
Nga!
Pai!
Ceke! Cei !
Oya ! Hasui !
N-tawe !
Nedda! Si-
Ta-li-kco !
Leka !
Na-moi ! ( =
N-takico!
not one !)
N-tahco !
Mambu !
Not (with verb,
Ti-
Nangu.
Ta-hco ; Ta-, ti-
Si-, -ti-, -ta-
Ti, ta.
Si-. Te-, t-,
as prefix, in-
Ti. -ta-
Na- (with sub-
ta-
fix or suffix)
stantives and
numerals)
To ...
OOku-
O)ku-
O)ku-
Uku-
Uku-
OOku-, Eri-
beat ...
...
tera
tera
kubita.
kuwita
-kuba.
kcoma
komaga
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
English
2e.
Uru-karagwe
2f.
Uru-kerebe
2g-
Lu-ziba
(Lu-sinja)
Ru-nyambu
3-
Urunya-ruanda
and 3 a
Ki-rundi (R.)
3b-
Ru-ha or
Ru-tutsi,
(Tusi, Ki-jiji)
4-
Lu-ganda,
Lu-sese4a,arf
I -u-scoga 4 b
To
OOku- O)ku-
O)ku-
Uku- Uku-
O)ku-, Eri-
buy, sell
gula
gula. -tunda
gula, -gura
suma (3 a).
gula
gula. -tunda
gura
come ...
idza
iza
hika (arrive).
za
za
-ja
iza., -ija
cut
zala
tema
tema. -sara
ca. -tema
-tema
sala. -tema
dance ...
sana, -zana
zina
byina. -kina
-vina. -kina
zina
(to sport, a-
(to hop about)
muse oneself)
die
kaba
fwa
zaha
pfa
fa
fa
eat
dia
-lya
la or -ria
lya
lia
lya
give ...
-m-pa
ha(-pa),-gaba
ha (m-pa)
ha
ha (-pa)
wa (-pa).
gaba
,, g
genda
genda. -za.
genda. -ta
genda. -ja
genda
genda. -ita,
rukco
ta (tambula
= walk)
kill ...
ita
ita. -nega
ita
ica
i
tta
., know ...
-manya
manya
manya
menya. -zi
menya
manya
laugh ...
-seka
seka
seka
seka
*
seka
leave off,
leka
leka, -siga
reka
reka
leka
leka. -sigala
cease
(to be left)
love, want
enda
enda
enda. -gonza
kunda. -sima
kunda.
-agala,
gomba
yagala.
enda,
i
yenda
(copulate).
eraka
see
dewa, -lewa
buna. -leba.
Icola. -reba.
buna. -rora.
weonya. -Icola
-laba. -lula
dora, -rora
buna
raba
(bon-eka=^-
come visible)
sit.remain,
ikala
ikara
ikala.
isala ?
idzala
tula, -talama
abide
sleep ...
-liama
nagira. -lala.
pitame
viyama.
\
sinzira.
liama
ebaka. -lala
mama
nyama
rara. -gona
(to settle down,
(snore)
become quief)
stand, stop,
jemelela
im-uka, -ime-
hagarika
hagalala
ima, -imi-rira,
be erect
rera, -ime-
im-uka
reza (all from
a root -ima )
steal ...
iba
iba. -suma
iba
iba
iba
iba, -ba.
-kcona
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN URU-KARAGWE AND LU-ZIBA
Preprefixes are present.
Much as in COru-hima, but prefix No. 2 is Aba- and Awa-, No. 8 is Ebi- or Evi-, No. 14 is Ubu-,
OJbu- and (xtvu-, No. 15 is sometimes COgu-. The 1st and 3rd prefixes are sometimes abbreviated to
U)m- and the 4th to Em-. The loth prefix is sometimes Ne-, sometimes Inz-. Concord of No. 6 is
ma-, ya-, a-, or ga- ; of 4 mi-, gi- ji-, and zi- ; of 9 ni-, i-, e-, and gi-.
The honorific Na- or Nya- prefix is present ; its plural is Na-wa-, Na-ma-.
72 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &C, IN URU-KEREBE OR KI-KEREBE
Preprefixes are present but not so much used as in preceding languages.
Class I. COmu- (concord, mu-, <o-, u-, gu-, a-) ; 2. Aba- (ba-) ; 3. COmu- (mu-, gu-) ; 4. Emi- (mi-,
zi-, zy-) ; 5. L, Eli- (H-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki- (ki-, ky-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ; 9. En- (Em-), E-
(n-, i-, e-, gi-) ; 10. En-, E- (n-, zi-) ; II. Oru-, COlu- (ru-, rw-) ; 12. COtu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ;
14. CObu- (bu-) ; 15. U)ku- (ku-) ; 16. Aha- (ha-, u>wa-) ; 17. Mu- (only as preposition).
The honorific prefix Na- is present.
PREFIXES, &c., IN URUNYA-RUANDA AND IKI-RUNDI
Preprefixes present.
Class i. COmu- orVmu- 1 (mu-, n-, yu-, gu-) ; 2. Aba- or Awa- (ba-, wa-) ; 3. COmu- or Umu-
(mu-, u-, gu-) ; 4. Emi- or Imi- (mi-, i-, yi-) ; 5. I-, Ili-, Iri-, Eli- (li->; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ya-) ; 7. Eki-,
Iki-, Ici- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ebi-, Ibi-, Ivi- (bi-, vi-) ; 9. En-, In- (n-, i-, yi-) ; 10. En-, In-, Ing-, Ni- (n-, i-, zi-) ;
n.Uru-, Ulu- (ru-); 12. Utu- (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ; 14. Ubu-, Uby-, Uwu- (bu-. wu-) 2 ; 15. Uku-
(ku-) ; 1 6. Aha- (ha-) ; 17. Mu- (as preposition).
The Nya- (Nya-ka) feminine or honorific prefix is present.
PREFIXES, &c., IN RU-HA (RU-TUTSI)
Much like Ruanda-Rundi. Preprefixes U-, I-, A-. There is, perhaps, a trace of the original loth
prefix (Zi-) in the form of Idzi-.
PREFIXES, &c., IN LU-GANDA
Preprefixes are present ; perhaps less used in Lu-swga.
Class I. COmu-, COwa- ? (mu-, u-, wco-, yco-, gu-) ; 2. Aba- (ba-); 3. COmu- (mu-, gu-) : 4. Emi-
(mi-, gi-, gy-) ; 5. Eri-, 3 Eli-, Ej-, E-, I-, Di- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a-, ga-) ; 7. Eki (ki-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ;
9. En-, En- (n-, e-, i-, yi-) ; 10. En- (Em-), En-, Enj-, Enzi-, Zi- (n-,e-,zi-) ; II. COlu- (lu-) ; 12. COtu-
(little used) (tu-) ; 13. Aka- (ka-) ; 14. CObu- (bu-) ; 15. COku- (ku-) ; 16. Awa-, ? COwa- (wa-); 17.
COmu- ?, Mu- (.' concord absent) ; 18. Ugu- (gu-) ; 19. Aga- (ga-) pi. to No. 1 8.
Also honorific sex prefixes, with the concords of Classes I and 2 : Se-, Sa- ('father ', 'male '), plural
Ba-, Se- ; and Nya-, Na- (' mother ', ' female ') The plural of Na- is sometimes Zi-na- ; more often,
Ba-na-.
2 e. Urukaragwe is spoken in the western coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza south and east of the
Kagera river, and north of Emin Pasha Gulf.
2 f. Urukerebe is spoken on the large island of Bukerebe (Ukerewe) and the adjacent islands, and
Bukerebe peninsula of the southern Victoria Nyanza, north of Speke Gulf.
2 g. Luziba is spoken in the Businja country on the south and south-west coasts of the Victoria
Nyanza, round Emin Pasha Gulf.
3. Urunyaruanda and 33 Kirundi are spoken west of the Kagera and Lukoki rivers, east of the Rusizi
and Lake Kivu and south of the Virunga volcanoes, and along the north-west coast of Lake Tanganyika,
north of the Malagarazi river-mouth.
3b. Ruha is spoken south of Karagwe and Businja and west of the Malagarazi-Nikonga river, to the
eastward and southward of Kirundi.
4. Luganda. Lusese 4a, and Luscoga 4 b are spoken in the kingdom or province of Buganda and the
adjoining district of Buscoga, to the north and north-west of the Victoria Nyanza, as well as in the Sese
archipelago. The south-western limit is the lower Kagera river, the north-eastern the lower Sio> river.
1 Ruanda mainly differs from Rundi in the preprefixes, preferring the vowels CO and E to U and I.
* The preprefix to 14 in Rundi is often I- = Iwu.
* In Lu-ganda this Eri- prefix has also the force of a preposition meaning ' to ', 'from ', ' before '
(Rev. G. K. Blackledge).
GROUP A
THE NYANZA LANGUAGES (continued]
SUB-GROUP A 5 MASABA
5. Lu-nyara
5 a. Lu-wanga (Lu-kabarasl, Lu-rimi, ' Kavi-
rondco ') and 5 b Lu-singa 1
6. Lu-masaba 2 (Lu-seokwia, Lu-gesu, Lu-gipu)
6 a. Lu-konde of N. W. Elgon
SUB-GROUP A 6 EAST VICTORIA NYANZA
7. Ki-guzii (Igi-zil, Ki-siftgiri) or Ki-suba
(Kco seova)
7 a. Ki-koria * (Ki-suna, Ki-tende)
5-
5 a -
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii Ki-kcoria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gipu, s*c.
of N. W. Elgon
(Ki-suba or , Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Ko-scova ')
Ki-tende
Adze
* *
I-wayua
.1
*
...
Animal. wild
*
I-scolu
Isin-tsui.
...
...
...
beast
? I-sani
Ant
Olu-asi; ain-asi.
Li-afu.
Li-afu. Namu-
Ki-nsanaku ;
fji-ndangwe
.Ulu-nawe.
kurondu?
bi-. Ki-munyu
In-dukusi
Ant, white
I-swa ; tsi-swa.
I-swa ; tsi-swa.
I-swa ; tsi-swa
I-gwa or
Cin-ccoke (//.).
Eri-ge
(termite)
Si-swa or
I-ce ; ama-ce
N-gwa ; //.
I-sinzi
Eri-geki
Ki-swa ;
ti-swa or
bi-swa
tin-swa
Ape (chim-
Bim ; yi-bim
...
...
...
...
panzi or
(Sudanese ?)
gorilla)
Arm
OOmu-kconco ;
OOmu-xconco
Kumu-kwnco ;
Gumu-xcanco ;
OOmtn-kconco ;
COkco-bwkoa
emi-
pi. kimi- and
//. gama-
ama-
kama-
Arrow
Es-esere.
OOmu-wanco.
Kumu-baneo ;
Gumu-wanco.
Umu-gwe,
OOmco-gu ;
Um-baneo
Li-sungu (5 b)
kimi-.
Kumu-; gama-.
OOmto-gu ;
eme-gu
(Olu-kingco
OOlu-sala ; eti-
pi. eme-
sala. Isi-sala;
ibi-
Axe
Yi-mbaci.
Y-aiyua ;
Im-basa.
E-waiyuwa,
Igi-zire ; ibi-
Ege-zire ; evi-
H-aiwa or
tsi-aiwa
I-waiyua ;
E-yaiyua
Y-aiyua ; //.
tsi-aiyua
tsi-aiwa
Baboon
Bim. Li-sene
Di-pene.
In-guci.
In-kube
Li-xuru.
? En-kube
Eri-noj.
Li-core.
En-gcoge
Li-wungwi ;
Li-nyani
ama-. I-takco
Back
OOmu-gongto,
Mu-kongu.
Kumu-gongu
Gumu-gongoa ;
C0m<o-gongei>
OOnuo-gongco
OOm-gongco ;
Ny-uma
gama-
//. emi-
Banana
Li-temwa;ama-
Li-remwa.
I -tore or
Li-dcote ; gama-
Ri-gcomia ;
Eri-tke; ama-
Li-tcoki (5 b)
Li-tore ;
dcate. 1-duti,
ama-.
kama-tore
E-deoti ; //.
Eri-twki ;
iti-dcoti
ama-
Beard
OObu-nyasi (.').
(x)bw-oya.
(Obu-nwanwa.
OObu-nwanwa.
(JL)bo-ya. OOro)-
C0r<o-kaya,
Bi-revu
Bi-revu,
Hi -sal a (hair).
Ci-refu
reru; cin-deru.
(l)rco-ka ; cin-
Fi-revu
Ki-lefu (chin}
Kanye-nycobco
1 Lu-singa or Cula, the language of the large islands off the south entrance to Kavirondu Gulf, is a dialect
of Lu-wanga much mixed -with Lu-ganda and Ku-kerebe words. - The ' Ketosh ' of Hobley (1902).
3 The ' Muhasa' of Hobley (1899).
The ' Ba-kulia ' of German writers.
74
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-kcoria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gipu, &c.
ofN. W. Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Kio-suva')
Ki-tende
Bee
In-juki ;
In-dzuxi,
In-zuki ;
En-juki or
En-juki or
En-cuke; cin-
cm-juki
In-zixe.
tin-zuki
En-dzuci
Kn-c'eoke ; pis.
In-zupi
cin-juki, cin-
ccoke
Belly
In-da
Yin-da
Yin-da
In-da
In-da, I-'.n-da ;
En-da ; cin-da
cin-da
Bird
Li-yconi ; ama-
Ki-nuni ;
Iny-cani.
Iny-conyi ; tin-.
Eciny-wni,
Ekiny-oanyi ;
ama-.
Iny-enye ; zin-
Gi-siriri ; bi-
Ekiny-conyi ;
evi-
En-unyi (5 b)
//. evi-
Blood
Ama-wafiga
Ama-lasiri
Kama-lasiri
Gama-lasiri
Amany-inga or
Ama-sere.
(pl-)
Amainy-inga
Amainy-inga
(l)mu-biri
Umu-biri
Kumu-biri
Gumu-biri ;
COmu-biri or
CjOmco-viri; emi-
gimi-
OOmovvere ;
emi-
Bone
Li-gumba,
Isi-kumba
Li-gumba or
Li-gumba
Eri-gwa; ama-
Eri-guha ; ama-
Li-kumba ;
I-gumba
ywa. Eri-guha
ama-
or Eri-ga. Li-
uga ; ma-uga
Borassus palm
Axa-tugu
...
...
...
Bow
(Ow-ingu
Ubw-ingo.
OObu-ingu ;
Bubu-ingu ;
Ubu-ta; ama-ta
CObco-ta; ama-
Bu-rra (R.).
kirn-. (X)lu-
pi. gim-ingu
Wu-ta (s b)
ingco ; ts-ingeo
Bowels
Ama-la
Ama-la
Kama-la
Gama-la
Brains
tObw-ongto
OOw-ongeo
Bub-ongto
Bubw-ongw
(Ow-ongco
(jOb-ongu
CObw-ongto
Breast (man's)
. . .
...
Ki-fuba,Si-fuba
Ci-fuba
Eki-kuba ; evi-
Ege-kuba ; eve-.
En-kuba; cin-
Breast
(x)lu-were
Li-duru ; ama-.
Li-bele. Li-bele
Li-bere
(x)lu-bere ; cim-
...
(woman's)
OOdu-were(R.)
Brother ...
Omw-ana
W-an'ta-ye.
W-an'da-ye.
W-an'da-ye
N-dugi-ani.
OOm.ura
wa-ina.
0)mu-terwa ;
W-an'-di-asi
Omw-ana
comwetu
Omw-ana
aba-.
mintu.
wefu.
Mw-ane-fu
C0m<o-mura
W-an'dae
comintu
(? Omw-ana
dae = child of
father)
Buffalo
Yim-bcogeo ;
Im-bukco,
Iin-boogco
Yem-bcogco ;
En-era ; cin-era
En-era; cin-era
cim-
Im-bugco
tiin-bcogco
Bull
Igi-ruxi
Iri( 5 b).
E-iinwa
...
Eri ; //. ici-eri
...
Tangana(s b).
I-surusi
Buttocks ...
Li-daku ; ama-
Li-daxco; ama-
Kama-taxco ;
Gama-takco
Eny-uma
Ege-tunduru ;
sing. Li-taxco
evi-
Canoe
Obw-arco
Ri-alco or Di-
In-debe.
In-debg
Q)bw-atco
Eri-ato> ;
arrco ; am-alco.
Li-konkcolco
am-atco.
Bw-atu (5 b)
ODbw-atco
Cat
Yi-mondco.
Li-simba
In-jusi.
En-zusi
Igi-simba; ivi-.
Ege-tangw; evi-
Li-simba
Mu-yaga
E-kworco ;
ci-kworeo.
Igi-cugu
Charcoal ...
...
Am-anda (pi.)
...
...
. . .
Chief
Omw-ami
Omw-ami ;
Omw-ami.
tOmw-ami
Omw-ami ; av-.
C0ni(.)-kama ;
OOmu-nda ; ava-
ava-nda.
Umw-isia,
Umw-isiki
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
75
s-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-kciiria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gipu, 6fC.
ofN. W. Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Kdi-seova ')
Ki-tende
aw^sbLu-singa
Child
Omw-ana.
Omw-ana.
Omw-eti.
COmw-ana ;
Omw-ana ;
Omw-ana
Ax-ana
Mu-siani 4.
Omw-ana ;
bab-ana.
av-ana
Mu-xana o
bab-ana.
OOmu-cece
Mu-kexe
Cloth
Yiny-anga
In-anga.
I n-gubu.
En-gubu
En-gubu; cin-
En-gibu ; cin-
Yin-gubu
In-anga.
OOmu-gaire
(bark)
Cold
t t
...
...
*
Country ...
Esi-alco
Itsi-alu
Esi-alu (R.).
Esi-bala,
I-ruba.
Sisi-aru or
Ci-arco ;
bibi-aru
Eki-bala^
Oro>-gongu.
Eki-bara ; evi-
Esi-wala ;
t/.fi-
Kiky-alu
Ri-ruwa
Cow
In-ombe ;
En-ombe ;
Si-songa.
In-kafu
En-ombe; cin-.
En-ombe
cin-ombe
tsin-ombe.
In-kafu.
En-kombe,
E-duasi(sb).
I-xafu
C-ombe
Crocodile ...
I-gwena ; ci-
I-gwena ; tsi-.
1-gunya
I-guna or
E-gugbwie.
En-oina ; cin-
1-gwina (5 b)
Ci-guna
En-oi'na ;
cin-oina
Day
Lu-lalu ;
In-dalu ; tsi-.
Kumu-tixinyi.
Gumu-tixini
OObu-tuku.
Orto-siku ; cin-
cin-dalu
Mu-wasu(5b).
Ki.fuku.
E-goru; ama-.
Iny-angu (R.)
(Kumw-usi =
(E-tera = Ay-
daylight)
light)
Devil, evil
OOmu-sambwa
(Omu-sambwa;
Kumu-sambwa;
Gumu-sambwa;
Uru-swa ; cin-
...
spirit
emi-. U-sewi
kimi-
gimi-
swa
(5b)
Doctor (medi-
Umu-fumu
Umu-sanje
...
...
...
cine man)
Dog
Yim-bwa
Im-bwa
Im-bwa.
Im-bwa ;
E-sese ; ci-sese
E-sese; ci-sese
Gu-bwa,
tim-bwa
Gugu-bwa (=
big dog)
Donkey ...
...
E-sikiri,
Li-tegere.
I-sigiha; ti-
Eri-tegere
*..
E-sikidi,
I-sigiha.
E-tikiri(5b).
E-sigiria
Sisiri (R.)
Door
COlu-iki ;
OOlu-igi.
Lulu-tsi.
Gumu-riangu.
Ege-sie,
Ege-saku; evi-
cin-jiki
OOmu-riangu
Kumu-riangu
Lulu-tsi
Ege-sieri.
Eki-ge ; evi-ge
Dream
N-duta
Li-loru.
Kumu-rula.
Bubu-luta
Kumera
N-dorre (R.)
00-rura
Drum
In-uma
In-uma
En-coma,
En-uma
En-kunu.
Eke-guma.
In-guma
En-coma
Em-begete
Ear
tOku-twi ;
OOku-rui,
Kuku-tu,
Kuku-tu ;
CO-utu,
OOgto-tui ;
amaku-twi
OOxu-rui
Kuku-ru, or
Gama-tu
COg-utu,
ama-tui
Uxu-ru ; pi.
(<);.;- C0tu ;
kama-ru
ama-tu
Egg
Li-ki ; ama-ki
Li-buyu ; ama-.
Iny-inga.
Iny-ingu
Eri-ge or
Eri-ige ;
E-gi (5 b) ;
Li-gi ; kama-gi
Eri-gina ;
ama-ige
ama-gi
ama-gina
Elephant ...
In-jufu
In-dzufu,
In-dufu,
In-giufu.
En-jubu
En-jugu,
In-jufu ; tsin-
I-tsufu
In-dzufu
En-c'ugu
Excrement
Ama-fwi
Ama-fwi or
Kama-fwi
Gama-fwi
Ama-bi,
Ama-vi
Ama-fl
Ama-vi
Eye
I-mconi ; ci-
I -muni; tsi-.
I -muni;
D-isu ; gam-
Ir-isu ; ama-
Ir-isu; ama-
Er-isu (5 b)
tsi-muni
esu. I -muni ;
ti-muni
7 6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-koma; or
kabarasi. and
Lu-gipu, &-c.
ofN.W.Elgon
l Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Kto-seava ')
Ki-tende
aWsbLu-singa
Face, fore-
Mu-mconi
Mu-mconi
Mu-mconi
Bubu-sto ;
(.Obu-sico
CObw-sito
head
gimi-sico
Fat, oil ...
Ama-futa
Ama-furra
Kimi-nawa
Gama-futa
Ege-tinia.
Ege-tinia ; evi-
(pi.).
Ama-guta
Kama-futa
Father
Baba
Baba
Papa
Papa
i . .
...
Fear
OOmu-ti ?
(x)mu-rri.
Bu-rri,
Bubu-ti
COmu-ti.
...
Bu-ruma.
Umu-rri.
I-ruka
Di-eri (R.)
Kuria
Finger
COlu-ala ;
COlu-terre ;
Udu-wala ;
Lulu-wala ; pi.
Eki-ara ; evi-
Eki-ara ; evi-.
cin-dala
tsin-. COlu-ala
tsints-ala
inz-ala or
or ebi-
Ek-era ;
tyin-jala
evi-ara
Fire
(Omu-lilw
COmu-rirto
Kumu-rireo
Gumu-lirco
tOmu-rirco,
tOmco-reroa or
(x)mo>rerco ;
tOmo-rerco ;
emi-
eme-
Fish
In-geke
Iny-eni.
Jn-eni,
Ki-neni (//.
Eki-nswe,
E-nswe ;
E-mvua (5 b)
Iny-enye,
same)
E-nswe ;
ci-nswe
In-yeni
ebi-nswe,
eci-nswe
Foot
COxu-kulu ;
Ci-renge; fi-.
Si-kire; bi-kire.
Ci-gere; bibi-
Eke-renge.
Eke-sanyi.
ama-
U-gulu(sb)
Ki-tanda giru
Eke-sanyi
Eke-renge
Forest
COvu-mali
COmu-tsurru
Kumu-rongcolco. Gumu-tongulco
Egi-saka ; ebi-.
Eke-saka ; eve-
I -sail
Eri-nani; ama-
Fowl
Iri-gcoxco
In-goxoj.
In-gcoxco,
En-goikca
En-kcokco.
En-gcokw
N-gcohco (5 b).
I n-gcokco
Acin-gwkw *
Si-menyui
(dim.)
Frog
Li-sere
. ..
...
...
...
*
Ghost
Kfi-xienu.
COmu-fwa.
Li-lalu ; kama-
. ..
tOmu-kira.
Eki-riri
(Omu-sambwa
Epzienu,
Eki-riri
Epi-xienu ; efi-
Giraffe
. .
Aburu (5b).
Cangewa
...
...
...
In-zaya-
mi-rumba (R.)
Girl
(.Umu-xana
COmu-xana.
Umu-xana
...
Omw-iseke.
COmu-subati
Mu-hala (5 b).
COmoo-subati
Goat
Im-buzi
Im-buzi,
Im-buzi,
Em-buzi,
Em-bori,
Em-bori ; cim-
Yim-buzi.
Im-buri
Em-busi ;
Em-buri ; cim-
Im-buri (R.)
tim-busi
or acim-
(he) ...
. .
...
. t.
...
...
God
OOlu-mbe
Eri-uwa,
I-kuru, Uere
Munui
Eri-uba.
Eri-coba
Edi-uba
Ivi-rica. Eny-
asai ; ciny-
Grandparent
Grass
CObu-nyasi
CObu-nyasi.
Kuka ; ba +
Bu-nyasi
Kuka; ba-kuka
Bubu-nyasi
CObu-nyanzi.
Eke-nyanke ;
U-sui (sb)
Eke-nyanse
//. ama-
Ground
Li-ltoba
Ri-rwba
Li-lcoba
Ri-rcoba. I-doi
Eri-zcoba.
Ege-kongco ;
Ege-tie ; eve-
eve-
Ground-nut
In-jugu. Im-
Im-bande ;
Ma-yitco
...
Im-bande; cim-
...
bande; cim-
tsim +
-
Guinea-fowl
Li-xanga
Ri-xanga.
Li-xanga.
Li-kanga
Eri-kanga ;
En-kanga ; cin-
Li-khanga
N-kanga
ama-. En-
kanga ; cin-
Gun
COmu-rondcij
COmu-rondw
Mundu.
Gumu-londo>
COmu-rondeo.
...
Kumu-rundu
Umu-gungeo
Hobley.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
77
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Ln-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-kcoria ; or
kabarasi, and
1 .u-gisu, &c.
ofN.W.Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Ku] -suva ')
Ki-tende
Hair
Li-fwiri ; ama-
Ui-swi;ama-su.
Li-cune,
I-zune, Li-cuni,
E-tukia; ci-
E-tukia ; ci-
Li-sui (R.)
Li-tsune
Li-swui
Hand
Esi-kala ; ebi-
Efi-galoj ; efi-.
Ki-keofu,
Gi-g<ofu ; bi-
Egi-sanyi.
Eke-sanyi.
U-kconw (5 b)
Si-kufu.
COmu-kconca
COmoj-kconco
Ki-kyaba.
Si-amberi
Head
OOmu-twe; emi-
OOmu-rwe ;
Kumu-twe
Gumu-twe
COmu-twe; emi-
OOmw-tui,
eme-rwe.
COmco-tu
00mu-twe(5b)
Heart
I -xcolo
Umw-oyto
Kum-oycj,
Gum-oyeo
En-teme.
En-korto
Gum-oyto
En-korco
Heel
Esi-sirco ; ebi-
Ki-sisirco ;
Exu-gunyu.
Enku-gunyu
Ye-tingirw.
Ege-tingiroa.
bi-(?). Ki-
Ngw-gunyu
Iki-talengi
Eke-sugurw
sisorco (R.)
Hide .
Li-seru
Li-hafu
Ri-hafu^
...
Hill
^i-kulu
Lu-kingi ;
Lulu-gingi ; tin-
...
tsin-gingi
Hippopotamus
I-fubu; ci-
I-fubu; tsi-.
I-fubu.
Di-fubu or
I-fubu or
En-gubco
I-fuco (R.)
In-gidi
M-fubu; pis.
En-gubto
gama-, tsim-
Hoe
Im-bagu
Im-baxw
Im-bagco
Em-bagco
. ..
Honey
CObu-pi
U)bu-si
Bu-xi
Ka-mana.
OObu-sie. CObio-
O)ba)-ke
13ubu-ci
ke. Ama-na
Horn
OOlu-ika ;
Olu-ika ;
Ulu-ika or
Lulu-iga ; pi.
(Oru-gu-cala ;
OOroi-gu-cara ;
cinj-ika
tsinz-ika.
Lulu-iga; pi.
tin-jiga or
pi. cin-gu-in-
cin-gu-cara.
Yim-bega ;
tsin-jiga
tsin-tsiga
jala
OOru-tera; cin
tsim-
House
Iny-umba ; cin-
In-zu ; tsin-zu
In-zu or I-tsu
In-tsu, In-ju.
Eny-umba; cin-
Eny-umba
Iny-umba 1
Hunger
In-jala
In-zala
In-jara, In-zala
In-jara,In-tsala
In-jala, en-jara
En-cara
Husband ...
...
Um-satswwe
(R.)
Hyena
Yi-nu ; ci-nu
E-fusi, I-fisi
Namu-nyu
Namu-nyu
Iny-anaai,
E-niti
Eny-anau
Iron
Esi-uma
Exi-bia,
Isi-uma,
Eci-uma,
Eki-uma
Eki-coma
Efi-bia,
Iki-uma.
Kiki-uma
Evi-wia.
Ki-bia
E-cuma (5 b)
Island
Li-singa
Di-cinga
Lu-singa
Lulu-singa
Eri-wunju.
Eri- or
Eki-nyoroi
Eke-ginga
Ivory
E-linco lye
Ir-into de
Kumu-saiiga
Gumu-sanga
Ir-inco
Er-inca
n-jcofu
n-dzojfu.
gwe n-dzcafu
gwe n-dzufu.
OOlu-ika (R.).
I-pokco
Eri-inw
Knee
Ksi-xumba
Di-sikamco
Isi-sigamco or
Di-sikam<o.
Eri-ru
Eri-iu
Iki-sigamco
Iki-sikamu
Knife
Li-xande
pi-rood wa.
Kumu-banco ;
Gumu-banco ;
Umw-eyu
OOm-oyu.
Yim-balco.
pi. kimi-
//. gimi-
Eke-gesw.
Mw-embe (5b)
Eke-kebi
Lake
Eny-anja
Iny-anza.
Iny-anza.
Iny-anja
Eny-anja
.. .
Li-enga
Li-tiwa
Leg
tOxu-gulu
COku-gulu.
In-dumbu.
In-dumbu.
OOku-guru.
U)k(o-gor ;
In-guco.
Ki-gere
Ki-gulu.
Ekeny-ama
ama-
Si-gulu (R.).
Ki-genderw
^i-rengj (R.)
Hobley in his Muhasa Vocabulary.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
I.u-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-ktoria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gipu, Sfc.
ofN.W.Elgon
1 Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R),
' K d.-scova ')
Ki-tende
Leopard ...
Yin-gwe
In-gwe
In-gwe ;
In-gwe ;
Eke-iri. En-go>
En-gwe
isin-gwe
tin-gwe,
tyin-gwe
Lion
Li-nani
Li-nani.
l-talanyi.
Li-nu
...
En-dui (5 b)
I-tulani
Lips
COmu-nwa ;
COmu-nwa ;
Kimi-nwa (pi.)
Gimi-nwa (pi.)
Emi-nua (//.).
Eke-nenevu
emi-nwa
emi-
(Kumu-nwa)
Ege-kuba ;
eve-
Magic
Li-lcokco.
Li-lugco,
Li-rugu.
Ri-rugu
Eri-rugu.
Eri-rugu
COlu-mutana.
Di-luku.
Bu-lusi
CObu-kanga
COlu-muwei
Sirxanga
Maize
Ama-dumwa
Ama-duma.
Nabu-kubu
Gama-ganda
E-bandco ; ci-.
Erinya-muduma
Ka-duma (5 b)
Ama-dumu
Eri-tumwa
Man
COmu-ndu ;
COmu-ndu.
Umu-ndu ;
Umu-ndu ;
COmu-ntu; aba-,
COmu-ntu ; ava-
awa-ndu
Awa-ntu ;
wawa-ndu,
baba-ndu
ava-
aba-ndu
baba-ndu
Man, vir. ...
COmu-saca
Mu-saza (5 b)
M-seja
...
Meat
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Eny-ama
Medicine ...
. ..
Um-sala
Kama-lesi
Gama-lesi
Milk
Ma-weri
Kama-beri
Gama-beri
Ama-vere
Ama-vere
Monkey
E-xemb<o ;
I-sima
E-xima
E-kima,
Egi-kondu,
Ege-kembu.
ci-embco
En-kima
Li-nyani
Eke-kondu
Moon
C0m-5si ;
Omw-ezi.
Kumw-ezi
Gumw-ezi
COmu-tienyi
COmu-eri
emi-usi
Umw-ezi (R.)
Mother
...
Mama
Mayi ; ba +
Mayi
. . .
...
Mountain ...
COlu-gulu ;
COlu-gulu,
Li-kulu
Ri-kulu ; gama-
Egi-tunwa.
En-guku
cin-gulu
Ipgulu
kulu
Iki-lima
Mouth
...
Umu-nwa
.
Ama-nua
Ama-nua
Nail (of finger
Li-dete ; ama-
Exi-tere ; efi-.
Si-tere or
Eci-tere,
Eki-cara or
COrco-kumu ;
or toe)
Li-tere ; ama-.
Ki-tere ; bi-
Iki-tere ; ebi-,
Oru-cara
cin-kumu
Di-tera (R.)
tere
bibi-. Ki-teta
Name
Eri-ta
Iri-ra ; am-era
Li-sina and
E-sina or
Eri-ema.
Eri-ta.
Li-lina
Ri-sina
Eri-eta.
Eri-na
M-barenga
Navel...
Li-khufi
...
Neck
Li-kusi
Li-kusi,
Di-kusi
Di-kusi,
Ebi-guti,
Eri-guti
Li-xusi.
Ri-kusi
Eri-guti
Gusi (5 b)
Night
Es-iru; eb-ir<o
Mug-iru. Isi-u,
Musi-ru,
Ci-rco
CObu-tuku.
CObo-tiku; ama-
Ep-iru.
Muki-ru.
(Eki-rima =
(Ci-rima =
(Kiki-rima =
darkness)
darkness)
darkness)
Nose
Am-colco (pi.).
Am-colco ( pi.)
Kam-oru
Gam-ulu
Emi-ulu
...
= nostrils)
Oil palm ...
. .
* >
...
...
...
Ox
lii-ombe
In-ombe.
N-ombe
N-ombe,
N-ombe e-eri.
E-gaini ; ci-
i-giruxi
E-hei is-urusi
e-unwa.
En-ombe ?
N-tangana
I-huma.
1-nasu. In-ti 1
I -same. Kuhe
Paddle
In-gasi
...
Palm wine,
Omw-enge
Omw-enge.
Kama-rwa
Gama-rwa
Ama-rwa
...
beer
Ama-lua
Parrot
In-gusu
In-gusu.
Kumu-lusi
Kwasiu
?
...
Ka-suku
Hobley in his Muhasa Vocabulary.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
79
English
5-
Lu-nyara
l a -
Lu-wanga, Lu-
kabarasi, and
Lu-rimi (R.),
antic, bLu-singa
6.
Lu-masaba or
Lu-gipu, &c.
6 a.
Lu-konde
of N.W. Elgon
7-
Ki-guzii
(Ki-suba or
' Kin-Suva ')
7 a.
Ki-kcoria ; or
Ki-suna and
Ki-tende
Penis Im-bcolco In-dine In-dine In-dine Em-borco Em-boreo
Pig Im-bici Im-bidzi Isi-kSse. Isi-kgsg or Iki- En-kuru.
Penis
Im-bcolco
In-dine
In-dine
In-dine
Em-borco
Em-boroa
Pig
Im-bici
Im-bidzi
Isi-kese.
Isi-kese or Iki-
En-kuru.
* *
Im-bidzi
Em-beci
Pigeon
Li-gugu
Di-wuzi
Li-uzi. Na-hutu
Ri-uzi
Eri-ruma
En-guti
Place
Ksi-fco. Alia
A-handu
Handu
A-ndu. Ha-
A-halia
Rain
I-fula
I-fula
I-fula
I-fula
Em-bura
Em-bura
Rat
Im-beba
Im-beba
Im-beba
Im-beba
Im-beba
Em-beba
Rhinoceros
...
Ki-weco
. . .
...
River
Omw-alto
OOmu-cara ;
Lu-luci
Lu-luci
OOr-eoci,
Ege-saka; eve-,
imi-.
Or-coeci ; cin-
COm-orco ;
Omw-aleo
dcoci
emi-orco a
Road
In-gira
In-gira, In-jira
1-tsira
In-gira
Ifi-gira, En-cira
En-cira
Salt
...
Umu-nyu
...
...
...
Shame
...
Tsi-sconi
In-sconi: tsi-
...
...
...
sconi
Sheep
Ri-konde
Li-gese.
I-xese or
Li-kondi.
En-ondi
Erin-ondi
Li-konde,
In-kese
Li-hesi
Di-xande.
Gonde (5 b)
Shield
In-gabco
Ki-kumbi (5 b).
N-gabeo,
In-gabco
En-guba
...
In-gabco.
In-gcobco.
I -hum b a
Ki-tubi
Shoulder ...
...
E-wexa
...
Eri-gega ;
...
ama-gega
Sister
M-bcocco
Mw-ana wefu.
Mu-kana wasi.
...
Nya-ruxa.
(Diiin.-subati ;
M-txotseo (R.).
W-an'dai
Omw-iseke.
ava-
M-btoswa.
umu-xana.
OOmoj-subati
OOmu-xana
OOmu-geogco
Skin
Lisi-xcoba
Li-xcoba
Si-xcoba.
Ki-kcoba
Eri-kcoba.
Eri-serco.
I.i-hafu
Eri-co
Eri-hco
Sky
I.i-kulu
Di-gulu
Li-kuru or
Ri-kuru
Eri-guru.
Eri-coba
I-gulu
Eri-coba
Slave
Umu-sumba
> i
Sleep
Cin-dcolco
Tsin-deolco
Li-rco
Eci-torco
Eci-torco
Smoke
(Jl)m-cosi
I .i-cosi. Eli-cosi,
Li-risi. Li-susi
Ri-susi
Eri-coki
Eri-coki
Omw-casi
Snake
ln-juxa
In-dzuxa,
In-jcoxa.
In-juka
In-juka
En-ccoka
In-dzcoxa,
In-demu
U-jeoka (5 b)
Son, boy ...
Omw-ana
Omw-ana
Omw-ana ;
Umw-ana ;
Omw-ana.
COmoj-risia
bab-ana.
bab-ana
Omw-ana
Om-soriri
u>mo-isia
Song
tOlu-embeo
Olu-imbco ;
Lu-emba or
Lulu-imbeo ;
Oru-embco ;
Eri-vina ; ama-
tsiny-imbeo
Lulu-imbco ;
tiny-imbco
ciny-embco
tsiny-imbeo
Spear
Li-fumco
Di-fumeo.
Li-fumu>; kama-
Ri-fumco; gama-
Eri-tumco
Eri-timco
l-fumco (5 b)
Spirit, soul
[5e-hembexa>.
. . *
...
...
Umw-oyco
Star
1-nininini
I-nininini.
In-yenyesi
In-yenyezi
Ec'i-nenenene,
E-nenanene.
I-sului
Etci-
E-ninyone ;
(planet]
ci-
Stick
In-dabcoyi
In-dawusi.
I-simbco or
Im-pimbco,
Eny-imbco
C0m<o-nangi.
In-dabuyi.
Im-pimbco
Im-bimbco
En-imb<o
I-simbco
Cf. Swahili M-tco.
G 2
8o
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
5.
5 a.
6.
6 a.
? .
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
I.u-wanga. Lu-
kabarasi, and
Lu-masaba or
Lu-gisu, fyc.
Lu-konde
ofN.W.Elgon
Ki-guzii
(Ki-suba or
Ki-kcoria ; or
Ki-suna unit
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Ku>-scova') < Ki-tende
and 5 b Lu-singa
Stone
Li-kina
Ri-gina,
Li-bale
Di-bale,
Eri-ena or
Eri-gina
Ax;i-cina
Li-wari
Eri-gina
Stool
Esi-sala
Ici-sala,
...
...
...
Ki-sala
Sun
Eli-uwa
Om-basa or
Iny-anga
Iny-anga.
COmu-basu
(jOmu)-basco
Mu-basu,
(Ku-munco =
Mu-wasco.
sunlight)
Eri-uba
Tail
i
Umu-singa
* *
Tear
Li-sika
Ki-sika
Li-sika ;
Ri-sika
Eri-riga
Eri-isori
kama-sika
Testicles ...
Ama-neke
Ama-nege
Kama-nege
Gama-nege
Cin-getia.
Eri-nege ; ama-
Eki-mbia or
Em-bia
Thief
Omw-ibi
Omw-ifi ; ave-fi
Omw-ifwi ;
Umw-ifwi;
Omw-ibi
OOmco-ivi ;
aba-fwi
baba-fwi
ava-ivi
Thigh
Di-rangco
Di-rangco or
Di-rangco
Ekeny-ama.
...
Li-tangco
Iki-gwatu ;
ivi-
Thing
Esi-ndu ;
E?i-ndu,
Isi-ndu or
Iki-ndu ;
Ege-ntu ;
Ege-ntu ;
ebi-ndu
Exi-ndu ;
Kiki-ndu;
bibi-ndu
ebi-ntu
evi-ntu
efi-ndu
bibi-ndu
Thorn
Li-wwa
Li-wwa
Li-wwa ;
Eri-gwa
Eri-gwa,
kama-wa.
Eri-hua
Lulu-ala
Tobacco ...
In-daba
In-daba
1-raba
*
Tumbatco
Eri-kumbati
To-day
Lerco
Lerco. Bw-iri
Lerco
Lerco,
Rerco
Rerco
wa lerto (5 b)
(Kia-lerco).
Rerco.
Lunco
Lunco
Toe
OOlu-ala
E^i-tere.
Si-tere or
Iki-tere
Kki-ara ; ebi-
Eki-ara,
O)lu-ala
Ki-tete
Ek-era
To-morrow
In-kico (5 b)
Kumu-gamba
Gumu-gamba.
Ancco
N-kico. Icco
L-itse
Tongue ...
COlu-limi
0)lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi,
OOlu-meme ; ci-
Orco-reme ;
Lu-limu
cin-deme
Tooth
Er-inco : am-
Ir-inu ; am-inco
Ir-inco ;
Ir-inco, Il-inco
; Ir-inco ;
...
enco
kam-enco
gam-enco
gam-enco
Town
Li-dala
Ri-dala,
Mw-itcoxco.
COmu-ji ; emi-
COmco-ji,
Di-tala.
Ki-rimba.
COmu-gi
Mu-gidzi (5 b)
Lu-kala
Tree
G)mu-sala
COmu-sala.
(jOmu-sala.
Gumu-ti ;
Umu-ti ; imi-ti.
(x)mco-ti ; emi-ti
Umu-ti (sb)
Ki-sala.
gimi-ti
Eri-tumbe or
Kumwi-ti ;
Eli-tumbe ;
kimi-ti. KumU'
ama-
rongcolco
Twins
Ama-xana
Ama-xwana.
Ba-xwana
Baba-kwana
Eki-sare ; ebi-
E-sare,
Ama-basa
Eri-sare ;
(ci-, ama-)
Urine
Ama-nyi
Mi-nyale.
M-enyari-re.
Gam-enye ?
Am-enyali.
Amasi-nyorco,
Ama-nyi
Am-enye
Usi-nyora
Esi-nyorco
Vein
**
. ..
.. .
...
War
Li-ye
Li-yie, Di-ye,
Li-ye.
Li-he,
Ese-gi.
Eri-hT; ama-.
Li-he, I-ye
Bu-scolco
Ri-ye
(Ku-rua-na =
(Ku-tema-na
("fight)
= to fight}
Water
Ama-dzi,
Ama-dzi,
Kam-edzi
Gam-edzi
Ama-ji
Ama-ci,
Ama-ci
Ama-zi
Ama-nci
Well, source
...
Ipe-weri
...
...
...
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
81
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-waiiga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-kuria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gipu, yc.
of N. W. Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Kco-stova ')
Ki-tende
White man
OOmu-sungu ;
OOmu-sungu ;
Umu-zungu
Umu-zungu
COmu-sungu
OOmto-cungu
aba-
awa-, aba-.
Umw-eru (5 b)
Wife
C0mu-xasi;aba-
OOmu-xasi ;
COniu-xasi
Umu-kazi
COmco-ke.
OOmoD-kare
awa-
OOmu-kungu.
OOmu-ka
Wind
Im-behco
I-bcohco,
Im-beco.
Im-behco
Em-behco.
Em-behco.
Im-behco.
Li-yaga
Omw-aga
OOmio-kama ;
Omw-ieka
eme-
Witch
GOmu-lcosi
OOmu-lcosi
C0mu-lcosi;aba-.
Umu-lcozi
OOmu-rcoki
(iJinm-rcogi
Witchcraft
. . >
U-fira
OGbu-lcosi
**
* *
Woman
OOmu-xana.
COmu-xasi.
COmu-xana ;
Umu-kana ;
COmto-ke ; ava-.
C0mo)-kare ;
(Oinu-xasi
Umu-xanco
aba-.
aba-.
OOmw-kungu;
ava-
(R.)
U)inu-xasi
Umu-kazi
ava-
Wood
Ci-xui
Tsi-xui
Tsi-xui.
Tin-ku,
COru-kco; cin-kco
COrcu-kco,
Ki-sala
Tfiin-kii ?
C0ra>-kwe ;
cin-kwe
Yam
*
I-fukwa
Ki-kwa or
Ki-kwa
...
.
Si-kwa
Year
Omw-ika
Omw-aka.
I-fula.
Gumu-higco ?
Omw-aka
(jOmo-ka ;
COmw-ika
Kumu-higco
eme-ka
Yesterday...
E-kulco
E-kulco
Hi-ngcolcobe.
...
I-gorco
Mu-gcorcoba
I-kcolcoa
Zebra
A-pcotco.
Sirgcoi,
I-sorco
I-sigiria ?
En-jage ; cin-
...
Ki-pcotco
I-sirkcoi.
ma-kondco
One
lala, -dala
-n-dala, -dala,
twera or
mwe. -dwera
mu, -mco
-mco, -mwe
-lala
terwa. -lala
Two
-viri
wiri
biri
wiri
beri, -viri
-viri
Three
-datu
tarru
taru
datu, -ratu
satu, -tatu
-tatu
Four
nne
nne
nne
nna
nye, -nne
nne
Five
tanco
rranco
ranco
-tanco
-sanco, -tanco
tanco
Six
tanco na
Sasaba.
Sesaba.
Mu-kaga
sanco (-tanco)
sansaba
(si-)lala
M-kaga (5 b)
I-sasaba
na i-mco
Seven
tanco na
N-safu.
Mu-safu
Mu-safu
sanco (-tanco)
Mu-hungati
(bi-)wiri
M-samvu(5b)
na i-were
(i-viri)
Eight
tanco na
Mu-nane
jSi-nane or
Ki-nane
sanco na i-satu
Mcu-nane
(bi-)datu
Ki-nane
(i-tatu)
Nine
tanco na
Xi-enda or
Si -en da or
Ki-enda
Ki-anda
Ki-anda.
(bi-)nne
Si-enda
Ki-enda
K-enda
Ten
Li-xumi
E-xumi
E-xumi or
E-kumi or
I-kumi
I-kumi
Ki-kumi or
Ki-kumi, or
COmu-rongco
OOmu-rongco
Kumu-rundu
Gumu-rongco ?
Gumu-rundu?
Eleven
Li-xumi na
E-xumi na
Ki-kumi na
E-kumi na
I-kumi na i-mco
I-kumi na
n-dala
n-dala
lala (or na
-dwera
di-mco.
twera)
Ncui-kumi na
o-mwe
Twenty ...
Ama-kumi
Ama-xumi
Kama-gumi
Gama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Mi-rongco
ka-wiri
ka-wiri
ka-bili.
ga-bili.
a-were or
i-biri.
Kimi-rundu
Gimi-rundu(0r
Emi-rongco
Mi-rongco
ki-biri
Gimi-rongco ?)
i-viri
ni i-viri
gi-biri
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-koiide
Ki-guzii
K i-kcoria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gisu, 6c.
of N.W. Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna and
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Ka>-scova')
Ki-tende
and$ b Lu-singa
Thirty ...
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Kama-gumi
Gama-kumi
Ama-kumi (or
Mi-rongco
ka-datu
ka-tarru
ka-taru
ga-datu
Emi-rongco)
i-tatu
a-tatu (i-tatu)
Forty
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Kama-gumi
Gama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Mi-rongco i-nne
ka-nne
ka-nne
ka-nne
ga-nna
a-nye or
ga-nye. Emi-
rongco i-nye
Fifty
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Kama-gumi
Gama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Mi-rongco
ka-taneo
ka-rranco
ka-ranco
ga-ranco
a-tanco. Emi-
i-tanco
rongco i-sanco
Hundred ...
Li-kana
Li-kana or
Li-tondco or
Ri-tondco ?
Emi-rongco
Eri-gana
IC-^a kumira
Kimi-rongco
Gimi-rofigco
i-kumi
orE-gana(5b)
ki-kumi or
gi-kumi ?
Kama-kumi
ki-kumi
Thousand...
Si-xumi
Ama-kana
Kama-tondco
...
...
ma-xumi
ki-kumi
I, me, my ... Ni-sie, E-sie. Nyeni (R-),
Na-, N-. Ni-sie, E-sie.
n-. -a-nge N-, Ny-.
sie. -n-.
-a-ngi, -a-nje
Thou,thee,thy E-we. U-. I-we, E-we. U-,
xu-, -xco-. CO-,
-a-co -XGO-. -yco
He, him, his Ye. U-yu. Yi-, lye, Ye, Nu.
A-. CO-yu. A-,
-mu-, -mco-. Ye-,
-a-e- -mu-, -mco-.
-ye
We, us, our E-fwe. Xco-. I-fwe, E-fwe.
xu-. -e-fu, Ku-, Xu-.
-e-fwe -ku-. -e-ru or
-e-fu
Ye, you, your E-nwe. Mu-. I-nyue. Mu-.
-ba- ?. -e-nwe -wa- ?. -e-nyu
I-se. N-.
sese. -n-.
ase
tO-scoyu ? N-
I-we. U-. E-we-we. U-
ku-. -o)-wco.
Ye. Ni-ye. Yw. Ye ? VVwyu.
Ye-. A-, U-. A-, U-
-mu-. -e-we, -e
Nje, Inje,Ncoxi.
Na-, N-.
n-. -ane
I-we, Uwe. U-.
ku-. -a-co
Ye? Ere. A-,
mu-. -a-ye,
-a-ke
I-fwe, Fwe.
Ku-.
.ku.
I-fwefwe. Ku-
They, them, A-ba. Ba-,
their Wa-.
ba-. -a-co
A-bco. M-babco.
Ba-.
ba-, -\va-.
-a-co, -a-bco
I-nywe, Mwe. I-yenyue, Mu-
Mu-.
-mu-, -ba-.
-e-nyfie
A-bco, Bco, A-bcobco. Ba-
Ni-bco. Ba-.
ba-. -a-we
N-twe. Tu-.
tu-. -e-tu
I-nyue, Nwe.
Mu-?.
-?-. -e-nu
A-bco, A-ba.
Ba-.
ba-. -a-bco
Inci. Uni. N-.
n-. -ane
A-iye, Uwe. U ?.
ku.. -e-yco,
-a-co
U-yu, A-.
mu-. -a-ye, -e
I-tu. Tu-.
-tu-. -e-tu
I-nu. Mu-?.
-F-. -e-nu
M-baiyu. A-bco.
Ba-.
ba-. -a-bco,
-a-co
All
This, these
cosi
cosi, -cose
-nco (u-nco,
ba-nco; ku-nco,
ki-nco, li-nco,
ka-nco; si-nco,
bi-nco ; yi-nco,
nco (vvu-nco,
ba-nco(wa-nco);
gu-nco, gi-nco;
fyc., much as
in Lu-nyara).
esi (for persons -esi, -cosi
down to 2nd
pers. plural]
cosi (for' them*
and for all
other things)
nco (u-nco,
ba-nco; ku-nco,
ki-nco; li-nco,
ka-nco ; ki-nco,
bi-nco ; i-nco,
nco (cou-nco,
ba-nco, 6f.,
similar to
Lu-masaba,
with the slight
nco (co-nco, ava-
nco ; cogco-nco,
ge-nco ; ri-nco,
ga-nco ; ke-nco,
vi-nco ; e-nco,
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES
5-
5 a.
6.
6 a.
7-
7 a.
English
Lu-nyara
Lu-wanga, Lu-
Lu-masaba or
Lu-konde
Ki-guzii
Ki-kcoria ; or
kabarasi, and
Lu-gisu, &c.
ofN.W.Elgon
(Ki-suba or
Ki-suna ami
Lu-rimi (R.),
' Ko-scova ')
Ki-tende
ands, b Lu-singa
This, these
ci-nco ; u-nco ;
For the idth
tsi-nco ; lu-nco;
differences of .....
ci-nco ; no-no ;
(continued)
? tu-nco: xa-iico:
bu-nco ; xu-nco;
class it is
Ha-nco. Also:
?ru-nco; xa-nco;
bu-nco; xu-nco;
concord forms)
?, kenco ;
b(o-nco;k<o-nco;
wa-ncoora-nco;
ngungu-nco,
ha-nco; mu-nco;
ha-nco)
nui-ncoi
mbaba-nco ;
gu-nco. Yco-nco,
&c.
bcoba-nco ;
kwtoku-nco ;
kiioki-nco, byco-
bi-nco ; tsiotsi-
nw ; >.)
Uyu, aba; uku,
Oyu or Uyu,
00yu,ava; uyu,
Uyu, ava, &c.
eki ; eli, aka ;
aba (awa);
eye ; eri, ay a;
esi, ebi ; eyi,
ugu, egi ; eli ;
eke, eve ; eye,
eci; ulu; uru;
aga ; esi ; efi ;
eci ; urco ; ?,
axa ; ubu ;
eyi, etsi ; ulu ;
eke ; cobco ;
uxu; awa or
uru; axa; ubu;
cokco, ?
aa ; umu
uxu; aha; umu
That, those
lia (ngu-lia,ba-
lia (u-ria,
Uy-eo, ab-co ;
ria ((o-ria, ava-
ria (u-ria, ava-
lia or mba-lia ;
ngu-lia, &*(.)
(okco-co, eki-co ;
ria ; u-ria,
ria ; gu-ria,
ngu-lia,nki-lia;
iry-co, ak-co ;
e-ria ; ri-ria,
gi-ria ; ri-ria,
ncii-lia, nka-
iky-co ; &>c.
a-ria ; ke-ria,
ga-ria ; ke-ria,
lia ; nsi-lia,
Yio-yco, bco-bco ;
ve-ria ; e-ria,
vi-ria ; &fc.) or
mbi-lia ; nyi-
kwcokw-co,kico-
ci-ria ; ru-ria ;
ra(u-ra,ava-ra;
lia, nci-lia ;
kico ; &>c.
?, ke-ria;
gu-ra ; &c.)
ndu-lia; ntu-
-la or -ra (u-la,
cobo-ria ;
lia ? ; nxa-lia ;
ba-la, ku-la,
coko-ria; a-ria)
mbu-lia ; nxu-
li-ra, &c.)
lia; drc.)
Bad
bi
bi
bi
be
be
Black
-mari. Ra-tenyi
iniari
mali
mwamu
mwam'
Female
-xasi, -duasi,
xassi
-xasi
En-kari, -kari
kari
iduasi
Fierce, sharp
lulu
...
...
...
Good
-lai
lai
-lahi
uya, -ya
ia
Great
kali
kulu, -kali
gali. -tscohe
kuru. -nene
nene
Little
dudu
dutu, -dudu,
kexe, -kekke,
ke, -ki
ke
tutu
kece
Long
rambi, -Iambi
rambi
lehi
... ...
...
Male
scolire. -i-saca.
sadza. -xcole
setsa. -sinde
saja. -gore.
saca ?. -gore.
ye-Ycole(arfW/),
isia (children)
risia (chil-
ycole
dren)
Old
xcofu
gore
...
...
Red
Inzdi-kanyco
-w-esemu
...
...
Rotten
bcola
bula
bula (verbal)
mumu
...
(kwa-bcola)
Short
-i-bikiti
futyu. -mbi
...
...
Sick
luwala
White
Racari
marira. -lafu
-wariga
dabu, -rabu.
-rabco
-lafu
Above, up, on
I-kulu
In-gagi (han-
I-goreo
Ke-riu.Ki-gorco
top
gagi, kufi-
gagi)
Before
I-mberi
Mu-mconi
...
...
Behind
Eny-uma
Eny-uma
Iny-uma
Eny-uma
...
8 4
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
5-
Lu-nyara
i a -
Lu-wanga, Lu-
kabarasi, and
Lu-rimi (R.),
a^5bLu-singa
6. 6a.
Lu-masaba or Lu-konde
Lu-gipu, &c. of N.W.Elgon
7- 7 a.
Ki-guzii Ki-kcoria ; or
(Ki-suba or Ki-suna and
' Ku>-suva ') Ki-tende
Below, down
A-si
l-mwaleo ... Anse Hanse
Far
Aa-le
Ha-leyi
...
Here
A-nu
Ha-nca
Il.i-nco. Ku-nw. Ha-nu Ai-ga?
Mu-neo
In, inside ...
Mu
Mu. Mu-kari
Mu. Mu-gari. ... Ime Muse
Mu-nda
Middle
. . .
A-kare
gari. Ha-gari
Near
Ha-mbi
Ha-mbi ... A-fie na Ne bane,
I-hani
Outside ...
...
Ul-uka.
Ha-tsie.
I-siku Ki-bara
Lu-anyi
I-bulafu
Plenty, many
ingi
ngi
ngi
ngi
There
E-ria
E-ria, li-ria.
A-heo. Ha-la. Ha-la A-lia
(Oxu-ria
Ku-la. Itai
Where ? ...
E-na?
He-na ?
He-na? ... E-raii? Na-iare?
A-iyare ?
No!
AS!
Tawi!
Ta ! Aa ! Dawe ! Yaya ! Tindi ! Aa f
Tawe ! -busa !
Inci ! ?
ffot(wi//iverb,
tawe. Si- (Si-,
tawi. -ta. Si-
Hi-, Ha-, ... Ti- Ti-
as prefix, in-
Su-, Sa-,Sixu-,
(Si-, Su-, Sa-,
-ka, -ta,
fix, or suffix)
Simu-, Siba-,
Siku-, Simu-,
Bu-, Bula,
with the differ-
Siba-)
Kula
ent pronouns)
To
(Oxu-
(Oxu-
(Oku- (Oku- (Oku- (Oku-, Ku-
beat ...
...
xuya
kupa
... ...
buy, sell
kula
kula, -kura
gula
-gura
come ...
-Tfece ?. -eja,
-nzie,
-tsa
-ja, -ca -ja
-ija
-ndzidza,
widza
cut
xalace
-xalace,
kala
-butura. -vitora. -keba
kalaxa
?tema
dance ...
xina
(5ina
-kina
tenga -vina
die
-fwa
-fwa
fwa -kwa
-kwa, -gu-kwa -gu-kwa
eat
-dia, -lia
dia
-lya
-lia
give ...
-wa (-ba)
-ha (-ha, -be)
ha (-ba)
-wa
go
-aco?
dzia, -dza ?.
tsya. -genda -genda
genda. -icia -genda
-cenda
kill ...
ita
irra
-ira -ira, -ita
ita -ita
know ...
manya
-manya
-manya -manya
manya -manya
laugh ...
cexa
-tsexa
zeka -zeka
leave off,
...
leka
-leka
...
cease
,, love.want
-enya
-enya. -cama
gana -gana
-e-tera. -hanca-na
-mwanca,
-hanca-na
see
-lula
lula (-dcola).
buna, -lula -buna
rura
linga
,, sit. remain,
> . .
ikala
ikala
abide
sleep ...
kcona
' kcona.-xcona
-gcona -guna
-lala
,, stand, stop,
. ..
-ema
...
be erect
steal ...
iba
iba
-iba
-iba
1 ' Sleeping-place ' is Awu-liri.
GROUP A: NYANZA LANGUAGES 85
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN LU-NYARA
Preprefixes present.
Class I. COmu- (mu, u-, yu-, ngu-) ; 2. Aba- or Awa- (ba) ; 3. COtnu- (mu-, ku-, ngu-, u) ; 4. Emi-,
Imi- (mi-, ki-, ngi-, i-) ; s,. Eri-, Eli-, Li- (H-) ; 6. Ama- (ma- ?, ka-, nga- ?) ; 7. Esi- (si-) ; 8. Ebi- (bi-) ;
[8' a. Ebi- used in singular or collective, and slightly diminutive sense] ; 9. Yi-, I-, In- (e-, yi-) ; 10. Eci-,
Ezi-, Ti- (ci) ; u. OOlu- (lu-) ; 12. Uru- (ru-) plural to 13; 13. Axa- (xa-) ; 14. tObu- (bu-, mbu-) ;
15. OOxu- (xu-j ; 16. ? Aa-, Wa- (a-) ; 17. Mu- (as preposition).
PREFIXES, &C, IN LU-WAWGA, &c.
Much as in Lu-nyara ; except that concord of Class I is sometimes wu- and gu-, that of 3 ku- or
gu-, of 4 ki-. Class 5 is sometimes Edi-, Di-, Ri-. Class 7 is Eci-, Ki-, Epi-, Ipe, and in Lu-singa Iki- ;
8 is Efi-, Ifi-, but occasionally Ebi-, Bi-. 10 is Tsi-, and 1 6 is Ha-.
PREFIXES, &C., IN LU-MASABA AND LU-KONDE
Preprefixes are present.
Class I. COmu-, Umu-, Namu- (umu-, u-, yo>-) ; 2. Baba-, Bana- (ba-) ; 3. Kumu- or Gumu- (kumu-
or gumu-, ku- or gu-) ; 4. Kimi- or Ginii- (kimi- or gimi-, ki- or gi-) ; 5. Li-, Ki-, or Di-, Iri- (li-, ri-) ;
6. Kama- or Gama- (kama- or gama-, ka- or ga-) ; 7. Si-, Ki-, Ci-, Iki-, Eki-, Eci-, Kiki- (si- or ki-,
kiki-) ; 8. Evi-, Ibi-, Ebi-, Bi-, Bibi- (bi-, bibi-) ; [8 a. The same in a singular sense] ; 9. E-, I-, Yi-
or Ye-, In-, In-, Iny- (e-, i-, yi-) ; 10. Tsi-, Ci-, Ti-, Iti-, Eti-, Etsi- (tsi- or ti-) ; n. Udu-, Ulu-, Lulu-
(lu-); 13. ?Ru-; 1 3. Aka- or Axa- (ka-) ; 14. OOwu-, CObu-, Bubu- (bu-) ; 15. (Oxu-, Uku-, Kuku- (ku-) ;
16. Aha-, Ha- (ha-, hco-) ; 17. OOmu- (mu-, -mu) ; 18. Gugu- (gu-) (pi. Gimi-).
There would seem to be superimposed honorific prefix : Na- ; //. Bana-.
PREFIXES, &C., IN KI-GUZII AND KI-KORIA
Preprefixes are present.
Class i. OOmu-, CGmco- (comu-, ct>-, yu-, ni-) ; 2. Aba-, Ava- (ba-, va-, aba-) ; 3. OOmu-, COmto- (iomu-,
yu-, u-) ; 4. Emi-, Erne- (emi-, i-, e-, ye-) ; 5. Eri-, Eli- (ri-) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, a-, ga-, ya- ?) ; 7. Iki-,
Eki-, Egi-, Eci-, Eke-, Ege- (ki-, ke-) ; 8. Ebi-, Evi. (bi-, vi-, ve-) ; 8 a ? ; 9. Yi-, Ye-, I-, E-, En-, En-,
Eny- (n-, ny'-, e-, ye-) ; 10. Ci-, Cin-, Cin- (ny'-, ci-) ; u. Oru-, (Oreo- (ru-) ; 12. missing; 13. Eke-
(ke-) ; 14. OJbu-, COw-, O)bw- (bu-) ; 15. O)ku-, OOgu- (ku-, gu-) ; 16. Aa-, Aha- ; 17. ? Mu-, M<o-, M'- ? ;
18?
5. Lunyara is spoken round Port Victoria and Berkeley Bay, immediately east of Busioga and the
Sioj river, on the coasts and islands of the north-north-east shores of the Victoria Nyanza, and in the
Samia hills and the lower course of the Nzoia river.
5 a. Luwanga is spoken in Bantu Kavirondw, the basin of the Nzoia river, southwards nearly to the
Yala river. The Lusinga dialect (5 b), is the language of Lusinga Island, near the entrance to Kavirondo>
Bay. It is much mixed with Luganda.
6. Lumasaba is spoken in the region north of Kavirondco and immediately west and to some extent
south of Mount Elgon; in the Masaba country of small extent, bounded on the west by theElgumi and on
the north and east by the Elgonyi-Nandi.
6 a. Lukonde is spoken in the northern part of the Masaba country, to the west-north-west of Mount
Elgon.
7. Kiguzii is spoken south of Kavirondco Bay, in the Kcostova region east of the Victoria Nyanza, from
the coast belt, as far east as the ascent to the Lumbwa-Mau plateau.
7 a. Kikoria is spoken in the east coast region of the Victoria Nyanza south of Kcoscova and (approxi-
mately) the ist degree of South latitude, as far as the northern limits of the Unyamwezi group and the
eastern range of Rukerebe ; and as far east as the steppe country of the Tatcoga and Dorcobco.
GROUP B
THE WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
8. Ki-jsapi ' and Ki-rori
9. North and North-east Nyamwezi (Ki-sukuma.
Ki-rwana)
9 a. North-west Nyamwezi (Si-sumbwa)
gb. West Nyamwezi (Ki-galaganza, Ki-vinza,
Ki-bende, Ki-gala)
90. South, Central, and East Nyamwezi (Ki
nyanyembe, Ki-kconongw, 2 Xi-ximbu,
Ki-nankwila 3 )
10 Ki-nyaturu or Ki-limi
8.
9-
9 a.
Qb.
90.
10.
English
Ki-sasi and
North and North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
(^i-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
and East
Nyamwezi
(Ki-limi)
(Ki-sukuma)
Adze
Animal, wild
beast
Ant
Ant, white
(termite)
Ape ichim-
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm
Arrow
Axe ...
Baboon
Back ..
Banana
Beard
Bee
Belly, stomach,
abdomen
Bird
Blood...
Pisu
N-dimu ; ma-
dimu
Lu-swa
Ki-hendu ; i-
M-kconco
l-songa
M-pasa
Lu-gunco
M-pasa
Kuku, In-kuku N-ktobe
Gongco -M-gongco
I-tcoki ; ma-
N-tesu
N-suki
Lu-tcoke.
Gonza
Lu-saku
Lu-zcoki.
I.-coki
N-da
N-ta
N-eoni N-oni
Mi-ninga (//.) Ma-gazi
? I-sembe
I-sangwa; ma-.
Ka-sipi ;
tu-sisi.
^i-lamba.
1-tini ; ma-
M-swa; mi-swa
Ku-wcokco Mu-keonco or Mu-keonco
Ku-kconu
Mio-ambi ; mi-.
I-songa ; ma-.
N-gcove.
N-scomoj.
Mu-geta
M-basa.
I-sembe
... I-guku. I-keove
M-gongco. Mu-gongco, M-gongto
Kum-suna M-gpngto.
Ma-ungco
I-dtoke ; ma-.
(Mu-gomba,
N-sambala
plant)
Ka-lezu
N-zuki;
ma-yuki
N-da; man-da. N-da
Ki-pu;maki-pu
tu- 1-nconi ; ma-. N-neoni
Ka-nuni ; tun-
Ma-gazi
N-da
,Kany-uni ;
Zagami
1 Both so far quite unrepresented by published vocabularies, but presumed to be B&ntu and intermediate between
the Nyamwezi and Nyanza groups. See Bernhard S truck's map accompanying his dissertation on the speech of the
Tatcoga and Iraku peoples in Dr. Fritz Jaeger's ' Sonderabdruck aits das Hochlandder Riesenkrater '
* \ //"** P /!*// /l-/"^'/**^'^)/"' C V 1 Jlff.'i'nrtr* Crr.-* * ^f^ava'f * "NTTQ TVmrOTl ' Sillf-? T^l.Tl TrSJ tT"
Stern's and Me
's Ki-kunongu.
Berlin, 1911.
' Nyamwezi ' and Ki-nyanyembe.
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
English
8.
Ki-pasi and
Ki-rori
9-
North and
North-east
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
93.
North-west
Nyamwezi
(^i-sumbwa)
9 b.
West
Nyamwezi
9C.
South, Central,
and East
Nyamwezi
10.
Ki-nyaturu
(Ki-limi)
Body ... M-edi Bu-gondeo ... Mu-wili
Bone ... I-kuha ... ... I-guha
Borassus palm ... Mu-hama
Bow ... Bu-ta Bu-ta; ma-ta ... Mu-hetoj. U-ta
Bowels
Brains
Breast (man's)
Breast
(woman's)
Brother ...
Buffalo
Bull ...
Buttocks
Canoe...
Cat ...
Charcoal
Chief ...
Child .,
Cloth ...
Cold ...
Country
Cow
Crocodile ...
Day
Bu-ta
Bu-ta ; ma-ta
. . .
Mu-hetoj.
U-ta
Wu-ta
Mu-la (pi.)
Bu-la
. . .
U-la.
...
I-gombelto.
Lu-ze ; u-ze
B-ongco
Bw-ongeo
...
V-ongco,
W-angwe
W-ongeo
Ki-kuwa
N-kuku
.
Ki-kuwa
...
I-wele ; ma-
I-wele ; ma-
...
I-wele ; ma-
...
Mu-zuna
Mu-zuna.
I-lumbu
Mu-suna.
I-lumbu (?)
(B-ine = com-
Mu-dugu,
panions : see
N-dugu. ,
p. 46)
(Ki-lumbu =
brotherhood.
Wu-dugu =
brotherhood)
Bcokco
M-bcokeo ?
M-bcogu
I-bcogco ; ma-.
...
M-bcogeo
Jeku ; ma-yeku
N-zagamba
...
N-zagamba.
N-ombe
N-ombe
fi-gcopia
m-gcojsi
Ma-taku
Mu-hende
...
Lu-findco ;
...
ma-lu-. I-gwna
W-ateo ; m-atco
N-galawa.
...
N-galawa.
...
W-atco,
Vw-ateo
Bw-atco
M-guma
C-aungu.
Ny-awco
Kany-au ; tu-
N-yawa
Ny-au
Li-zangu
I-kala; ma-kala
I-kala
I-kala
I-kala; ma-
Mu-fumu ; ba-
Mu-na.
...
M-temi.
M-temi
Mw-ami.
Mu-hanya ;
Mu-ndeva;ba-
wa-
Mw-ana;
Mw-ana.
Mtw-ana (4).
Mw-ana
Mw-ana; ana.
b-ana. K-ana;
Mu-na.
Mw-ana ; pi.
Ka-ninya ;
tu-ana
Mu-yanda
v-ana or
pi-ninya.
w-ana.
K-ana; //.
K-ana.
pi-ana or
Ka-keke
tu-ana '
Mw-enda
Mw-enda
Mw-enda.
I-saa ; ma-saa
M-gutco. Bugu
M-beheo
Lu-pehco pehco
. ..
M-beheo
M-pepco
C-alco ; si-aleo
JSi-alco ; vy-alo>.
C-alco ; fi-alco
...
Li-sialco ;
ma-vyalco
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
...
ii-kima.
n-kima
n-kima
n-kima.
N-ombe
N-ombe
M-beogeoma.
n-seki
n-kcotco
N-dcogoisa
N-wena
N-gwina
...
N-gwina
Lu-siku
Lu-siku
I ,u-ipi ; n-ipi.
U-tiku ; ma-
Lu-siku. (Limi
= daylight)
re are seemingly ,
'wo plurals to 1 3
(Ka.-)bo/k pi-
and tu-.
88
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
8.
9-
93.
9 b.
9C.
10.
English
Ki-sasi and
North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi ' and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(jsi-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Devil, evil
Kuwe. I-behco
M -sambwa ;
M-gawco; mi-.
Lim-dimi.
M-sambwa (?)
spirit
rni-
I-pasa.
Li-tunga
Mu-zimu.
M-sambwa
Doctor (medi-
*.
Mu-fumeo
...
Mu-laguzi.
* . .
cine man)
Mu-fumu
Dog
M-fwa, M-bwa
M-bwa
M-bwa
M-bwa
M-bwa
Donkey
M-hunda.
I -dcogcowe
I -deogcowe
N-scove.
N-doywe
I-doigcowe
N -deogcowe
Door.doorway
Mu-liangco.
Mu-zigco
Mu-zigco.
Li-gi.
. ..
Mu-zigeo
Mu-vita
Mu-zigco.
Mu-vita
Dream
Ki-rcotco ; si-
it*
* *
Isi-lcoti or
...
f Si-lcoti or
Ki-lcoti ; fi-leoti
Drum
N-coma
I-goima (dance)
N-coma,
...
N-gcoma
Ear
Ku-tu; ma-tu
Ku-twe ;
I-twe; ma-twe.
Ku-twi. I-twi
Ki-twe; ma-twe
ma-twe
Ki-twe
Egg
I-ki ; ma-gi
...
...
I-gi, Li-gi;
I-Yi ; ma-Yi
ma-gi
Elephant ...
M-huli (-puli)
N-zcovu
>
M-huli ;
. . .
ma-puli.
N-zcovu
Excrement
Ma-fwi
...
Ma-fi
Eye
D-isto ; m-isco
L-isu ; m-isco
I.-insco ;
L-isco
Li-hco ; mi-heo
in-insco. 11-isco
Face.forehead
U-su
Bu-sico
>
Vu-pu, W-isu
. . .
Fat
Ma-kuta
Ma-futa.
Ma-guta
Ma-savu
Father
Bawa
Baba. 1-sco.
Tata, Tate.
Vava, Wawa.
Tata
I-sie. I-sa-
Baba
Tata. Wa-
Fear
B-o>wa
B-cowa
V-cova.
> .
1-timwa
Fire
M-5tco
Mu-lirco
Um-otco.
M-5tco.
M-6tco
Mu-lilco
Mu-lilco
Fish
Si
N-fwi
N-somba
Foot
Lu-pambala.
Mu-gere.
* *
Lu-geri.
...
Lu-geri
N-gulu ; ma-
Lu-pambala
gulu
Forest
M-Sngeo
.. .
. . .
Pori. I-polu,
*. .
1-pcolu.
I-kungu
Fowl
Kcokco
N-keokco
. ..
N-gcokco
* . .
Frog
...
K-cola, Li-cola
i
Ic-ula
. 1 1
Ghost
Mu-zimu
M-ana (pi.)
. ..
Mu-sambwa.
. . .
Mu-zimu.
Hcolco. Lcozco
Giraffe
N-twiga
N-twiga
. . .
N-hwiga
. , ,
Girl
Mu-peki
Mw-an'-ike.
Ka-keke
M\v-ani'-ke.
i
Mu-hala.
Ka-kcota
M-hya.
Mw-an'-ik'cowe
Mu-di-ana.
Mu-hala
Goat
M-buli, Puri,
M-buzi
Buzi ; ma +
M-buli. M-buzi
M-bui
Pudi
,, (he)
1-gulati
N-gulati
M-buzi
N-gulati
N-gulati
m-gcosia
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
89
8.
9-
9 a.
9b.
90.
10.
English
Ki-sasi and
North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(Si-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Goat (she)...
God
Grandparent
Grass
Ground
Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl
Gun
Hair .
Hand
Head
Heart
Heel
Hide ... ...
Hill
Hippopotamus
Hoe
Honey
Horn
House...
Hunger
Husband . . .
Hyena
Iron
Island
M-buguma
. . .
N-doigusa
Lu-kubi.
Li-nze. Nze.
Li-walelu.
Mu-lungu. Mu-ngu
I-kulu.
Lu-kubi.
I-dzuwa.
Li-nguluwe.
Mu-lungu (?)
Li-walelu
Mu-lungu
Li-uva.
Li-kuve.
Li-welelu
Guku?
Guku
...
Guku 4 ; wa + .
Mama 9 ; wa +
I-scoa; ina-scoa
I-sara
Li-swa. N-dima
Ma-salu
...
N-si, N-ci
M-hande
Lu-kalanga
...
Halanga ;
mak + .
M-hande ;
map-. I-yuva
...
N-kanga
...
Hanga ; mak +
Mu-nduc
...
Mu-nduzi
N-zwiri,
Mu-sasi ; mi-
Lu-nyele ;
Lun-dwili ; Lun-dwile ;
N-yuile,
i-nyele
n-dwili or n-dwili
Zuile
n-zuile.
Mu-sasi ; mi-
Ki-kanza ; f i-
Ku-buku.
Ku-wukw.
Ku-kunu. Mu-kunu(?)
I-ganza ?
l-kasa
Ku-vuku.
I-ganza or
l-ganda
Mu-twe
Mu-twe
Mu-twe
Mu-twe, M-twe Mu-twe (?)
M-oyeo
M-oyco. (I-tima
1-tima. M-oyu.
= liver)
Mw-egu
1-sigina
*
I-siginu or
Ki-sinsila
N-diri
Lu-hu
...
1-kuva. Ka-
gingi. Diri
Ki-gongco
...
M-susi
Ki-gulu.
I-tunda
N-guwu
N-gubu.
N-dcomondu or
N-tumombu
I-tumombu
. ..
N-fuka
...
I-suka. I-gembe; ma-
I-gembe
B-uki
Bio-usi
.. .
Vu-ki, Wu-ki
M-hembe
M-pembe
...
M-hembe ;
ma-pembe.
Li-ega
N-umba
N-umba.
Ny-umba.
N-umba. Ny-umba
Kaya
Ka-sumba '
N-su ; man-su.
I-vanza. l-zi;
ma-zi
In-zala
Bu-tamu
... .
...
Piti
I-fisi "
i .
M-biti;'ma-viti. ..'.
I-witi ; ma-
witi
Ki-sinza.
Si-uma
Si-uma.
Ici-uma. Ic-uma
Ci-uma
(Ny-ondw
Ki-sinza.
= hammer)
Li-dini.
Fi-sulu
I-cinga
. . .
Ki-pilwa
Ki-silwa.
Ka-mwimpi
Ki-bende.
9 o
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
8.
9-
9 a.
Ob.
90.
10.
English
Ki-sasi and
North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(Si-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Ivory...
Knee ...
Knife ...
Lake ..
Leg ...
Leopard
Lion ...
Lips ...
Magic...
Maize . . .
Man ...
Man, vir.
Meat ...
Medicine
Milk ...
Monkey
Moon
Mother ...
Mountain ...
Mouth
Nail (of finger
or toe)
Name
Navel
Neck
Night
Nose
Oil palm ...
Mi-ntoga.
N-kumbi
...
I-puli; ma-puli.
M-huli
Li-ntolia.
M-huli
I-cwi
fii-vwi ; vi-
...
I-swi ; wa-swi.
...
I-zu
Lu-su
...
K-ele
K-ele: ma+ or
Mu-ye ; mi-ye
tw-ele. Lu-pu.
K-ambi
* .
Ny-anza
Ny-anza.
Ny-anza.
> .
I-tawa
Hawa.
I-lambco
Ku-kulu
Ku-gtdu
Ku-gttlu
Ku-gulu
Suwi
>
*
N-suwi
*
N-simba
Ncomco ; mi +
N-pimba
Mi-lcomco (pi.)
...
N-simba
Mi-leomco (//.)
...
Bu-leozi.
1'iH-lcOZi
...
Vu-vina.
Bu-kanga
Vu-fumu.
Vu-ltogi.
Vu-ganga '
Dim-bukiri
. . .
. ..
Mu-dege
Mu-nhu ;
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-nhu ;
Mu-ntu; a-ntu
ba-nhu
ba-ntu.
wa-ntu
w-anhu
...
Mu-gcopa
Mu-lenzi.
...
Mu-ntogu.
Mu-snmba
N-ama
In-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama.
I-manda
Bu-kanga
Bu-fumu
Vu-ganga.
. . .
Ma-bele
Ma-wele
...
Ma-wele.
*
Ma-fula
N-tumbiri
N-kende
...
I-tumbiri.
Kamy-anda.
Ka-nkunga
Mw-eci.
Kw-ezi.
Mvv-ezi or
Mw-ezi
Mw-edi
Nw-ezi
Mw-ezi
Umw-edi
Maya
Nina.
U-mai
Maya. Nto-kco.
I-yto. Mama
Mwamayco.
Nina
Mayto. Neo-k<o
Lu-kulu ;
Lu-kulu
M-scozi.
Lu-gulu
...
n-kulu
Mu-tanda ?
Mu-leomto
Mu -loom to
Mu-dcomto
Mka-nwa
I'n-dtomco (?)
I-nonga
Li-ala
N-zala
D-ina
I-gina
I-sina
L-ina or I-zina
or L-inha
I-ncoku.
...
I-kondu
N-hingto
l.ii-ktosi
...
N-hingco
. . .
Bu-ciku,
Bu-feku,
* . .
Vu-siku. (Gita
U-tiku
Wu-siku,
Bu-fuku.
or Li-zima =
U-fuku. (Giti
Bu-ire.
darkness)
= darkness)
Giti
N-indto
N-indeo
Ny-indto.
In-indco.
M-pula
Im-puna
M-pula
1 In Central and Eastern Nyamwezi the prefix of these words is pronounced Wu-.
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
8
9-
9 a. 9 b.
9 c. 10.
English Ki-sas
Ki-i
>i and North and
ori North-east
Nyamwezi
North-west West
Nyamwezi Nyamwezi
(Si-sumbwa)
South, Central, Ki-nyaturu
and East (Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Ox
N-ombe fi-cosa
N-ombe. N-ombe
N-ombe. Ng-ombe
N-ziku
N-ziku
Paddle
N-gyehi
I-gyefi.
Mu-dinhco.
Lu-gahya
Mu-saha
Palm wine,
N-sanza
...
Vu-geme or N-turi, N-tui
beer
Lu-agwa or
I-tembco
Parrot
I-kusu
...
... ...
Penis
Bcolco
... ...
Pig
Ka-pcodi ; ba + .
N-gurube
N-guluwe. Ku-tupa;maku-
N-guluwe
I-tumba,
I-humba,
N-humba
Pigeon
N-kundu
...
...
Place
Ha-nhu
... v* .
Ha-nse.
Lu-andi
Ha-findu
(tiimin.)
Rain
Pula
M-vula
M-bula M-vula
Rat
K 03 SCO
N-kcosco.
M-beva.
Ka-kcosco
I-kusco
Rhinoceros
...
I-pera; ma-
I-pela or
M-hela
River
M-ongco
Ka-bwiga
M-ongco ; mi + . Lu-dyi ;
Mami-ongco n-dyidyi
(aug. plural)
Road
Dzira
N-zira. Lu-sese N-zila
N-zila
Salt
Mu-nu
...
Mu-nyu or Mu-nyu
Mw-enu.
Lu-kele
Shame
...
N-sconi
N -sconi
Sheep
N-hcolco
N-tama.
N-ondi.
N-gondi
N-hcolco
Shield
.. .
N-gabco
N-gawa
Shoulder ...
...
...
I-vega ; ma-
Sister
I-rumbu.
I-lumbu
1 -lumbu Mu-hanya ?
M-vuna
Skin
N-kcolco
Lu-hu ; m-pu
N-gcoweo
Sky
I-kulu
I-runde
I-lunde
Slave
M-sese
M-sere
M-sese Mw-anda;
a-anda
Sleep
Tu-lco
Tu-lco ...
Tu-lco
Smoke
Y-coci. Li-coci
Li-onsi
I.i-cosi
Snake
Tscoka or
...
N-zcoka
N-scoka
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana
Mu-na. Mw-ana
Mw-ana.
m-kcosa
M w-ana. mu-gcosya.
Mu-yanda
Mw-ene. K-ana ka-
Mu-yanda gcosya.
Mka-lumendu
Song
Lu-imbco
Lw-imbco ; Lu-imbco
Lu-imbco ;
n-imbco
n-imbco
Spear
I-cimu
... ...
I-cimu
Spirit, soul
Mw-engeji
... ...
Mw-egco.
M-oyco
Star
Sonda
Sonda Sonda ; ma-.
Sonda N-sonda ; ma-
I-tongwa
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
8.
9-
9 a.
9b.
9 c.
10.
English
Ki-pasi and
Ki-rori
North and
North-east
North-west
Nyamwezi
West
Nyamwezi
South, Central,
and East
Ki-nyaturu
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(Si-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Stick
Stone
Stool
Sun
Tail ...
Tear ...
Testicles
Thief...
Thigh-
Thing...
Thorn
Tobacco ...
To-day
Toe
To-morrow
Tongue
Tooth
Town
Tree
Twins
Urine ...
Vein ...
War .
Water
Well , source
White man
Wife
Wind
Witch
Nanga.
N-kconi
* . .
Fimbco.
Ka-ti ; pi-ti
Mu-langa
M-langa.
Mu-ranga
I -we
I -bale
.,,
I-vwe, I-gwe
N-tebe
1-teve. I-sumbi
Di-mi, Le-emi.
I-dzcowa
L-emi.
L-imi.
Di-yua
Ly-uba
I-dzuwa.
Li-uwa
I-langala
(Kibende)
Kila, K hila
Mu-sira
...
Mu-kila.
...
Mu-sila
Di-scoji ; mi-.
Li-nswzi
...
Li-nscozi.
. ..
Mu-scoji: mi-
Mu-nscozi
Ma-bcolco
...
Mw-ibi; b-ibi
. . .
...
Mw-ivi
Si-tambco
Si-berco
I-tangco. I-tege
Ki-nhu ; si-nhu
Si-ntu ; vi-ntu
...
Ki-nhu ; fi-nhu
Ki-ntu ; i-ntu
(also means
'bead'). Ki-
ntu; ma-ntu
Di-ihwa ; ma-
...
Li-hwa.
I-guya ; ma-
Mu-nhwa
I-tumbate
...
. . .
I -tumbate
>*
Leico
Leico
*
Leico
...
Lu-ala
...
Ka-ala
...
I-kcolco
I-goreo
. . .
I-gulco
...
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi.
Lu-limi; n-dimi
I-yombelco
D-inco
L-inco
D-into
L-inco
L-inco ; m-inco
Kaya. M-puri
...
Lugco
Kaya
...
Mu-ti
Mu-ti ; mi-ti.
Mu-ti
Mu-ti
Mu-ti ; mi-ti
Limu-ti ; ma-
mi-ti
Ma-wasa
*>
Ma-\ asa or
Ma-basa
Mi-ne
...
...
Ma-su.
, . ,
Ma-tunzi
...
...
Mw-anzi.
I-timba
Bu-luku
Bu-lemco
M u-kondco :
VVu-lugu.
. *
Li-huya.
Vu-lemco
Mi-nzi
Mi-nzi
Mi-nzi
Mi-nzi
Ma-dyi
Lu-inzi
I-ziba.
Lu-inzi
Lu-inzi ; n-inzi.
...
Lu-inzi.
I-vimbi
Lu-scokco
M-zungu; ba-
Mu-zungu ; ba-
. ..
M-zuiigu
. ,.
M-kima.
Mu-gcoli ; ba-.
Mu-ke.
M-gcoli
. ..
Mu-ke
Mu-kazi.
Mu-kcota
Mu-ke
Im-pehco
Ka-fulco
..
Im-behco.
. . .
I-gunhu.
Mi-aga (pi.)
Mu-lcoki ; ba-
Mu-lcozi ; ba-
Mu-lcogi, -Icoji.
. . .
Mu-swezi.
Mu-kangco.
1 Ki-bende.
Mu-simbia
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
93
8.
9-
9 a.
Ob.
90.
10.
English
Ki-sasi and North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyatuiu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
ijSi-sumbwa/
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Witchcraft
Woman ...
Womb
Wood... .
Yam ... .
Year ... .
Yesterday.
Zebra...
One
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine .
Ten
Eleven
Twenty ...
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Hundred ...
Thousand ...
I, me, my ...
Thou.thee, thy
He, him, his
Bu-lcoki
Bu-lcozi
. . .
Wu-lwji
...
M-kima; ba-.
Mu-kima; ba-.
M-kima.
M-kema,
Mu-xema ; a-
I-seki
Mu-kazi.
M-kcota.
Mu-kima.
1
Mu-peki
I-ninga ;
Mu-kazi.
ma-ninga '
Mu-nhya.
Mu-sieki
...
i *
. . .
*
N-da
M-hwi
Lu-kwe; n-kwe
...
Lu-kwi ; n-hwi
I-tuku
...
Li-wuliga.
I-jaasi
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Ma-zuli
...
I-gcolco
I-gulco. Ma-zuli
N-zeowe
...
N-dulu
...
Scolco. -mco
mwine. Sorco.
Scolco. -mwe
mco. Scolco
mwe
mco
biri, -wili
-bili
vili, -wili
vili, -firi
wili, -wl
-tatu. Yatu
satu. Yatu
-satu, -atu
datu. Yatu
-tatu
nne
ne
nne
nne
nne
-tanco. N -banco
tanco
-tanco. N-tanco
tanu. N-hanu
tanco
Sati. -tandatu
Mu-kaga
Sati.
M-kaga. Sati.
Mu-tandatu
M-kawaga
tandatu
M-pungati
Mu-sanvco
Pungati.
M-pungati.
Mu-pungati
M-samvu
M-samvu
I-nane or
Mu-nana
Mu-nane
M-nane
M-nana
M-nane
K-enda
Si-enda
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi or
I-kumi
Humi
l-kumi na
I-kumi na Scolco
l-kumi na-mwe
I-kumi na-mco
I-kumi na'mwe
lu-mco
I-kumi na scolco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi a-vili
Ma-kumi
a-wiri or
ya-wili
ga-wili
or ma-wili.
ma-wi
ya-wili
Hum' i-vili
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
ya-tatu
ya-satu
ga-satu
a-tatu or
a-tatu
ma-tatu
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi y-ane
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi a-nne
Ma-kumi a-nne
ya-nne
ga-nne
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
ya-tanco
ya-tanu
ga-tanco
a-tanco
a-tanco
I -gana
I-gana ; ma-
I-gana
I-gana
I-gana
Ki-humbi
Si-humbi
Ki-humbi
Ki-humbi
Ki-humbi
Nene. N-, Ni-.
O)-ne. N-, Ni-.
E-ne, U-nene.
Nene. N-, Ni-.
Ne. N-, Ni-.
n-. -a-ne
-n-. -a-ne
N-, Ni-.
-n-. -a-ne
-ne. -n-, -ni-.
n-. -a-ne, -ene
-a-ne
Bebe, Wewe.
OOwe, <X)be,
Ewe. U-.
Wewe. U-.
We. U-.
U-
Wewe. U-.
ku-. -a-ko>
ku-. -a-kco
kco. -ku-.
-ku-. -a-kco
-ku-. a-kco
-a-kco
U-we, U-yu.
Uwe, U-yu.
A-we? Uyu.
Uwe. A-.
U-yu. U-.
A-.
A-, Ya-.
Ya-, A-.
-mu-. a-kwe
kwe. -mu-.
mu-. -a-kwe
-mu-. -mwe,
mu-. -a-mwe,
-a-kwe
-a-mwe
-a-kwe
1 Ki-bende.
94
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
8.
9-
9 a.
Ob.
9C.
10.
English
Ki-pasi and
North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(,Si-sumbwai
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
We, us, our
Ye, you, your
They, them,
their
All
This, these
That, those
Bad
Black
Female
Fierce, sharp
I-swe. Tu-.
I-fwe. Tu-.
E-fwe. Du-,Ku-.
I-swe. Tu-.
Se. Ku-.
-tu-. -iswe,
tu-. -fwe
-tu-. -itu, -etu
tu-. -iswe
se. -ku-, -tu-.
-swe
itu
I-nwe0rI-mwe.
I-mwe. Mu-.
E-mwe. Mu-.
I-mwe <?rl-nwe.
Nye. Mu-.
Mu-.
ba-. -enwe,
-wa-? -enyu
Mu-
-a-nyu
-ba-. -inwe
inu, -inyu
va-. -imwe,
inwe
Ba-bco, Wawco.
A-be. Ba-.
A-wawco. Wa-.
A-vco, A-va,
A-wa. Wa-,
Ba-.
ba-. -a-bco
wa-. -a-wco
A-wa. Va-,
Wu-.
-ba-. -a-bco
Wa-.
a-, -a-co
va-, -wa-.
vco, -a-wawco
cose or -ose
cona, -conane
onsi
cope, -cose, -ose
(w-ose, y-ose,
(cose pie =
k-ose, si-ose,
all together,
c-5se, h-ose,
entirely)
U-yu, ba-ba ;
U-yu, a-ba ;
U-yu0r alu-yu;
U-yu, a-wa
W-asco, asco ;
u-gu, i-yi; i-di,
u-gu, i-gi or
a-wawwa-wa
(a-va) ; u-gu,
w-asco, asco (?)
a-ya; i-ki, i-si;
i-zi; i-li, a-ya;
or ala-wa ;
i-i ; i-li, a-ya ;
i-si (5), a-sa
i-yi, i-ci; u-lu;
i-si, i-vi ; i-yi,
u-gu, i-yi;
i-ki, i-fi; i-i,
k-asco, y-asco
u-tu ; a-ka ;
i-zi; u-lu; u-tu;
i-dyi, a-ga ;
i-zi; u-lu; u-tu;
i-si, y-asi ;
u-bu ; u-ku ;
a-ka ; u-bu ;
&.
a-ka ; u-wu
w-asco ( 1 1 ) ;
a-ha
u-ku ; a-ha
.
(u-vu) ; u-ku ;
tw-asco; ka-sco
a-ha
w-asco (14) ;
k w-asco
U-yu or u-yu-i
a-waora-wa-i
u-lu(?), i-yi ;
i-li, a-ya ; i-ki
i-yi ; i-yi, i-yi
u-lw-i ; u-tu-i
a-ka(?), u-pu-:
(8) (u-tu-i);
u-bu-i ; u-ku-i
U-yco, ba-bco ;
U-yco, a-bco ;
U-yco, a-wco ;
U-yco, a-wco ;
U-yco, a-wco;
u-gco, i-yco;
u-gco, i-zico ;
U-gCO, C3-V.
u-gco, i-co ; i-lco,
u-lco, i-yco; &>c.
i-dico, a-hco ;
i-lico, u-yco ;
-dia iu-dia,
u-yco ; i-cco,
U-ya, a-ya;
i-kyco. i-sico;
i-sico, i-vyco;
wa-dia; gu-dia,
i-fco ; i-co, i-zco
u-ya (or
i-yco, i-cico ;
i-yco, i-zico ;
yi-dia ; di-dia,
u-lco ; u-tco ;
ilu-ya ?), miu-
u-lwco; u-twco;
u-lwco; u-twco;
ga-dia ; &*c.)
a-kco ; u-wco ;
ya ; i-lyco,
a-kco ; u-bwco ;
a-kco ; &c.
u-kco ; a-hco
mu-ya ; ki-co
u-kco ; a-hco
U-yconco,
or kiu-ya,
a-bconco,
i-yo-i or i-ya ;
u-gconco ; &c.
i-ya, i-ya;
ulu-ya; utu-ya
aka-ya ; mbu-
ya ; uku-ya
bi, -vi
Ku-wika ?. -bi ?
bi
vi, -wi
ilawuza. -api
iru
nkima. -seki
-nkima.
kima. -kcota or
kima or-kerna
or -seke -ikcowe. -kazi. -ngcota
-ke.
-kali
siki
kali, -daici
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES
95
8.
9-
9 a.
9 b.
90
10.
English
Ki-sasi and
North and
North-west
West
South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
( t Si-sumbwal
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukuma)
Good ..
Great
Little
Long,high,tall
Male
Old
Red
Rotten
Short
Sick
White...
scoga
le
-gcosya
guhi
ape
-scoga
seoga, -ncoga
-kuru
dco (young),
-ndco
-lele
-lume, -pelume.
gcosia
-kuru. -kcokwe
-kuli
hihi
-Iwele
-elu
ndco, -dco, -tco
-scoga. -fula.
ijsa. -iza.
awela.
ancona
hanya. -kulu
dco. -keke
tali, -gulu ? -liku or -lihu
gcosia. -dume, -gcosya, -gcosi.
lume N-gulati
-a-kale. -hanya.
-namhala
I-seku. -laluku.
-a za
vcozucr-wcozu
-guhi
-Iwile
-ija, -dya
ikuu, -kuu
-lipa (vert)
ape
-elu. -ape
-eru
Above,up,on
top
Before
Behind
Below, down
Far
Here
In, inside ...
Middle
Near ...
Outside
Plenty, many
There
Where? ...
No!
Not ('//// verb,
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix]
I-gulia,
Ku-gulu
I-lunde
I-gulya.
Kwi-gulia.
Hi-gulya
Kwi-lunde
Ku-mbele
Ku-mbele
Ku-mbele
Ku-mbele -a mbele
Kum-pirimu
Kuny-uma
Kuny-uma
Kun-uma -a ny-uma
Ha-si
Ha-nsi
Ha-nsi,
Ha-zi, Ha-si Ha-ngi
Pa-nsi
Ku-le
Ha-le
Ku-tali
Ha-li, Ki-kali. Ha-li
Ku-le
Ja-ha
A-hco. H-eneo.
Hco
Ha-ha. A-hco
Ha-ha. Aha
U-ku
Mu-
Mco. Mu.
Mu-
Mumu ; -mco.
O-mwco
Mu-. M-gati,
Muii-gati
Ha-kati
Ha-kati
Ha-kati
Ha-gati
Gelagaha
*
Behe
Ha-ndze
H-eru
*..
nse or -nze
(Ha-nse,
Ku-nse, 6-v.)
...
-ingi. M-nco
...
-ingi. Bu.
Vu-yaga
...
. . .
Ha-hco. Ku-nu,
Hu-kco
...
A-hi ?
-he?, -kco?
Real
Byco!
Aconanga !
Byco!Nco!P5!
Bycolcolco !
Yaya!
...
te-, -ta-, -ne
...
-ha-, -ka-, -k'-, -ti- (-tit),
nco -t'-
ta-,
To
beat ...
buy, sell
come ...
cut
dance ...
Ku-
-tula
-gula
-scoga. -iza
kata
kina
Ku- Ku-
hula -kuba
-gula -gula
iza. -suba -iza
tema
tuma -vina ?
Ku-
tula. -tina
-gula
-iza
tina
bina, -vina
Ku-
xua
H 2
9 6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
8.
9-
9 a.
9 b. 9 c.
10.
English
Ki-sapi and
North and
North-west
West South, Central,
Ki-nyaturu
Ki-rori
North-east
Nyamwezi
Nyamwezi
and East
(Ki-limi)
Nyamwezi
(Si-sumbwa)
Nyamwezi
(Ki-sukumal
To
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
die- ...
fwa (-fwa-ga)
fwa
>..
fwa, -fa, -ca
kuya
eat
lia
-lya
lia
-lya
-lya
give ...
-ha
ha (-pa).
fumia (?)
pa, -pela
ha (-pa)
heledza
go
dya(dia-ga).
zia, -dya
-iya. -yenda
ja, -zya.
ja. -nji
ca or -ja
genda
(Kw-inji)
kill
ha-ga
buha
vula-ga ?
wula-ga or
...
vula-ga
., know ...
...
manya
...
manika,
-iji (Kw-iji)
manica,
manya. -na
laugh ...
seka
seka
.. .
seka
...
leave off,
leka
-leka
-leka
leka
cease
love, want
...
sima. -enda
...
tugwa
yanja
see
linga
-buna
...
weona or
ona
buna
sit, remain,
igesa. -ikala
-ikara. -ekala
ikala
ikala
kala
abide
sleep ...
lala
lala
lala
-lala. -kunya
lala or -laa
stand, stop,
ima (-ima-ga)
ima
-ima
ima
ima, -imika
be erect
., steal ...
...
...
...
-iwa
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-^A^I AND KI-RORI
(Not yet known.)
PREFIXES, &C., IN THE NYAMWEZI GROUP
No preprefixes, except slight traces in western dialects Ki-galaganza, Ki-bende, &c.
Class I. Mu-, M- (m-, mu-, u-, yu-) ; 2. Ba-, Va-, Wa- (ba-, va-, wa-) ; 3. M-, Mu- (m-, mu-, gu-) ;
4. Mi- (m-, mi-, i-) ; 5. L, Di-, Li- (li-, di-) : 6. Ma- (ga-, ya-, a-) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, pi-, Xi-, Hi- (ki-, ci-, si-) ,
8. Vi-, Fi-, pi- (vi-, fi-, si-) ; [8 a. i.e. the plural prefix Fi- employed in a singular or collective sense, is
dawning in Southern, Central, and Eastern Nyamwezi] ; 9. N- (n-, i-) : 10. N-, Ny-, tig-, K-, I- ^n-, n-,
zi-, ci-) ; li. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. Bu-, Vu-, Wu- (bu-, vu-, wu-) , 15. Ku- (ku--,
k<o-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-, h<o) ; 17. Mu- (mu-,-mo>). Prefixes often superimposed Limu-, Mami-, Hafi-, c.
PREFIXES, &c., IN KI-NYATURU (KI-LIMI)
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu- (mu-, u-, -yu) ; 2. A- (a-, -wa) ; 3. Mu- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-, Li- (li-, i-) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a-) ; 7. Ki- (ki-) ; 8. I- (i-) ; 8 a. Pi- 1 (pi-, p'-) ; 9. N- (n-, nj-, i-); lo. N- (n-, nj-, i-) ; 1 1.
Lu- (lu-) ; 12 ". Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. apparently missing ; 17?.
1 Used as plural to Ka-, and also in a collective, almost singular sense, with Tu- (12) as plural.
1 Used occasionally as plural to Ka-.
GROUP B: WUNYAMWEZI LANGUAGES 97
8. Kisasi and Kirori are spoken in the south-east coast region of the Victoria Nyanza south of the
Gaya (Ugeya) settlements and of Kulia (Bakoria), east of Bukerebe islands and peninsula, west of the
Tatuga and Dor<obo> steppes, and north of Speke Gulf and Busukuma.
9. North and North-east Nyamwezi are spoken in the southern coast-lands of the Victoria Nyanza
as far east as the extremity of Speke Gulf ; and as far south as the 5th degree of South latitude.
93. North-west Nyamwezi is spoken in the western half of the south coast -lands of the Victoria
Nyanza (away from the actual littoral which is occupied by Cizinja) and as far south as about 4 South
latitude.
9 b. West Nyamwezi is spoken in Western Wunyamwezi, east of the Buthindi and Malagarazi rivers
and as far south as about 6 30' South latitude. It extends to the east coast of Tanganyika south of Ujiji
and north of Kalema.
9 c. South, Central, and East Nyamwezi are spoken in Southern, Central, and Eastern Wunyamwezi
south of about 5 South latitude and north of the Katuma-Lungwa-Mphiti rivers, approximately 7 10'
South latitude. (Does not extend to Ukimbu.)
10. Kinyaturu is spoken in Turu or Nyaturu and perhaps also in the Iramba country to the north.
Nyaturu lies to the east of Wunyamwezi, west of Ugcogcu, Rangi and Tatcoga.
GROUP C
THE BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
ii. Kikuyu dialects. 1 na. Meru 13. Peokcomco 15. Taveita
12. Kamba 14. Taita 16. Nika (Giryama-Duruma-Digeo)
English
II.
Kikuyu '
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
'3-
Pukcomco or
Pfukumu
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
15-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Adze
TGiya. 1-tanda
...
. . .
t
Animal, wild
Ny-amco
N-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
beast
Ant
Ki-gunyu ;
N-jinji.
Dzungu.
Sambirco.
Ma-cici (//.)
Tsungu,
pi. i-gunyu.
N-duti.
Zunde
Safu, Salafu.
Ma-karakara.
Tsalafu.
TM-girriri.
N-guugu.
Ki-semberu ;
Kcokimbirca.
M-fuadzi.
"E-araku or
N-dcoagu
vi-. Ki-tuku
Safu
Minyo).
TSi-raku.
N-gcolungcolco
TJambw.
Ant, white
U-keo. Mu-bua.
Um-uu.
Mi-dzwa (pi.)
M-zagu. Soya.
M-sau
Lu-tswa
(termite)
N-guiya
M-bubU.
J-etca.
Mu-bwa
N-gumbi.
Tlyeha
Arm
U-cokca;m-coku.
M<o-keoneo.
Mu-kconco
M-kconco
Mu-kunu
M-kcanco,
Ku-coko> or
Ku-ukco
Mu-kunco
Gu-coku ;
m-ukco
Arrow
Mco-gue ; //.
Mu-sie, Mu-ci,
Dzahe. Vanco
Ki-ria,
M-wasa.
Mu-vwi,
me-gue.
Mu-zyi, Mu-ji
Ki-rawa.
M-vwi ;
Mu-fwi,Lu-wi.
Mu-gui,
I-wanu
mi-vwi
C-embe.
Mu-gwe (n a)
Gumba
Axe
I-danua,
I-bcoka ; ma-.
Ki-berya
I-zuka
I-zcoka
Tscoka.
I-tanwa,
I'.-angi.
Mundu,
1-tsancoa: ma-.
Ka-bcoka ; tu-
Temco
Baboon
Ncogco orNugu
N-guli or
Fwe
Sabao. Fwe,
I-regen ; ma-.
N-yani
N-gula
Fuwe
I-ragin ; ma-
Back
Mu-gongo
Mu-ongo
Mco-ongw
Mu-gongco
Mu-hongtij; mi-
M-ongco
Banana
I-rigco ; ma-
Ma-iyu //.
Dzana
I-rugco.
I-dico ; ma-
I-zu.
N-dembu.
Mu-gomba
I-vunde ; ma-
(tree)
Beard
Rto-teru ; //.
Ki-nge. Ki-aiu.
Ki-evu
Zombi.
I-kcolco; ma-
Ci-revu,
n-deru. Ki-
Ki-ngebwa
N-gafwa or
Ki-dzeru,
reru ; i-reru
Gafa
Ci-reru
Bee
J-uki or Nj-uki
N-zuki, Ki-nyu
Ny-uci
C-toki or
Ny-toki or
N-uci.
Ny-uki
Nj-uki
Ny-uci
Belly
N-daa. Ma-ra
I-bu. I-vu
Ma-humbu
Ki-fu ; vi-fu
X-deu. Ki-nena
B-imba. 2
In-da
Ki-nena.
Tumbw or
Humbco.
N-da-ni
Bird
Ny-wni
Ny-uni
Ny-uni
Ny-wnyi
N-dege or
Ny-uni.
N-deye
Tsongeo
Blood
Sakame.
N-bakame.
Mu-asi
Paga, Baga.
Sakame
Mi-latsu or
N-bakame
N-dakami
Bigati
Mu-ladzca
Body
Mw-iri
M-wi, M-wili
Mu-ci
Mu-mbi ;
Mw-uri; mi-
Mw-iri
mi-mbi.
Mu-wi;mi-wi.
Mu-li ; mi-ili
Bone
I-ende ; ma-.
I-vindi ;
Mu-fufa
Indi or I-windi
Ni-windi,
M-scoza
I -hind i ; ma-
ma-vindi
I-windi ; ma-
1 This name is sometimes rende red Ikuyu or Gikuyu. For specification of dialects, see geographical definition of
Kikuyu at close of Vocabulary. Kif-imba is a ditnin. of B-imba = little belly.
GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
99
English
u.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Mem
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokcomu or
Pfcokcomco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida
Ki-sagala)
IS-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Bow
Bowels
O)-tta, U-ta,
U-taa (n a)
Ma-ra
U-ta. I-tumoj
Ma-a
U-ha; ma-ha
Hunibco
N-dana
Ki-nena. Vu-la
Wu-ta ;
mawu-ta
U-ha. Tana
Humbco ; ma + .
Bowels
Ma-ra
Ma-a
Humbco
Ki-nena. Vu-la
> . .
Humbco ; ma + .
Ki-deme. I-fu
Borassus palm
...
...
...
Mo-rowai
Mu-gumco
Brains
Tombco.
Uco-ongeo
...
U-ongoa or
W-ongto
Ongco
"Ei-kererieo ;
Ongco.
ma + ,
M-bongeo.
'Ci-kerrieo
Suku
Breast (man's)
N-goneo.
Kati
Bagwi
Lagaya
M-bafu
Laga. Fua
I-ria ; ma-
Breast
Ny-ondco
...
Wee ; ma-wee
Ny-codeo.
...
Hombco.
(woman's)
I-wele ;
Ere, ma-ere
ma-wele
Brother ...
Mu-ru.
Nindu.
N-dugu
M-rnna.
M-dw-etu.
Mw-ene-hu
Wama-itco.
Mw-inai
M-wan'-edu.
M-du
(also cousin).
Mu-rata
Wcokw-etu;//.
N-dugu.
ana-wcokw-etu
Mu-kulu
Buffalo
M-bcogco
Ni-ai. M-bco
Ny-ahi
M-beogco
M-bto-yw
Ny-ahi.
M-bcogco
Bull
N -jamba.
N-dzaco
Sanga (Gala
N-ja
it
N-dzaco.
N-degwa
word}
(N-dzagamba
= a monster
bull]
Buttocks ...
Lo-cuze or
Ki-tiimba.
Ji-hakco ;
^imba: ma +
Ma-takco
Hakco ; ma-
Rto-cuze.
Ni-takco
ma-hakco
or I-citnba
hakco. Takco;
I-tina
ma-takco
Canoe
Ka-harati ; tco-
N-galawa
M-zefe
C-ombco ;
N-galawa
Dalu ; ma- + .
vy-omb<o
(N-galawa)
Cat
Ka-ihco ; c-ihu.
M-baka
M-fuateni
Mu-nyaeo; mi-
Mu-nyawi
Paka. Ny-au
Mo-ruaru.
M-paka
Charcoal ...
I-kara ; ma-
Ma-kaa
Ma-sin zi
Ma-aka
Ma-kala
Kala or Ni-
kara
kala; ma-kala
Chief
Mo-zamaki.
M-tumia
Hacu
M-baa or
M-fumwa.
M-vieri.
Mu-bamaki
M-zuri.
M-fumu.
Mu-tumia.
M-gcosi
M-geosi
Mu-z,ere
Child
Mw-ana \pl.c\-
K-ana, G-ana ;
Mw-ana;
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Mu-hcohco ;
ana or si-ana.
tw-ana.
wa-ana
K-anake.
(m-dongco) ;
a-hcohco
K-ana;tw-ana.
Kaci-ci ;
Mw-anake
wa-ana
Ka-regeo ;
tuvi-ci
(wa-dongco).
tco- J
Kamw-ana
Cloth
N-guco. Tama
N-gua
N-guco
N-guw or
N-gueo. Suke
N-guco,
N-guwco
N-guwco
Coco-nut palm
Mu-nabi
. . .
Mny-anzigi or
M-site
Nazi
M-yarigi
Cold
Hehco
M-pepo,
Pebfco
M-beheo
M-behco
Pehco
Bebco (ii a)
M-bebeo,
M-beveo
Country ...
Sena. Pcorori.
N-bi
Ozi
N-ci.
I-sanga.
Tsi.
Lu-kongo.
I-sanga
N-tere
L-alco
Fururi
Cow
N-ombe.
N-ombe.
N-gombe -ke
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe -ce.
Mori (heifer)
M-oma ;
dyi-ke.
N-ombe
rni-oma
N-ombe
m-bice.
ya waka. Tageo
G co m a
Crocodile ...
Ki-ngangi
Ki-nyangi
N-guena
Mamba.
Ki-nyane,
Mamba.
Ki-nganga
Ki-nyan
M-kuena
100
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
11.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Mem
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokcomco or
Pfcokcomco
14-
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
'5-
Taveita
16.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Date palm...
Mu -kind u
I-kindu
M-tende
M-tende ;
M-cangara
Mu-kindwi
mi-tende
Day
O-tuku.
U-tuku.
Dz-iku.
I-tuku; ma + .
Mu-si ; mi-
Tsiku.
(OOm-cozi =
Mu-benia
(M-sikahi =
Lavu. I-jfia ;
f Mu-tsana =
daylight.}
daylight)
ma-jua.
daylight)
M-benia
I -dime.
I-ruba
Devil
N-gcoma or
M-bebco.
M-suka
M-kinya.
Lu-hungu
Pepco. Kuma.
N-geoma-
A-imco
M-behco
M-bingu
n-goru
Doctor
Mu-iti
M-gangana
M-ganga
Mu-ganga
Mu-laguzi.
Mu-ganga
Dog
Hui, Gwii,
Scohi. N-giti
M-bwa
Cucu. Kcoci,
N-gurco.
M-bwa. Ka-
or Kui, or
Kcopi
I-guro; ma-.
lubu. Kura.
N-giti
Ki-baru
Kurco. Dia
Donkey
X-digiri
In-goi.
Harre
M-cungu
N-jcoe
X-zcoeya.
Mu-goi
N-dzcowe
Door
Rigi ; ma + .,
Mw-comco.
Mu-jangco
M-jangco.
M-benge
Mu-riangco
Mo-romoinfe
M-cobia
M-nyangoi ;
or Mu-rcomco.
mi-
Ikome
Dream
I -rota. 00-rcoti.
Ku-cota.
N-dcohco
Ku-lcotesco; ma-.
N-dcotco
X-dcohco.
Ke-rcoti ; pi. i-
N-dcotco
N-dcodco
Ku-lcoha
Drum
Ke-hembi.
N-gcoma.
N-gcoma
Gonda.
N-gcoma
N-gcoma
Ru-imbco
Ki-bembi
N-gcoma
Ear
ru-tu ; Ma-tu.
Ku-tu or Gu-tu
Sikico
Ku-du ; ma-du.
I-sikico
Si-kirco
Gio-tco; ma-tco
Ki-sikilco ;
ma-
Egg
I-tumbi : ma-
I-tumbi,
I-ji ; ma-ji
I-gi; ma-gi
I-gi
I-gi. I-ji, I-di
E-vaa
Elephant ...
N-jcogu
Un-zcoco
X-dzcofu
Ccovu.
N-zcowu,
X-dzcovu
N-jcovu
N-zcobu
Excrement
Ma-i. Rovrua
Ma-ii
Ma-fi
Ma-vi. Saru
Ma-vi
Ma-vi
Eye
Di-zcoorRi-bco;
I-bco
Dz-idzco
Ir-isco ; m-esco.
J-isco
Dz-itsco,
ma . (Ki-mcone
Iz-izco ; m-esco
Dzi-dzco ;
= eyelid)
ma-dzco.
(M-boni =
Face, forehead
U-zicoorU-bio.
Ru-eri
U-bieo
U-sco
U-pu or Wu-pu
U-upco
Usco
Fat
Ma-futa or
Ma-iita
Ma-fuha
Ma-vuta or
Ma-futa
Ma-fuha
Ma-guta.
Ma-vuda
Ngorconco
Father
Baba (my ).
Nau. Nu.
Baba. I -si
Aba. N-deyco.
A pa. M-papa.
Baba, Aba-,
Nu. TJco-guco
Atsa. Baba
X-dee
(Wawe-eo =
Abe-, Bi.
(thy -). I-bi
thy . Wawe-e
(his , father
= his )
in general) ;
//. ma-ibi
Fear
I-korora.
Ku-binye.
OOga
W-cowa.
Fcole
OOga
Gu-oya.
Ku-kea
W-coga.
Kw-itigirra
Ki-ture; vi-
Finger
Ki-ara ; pi.
Ki-a ; //. bi-a
Dcowe
C-ala ; v-ala
Ki-caa, Bi-, Vi-
C-ala ; //.
ci-ara
vi-ala and
Fire Mw-aki I-kco. Mw-adji. M-cohco
J-uki
m-ala
Mo-dco; me-dco Mo-teo M6-hco; mi-ohco
GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
101
English
11.
Kikuyu
ii a. Mem
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcakcomco or
Pfcokcoinco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
'5-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digo>)
Fish
Ki-unguyco ;
I-kuyu ; ma-
Dswi
I-kumba.
N-guluma
Swl or Dzui.
ci-. I-kuyu;
M-kunga.
Kumba
ma-.
N-guluma
N-guluma
Foot
Gco-nyarere.
Ku-u or GCi-u.
Ku-guu.
I-panzi. Ku-gu.
Ku-yu, W-atu
Gulu. Gu.
Ru-nyarire.
U-nyai
Cwacw (pi-)
Su-aiyco
Lu-ayeo
I-kinya.
Ku-gurru,
Kco-guru ; ma-
Forest
I-zakaine.
Mi-teo. E-ebu.
Mw-ihu
M-sidu ; mi-
Ki-titw
Tsaka.
Ki-baka.
Ki-beka
sidu. I-saka.
Mu-sihu
Mu-titw
Ki-lemba
Fowl
N-guku
N-guku
Khuku
N-guku.
N-guku
Kuku
Ka-nguku ;
du-nguku
Frog
Ky-ura; ci-.
Mu-ndalali.
Cuya
Kic-ula
Ic-ura
C-ulwa.Dz-uleo.
Ke-ngere
C-ua
G-ula
Ghost
00-kua
Mu-nyi.
Kuma
Ki-suka. Pepw.
Ki-vuri
Kcoma,
N-gw
N-gcolco
Mu-kcoma
Giraffe
N-dwiga
N-dia. N-duya
...
N-diga
N-dea
Tiya, Tia
Girl
Ka-regto,
...
Ci-ke
Mw-ana-ke
. ..
Ki-dzana
Ki-regeo.
M-wir-etu
Goat
M-buri,
M-bui
M-bui.
M-buzi or
M-buji
M-buzi. Pee.
M-bori
Pee
M-buri
M-buzi
ya-pee
(he) ...
N-bengi
N-bengi
...
Si-tima. J-igau.
Zenge
N-denge
Orca, Horu.
Fwandi
(she) ...
Mu-gtoma;
M-baika
...
Si-beni. Mu-
Mu-ywma
**
a-geoma.
gcoma gwa
Ka-harika ;
m-buzi. Mu-
tco-harika.
geoma ; mi-.
(K-ori = kid)
(Kam-buri =
kid) _
God
N-gai ; ma-
N-gai.
Mu-ungu
Mu-lungu
I-zuwa
Mu-lungu
kai
Mu-lungu
Grandparent
GukaJ.
Ume. Tsutsa
Bibi?4.Yayeo.
AkeJ.
Tsawe t>.
Cooccoo
Zabuaje.
Wawaj
Wawe 5.
Cauje
Hawe 5
Grass
N-yeki.N-yaki,
Ny-eki,Ny-igi.
M-ani
Ny-asi
Ny-asi. M-ani
Ny-asi. M-ani
N-yagi (D.).
Ma-bangu
Rco-kefigi/
Mi-rari
Ground
Teri. Tli. N-isi
I-beco. Pa-nti.
Dzi
Ki-lambeo.
Si. N-tere
Tsi
Ndi
I-sanga.
N-dcoe, N-doxo
Ground-nut
N-jugu
N-zu
N-jugn
N-dzugu,
...
N-dzugu
N-jugu
Guinea-fowl
N-kanga
N-ganga
Kcou
N-ganga
N-gelele.
N-ganga.
N-gaiiga
Kanga
Gun
Mwi-cinja.
M-cinga.
Bunduci
Bunduki
Ki-pulcopcdlco
Bundukui
M-cinga ; mi-
I-vuti.
Mu-singa.
E-buuti
Hair
N-juere.
N-diku. N-zwi
Uny-wii Sisiri. I-ridia
Ny-ui, Nj-ui
N-dzui. Ny-ere
Rco-cueri.
En-juri
102
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
11.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokcomco or
Pfcokconico
14-
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
IS-
Taveita
16.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digeo)
Hand... \..
Lu-he or Ru-hi;
Ku-cokco. N-ba
Mu-kconco
Mu-kconco.
M-kconco
M-kconco.
pi. he.
L-ui ; //. c-ui
Gandza
Gw-cokco
or many-ui.
Ki-kcotco
Head
Mu-tue
Mu-tue
Ki-jwa
C-ongco,
M-twi
Ki-tswa
v-ongco
Heart
N-gorco
N-dei. E-baiyu.
M-cocco
N-gwlco
N-gorco
M-oyco
N-gco
Heel
Ny-ariri.
E-jimbe.
Ki-sikinco
Gimbe
Ki-siginco
J-imbe".
Sonua.
Ki-tlnyco.
Ki-sikinco
Ki-tcogigco
Ki-dinyco
Hide
R-cowa; nj-cowa
I-kcole
Ci-ngeo
M-rongco ; mi-
N-giiigco
Tingco,
Ki-tingco
Hill
Ki-rima; i-rima
Ki-ima,
Cuba
Ki-lima.
N-duvvi
Ki-rima
K-Ima
Ki-fumvu
Hippopotamus
N-guco
N-guco.
Uri-guu
N-goluma.
N-gerere
k'i-bcokco.
Bakora
Vuco. N-guco
Wuu. M-fu
Hoe
I-banwa.
Embe
.*
I-gembe
...
J-embe
Li-gembe (D.)
Honey
00-coki or 00 -ke
U-ki wa n-zuki
U-ci
U-ki or \Vu-ki
Wu-ki
U-ci
Horn
Lu-hia or
M-bia
Pembe
Lu-embe ;
I-hembe,
Phembe
Ru-heha
m-bembe
Lu-hembe
House
Ny-umba.
Ny-umba.
Ny-umba
Ny-umba,
Ny-umba
N-umba.
Ka-buno
Ka-bunco
Kany-umba.
(square).
Ka-banda
Ki-garo.
I-anda(>rfJ
Hunger
Naragu
N-zaa(?)
N-dza
N-jala, Ki-taba
N-zaa
N-dzala
Hyena
Hiti
M-biti
Fisi
M-bisi. Fisi
N-gojine. Baco
Fisi
Iron
Mu-sanga.
Ki-co
K-era
C-uma. Ki-zia;
C-uma. M-enya
C-uma
Mu-renga.
vi-zia. Ki-ria
Ki-kama.
Ki-gera
Island
Ke-cunga
Ki-biwa
Ki-lulu
Ki-uwa
Ki-dara
Ci-siwa.
Ki-siwa
Ivory
Lu-hia la
U-vea
Pembe
Lu-embe ;
I-jegu
Phembe ya
n-jcogu.
pembe Iwa
n-dzcovu
Mu-ongco.
n-dzcofu
Mu-gwongco
Knee ..
I-rii or I-ru
I-yu. U-yi
Ku-hi
N-gcokorco
I-kungurco
Vu-indi
Knife
Lto-hico or
Ka-biu, Ka-viu
Ki-su
N-dagala.
Ka-handi ; vi-
Ci-fiu. Ki-su
Ka-hiyu.
Ka-handi ; vi-
Re-jiu (l I a)
Lake, sea ...
I-ria or Ka-ria
I-ia. Ki-tsiwa
U-kanga.
Ziwa. Ki-suwa
. -
Ci-swa. Ziya
R>o-kanga
Leg
Mco-zimco.
Mu-bumco
Ku-guu
Ku-gu. Ki-gulu
Ku-gu, Ku-yu
Gulu, Ki-gulu.
Ku-huru or
Rondco :
Kco-guru
nia-rondco.
Mu-lundi
Leopard . . .
N-gare
N-gcoco. En-gco.
Na-dcoze
In-ge, lii-gwi.
Lu-keri
Tsui
In-gco
In-gwa
Lion
Mo-rcozi or
Mu-nyembeo.
Dzimba
^imba.
Simba
Tsimba.
Mu-rcobi
Tiimba
Mu-nyambco
Mu-nyambco
Lips
Ki-rcomco ; //.
Ki-lcomco. I-lco-
Mi-ycomco
M-comco.
M-comco ; mi-
Mi-lcomco.
i-rcomco
mco. Mdi-coinco
Ki-sinikco ; vi-
Dcoinco
Magic
CO-reogi
Uw-oi
Dzawi
U-cawi,
U-sawi.
U-tsai. Mcoga
Wu-sawi.
Un-ganga
= to bewitch)
Wu-ganga.
U-sai
GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
English
11.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokcomco or
Pfcokcomco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
'5-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Dmuma-Digco)
Maize M-bemba M-bemba Ma-pemba I-bemba. 1-hemba Ma-tsere
N-dembe
Man Mu-ndu ; pi. Mu-ndu; a-ndu Mu-ntu; Mu-ndu ; Mu-ndu ; Mu-tu; a-tu,
a-ndu wa-ntu wa-ndu wa-ndu also M-thu
Man
Mu-ndu ; pi.
Mu-ndu; a-ndu
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ndu ;
Mu-ndu ;
Mu-tu; a-tu,
a-ndu
wa-ntu
wa-ndu
wa-ndu
also M-thu
and Mu-thu l
Man, vir. ...
Mu-rume
Mu-rume.
Ci-umbe
M-dogume
Mu-lume
M-umiu
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama,
N-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Mu-baiga
Mu-di
Dawa (Arab.)
Mwi-di
. . .
Mu-hasu
Milk
I-ria.
I-ya.
Ziwa
Ma-zia,
Ma-vee.
Ma-zia, Vi-zia.
( Ku-kama
(Ku-kama,
Ma-ziwa
Ma-were
(Kama = to
= to milk)
Ku-buma = to
milk)
milk)
Monkey ...
N-gema,
N-benga.
Cima
N-gima.
N-gima
Tumbiri.
N-gima
N-beo.
Sawau.
Khima.
N-gima.
Mw-andaru
Tshalu
N-deu
Moon
Mw-eri
Mw-ei, M-bui
Mw-ezi
Mo-ri or
Mw-eji
Mw-ezi
Mw-ori; pi.
me-ri, also
Mw-ezi ;
m-ezi
Mother ...
Mai-itu.
Mwai-ita>
Mama.
Mau or Ma we.
lya. Mama.
Mayco. Maye,
Nana.
Nyco-kco.
Mayco. Mae
Me. Waya
Ame-.
Nyu-kwa.
Nina
Hmama.
Nyina
(Nine = his
mother)
Mountain ...
Ki-rima; i-rima
Ki-ima
Yu-gongo.
Ki-fumbu; vi-.
N-duwi
M-iima.
Mu-rima; mi-.
Lu-gongeo ;
Mu-rima
Guba
cu-gongoj or
nyu-gongeo
Mouth
Mu-rcomco; mi-,
Mni-comeo
Ka-nwa
M-lcomu ; mi-.
I-tumbu ; ma-.
Ka-nwa
or Ka-nwa; to>-
M-camu ;
Mcomu
m-emu
Nail (of finger
Lu-ara ; ci-ara
N-gwa. Waa.
Jw-aa ; ny-aa
Lu-kombe ;
Lu-kombwe.
Lu-kombe
or toe)
or ndu-ara
U-gunyu
n-gombe.
N-gombwe
Lto-ala ; nyw-.
Lu-akule ;
cw-akule
Name
Retcoa; ma +
Sietua, Dzitwa
Sari
I-zina or
I-zina
Dzina
I-rina
Navel
Mu-kconyco.
Mu-kconyco
Ci-kcofu,
Mu-kuvu.
M-kuju.
Tcovu. Ki-teovu
Lu-lila.
Ci-kcovu
M-dwcwa
M-kudu
Ki-kconya
Neck
N-gingco
Ngingco,
OOti. Tsinw
Singco or
Cingco. Gcopi
Tsingeo
Njingco
Cingco
Night
O-tukkco.
U-tuku.
Siku
Ki-co or Ki-rto ;
Ki-eo. Wi-u.
U-siku. (Kiza
(N-duma =
Tii-manna.
vi-o>
Heki-u
= darkness)
darkness)
(Ki-vindu or
Ki-biindu =
darkness)
Nose
Ny-ur<o,
Iny-u. In-wiyu
M-puya.
M-bula or
Fua. Fuco
Pula, Phula
Iny-urco
(Ma-anzi =
M-bua
nostrils)
1 Ka-dzi-tu, dimin. = ' little person'.
IO4
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
u.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Mem
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokumoi or
Pfcokumu
Talta
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
15-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digu)
Ox
N-degwa ;
X-zao
N-gombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-dzaco.
ma-tegwa
N-dewa ya
n-ombe,
Ri-gombe,
Ka-gombe,
Ki-gombe
Paddle
Mu-ulwi ; mi-
Pae ; ma +
I-kasia; ma-
Kafi
Palm wine,
N-jcohi
...
Tembco
N-jwvi
Mawa
N-gemua.
beer
Dumbu.
Pombe
Parrot
Ka-suku
Ka-suku
...
. . *
Penis
O-ru.
Kia
Ciwa
M-sunga ; mi-
N-jabw
M-bcolu.
Mu-sita
Ki-bcogco. Ki-
gande-gande.
U-lume
Pig
N-guruwe.
N-gue N-gee
N-guyuwe,
N-guwe or
N-guwe
N-guluwe.
N-geri
Guyuwe
N-guluwe
Ki-ambto ;
vi-ambu
Pigeon
Dutura,
Gia. E-bui,
Ci-kwe
I-ringo>
I -beta
Jia, Giya,
N-dutura
I-voi or I-wui
N-z,iya
Place
Haha.
Pa-andu.
Bfa-ntu or
Ha-ndu, A-ndu,
Ha-ndu
Va-tu. Ha-thu.
Ha-ndu
Va-ndu
Fa-ntu
Ku-ndu
Ku-tu
Rain
M-bura
M-bua
M-vuya
M-vua. M-vula
M-vua
M-vula. Wula
Rat
M-bea
M-bea
M-panya.
M-bewa.
N-gwswe
Panya.
N-duru.
M-banya
Phanya.
N-dezi
Mu-nyau
Rhinoceros
Huria
M-bila.
Pea
M-bela
M-buria.
Pera
M-butsia
River
Lu-hui or R-ui ;
U-si, U-dzi,
Dzana, Tsana
M-coda,
M -fur to
Mu-hoi
n-jeoe, nj-ui,
U-tsi
Mw-eda,
ci-hiii
Mw-eta
Road
N-jira
N-sia. N-dbia N-cia, N-jia
Cia. In-jila.
N-zia
N-jira
Salt
Mu-nyu
Mu-nyu
Mu-nyu
Ki-sereri.
.. .
Mu-nyu.
Mu-nyu
Cumvi.
Shame
Toni
N-dconi
Yu-dzwa,
Waya
Suni
Hay a. I -la
Yu-tswa
Sheep
N-ondu,
I-londu.
M-buzi.
N-gonzi. OOsi.
Tonji. N-onji
J*-gonzi.
N-d<oromi, or
Ng-tondu
(M-buzi
Bauru.
Durume &.
N-durume.
ndume=roz.;
N-gonde or
M-buzi ya
N- jamba 6
also Re
N-ondi (ram)
gondzi
Shield
N-geoorLo-ngoa
N-gau
N-gaco.Gamba
N-gaca
N-gawto
N-gao
Ra-ngeo (ll a)
Wante
Shoulder ...
Ki-andi
Ki-tuco
Wega
Ki-turco.
Dzudzuri
Sister
M-oi re-tu.
Mu-tiaiya.
I-mbu. X-dugu Umbu.
Rumburia
N-dugu
Ma>-ari wa
Mw-edu
Wcokw-etu
mai-tco.
wa-nya
mbwaa.
Mo-rua
M-runa wa
mwai-tu
wa-ka, &c.
Skin
Lu-yua ; ci-yua
Ki-buma.
Cingco. Kunu
N-geozi.
Ki-konde
Kingco. Gwvi.
R-ua; nj-eoa
N-dawa.
N-gcosi
M-rongeo.
Ganda.
A-lula
N-gingco
Ki-konde
Sky
1-tu or Ma-tu.
1-tu, Mu-lungu Yu-wingu ;
Mu-lungu or
Ma-jumbi
Mu-lungu.
I-rumbi
pi. wingu or
M-lungu-nyi
M-bingu
m-bingu
Slave
N-gomb<o
M-kombolwa.
Mu-huma or
M-sumye or
M-zoroo.
Mu-sunye
N-dumba ;
Mil-hum wa
Ki-sunyi.
I-singa
tu-dumba
M-zumba
GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
English
n.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
Pcokcomca or
Pfcokcomu
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
15.
Taveita
16.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Sleep
To-rco
Tco-co.
U-sindzizi
Di-lco.
Lu-wcohe.
U-singizi,
Sinzizi
Haringa
Ku-sinjia
U-sindzizi.
Ma-lalco
Smoke
Vdcogco
Dzi-uki. Su-iki.
M-cosi
M-cosi
M-cosi
M-cosi
C-uci. Japu
1
Snake
Mu-raru.
En-jcoka
Ny-o>ka
Ny-o>ka or
N-jcoka
N-zcoka.
Nyamu-yabi ;
C-coka
Ny-coka
pi. Nyamuci-
yabi
Son
Mw-ana ; pi.
Mw-ana
Mwana
Mw-ana wa
Mw-ana wa
Mw-ana
ci-ana
mu-yume
lume
ki-ume
mu-lume
Song
N-gcocu. U-ineo.
VV-abi. Winco
Mw-imbto.Wia
L-umbco ; pi.
Ki-vinco ; vi-
VV-ira.
Li-umba.
c-umbco or
Ny-imbco
Ki-suka
ny-umbeo
Spear
I-timco; ma-.
I-timu.
Fumco ; ma +
I-cuniu or
I- cum co
Fumco
I-tumco (ll a).
K-tumco
1-fumu. Lu-fu;
Ki-ronjco.
nyu-fu
Mu-rama(iia)
Spirit, soul
N-gorco.
N-gcoa
. .
N-gcalu
...
Rcohco (Arabic).
Mu-oyco.
Gcoma
N-gtoma
Star
N-jata
N-data
N-yeoha.
N-donde.
N-dondco
Ny-enyezi
Ny-ezi.
Ny-erinyeri
Xy-enyezi
Stick
Siyare ; pi.
N-deta. X-data
Dzimbco.
N-data or
Ka-muti.I-sibco
N-data.
ma-siare.
Tsimb&a
M-zata.
N-gongco
Ru-banju
M-senge ; mi-.
Caiigu
Stone
I-higa ; ma-
I-bia ; ma- via
I -we ; ma- we
I -we. I-geo
I-bwe
Dzi-we. I-we
Stool
Ge-te ; pi. i-te
>
...
...
Ki-gcogco. Ki-hi
Sun
Li-yua, Ri-ua ;
Sua, TJua, Jua
Dzua
I-jua or I-ruwra
I-zuwu
D-zua
ma-. N-jua
Tail (of an
Ge-t>ita,
Ki-sibe.
Mu-cia
M-kuba or
Ki-tize
M-kira.
animal)
Ki-bita.
Mw-ibi.
M-komba.
Mu-cira
Ki-tcomoi
Ki-rensi
Tear
Le-izcoli ; ma-.
Me-boyi
M-dzcozi,
M-bori or
I-scoji
Tscozi
Re-iborri ;
Mu-tscozi
Lum-bori
ma-iborri
Testicles ...
Hekke or
Me-e
Fumbu
I-kende:
Ma-kedi
Tende
Kekke
ma-kende
Thief
Mw-iz,i ; a-izi.
Ki-ngii.
Mw-ivi
Ki-toyi.
Mu-hiwi
Mco-ivi
Mw-ici ; a-ici
Ki-ngeeu.
Mw-ibi.
Mu-yi.
M-scoki.
Mu-veni
Ki-tina
Thigh
K-ereo,Ki-eruor
Ny-onga.
Ki-wew
Bara. N-dambi
Ki-Ya ; vi-
Ki-ga ; vi-ga.
//. ci-eru
U-tambi. Ku-u
or N-dami
Lu-agco
Thing
Ki-ndu or
Ki-ndu
Ki-ntu ; vi-ntu
Ki-ndco or
Ki-ndu
Ci-tu or Ki-tu;
Ki-ndco pi.
Ki-ndu ;
vi-tu
i-ndu or i-ndoj
vi-ndu
Thorn
Mw-igua; mi-
Mw-iwa
Mw-iwa ;
Mu-njwa.
M-sa
Mw-iya. Kita.
mi-iwa
Mw-ia,Mw-iza
D-zala
g-umba
Tobacco ...
M-bake
Ba-aki
Tumbakco
Kumbaku or
M-batu
Kumbaku
Kimbaku
To-day
(x)m-uzi, 00m-
Mu-beny'uu.
Yeco
Leu
Ycoco
Rerco
cobi. Reu. U-munbi.
E-ndimco.
Mm-conbu
io6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
II.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
13-
Ptokumco or
Pfcokcomco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
15-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama
Duruma-Digu)
Toe
Lu-ara
Ki-a ; //. si-a or
I)-eowe ja
I-nco, Ma-nco
Ki-caa kya
C-ala
ci-a
ku-guu.
ku-yu
D-cowe la
ci-guu
To-morrow
Ru-tsiu, l.u-ciu
U-ni. 00-ni.
Ma-gura.
Labu or Lau.
Yaww
Ma-cerco
Ke-cokco
Kesu
I-kepco
Tongue
l.u-limi or
W-imi.
Cu-imi or
Lumi ; //.
lumi
U-limi or
Rio-rimi
Ka-nyua.
Jw-imi ; pi.
c-umi or
Lu-rimi ;
N-gumba
ny-imi
ny-umi
n-dimi. Kcolu
Tooth
I-gegoo or
lyco. Ku-bekco
Gegu ; rva-f
I-gegeo or
I-je Y <o
Dz-into. Jegco
I-geyo; pi.
I-jegeo
ma-
Town
Mu-jie, Mu-ciyi
Mu-dzii
Mu-dzi ; mi-
Mu-zi. Kaia
Ki-ongco
Mu-dzi
Tree
Mu-ti ; mi-ti
Mu-ti, M-ti
Mu-hi ; mi-
Mw-itiorMu-di
Mu-ti
Mu -hi
Twins
Ma-aza.
Ma-baba
Ma-padza,
M-asa.
M-aza
Ma-phatsa or
M ;i-haba, or
M-patsa
Ma-hega
Padza
Ma-hasa
Urine
Ma-ziguma.
Ma-umau
Mi-kodzco
M-k<ocuu,
M-kuzco
Ma-kodzco
Ma-t>ugumu
U-gcoco, or
Ma-gcocu
Vein
Mu-kiha
Mu-kiba or
Mu-sipfa
C-uga
...
Mu-siha
Mu-kiwa
War
I-ta. M-bara
Ka-co
Vi-ha.
Wu-da orU-ta..
N-gondw
Vi-ha. Khondu
N-kondco
Kondco
Water
Ma-e. Roe,
Ma-anzi
Ma-dzi
Ma-ji, Ma-ci, or
M-bombe
Ma-dzi
Ru-gi(ila)
Me-ji
Well, source,
Ki-bima
Ki-bima
Anga
Ki-na ; vi-
...
Ci-sima
spring
White man
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
M-zungu
Mu-zungu
Wife
Mu-ndu mu-ka
Ki-beti. Mu-ke
Mu-ke; wa-ke
Mu-ke. Mu-ka
M-ce
Mu-ce. M-kaza.
M-cethu
(Digu)
Wind
Heheo.
M-bebto
Ru-vut&j.
M-behco
N-gungu.
Peheo,Lu-veheo,
Lco-hugu.
M-pefto
M-beheo
Phevco.
Ru-huhco
Lavutco.
Mu-nyefu
Witch
Mu-reogi.
Mu-gaiiga ; a-.
Mu-dzawi,
M-sabi,
M-sawi
Mu-tsawi,
Mu-ganga
Mu-oii
Mu-tsawi
M-sawi,M-sai
Mu-dzai.
Mu-lcozi 1
Witchcraft
U-rcogi
U-oii. V-oii
Dzawi
U-sabi
...
U-tsai.
U-ganga
Woman
Ka-regeo; tu-
Mu-ndu inu-ka.
Mu-ke
Mu-ke,
M-ce
Mu-ce,
(virgiri). Mu-
Mw-etu
M-du-mu-ke,
Dzi-ce,
hiki. Mu-ndu
Mu-ka
Ki-ce.
mu-ka. Ku-
M-gcoma
gurra. (I-hu
= womb, preg-
nant ivoman)
Womb
I-hu. Ma-la.
Ma-a. Me-bi.
Humbco
Ki-fu
N-da
2J-al<o, Fi-al<o.
Mu-jsii.
Ki-nco. E-bu.
Mimba,
Ny-ungu
I-vuni
Bimba
Wood (fire-
Lto-ku ;//. ii-gu
N-gu. E-kie.
Yu-kumi ; //.
M-bande.
N-gwi
Lu-kuni.
wood)
I-kao
n-khumi
N-guni
Khuni
Yam
N-guaci. Ki-
Ki-kwa. I-kwa.
...
I-kco. I-kajiba
Ki-likwa
Ki-razi.
kera. Ki-koa.
Ma-kwatsi
Ki-bcomu
Ge-kwa ; i-koa
(pi.)
Lit. ' the -whistler' ', from whistling being associated with witchcraft. See Zulu.
GROUP C: BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
107
English
n.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Mem
12.
Katnba
13-
Pcokcomco or
Pfcokcomu
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
IS-
Taveita
16.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Year Mw-aka; Mw-aka Mw-aka Ki-mu. Mw-aka Mw-aka Mw-aka
mi-aka.
I-mera
Yesterday... I-ra. I-co (the E-co. N-eco. Dzana. Dzuzi I-gwco, I-gul<o. I-wuco Dzana
day before) (Esseo = the (day before) I-juzi (day
day before) before]
Zebra N-jage, N-jagi N-zai. M-buru M-puru Foreo, Fureo Loitikco Force
One
E-mue
Moiidi. -mwe
Mco-dza
mu, I-mu.
M-cosi. -mwe ;
Mwehga,
-a dura
Mcojeri or
mwezu
-mwe. M-cosi
I-m\veri.
Mcoju or
Mcosi
Two
I-hiri (-iri).
He, -eri
-wii
pili, -ili, -wi
Eri, -en
H-iri, -iri
I-giri, Eri
Three
I-zatu or
-batu or -datu
hahu
datu or -tatu
tatu. N-datu
hahu, -tabu
I -bat. u
and -tutu
Four
I-nya, -nna
nna or -nya
ne
na, -nya, -ne
-nne
I-nne, -ne
Five
I-zanco. I-faanu
tanu, -banu
tsanco
sanu
sanco
Tsanco
Six
Sasatco.
Tianbatu,
Handahu
tandatu or
Tandatu
Handahu
I-tandatu.
Tandatu
zandadu
banbatu,
babatu
Seven
N-guanja,
Mco-anza,
-fungahe
M-fungati or
Fungata.
Fungahe
Mu-guanja
Mu-onza
M-fungade
M-fungate
Eight
Nyanya, -nana
Nyanya
-nane
nane or
Nane
H-nane
nyanya
Nine
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda,
K-enda
C-enda
I-kenda
Ten
I-kumi
I-kumi
Kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi
Kumi.
Mu-rongco
Eleven
I-kumi nemwe
I-kumi na
Kuini na
I-kumi na
I-kumi na
Kumi na
ki-mwe
mcodza
mcojeri.
mwe. I-kumi
mweriga
I-kumi na
na-mwezco
i-mweri
Twenty ...
Mi-rongco or
Mi-ongco ele or
Mi-yongo
Mi-rongco
Ma-kum'eeri
Mi-rongco i-iri
Me-rungeo
Mi-longco iri
mi-wii
mi-ili.
i-iri or Ma-
Mi-rongco -iwi
kuini a-iri
Thirty
Mi-rongco
Mi-ongco or
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongo
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
(Me-rungco)
Mi-longco
mi-hahu
mi-tatu.
ma-tutu
mi-hahu
i-tatco or
i-tatu
Mi-rongeo
Ma-kumi
i-dadu or
a-tatco
Ma-kumi
a-dadu
Forty
Ma-kumi a-nna
Mi-ongco i-nya
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongco
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
or Me-rungco
m-ine
mi-ne(i'ri-na)
ma-nne
mi-ne.
i-nna
or Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
mi-ne or a-na
ma-ne
Fifty
Me-rungco
M!-ongco
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongco
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
i-tanco
i-tanco
mi-tpanco
mi-sanu, &c.
ma-sanco
mi-tsanco
Sixty
Me-rungco
Mi-ongco
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongco
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
i-tandatu
bandatu
mi-handahu
i-randadu
tandatu
mi-handahu
(i-babatu)
Seventy ...
Me-rungco
Mi-ongco
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongco
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
mu-gwanja
monza
mi-fungahe
m-fungate,<S-v.
fungata
mi-fungahe
io8
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
11.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
13-
Ptokcomco or
Pfcokcomu
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagalai
IS-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digco)
Eighty ...
Me-rungco
Miongco
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongco
Ma-kumi nane
Mi-rongco
i-nana
nyanya
mi-nane
wu-nyanya,
mi-nane
frc.
Ninety
Me-rungeo
Mi-ongco
Mi-yongco
Mi-rongo>
Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
k-eiida
k-enda
k-enda
ik-enda, S*c.
k-enda
cenda
Hundred . . .
I-gana
1-yana ; pi.
Gana ; ma-
I-gana
rana, I-yana
Gana
ma-yana or
m-ana
Thousand...
Giri
M-ana
(Arabic)
Ma-gana
Ma-yana
Ma-gana kumi
ma-kumi
i-kumi
ma-kumi.
Ki-hinde ;
vi-hindi
I, me, my ...
Nie. N-, Ne-.
Ni-nye. N-,Ni-.
Ami, Mimi.
Imi, Ini. N-.
Mi. N-.
Mimi, Mined.
-nd-, -nj-, -fig-.
nye. -ni-, -n-.
Ni-, Ny,
-n-. -a-ngu,
ni-. -a-ngu
Ni-, N-.
-a-kwa
-a-kwa
ni-. -a-ngu
-a-pco, -a-pwa
mi. -ni-. -a-ngu
Thou, thee,
Wee. U-, 0)..
We, Ni-we.
Awe, Wewe.
Uwe, (Ohco.
We, Uwe. U-,
Uwe. U-, OJ-.
thy
ku-. -a-ku
U-.
U-, Ku-.
COku. Ku-, U-.
Wu-.
we-, -co.
we. -ku-. -gco,
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -kco,-a-k<o
ku-. -a-kco
-kco
He, him, his
0).ria, U-lia.
Uya, US, Miya.
Jeje, Cece.
I -ye or Uco.
Ye, lye. E-,
lye. Yu-, U-,
A-.
Yeyai. Ya-,
Ka-, A-.
CO-, U-, A-.
A-.
A-.
nye. -mu-.
A-.
mu-. -a-kwe
-mu-. -a-ke
mi-, -mu-.
ye, -e(ze).
-a-ke
m-. -mu-.
-a-kwe
mu-. -a-kwe
-a-kwe
We, us, our
l-zvve. I-bui
Ibie. Oibi. Tu-,
Swiswi. Swi-.
I-si. Di-,D- ( Ti-,
U-swi. Tu-.
Siswi, Swiswi,
Tco-, Tu-.
Ti-, I-tu.
Hu-.
T-.
tu-. -etu
Si-mo, Fwi.
tu-. -itu
ti. -tu-. -itu
hu-. -ehu
-di-, -ti-. -edu,
Wu-, U-, Hu-,
du
Fw-.
swi. -hu-. -ehu
Ye, you, your
I-ngui,
I-nyui. Mu-.
Nywinywi.
I-nyu. Mu-.
U-nywi,
Ninwi,
I-nyuwe. Mu-.
-mu-. -iiiu
Mu-.
-m-, -mu-.
U-nwi. Mu-.
Mwinwi. Mu-,
mu- (?).
mu-. -enu
enyu
m-, -mu-.
Ny.
-a-nyu
enyu
nwi. -mu-,
m-. -enu
They, them,
Aria, Weu,
Wa, Acco,
Waco. Wa-.
A-wa, A-wco.
Waco. Wa-.
Aco, A-iim. Ma*.
their
Waco. Maco-,
Andua. Asu.
wa-. -a-co
Wa-, Wi-.
wa-. -a-wco
-co. -a-, -a-co
Ma-.
Ma-.
wa-, -wi-.
wa-,-ma-. -a-o>
ceo. -a-, -coco
-a-wto, -a-vwe
All
obe or -ose,
onbe, -conde
-onse, &*.
cose. Putu
ose
cosi, -cosini
ose (2), y-ose
Pia
(4), m-ose (6),
y-6se (8),
ci-ose (10),
t-ose (12),
w-ose (14),
h-ose (16),
kw-ose (15)
This, these
Uyu, awa or
Uu or uyu, aa
Hu-yu, ha-wa ;
U-u, u-yu, u-hu;
Uu, awa, &c.
Yuyu, aa ; uu,
aa ; uyu, ii ;
or aya ; uu,
Hu-ti. hi-i ;
a-wa ; u-gu,
ii ; riri, gaga;
riri, yaya or
H; ii, gaa;
Hi-di, ha-ya ;
u-yu ; ii ; i-li ;
kiki, vivi ; ii,
ama ; keki.
ki-y.i, i-ya ;
hi-ci, hi-vi ;
a-ya ; i-ki ;
zizi; lulu; uu;
ii ; ii, cici ;
i-ya, zi-ya or
hi-i, hi-zi ;
i-vi; Ss*c.
kaka ; uu ;
rcorco ; tcotco ;
zizi; uu; tw-ii;
hu-yu ; hu-u
kuku ; haha
kaka ; uwu ;
ki-i;uu;kw-aa,
(12), ha-ka ;
(vava) ;
kcokco ; haha
wa-a, mw-aa
hu-u ; hu-ku ;
mumu.
ha-fa; hu-mu.
GROUP C: BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
109
This, these
...
U-yu, a-wu,
...
U-eo or U-yu ;
I -ye, aw, uwu,
(continued}
u-yu, i-yu, &c.
a-wu ; u-gu
iyu, riru, &c.
or u-vu ; i-yu ;
nu (yu-n,
&C,
a-nu, u-nu,
i-nu, &c.)
That, those
U-ria orOO-ria,
Uu-ya, aa-ya,
Huyu-de, hawa-
U-lya or u-ja ;
Ye-, u-,
a-ria ; u-ria,
&>.
de (or huyu-le,
wa-lya or
yu-ya,
i-ria; ri-ria,
hawa-le), huu-
wa-ja ; gu-ja
yu-yathu,
ma-ria; ki-ria,
de, hii-de, 6-v.
or Yu-lya ; &c.
yu-yahu ;
i-ria ; i-ria,
a-riat'u,
ci-ria ; ra>ria;
a-riahu ;
to)-ria; ka-ria:
u-riat'u,
u-ria ; ku-ria ;
i-riahu ; &rc.
ha-ria
Hi- (Hi-yu,Hi-a;
hi-u,hi-i; hi-ri,
hi-ga ; hi-ki,
hi-vi ; hi-i,
hi-zi ; hi-lu ;
hi-vco ; Ore. :
also Hi-co,
Hi-rco, &c.)
Bad
ru, -uru. -buku
bugu. Tabisie,
-suka or -zuka
lagelage. -wiwi
-ii
-vii
wasi
Black
iru, -wiru
ziu, -wiu
euzi
Ny-ilu ; -a c-ilu -jiru
Ny-iru, -iru
Female
-ka
ka
ke. -kuve
ke. -awaka -ce
ce. -te. -aci
(sheep), -bice
,
(cattle and hu-
mans)
Fierce
guruki. -ugi
buku
kali
-abili or -birie. -ekahe
siru
(ri = sharp)
-fia
Good
ega, -wega.
zeu, -ceco
ema
Ki-rani, -rani, -edi
dzu or -dzu
sima
-luli. -ica.
boie
Great
-nene
nene
kuu. Bora
mbwaha, -baha
bumu. -nene
bwaha
Little
-nyinyi, -nini
nini, Kaniiii
cucu
cace. -tini -dongu
-tite, -dide.
tembe
Long, high,
-raia
-wasa, -atsa.
yeya
lele. -laca -eza or -weza
re
tall
bangau
Male
rume
ume, -umiu
-yume
lume. -ume
lume, -dume
-a wumi,
vumi
Old
-kuru, -buri.
ku, -mi, -tene
-zee. -kuru
-a kala or -a kae.
kare. -kuru.
Ki-heti j
Kale. -fwie. -a-sakaa
vedi 5
N-keku.-gusi.
koiigwe,
Ki-demu
koiiga
Red
tune, -tuni
N-duune.
-kundu
Ngundu, -ii-kundu
-tune, -dune.
M-weu
M-kundu
-kundu
Rotten
-uru or -buba
kiu. -kigu.
lafa. -wuwa
ula. -worie -a kuwua
ula
-cuu, -uu
Short
kuhi
kupi
fun
fupi -fuhi
-fuhi or -futi.
ivi
Sick
ruaru, -dwari.
Mu-wao
cwaa, -jwaazi
konkwa, -cwajua
gongu,
rimco.
kongu
kongu
Mo-ruaru
1734
I
no
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
II.
Kikuyu
II a. Meru
13.
Kamba
13-
Pwkcomcd or
Pfcdkumco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
IS-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digeo)
White
eru
au, -eu.
-kundu (?)
-nange.
ewa. Dy-ewa
eruve, -aruhe
Mw-au, Nz-au
(zeru = holy,
ccokwa.
pure)
Mny-ange
Above, up, on
I -guru
Ulu, yulu
Dzuu
I-gulu
Wanga
Dzulu
top
Before
M-bere. Tene
M-bee
Usuni. Mbee
M-bele
M-bere
Behind ...
T3uta
Edina
Mo-ongoni wa-.
Ny-uma
Ny-uma
Ny-uma
N-singto ya
Nga-lukco
Below, down
TJini. T5i.
Pa-anbi ,
Dzi or Tsini
M-safige-ni.
Si
Tsini
Rungu. Cini
N-bini
I -si
Far ...
Ko-raiya
Ku-atsa
Kuye
Ku-lele, Kula
Hae
Kure
Here
Haha
Vaa
Habfa
Aha
Aha
Hiva. Haha.
Vava. Hanoi
In, inside ...
-a t>eni. TBeni,
N-janue.
ni. Ku-zimu
-a n-denji.
N-deni
N-dani. Mu-,
-ini
N-dini ya
Ko-mweni,
moi
A-mweni
Middle
N-gatigati or
Kati.
Kahikahi
Gati
. . .
Kahikahi
Katikati
Vco-kati
Near
-a ha-kuhi
Pa-kupi
Ha-fufi
Ka-vui
...
Yevi, Hehi
(kubi)
Outside ...
N-ja. Ku-uma.
N-dza
Yawa. Nse
?i-gati
^i-gati. Scome
Ndze. Ku-nze
Plenty, many
ingi
-ingi. M-wita
inji
-engi, -ingi.
Fwanda
engi. Abau
Lcolilcoli
There
Ku-ria. Ha-ria
Way a. Ekuu
Hu-kude.
Ahco. Alya.
Hala
Hariathu. -kco.
Ku-ya
Ha-bfade
U-kco. Kulya.
Vara. Hikoi.
Aja
Hahco. Vw.
Kura
Where? ...
-ha?, -ka?
Na-ku ?, -iba ?
Ku ?, kuni ?
Hiyco? Hau?
Hi?
Lavi ?, -hi ?
Me-ha ?
Hikoi ?
Me-ku ?
No!
N-di-6ta ! Aca !
Tiwco!
Si-oyco !
lii ! Haiya !
Hai ! Si !
Mbai! Ha;a !
Kco-ti-ri !
Mbai !
Dzi!
Not (with verb,
Ti-, -di,
Ti- (di-), -ti-,
Si-, Ku-, Ka-.
Si, Si-, Su-,
. ..
Si, Si-, Zi-.
as prefix, in-
ta- or -da-
Ta-hu-. Ta-
Sa-
Kha-, Kh'-,
fix; or suffix)
mu-, Ta-wa.
Tha-, -ba
Teo- (Tan), Te-
To
KCO-, Ku-, Gu-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
-gooba. -hora
kuna. -vtoa.
biga
kwita
-biga
piga
kanya
buy, sell
gura
ua. -bton.
-guya
-gula
-zosra
gula
,, come ...
-coka, -ka
uka
dza
-ja
-za
-dza
cut
tema. -tinda
dila
huna
sinja. -dema
tema
tsinsa.
dema, -tema
dance ...
bwiiba. -ina
songa.-inaor
vina
,-haka
torcoka
zaziga
or -wina
tacoka.
kuina
die ...
kua
kwa
fwa
fwa
fwa
fa
eat ...
ria
-ya.lika. -uma
ca, -ja
-jiga
la
rya
,, give ...
hee. -ruta
nenga
bfa. -yavya
hawa
inga
va
,, go
bie, -zie,
enda. -bi
enda
gala
tonga
enda. -hua.
inuka. -cera
enenda.
hamba,
-tamba. -laa
GROUP C : BRITISH EAST AFRICA LANGUAGES
in
English
II.
Kikuyu
1 1 a. Meru
12.
Kamba
13-
Pcokumu or
Pfcokomco
14.
Taita
(Ki-dabida-
Ki-sagala)
15-
Taveita
1 6.
Nika
(Giryama-
Duruma-Digeoi
To Kco-, Ku-, Gu- Ku- Ku- Ku- Ku- Ku-
kill ... -uraga. -urra -aa. -dila -yaga -laga. -pnja -kcoma -ulaga.
-tsindza
know ... -menya. -dzi. -manya. -dzi. -many a. -many a -tisiwa -manya
igua. -oi
laugh ... -beka
leave off, -tiga. -lekia
cease
love. want -enda
see ... -ona. -rora
sit, remain, -ikara
abide
.. sleep ... -kcoma.
cunga
stand.stop, -rugama
be erect
,, steal ...
lya
ese
beka
eka, lekya
kyenda,
enda
ona. -dzidza
ekala
-mama.
kcoma.
likwa
-mama,
-umama.
ungema,
-ungama,
umana
ya. nea. ngea
hambuya
dzeka -seka
yadza -siga
enda. -dzaka -saya
cona -ona. -leola
kaa -kala, -kata
tungura
sindzia.
-yala
sumama
-seka
tseka
siya
rica, -rega.
laca. -sia,
sika
kunda,
hendza.
kundie
kunda
-wcona.
ona. -Icola
iyuwa
ikaa
sagala, -sala.
kala
-sinzia
lala
kaa kinui-si ? -scoma
iwa
iva
iwa
ima
la, lya
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KIKUYU AND MERU
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mco-, Mu-, M'- (mu-, yu-, u-, <x>-) ; 2. A- (a-) ; 3. MOJ-, Mu- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Me-, Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. "Gi-?, Ri-, Di-, I- (ri-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, a-) ; 7. Ki-, Ke-, Ge-, Gi- (ki-) ; 8. I- (i-) ; 9. , N-, J-, Ny-
(i-, n-) ; 10. , N-, Ny-, Ci- (pi. also to i and 7) (ci-) ; 1 1. Rco-, Ru-, Lu- (rco-, ru-) ; 12. Tco- (t<o-, tu-) ;
13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. 00-, U- (u-) ; 15. Ku-, Kw (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-); (17. only represented by the
suffix -ini).
PREFIXES, &C., IN KAMBA
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, yu-, u-); 2. A- (a-) ; 3. Mu- M- (mu-, m-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-
(i-, di-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. I-, TH- (i-, ic-) ; 9. N- (M-), -, Ny- (n-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-),
,Nz-,Ny- (n-, ny-, zi-, ci-) ; II. U-(u-, m-); 12. Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ;
1 6. Pa-, Va-, Wa- (pa-, va-, wa-) 5(17. represented only by suffix -ini).
PREFIXES, &C., IN POOKOOMO)
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu-, yu-,ju-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi-(mi-,i-); 5. ,Dzi-,
Dz- (di-); 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki- (ki-,ci-) ; 8. Vi- (vi-) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny, (n- (m), i-, yi-) ; 10. Ny-,
N-, (n- (m-), zi-) ; ii. Yu-, U-,Reo- (oldform) (yu-, ju-) ; 12. U- (u-); 13. Ka-, K'- (ka-); 14. U ; (u-) ;
1 5. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Fa- or Pfa- (fa-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-, -mu, -mco ; -ni).
I 2
ii2 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &C., IN TAITA
A trace of preprefixes.
Class I . Mu-, M- (mu-, u-, yu-, hu-) ; 2. Wa-, Va- (wa-, va-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu-, yu-) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, i-); 5. Iri-,1-, Ji-, Izi- (li-, ji-,j-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, >a-) ; 7. Ki-(ki-); 8. Vi-(vi-); 9. Ny-, N-,
(n-, i-) ; 10. Ny-, N-, Nyu-, Cu- (n-, ci- ?, ri-) ; 1 1. Lu-, Leo- (lu-) ; 12. Du-, Di-, Ru- (?) (du- ?) ; 13. Ka-
fka-) ; 14. U-, Wu-, Vu- (u-, vu-, yu-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha-, A- (ha-, ku-) ; 17. (-ni or -nyi) ; and
traces of a La- prefix in Taita and Nika.
PREFIXES, &C., IN TAVEITA
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-, Iji-, Ni- ?
(li-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a-) ; 7. Nki- ?, Ki- (ki-) ; 8. Vi-, Wi- (vi-) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, - (n-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny-,
(n-, ji- or zi-) ; li. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. Tu- (tu-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. Wu- (wu-,u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha-
(ha-) ; 1 7. absent ? represented by locative suffix, -ni or -ini.
PREFIXES, &C., IN NIKA
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, yu-, \v-) ; 2. A- (a-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ; 5. Ri- 1 , Dzi- 1
(ri-, i-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga-) ; 7. Ki-, C-, Ci- (ki-, c'-) ; 8. Vi-, % (vi-, ^'-) ; 8 a. Vi., Fi- (vi-, ft-) ; 9. N- (M-),
Ny'-, (n- (m-), nyi-, i-) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny'-, (n-, nyi-, zi-) ; n. Lu-, Ru- (lu-, ru-) ; 12 s . U- (u-) ;
13. Ka- (ka-) 14. U- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-) ; 17. Mu- (mu- ; -ni). Traces of La- prefix.
11. Kikuyu is spoken in the Kikuyu highlands, between Upper River Tana, and the Meru and Nyeri
districts north-east and north-west of the northern slopes of Mount Kenya ; south-west, to the vicinity
of Nairobi ; eastwards, to the TJeraka country. The Meru dialect (11 a) is said to be markedly distinct.
It is spoken in the north-east portion of the Kikuyu area. The dialects of Kikuyu proper (which
standard Kikuyu is the Kiambu of Fort Hall) are the following, according to Capt. G. St. J. Orde-
Browne : Nyeri (north-west Kikuyu); Ndia (south-west Kikuyu); Embu (Cuka, Mwimbe, Emberre,
TSeraka, and Igo>ji, east and south-east Kikuyu) ; and 1 1 a, Meru, or north-east Kikuyu.
12. Kamba is spoken in Ukambani, between the Tana river on the north and the Ongolea hills near
Kilimanjaro) on the south. It is bounded on the west by Kikuyu and on the east by the Gala, Po>ko>mo>,
and Giriama tribes.
13. Pcokcomco is spoken in the country along both banks of the Lower Tana, behind the coast-belt.
14. Taita is spoken in the Taita hills south of Ukambani, west of Giriama, east of Taveita and
Kilimanjaro).
15. Taveita is spoken in the Taveita settlement, south-east of Kilimanjaro).
16. Nika is spoken in the coast country behind the Swahili fringe, from the Sabaki river on the north
to beyond the Umba river in the south.
1 PL No. 4, Mi-. " ? 14. PL to Ka-.
GROUP D GROUP E
THE KILIMANJARO LANGUAGES THE USAMBARA LANGUAGES
1 7. Caga (Mosi or Ki-mtoci)
IQ. Sambala
17
a. Ki-siha or Sira 170. Ki-rombco io a . Bondei
1 7 b. Ki-macame
I7d. Ki-meru 20 _ Zieula
18. Pare-Gwenco
20 a. Nguru
1 8 a. C-asu
20 b. Ki-dcoe 20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d. Kim-rima (Lima)
17.
1 8.
19. 193. 20. 20 d.
English
Caga, &>c.
Pare'-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
Sambala Bondei Zigula Kim-rima
20 a. Nguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
Animal, wild
Ny-ama.I-ndco;
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.Z-ama Ny-ama Ny-ama. Kala Ny-ama
beast
ma-ndco
Ant
M-bwine. Safu.
Ma-cici. Ma-ra.
Cungu. Silafu ... Silafu.
Mahv-ondco,
N-geni. Safu,
U-tilitili.
N-ondco.
Kcokombiru
U-sawa
Faafu
Ant, white
M-sora.
M-sau
Mu-swa M-siwa M-swa
(termite)
N-sau (17 b).
\
Sawa (17 d).
M-keni (i7c).
N-kcoki (17 a)
Arm
Ku-wcokco; ma-.
M-kconco ; mi-.
Mu-kconcti; mi- Mu-kconeo ; mi- M-kconco Mu-kconco ; mi-
(O-cokco ; pi.
Ku-wcokco ;
ma-cokco or
ma-
ma-akco (17 a,
b). M-kunco
Arrow
M-fe. "M-fi.
Mu-vwi ; mi-
M-uvi, Z-uvi ; M-dali, M-sale. M-dali. M-sale.
M-bale ; ii-ale
m-sale. Hcosa ; ma + . M-fulco
(17 d).
(M-tegco = Golwa ; ma +
trap-arrow) (wooden
tipped).
Ki-gumba
(iron tipped)
Axe, adze . . .
Scoka ; tna-
Zcoka ; ma + .
Sezco ; ma + . Hoya. Hoiya. Sezu.
scoka. Ki-aara
Ka-zeoka : vn-
Ccoka. U-hamba. Ki-huju.
/>/.fi-(l 7 d)
Hoya; ma + . M-kcomco. Gembe
Gembe; ma + . Gembe,
M-bajco Jembe
Baboon
I-fie (17 d).
I-puve (i8a).
Ny-ani ... Ny-ani
I-fubi or
I-fcolongco.
I-fuwe
Jeoboj ; ma +
Back
M-ongco.
M-YOng<o
Mu-gongco Mu-gongco Mu-gongco M-gongco
Mu-hongco
Banana
I-ruu. I-rfl-yu;
RuYuima-ruYU.
Huti. Tonte. Huti ; ma + . Tonte; ma + .
ma-. I-kundu
En-didi
Bcokco. Tonte; ma + . Tundwi,
(17) (tree).
Mu-dizi. Tindi; ma+ Tindi (=tree).
Nida (17 a).
Mu-hoyco (tree) Huti (unripe)
Beard
N-gererco.
Kcolco ; ma +
Dezu N-devu; N-devu
Ki-leri (17 d)
ma-devu
Bee
N-juki. uki.
N-juki
N-ycoki N-ycoki N-yuki
Siki (17 d)
Belly
N-deu
N-denyi.
Tumbco I-fu Tumbco, I-nda;//.
Ki-fu
U-tumbco. I-fu zi-nda
Bird
N-dehe; fi-lehe
N-deye
N-dege N-dege M-dege N-dege
or N-dee ;
fi-lee. Ki-lehe;
pi-. Ki-te; vi-
(17 c).
1 M-pale is
the correct form of the name.
114
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, &*c.
18.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
19.
Sambala
193.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Jfguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
20 c. Ki-kwere
Blood M-samu.U-sau Tsakame Sakami. P'come Sakame
M-pcome
Body Ny-imbi. M-wiri; mi- Mu-ili 0rN-wili Mu-ili ; mi- M-wili
Body
Ny-imbi.
M-wiri; mi-
Mu-ili orN-wili
Mu-ili ; mi-
M-wili
Mu-ili. M-bihu
(17). M-bili
Bone
I-fuo. I-fua.
I-^yua
Mu-vuha
Ki-vuha
Vuha ; ma +
I-fuha
Bow
U-ha. Wu-da
Wu-ra
Luii-ta
U-ta
U-ta
(17). U-rara
(17 d)
Bowels
Ma-ula
I-fu
I-fu ; ma-
Ma-fu (I-fu).
Ki-nkunku
Borassuspalm
Sawerco
N-deogco; ma +
Mu-vumco
M-bumco
M-sala?
Mw-andu?
Brains
O-rongco, pi.
U-fura ; ma +
Uw-ongco
Uw-ongco ; //.
Ubw-ongco; //.
nyo-. (Kiboj-
b-ongco
mb-ongco
Breast (man's)
M-bafu ; ma-.
M-bafu
Ki-fua.
Ki-fua
Ki-fuwa
Ki-ala ; f i-ala
Breast
I-vele, I-wehe ;
Ki-kombe
Tombeo ;ma + .
Tombeo
Tombeo
(woman's)
ma-.
Ki-wele
Ki-beeta ; pi-.
Ki-bcota ;
fi-bcota
Brother ...
N-dehe (Old
M-dw-eru ; pi.
N-dugu.
N-dugu
N-dugu.
Ca.g&). Moo-
wa-dw-eru
Lumbu.
M-kulu.
neo. Wa-ma,
Mu-kulu.
M-vuna.
Mw-anama.
Nw-ene-tu
Mw-en'-etu
Mw-ana-n-die
Buffalo ...
M-bcoco,
M-bwyco
M-bcogco
M-bcogco
M-bcogco
M -bunco,
M-bcogco
Bull
Sau, N-sau
N-saco,
N-kambaku.
Kambaku.
N-jeka.
Kin-saco
Tule. N-dama
N-gombe
N-gulumale
(JUV.)
fi-gcosi
Buttocks ...
Ma-dakco.
^i-ndikco.
Tako ; ma-
. .
Ma-takco
O-rumco.
M-bweca
Ki-sia.
Ki-irarco.
Ki-ruaruco.
Ma-tulu
Canoe
N-galawa,
...
Dalu ; ma-
Dalu ; ma +
M-tumbwi
N-gilawa
Cat
N-kite. Paka
M-nyau
M-nyaco.
M-nyaco
M-nyau
or M-paka
Conjwe
Charcoal ...
I-kaa ; ma-kaa
Ma-kaa
Ma-kala
. . .
Chief
Mange, Mangi
Mangi ; wa + .
Z-umbe.
Z-umbe ; ma +
Z-umbe.
Mambco.
M-fumwa
M-temi.
M-gcosi ; wa-.
M-fumwa
M-fumwa
Child
M-butu.
Kamw-ana ;
Mw-ana
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
M-kcoku.
wa + .
m-kebe. Kaz-
Mw-ana
m-teke.
M-ana,M-cona,
Em-dconi
anaka-kebej.
m-teke
M-dcodco
Mw-ana,
Ka-zana
Uw-ana.
K-cona ; wa-
kcona
N-dugu
N-ombe dume
J-umbe
Mw-ana
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, &c.
18. 19. 19
Pare-Gwenco Sambala Boi
1 8 a. C-asu
a. 20. 20 d.
idei Zigula Kim-rima
20 a. Nguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
Cloth
N-guwco.
N-guweo. Suke, Guni N-guwto. Suke
Scoori.
Scoori. N-sori Guni
N-setco ; mi-.
Swaari
Coco-nut palm
M-site
Mu-nazi M-nazi
mi- Nazi
Cold
M-behco, Beco.
M-behco M-pehco M-pehco
Pehu. M-pehco
M-bico. Ki-sie
(17 a)
Country ...
U-ruka; ma-.
I sanga Ni-pi pi
Si
00-ruka ;
njo-ruka.
I -sanga ; ma-
Cow
Mbe. N-ombe
N-gumbe
Un-umbe. Gcoma. N-ombe mo- N-ombe. N-ombe
Ki-nombe M-buguma. yele M-buguma. m-twanzi or
(I 7 b).
Mcoli (,/uv.)
Mcoli M-buguma
N-umbe(i7d).
N-ube (17 c).
Umbe (17 a)
(Crocodile ...
Ki-nyanu ; fi-.
Ki-nyau ; fi-.
Ki-nyana; vi- Mamba Mamba. Mamba
Bcomco
Ki-nyah.
Ki-nyani
Date palm...
I-kangaci,
I-vangaci Mu-sala
M-sala
.
Y-angaji.
1-harara
Day
N-keonu.
M-firi. Mu-si; Mu-pi. Siku. Siku
Siku. M-si,
N-sanin.
mi-si (Mu-pi = day-
(Zuwa = day-
Suku. M-firi.
light)
light)
N-yimeo ; pi.
m-umco
Devil
A-sukco or
Swi ; ma+ M-pepco M-pepco
M-pepco
Wu-sukco.
U-sukwa.
'
U-ketco.
U-kwale.
Mu-rumu ;
va-, wa-, or
ba-
Doctor
Mw-anga,
Mu-yanga M-sangi
N-ganga
Dog
I -kite ; ma-.
Kite. I-gureo Kuli Kuli
Kuli. M-bwa. Mbwa
M-bara.
Si-kcokco
Ki-ite; fi-ite
Donkey ...
N-dzoi.
Zcoe, X-zcoe Jcowe. N-jcowe
N-jcowa. M-punda
I-cungu. I-se
M-punda.
M-punda
Ki-hongwe
Door
Mw-ongto.
Mw-angco Lu-uvi M-langco. L-uvi.
Mw-angeo
L-uvi ;
ny-uvi M-langco
Dream
I-lwdia or
N-dorco Scozi. N-dcotco Scozi crN-jcozi Scozi ; ma-
Nya-lodia.
J-oria.
N-doxosoj
Drum
N-gwma.
N-gcoma N-gcoma N-gcoma N-gcoma
M-tingoj
Ear
Ku-du. Ku-rui.
Ku-rwi. Gu-twi Gu-twi
Gu-twe Gw-itwe
Ku-hi (17 a)
1 -sikico ;
ma-sikico
n6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
17- i8. i
English Caga, 6rv. Pare-Gwenco Sam
18 a. C-asu
J. 19 a. 20. 20 d.
bala Bondei Zigula Kiin-rima
20 a. Nguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-deoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
Egg Li-boreo. I-bore Tagi
Tagi Tagi
I-barwe.
1-bore.
N-geojeo,
Elephant ... Seofu. N-deofu, N-jeofu Tembeo
N-thembcij. N-tembeo.
N-jtofu N-tembeo Seovu Ngeogeomi
Excrement Ma-rifi, Ma-rifi, Fari Ma-vi
Ma-vi
Ma-difi, Ma-fi,
Ma-tufi.
Ki-ala, Ki-
rasi, Ki-rareo
Eye Ir-isco. R-iseo R-isco ; in-esto Z-isco
Z-isco or T-iseo ; Z-isco. M-esco L-iseo or S-isco.
m-esu M-esco
Face, forehead Ki-amu; si- or Ki-amu C-ene;
vy-ene C-ene; vy- U-sco
fi-. Ki-sangu;
fi-
Fat Ma-fuha, Ma- Ma-fura Ma-vuta Ma-vuta Ma-vuta.
fura, Ma-fuda.
Lu-gala.
Ka-nda.
N-gulunya
Sunya
Father ... Baba. Wan-de. N-dico. Vava. Tate.
Isco, Tate. Isco Tate. Isco, Tata
N-deeo, N-die. Apaa(i8a). Ise
Ise
N-deye N-dico-fu>,
N-die
Fear W-ilai. O-wu. J-cowcoha tOga
U-coga W-coga
Wu-eawu.
Wu-hcowa
Finger ... 'Nni. Kimu-nu. M-nywi. C-ala;
vy-ala C-ala ; vy- (?)//. Deole
Kimu-nyco, Fi-cola.
Ki-nyeo. Mu-nyu
Mu-nco
Fire M-ohco. M-oru Mu-oteo M-otco M-otco M-otco
M-odeo.
Mu-roa
Fish I-kunga N-kunga Fi
Fi; mafi. Ny-ama ya
Gcobco ma-zi. M-bisi
Foot Ku-dende. Ku-rende. Mu-lundi. Mu-lundi Ki-ga? Ha-za. Mu-gulu; mi-
ll -rende. Ku-mui ; pi. Lu-ayco. Lw-ayco
CO-woo. ma-mui M-kconeo
Nya-wayeo.
Nu-tufii (heel)
Forest ... M-sudu. Ki-amrco Mu-zitu M-zitu M-bagu
N-gera.
N-gorcoseo.
N-gumi,
N-gudu
Fowl N-guku N-guku N-guku N-guku N-guku
Frog N-geli. I-kura. I-rcome I-ula
J-ula J-ula
Kilco.
N-gwale.
I-kilwa
Ghost Mu-rumu; va- Ki-nje M-pepeo. M-zimu. Pepco Ki-zuli.
orba.-. N-gilico. Mu-zimu N-kaka
Ki-rinji; si-.
Ki-rise; fi-.
^i-rinje ; fi-
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
117
English
17-
Caga, O'c,
18.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
19-
Sambala
19 a.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Giraffe
Ny-eoli, COlii.
N-deya
N-twiga
N-dia
Girl, maiden
Mw-ali
M-bori
Mu-ndele; wa-.
Ka-ndele ; vi-
M-ndele ;
...
Ka-ndele ; vi-.
wa-ndele
Ka-vele
Goat
M-buru,
Im-buz,i.
M-buzi
M-buzi
M-buzi.
M-buzi
M-buri.
M-buru.
M-peeni(2oa)
N-daina (l7b)
M-buri
,, (he) ...
OOlco, Oreo.
Oreo
X-d col come.
Fulata
Fulata. Bebelu
Bulata
Horco
Fulata
(she)
M-hcoma.
N-gcolw.
M-ycoma
M-balika.
N-tcoycota
Tcogeota or
M-buguma
M-buguma.
N-tcogcota.
Tcogeota or
M-buguma
Sawana(i7d)
Ka-vulata
God
Grandparent
I-ruva, E-ruwa
Mu-eku.
Babu
Ruwa. Suva
Kcokco
Mu-lungu
BabaJ. Wauo.
Weya
Mu-lungu
Baba 5. Wau j
M-lungu
Baba 5. Wau 5.
Nyco-kwe
Mu-lungu
m-kulu
Grass
Ma-ra. Ny-asi.
Ny-ansi. Ma-ra
Fcovco. Lu-suki
Fcovco ; ma + .
Ny-asi. Z-ani ;
U-weresi
Inde ; ma + .
ni-ani
Ground
(i 7 d)
O)-rika.
VV-anda (17).
M-bai
Lu-wangwa.
M-ani. Kusi
Si
Si
...
Si. Sumbai
U-longco
Ground-nut
...
...
N-jugu
Sugu
N-jugu
...
Guinea-fowl
N-ganga.
Ny-anga.
N-kanga
N-khanga
N-kanga.
...
I-rana. U-furu
N-gelele
N-kelele
(i7b).N-gelele
Gun
Wa-lebcolco.
Bwindiki Futi Futi
Futi
Nge-bcole-
bcolco.
Ki-pcolcopcolco.
Ki-alcolco ; li-.
M-bunduki
Hair
N-dzui, N-ji.
N-jui. N-zui.
Fili
Fili
Lu-vili. (Lu-fili
Lu-nyuele ;
Ma-fuli,
Seri
one hair) ;
nyuele
Ma-fili
Fili
Hand
M-kconu,
U-hi; ma-hi.
Mu-kconco.
Gasa
M-kconco.
Mu-kconco
N-kconu. U-hi.
M-kconco ; mi-.
Ki-gasa; -vasa
N-konde.
Kco-cokco
N-gumi.
Ki-fumba.
Ki-gasa
Head
Mu-dco. N-rcoe.
M-rwi. J-ongco.
Mu-twi
Mu-twi
Mu-twe, M-twi
Li-twe
N-hcoe.
Mu-rue
M-dcoe ; mi-
Heart
N-goo. (I-hima
N-g5co or
M-oyco. (I-ni
M-oyco
M-oyco. (Z-oyco
>
= liver)
En-gcolco
= /ive r)
= large heart)
Heel
Sedu, Sendu, Tutunye
Ki-haya Ki-haga ; vi-
Ki-siginco.
*
or Ki-sendu.
Ki-haga
Ki-sinanco.
U-tufco ; nyu-
Hide
N-jconi, fsconi. N-jtoni Lu-kingco Lu-kingco.
N-kingo).
N-dongco
Babu
M-kcota
Hill
I-bici
Ki-lima Ki-lima
Ka-lima.
...
I-tunda
Hippopotamus
N-gerre, N-gerere M-vulu Ki-bonkhco
M-vulu.
...
N-gere
Ki-bonkco
n8
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, &(.
18. i<
Pare-Gwenu Sam
1 8 a. C-asu
). 193.
bala Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-due
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Hoe
I-ebe (17 a).
I-jembe
Gembe; ma + .
L-embe
M-gembe; mi-
Honey
V-uki, \V-uki
Wu-ki U-ki
W-wki
U-ki, U-ci.
...
Wco-ki
Horn
CO-be; bebe.
U-embe Lu-vea
; pi. Lu-fea ; fea
H-embe ; mp-
. ..
O-mbe ;
fea or feya
me-mbe.
U-hembe ;
m-hembe.
U-embe ;
m-bembe
Horse
N-sungu
Falasi
Falasi
Falasi
Faraei
House
Mba, N-umba,
Ny-umba. Ny-umba. Ny-umba.
Ny-umba.
N-anda ; ma-
N-uba,
I-banda. Kaya
Kaya
N-anda.
Ny-umba.
I -hum
(Z-umba = a
M-bii ; fi-bii.
large house]
I-tengu.
M-calu.
1-tongu
Hunger
N-jaa. Sutw
N-jaa Sala
Sala
Sala, Gumbu
...
Husband
Hyena
Iron ...
Island
Ivory ...
Knee ...
Knife ..
Lake, sea
Leg ...
Leopard
Lion ...
M-mi (17 a).
Em-buonge
M-gusi.
M-gcosi ; \va-
M-gusi.
Mu-lume
M-lume
1-fisi. I-fulu.
1-batu
Fisi. Bau.
Fisi. Bau.
Bau. Fisi.
Sisi. I-rabulu;
Ma-njaku
Ndzaku ; ma-
N-djlili.
ma- (i7d)
Ki-ngugwa
M-inya,
M-inya
M-sumu.
Ki-lama
Ki-rama
M-enya.
Ki-lama
Ma-ringa
I-rua. K-inga.
Ki-dara
Ki-siwa.
...
Ki-luwa
Ki-ringitia
Ki-luwa
CO-be ; pi. bebe.
Fegu or Gegu
N-tembco. Fea
Lu-fea.
M-pembe za
Ma-hehco.
Tembu
n-tembu
U-embe Iwa
sufu. Ombe
lo> nj-ufu
Nri, N-dni,
N-di
Vindi. I-swi,
Vinti; ma +
I-di; ma-di.
I-ndi, Ndii.
I-zwi
Vindi ; ma +
I-riki. Keri
(17)
Ki-jsu ; fi-.
Ki-andwi
Tuni ; ma + .
Tuni ; ma 4
N-gula
Ki-adu.
Sime.
Ki-usu.
Lu-panga
CO-banga.
Ki-andwi
I-ruwa
...
Ziwa
Ziwa
Ziwa
Ku-tendu,
Ku-rende
Mu-lindi
M-lundi.
Ki-ga ; vi-ga
Ku-dende.
, Ki-fumba
U-rende
O-basi.
M-lula
Sui
Suwi. Duma
Sui. Duma
Ny-amanru
(17 a).
I-rumu.
N-gwe
d7 d).
N-gulamu
Simba
Simba
Simba
Simba
Simba
J-uma
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
119
English
17-
Caga, Sf.
18. 19. 19 a. 20. 20 d.
Pare-Gwenco jSambala Bondei Zigula Kim-rima
1 8 a. C-asu 20 a. JNPguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dtoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
Lips
M-lcomu.
M-umu, Mu-leomw M-lcomu; mi- Mu-lwmoj
M-comco.
Mi-umu
I-rumbu.
Fi-ramu (//.)
Magic
W-anga,
U-sawi U-sawi U-cawi. U-sayi ...
N-sawi or
U-ganga
Wu-sawi
(good)
Maize
Ma-hemba,
I-emba, Mu-hemba. Mam-phemba. M-pemba ...
Y-embe,
Pemba, Ma-pemba Ku-bonda
I-mba
Hemba
Man
'Nru ; va-.
M-ndu ; wa-. Mu-ntu ; wa-. Mu-nthu, Mu-ntu;wa-ntu Mu-ntu;
Mu-ndu ; wa-,
va-. N-dumi,
(m-buonge= (M-g<opi=7/z>.) M-ntu; wa- wa-ntu
htisband)
"M-mi (vir.,
husband}.
M-sorco
(warrior,
young man)
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama Ny-ama Ny-ama Ny-ama Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Mu-ziyi M-z.iye
Milk
Ma-lela, Ma-
Ma-riwa M-ele M-ele (-kama M-ele. (-kama
ruwa. (-kama
= to milk) = to milk)
= to milk)
Monkey ...
N-gima.
N-tumbiri. N-tumbili Tumbili N-tumbili.
N-gcoonda.
N-geoeo. N-kima
Ki-nafigoyco ;
N-gima
f i- or fi-
Moon
Mw-eri, M-eri,
Mw-eri Mw-ezi. Mw-ezi Mw-edzi Mw-edzi
Mw-iri, Mu-ri
'Nw-ezi
Mother ...
Ma, Man,
Ma-co. Mu-lala (mid- Mami. M-lala M-nala. Mame. Mama
Wa-ma.
Ka-mangco. wife in Bon- Nyco-kwe.
Mayco. Mae,
Ma-e dei). Nyeo-kwe. Nin-e
Maye
Nin-e
Mountain ...
Subalco.
Fumbu Mu-lima Lu-gulu ? Lu-gulu; ma-. Ki-lima
I-fumbu.
M-lima.
I-fufu. M-sari.
Lu-gundi
U-rco ; //.
(20 a)
nkyu-rco
Mouth
Ka-na.
Rumbu Ka-nwa Ka-nwa M-lcomco M-lmeo
Fi-ramu.
Dumbu,
Rumbu,
Lumbu
Nail (of finger
(jU-paa ; //.
N-jala Kombe;ma + . ... N-kombe
or toe)
paa. \-caa;
Lu-kombe ;
//. n-jaa.
n-kombe
N-jaa ; pi.
ma-njaa
Name
Ir-ina. R-ina;
R-ina Z-ina Z-ina Z-ina J-ina
//. mar-ina
Navel
Nkim-bumbucu.
M-kufu Lu-kuvu Lu-kuvu Lu-kuvu
M-kufu,
Ki-kufu, Kuu
Neck
Singco,
Zingco ^ingco J5ingu> Singco
N-zingeo
Night
Ki-co
Ki-co Ki-lco. (Kiza Ki-co. (N-gima Ki-lco
= darkness) = darkness)
120
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17.
Caga, O'f.
1 8.
Pare-Gwen<o
1 8 a. C-a.su
19.
Sambala
19 a.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Nose .
M-buo, M-bua
M-bua. Pula
Pula
M-phua
M-pula
Pnla ; ma-hula
Ox
N-gumbe,
N-umbe
N-ombe.
N-ombe
N-ombe.
N-ombe
N-ube,
r-ombe.
M-palala
N-umbe,
N-jeku.
Umbe, Mbe
M-palala
Paddle
.. .
Kan
...
-.
. . .
Palm wine,
Ma-lcocoti,
Ma-leoyco.
M-pombe
Tembeo
M-pombe
beer
Ma-lcoycoti
Ma-wa
Parrot
Ka-suku
Ka-suku
N-kwalu
Kwalu ; ma +
Ka-suku
Penis
M-bwlu. M-kia.
M-cuni or
Tam-bcolw
M-bolu
M-bcolco
M-bcolco
U-rumbi(i;d)
M-cunu
Kg
N-guve,
N-guwe
N-guluwe
N-guuwe or
N-guluwe
...
N-guwe
N-gumwe
Pigeon
M-beta.
I -beta
Suwa
N-giwa
Suwa
...
Place
Wa-nda,
Ha-ndu
Ha-ntu
Ha-ntu.
Ha-ntu
. . .
Wa-ndra,
Ku-ntu
Ha-ndu,
Wa-ndu,
A-ndu
Rain
Fu5, M-vuco,
Mw-era
Fula
Fua
Fula
...
Vua
Rat
N-gyaha.
M-bewa.
N-gcopwe
N-gcoswe.
N-gcosco.
...
M-bewa
N-geoswe
Gule
M-puku
(i8a)
Rhinoceros
Bia. M-bura
Falu. M-pela
Pela
M-pela
...
River
M-fongco.
M-fconyi
Mu-teo
M-tco
M-toa
...
M-edenyi.
Mu-reny'.
N-denyi
Road
Sia, N-jia,
N-jila
N-jia, En-sia
Sila
Sia
Sila
Sila
Salt
Mu-nyu.
>
Mu-nyu
Mu-nyu.
Mu-nyu
...
M-bala
Cumvi
Shame
S<onu. Sconi.
I-rawa
Swni
Sconi
Sconi
...
I-reeze (17)
Sheep
C-coondi ; fi-.
M-ondco.
N-geotco.
N-gcotco.
N-gcolco.
...
I-cconcii: ma-.
N-onzi (i8a)
Samba.
Samba.
N-d col come.
J-anria; ma + .
N-kcosu-ycolco
Kcoscogcolco
M-bugumaj
I-horima.
(ram)
(ram)
(O)-luvi =
lamb)
Shield
N-gaco,
N-gawco
N-gawto
N-gaw
N-gawco
...
N-gawco
Shoulder ...
I-veva
*
Wega, Eya ;
Wega ; ma 4-
Wega
...
ma + , ma 'eya
Sister
M-sigicogco.
Lu-mbuya
Lumbu.
Lumbu
Lumbu.
N-dugu
M-piki.
N-dugu
Zuguni
m-twanzi.
M-fuama
mun-dele.
Lumbu
(17 A, 17 b)
M-vele ; -vele
Skin
N-dongco,
N-jconi
Babu
Babu
N-kanda.
...
N-rongco,
N-kingco.
M-rongco
M-kcota
Sky
E-rua. I-buci
Ka-yu
Lu-wingu,
U-langa
Ku-langa
...
(17). Ma-fusi
M-bingu.
(i;b). Ma-
Mu-lungu
rumbi (17 d).
I-ruhu (l7c)
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
121
English
17-
Caga, 6*e.
18.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
IQ.
Sambala
19 a.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. If guru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Slave
I-singa,I-singa
M-sorco or
M-sumba.
M-tumwa
M-tumwa.
M-tumwa
M -zorco ;
Mu-puna
Mn-dele
va-zorco
Mu-tunwa
Sleep
Ma-dco, Ma-rco.
Ma-rico(I-laa =
U-pipiza
...
N-tongco
* *
Ru-co (17 d),
verb)
To>-o (170)
Smoke
Mu-zu, M-su
M-tsi
M -eosi
M-cosi
M-cosi
*
Snake
Scoka, N-jcoka
N-jcoka,
Ny-coka
Ny-coka
Ny-coka.
.*
Ny-coka
(Z-coka = biff
snake)
Son
Mw-ana.
M-bwange.
Nw-ana
Mw-ana ; //.
M-bwanga.
M w-ana
M-paka.
Mw-ana wa
yu-ana
Mw-ana
mu-lume
Mw-ana-ke,
ki-umi
m-gcosi
M-ana-w-comi,
Ki-mana.
M-sangi
(I 7 C)
Song
Ki-ibco ; fi-.
On-gora.
U-ila ; ny-ila.
Zumco, (-imba
VV-ila
!
Ki-imbco ; fi-.
Lu-mbco
Imbco
= to sing)
Ma-fina
Spear
Fumco, I-fumu.
Fumco
Guha
Guha
Guha
M-bere
Spirit, soul
Mu-rumu
...
Mu-zimu.
Pepco. Lcohco
M-zimu,
Mu-zimu
M-pepco
M-oyco
Star
Ny-enyeri,
\ T -dondco
Lu-tondco
Tondco
Lu-tondco
N-tondco
Ny-inyiri
Stick
Ki-ri, Ki-di.
M-senge
N-gcoda
N-gcoda
N-kcome.
Fimbco
M-senge.
Bankcola.
M-buri.N-dici
Fimbco
Stomach ...
Ma-ula
...
...
I-fu ; ma-
I-gu. Tumbco.
...
Nda
Stone
1-we; ma-we.
I-we, I-bwe
I-we. I-bco
I-we ; ma-
I-we
I-hco, Ny-ihco
ni.i-hco
Stool
...
Ki-cumbi
Ki-ti; vi-ti
Ki-ti; vi-
...
...
Sun
E-rua, I-ruva.
M-bari.
Zuwa
Zuwa
Zuwa
Dzua
M-nengeri,
Suva
N-nengeri ;
mi-. (M-ui =
suns/tine)
Tail (of an
N-kia. N-desi,
Mu-ngwasi.
Mu-kila
M-kila
M-kila
...
animal)
Mw-asi,
M-sise
N-gasi,
M-hasi.
M-kuli
Tear
I-soru, I-saiu.
M-sori
Scozi ; ma + .
Scozi ; ma +
Scozi
...
M-cenyere.
Zi-pcozi ; ma-
M-serere
Testicles ...
M-bcolco-
M-bcolco
Ma-humba
Ma-humbu
Humbu
tasimba,
N-dekere
(17 c). M-bcolco
Thief
M-wiwi.
M-rangco
M-bavi.
M-bavi
M-bavi
...
I-langco
N-wivi
Thigh
Ki-nama.
Ki-nama
N-onga.
Ki-gudi
Wambco
Ki-scowu
Ny-onga
(17)
122
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, &.
1 8.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
19-
Sambala
193.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-due
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Thing
Ki-ndu,
Ki-ndco
Ki-ntu ; vi-ntu.
Ki-ntu ; vi-
Ki-ntu
Ki-ntu
Ki-ndu ; fi-, fi-
I-ntu;
ma-ntu.
Nyi-ntu.
Ka-ntu
Thorn
Mw-inga.
M-fwa
Mw-i-wa.
Mw-iwa
Mw-iwa
...
Mu-sa, M-sa
Nw-iwa
Tobacco ...
Mbatu
M-batu
Tumbatu
Tumbatu
Tumbatu
To-day
Lalu, U-lalu.
I-sanya.
Lelu
Lelco
Dyelw.
Leco
I-nu, 'N-nu,
Ytoco
I lco = now,
Lu-nu
then)
Toe
Ki-mnyco.
M-nywe wa
C-ala
C-ala ca
Dcole (dya
. .
Ki-nu.
ku-rende
m-lundi
Ki-ga)
Ki-munu.
Ki-mconyco.
N-ni (17 d)
To-morrow
N-gama.
N-gama.
Ki-loi. Lu-vi.
...
Luvi. Ki-sindco
...
Desi(i7b,i7d)
Yavco.
Mu-hitu
M-tondco
Tongue
No-ilimi,
Lu-limi
Lu-limi.
U-limi
Lu-limi
Limi
U-lumi,
Lu-laka (of
O-limi,U-limi;
beasts)
pu-limi (17 b)
Tooth
I-yco. Hehco ;
re-yco or Gegco :
Z-inw
Z-inco ; m-enco.
Z-inco. Gegco
Dz-inco
ma+. Jeo ;
//. ma-gegco.
(Ki-gegw, a
ma-eco
I-yeco
long front
tooth, a tusk)
Town
Mu-ri. Kanie.
Ki-bare.
Mu-zi
M-zi. Kaya
M-zi. Kaya
Mu-kaia,
Ki-hoiigco.
Mu-ri
Kaya
Mu-ngeo. Ki-arto
Tree
N-hi ; mi-hi.
M-ri. Mu-ti
Mu-ti
Mu-ti
M-ti. Umu-ti;
N-ri ; pi. fi-ri.
//. imi-ti
M-di ; mi-di
Twins
Ma-asa,
M-hasa
M-papa
Pasa
Ma-vyaza
...
M-baasa,
M-hasa, M-aza
Urine
Ma-ji.
Ma-mangco
Ma-kuzu
Ma-keoza
Ma-kuzco
...
Ma-u-hamto,
Ma-amco,
Ma-faamco
Vein
...
. . .
L-uge
M-sipi
L-uge ; ny-uge.
. . .
Lu-basi ;
m-basi
War
Fi-ha. N-gondu.
Fira
N-kondeo. Kondu
N-kondco
...
Fi-ta. Si-da
(Ma-ta =
(17)
weapons)
Water
Mu-ha. Mu-ra.
M-ringa
Ma-zi
Ma-zi
Ama-zi ?
Ma-dzi
Ma-ringa
Well, source,
Ki-sima. -Tekeloi
Ma-lengu.
Ki-sima
spring
Ma-zi. Sima
White man
M-zungu.
M-zungu
Mu-zungu
MCi-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
N-zungu
Wife
M-bora.
M-ka.
Mu-kaza.
M-vyee.
M-vyele.
M-kangwa
M-ka, N-ka.
Em-bora.
Mu-ke
M-kaza
M-kazi.
Mw-ana-wa-ka.
Em-deku.
M-kaza
M-fele;wa-fele
M-ceku
(17 c)
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
123
English
17. 18. 19. iga. 20. 2od.
Caga, &c. Pare-Gwenco Sambala Bondei Zigula Kim-rima
i8a. C-asu 20 a. Nguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dwe
20 c. Ki-kwere
Wind
Witch
Beta. N-dimu. M-kuma Pehco Peheo. M-pehoi
M-beha>. U-hehw
U-tanu.
M-kuma
(i/c). U-ratto,
Mbu-ratco
(i;d)
Mu-anga. M-sawi M-sawi. M-sawi M-sawi
Witchcraft
Woman
Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam
Year
Yesterday
Zebra
One
A-lcoa. Mu-sayi
M-sawi,
N-sawi
U-sawi ... U-sawi. U-sawi. U-sawi
N-doywa U-ganga
M-fele Mu-ka, M-ndu-m-ka M-vele, M-vyele M-vyele. M-twanzi
N-ka. Lau. Mu-vyele. M-ndele
M-bora. Em-bora Mu-ndele
M-ndu m-ka.
Mu-ali
(virgin).
Mu-humba
(old maid)
U-rw'co. I-lemwa N-da I-fu N-da. I-fu
U-nene.
U-rudo (17 c)
00-kui, N-gwi, N-gui Lu-kuni N-khuni Lu-kuni
N-gu Em-pande
Ki-ya ; gi-. Ki-ya Ki-lungu Ki-lungu N-kudumbe
Ki-kwa: fi-
Mw-aka, Mw-aka N-waka Mw-aka Mw-aka
M-aka.
Wu-keowu, I-yuoj Zana. Tulto. Zana Gulco. Zuzi
U-kwau, Zuzi
Kau, I-wo>
I-tikco I-tikco Punda N-kul<u M-punda
mi-lia
mui, -mu, -mu Musi, -mwi Bcosi. Bcosi. Busi. Mwe-nga -mwe. Mcoja
Mwe-nga, Mwe-nga ; or -imwe
mwe -mwe
Two
Three
Four
Five
Six
Seven
-vili, -wii, -bi, -wi. Y-eri -ili -idi, -ili, -ii -ili or M-bili M-bili, -will
vi, -wi
hahu, .-rareo, -tatu -tatu -tatu, -utatu -tatu -tatu
radu
ini, -nna, -ina -nna, -nne -nne, -ne -nne -nne -nne
-hanu, -tanu, -tanu, -zanu -sanu, -panco -sanu -sanco -sanco
tanoo. -ranu
-radahu, Ndaru, Mu-tandatu M-tandatu M-tandatu M-tanda
-ndani, -randaru
randaru.
Fi-tanu na
ki-mu
M-fungade, M-fufigare Mu-fungate M-fungate M-fungate M-fungati
Fungare,
Fungahi.
Fi-tanu na
fi-wi
I2 4
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, ere.
1 8.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
19.
Sambala
19 a.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. N"guru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
Eight
Nyanyi,
Fi-nana
Mu-nane
M-nane
M-nane
M-nane
Nyanya.
Fi-tanu na
fi-radu
Nine
K-eda, K-enda,
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda
K-enda
Ky-enda.
Fi-tanu na
ti-ina
Ten
I-kumi
I-kumi
Kumi
Kumi
Kumi.
Kumi
M-longco
Eleven
I-kumi na
I-kumi na
Kumi na -nwe
Kumi na mcosi
Kumi na imwe
Kumi na mwe
ki-mco
ki-mwi
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi a-vili,
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi a-idi
or ha-wili, or
ha-wi
mi-ili
mi-ili or
m-Tdi.
or Ma-kumi
ga-wi, or
Mi-ongco
Mi-ongco
ma-idi
ma-wi, or
mi-idi
mi-idi
a-wi
Thirty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
ga-rarco or
ha-raru
mi-tatu
mi-tatu
mi-tatu
ma-tatu
ha-raru, &*c.
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
ga-nna or
ha-ana
mi-ne
mi-nne
mi-nne
ma-nne
ha-ana, &*c.
Fifty ..."
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
ga-tanco, &C .
ha-tanu
mi-panco
mi-^anco
mi-sanco
ma-sanco
Sixty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
ga-randaru,
ha-randaru
mu-tandatu
m-tandatu
m-tandatu
m-tanda
Seventy ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
m-fufigade,
ha-fungare
mu-fungate
m-fungate
m-fungate
m-fungati
Eighty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kuml
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
nyanya, &*c.
ha-nana
mu-nane
m-nane
m-nane
m-nane
Ninety
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Mi-ongco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
k-enda, &c.
k-enda
k-enda
k-enda
k-enda
k-enda
Hundred . . .
N-gama (17),
I- Yana
Gana
Gana
Gana
Gana
I-hana, Jana.
Yana
Thousand . . .
Lule. Kiku.
Ma-yana.
Kulija
Ma-gana kumi
...
Ma-hana
i-kumi
i-kumi
I, me, my ...
Nyinyi, Inyi.
Inyi. Ni-, N-.
Imi. Mimi. Ni-,
Mimi. Na-, Ki-.
Miye. Muye
Anye. Ni-, N-
Ngi-, Ng-,
-ngi-, -nji-.
Na-.
ni-. -a-ngu
(20 a). Ni-, N-.
ni-. -a-ngu
Ni., N-, Si-, I-.
-a-kwa
ni-. -a-ngu
ni-. -a-ngu
ngi. -ni-, -si-.
-a-kco, -a-kwa.
Thou, thee,
f5i-cowco, I co.
Ibwe. U-, Ku-.
I -we. Wewe,
Wewe. U-,
Weye. Berewe
Wee. U-.
thy
Ewe, Iwe.
-ku-. -a-fco
Weco. U-.
Ku-.
(20 a). U-.
ku-. -a-kco
Wu-,Ku-,Ki-,
we. -ku-.
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-kco
Kco-, 00-, U-.
-a-wco, -a-kco,
-ku-. -a-fco, -fu
-yco
He, him, his
O), We, Ye,
I -sco. A-.
Yee, Yuja. A-.
Yeye. Ka-, A-.
Yeye. Ayu
Yu-la. Yu-,A-
Yi-cowu. A-.
m- -a-kwe
-mu-. -yco, -ye,
mu-, -m-.
(20 a). Ha-,
m-, -mu-.
m-, -n-, -mu-.
-a-ye, -a-kwe
-a-kwe
Ka-.
-a-ke
-a-ke, -a-kwe
m-, -mw-.
-a-kwe
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
I2 5
English
17. iJ
Caga, o-v. Pare-G
l8a.
19. 19 a. 20. 20 d.
wenco Sambala Bondei Zigula Kini-rima
C-asu 20 a. Ngurti (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
We, us, our
Ise, Ese. Sco. Iswi. Tsfi-, Ipwi, |5wico. Swiswi. Ti-. Suwe. Ki-, Ci-, Tiye. Ti-, T'-.
Lto-, Lu-, Ta-, Swa-.
Ti-, T'-. -tu-, -ti-. -etu Ti-, C-. -ti-. -etu
Ti-, Deo-, Du-. -tsu- ?.
eru ? -tu-, -ti-. -swi, -ki-, -ti-. -etu
lu-, -du-. -ehu,
esu, -etu
-a-ru, -a-du,
-a-mcodu
Ye, you, your
Ine, Ini. Enyi, Imwe.
Mu-. Inwi, Nwico. Nwinwi. Mu-. Nyuwe, Niiwe. Nyie. Mu-.
Nyco. Mco-, -mu- ?.
enu Mu-. -wa-. -enu M-, Mw-, Mi-?, -enu
Mu-. -nyi.
-nyi. -wa-. -enu
mu-. -a-nu
-enu
They, them,
Wco. Awa. Iwco. Wa-. Waco, Wawa. Waco. Wa-. Wa-dya. Wa-. Wa-la. Wa-.
their
Wa-, Va-. -wa-.
-a-wco Wa-. -wa-. -a-co. -wa-. -a-co -wa-. -a-co
wa-. -a-wco,
-aco. -wa-.
-a-mwawco
-a-we, -a-eo
All
cose -cose
cose -cose -coseni ; -cose -Ste ?
This, these
cu, wu, e-u, -i-u; a-wa; i-u; U-yu; a-wa; U-yu; a-wa ; Yu-nco; wa-nco; Yu-nco ot
ii-u ; a-ava, i-i ; &*c. fi-nu ; i-nu ; <5rc., much as u-nco ; i-neo ; hu-yu ; wa-noi
a-wa ; u-fu,
i-ji or jiji; in jSambala di-nco; ya-nco; or ha-wa ;
i-fu, e-u, u-u,
a-ya ; i-ci ; ki-nco; vi-nco; pc. t muck&s
i-u ; i-i ; i-li ;
i-vi ; i-nu ; i-nco ; zi-nco ; in Zigula
a-ha, a-ga ;
i-zi ; u-lu ; lu-no> ;
i-ki ; i-si, i-fi ;
a-ka ; ii-nu ; (? wa-nco
i-i ; i-ti. i-zi,
ku-nu ; a-ha ; = Class \ 2) ;
i-tsi ; u-lu ;
u-mu ka-nco ; u-nco ;
? u-tu ; a-ka ;
ku-nco; ha-nco,
u-u, u-wu ;
ha-nu, u-mu
u-ku ; a-wa
That, those
U-lya, u-la ; -u-ya ; wa-ya; J5u-yu i ?a-wa ; -da (yu-da, Su-yco ; sa-yeo; Yu-dya ;
va-la, va-lya, u-ya ;
i-ya ; fu-nu ; f i-nu ; wa-da, u-da, <yc. wa-dya ; &".
wa-la ; fu-la, erv.
gi-ji; fa-ya; &*f.) Yu-dya;
fu-lya, u-lya ;
&c. wa-dya ;
i-la;li-la;ga-la,
Yu-ja ; wa-ja ; u-dya ;
ha-la ; ki-la ;
u-ja;i-ja;ji-ya; i-dya ; &*c.
pi-la, fi-la, fyc.
ya-ja; ci-ya ; Uyu; awco ;
I-tco; i-vco,
vi-ya ; &"c. uwco ; iyco ;
i-wco ; i-tco ;
gu-yu-ja, CJ<r. idyeo ; ayco ;
i-yco ; i-lco ;
U-yco ; a-wco ; d^r.
i-co ; i-kico ;
u-wco ; i-yco ;
i-fco ; i-yco ;
i-jco ; &c.
i-tco; i-lco ;
gu-yco, yuyeo;
i-tco ; i-kco ;
sa-wco, wawco,
i-tco; i-kco;
&<c.
Bad
Black
Female
-bi, -bicu or -icwa
wicwa. -kasa
(17 c)
-rusa. -iu. -ngiu -uruhe
-ka, -kaki, -ka
kika. -fele
(I 7 d)
wiwi. -bada. -baya
bay a
-size, -zize
M-vyele,
vyele.
-n-gazi. -dele,
ndele. -kaza.
M-buguma
(for certain
beasts)
zize
ndele, -vyele.
bugtima
-iha
-titu
vyele, -ndele.
buguma
-eha
ke.
M-buguma
and -togcota
(cattle and
goats).
twanzi
(humans and
cattle].
126
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
17-
Caga, &c.
18.
Pare-Gwenco
18 a. C-asu
19-
Sambala
19 a. 20. 20 d.
Bondei Zigula Kim-rima
20 a. Nguru (Lima)
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kvrere
Fierce, sharp
senge. -uhi.
-wawie
kali
-kai -kali
Si. -kyai.
-awi
Good
sa. -ca. -nuru
hedi. -ca
yedi. -tana
-edi -edi -jomwa
Great
nene, -hani,
-rwe. -baha
-kulu. -gima
-kulu -kulu
a-nana, -nini.
-due
Little
tutu, -nywa,
du. -dori
dcodu. -zihi.
dcodu N-dtodco, -dcodco
-nya, -nyco.
(yeke <=/eiv)
dcodco. (-jece
nana
=few)
Long. high, tall
lepe. -asa,
aca
tali, -le
-le N-tali; -tali -tali
aca
Male
umi, ki-umi.
umi
-gcosi. -lume
gcosi. (-dume -gcosi. -dtime -chime, -lume.
sorco, -nserco.
1
or -lume -bulata
bunga (?)
beasts)
Old
Kuo. -kuu.
Kya-kala
dala. -huzu.
dala. Bw-ende -dala (also
ku
-sakala,
' hard')
sakaru
Red
-n-gundu.
rcotcome
Ca-lungu-lika -kundu -kundu,
1-tandara.
-e-kundu
-nare. Kya-
motco
Rotten
-biru. -bicu
-wcoa. U-boru
vizu
cola (-vunda=
to rot)
Short
fui. -simba
gihi, -zihi
-jihi -guhi, -gihi
Sick
gorco. -ndore.
ilua
tamu
tamu -a unyonge.
Icoco. -saka.
-a utamu ;
ndwari
tamu
(-Iwaa) (17 d)
White
bco. -ili. -ewa.
ewa
zelu (light-
-a nala -a ku-nala, -eupe
-lyi, -lya
coloured)
izangala,
nala, -naza
Above, up, on
Huye N-dcoco.
Kayu
U-langa. Kena
U-langa Ku-langa Ku-canya
top
Kaale.Dcocoka
Before
M-bele
M -cozy a
Ma-zu
Ha nii-lundi ya
Behind
N-uma. N-ima.
Ny-uma
Ny-uma
Ny-uma Ny-uma Ny-uma
Ny-uma
Below, down
Si. \Va-nda.
Mbai I -si
Hi-si, Ha-si.
Ha-si Si Ha-si
Sumbai
Si
Far
Ku-lese.
Kua. Hale
Ha-le
Ha-le Ha-le Ku-lali
Ku-asa
Here
I -ha. E-a. I-ya
I -ha. A-ha.
A-ha
A-ha, Ila-nu Ha-no>
Kunu
In, inside ...
Ki-idi Kari
Fcosi. Ndeni
N-dayi. Mu-,
Mw-e-, -i, -ni, Kun-dani
u-mu, -ni
mco
Middle
Kahikahi.
Gati
Gati
Gatigati Ku-gati
Karikari
Near
\\a-fui
Ha-fuhi
H-ehi
H-ehi Ha-guhi Ha-guhi
Outside ...
N-ja. Bcoco.
Bw-anga. N-ze
Se
I-se, Ku-se
Scota. Sa
Plenty, many
ingi. Foi
Fanda, -jinki
-ingi
-ingi -ingi
There
Kulya, Kula
Kuva. Hala.
A-hco, Ha-hw,
Hada. U-kco. Ku-dya,
Ahco
U-kco, Tu-kto
Kuda Ha-dya, U-kco
Where? ...
Kahe? Ku?
Kwi ? Hiw ?
Hi ? Hii ?
Hahi ? Ahi ? -hco ? -kco ? -mco ?
Kwi?
Kuhi?
GROUPS D AND E: KILIMANJARO) AND USAMBARA LANGUAGES
127
English
17-
Caga, &c.
18.
Pare-Gwenco
1 8 a. C-asu
19-
Sambala
19 a.
Bondei
20.
Zigula
20 a. Nguru
20 b. Ki-dcoe
20 c. Ki-kwere
20 d.
Kim-rima
(Lima)
No!
Ote! Ode!
Ofae ! Hai !
Chuu!
N-kico! Kaka!
Ehe!
Not (with -verb,
Si, Ci. -ku. -fu.
Si. Sa-
Si-,Sa-(u//4?r.r.
...
Xa. -ki- (N-ki,
...
as prefix, in-
ndi
Si-, Te- (T-u-,
sing.), -ku-
6f.),-ku-,-ka-,
fix, or suffix) 1
Si-, Si-. Hu-,
Te-, Tetu,
(ku-), -ka-,
kaki, ka-ni,
Ha-(i 7 a).Se-,
Te-m-, Te-ve)
-ka-ti, -ka-mu-,
ka-wa. -se-
Sco-, ga-
(i8a)
ka-wa, &c.
(Ne-se-, u-se-),
(i;b)?
Also -ke-, &>c.
also -hi-, -ha-
Se-, -se- (ist
pers. sing.)
To
I-
I-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
-kapa. -kava
biga
-tcowa
tcoa
tcoa
-tcoa
,, buy, sell
ula. -ka
zora. -taga
-Yula. taya
-gula
-gula. -taga
-gula
come . . .
ja, -ca, .sa
-ca
iza
eza. Sou !
iza
-za. Idzco !
(imp.)
cut
wehahco.
tema, -temia
senga.
-senga
, , .
manyia
dumula.
-dwisa
,, dance ...
sina or -fina
-fina
-vina. -seziga
-vina
-vina. -seziga
. .
die ...
fa. -kcomeka
fwa
-fa
-fa
-fa
fa
eat
la, -lya
-lya, -la
ja
-da
dya
...
give ...
-neka. -pa.
neka. -inga,
inka
inka, -enka
-inka
-ha or -pa
ninga,
inka
nenga.
eleka(i7b)
, go
henda.
yenda.
hita. -yenda.
-hita
-genda. -hita
-hita, -pita.
tonga, -eda
tonga
tamba
-genda
(I7b)
(travel)
kill ...
waha
-waya
kcoma
-kcoma
kcoma
know ...
manya. -ici,
ici. -manya
-taila
manya
manya
...
isi
laugh ...
seka
seka
-seka
seka
seka
. . .
leave off,
leka, -lekia
-siga
leka
leka
-leka
...
cease
,, love.want
kunda. -ori
furie. -kunda
kunda
-kunda
unga
., see
wcoiia. -luco.
weona, -Vcona
cona
cona
kaula.
...
Icolia
-wona. -Icola
sit, remain,
-kaa
kaa
kala
-kala
ikala
-kala
abide
sleep ...
ilaa. -lala.
lee. -sin2jia
lala. -gcona
-gcona
gcona
...
laa
stand, stop,
lyika
. . .
kirn a
-gulcoka
-kimala
ima
be erect
gcolcoka
steal ...
iwa
iwa
-bawa
bawa
bawa
...
Chiefly by suffix in the Caga group.
K 2
128 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE CAGA DIALECTS
Very slight traces of preprefixes in the 5th, Qth and loth classes.
Class I. M-, Mu-, N- (mu-, m-, wu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, Va- (? Ba-) (wa-, va-) ; 3. M-, Mu- (m-, mu-, fu-,
u-) ; 4. Mi-, N- (17 c, 17 e) (mi-, i-) ; 5. I-, Iri-, Ri-, (Nyi-, Ni- ? 17 a) (li-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ha-, ga-) ;
7. Ki-, ki-, C-, pi- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. ^i-, Fi-, Vi- (si-, fi-, vi-) ; 9. N- (M-), -, Ng-, In- (n- (m-), i-) ; 10. N-
(M-), N-, tig-, Nj-, In-, pu- (17 c) (ti-, tsi-, zi-) ; 11. Lu- (Nu- 173), U-, U>- (lu-, ru-) ; 12. Tu- (in 17 b
pi. to Ki- and Ka-), (tu-) ; 13. Ka-, K- (ka-) ; 14. CO-, U-, Wu- ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Wa-, Ha-, A- (a-,
wa-) ; (17 and 18 absent). Note.I-, the $th prefix is used for the verbal infinitive instead of Ku-.
PREFIXES, &C., IN PARE-GWENO) DIALECTS
Very slight traces of preprefixes in Old Ki-mpale.
Class i. M-, Mu- (mu-, m-, u-) ; 2. Va-, Wa- (va-, wa-) ; 3. M-, Mu- (fu-, mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. 1-, Ri- (li-) ; 6. Ma- (ha-, a-, nya- ') ; 7. Ki- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Vi., Fi- (vi-, fi-) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, En- (Em-),
(n-, i-, y-) ; 10. N- (M-), It-, En-(Em-), (zi-, zi-, tsi-, n- (m-), ny-) ; u. Lu-, Nu- (lu-) ; 12. ? want-
ing; 13. Ka- (ka-); 14. Vu-, Wu-, U- (wu-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-) ; 17. ? (-ni).
PREFIXES, &C., IN ^AMBALA-BONDEI-ZIGULA-MRIMA
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M-, M5-, Nu- (mu-, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M-, Jfu- (mu-, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. Dzi-, Zi-, Si- (Ti-), Li-, (ji-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Ki- (ci-, ki-) ; 8. Vi- (vi-) ; 8 a. Vi- (vi-) ; 9. N-
(M-), Ny-, (i., n-, ) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny-, , Zi- (20 b), (zi-) ; 1 1. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. [Tu- is absent ; a prefix
Wa-, Hwa-, Va- takes its place as diminutive-collective and as plural to Ka-) ; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U-
[//. usually Ny-, M-] ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-); 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, -i, -yi).
17. Caga dialects are spoken on the flanks of Mount Kilimanjaro) from Rombco on the north-east to
Macame on the north-west. Also the Arusa plain to the south and the outlying mountain ot Meru.
Perhaps also the Mbugwe people on the south shores of Lake Manyara.
18. Pare-Gweneo and 18 a. Casu dialects are spoken in the Ugwenco and Mpare mountains south-
south-east of Kilimanjaro) and east of the Rufu river. There is said to be a colony of Pare-speaking
Bantu settlers in So>nyo>, a district on the west of Natron Lake (far to the north-west of Kilimanjaro)) ;
but these may belong to the Sasi group.
19. JSambala is spoken in the mountain region of Usambala, north of the lower Rufu or Paiigani
river.
193. Bondei is spoken in the lowlands between Usambala and the Swahili coast-strip on the Indian
Ocean, north of the Lower Rufu.
20. Zigula, 20 a. Nguru, 20 b. Kidcoe, 20 c. Kikwere, are spoken in the Nguru and Zigula (Uzeguha)
countries south and south-west of the Lower Rufu and north of the Usagara mountains.
20 d. Kimrima is spoken in the coast-strip south of the Paiigani (Rufu) river and north of the
Kingani river, opposite Zanzibar Island.
1 Johnston in Ki-gwento.
GROUP F
THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
21. Swahili (Ki-unguja) of Zanzibar; also Ki-
hadimu or Ki-kae and Ki-ngcozi
2 1 a. Ki-mvita (of Mombasa)
21 b. Ki-amu. (21 c and 21 d. Ki-siu o r Ki-cozi
and Ki-pate)
21 e. Ki-tikuu (or Faza-Bajun)
21 f. Ki-wibu (Ki-mrima and Kim-gaeo), and
2 r g. Ki-figtoje of A-flgcope
22. [Si-angazija (Great Komoru /*.) and 22 a.
Xi-nzuani (Johanna 1*.)
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
gi-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-uzi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje
22 a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &.)
2 id. Ki-pate
Adze
Sezco ; ma + .
Sezco; ma-f
Sezco
...
Scoka la-pwa.
Jeca,Yeca(H)
Ny-embe
Animal, wild
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
beast
Ant
Cungu. Siafu.
Tungu. Siafu
Tungu. Siafu
Tungu. Siafu
Suiigu
*
N-gwirco
Ant, white
M-cwa
M-twa
M-twa
Mu-twa
U-swa
* *
(termite)
Arm
M-kconco ; mi-
M-kconco : mi-
M-kconco; ini-
M-kconco ; ini-
M-kconco ; mi-
Mu-hconco
Arrow
M-pale; mi-.
Wanco ; ma + .
Waneo,
I-vanco ; ma-.
Tsonga ; ma-f .
Sembe
C-embe ;
C-embe ;
I-wanco ;
C-embe ;
M-omba ; mi-
vy-embe
vy-embe
ma-wanco.
fc-embe
C-embe ;
z-embe or
ts-embe
Axe
Scoka ; ma + .
Scoka ; ma +
Scoka ; ma +
Scoka ; ma-
Scoka; ma +
...
Mu-ndu; mi-
Baboon
Ny-ani (//.
Ny-ani ; ma-
I-yonda or
I-yonfla ; ma-
Ny-ane
. .
same)
Yonda ; ma +
Back
M-gongco; mi-,
Ma-ungu
Ma-ungco
I-ungco ; ma-
Mu-ungeo ; mi-.
Di-ngco;
Mi-ongco (H)
M-tana
me-ngco
Banana
M-gomba; mi-
M-gomba.
M-gomba.
M-sitani (tree).
N-inga.
...
(tree).
N-dizi
I-zu ; ma-zu
I -feu ; ma-t>u.
Ri-samba ;
N-dizi(/r;?).
Ki-ccovi ;
ma-
Ma-zu
tji-ccovi
Beard
N-devu
N-devu
N-devu
N-devu or
N-devu
N-devu
N-defu
Bee
Ny-uki
Ny-uki
Ny-coki
N-coki
Ny-uki
. . *
Belly
Tumbeo ; ma + .
Tumbeo ; ma +
Ma-tumbeo,
I-cumbco ; ma-
Mimba.
Imba, Mimba.
Ki-nena
I-cumbco ; ma-
.Ma-tumbco
Fu (22 a)
Bird ...
N-dege
Ny-uni
Ny-uni
N-coni ; ny-coni
Ny-uni
Ny-unyi ; zi +
Blood
Damu (Arab.)
Damu
Damu
Damu
Damu
Body
M-wili ; mi-ili
M-wili
Ki-wiliwili ;
M-vili. T5ia
M-wiri
...
zi- or tii-.
Mu-ili ; mi-
Bone
M-fupa ; mi-
M-fupa
M-fupa
M-fupa
Kongcolco ;
[S-iba ; z-iba.
ma +
Mu-bwa ; mi-
Borassus palm
M-vumco,
M-vumco
M-tapa
M-capa
Mu-vuma ?
...
M-vuma ; mi-
Bow
U-ta; nyu-ta
U-ta ; nyu-ta.
U-ta ; nyu-ta.
Ki-gwe ;
U-ta. U-pinde
U-ta
or ma-ta.
U-pindi;
U-ca ; nyu-ca.
t>i-gwe.
U-pindi ;
p'indi
M- pindi
Uvu-ca;
pindi
mbu-ca
Ma-tumbco
Ma-rum bco
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
{5i-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-tozi
21 g. Ki-ngeoje
22a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &(.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Brains
Ub-ongco ;
Ub-ongco
B-ongw; ma +
Ib-ongco; ma-
Uw-ongco
...
mb-ongco
Breast (man's)
Ki-fua; vi-fua.
Ki-fua.
Ki-dari ; zi- or
Ki-dari ; bi-
Ki-f5a
I-fuba. Xi-fuba
M-tima.
Ki-dari
bi-
Ki-dari
Breast
Ziwa; ma +
Titi ; ma + .
Ve ; ma-ve.
I-vee; ma- vie
Ri-wele ?
Bele ; ma-bele
(woman's)
Wele; ma +
Bu-bu ; ma +
Brother ...
N-dugu. Kaka.
N-dugu
N-dugu.
N-du. N-flugu
N-duye or
Mw-ana nya.
Dumbu (H)
M-nuna
N-dui
Mw-ana
nyahi
Buffalo ...
Ny-ati. Bcoku.
Ny-ati.
Ny-ati
Ny-aci
Ny-ati
...
M-bui (buf-
M-bcogco ; wa-
falo's horn)
Bull
Fahali ; ma +
N-ombe dume
Fahali
Fahali
*
Konzco ; ma +
Buttocks ...
Takes ; ma +
Takco ; ma +
Takco ; ma-
I-cakco
Ma-takco
Nzu
Canoe
M'tumbwi;mi-.
M-tumbwi; mi-.
M-tumbwi; mi-.
M-cumbwi.
Mu-tumbwi.
...
Galawa.
N-galawa
N-galawa
N-galawa.
Masua.
Masua
Masua
Mu-kunu
Cat ... ...
Paka
Paka
Paka
Paka
Maka
M-paha
Charcoal ...
Ma-kaa
Ma-kaa
Ma-kaa
* *
Ma-kala
Chief
Jumbe.
M-faume
M-faume
M-falume
M-falume.
...
M-falume.
Mu-twaco.
M-kuu
C-eke
Child
Mw-ana.
M-tcotco.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana or
M-tcotco
Mw-ana
Kij-ana
Kij-ana
Mu-tcotco
M-ana
m-tsa
Cloth
N-gueo
N-gueo
N-guco
N-guvco
N-guco
...
Cold
Baridi (Arab}.
Baridi. P'epeo
Baridi
Baridi
M-epco
...
P'epeo
Country ...
In-ci.
N-ti
N-ti
I-ti
In-ti or In-di
N-si
Jimbco ; ma + .
Ki-yambco
Cow ... ....
N-ombe m-ke.
N-ombe m-ke.
Kcoco la fi-ombe
I-kcoco la
...
Ny-ombe n-ke
M-tamba; wa-
Kcoco la
n-ombe
or n-pe
fi-ombe
Crocodile ...
Mamba.
Mamba
N-gwena
N-gwena
N-gconya
N-gwena.
M-bulu
Date palm
M-tende
M-tende
M-cende
M-cendeci
...
...
(wild)
Day
Siku. M-cana
Siku. M-tana
Siku
Siku
Sikco.
Haku?
Mu-sana
M-tsana
Devil, evil
Zcoka ;
Hcoka, Zcoka.
M-zuka ; wa-
M-buka ; va-
M-subiani,
spirit
ma-zcoka.
Zimwi ; ma-
Sera ; ma +
Ki-zuu
Doctor (medi-
M-ganga
M-ganga
...
...
...
cine man)
Dog
M-bwa.
M-bwa
M-bwa
Im-bwa.
Um-bwa
M-bwa or
Hungwe (H)
Jim-bwa;
M-ana 'm-bwa
- mijim-bwa
Donkey
Punda
Punda
Punda
Punda
M-pundra
Door
M-langco.
M-langco
M-langco
M-langco
M-riangco
Mu-angco
Mw-afigco
Dream
N-dutco
N-dcotco
N -dcotco
N-dcocco
.. .
...
Drum
N-gcoma,
N-gtoma,
N-gcoma,
N-gcoma.
N-gcoma
...
Gcoma
Gcoma
I-gcoma
I-gcoma
Ear
Sikico ; ma +
Sikico, Sikico
Sikizi, Sikifei
I -sikico ; ma-
Sikirco ; ma + .
M-silco (21 g)
Sisico ; ma +
Kiyco ; ma +
GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
J5i-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje
22 a. Xi-nzuani
(H), S-c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Egg
Yayi ; ma +
Yai; ma +
li ; ma-ii
Ingi; ma +
R-i ; ma-i
...
Elephant ...
Tembeo.
N-deovu
N-dcovu
N-dcovu
N-embco or
. ..
N-dcovu (H)
N-embu
Excrement
Ma-vi
Ma-vi
Ma-vi
Cu-bi
Ma-bvi
Ma-dzi
Eye
J-icco ; ma-ceo.
J-itco ; ma-tco
Itco ; ma-tco
Y-itco ; ma-tco
R-ipco; ma-pco
Dz-itsco ;
M-bconi
ma-tsco
Face, forehead
U-sco ; ny-usco
U-sco; ny-usco
U-seo ; ny-usco
Vu-sco ; ny-usco
U-sco; ma-sco?
U-sco
Pa-cenye
Fat
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-fuca.
Ma-futa
*
M-ori
Father
Baba (old root,
Baba
Baba
Baba.
Vava.
Baba. Ba-.
pa-)
(pco-we = thy
pa
Hala
father).
I-se, -pe;
ma-ise
Fear
W-coga.
Ku-ca
Ku-ca
Ku-ca.
W-coga
...
U-caji.
Ki-cco
-tisa, -tisco.
Ku-tya
t
Finger
Ki-dcole ; vi-
Ki-dcole ; vi-.
C-anda ;
Ki-yaa or
J-ala ; vi-ala.
X-a ; //. m-a
C-anda ;
z-anda.
Ki-jaa ; ti-jaa
Li-k5mbi
vy-anda
Ki-nwe ;
t>i-nwe
Fire
M-otco ; mi-6tco
M-otco ; mi-
M-otco ; ny-otco
M-oceo; ny-occo
M-oteo
M-6rco ; m-erco
Fish
Samaki
Samaki
N-si.
I -si. I-jisi
In-sui
Fi; zi-fi
(Arab.)
I-jisi ;
mi-jisi
Foot
M-guu ; mi-,
Guu ; ma-guu
Guu; ma-guu
I-guu ; ma-
Ri-ulu; ma-.
M-duu,
M-guyu (H)
M-ulu
Mu-ndru;
mi-ndru
Forest
Mw-itu; mi-itu
Mw-itu;
Mw-itu ;
Mw-icu ;
Nundu
Karco.
mi-itu
nyi-itu
nyi-icu
Mpa-harco
Fowl
Kuku
Kuku
Kuku
Kuku ; pi. same
Uku
Kuhu
or mi-kuku 1
Frog
C-ura ; vi-ura
C-ua ; vy-ua
C-ua ; z-ua or
C-uva-c-uva ;
Rambe ; ma + .
*
b-ua
pi. fc-uva-
Rume
fc-uva
Ghost
Pepco. N-jcozi.
Pepco
Pepco
I-buka; ma-
...
*
Ki-vuli
Giraffe
Twiga
Tiga
Tia
Civa
. . .
*
Girl
Ki-jana.
Mw-ana-mw-ali.
. . ,
Kiy-ana
Ki-simana
Ki-zinda.
Kij-ana
mu-ka
Mw-ali
Goat
M-buzi (pi.
M-buzi
M-buzi, M-bubi
M-bubi
M-buzi
M-buzi
same )
(he) ...
Beberu ; ma + .
Beberu
Beberu
III
M-buzi n-dume
(Kcoco la
(M-buzi di-se
m-buzi,
= ?)
M-farika =
female]
God
Mu-ungu.
M-ngu
M-ungu
M-ungu
Mu-lungu
M-ungu.
Mw-enyiezi-
M-enyizi-
mu-ungu
mgu.
Mw-ezi-
m-ungu
Mi-kuku is an augmentative plural, probably taking place of No. 6.
I 3 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
,.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu Ki-wibu
[Si-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-eozi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje
22a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Grandparent
BabuS. Bibij.
Babu
Babu
Bibi
^aku. Bibi
...
M-zee
Grass
Ny-asi.
Jani; ma + .
Yani ; ma + .
Iy-ani ; ma-.
Mi-ani,
U-keoka.
Ny-asi; ma +
Ny-ika ; ma +
I-gugu; ma-
Miny-ani (pi.)
Jani ; ma-f
Ground
In-ci
N-ti
N-ti
N-ti
In-ti
N-si
Ground-nut
N-jugu
N-duu
N-jugu
U-teokeo ;
...
Teobi
tcokco
Guinea-fowl
Kanga
Kanga
Kanga
Kanga
N-kanga
Kanga
Gun
Bunduki
Bunduki
Bunduki
Bunduki
Bonduki.
Buduki
Mudugwe
Hair
Uny-wele ;
Uny-ele
Uny-ee
Un-ee
Ny-uiri (21 f).
Uny-ele;
ny-wele.
Ny-uli (21 g).
mi-ele.
Ny-iwili (H)
Ny-ile
Hand
M -keoneo ; mi-.
M-koinco ; nii-
M-kconco
Mu-kwnto.
M-keonu.
Mu-kconco or
(Ki-ganja,
Ki-canga
Canja {palm)
Mu-hconco.
Ki-tanga,
Sanza. PI ;
Kcafi = palm).
ma-vi
Head
Ki-cwa
Ki-twa ; vi-twa
Ki-twa; zi-twa
Ki-twa; bi-twa
Ki-sua (21 f).
Hi-tswa or
E-pwa (2ig)
^i-tswa; //.
zi-tswa
Heart
M-oyeo ;
M-oyeo; mi-
M-oyoj ;
M-oyoa ;
Mu-tima ?
M-uyco or M-co
mi-oyco or
ny-oyoa
ny-oyto
M-oyeo
ny-oyeo.
M-tima. M-coa
Heel
Ki-fundco
ca m-guu.
Ki-siginto
Ki-pikinco ; zi-.
Ki-singinco ;
Ki-singinyw ;
bi-
Ki-nyunyu
Tsinzconi.
Koruwa
Ki-sigineo
fci-
Hide ...
N-gcozi
N-geozi
N-gwzi
N-geobi
jSambala
N-geozi
Hill
Ki-lima
Ki-lima
Ki-lima
Ki-lima
Mu-angco;
M-ana 'xi-lima
mi-angco.
N-drima
Hippopotamus
Ki-bcokco or
Ki-bcokco ; vi-
Ki-bcokco ; zi-
Ki-bcoku ; t>i-
Namondco
?
Bcokco.
Teomondu
Hoe
Jembe or
Jembe ; ma-
...
I-yembe
N-yembe
. . .
Gembe
Honey
A sali ya
Asali ya
Asali ya
Asali ya
Ansali
ny-uki
ny-uki
ny-uki
ny-eoki
Horn
Pembe ; ma +
Pembe
Pembe
Pembe
Lu-nyanga ;
Nyofiga
pi. nyanga
House
Ny-umba
Ny-umba.
Ny-umba
N-umba
Ny-umba
Dagcoi'; Lagco:
J-umba; ma +
ma + (stone
house).
Ny-umba
(with thatched
roof}
Hunger
N-jaa
N-daa
N-daa
N-daa
N-yela
Husband ...
M-ume;
M-ume
M-ume
Mu-vuli
...
Ma-rusa
wa-ume
Hyena
Fisi.
Fisi
Sumra ; ma + .
pumurwa.
Fizi
...
Ki-ngubwa
^embra ;
Pisi ; ma +
{spotted hyena)
ma + . Pisi ;
ma-
Iron
C-uma ;
C-uma
C-uma ; z-uma
C-uma ; b-uma
C-uma
f S-uma
vy-uma
or b-uma
Island
Ki-siwa ; vi-
Ki-siwa ; vi-
Ki-siwa ; zi- or
Ki-siwa ; bi-
Ki-sirua.
...
bi-
E-silwa (21 g)
GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
133
English
21.
Swahili
(Ki-hadimu
(H),&v.)
21 a.
Ki-mvita
21 b.
Ki-amu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 d. Ki-pate
21 e.
Ki-tikuu
21 f.
Ki-wibu
21 g. Ki-ngtoje
22.
pi-angazija
22 a. Xi-nzuani
Ivory
Pembe. Buri
Pembe
Pembe
Pembe
Knee
Gote ; ma + .
Gcoti ; ma-f-
Onclto ; ma +
1-gonjco; ma +
Lundi ; ma +
Gungunco or
Futi (H)
Gunguni
Knife
Ki-su ; \ f i-su
Ki-su ; vi-su
Ki-su ; zi-
Ki-su ; foi-su
Ki-dzu
Lake
Ziwa.
Ziwa
N-tada or
Dzia
Bwawa (H)
T-anda
Leg
M-guu.
Guu ; ma +
Guu; ma-
I-guu; ma-
Ku-ulu ;
M-undu
Mu-undi
ma-ulu.
K-colu ; m-ulu
Leopard ...
Cui
Tui
Tui
Tuvi
Suvi
...
Lion
Simba
Simba
Simba
Simba
Simba
.. .
Lips
Mi-umco (pi.).
M-deomco ; mi-
Mu-como> ; mi-
Mu-eomco ; mi-.
Mu-rumu ; mi-
Dcomco;
M-dumu,
I-dcomco; mi +
ma-lcomcd
M-lcomco; mi-
Magic
ll -cawi.
U-tawi.
U-tawi.
U-tavi.
U-sawi ?
...
U-ganga
U-ganga
U-ganga
U-ganga
U-ganga
Maize
Mu-hindi,
Mu-hindi
Buru
Buru
M-rama buru
Ma-hindi
Man
M-tu; wa-tu
M-tu ; wa-tu
M-tu; wa-tu
M -cu ; wa-cu
Mu-nu ; wa-nu
M-tu, Mu-tu,
or Mu-ntu ;
wa-ntu
Man, vir. ...
M-ume.
M-ume
M-ume.
Mu-vuli
Mu-lume
Mu-tu-m-ume
(M-vulana =
M-vule
a young man)
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Dawa (Arab.)
Dawa
Dawa
Dava
Dawa. Tiba
Milk
Ma-ziwa
Ma-ziwa
Ziwa
Tjiwa
Ma-ziwa
N-zia
Monkey ...
Kima.
Kinia.
Kima.
Kima.
N-kima
Tumbili.
Tumbiri
Tawau
Tawau
or Ki-tawau
Moon
Mw-ezi; mi-
Mw-ezi
Mw-ezi; ni-ezi
Mw-ebi ; ni-ebi
Mw-ezi
Mw-ezi or
M-ezi
Mother ...
Mama. Nina
Mama
Mania
Mame. Inya ;
Mama
Mama. Mma.
(Kinguzi)
ma-inya
Nya
Mountain ...
M -lima ; mi-.
M-lima ; mi-
M-lima ; mi-
M-lima ; mi-
Mu-ang<o ; mi-
M-lima,
Ki-ngurima
Xi-lima
(H)
Mouth
Ki-nywa or
Ka-nwa; ma-f
Ka-nwa ; ma +
Ka-nwa ;
Ka-nywa ; vi-
Ha-mwa.
Ka-nwa ;
fea-nwa '
^i-nwa ; //.
vi-nywa,
zi-nwa.
maka-nwa
Ha-nyu
Nail (of finger
Uku-caa ;
Uku-ca
Un-yaa ; n-yaa
U-dcoe; ma-dcoe
Ombe (21 f).
Fuu; ma-fuu.
or toe)
ku-caa. N-yaa
Li-koale (21 g)
Kcofu:
(KingUzi)
zin-kcofu
Name
J-ina; ma +
J-ina; ma + .
Ina ; ma-ina
Y-ina ; ma +
S-ina
Dz-ina
D-yina ; ma +
Navel
Ki-tcovu ; vi-
Ki-teovu; vi-
Ki-twvu; zi-.
Ki-kcovu ; t>i-
M-toyeo
Tuntu or
Ki-ccovu ; fci-
Kcovu
Neck
Singco ; ma + .
1 U-kwsi
Singo> ; ma +
Sifigto
Mito ; //.
mi-mico
Singto.
Lu-keosi
Singco
Night
U-siku; siku.
U-siku ; ma-.
U-siku; ma-
U-siku ; ma-.
U-siku. (Kiza
Uku. (Xidza
(Giza = dark-
(Kiza = dark-
(Kiba =
= darkness)
= darkness)
ness)
ness}
darkness}
Nose
Pua. Puya (H)
Pua
Pua
Puva
M-ula,
M-bua or
Inti(2if).
Pua
Pula (21 g)
1 8tA prefix showing the Ka- of the sing, to be a valid \j,th prefix.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f. 22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu ^i-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje 22a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Oil palm ...
M-cikici M-cekece
M-cikici
...
...
Ox
N-ombe N-ombe
N-ombe N-gombe
N-ombe
N-yombe
Paddle
Kasia ; ma + . Kafi
Kasi Kasi
Kapi?
Kafi ; ma +
Kasia; ma +
Palm wine,
Tembco, Tembco
Tembco I-cembto
...
beer
Thembco
Parrot
Kasuku Kasuku
Dura ; ma + Dura
...
...
Penis
M-bcoco ; M-bco ; mi-
M-bcoco. I-borco I-voreo. I-voxo
M-borco
M-bco'"
mi-bcoco. Ume
Pig
N-guruwe N-guuwe
N-guuwe N-guuve
N-guluwe
Pigeon
N-jiwa N-diwa
N-diwa N-diva
N-jiwa or
. . .
N-siwa
Place
Ma-hali or Ma-hali
Ma-hala Ma-hala
Va-hali(2ig)
...
Pa-hali
Rain
M-vua M-vua
M-vua Vua
M-vula
M-vua
Rat
Panya. Panya. Buku
Panya. Buku Pana
Panya. Puku
Puhu
Buku ; ma +
Rhinoceros
Ki-faru. Pea Pea
Pea Ki-faru
Mera
...
River
M-tco; mi-teo M-to>
M-tco, M-CG) Mu-ceo
Mu-tco
M-rco
Road
N-jia N-dia
N-dia N-dia
N-sira
. . .
Salt
C-umvi Mu-nyu
Mu-nyoa Mu-nyu
Mu-nyco
Mu-nyco
Shame
Hay a (Arab.) Haya
Haya Haya
...
Sheep
Kondcoco. Ko nd coco
Kondco Honduco
Kondcolco.
Gonderu
Kondcoyco(H)
Putiputi
Shield
N-gaco N-gaco
N-gaco N-gavu
Shoulder ...
Bega; ma+ Fuzi ; ma +
Puzi; ma+ Fubi ; ma +
Ri-bega; ma-?
Vihco ; ma + .
Bega ; ma +
(22 a)
Sister
Umbu ; ma + . Umbu ; ma + .
Umbu. Umbu. Ndu
M-lumbu; \va-
N-dugu. N-dugu.
N-dugu
Dada Dada
Skin
N-gcozi Gcovi, N-gtovi,
N-geozi, N-gcobi
N-gcozi
N-gcozi
N-gcozi
N-gcobi
Sky
U-bifigu or U-wingu
U-wingu ; U-wingu
. ..
...
U-wingu ;
m-bingu
m-bifigu
Slave
M-tumwa;wa-. M-tumwa
M-tumwa M-cumwa
Mu-ja; wa-ja
M-ruma
M-twana.
Mu-hadimu
Arab.).
M-jakazi 5
Sleep
U-zingizi. U-sifigizi
U-sindizi U-sindibi
U-zingizi
U-dema
(Ma-lalco =
sleeping place)
Smoke
M-cosi ; mi-cosi M-cosi
M-cofii ; ni-cosi M-wsi ; ni-cosi
R-cosi
M-cosi
Snake
Ny-coka. Ny-coka
Ny-coka N-coka
Ny-coka
J-coka. (P'ili=
venomous
snake)
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana ; Mw-ana
Mvv-ana; Mw-ana
M w-ana ;
Mw-ana
wa-ana.
wa-ana m-vuli ;
w-ana
mtu-ume
Kij-ana; vi-
va-ana,
va-vuli
Song
U-imb<o ; W-imbeo ;
W-imbco U-imbco ;
...
...
ny-imbco ny-imbto
ny-imbco
Spear
Fumeo ; ma + . Fumo> ; ma + .
M-kuki. Fumco I-fumco ; ma-
Mu-kuki
Fumco
M-kuke; mi-. M-kuki
Sagai ; ma +
GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
135
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
JSi-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje
22 a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Spirit, soul Pepco ; p'epco. P'epco, Pepco.
Htoka. Sooka. Mu-zimu,
Rcohco M-zimu l
(Arab.).
Mzimu : wa-
Mu-buka
Mu-zimco
Star
Ny-ota
Ny-6ta
Ny-ota
N-eoca
N-ondcoa (2 if).
N y-ora,
M-tadua(2ig)
Ny-urra (22 a)
Stick
Finibeo.
Fimbco
Siinbco
U-simbco
Tsimbco
Gongco.
U-fitco
Stone
Ji-we ; ma-we.
Ji-we; ma-we.
I -we ; ma-we
Iji-we; maji-we
Ri-we ; ma-we
But ; ma-we
M-bwe.
Dy-iwe
Stool
Ki-ti
Ki-ti
Ki-ti
Ki-ci
Ki-ti
Xi-ri
Sun
Jua ; ma +
Jua ; ma + .
Yua; ma+
Yuva ; ma +
N-yua, Jua
I-dzua or Zua
Dyua
Tail
M-kia; ini-kia
M-kia
M-kia
M-kiya ; mi-
Ru-kira
Tear
Cuzi ; ma +
Tcozi ; ma +
Tcozi ; ma +
I-tcot>i ; ma-
Tscozi; ma +
Ma-tsuzi (pi.)
Testicles ...
Pumbu; ma + .
Pumbu ; ma +
Kende ; ma +
I-kende ; ma-
Pumbco. Qense
Tambcoa
or Konnezi
Thief
Mw-ivi; w-evi.
Mw-ivi; w-evi
Mw-izi ; w-ezi.
M w-ibi ; v-ifei
Mu-ivi ; w-evi
i
Mw-izi; w-ezi
Mw-ibi; w-ibi
Thigh
Paja or U-paja.
U-paja
Ki-weeo ;
Ki-veco ; t>i-veeo
Paja
Paja
Ki-weeo
zi-weeo or
ti-weeo
Thing
Ki-tu ; vi-tu.
Ki-tu ; vi-tu
Ki-tu ; zi-tu or
Ki-cu; tii-cu
Ki-nu. (C-uma
>i-ntu ; zi-ntu
J-ambeo;
fci-tu
= property)
m-ambco
Thorn
Mw-iba ;
Mw-iba
Mw-iwa,
Mw-iva
...
mi-iba
Mw-iva
Tobacco ...
Tumbaku
Tumbakco
Tumbakco
Tumbakeo
Tumbakco
...
To-day
Lew
Leu
Yeco
Eco
Lelco, Rerco,
Leco
Reru
Toe
Ki-dcole ca
Ki-deole ca guu
C-anda ca guu.
Ki-yaa ca i-gu
...
fvaya fa. m-duu
m-guu
Ki-nwe ca
guu
To-morrow
Kepco
Kesco
Keseo
Kesco
Ma-tsesu
...
U-nju
(Kipemba).
the day
Kesco-ku-twa.
M-tondeo
M-tondeo
M-condco
M-tondeo
after
M-tondeo
Tongue
U-limi; n-dimi.
U-limi
U-limi
U-limi
Ru-rimi,
U-limi ; n-dimi
Ki-dimi(H)
Lu-rimi
Tooth
J-inco ; m-eneo
J-ineo or
Iiico ; m-enco.
I-enyco ;
R-incoorR-inu;
Dz-inyco ;
Dy-inco ;
Y-eneo or
m-enyco
m-enco
ma-nyco
m-eneo
Enco ; m-enco
Town
M-ji; mi-ji
M-ji ; mi-ji.
Mu-i ; mi-i.
Mu-yi ; mi-yi
Mu-di (21 g).
M-ji
Kiji-ji; viji-ji
Kiji-ji
Kiji-yi
Tree
M-ti ; mi-ti
M-ti ; mi-ti
M-ti, M-ci
Mu-ci ; mi-ci
Mii-ti
Mw-iri, Mu-rrco
or Mo-ri ; pi.
ml-ri
Twins
Paca ; ma-f.
Pata ; ma +
Pata ; pata-
Pata ; pata-
Ri-pasa; ma +
M-siwanda
pata
pata
(H)
Urine
M-kcojoj
M-keojco
M-koyco. Ban
Ma-nne
Mi-kcojco
Kcozco
Vein
M-pipa ; mi-
M-sipa
M-pipa
M-pipa
Mu-sipa,
Mu-sipe
1 From -zimu, to become invisible, to be about to die.
.36
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
21.
Swahili
(Ki-hadimu
(H), &.)
21 a.
Ki-mvita
21 b.
Ki-amu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 d. Ki-pate
21 e.
Ki-tikuu
21 f.
Ki-wibu
21 g. Ki-ngwje
22.
^i-angazija
22 a. Xi-nzuani
War Vi-ta Vi-ta Zi-ta or TJi-ta
Water ... Ma-ji Ma-dyi Ma-i
TJi-ca Kondto. Vi-ta Huana
Ma-yi Ma-zi, Ma-ji Ma-ji or
Water ...
Ma-ji
Ma-dyi
Ma-i
Ma-yi
Ma-zi, Ma-ji
Ma-ji or
Ma-zyi.
M;i-se (22 a)
Well, source
Ki-sima
Ki-sima
. ..
...
N-dzitsco
White man
M-zungu
M-zungu
M-zungu
M-bungu
Mu-zungwe
Wife
Mw-ana, Nana
M-ke ; wa-ke
M-ke
Mu-ke
Mu-ka
Mu-haza.
(distinct from
M-se
' child', means
' mistress of
household').
M-ke; wa-ke
Wind
U-pepco; p'epco
U-pepco
U-pepco
U-pepco
M-epco (21 f)
M -bevco,
Peva
or Pevco
Witch
M-cawi ; wa-
M-tawi
M-tawi
M-tavi
M-psawi (21 f)
M-ganga
Witchcraft
U-cawi.
U-tawi
U-tawi
U-tavi
U-sawi
U-anga
Woman
Mw-ana-m-ke.
Mw-ana-m-ke
M-tu-m-ke or
M-cu mu-ke ;
Mu-ka
M-ru-m-pe,
M-ke ; wa-ke
M-cu-m-ke
wa-cu-wa-ke
M-tu-m-se;//.
wa-ntu-wa-se
Womb
M-ji. Tunibco
Tumbco la
Ma-tumbco ya
I-cumbco la
Mimba
1
la u-zazi.
u-zazi
ii-t>abi
ku-baa
Mimba
Wood (fire-
U-kuni ; kuni
U-kuni
U-kuni
U-kuni
Ru-kuni
. . .
wood)
Yam
Ki-azi ki-kuu.
Ki-azi ki-kuu
Ki-azi ki-kuu
Ki-abi ki-kuu
..
Xi-azi
Jimbi ; ma +
Year
Mw-aka ; mi-
Mw-aka ; mi-
Mw-aka
Mw-aka; ni-
Mw-aka ; mi-
M-sa or
Mu-aha
Yesterday
Jana. Jazi
Dyana
Yana
I-yana
Dz-ana, I-jana.
Vco-^ana.
(day before)
I-juzi (day
Vcn-zuzi
before)
Zebra
Punda mi-lia
Punda mi-lia
Punda mi-lia
Punda mi-lia
...
...
One
mcoja. Mcosi
-mcoja. -mcosi
mcoya.
mcoya.
mcodya,-mcoja.
Monsi, Mcodze
Mw-anda
Mw-anda
Mcozi
Mundzi.
Mcoza, Mcosa
Two
wili, -bili,
-bili, -wili,
bili, -wili,
-bili, -vili,
biri, -viri
-bili, -ili
wiri
pili
pili
pili
Three
tatu
-tatu
-tatu
cacu
-tatu. N-atu
-taru, -raru
Four
nne
-nne
nne
nne
ne
nne. Nai
Five
tanco
tanco
tanco
tanco
tanu, -lanu
sanco, -tsanco.
dzanvu
Six
Sita (Arab.).
Sita
Sita
Sita
M-tandatu.
N-tandaru
M-tandatu
Sita
Seven
Sabaa (Arab.).
Sabaa
Saba
Saba
M-fungate.
M-fukari or
M -fun gate
Saba
kare
Eight
nane
Nane, -nane
-nane
nane
nane
Nane
Nine
Kenda
Kenda
Kenda
I-kenda
Kenda
Senda,
1 Xenda,
N-sinda
Ten
Kumi.
Kumi
kumi.
kumi
kumi
Kumi ;
Mu-ongco ;
Mu-ongco
ma-ngumi
mi-ongoj
Eleven
Kumi na mcoja
Kumi na mcoja
Kumi na mcoya
. Kumi na moyi
L Kumi na mcozi
Kumi na muza
GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
'37
21.
2 1 a. 2 1 b.
21 e.
zif.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
t>i-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 g. Ki-ngcoje
22 a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Twenty ...
Mii-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
M-ehgco iii-ili
ma-wili
wa-wili
ma-wili.
ma-vili
ma-viri.
or M-ingco or
(wiri).
Mi-ongco
Mi-ongco
Insiriri
Ma-ngum' ili
Mi-ongco
mi-wili
mi-vili
d Arab.
ini-wili (-wiri)
Isrin ?)
Thirty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-ngumi taru
ma-tatu
ma-tatu
nia-tatu.
ma-cacu
ma-tatu
or raru or
Mi-ongco
M-ingco
mi-tatu
mi-taru
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-ngum'
ma-nne
ma-nne
rna-nne
ma-nne
ma-ne
a-nne or
M-ingco
mi-nne
Fifty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-ngumi
ma-tanco
ma-tanco
ma-tanco
ma-tanco
ina-lanu
tsanco or
M-ingco
mi-sanco
(mi-dzanco)
Hundred ...
Mia (Arab.).
Mia
Mia
Mia
M a-ku mi
I-jana or Sana
Gana
kumi. Mia
i
(Arab.)
Thousand ...
Ki-kwi; vi-kwi.
Alfu
Alfu
Alfu
? Ci-kwi.
p-uhi; z-uhi
Elfu (Arab.)
Mia kumi
(z-uhi z-ili =
2,000)
I, me, my ...
Mimi. Miye.
Mimi. Miye.
Mimi. N-, Ni-,
I-mi. N-, Ni-,
U-mi, 00-mi.
Wa-mi. Isi-,
N-, Ni-.
N-, Ni-, Hu-.
Hu-.
Hu-
N-, Ni., Gi- ? '
Ntsi-.
mi. -ni-.
mi. -ni-.
mi. -ni-.
ni-. -a-ngu
mi. -ni-.
ni-. -a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
Thou, thee,
Wewe, Weye.
Wewe, Weye.
Wewe. U-.
U-we. U-.
U-we, Wewe.
Wa-we. U-.
thy
U-.
U-.
-we. -ku-.
we. -ku-.
U-, Ku-?
hu-, -wu-.
we. -ku-.
we. -ku-.
-a-kco
-a-kco
we. -ku-.
-a-hco
a-kco. -wco, -co
-a-kco
-a-kco, -co
He, him, his
Yeye, Yee. A-,
Yeye. Yu-,
Yeye. A-,Hu-.
I -ye. A-, Hu-.
I-re. U-ye?
W-eye, Tsua
Hu-, Yu-.
A-, Hu-.
ye. -m-.
ye. -m-.
Ye-. A-,Ka-?,
or U-nu. A-.
-m-, -mw-.
ye. -m-. -a-ke
-a-ke
-a-ke
U-.
-m-. -a-he
-a-ke, -ye ;
ye. -niu-.
we
-a-ke, -e
We, us, our
Siswi, Swiswi,
Siswi. Tu-.
Sisi. Tu-.
I-si. Cu-.
U-fwe. TU-,
Wa-si. Tu-,
Sisi. Tu-.
tu-. -etu
-tu-. -etu
cu-. -ecu
Ti-.
Ri-.
swi. -tu-.
fwe, -swe.
-tu- ? -a-tu
etu
tu-. -etu
Ye, you, your Ninyi, Nyinywe. M-, Nyinyi. M-, I-ni. M-, Mu- U-mue. Mu-. \Va-nyi. Mu-.
Nwinyi, Mu-. Mu-. -wa-. -enyu -mwe, -nwe. -wa-. -a-nyu
Ninywi. Mu-, -wa-. -enu -wa-. -enu -wa-. -enu
M-.
-nyi, -nwi-.
wa-. -enu
They, them, Waco. Wa-. Waco. Wa-. Waco. Wa-. 1-vco. Wa-. Wa-re. Waco. Waco. Tsawa.
their -aco. -wa-. -wa-. -a-co -wa-. -a-co -wa-. -a-vco
-a-co
Wa-, Va-.
-aco, -wco-.
-wa-. -a-co
Wa-.
wa-. -u-hcoco
1 According to Joaquim d' Almeida da Cunha (Apontamentos . . . das linguas falladas pelos indigenas . .
Mozambique) in the Angose or Kingcoje dialect the verbal pronouns are Ki-, U-, A- ; Ni-, M-, A-.
em
'38
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
21.
21 a.
21 b.
21 e.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
,Si-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
21 c. Ki-cozi
21 g. Ki-nguje
22a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &<.:)
21 d. Ki-pate
All
ote. Pia -ote
-ote
This, these
Hu-yu; ha-wa; Hu-yu; ha-wa;
Hu-yu,
hu-u ; hi-i ; &c.
hi-li ; ha-ya ;
hi-ki ; hi-vi ;
hi-i (si-i) 1 ;
hi-zi ; hu-u ;
hu-5 ; hu-ku ;
ha-pa ; hu-mu
That, those
Hu-yu; ha-u; Hu-yu; ha-u;
Ho-yu,
hu-u ; hi-yu ; &<:.
lii-lu ; ha-yu ;
hi-cu; hi-vyu;
hi-yu ; hi-zu ;
hu-u ; hu-u ;
hu-ku; ha-pu;
hu-mu
Yu-le ; wa-le ; Yu-le ; wa-le ;
U-le, 6
u-le ; i-le ; &*c.
li-le ; ya-le ;
ki-le (ci-le) ;
vi-le ; i-le ;
zi-le ; u-le ;
u-le ; ku-le ;
pa-le ; m-le
Bad
-baya, -baa -baya. -bu-vu
u-vu
Black
eusi -eusi
-eusi
Female
ke. -kuu -ke. -a ki-ke
ke
Fierce, sharp
kali -kali
-kali
Good
ema ; -zuri. -ema
ema
-tu
Great ...... Bora. -kuu.
-kubwa.
nene
Little ...... -dugu. -cace -dugu
-kuu. -kubwa -kuu
-tutu, -cucu
Long ...
Male ...
Old ...
Red ...
Rotten
Short...
Sick ...
White
Above, up,
on top
Before
Behind
-re-fu -re-fu -re, -re-fu
ume, -dume -ume. -aki-ume -ume
-kukuu. -zee -zee. -kukuu -zee, -bee.
kukuu
ekundu -ekundu -ekundu
u-vu, -bu-vu -u-vu, -bu-vu -uvu
fupi -fupi -fupi
-gonjwa. -weli -wele. gonjwa -we, -ttwe
eu-pe -eu-pe -eu-pe
Juu
Mbele
Ny-uma
Juu or Dyuu Yuu
Mbele
Ny-uma
Mbee
Ny-uma
ote Pia. Apa-
(Apawa ?)
Hu-u; ha-wa; A- (a-yco ;
&c. a-wa ; a-u ;
a-i ; a-ri;
a-ya; a-ci ;
a-vi; 6rv.)
onji
-nu (u-nu,
wa-nu, &*c.)
11 MI-CO; ha-u;
...
...
ore.
U-le, wa-le,
re(I-re; wa-re;
le (u-le, wa-le,
va-le, &c.
u-re; i-re;
i-le, pi-le, &c.)
ri-re ; ya-re;
ci-re ; vi-re ;
&.)
-U-VU
i (Mu-i).
-wii, -bi
si ng-ema
eusi
erufi
-udu, M-udu
ke
-ka
-se
kali
kari
r
ema
ema
ema
kuru
kulu
Bua-fu. Dibave
-duda. -titi
tutu. -pusn.
-titi. Ka-, Ga-
aba (few)
(as prefix).
nkinyi
re-fu
...
-vuli
lume
-time, -dume
bee. -bima.
vere. -se or
-kuhu
kukuu
-zee
ehundu
eundu
kundu
uvu
bvunda
fupi
. . .
we
Iwala
ade, mu-ade
eu-pe
elu-pa
-jeu. -eu
I-yuu
Julu
U-zyu or Dzu
Mbee
Mbele
Mbele
Kwan-ima
Ny-uma
M-engu-ni
1 s replaces h in a few KitigCAzi demonstratives ; i. c. Sn-for Ha-, Si- for HI-.
GROUP F: THE ZANGIAN LANGUAGES
139
21.
21 a.
21 b.
2ie.
21 f.
22.
English
Swahili
Ki-mvita
Ki-amu
Ki-tikuu
Ki-wibu
^i-angazija
(Ki-hadimu
2 ic. Ki-tozi
21 g. Ki-ngwje
22a. Xi-nzuani
(H), &c.)
21 d. Ki-pate
Below, down
Ci-ni
Ti-ni
Ti-ni
Ti-ni
Si-ni. Pa-nsi
Won-si. M-si
-ni
Far
M-bali
M-bali
M-bali
M-bali
Baidi
M-bali
Here
Hapa. Htiku.
Hapa
Hapa
Hapa
Apa
Hava (?)
Hupco
In, inside ...
Nda-ni.
Nda-ni
Nda-ni
Nda-ni
*.*
-ni, -mi, -mu
Hu-mco.
M5-, M-. -ni.
Katika
Middle
Katikati
Katikati
Katikati
Kaci
Near
Karibu (Arab.).
Pa-fupi
Pa-fupi
Pa-fupi
Pepi
Vanu
Pa-fupi
Outside
Nje
Nde
Nde
Nde
*
Plenty, many
ifigi. Tele
ngi, -ingi.
-ngi, -ingi.
ngi. Tele
ngi, -ingi
-ingi
Tele
Tele
There
Hukca. Rule.
Pale. Kule,
Pale
Pale
Hule Tsahu
Pale
S>c.
Where? ...
-pi ? \Va-pi ?
-pi ? Wa-pi ?
Wa-pi?
Kwa-pi ?
-pi?
No!
Ahaa ! Siyu !
Sittl
Siyco!
Siveo !
Ebu!
Si
Not (with -verb,
Si. -si-. Si-.
Si. -si-. Si-.
Si. -si-. Si-.
Si. -si-. Si-.
Si. Si-, -si-.
Si. Si-, -si
as prefix, in-
Hu-. Ha-.
Hu. Ha-
Hu-. Ha-
Hu-. Ha-
Ku? Ka?
Hu-. Ha-
fix, or suffix)
Ku-tcoa (with
infinitives)
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
U-, Hu-
beat ...
-piga_
piga
piga
bika
ilia
buy, sell
nunua. -uza
-nunua. -uza.
-nunua. -uza
nunuva.
-uza
-uza
-uliza
kuba
come ...
ja (N-jcoco ! =
-ja, -dya
-ya
ya
dya. -lawa.
-ija. (Xco ! =
imperative)
( J<o ! = im-
imperative)
perative]
cut
kata. -cinja
-kata
-kata
kaca
sinsa
dance ...
ceza. -randa
teza
-teza
-tefca
-vina
die
-fa
-fa
-fa
fa
-fa
fa
eat
la
-la
-la
la
-ria
-la
give ...
-pa. -tua.
pa
-pa
pa
-pa
be. -va(22a)
tunza
go
enda,
enda. -pita
enda
enenda
enda,
enda, -senda,
enenda.
enenda.
inda (past
-pita
tembera.
tense :
-ka
-endre)
kill
-ua
ua
-ua
uva, -vua
waga, -ula
-hua
know ...
jua
-dyua
-yua
yiwa
-ijiwa
-jua
laugh . . .
ceka
-teka
teka
-teka
-zeka
-tesia
leave off,
aca, -ata,
ata
ata
-ata
reka. -asa
cease
kcoma
? -regea (to
be loose)
love, want
penda
penda
penda
penda
penda. -saka
vintsa
see
ona
ona
ona
-vona
ona
-hcona
sit, remain,
kaa (-kalia =
kaa
-kaa
-teti
ikala
kensa
abide
remain for)
sleep ...
lala
lala
-lala
iyala
-lala
*
stand, stop,
simama.
-simama
simama
simama
...
be erect
ima
steal . . .
iba
iba
jepa
yepa
-iwa
iba
r 4 o ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE SWAHILI DIALECTS
Virtually no traces of preprefixes, except in the gth prefix in the Ki-unguja and Ki-mrima dialects
(2 if and g).
Class i. M-, MU-, Mu- (21 e, 21 f) (m-, mu,yu-, ? hu-,u) ; 2. Wa-, (Va- sometimes in 21 e and f )
(wa-, va-); 3. M-, Mu-, Mu- (21 f) (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi-, Ny-, Ni- (21 c, d, and e) (m-, mu-, i) ; 5. ,
Ji-, J-, Dy-, Ri- (21 f and g),Ni- (21 f ) (li, j-, r-, ri-) (21 f ) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) ; 7. Ki-, C'- (ki, ci-, c'-) ;
8. Vi- (21, 21 a, 21 f and g), Zi- (21 c), TJi- (21 d and e) (vi, zi-, t>i-) ; 9. In- (21 and 21 f \ N- (M-), -,
Ny-, ( , n- (m-), ny-, nj-, fig-, i) ; 10. In-, N- (M-), N-, Ny- ( , zi, ny-, nj-, fig-) ; 1 1. U-, Lu-, Ru-
(last two forms only in 21 f and g) (m-, u, lu, ru-) ; 12. (Absent throughout); 13. Ka- (almost absent,
save for slight traces with Vi- as plural in Ki-ungnja and the other northern dialects, but commoner in
21 f and g) ; 14. U- (plural sometimes Ny-, but more commonly Ma-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Pa- (Va-
in 21 f ), rarely Wa- (pa-, va-) ; 17. Mu- (mu- and -ni) almost absent from 21 e.
PREFIXES, &c., IN SI-AN-GAZIJA, &C.
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi-, Me- (mi-, i-) ;
5. Dzi (D'-, L'- ), - (dz 1 , dzi-, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ? a) ; 7. ^i-, Xi-, Xi-, Hi- (si-, xi) ; 8. Zi- (zi) ; 9. N-
(M-),-,Ny-, (n-,i); 10. ? Zin-, N- (M-), -, Ny- (zi ?, n-) ; n. (missing) ; 12. (missing) ; 13. (rare)
Ha-, Ka- (? ha-, ka) ; 14. U-, Vca-? (u) ; 15. Hu-, U-, ? Gu- (? hu) ; 16. Wa-, Va- (va ?) ; 17. ?(?-mu?,
-mi, -ni).
21. Swahili is spoken in Zanzibar, Pemba, and Mafia islands, and in the coast towns between the
Pangani river, Kilwa, and Lindi ; also in an adulterated form right across Africa from Unyamwezi and
Tanganyika to the Lualaba and Upper Congo. Kihadhmi or Kikae is the ancient dialect of Zanzibar
island and Kinguzi the affected ' literary ' speech.
21 a. Kimvita is spoken in the towns of the Mombasa coast-belt between Vanga and Malindi.
21 b. Kiamu, 21 c. Kiwzi, and 21 d. Kipate, are spoken on the islands of Lamu and Pata, and in
the Witu sultanate and the delta of the OOzi and Tana rivers.
21 e. Kitikuu is spoken in Faza (north of Lamu) and at all the Swahili settlements along the coast
between Kwaihu and the Juba river ; also north of the Juba river.
21 f. Kiwibu (Kimrima and Kimgaco) are spoken on the coast between the mouths of the Rufiji
and the Ruvuma rivers (Cape Delgado) ; at I bo and in the Kerimba islands ; 21 g. Kingojje is spoken
in the Swahili-Arab colonies of Angiose (Angoxa).
22. Siangazija and 22 a. Xinzuani are spoken in the Komorco islands (Great Komoro), Johanna,
and Mcohila) : with the exception, perhaps, of Mayotte.
GROUP G
THE USAGARA-UG(x)GO) LANGUAGES
23. Dzalamco
23 a. Kami. 23 b. Ki-xutu.
23 c. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b. Kaguru (Northern Sagara) '
24C-g. Southern Sagara dialects'*
25. Gcogco
26. Irangi. 26 a. Kiumbugwe
English
23-
Dzalamco
233.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b. 1
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g. 1
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gcogco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
Adze
Temco.
N -hem eo
N-temca.
N-temco
N-temoj
N-hemco
Ci-widzto
Animal, wild
Ny-ama ; pi.
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
beast
dziny-ama
Ant
Mi-gege (/>/.).
Cia.
Siafu. I-fulafu.
..*
Ny-ungu
Ny-ereri
N-humbi-
Nconyco
Sungusungu.
humbi
N-bingi.
Cungu
Ant, white
Mu-swa
Genhe ;
Mu-swa
. . .
M-mehe or
Mu-swa
(termite)
ma-genhe
Mu-mehe.
Ki-swa ;
vi-swa
Ape (chim-
...
...
...
...
...
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm
M-kconco ; mi-
Mu-kconco; mi-.
M-kconco ; mi-
Mw-eokco
Mw-cokw ; mi-
Twaliti
M-wcokeo; mi-
Arrow
M-sale ?
Lu-hcote.
Mu-vi. I-sagi.
Songa
M-ui or Mw-ui;
M-dumka
Lu-pcobeta
mi-wui
Axe
Scoka
Wageo ; ma +
Ci-widzco.
Hengco
Sengco
C-aria,
N-temoj.
Caha
Sehgco
Baboon
Ui-kcokco
Ny-ani
Ny-ani
N-jai. Tui
Back
M-gongco ; mi-
M-gongeo
M-gongo> ; mi-
Mu-gongco;mi-
Lekele
Banana
Nhcoco;
Ncohco.
X-xco. (Bcokco
* ..
Tcoke; ma + .
N-dizi
mi-khcoco.
(M-gomba =
or Di-bcokco =
N-dizi
M-zuzu
tree)
tree)
Beard
N-debvu
N-debfu
Ki-devu or
N-devu
N-devu
N-dedu
Lu-levu
Bee
N-yuki
N-yuki
N-juki
N-zuki
N-zuki
N-yuki
Belly
Mu-nda
I-nda.
Ku-nda,
Tumbeo; ma + .
Tumbu ; ma + .
Guvia
Mda.
Mu-nda,
1-nda; //.
I-nda ; ma-da
Tumbco
I-nda.
nyi-nda,
I-tumbu.
mai-nda
I-sile
Bird
N-dege ;
N-dege
I-dege : ma-
N-dege
N-dege
Zcodie.
dzin-dege
N-dee
Blood
M-lcopa
M-leopa
Sakami ; ma +
Sakami
Sakami
Sagami
Body
M-wili
...
M-tufi
Ku-wiliwili
M-wiri or
. ..
Ki-wiliwili
Bone
Guha
I-guha
I-fupa
I-fupa ; ma-
Borassus palm
. ..
M-vuma or
. . i
. ..
. . .
M-vumco
Bow
U-pinde. U-ta.
U pinde
N-ta or U-ta ;
U-pindi
Pindi.
...
Wanga
pi. rni-ta
U-kunje
1 The principal dialects of Sagara speech spoken in the hilly regions of Uluguru, Rubehca, and Usagara may
'te enumerated as follows : Northern Sagara, 24. Kaguru, 24 a. Itumba, 24 b. Kondcoa or Solwe ; Southern
Sagara, 240. Ziraha, 24 d. Kwenyi, 246. Nkwifiya, 24 f. Ndunda, 24 g. Ngwila.
1734 L
142
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
23-
Dzalamco
23a.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gcogco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
Bowels
Tupe ; ma +
Ma-turn bco
Ma-tumbu.
...
Ma-tumbu
...
(U-fu = sto-
mach of oxen]
Brains
U-lcotco
U-bong<o
Ca-ongco ; vya-
Uw-ongco ; ma-
Breast (man's)
Mbaga.
Ma-mbaga
Ci-fa
...
Pa-mbaga
Ki-kua
M-ha-mbaga ;
mi-
Breast
Mipa-mbaga.
Tombeo ; ma +
1-tombco ; ma-
Tombeo ; ma-
Ma-tombco
I-tombco ; ma-.
(woman's)
Ma-tombeo
Ma-jcororco.
(&)
Ma-susu
Brother ...
Kaka. M-kulu
N-dugu.
M-dugu ; wa-.
N-dugu.
N-dugu.
Lumbu. N-duii
M-dcodco.
Magati.
Mw-ene-tu.
M-kulu.
Limibu
M-zuanda.
Se-gulu
M-vuna
M-dcodco
N-dugu (rela-
wangu.
tion)
I-lumbu
Buffalo
Tupa ; ma +
M-hcogco
M-bcogco
M-bcogco
Bull
M-nhufi.
N-ombe
N-xambaku
1-senga i-lume.
N-jeku.
M-jeku
Bebelu
n-dume.
N-zeku.
Kambaku.
...
Senga
Khambaku
: Kabakco
rn-bigalco
(23 b)
Buttocks ...
Lu-kundu
Dakco; ma +
I-takco; ma-
Ma-dakco
I-dakco; ma-
Ma-takco
Canoe
M-humbwi
Mu-humbwi
I-lcokco
*
. ..
M-tumbi
Cat
Nyaco
M-nyaco
Nyaco.
Nyaco
Nyau
I-tulwa
Charcoal ...
Li-kala ; ma-
...
Ma-kala
Ma-kala
Chief
N-dewa
M-dema.
Mn-dewa or
M-teme
M-temi.
Jumbe.
M-gcosi
M-sungati
(M-dewa =
(26 a)
interpreter)
Child
Mw-ana.
Cin-keli ; vin-.
C-ana;
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
M-dcodco
Mw-ana.
vy-ana.
M-dcodcd
M -dcodco.
m-dudia
Gu-undila ;
Ci-ali ; vi-.
Ki-dzererco
ma-undila
M-dcodu.
(23 b)
C-aniki ; vy-
Cloth
N-guwo> ; zi +
N-guco
Mw-enda.
...
Mw-enda
Lu-enda ;
LQ-ke
mi-enda or
ny-enda.
N-geona
Cold
Behco
M-beh<o.
M-behco.
.. .
M-behco
Talala
Bfega
Ny-toba
Country ...
I-si
I-si
I-si ; zi-si.
I-si
I-si
Ki-runga
Cow
N-ombe.
N-ombe
M-buguma ya
. ..
N-ombe.
N-ombe inki
M-buguma
m-buguma.
n-ombe
M-buguma ya
Senga
n-ombe
m-twanzi
(23 b)
Crocodile ...
Mw-ena
M-buru
...
. >
Mamba
Mamba
Day
Siku. Um-usi
Mu-si. Siku.
I-jua.
...
K-ilco or C-irco.
Siku.
imi-si
M-canya
Mu-giiigco
Ki-nguru
Mu-si
Devil, evil
Kungu or
I-dzimu ; ma-
Isi-ntu i-kulu.
I-kunga (24 c)
Mu-zimu
.
spirit
Di-kungu ; ma
I-scoka; ma + .
I-zimu
Doctor (medi-
M-ganga,
NT -ganga.
M-ganga
*
Mu-ganga
Mu-anga
cine man)
N-ganga,
M-lagutsi
M-lagula,
M-laguzi
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGOJGCO LANGUAGES
'43
English
23-
Dzalamu
23 a.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gcogco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
Dog
M-bwa.
Im-bwa,
I-bwa or
Mnyam-bwa.
Mnyam-bwa,
Kuli
Ki-bwa
Yum-bwa,
Di-bwa.
Nyaka-bwa.
Im-bwa,
Jim-bwa
Dinyam-bwa;
Di-bwa ; ma-
Di-bwa
manyam-.
Suku
Donkey
N-deogcowe.
N-dcogcowe ;
N-deogcowe
N-dcogcowe
N-dcogcowe
N-dakwi
Ki-hongwe
ma-
Door
Lu-ivi ; ny-ivi
M-langco
Lu-iji ; ma-.
. ..
Mu-langco
Mu-riangco
M-langco
Dream
N-deozi
...
N-jwzi
...
. ...
* *
Drum
Gombco.
N-gcoma
N-gcoma
* ..
N-gcoma
M-ina
In-gcoma ;
zifi-gcoma
Ear
Gu-twi ;
Nghu-twe or
Tu-twe ; ma-
I-sikidza; ma-.
Igu-twe,
Ku-tu; ma-tu
ma-twi,
Gu-twi ;
Igu-twe; ma-
iku-tu ; ma-
gama-twi
magu-twi
Egg
Finga ; gama +
Finga ; ma +
I-tagi; ma-
...
I-gankha or
Ya-i ; ma-i
Ganga ; ma +
Elephant ...
N-hembco
N-hembco
N-thembaj
...
N-zcofu or
N-jcou
N-dembco
Excrement
Ma-vi
Ma-ve
Ma-vi
. .
Ma-vi
...
Eye
S-isco ; m-esco
Nenge; ma+
I-gisw;
Z-ihco ; m-ehco.
Z-isco,
K-isco ; m-isco
and dzi-.
ma-gisco.
Iz-ihco ; m-esco
L-isco ;
Z-isco or L-iseo;
D-isco ; m-esco
m-esco
m-esco
Face, forehead
Ki-anga
Ci-hanga
Fumda ?
N -dcosi ;
U-su.
N-gurirco
Ki-hanga ?
ma-dcosi
Kum-esco.
M-esco
ma-jeti
Fat, oil ...
Gama-vuta or
Ma-bvuta
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-kuta
Ma-vuta.
( '-UCOllCO
Father
Tata,
Baba.
Baba
Tata
Scoga.
Nani. Nanikco.
Thatha
Tate
Baba.
M-sedia.
Kcolori
Tata
Fear
Di-weoga,
.. ,
Wcoga
Mcoga ?
Wcoga
Wcoga?
Finger
Ki-deole.
Ci-dcole ;
Ki-dcole ; ci-
I-dco!e
K-ala.
C-ala ; vy-ala
C-anda.
pfi-deole.
Ki-dcole
Gumba
Z-ala
Fire
Um-6tco
M-otco
M-otco
M-otco
M-otco.
Kau.
Ma-waa
M-otco
Fish
Somba
Somba
I-jcoka
. * i
Comba,
Somba
dya me-dji
Somba
Foot
M-gulu ; mi-
M-gulu.
M-gulu ; mi-.
. ..
Mu-gulu.
I-gulu
Lu-ayco
I-jayeo ;
Ki-gere
n-jayco
Forest
Di-hulco,
Mu-hulco
M-bagu
M-bagu
M-bagu.
I-saki
Umu-hulco.
I-saka.
M-bagco
Mu-ceme
Fowl
In-guku or
Nuku
N-xuxu
...
N-kuku or
Kuku
In-huku
N-kunkhu
Frog
M-bula ; mi-
Butwa; ma +
Bula; ma +
C-ura ; vy-ura
Ghost
M-zimu.
M-zimu
M-yefu.
...
Mu-tima?
Kinya-mkela.
Mu-ye
Mu-lungu; mi-
Giraffe
N-hwiga
Twiga
N-dwiga
...
N-twiga
Tuia
L 2
144
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
23-
Dzalamco
23 a.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
^ 2 5-
Gcogco
26.
Irafigi
26 a. Ki-
umbugrve
Girl
M-twanzi.
Ci-gcole,
M-dere.
Mu-hinza
Ki-hinza.
Mu-hinja.
Ki-gcoli
Mw-ana
Ki-gcoli
Mu-tcogco
M w-ari
ci-gcole
Goat
M-hene,
M-pheni.
M-peeni
M-peeni
M-peeni.
M-buli
M-pene
M-peeni (23b)
M-buri.
Mu-to>gco-ta 5
(he) ...
...
M-vulata.
Fulata.
I-fulata,
M-vulata
M-buzi
(M-togeota =
Teogeota <J
M-vulata.
mu-lume
female)
M-buguma.
N-gadata ^
God
Mu-lungu ; mi-.
Mu-lungu.
Mu-lungu.
Mu-lungu
Mu-lungu.
Balalcd.
Mw-ungu
M-vula (23 b)
M-balco.
...
Mu-tari
Mu-lungu,
(= rain)
C-comi
M-ungu
Grandparent
Se-kulu
Se-kulu
Kuku.
...
Yiya *
Baba.
Magunco ;
BabuS
Mamei
wama- (<j>)
Grass
Mi-jani (//.)
M-gina.
Mny-ari.
...
Ma-hanza
I-sambi
Ma-bagco
N-yuju
Ground
I -si
I -si
1-si
...
A-si
I-si. N-si
Ground-nut
N-zugu.
...
...
...
N-zugudu
...
N-halanga
Guinea-fowl
N-hanga
N-hanga
...
...
Kanga
*
Gun
Bunduki
Futi
Bundiki
...
Bunduki
Hair
Im-vili ; zim-
Lu-vili ;
Lu-vili ;
Lu-vuile ;
Lu-vuile ;
Lu-guwati.
ma-vili
n-juile
ma-vuile
m-vuile.
Ny-weri
or m-vuile
M-viri
Hand
M-kconco.
Mw-cokco.
M-kcono).
Mw-coku.
Twaliti.
Di-ganza.
Ganza
Mw-eokco.
Ganza or
Mu-kunco
Ki-limbili ; vi-
I-ganji
Ganya
Head
Di-twi ;
Li-twe or
Di-twe or
Mu-twe
Mu-twe
Baiti.
gama-twi
Di-twi
I-twe; ma-twe
Mu-twe
Heart
M-oyco
M-oyco
M-tima.
...
Mu-teoga
Kcolco.
M-oyco
M-oyco
Heel .
Ki-siginyeo; vi-
Ki-segeyu
Ki-sinyagiro>
...
M-katalco
...
Hide
Kwembe
Li-kwembe ;
N-kingco
...
N-cingw
Mo-mberu.
ma-
N-diri
Hill
Ki-gongco
I-tunda.
Lu-kwilco ; ma-
I-tunda
I-tunda.
Lu-gongco or
Ki-gongco
I-gongw
Hippopotamus
Ki-bonheo.
N-hcomondco
M-teomondw ;
...
Teomondco
...
Tcomondco
ma-
Hoe
Di-gembe; ma-
Gembe ; ma +
Li-yumbe.
...
I-sile
I -sere
I -sire
Honey
Uki, W-uki
...
Uki
. ..
Uci
O)ki
Horn
N-hembe
M-hembe
M-pembe
...
Li-embe
...
(?M-pombe)
House
U-kaye, K'aya.
N-anda.
N-umba,
N-anda,
N-anda.
N-kbambi.
C-anga; vi-.
Ny-umba
Ny-umba ;
Ny-anda.
Ny-umba.
Ny-umba-
Ki-banda or
(23 b)
zi + . N-anda.
Ny-umba
Ci-banda
culco
r-wanda,
Mu-keola.
N-ganda,
Ki-banda
N-anda
Hunger
N-zala
N-zala
Cumbi
...
N-zala.
N-jala
M-kombe
Husband ...
M-kazanco.
M-kasana
M-lume
M-zererto
M-umi
Mu-lume
M-bigalu
Hyena ...
N-dula
Heobwe. Ban.
I-fisi,
*
M-visi.
Pici
M-dula
I-fisi
Biti
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGOJGO) LANGUAGES
English
23-
Dzalamco
233.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b. 24 c
Kaguru and Sout
Northern Sag
Sagara
-g- 25.
hern Gugco
ara
i
26.
Irangi
263. Ki-
umbugvre
Iron
C-uma
C-uma
C-uma. C-uma
C-uma
Lu-bvula.
Ci-bongi.
I-sanyenge
N-dop&>
Island
Solu or
...
...
Ir-iwa
Di-solto ; ma-
Ivory
N-hembe
M-hembe
N-thembto
Lu-bali
Lco-hembe
Knee
Vindi; ma +
Funda ; ma +
Figameru
Guse
K-iru (26a)
Knife
Mw-ele
Mage.
Mw-ere
Ki-magi.
Nereza
Mw-ere.
Maje
L-usu ; ny-usu.
L-ufyu ;
ny-ufyu
Lake
Lamba
I-lamba.
I-ramba
Lawa
I-siwa
Leg
Di-gulu.
Li-gulu; ma-
M-gulu; mi- M-gulu
; mi- Mu-gulu ; mi-
Kulu ; mi-ulu.
Ki-gonhco ; vi-
I-gulu ; ma-
Leopard ...
Duma ; ma +
Duma
Gui; ma-f.
N-sui.
Suwi
Duma
Duma
Lion
Simba.
Simba
Nya-lcopala.
Simba.
Simba
N-gudcomi
I-simba
Nya-lcopala.
Nya-tuni
Lips
M-lcomco; mi-
Mi-lcomco (pi.)
M-lemo> ; mi-
Ma-l<omo>
Ma-lcomu
Magic
ll -gaiiga
U-ganga
U-ganga
U-wai
U-wai
Maize
Mu-hindi
Ma-hindi
I-tama or
Mu-hindi
Mu-hindi
U-tama
Man
Umu-nhu,
Mu-nhu ;
Mu-nhu Mu-nhu; wa-. Mu-nhu or
Mu-ntu ;
Imu-nhu,
wa-nhu
Mu-lume Mu-ntu
wa-ntu
Mu-nhu ;
wa-nhu
Man, vir. ...
Mu-lume.
M-lume.
M-gcosi.
Mu-dimi.
Mu-dimi.
M-bigaleo
M-bigaleo
M-lume
Mu-gwsi.
Mu-lume
M-zereroj
Meat
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
...
Medicine ...
I-dawa
Mu-gcoda
Mu-ti. M-gtoda
...
M-wcoda
Milk
Ma-bisi (?)
M-ere, m-ele
M-eli; ma-eli.
M-eri
*
(ga n-ombe)
(Ku-kama =
verb)
Monkey ...
...
...
Tumbili.
Gedingwa
Taha
Kima
Moon
Mw-ezi
Mw-edzi.
Mw-ezi.
Mw-ezi.
M-lenge.
M-lenge
M-lengi.
M-lenge
Mw-eri
M-lunga
Mother
Mamco
Wenye,
Man, Wau.
Yaya or Yiya
Ihyco, lyco.
M-wenye.
N-gina-,
Mawe (26 a)
Mama.
N-yina-
(I-nyco = va-
gina)
Mountain ...
Ki-lima
Gongco
Lu-kwilco.
I-tunda
Lulu
I-tunda ; ma-
Mouth
M-ltomw
M-lcomu
M-lconioo ; mi- Mu-leomeo, Mu-lojmw.
Dida
M-dcomco Ku-mwa.
Ma-laka
Nail (of finger
In-hombe ; zi-
N-hombe
I-kombi.
Kombe. Zala
Ci-riri
or toe)
J-era
Name
Tagwa or
Twaga
1-sina. I-tagwa I-tagwa
I-rina
Tangwa,
I-tagwa
I)i-tagwa
Navel
Di-kuvu
Kubfu.
Tuduoj ...
Mu-kuvu
.
Ci-nena
146
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
23-
23 a.
24-24 b.
24 c-g.
25. 26.
English
Dzalamco
Kami
Kaguru and
Southern
Gcogco
Irangi
23 b. Ki-xutu
Northern
Sagara
26 a. Ki-
23 c. Ki-ruguru
Sagara
umbugwe
Neck
Night
Nose
Oil palm ...
Ox
Paddle
Palm wine,
beer
Parrot
Penis
Pig
Pigeon
Place ... .
Rain
Rat
Rhinoceros
River ,
Road ... ...
Salt
Shame
Sheep
Shield
Shoulder ..,
Sister... ...
Skin ...
Sky .
Slave ...
Sleep ...
Smoke
Singco ?
U-gcosi
I-kilco.
(Dziza
= darkness)
M-hula
N-ombe
N.hafl
U-gimbi.
Tembco.
N-gema
M-bcolco.
Mw-azi
M-tumbi.
In.guluwe
N-ziwa
Ha-nhu
Invvula
M-huku.
M-bewa
M-tupa ; mi-
Lu-anda
N-dzila.
Di-kondco
M-kele.
Ny-humvi
Ki-nyala
N'hondcolco
K'i-kidzco
Yega ; mi-ega
Lumbu.
Di-lumbu
Kwembe
U-langa
Mrtumwa.
M-fugwa.
M-pinga j
U.tulco
Di-cosi
Singco
Singco
C-irco. Kilco,
U-siku Cilco.
(Lu-isa dark-
ness)
Im-pula; zim-, M-pula; ma-
M-hula ; zim-
N-ombe. N-ombe.
Senga; ma+ N-dafu
M-pula
N-ombe.
Senga; ma+.
N-koncolco
U-gema.
M-baali.
Tembco
Temfia
M-tumbi
N-ziwa.
Huwa
Ha-nhu
M-vula
M-bewa
Faru
Mu-tsanda,
Ci-tsanda.
Lu-anda
N-zila
Mu-nyco
Ci-nyala
N-hcolco.
N-ondorco
N-guluma
Yega ; m-ega
Lumbu ; ma +
Li-kwembe
U-gema.
U.gimbi
N-gume.
N-guruwe
N-jiwa
Ha-nhu,
Harntu
M-vula
M-buku
M-phera ; ma-r
Lu-kcolongco.
Luanda
N-gila
Mu^nyu
Sconi
N-khcolco or
Xcolu
N-gula
Yega ; ma +
Lumbu
N-dziwa
M-vula
M-fugwa.
M-tumwa.
M-pinga }
U-tulco.
Nongco.
(N-dalco =
sleeping-place)
Y-cosi
Li-kwembe?
U-laftga.
Vunde
M-fugwa
Sconi
Mu-hadza ;
wa-.
Lumbu; ma +
M-fugwa.
M-phaiigu
M-cosi or
Di-cosi
N-gcozi.
Singco
K-irco or C-iru
M-pula
N-ombe
Ma-lusco
N-gubi
N-ziwa
Ma-bala
M.vula.
Tconya
Mrbewa
Luenga.
Kcolongco.
M-ongco
Nizira
Mw-inu
Sconi
N-khcolu.
Nkorco
N-gula
I-wega; ma^
Mw-elumbu
N-kuli
Vunde.
W-alco
Mu-lelwa.
M-fugwa
Sinzira
Li-co^i,
Y-cosi
I-kingco
U-ciku.
Ny-colco.
(Ki-luflya =
darkness)
Saiti ;
ma-saiti. Pula
Palala.
N-dafu.
N-gombe
I-rusco; ma-.
Nycou
M-bco
Ha-ntu.
Ma-hare
M-bula
Puku
M-pera
Mu-vuleo
Sangasco
Sconi
Mu-ndi
Lumbu.
N-dugwe
M-terewa.
M-rerwa.
M-singa ; wa-
M-tumba
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGOJGU) LANGUAGES
147
English
23.
Dzalamco
23 a.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
23 c. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gcogco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
Snake
N-zeoka
Zcoka; ma + .
Nj-eoka or
Zcoka
Ny-coka
N-zcoka
Ny-coka. Pili.
Ci-hililya
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana.
M-songcolco.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Mw-ana.
M-hale
Mw-ana.
C-ana.
Mu-dimi.
m-lume.
Mu-tawana
Ka-bigaleo,
Ci-lume.
Ki-songtolco.
Ki-zererco
M-bigalco
Mw-aniki
K-ana ; pi.
tw-ana
Song
Lu-ila; ny-ila
Ci-geoma.
Lu-imbu ; ma +
...
U-imbco
...
Lu-imbeo (?)
Spear
M-gcoha
M-gcoha
Mu-guha
. . .
M-gcoha. I-tari
I-jimu ; ma-
Spirit, soul
Um-oyco.
Um-oyco.
Mu-zimu
...
Mu-zimu
M-oyco
M-zimu.
Ki-dia
Im-beheo
Kinya-mkera
Star
Tondeo or
N-tondco
My-erezi ; zi +
N-tondwe
Ny-eredzi.
N-tondwe
N-hondco.
N-tondwa
N-hilu
Stick
N-hcota ;
I-bika?
I-bike ; ma-.
N-xwekco.
I-biki.
M-ranga
ini-khcota
M-biviri
M-phandco ;
Mu-keoti
Kcomi
ma-
Stone
Di-bwe ;
I-bwe ;
I-we or Di-bwe
...
I-bwe; ma-bwe
I -we; ma- we
ma-bwe.
ma-bwe
U-bwe ;
i
gama-bwe
Stool
Ki-gcoda
Ki-gcoda,
Ci-geoda,
...
Ki-gcoda
Ci-gcoda
Li-gcoda
Sun
Di-zuwa
Dzuwa
I-jua
...
I-dzua.
C-coze.
Mu-asco
Mw-asco
Tail
M-khila
Mu-ingco
Mu-se
Mu-cira
...
Tear
Hcozi ; ma +
Hcotsi ; ma +
I-scozi; ma-
I-scozi; ma-
OOdzi
. . .
Testicles ...
Pumbu
...
ft*
M-bia
Thief
M-bavi
Mu-hizi
Mu-hiji ; wa-
...
Mu-izi
...
Thigh
Hadza ; ma +
...
I-haja
. . .
C-ima
...
Thing
Iki-nhu ;
Ci-nhu ;
Ki-ntu; vi-ntu
. . .
Ki-ntu ; vi-ntu
Ki-ntu ; vi-ntu
ivi-nhu
vi-nhu
Thorn
Mw-iba
Mu-iwa
M-ua ; mi-wa
Mu-wa ; mi-wa
**
Tobacco ...
Tumbaku
...
I-kondi
Konde
Tumbatu
To-day
Lelco
Lelco
Lelco
Lelco, Di-lelco,
Zuari
I-sikco
Dya-leleo
Toe
C-anda.
Ci-dcole ca
N-dcole dya
. . .
Ki-dcole
Memba ra
Guinba
m-gulu
m-gulu
kulu
To-morrow
Imi-tondco
I-rubfi
Au-siku.
Mi-tondco
Mi-tondco.
Lu-vi.
I-tondco
Ci-laco
M-tondco
Tongue
Lu-limi ;
I-linii or
Lu-limi ;
Lu-limi
Lu-wa
n-dinii
Lu-limi (23 b)
/in-dimi or
malu-limi.
Lu-laka
Tooth
J-inco, Dy-ineo ;
Dz-inco; m-enco,
Into, D-inco ;
I-.dzinco ;
Idz-inco;
L-inco ; m-enco
in -en u
ma-zinco
m-eneo.
ma-zinco or
m-enco
Gegco ; ma +
in -en co
Town, village
Kayi(?).
Kaya or Kaye.
I-kaya
i
Kaya
Kaya
Ki-rambco
Bu-lulu
Tree
Mu-biki,
I-bike, Li-biki.
I-biki ; ma-.
I-biki.
I-biki.
Mu-ti ; mi-ti
M-biki ; mi-
I-bika (23 b)
Mu-ti ; mi-ti
M-gcoda
Ki-biti
(imi-)
Twins
Vi-basa (pi.)
...
Pasa; ma-pasa
...
Hasa ;
...
ma-hasa
Urine
Ma-kuzco
M-kcozco
...
Ma-tunzi
Ma-tunzi
. . .
148
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
23-
Dzalamco
233.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
23 c. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
N orthern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gcogco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
Vein
N-kundi
K i-timba ; vi-
Ki-kwari ; vi-
I-sirira.
Mu-kifa
War
N-hondco
N-hondco
U-khondco.
U-lugu.
Feta.
Lewa
Ma-feta
M-kondu
Water
Gama-zi
Ma-tsi or
Me-ji or Ma-ji
Ma-dzi.
Ma-lenga
Nua.
Ma-zi.
Ma-lenga
Ma-ji
Lu-lenga ;
ma-
Well, source
Sima or
Ci-sima
I-sima
...
...
Ki-rimoyco.
M-sima
Ki-rinkazco
White man
M-zungu
M-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-jungu ; wa-
Wife
Im-wehe
M-wehe ;
M-ke, Mu-ke.
Mwe-ha; we-ha
Mu-ke; wa-ke.
Mu-ke ; wa-ke
wehe
M-cekulu
Mwe-he.
M-cekulu
Mu-ke.
M-cekulu
Wind
Im-behco.
U-behco
M-pheco
. . .
...
Pehco
Di-behco
Witch
Mu-hawi
Mu-hawi
Mu-sai,
...
Mu-hai.
Mu-hai
Mu-ganga
Witchcraft
U-hawi.
Wu-hawi
U-sai,
...
U-hai
...
U-ganga
U-hai
Woman ...
M-ke.
Mu-ke.
M-veli.
M-kodzi ; wa-.
Mu-ndu-mu-ke.
Mu-ntu-mu-ke.
Mw-ali.
M-pinga.
Mu-ke
M-pinga.
Mu-dala
Mu-iletu.
M-pinga
M-twanzi
Mu-hinja
Womb
. . .
I-fu.
Nimi.
...
Nda
I-sambco
I-sambco
Wood (fire-
Lu-pekco.
N-gcodi ;
N-gcodi ; zin-.
N-gcodi
Kui
wood)
N-gtodi
zih-gcodi
Bilco
Yam
Ki-gondco ; vi-
...
...
...
. ..
Year
Umw-aka ;
Mw-aka.
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
imi-aka
Ci-rimeo
Yesterday...
Ma-yea
I-gcolco
Li-gulu
Li-gulu.
I -gcolco
I-jco
Di-gcolco
Zebra
...
M-hunda m-lia
M-punda.
.. .
N-dcoge.
N-dakwa ya
N-jcowe?
Ku-rira
i-sagi
One
monga.
Mcosi?
mwe
Mcose.
Mcose,
Munce.
Mcosi.
Mwe-nga.
(Di-mwe).
mwe
Bcosi.
monga.
-mwe
mwe
Mcosi
monga
-mwe
Two
.bili
pili, -wiri, -ili,
idi (Ka-idi).
-pili. -bili.
ijete (Me-ijete,
bili, -wiri
-bili
ili (K-eli).
ele
Ke-ijeteJ
ele (K-ele,
P-ili)
Three
datu, -dathu
datu, -tatn
datu
datu, -tatu
datu
tatu
(Ka-datu)
(Ka-datu)
Four
ne
-nne, -ne
ne (Ka-ne),
nne
ni, -ne, -ena
nne
nne
(Ka-ne)
Five
thanco
thanco,
sanco
-tan co,
-banco
Salia.
sanco (23 b)
(Ka-sanu)
-banco (24 e)
( Ka-hanco)
sanco
Six
Sita
M-tanda.
M-tandatu.
M-tandatu
M-tandatu,
I-sasatu,
M-tandatu
M-tanda (24b
)
-n-tadatu
-sansatu
(23 b)
Seven
Saba.
M-fungati
M-fungati
M-fungati
M-fungati
M-pungate,
M-fungate
M-fungate
Eight
Nane
M-nane.
M-nana
M-nana
Mu-nane,
1-nane
M-nana
M-nana
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGCOGCO LANGUAGES
149
Nine
Kenda
Kenda
Kenda
I-kenda
1-kenda
M-cenda.
Kenda
Ten
M-longco.
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi,
I-kumi
A-fundika.
Mu-longco.
I-cumi
Kumi.
Kumi
Mu-rongco
Eleven
M-longco na
I-kumi na
I-kumi na
I-kumi nari
Kumi na mwe
monga
mwe
di-mwe
monga
Twenty ...
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi a wiri.
mi-bili.
mi-ili or
ma-idi, or
mi-wili.
me-ijeti
Mi-rongco
Iserini
mi-wili
ma-ili, m-ele
Mi-longco
i-wiri
(Arab.)
mi-ili
Thirty
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Ma-kumt
Ma-kumi
mi-dathu
mi-datu
ma-datu
mi-datu
ma-datu
a-tatu
Forty
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
mi-ne
mi-nne
ma-ne
mi-nne
ma-ne
a-nne
Fifty
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Mi-longeo
Ma-kumi
A-fundika.
mi-thanco
mi-thanco
ma-sanco
mi-tanco or
ma-hanco.
Ka-hanco.
mi -banco
(Ma-kumi
Mi-rongco
ma-ntadatu
i-sanco
= 60)
Hundred ...
Mi-longco
I gana
I-gana
I-gana.
I-gana, I-jana
Gana ;
kunii
Mi-longco
ma-gana
cumi
Thousand ...
.
Ki-dcole.
...
...
Ma-gana
ma-kumi
I, me, my ...
Mia. Nene.
Nene or A-nie.
Anie. Ni-, N-.
Nene.
Nene, Nanu.
Niye.
N., Ni>.
nye, -neni.
Ni-, N-.
Ni-, N-, J-.
N./Ni-.
m-, -n-.
-ni-, -n-,
ni-, -n-.
n-, -ni-. -a-ne
n-. -a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
Thou, thee,thy
Geo ! Gwe,
Gwege, Wege,
Agwegwe. U-.
...
Gwegwe, Gwe.
Wewe, We.
Gwegwe.
or Agwee or
gwe. -ku-.
U-, Ku-.
U-.
K'-, Ku-, U-.
Egwe.
-a-kco
gwe. -u-,
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-gco
U-, Ku-, Kco-
ku-. -a-kco
-ku-, -a-kco
He, him, his
Yuyco, Heyco.
Yuye, Uyu.
Aye. Yuyu.
Yuyu, Ayu.
Yeye, lya. A-.
Ka-, K-, Ye-,
Ayu.
Ka., Yu-, Y.,
Yu-, A-, Ka-,
m-, -mu-.
Ya., A-.
Ka., Ya-, A-.
A-.
Ya>.
-a-kwe
-m-, -mu-.
m-. -a-ke,
-yu. -m-,
m-. mfi-.
-a-ke, -a-ge
-a-kwe
mw-. -a-kwe.
-a-kwe
We, us, our
Twee,
Atie, Hetwe,
Ase.
Sese, Se.
Susu.
Twetwe.
Tete.
Ci-, C-.
Ci-, C-.
Tu-,Ti-.
Tu-, T'-.
Tu-, Ti>.
se. -ci-, -c-.
ase. -tu-.
tu-. -i-swe
tu-. -e-tu
tu-, -ti-. -e-tu
-e-tu
-e-tu
Ye, you, your
Mwe or
Amwee,
Anyie.
...
Anye, Nyie.
Nyunyu.
Mwemwe.
Hemwe,
Mu-, M-.
Mu-, M-.
M-, Mu-.
M-, Mu-.
Mwemwe.
nye. -wa-.
-nye. -wa-.
?-w-. -i-nywe
wa-. -e-nu
Mu-.
-e-nu
-e-nu
wa-. -e-nyu,
-e-nhu
They, them,
Wco. Hewco.
Waweo. Wa-.
Waco. Wa-.
Awco, Wa-.
Wcowco. Wa-.
their
Wa-, W'-.
wa-. -a-wco
aco. -wa-.
wa-. -a-wco
wa-. -a-co
wa-. -a-co
-a-co
As in the northern Siu&hili dialects, hu-, the impersonal pronominal particle, may take the place of any pro-
noun in the nominative case before verbs.
'5
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
23-
DzalaoMo
233.
Kami
23b. Ki-xutu
230. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b. 24 c
Kaguru and Soul
Northern Sag!
Sagara
-g- 25.
lern Gugco
ira
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
All
ose
ose
-ose
ose
-cozi, -cose
This, these
no> (yu-nco,
nco (yu-nco ;
A-yu; wa-wa ;
Yuyu ; ha-wa ;
-nco i "i-nco, -no,
wa-ncii, &>.)
vva-nco ; gu-nco
a-u ; a-i ; a-li ;
hu-co ; hi-i ;
&-f.)
oru-nta; i-nco;
a-ga, a-ya;
lidi; gaga;
Hu-u or nhu-u ;
li-nco <?>-di-nco;
a-ci ; a-vi ;
cici ; vivi ;
ha-Tva or
ga-nco ; ci-nco ;
a-i ; a-zi ; a-lu ;
hi-i ; zizi ;
uha-wa ;
fi-nco, pti-nco.
a-u ; a-ku ;
lulu ; liu-ii ;
lul-u or nhu-u ;
wvi-nco; i-nco;
ba-ha
kuku ; ha-ha
hi-i or nhi-i ;
zi-nco ; lu-nco ;
hi-ri, &--c. ;
u-nco ; ku-nco ;
ha-ya, &c. ;
ha-nco; mu-nco)
hi-ki, hi-vi,
frc.
That, those
CO
Hu-u; hi-ci;
-nco (Yu-nco ;
...
...
(He-to, he-yco ;
hi-pfl ; cfc.
wa-nco ; &c .)
he-wco ; ifW.)
That, those,
dya
-ja (Yu-ja or
-co (Yuyco ;
Yu-ria; wa-ria;
U-re oruo-re ;
yonder
(A-idya ;
ayu-ja ; wa-ja,
wawco ; uco ;
U-ria : i-ria ;
wa-re or
aw-adya ;
awa-ja ; &c.)
iyco; didco ;
ri-ria ; ga-ria ;
na\va-re u-re
a-udya ;
gagco ; &c.)
ci-ria ; vi-ria ;
or ue-re i-re
a-idya ;
-da (23 b)
i-ria ; zi-ria ;
or ue-re ri-re
a-didya ;
dia (yu-dia,
ru-ria ; u-ria ;
or na-rire ;
a-gadya ;
wa-dia, &c.)
ku-ria ; ha-ria
ya-re or
a-kidya ;
naya-re, ore. 1
a-vidya ;
a-idya ;
a-zidya ;
a-ludya ;
a-udya ;
a-kudya ;
a-hadya)
Bad
i-ha.
i-ha
e-ha -bi
-e-ha. -bi
-e-ha, we-ha.
-i-hile
kakco
Black
hitu or fita
titu
titu
titu. -iru
iru
Female
ke
ke.
-ke.
cekulu, -ce
ke
gojle
gcole.
Fierce, sharp,
kali
M-buguma.
kali
M-buguma
khali -kali
kali
Adalawa.
bitter
kare
Good
ncoga
ncoga.
ncoga. -swamu -swamu
bcoha
gcoya
swamu
Great
kulu
kuru
kulu
kulu
-kulu
Little
dcodcj
dcodco
-dcodco. -dcodco.
-dcodco
dudia
ngeke -ana
Long
fi-hali, -hali.
tali
tali
tari
-leha.
tali
'
tali
Male
-lume
lume (dtime).
lume.
lume.
lume
beberu
gcosi
gcosi
Old
kulu.
vele
gcosi.
...
-cozi (Mw-cozi)
data.
dala
or -cosi
vyele
(M-cosi)
Red
dunhwu
dunhu
doniyco
-dunkhu.
ere-nkundu
ctunu
The hitter forms are somewhat suppositions.
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGCJGU) LANGUAGES
'5'
23-
23 a.
24-24 b.
24 c-g.
25-
26.
English
Dzalamco
Kami
Kaguru and
Southern
Gcogco
Irangi
23 b. Ki-xutu
Northern
Sagara
26 a. Ki-
23 c. Ki-ruguru
Sagara
umbugwe
Rotten ... ... -gata -dcoda ... -imbi -vira
Short -guhi -guhi -guhi ... -fupi -kuhi
Sick -tamu -tamu -tamu ... -tamwa -Iwala. -Iwaiye
White -zelu -zeru -eru, -jeru ... -eru, -zeru, -eru
geru
Above, up, on
U-cana ya
U-canya
Ku-canya.
Canya.
Canya,
M-weri.
top
Ku-langa
U-langa
Ku-canya
Ku-toliti ?
Before
Ku-longcozi ya
Ku-longcozi.
Ya-longcola
Ku-mwandco
Ku-mwandi
Mbele.
Ku-mwandi
Mhele
Behind
Ku-cugu kvva-.
Ku-cugu,
Ku-nyuma
Ku-mbele.
Ku-mbele,
Nyuma.
Ki-scogco ca
Ku-ciscogco
Ku-ciscogco
Ku-nyuma,
Sigya
Ku-mgofigco
Below, down
Ha-si
Ha-si
Ha-si
Ha-si, Ha-nhi
Ha-si
Aha-si
Far
Ku-tali
Ku-tali
Ku-vali,
Ku-tali.
Ku-tali.
Ko-le, Ku-le.
Ku-hali
Aku-la
Pirimu
Uxu-ata
Here
A-ha, A-hanco.
A-ha, A-hanco.
Baha
. . 4
Ha-ha
A-ha.
Baha
Baha, Bahco
A-hco
In, inside ...
Mumco. Mu-na,
Mu, Mco.
Mu-, -nda-ni.
...
Mu-
? Mu-.
M-ua. Mg-ati.
Muna, Mumco.
Ku-nda-ni
-mu, -i.
M-le, M-li.
M-beri
Mu-gati
Middle
Ku-gati.
gati (Ku-gati,
Ha-gati
* ..
Ku-fanika.
Ku-gati ?
Ha-gati
Ha-gati)
t
Ku-gati.
Tu-rika
Near
Behibehi
Behi
Behi
Behi
Behi. Kariasi
Behi
Outside ...
Ku-nze ya
Ku-nse, Ha-nse
Ku-nje
4*4
Ku-nze
Ki-werwi
Plenty, many
Bw-andco.
ingi. N-hani
Lu-ganco. -ngi.
ngi
-nji (Me-nji)
-cozi ? -iminco
ingi. N-hani
mu co
There
Kukco,
A-haja, A-kuja.
Kudia.
...
Kuria.
ukco. Pare
Ku-kudya.
Bahco
A-kunco
Kukco
A-hadya
Where? ...
A-hi?
Kuli-hi ?
Hcoki?
Li-kwi ?
Ha-i?
Kwahi ?
Mw-ani ?
Cili-kwi ?
Kw-ani ?
No!
Bule!
Bule! Sibfco!
Ndawa !
...
Nco ! Ncina !
Nco!
Asima !
Not (with verb,
Si-, hu., ha-
Si. Si-, hu-,
Si-, -si-.
...
Si-
Si-, -si-.
as prefix, in-
(hatu, ha-m^,
ha-, &c.
Khali-
*
Ku-leka
fix, or suffix.}
ha-wa).
Inali
Si-ku-
To ...
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
tcowa
tcoa
tcoa.
tcoa. -kcopa,
katcowa.
-coma
halika
kcoba
tcowa
buy, sell
gula
gula
gula
gula
gula
cola
come ...
eza, -iza,
lawa. -iza
idza, -isa.
-idza
za, -zala
.ja
idza, -vika
(izco ! =
lawa
come /)
,, cut
kanha
tema
tema. -senga
...
tema
tema. -kera
dance ...
...
...
vina
...
dawala
vija ?
die
fa
fa
fa
fwa
eat
ja, -dya, -la
dya
dia
...
ria
rya
give ...
enka, -inka.
inka, -inha.
inka
-pa
scola or
ha
gcolela
gcolela, -ga
kascola.
pa. -pera
152
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
23-
Dzalamu
23 a.
Kami
23 b. Ki-xutu
23 c. Ki-ruguru
24-24 b.
Kaguru and
Northern
Sagara
24 c-g.
Southern
Sagara
25.
Gugco
26.
Irangi
26 a. Ki-
umbugwe
To Ku- Ku- Ku- Ku- Ku- Ku-
go -genda. -genda. -luta. -luta -jenda -eta, -ita.
ccola -ka -genda. -tamanya.
-tamba -tamba
(travel) (travel)
kill ... -kcoma -kooma -keoma ... -kcopule, -hula
know .v.
manya. -jua.
manya
manya
...
tanga
,, laugh ...
seka
seka
...
leave off,
leka!
leka
leka
...
cease
asa
love, want
londa
londa.
enda
...
tcogcola
see
ona. -leola
ona. -leola
langa
...
,, sit, remain,
kala, -sigala
kala
kala, -sigala
ikala
abide
,, sleep ...
basa, -wasa.
gtona
geona.
...
-gcona
sisila
stand, stop
ima.
ima
ima
...
be erect
-gcolcoka
steal ...
iba
iba
hija
...
pcola.
nenga
zua
manya.
tanga
seka
reka
reka
wenda.
enda.
saka
saka
wcona
-con a
kala
ikala
gcona
lala
wima, -ima
ima
hidza
iva
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-DZALAMO)
Preprefixes present in a specially demonstrative or pronominal sense.
Class I. Urn-, Mu-, M-, Imu-, Im- (m, umu, yu-, y-, i-) ; 2. Wa-, Iwa- (wa) ; 3. Urn-, M- (umu-, m-,
u 1 ) ; 4. Imi-, Mi- (imi-, i) ; 5. , Di- (di, j) ; 6. Gama-, Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Iki-, Ki- (ki, c') ; 8. Ivi-,
Vi- (vi, bvi); 9. In- (Im-), N- (M-), N-, Ny- (n-, n-, ny-, i) ; lo. Dzi-, Zi; In- (Im-), N-, -, Ny (dzi
or zi, n-, ny-) ; u. Lu- (lu) ; 12. (wanting); 13. (wanting. Ki- replaces Ka- as diminutive) ; 14. U- (u) ;
15. Ku-, Gu- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Ba- (ha, ba) ; 17. Mu- (mu, m).
PREFIXES, &c., IN KAMI AND XUTU
No preprefixes except in Class 3.
Class I. Mu-, M- (m, mu, gu-, u-, ka-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Umu-, Mu-, M- (m-,mu-, nw-,u) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, y-, gi, i) ; 5. , Li-, Di-, L, Zi- (li, di, 1', j 1 ) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga, g') ; 7- Ci-, Ki-, C'- (ki, ci, c') ; 8. Fi-
or Pfi-, F'. (n, f) ; 9. , N- (M-), N- ( , n- (m-), n-, i) (//. sometimes, Class 6) ; 10. , Zi-, N- (M-),
K; Ny- (zi, z', n-,ny'-); 11. Lu- (lu) (//. Classes 10, 4, and 6) ; 12. missing; 13. (missing, except in Xutu
numerals); 14. U- (u) (pi. same as Class 4); 15. Ku-, Gu- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Ba- (ha, ba) ; 17. Mu- (as
preposition only).
1 A. Worms (see Bibliography) also gives di- as a concord for the yd Class with a plural mi- ; perhaps
by confusion with the aii^incnlativcs mi- and dl- (No. 5).
GROUP G: THE USAGARA-UGCUGU) LANGUAGES 153
PREFIXES, &C., IN SAGARA DIALECTS
(Slight trace of preprefixes in No. 5.)
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. M-, Mu- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ;
5. _, I., Igi., Izi-, Zi-, Di- (di, li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, C'- (ki, ci, c') ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. ,
N- (M-), (n-, i) (//. sometimes, Class 6); 10. Zi-, N- (M-), N-, Ny-, S'-, Siny'- (zi, u) ; II. Lu- (lu-)
(pi. Classes 6 and 10) ; 12. missing; 13. missing, except in numerals; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ;
16. Ha-, Ba- (ha, ba-) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
PREFIXES, &C., IN GO)GO)
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, u-, yu-); 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i-) ;
5. , I-, Zi., Li- (li, di, ri) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. , N- (M-), N-, Ny-
(n-, i) ; 10. , N- (M-), N-, Ny- (n-, zi, z') ; u. Lu- (lu) ; 12. missing ; 13. (in numerals only) ; 14. U-
(u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha); 17. Mu- (as preposition only).
PREFIXES, &C., IN IRANGI
No preprefixes except in No. 5.
Class I. Mu-, Mu-, M- (m, mu, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, Mco-, M- (m-, mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Iri-, R-, I-, (r 1 , ri, i) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya, a) ; 7. Ki-, Ci-, C- (ki, c') ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. , N-
(M-), N-, Ny (n-, i) ; lo. ,N- (M-),N--, Ny- (n-, j', ji) ; II. Lu-, Leo- (lu) ; 12. (missing); 13. Ka- (ka) ;
14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku-, Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, Pa- (ha, pa) ; 17. Mu- (preposition) (-mu, -i shortened from -ni).
23. Dzalamco is spoken in Uzaramoo, between the Upper Kingani and the Lower Rufiji rivers.
233. Kami, 23 b. Ki-xutu, and 23 c. Ki-ruguru are spoken in Ukami, immediately west of the
Middle Kingani river, north-west of Uzaramoj and south of Uzigula (Uzeguha). Ki-xutu is the southern
dialect of Kikami and is spoken in the basin of the Upper Kidunda-Kingani. Ki-ruguru is the speech
of Uluguru, west of Uzaramio.
24-24 b. Kaguru and Northern Sagara. These dialects are spoken in northern Usagara in
the basin of the Upper Wami (Rubehcu), east of Ugcogo and west of Uzigula, excluding Uluguru.
24c-g. Southern Sagara dialects are spoken in south and south-east Usagara, south of the Upper
Wami river and north of the Ruaha. The Ngwila dialect is probably spoken south of theRuaha opposite
the Ndunda territory.
25. Gcogco is spoken in Ugcogco, west of Usagara, east of Itumba and Unyamwezi, south of Nyaturu
and Sandawi.
26. Irangi is spoken in Irafigi and Burungi, north of Ugo>go> in the north-eastern basin of the Bubu
river. The Ki-umbugwe dialect is spoken in an isolated patch (Umbugwe) immediately south of Lake
Manyaza, 3 45' to 4 South latitude.
27. Hehe
28. Pcogorw and Mahenge
GROUP H
THE UPPER RUFIJI LANGUAGES
29. Sangeo (Rori, Safwa) 31. Gangi and 31 a. Bunga
3'
Bena
GROUP I
THE LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES
32. Ki-matumbi 32 a. Ki-ndengerekoo 32 b. Ki-rufiji
English
27.
Hebe
28.
Peogorco and
Mahenge
29. 30.
Sangeo Bena
(Rori and
Safwa)
31. 32.
Gangi Ki-matumbi
31 a. Bunga 32 a.
Ki-ndengerekco
Adze
Nemu
M-basco ?
N-desco
Animal, wild
Ny-ama.
Ny-ama
Ny-ama Ny-ama
N-yama;ma + .
beast
Li-kookco,
Li-kcoku
-ncokco
Ant
Ny-arafu.
Salafu.
... ...
Lu-pamba ;
Sisina.
Sungu.
m-pamba.
Nya-kongco.
M-ce;
.
Lu-angala ;
I-nemi ;
wam-ce.
afigala.
ma-temi
Nam-tuta
Meya ;
mi-meya
Ant, white
Lu-huwa ;
Sua ; wa-sua
... ...
Lu-nyaunyau.
(termite)
ny-uhwa.
Li-nenena
Lu-mehe
Ape (chim-
...
...
...
...
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm
Li-wcokco ;
Li-cokco
Gu-vcoxco, Mu-wcokco
M-wcokco Lu-bcokco
mi-weokco
Mu-wcokco or
M-cokco ; //.
ma-wcokco
Arrow
Lu-dibulco.
M-sale.
Mu-sari;
Nn-ale
Ki-sconyeo.
Li-waneo
mi-sari
(Mw-ale); pi.
(Mw-ifwa =
mi-ale
arrow-head )
Axe
Vega. Nemco.
Li-wagco
N-hemu;
Li-wagco ; ma-
Li-huka.
ma-temu
Li-gimirco
Baboon
Li-puma or
E-yani
...
Li-yani ;
M-uma.
ma-yani
I-kabiya
Back
M u-gongco.
N-gongco.
Mu-gongco M-gongco
M-gongco Pa-sanja
Lu-ngata
M-bere,
Cim-bere
Banana
Ki-kcoco.
N-kcou ;
N-khco
N-gcobco ;
I-ncowco
Zin-kcou
ma-kcobco
Beard
Nuza.
Lu-lefu
*. *
Lu-leu, N-deu,
N-defu
Ki-leu
Bee
N-zuki
N-juki
In-yusi
N-yuci?,
U-yutsi
Belly
Li-reme or
M-tima.
U-tumbu, I-nda ;
Ku-tumbco ; N-dumbco
I-lemi ;
U-tumbco
I-tumbu Nyi-nda
ma-.
ma-leme.
^
Yi-nda;
Lu-fu.
mayi-nda
U-tumbco
(31 a)
Bird
N-dege,
M-pongco
Iny-uni Ny-uni; ma +
N-dege. Ki-yuni ; pi.
Ka-dege.
Degi i-yuni
Ny-uni
(31 a)
GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 155
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Pcogorco and
Mahenge
29-
Sangco
(Rori and
Safwa)
Bena
Gangi,
3! a. Buhga
32.
Ki-matumbi
32 a.
Ki-ndengerekco
Blood Danda Mu-azi ... ... ... Mw-ai, Mi-ai
(Mi-azi)
Body Mu-vile N-cimba Mu-wili. ... ... Y-ega
Gu-vili (pi.
ma-vili .')
Bone
Li-zege or
Ci-fupa.
...
... ...
Ki-upa
Ki-sege
Ci-hondco
Borassuspalm
...
M-kcoma
...
N-nala ;
mi-lala
Bow
A-zima.
U-pindi
Ki-wuta
...
M-pinde ;
Ki-dibulco
mi-pinde
Bowels
I-nda.
Vyamu-nda.
...
... ...
Li-tumbu
Lu-tumbu ;
Ci-seke.
n-umbu
Lu-kutu
Brains
W-eoScola.
W-ongco
...
...
Bw-ongo
W-ongongco
Breast (man's)
Ma-mbaga.
Ci-fua
Ki-fula ; fi-
... ...
Ki-uba,
Ki-kua (= in
Paki-uba
beasts)
Breast
I-wele, I-were ;
Ma-wele
I-wele ; ma-
... ...
Ma-bele
(woman's)
ma-wele
Brother ...
M-nununa.
M-haca (also
l.u-kcolco.
Mu-nununa ; M-g<alco or
Nuna
Mw-ana-kw-etu
sister)
Mu-nununa
wa- M-kulu.
Lumbu-lie.
Mu-nununa
M-longco (a
(31 a)
relation)
Buffalo
M-bcogco.
Ny-ati.
. ..
...
Nj-ati
Sikirco <j>
M-bcogco
Bull
Wambakwa
M-pongco
I-kida; ma-.
I-senga i-lume I-senga i-lume.
...
Khambaku
N-ombe
n-dumi (31 a)
Buttocks ...
Li-dakco
Li-takco ; ma-
... ...
Ma-takco
Canoe
Ci-lyco.
W-atco, m-atco
Ru-watco
...
...
I-windi.
Ki-pcogco
Cat
Li-paka.
N-kaneo.
Lu-paka ; pi.
M-nyaco
Li-ycome.
Nyau
Siuzi
mm-aka or
Nyau
mi-baka
Charcoal ...
Kala ; ma +
Ma-kala
...
...
Chief
Mu-twa.
M-tua.
...
... ...
Yumbe,
M-temi
M-koni
Jumbe.
M-lugu
M-pindco
Child
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana Mw-ana.
Mw-ana ;
C-ali
Mw-ainsi.
M-fwana(3ia)
b-ana.
(Mu-hinja =
(see Zulu)
A-lau
daughter.
C-ana = son)
Cloth
Mw-enda
N-guco
Mw-enda
... ...
N-gubco ;
ma-gubco
Cold
In-gala.
Ma-hundi
Mm-ehco or
... ...
-ima
Sisimco
Mm-epco
Country ...
In-nyi, E-nyi
M-lima
I-nhi
... ...
Nima.
Ki-lambco
Cow
M-buguma.
Ng-ombe
M-buguma
I-senga N-ombe
...
Senga
e-kolco
n-dala m-pinga.
I-senga
m-pinga.
N-ombe
m-kahanu(3i ;
.)
'56
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Peogoroo and
Mahenge
29. 3
Sangco Be
(Rori and
Safwa)
3. 3 I.
na Gangi,
31 a. Bunga
32-
Ki-matumbi
323.
Ki-ndengerekco
Crocodile ...
Mamba or
Mamba
N-gwena ;
I-mamba ; //.
ma-kwena
ma-pamba
Date palm...
M-kindco
Lu-kindu
...
Day
Mu-nyi. K-irco.
E-jua. Li-siku.
Pa-munsi.
.
Li-suba or
Ki-gconco.
(M-lungu
Lu-siku
Li-tscoba
(Lu-isa =
go-pala = day-
daylight)
light}
Devil, evil
I-scoka
E-hcoka
Lu-kwati. I-funya
; ma- I-kungu or
M-bepeo
spirit
1
Lu-dewa ; ma-
M-kahaba
I-kisi.
I-kcoka (31 a)
D_octor (medi-
M-lagusi J
M-ganga
... ...
. . .
N-ganga ;
cine man)
ama-ganga '
Dog
Im-bwa,
Nanga.
Xa-bwa, Im-bwa
Nyaka-bwa.
M-bwa ;
Ka-bwa.
(M-bwawa =
Im-bwa.
I-galco ; ma-
ma-pwa.
Igu-bwa ; ma-
wild dog)
I-korcowa i.
(3' a)
Li-pumbe ;
M-barusi j
ma-
Donkey
Deogeowi
M-punda
N-deogcowe In-dcogcowe N-deogcowa
M-bunda
Door
M-lyangco.
Mu-liangeo
... ...
N-nyangco ;
Lw-izi
mi-liangu
Dream
N-dcoteo or
N-dcotco.
N-dcoteo ; sin-
...
N-dcotco
I-lcotco
N-saweo
(Ku-lcota)
Drum
N-duzi or
Li-gtoma
...
I.i-sindco.
In-dusi
Li-lunga.
N-gcoma
Ear
Li-sikiza.
Li-pepe.
E-twe I-sikidza; ma- I-gutwe; ma-
Li-kutu ; ma-
I-twi; ma-twi
E-kutu
Egg
Li-kanga
Li-gi Susu ;
Li-pinga
ama-susu.
IJ-xanxa ;
ama-
Elephant ...
N-dembwe.
N-tembco Jongwa.
N-dembco ;
N-dembco
N-zcovu
ma-tembco
Excrement
Ma-pi,
Ci-kutu.
i
Ma-i
Ma-fl
Lu-puekco.
Ma-fi
Eye
L-ihco ; m-ihco
L-isco ; ina-sco
L-ihco Iz-ihco ;
m-ehco Iz-ihco ; m-eheo.
Li-yco ; m-ingco
L-esco ; m-esco
(3 1 a)
Face, fore-
Usco.
C-eni.
Kum-ehco;
Kum-inyeo.
head
I-palasco
Kuma-sco
am-ehco ( ^/.)
Ki-bungi
Fat, oil ... Ma-futa.
Ma-futa Ma-futha "
Ma-uta
Ma-pama
Father ... Dada, Dade.
Tati. Dada. Dada
Tata. Tate ; ba-tate.
IMO.
U-seo-gco.
U-hesco
Tate
Ki-tati;
Ise
U-Sco-gwe
(3 1 a)
aki-tati
Fear Mu-hwehwe.
Li-toga
I3w-coga
I-duega.
M-lcotco
Finger ... C-ala ; fi-ala
C-ala, vi-ala Ki-dori
Lu-kontsi,
Lu-konji ;
n-gontsi.
(Li-gumba =
'
thumb)
Fire M-otco
M-oteo M-otco Motto
Motco Mw-5tco
=/tf heal with medicine.
GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 157
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Mahenge
29- 3
Sangco Be
(Rori and
Safwa)
x 31.
na Gangi
31 a. Bunga
32.
Ki-matumbi
3 2 a. Ki-
ndengerekco
Fish
I-zwi. Somba
Somba
N-swi
Omba ; ma-
Foot
M-gulu.
Li-gulu.
M-gulu M-gulu
M-gulu
Lu-gulu.
Lw-ahco ;
Lu-sayu
Lu-ayco (sole)
m-ahco or
nz-ahco
Forest
Li-kungu.
U-punguti.
Mw-ihaka
...
Mw.itu.
Li-hala.
(Lu-htole =
Mi-tela
M-hulu.
tall forest.)
M-situ
M-bagu
Fowl
N-guku;
N-kuku
N-guku
N-guku
N-guku
Temba
Frog
C-ura, Ki-ula
Nama-nyeoma
...
...
Ky-ula ; pi.
y-ula
Ghost
Lu-he. I-nala.
E-hcoka ;
... ...
.. .
...
I-scoka
M-oyco
Giraffe
N-diinduru or
... ...
...
N-undulu
Girl, maiden
Mu-hinza.
Mu-hinga.
Mu-hinza, Ci-gcoli.
M-minja ;
Mw-aruka
Mw-ali.
Ki-hinza Mu-hinza
ab-inja or
M-cengu
a-inja
Goat
M-ene or
M-buzi.
Im-heni ; pi. M-buzi
M-peeni.
M-bui
M-eeni.
M-ene
zim-. Or
M-buhi ; ma-
Ki-pene
M-peeni,
(31 a)
M-meni
(he) ...
Bongco or
M-pongco
I-pongco Pongco
I-vulata.
* ..
Pongco
M-buhi
m -hi me (31 a)
(she) ...
Lcogcota
M-buzi e-kolco
Lcogcota M-buguma M-buguma.
M-buhi
m-kahanco
(3i a)
God
N-gulwi.
M-lungu ; //.
Mu-lungu. Mu-lungu. Mu-lungti
N-nungu
Mu-lungu
wam-luiigu
N-rui, N-guluwe
N-gurui
Grandparent
Kuku.
M-buzi
.
..*
U-kulu.
Pape
(M-buya =
grandmother)
Grass
Li-scoli.
Lu-tundhu ;
>
...
Ma-nyei
Ma-hamba
tundhu
Ground
N-nyi.
N-tambu.
...
U-tcopi ?
Lu-hanga.
Mu-hanga.
U-longco
Pa-zi
Ground-nut
Li-ngcogco.
Li-rawi
<
...
N-tesa.
Li-ngalanga.
Li-ycobe
N-zugu
Guinea-fowl
Nanga or
Khanga
Li-xanga
...
Li-kanga
N-ganga; pi.
ma-kanga
Gun
Hute
Huti
> *
...
Kcolcopindco
Hair
Fwili, Fwiri
Vuiri
Im-fuile; pi. Lu-vuile Lu-vuile;
Ny-wili
same or
m-vuile
zim-fuile
Hand
1-ganza
Li-cokco.
Umu-wcokco ; Mu-wcokco Mu-wcokeo.
Lu-bcokco.
Ci-gaza
ama-. Hi-
M-kconco(3l a)
Ki-ganja
ganja; ama-
Head
Mu-twe,
M-tui
Umu-thwe ; Kumu-twe ; Kumu-twe;ma-.
M-twe ;
Mu-tuwe
imi- mamu-
Ci-mundila ;
mi-twe
vi- (31 a)
M
158
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Pcogorco and
Mahenge
29. 3-
Sangco Bena
(Rori ami
Safwa)
31. 32.
Gangi Ki-matumbi
3 1 a. Bunga 323. Ki-
ndengerekeo
Heart
Ntimbula.
M-oyca
M-oyeo.
Mu-tima
M-tima
Heel .
Ki-singanu
Ci-scokunco
Ki-nginoi
Hide
N-gingw
Lu-kuli
N-kwembi
N-geoi.
Li-kingco.
Li-sambara
Hill
Lu-tanana
Ci-gongco.
I-tunda
I-tunda Ki-tumbi
Ci-dugudugu
Hippopotamus
Fuco.
Huhu.
Ki-bongco.
Lumondo).
N-dcomondu
N-dumondu
I-tumondu
Hoe
I-gimireo
C-uka.
I-kumburu
Li-jembe ;
E-huka
ma-. Li-gela;
ma-.
Honey
W-uki
N-juki
... ...
B-usi^
Horn ... ...
Lu-pembe
Ma-gwli (pi.)
...
Li-penga.
Lu-pembe
House
Ny-anda. Cuto
N-umba
I-tembi, I-jumbi ; ma-
N-anda. Ny-umba.
(small hut).
Tembe.
I-henge ; ma- Liy-umba.
Kai.
Iri-tembe
(31 a) (Ki-umba =
Ny-umba.
nest.)
Tembe.
Mm-ambe ;
I-jumbe
mi-bam be
Hunger
N-sala.
N-jala
Jenxa(?)
N-jara
Mu-sale
In-zala
Husband ...
Mny-ikcozi.
*
... ...
N-cengco;
Mun-gwzi
a-cengco.
Na-lume ;
ana-lume
Hyena
Sakanga
M-tcote
Fisi, N-fisi
N-twte
(spotted).
(spotted).
Fifl (striped).
M-duba,
N-segumbi
M-dula
(striped)
Iron
C-uma ;
C-uma
C-uma or C-uma
C-uma Kij-uma ;
fy-uma.
Ci-cuma
y-uma
Ki-uma
Island
Ki-gunguli
Ci-jinci.
Iri-siwa
Ki-silwa
E-gunguli
Ivory
Lu-pembe ;
N-tembco
... ...
Lu-pembe;
m-embe
m-bembe
Knee
Li-fugamilco or
Lu-nungunu
. ...
Li-yuwa ;
I-fugamiru
ma-yuwa
Knife
I-mage,
Ci-mage.
Magi
Ki-imbe.
Li-mage
Ci-fimbco.
Lu-embe
Ci-himbe
Lake
I-temela.
Li-tanda
I-lamba.
Li-tanda
Mu-tanda
Iny-anja
Leg
M-gulu,
Lu-kconcokconca.
M-guru
M-gulu Lu-gulu.
Li-gulu
I.i-ondoj
Lu-kongconu
Leopard ...
Ki-duma
Duma
Duma
Ki-ubi or
Ubi
Lion
Ny-alopala
Simba
Ny-alopala
Imba
Lips
M-lwma>
Li-reomto
. . ...
Mu-kanco; mi-
Magic
U-hawi
U-ganga
... ...
(Ku-leoga = to
bewitch)
Maize
Ma-zabeli or
Ma-jani
Ma-jaberi
Ma-rombe
Ma-sebere
GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 159
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Pcagorco and
Mahenge
29- 2
Sangu B<
(Rori and
Safwa)
o. 31.
:na Gangi
31 a. Bunga
32.
Ki-matumbi
323. Ki-
ndengerekco
Man
Mu-nu,
Mu-ndhu
Mu-nhu. Mu-nhu ; wa- Mu-nhu ;
Mu-ndu;
Mu-nhu ;
Umu-nhu ;
wa-nhu.
ba-ndu.
wa-nhu,
aba-, awa-
Mu-ndu (3 1 a)
M u -an alum e
wa-nu
Man, vir. ...
M-gcazi.
M-palu
Umu-gwzi
N-ceng<a =
Mu-waha
husband ;
a-cengco (//.)
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama Ny-ama Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Mu-gcoda
M-gcota.
...
...
N-tela ; mi-.
M-tera
N-tende.
Li-pcosu
Milk
Li-ziwa
Ma-ziwa.
Tu-piyeo
Li-bele
Ma-wele
Monkey ...
N-gedege or
Ka-biri.
...
...
N-dumbili.
N-kedeke
E-ripa
Ki-tumbili.
N-jei
Moon
Mw-ezi.
Mu-ezi
Mw-ezi M-lenge Mw-edzi.
Mw-ei.
M-lenge.
M-lenge (31 a)
Lw-ei
M-kcomi
Mother ...
Ycowa, Yuwe.
Mac>>.
Yuwa. Yuawa Mama.
Mau. Ki-mau.
Ngina or
Unco-ku).
Nine-sto
Mau (31 a)
Nyo-ngco
Nina.
Unw-kwe
Nyeo-ko)
Mountain ...
Ki-dunda
Lu-gpngeo ; pi.
Dunda or
Ki-tumbi.
nongu
Ki-dunda ; vi-
Li-tumbi ;
ma-tumbi
Mouth
Mu-lcomco
Ci-kanua.
Mu-lcomco. Mu-lcomu Mu-lumu
N-kanco
M-lcomu
Ru-mircd
Nail (of finger
Lu-nywwe.
N-konci
...
...
Ki-cobo> ;
or toe)
Nco-nerco;
y-cobu
tco-nerco
Name
Li-tawa
L-ina.
I-tagwa ; ma-
I-tagwa
L-ina ;
Li-tahco
mal-ina
Navel
Lu-dungn
N-kufu.
* .
t
Ki-ku
(Lu-komba =
string)
Neck
Singco.
Singco
... ..
Ki-koi.
Ki-sugco
Ingeo
Night
K-ilco,
C-iru.
Pak-iroa.
*
K-ilw.
Pa-kilto
Pac-iru
Lu-siku
(Pali-bendu =
darkness)
Nose
M-ula
M-jula
Im-pula; zim- M-pula
M-pula.
M-pulu ;
Lu-pepela
nia-pulco.
(3 1 a)
Li-pulto; ma-
Ox
Gida.
N-konulco.
N-ombe N-ombe I-senga.
.
Senga.
Masai (Arab.).
N-ombe (31 a)
N-azo>
N-ombe
Paddle ...
Mu-tera
^f.kavi
Ru-xafi
Palm wine,
U-gimbu
U-jimbi
... . . .
, ..
U-winibi
beer
Parrot
Li-tui
...
...
..
N-gwalu ;
ma-kwalu
Penis
Ki-dondco
M -bcolco
Pig
N-gubi
N-tumbi
..
...
N-gube ;
ma-gube
Pigeon
N-gunda.
N-gundi.
...
*
N-dutu
N-siwa
N-ciwa,
N-dziwa
M 2
i6o
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Ptogorco and
Mahenge
29- 3
Sangco Be
(Rori and
Safwa)
o. 31.
na Gangi
31 a. Bunga
32.
Ki-matumbi
32 a. Ki-
ndengerekw
Place
Panoj.
Pa-kaya,
Pandu
Ki-wungu
U-kaya.
Pantu
Rain
N-dconya.
I-vula
N-heonya
...
Ula
Ifugu.
Ttonya
Rat
M-buku.
M-beya,
..
...
Ki-puku.
M-bewa.
Ka-dwirco
N-gule;
Gcole.
ma-kule
Gongongco
Rhinoceros
I-mera, M-ela
Tupa
...
...
. . .
or Li-pera
River
Ru-aha.
Lu-eni.
M-kuga
. . .
Lu-kemba
Lu-nginalu.
Lu-cemba
Mu-kcoga
Road
I-nazi, N-gazi ;
N-jira
ln-zila
...
N-dila
ma-gazi.
Ka-kazi.
I-kuya
Salt
Mu-nyco
Mu-nu (a little
Mu-nyu
Mwi-nyw
= Tu-nu)
Shame
In-yeoni
Zconi
N-seoni
O)ni
Sheep
1-iicolco ;
Noloa.^
N-khcolco
Li-nondi
...
ma-kcolco.
M-fungamco
Ki-kcolco
Shield
N-gwembe
Ci-kupa
... ..
.
Li-pende
Shoulder ...
Li-wega.
Ma-wega
... . .
...
Li-pamba ;
Lu-kombe ;
ma-bamba
nombe
Sister
Mu-haza
M-haja m-dala Lumbu. Mu-hadza Mu-hadza.
N-numbu ;
Mu-hasa
I-lumbu (31 a)
a-lumbu.
N-kuwe
Skin
Ki-gwlya
M-papha
... ..
...
N-geoi.
Lu-kanda.
Kingco
Sky
U-langa
M-lungu.
Iri-wingu
U-langa
Ku-nani,
Li-kusi
Pa-nani
Slave
M-fugwa.
M-anda
M-fugwa. M-lelelwa ; wa- M-fugwa.
Mm-anda ;
Ma-teka.
M-khami
M-sutu (31 a)
ab-anda
Mnya-wingi.
M-leluwa
Sleep
Tulco
M-poxota.
... .
...
Ki-gconto,
(Ku-gonja =
Lu-gunu
verb)
Smoke
Ly-usi. Li-susi Li-eosi
Li-oi
Snake
N-scoka
N-jtoka
Iny-oxa
.
Li-pili.
N-kuya
Son, boy ...
M-swamu.
Mw-ana.
C-ana. Mw-ana. Ki-songcolco.
Mw-ana
Mame.
M-zererco.
Mw-ana Ka-kwa- Mw-ana
na-lume.
(c/.-swamu =
= Mu-dimi
ci-lume. midzi m-lume.
Mwu-hungco ;
good)
M-songcolco.
Mfw-ana
ba-hungw
N-dimi
mka-lume
(31 a)-
Li-ziuha
+
tT * *_
(31 a)
Song ...
W-imbu,
Lu-imbu
ny-iniba>
Sambco
Lu-jimbco ;
n-jimbco
Lu-yimbw.
Mw-ambto;
mi-
GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 161
English
27.
Hehe
28.
Pcogorco and
Mahenge
29. 30.
Sangco Bena
(Rori and
Safwa)
31- 32.
Gangi Ki-matumbi
31 a. Bunga 323. Ki-
ndengerekco
Spear
Li-sala.
M-gcohco
M-harara
Ki-lenge
N-goya.
Mu-gcoha
Spirit, soul
Niimbula.
M-oyco.
...
... ...
Lu-he ; nze-he
M-lungu;
wam-lungu
Star
Ny-enyezi.
N-tondco
N-tondwe. N-tondwe
N-tondwa. Lu-tondwa ;
N-scota
Vi-nycota (pi.)
Nya-redzi n-dondwa
Lu-tcow-ana
Stick
Lu-gcoda.
Mu-humbati
I-gcoda.
N-khwekco Bco-kcola
Lu-ambco.
N-kwegco
Lu-fimbco.
Lu-kwegco
Stone
Li-ganga.
Li-bue
Di-nganga ;
Lu-ala
Li-hwahwa
ma-
Stool
Ki-gcoda.
Ci-gcota
... ...
... ...
Ki-degu.
Ki-tengco
Sun
Li-zcowa
M-jence
Li-dzuva Li-jua
I-dzua Li-luba
Tail (of a
Mu-kira
Lu-cira
. . . . > i
N-kila
mammal)
Tear
Li-huzi or
Li-scozi
...
Li-coli;^/.
Lu-ihcozi ;
m-coli
pi. mi-hcozi
Testicles ...
.. ,
N-tongi ; zin-.
. . ...
N-dongco
Kambako
Thief
Mu-hizi
M-kewa.
Ma-jibi ;
Iwa
ba-jibi.
Mu-i ; ba-i.
Ny-ibi
Thigh
Ki-ma.
Li-paja
... ...
Ky-ima.
Ki-werco
Li-bandco
Thing
Ki-nu
Ci-ndu
Xi-nhu ;
Mibe,.
fi-nhu
Ki-libe.
Ki-dibe
Thorn
Mw-ifwa or
Lu-sonthco
...
Mw-imwa
Mu-fwa
Tobacco ...
Sayco.
Tumbakco
.
Tumbakco
N-dyani
To-day ...
Na-munyi,
Lerco
... ...
Lelco L-inco
Ne-ngconi
Toe
C-ala
C-ala
...
Li-gumba
To-morrow
Mi-lau,
Ci-lau
... ...
Ma-lau
Imi-rau
Tongue
Lu-limi.
? Li-rimi
Lu-limi. LuJimi
Lu-limi Lu-limi ;
Lumi-angu
Uru-miri?
n-dimi
Tooth
L-inco.
L-inco
L-inco Iz-inco
Iz-inco. L-inco ; m-inco
Li-gegwa
M-scokcole
(31 a)
Town, village
Lu-sitco.
U-kaya
Mu-zi
Kaya, N-cengco,
I-ringa.
I-kaya Tsengco.
M-ji, Kaye
U-kaya
Tree
Li-biki,
Mu-ti.
I-gcoda.
M-gcoda N-tela;
Mu-biki.
M-tera.
I-pisi.
mi-tela.
M-gcoda
Ci-biki
Iri-piki,
N-kongco ;
or Umu-pixi ;
mi-kongco
ama-, imi-
Twins
Wanya-wendani Ma-wira
Ma-paga
l62
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
27.
Hebe
28.
Pcogorco and
Mahenge
29. 30.
Sangco Bena
(Rori and
Safwa)
3i- 32.
Gangi Ki-matumbi
31 a. Buiiga 32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco
Urine
Ma-tunzi
Ma-kwezco
Ma-kcojco,
Ma-kcozco
Vein
N-dera ;
...
*.
Mu-kcole ;
ma-dera
mi-kcole.
N-gcolefigcole
War
Li-galu.
M-kondua
N-gondco
Nondco
(warrior).
Ma-kondco.
U-kali
Water
Lu-lenga
Ma-ji
Ma-lenga Ma-lenga
Ma-renga. Ma-tsi
Me-se (31 a)
Well, spring,
Ki-pera
Ci-sulu.
**
I-sima Ku-lose
source
E-negu
White man
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu Mu-zungu
Mu-zungu N-jungu
Wife
M-dala.
M-dala
M-dala Mu-ka
Mw-ehe. N-nwawa;
Mw-aha
M-kahanco //. a-lwawa.
(31 a) N-yumbco;//.
a-yumbco
Wind
Im-epco.
M-pepco.
..* ...
M-bepco
Nala.
Li-yega
I-gudwa
Witch
Mu-hawi
M-ganga
i . ..
Mw-abi ;
b-abi
Witchcraft
...
U-ganga
...
(Ku-lcoga = to
bewitch)
Woman
M-dala.
M-dala
Mu-dala. Mu-dala; wa-
M-pinga. N-wawa.
Mu-dzima
M-jima
M-kcodzi. Ny-umbco.
M-kahanco Ki-lumbu
(31 a) (bride)
Womb
Kuma 1
M-tima
...
Wood (fire-
Lu-sagala ;
M-baco.
'.'.'.
Ny-ancu.
wood)
n-sagala
N-gcodi,
Anyu.
Tu-gcodi
N-deketu
Yam ... ...
Year
Mw-aka
C-aka ; vy-aka
'.'.'. '..'.
Mw-aka; mi- Caka, Saka,
Pa-saka
Yesterday...
Li-geoleo
Li-cu
...
L-isco
Zebra
Sengere
M-punda
...
...
One
? Monga.
mco. (monga
U-mofiga. Mcosi
Mcosi. -mco
-mui
= other)
mwe. -mco
Weka(3ia)
Two
wili, -wiri
wili
-wili (Si-wili) Pili, -will
bili, -wili -bili
(Ka-bili).
Scona (31 a)
Three
-datu
tatu
tatu or tatu (Ka-tatu)
-tatu (Ka-tatu). -tatu
(Si-tatu)
Wa-lila(3ia)
thathu
Four
tai, -tei
M-cece.
na (Wa-na, -tai (Ka-tai)
-ne (Ka-ne). -n-cece,-n-cene
cece
Si-na)
M-cece. -dai
(Ka-dai 313)
Five
banco
Mco-hanco or
sanco -banco
banco. Fundco Mw-anco
banco
(Ka-hanco)
(31 a)
Six
Mu-tanda.
Mco-hanco
M-tanda M-tanatco
M-tandatu. Mw-anco na
Mu-tandatu
na(li)-mco
M-tA (31 a) (yu)-meo
Seven
Mu-fungati
Mco-hanco
na na-datu M-fungati
M-fungati. Mw-anco na
(ma)-wili
M-fu (31 a) bili
1 Ki-kuma = vagina.
GROUPS H AND I : UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 163
English He
28.
lie Pcogorco and
Mahenge
29.
Sangco
(Rori and
Safwa)
3-
Bena
31-
Gangi
31 a. Bunga
32-
Ki-matumbi
32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco
Eight Mu-nana Mco-hanco
M-nana
M-nana
M-nana.
Mw-anco na
(ma)-tatu
Mu-nana
tatu
(3 1 a)
Nine I-gonzi, M<o-hanco
Sanco na
I-kenda
I-kenda.
Mw-anco
I-gonza. ra-cece
wa-na (or
Mu-fwanco
na n-cece
I-kenda
si-na)
(31 a)
Ten I-cumi,
Li-rongco
I-xumi or
I-fundika ; ma-
I-kumi.
Nongco gu-mco
I-kyumi. li-mco. -kumi,
I- cumi
Li-hundu ;
(pi. mi-longco)
I-funduka -cumi, or
ma- (31 a)
Li-cumi
Eleven ... I-kyumina- Li-cumi na
I-xumi
Nongco gu-mco
mui
(li)-mco
pa-canyali-mco
na yu-mco
Twenty ... Ma-cumi, Ma-rongco
Ama-iumi
Ma-fundika
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
Ma-kyumi ma-wili or
ga-wili or
ma-wili
mi-wili.
i-bili
ga-wili
Ma-cumi
Simariri
Ma-hundu
ma-wili
munhu (to
scuna
stand up one
man /)
Thirty ... Ma-kyumi Ma-rongco
Simariri
Ma-fundika
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
ga-datu ma-tatu
munhu,
ma-tatu
mi-tatu.
i-tatu
pa-canya
Ma-hundu
i-cumi
ma-lila (31 a)
Forty Ma-kyumi Ma-rongco
Simariri
Ma-fundika
Ma-longco
Mi-longco
ga-tei
m-cece
wanhu
ma-tai
mi-ne.
in-cece
wawili
Ma-hundu''
ma-dai (31 a)
Fifty Ma-kyumi Ma-rongco
Ma-cumi
Ma-fundika
Mi-longco
Mi-longco
ga-hanco rmo-hanco.
ga-sanco or
ma-hanco
mi-hanco.
i-anco
(Ma-rongco
Simariri
Ma-hundu
moo-banco na
wanhu
ma-fundco
limco = sixty,
wa-wili
(3 1 a)
and so on)
pa-canya
icumi.
(Simariri
wanhu
wa.ta.tu= sixty
and the other
decades on the
same plan]
Hundred ... I-gana
Ma-rongco
Wafile wanhu
Ci-gana
Mi-longco
...
cumi or
wasanco
mi-hanco,
Ma-cumi
(there died five
mi-longco
ma-cumi
men /). Also
mi-hanco,
I-gana.
di-merera
Thousand... Imbirima
...
I, me, my ... Nene.
Nene. Ne-figa.
Y-une. Mia.
Ne-ene.
Ne-eni. Ne-iiga
Ne-nga.
Ndi-, N-. Na-, N- (M-).
Ni-, N-.
N-, Ni-. _
(31 a).
Ni-.
n-, -ni-. -n-, -ni-, -m-.
n-. -a-ngu
-n-. -a-ngu
N-, Na-, Ni-.
ni-, -ny-. -n'.
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
n-, -ni-.
-a-ngu
-a-ngu,
-a-ne-nga
Thou, thee, thy Wewe.
Bewe, Gwe-nga.Gwe!
O-iwe, (jtfwe.
We-we.
Gwegwe,
We-nga. We !
Bee.
Gu-
U-, Gu-.
U-, Ku- ?
Wewe,
U-.
U-.
gu-. -a-kco
gu-. -a-kco
ku- ? -a-kco
Gwe-nya.
ku-. -a-kco
ku-.
-a-kco
Ku-, U-, W-.
-ku-. -a-kc*,
-a-gwe-nya
1 64
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
27. 28. 2
English Hebe Peogoreo and Sa
Mahenge (Roi
Saf
9- 3- 31- 32-
ngo> Bena Gangi Ki-matumbi
i and 31 a. Bunga 32 a. Ki-
wa) ndengerekco
He, him, his Yuyto, Uyu. A-yu. Yuyu.
U-yu. A-yu. Yu-nco, Yu-embe.
A-, I-. Ka-, Ga-, Yu-. Ya-, A-. Ya-, Ka-. Yuyco. YU-, A-.
-mu-. -a-kwe -m-. -a-kwe -mu-.
-a-kwe -mu- ? -a-kwe Ka-, Ya-. -kumu-. kum'-,
-mu-. -e, -kun. -a-ke
-a-kwe,
-a-yu-no)
We, us, our Hwehwe or Twe-nga. Au-se.
Yu-se. Xwexwe. Twetwe. Twe-ngw.
Xwexwe. Tu-. Ti-, Tu-. Tu-. Twe-nga (313). Tu-.
Tu-. -UK -e-tu -ti- or
-tu-. -tu-. -e-tu Tu-. -tu-. -i-tu
tu-. -e-tu -e-su
-tu-. -e-tu
Ye, you, your Nyenye, Mwe-nga. Yu-mwe. Nyenye. Mwemwe. Mwe-nga,
Nyenyu, Mu-. Mu-.
Mu-. Mwe-nga. Mwe.
Nye-re. Mu-. -gu ni *, ace. -wa-.
-e-nyu -wa-? -enu Mu-. Mu-.
wa-. -e-nyu -enu
?-wa-. -e-nyu -kwa-. -inu
They, them, Wawco, I-wo, A-wa. Wawo. Awco. Awa. Bembe.
their I-wa. Wa-. Wa-,
Ba-. Wa-. Wa-. Ba-.
Wa-. -wa-. -aco -wa- or -ba-. -wa-. -awto -wa-. -awco -kwa-. (-a-be
wa-. -aco -awco
= their)
All Mbe li (-li or -ose-re or -<use -ose.
ona -5se -cose. Omwike.
ri represents
-caha (31 a) -ote, -cote
' is ', ' are ').
Mbe-fi-ri = all
things (Class
8). Mbe-wa-li
= all men
(Class 2)
This, these U-yco, i-wa; A-yu, a-wa ;
A-yu, a-wa; N yu,C/ass\\
u-gu, u-gco, a-gu, a-i ;
&c. a ba 2 ;
i-gi ; i-li, i-ri, a-li, a-ga ;
m gu 3,
i-ga ; i-ki, a-ci, a-vi ;
mi yi 4 !
i-fl ; i-ye, a-i, a-zi ;
H-li S,
i-zi ; u-lu ; a-lu ; a-tu ;
ma ga,, 6 ;
u-tu ; i-ka ; a-ka ; a-u ;
ki-ci 7,
uco ; u-ku ; a-ku ; a-pa ;
i-yi , 8 5
i-pa a-mu
n yi ,9,1;
lu lu , 11;
tu tu , 12;
ka ka , 13;
u u , 14;
ku ku , 15;
pa pa 1 6
That, those Yu-la, wa-la ; U-lia, wa-lia ;
-la (yu-la, -neo (yu-neo,
gu-la, gi-ra; gu-lia, i-lia;
wa-la ; u-la ; ba-nco, 6.)
li-ra, ga-la ; li-lia, ga-lia ;
&*c.) -lya (yu-lya,
ki-ra, fi-ra ; ci-lia, vi-lia ;
ba-lya; gu-lya;
i-ra, zi-ra ; i-lia, zi-lia ;
&c. : and
lu-ld ; tu-la ; lu-lia ; &>c.
yuyu-lia,
ka-la ; u-la ;
baba-lia ;
ku-ra ; pa-la
gugu-lia, &c.)
Bad -anange-fu, -kumu -bi. -ke-ha ... e-ha. -baya. -bcou.
eo-fu. -e-ha ?
wi-pa (31 a) Nyata
1 The gu- particle is an infix, the -ni a suffix. a The word-root comes between, where the dash is placed.
GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 165
English
27.
Hebe
28.
Peogoreo and
Mahenge
29.
Sangco
(Rori and
Safwa)
3-
Bena
3i-
Gangi
3 1 a. Bunga
32-
Ki-matumbi
323. Ki-
ndengerekco
Black -titu .titu -titu ... ... -m-bili, -pili,
pilia
Female ... -m-dala. -e-dala -hinja -hinza. -kcodzi. -kongwe,
buguma -dala -kahanco(3ia) -gongcoe.
-awa
Fierce, sharp, -kali -kali-pa -kali. ... ... -kali
bitter
Good ..
Great .
Little .
Long ..
-neo-fu.
here-pa.
-nco-ga
Noo-ga.
Nania.
(-swamu =
beautiful)
kumi.
kulu
(-kula = to
become big)
dcodco
-didi. -didid
-tali
tari
-teni
-nwfu
kcotne
dcodco
-tali
-nco-fu
Male
kambakwa.
epalu
-ci-lume,
lume. -gcozi,
dame
-kcozi. -vina,
wina
Old
gcogcolco
M-kulu.
**
-mtua. -tcoka.
-e-kulco
Red
dunu
-cere
-n-duhu
Rotten
-gata
-puere
Short
fupi
-fupi
-fufu
Sick
-tamwa
luala. (U-tami
*
= noun)
White
-eru. (-era =
eru
bala-fu,
to become clean,
ewara-fu
white)
-ncoga,
Ka-ncaga
-dcodco
-tali or -tati.
le-fu (3 1 a)
lunie, -duini
(31 a)
eru, -jeru
-ncogau.
-ki-bcota.
Koti
-kulu
-tsene, -tsiui.
tsake.
Ki-pela
-lasco (nin-lasco
= u-nasco)
-lume ;
-na-lume
goi
-kele
-bcola
ipi
tamwe.
-luile
u (mw-u, ba-u,
mi-u, &PC.).
-lya.
Ku-meta
Above, up, on
Pacanya
Pampindi,
Canya
Canya
Ku-canya.
Ku-nani,
top
Ku-mpindi
U-langa.
1'a-nani
Ku-mbindi
(31 a)
Before
Mu- or
Kco-rongulco,
Ku-mwandi,
Ku-ntalco
Ku-mundi,
Nungi.
Ku-longcolco.
Ku-longcolco
Ku-longcodzi
Ku-mwandi
Mungi
Ku-miheo ku-
(3 1 a)
Behind ...
Ku-mbele,
Ku-mberi.
Ku-nyuma
Kuci-scogco,
Ku-mphele,
N-cugu,
Pa-mbele.
Ci-mberembere
Ku-mbele
Mu-mbele
Ku-sugu
Ku-mgongo
(3 1 a)
ku-
Below, down
Panyi.
Pazi.
Pa-nzi.
Ha-si,
Ha-nkhi.
Pai
Pasi
Pi-fungco
Pa-si
Pa-si
Ha-si.
Pahi(3ia)
Far
Pa-tali,
Ku-tari
Ku-tali
Ku-tali.
Ku-tali.
Ku-lipite.
Ku-tali
Pa-gi
Ku-taluka
Ku-talu
(31 a)
Here
I -pa. Paha,
A-pa, Ha-pa
Baha
*
Hanco. Panco
Papipi. Apa.
Baha. Kconoo
(31 a)
Papco
1 66
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
27.
Hebe
28.
Peogoro) and
Mahenge
29. 30.
Sangco Bena
(Rori and
Safwa)
3 1 - 3 2 -
Gangi Ki-matumbi
31 a. Bunga 32 a. Ki-
ndengerekco
In, inside ...
Mu-
Mu-
Mu-
Mu- Mu-. Mu-lia.
Mumco. Ndani.
bi (neg. ' not
in ' is -bui)
Middle ...
Pa-gati,
Pa-kati
Pa-kati pa
Ha-gati
Mu-gati
Near
Pipi
Pa-behi
Behe Pipi. I-palupi
Behi Pa-pipi^
Outside
Kw-ibala or
Ku-nja.
...
Pa-nyangw,
Ku-iwala
Ku-sa.
Pa-ntsa,
Pa-nja
Pa-nja
Plenty, many,
O)leo-fu
Vua^
-nji
ngi Segege.
much
Tangala
anatsima.
-ingi.
ycolco-ka. -yai
There
Ku-la, Pa-la.
A-kco.
Uku
Kula Kulya.
Uku
Palia
Palya
Where? ...
-iya ? -i ?
coci?
... ...
kwaku?
(Ku-iya or
ku-i ? mu-iya
or mu-i ? piya
or pi?)
No ! Ndala ! Ndala !
Ndema !
Kat(witAver&, Si. Nda. Si-, Na- (imp*ra- Ndali
as prefix, in- S'-,-si-, -s'-(a// five) ; .na-
fix, or sitffix) persons') ; (not yet).
Si nda; Si -ndiri. -hera
la (not yet) (suffixes)
Ndala !
To
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
tcoa, -ttowa
kcoma
buy, sell
hemela. -gula
kcopa
come ...
-za
iza
cut
tema
-dumula.
-tema
,, dance ...
heziga
wina-.
sambco
die
fwa
fua, -hwa
eat
dakula. -lia
-dia
,, give ...
pa, -pela,
pa
-pera
,, go
hera. -luta
genda
kill ...
wula-ga
kciima
know ...
uzera.
maana.
kagula.
(maani =
tambula.
/ know not)
manyi (in
a negative
sense only) 1
Ki-, Ku- 1 , Kwi- Ku-
thowa -tua
gula
iza, -jinza
dtimora
fwa -ifa
Ha -lia
pa. -pela -pera
jenda. -ruta -luta
ula-ga
Ku-
tcowa. -tula,
-hutula
gula
idza. -bwera
fwa, -fa
lia. -memena
gawila
luta.
hambaljl a)
Ntupu
lili or -liri (neg.
suffix) ; -beoi,
kwakco (32 a,
3 2b);.ki-lUi
(rare) ; -ka-,
na- (condi-
tional and ' not
yet') ; -kani-
(neg. verb) ;
kana- (subj.
neg. prefix)
Ku-
kumbwa
? -pima
isa
tema.
pingwa
ina
wa
-lya
peya
enda,-yenda.
buka
kcoma
manya.
kutanga
According to Last and Meinhof the ku- prefix is often ki- in
1 i. e. ' Nut to know '.
GROUPS H AND I: UPPER RUFIJI AND LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES 167
27.
28.
29.
30.
31-
32-
English
Hebe
Pcogorco and
Sangco
Bena
Gangi,
Ki-matumbi
Mahenge
(Rori and
31 a. Bunga
32 a. Ki-
Safwa)
ndengerekco
To Ku- Ku- Ki-, Ku-, Kwi- Ku- Ku- Ku-
laugh ... -heka -seka -hexa -hexa ... -kweka
leave off, -leka -leka -lexa ... ... -leka
cease
love.want -enda. -kera -fira -gana. ... ... -penda
see
sit. remain, -kala
abide
sleep ... -gcona
stand,stop, -ima
be erect
steal ... -hiza
ona. -Icolera -ona
ikaala.
kawa.
-lifuga
gconya
gcolcoka
-iwa
naigela.
sakura
-bona, -wona
kala -kala
-igcona
imilila. -ima, -wima
-jima
-ija
kala.
tama
wima.
gcolcoka
buna, -lula
dama,
tama
gconya
yima.
gcolcoka
-yiba
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-HEHE
Virtually no preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu, m, u-, yu-, y'-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, gi) ;
5. Li-, I-, (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga, gt-) ; 7. Ki- (ki) (plural sometimes in No. 6) ; 8. Fi-, Vi- (fi, vi) ;
9. , N- (M-), N-, Ny- (n-, i) (plural often in No. 6) ; 10. , N- (M-), -, Iny-, Ny, Nze- (zi, z') ; 1 1. Lu-,
Nco- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) (perhaps plural to II sometimes); 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ;
1 6. Pa-, Ba-, I-pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- as preposition only ; 18. Igu- (in one or two words like ' Igu-bwa').
PREFIXES, &C., IN POOGORO)
No traces of preprefixes except in gth Class.
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu, m, gu-, gw-, yu, u-, ga-); 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. M-, Mu- (m-, mu-, gu) ; 4. Mi-
(mi-, i, y-) ; 5. Li-, E-, I- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, (n-,
i); to. Zin-, Zi- (zi); n. Lu- (lu) (//. Nos. to, 4, and 6); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-
(u) ; 15. Ku- Gu- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
PREFIXES, &c., IN SANGO)
Preprefixes present in some classes.
Class I. Umu- Mu- (mu, ju-, gu- ?) ; 2. Aba-, Awa-, Wa- 1 (ba, wa) ; 3. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, gu) ;
4. Imi-, Mi- (mi-, gi) ; 5. Iri-, Ri-, L, Li-, Di- (ri, li) ; 6. Ma-, Mi- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Xi-, Ki- (xi, ki) ;
8. F1-, Vi- (fi or vi) ; 9. In- (Im-), In-, Iny-, N-, (n-, ji) ; 10. In-, c., and perhaps in some dialects
Zin- or Sin- (zi or si, n-) ; n. Lu- or Ru- (lu, ru) ; 12. Tu- or Thu- (tu) ; 13. Xa- or Ka- (ka) ;
14. Wu-, Bu-, U- (wu or bu) ; 15. Ki-, Kwi-, Ku- or Gu- (ki or ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
1 Va- according to Meinhof; which symbol means that tht consonant varies between B and W.
168 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &C., IN BENA, GANGI, AND BUNGA
Slight traces of preprefixes in Nos. 9 and 10.
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu, yu-); 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, gi ?) ; 5. I-,
Izi-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga?) ; 7. Ki., Ci-, C'- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi-? (vi ?) ; 9. I-, In- (Im-), N-, N-, Ny-
(i, n-) ; 10. (same as 9); 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12? probably absent; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku-
(Gu-) (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
PREFIXES, &C., IN KI-MATUMBI
Traces of preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M-, N-, Mm-, Nn- (mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Ab'-, Aba-, A- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, Nn-,
(n-, mu-); 4. Mi- (mi-, i, -yi) ; 5. Li-, (li) ; 6. Ma-, Ama- (ma-, ya or ga) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. I-
(yi-, i); 9. N- (M-), Ny- (n- (m-), yi, i) ; 10. N- (M-), Ny- (n- (m-), yi, i) ; u. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu-
(tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
27. Hehe is spoken in Uhehe ; the country in East Africa between the 9th degree of South latitude
on the south and the main stream of the Middle Ruaha on the north; between Mahenge and Upojgoroo
(the Upper Rufiji) on the east and the Sangco country on the west.
28. Poagorco and Mahenge are spoken in the Mahenge and Pcogorco countries, south of the Lower
Ruaha, west of the Rufiji-Luwegu, north of the Upper Luwegu, and east of Uhehe and the Upper Rufiji.
29. Sangco (Rori and Safwa) is spoken in the long strip of Usangco (a portion of which is sometimes
called Urori). Usangco is bounded on the east by Uhehe and Fuagi; on the south by Ubena and the
head-streams of the Great and Little Ruaha ; on the west by Usafwa and the upper course of the Mpimbo
river ; and on the north by Ugtogco and Itumba and 6 30' of South latitude.
30. Bena is spoken in Ubena and Lupembe, bounded on the north by Usangto, Fuagi, and Uhehe,
on the west by Ukinga and the north Nyasa mountain country, on the south by Upangwa and 9 30'
South latitude, and on the east by Matumbi, Uhehe, and Fuagi.
31. Gangi and 31 a. Bunga are spoken south of Upiogoro), in the basin of the Luwegu and Marafi-
gandu affluents of the Rufiji ; east of Donde and north of the Magwangwara (Bangooni-Zulu) and of the
Wazutu or Wasutu.
32. Ki-matumbi is spoken in the coast region between the Lower Rufiji and Matandu rivers, east of
the Donde and Wangindco countries. West Matumbi (quite isolated) is spoken in a small area between
the Pito and Ruhinje (Upper Rufiji) rivers, south-east of Ubena, south-west of Mahenge-Upcogorio,
between South latitudes 9 and 10. Kiiidengerekw and Kirufiji are northern dialects of Matumbi very
little known.
GROUP I
THE LOWER RUFIJI-RUVUMA LANGUAGES (continued)
33. Mwera. 33 a. Ki-donde 34. Makonde. 34 a. Mavia (Mabiha)
GROUP J
THE NORTH RUVUMA AND NORTH-EAST NYASALAND LANGUAGES
35. Sutu (Ma-nundi) 1
3 5 a. Ki-matengeo
36. Pafigwa
37. Kese or Kisi
GROUP K
THE UKINGA LANGUAGE
38. Kifiga
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38-
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kifiga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Adze
? Ka-wedeo
Li-vagco
Aka-wagco
Aka-zunu ?
Animal,wild
Ny-ama.
Ny-ama. I-nhanco
...
E-fianu ;
beast
Li-cene
Ki-kuku
i-nanu(-kanu)
Ant
N-jalahu; din-
Li-nyagconyagu.
Di-gongorw ;
Eli-dunungu ;
Halaco.
ma-
ama-. Eli-
Hyungeohyungco
halasu ; ama-
Ant, white
U-cece
Li-kere.
Um-mehe ;
(termite)
M-ehe.
emi-mehe
Ng-umbi.
M-keke (35 a)
Ape
... ...
.. .
*
Arm
M-ktoneo ; mi- Ku-kconu ; ma-.
Li-wcokeo or lli-bcoxu
Ki-wcokco ; li-
Eki-vcokco ;
Un-kconco ;
Ku-wcokoj
ama-
mi-
Arrow
M-pamba Li-hyonga ;
Li-honga ; ma-
Ru-cinji ;
Un-daseo ;
ma-. M-umba;
n-jinji
emi-lasu
mi-umba
Li-wagco ; ma- M-bedco ;
Li-wagco,
Iri-wag<o (or
En-zunu
dim-bedto
Li-vagco ; ma-
Di-) ; ma-
Baboon
N-yani; wa +
Li-yani or
Di-jani
En-yani.
Li-jani
Eli-jani.
E-nele,Li-kele
Back
Kum-ongeo or
M-gongco or
N-gongco.
Un-gongco ;
Ci-ceonyco
N-gongw
Ki-wunu
emi-
Banana
Jfeowco ; di + .
Li-ttoki
Di-kombwe
En-6vco ;
Nuhcovco.
in-ovu. Eli-
I-nunco ; dt-
koveo ; ama-
Beard
Ci-leu.
Ki-njwemba.
Ru-refu ; n-defu
Ulu-lesu
U-rinda.
In-deu
Ci-revu.
Ci-dambe
Bee
Ny-uci or
N-juki: pi. In-juxi
Lu-, Du-, or
Ulu-juke;
Ny-uusi
in-susi.
Ru-juki ; pi.
in-zuke
Lu-yusi
n-juki
Belly
Ci-tumbw
Li-reme.
Di-deme ; ma-.
Eli-tumbu
Mu-nda.
Ma-tumbw
Lu-tumbco
The correct pronunciation may be Zutu.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Bird
Blood
Body
Bone
Borassus palm
Bow ...
Bowels
Brains
Breast (man's)
Breast
(woman's)
Brother ...
Buffalo
Bull
Buttocks ...
Canoe
Cat
U-pinde; ma-
Yi-tumbi
Charcoal ...
Chief Yumbe
Child ..
Cloth N-guto
Cold
Country ...
Ny-ehe ;
N-dege.
...
Ki-dege ; vi- or
Eki-dege; isi-
wany-ehe.
Ki-yuni ;
n-
Ny-uni; wa +
hi-yuni (35 a)
Mi-adi (//.)
Mw-azi or
...
Mw-azi
Un-kisa
Mw-ahi
Li-wimba.
Mu-vili.
Umu-bili
Um-bere
Urn-ana ;
M-iri
Higa
emi-hana
Li- wangwa ;
Li-fupa.
...
Ki-fupa
Eki-tsege ;
ma-
Li-jege
isi-tsege
Mu-ngore
M-kcoma
...
M-kcoma
U-pindi
U-pindi ; pi.
...
U-pende
Ulu-vonde ;
m-pindi
ini-
Ci-mbende ?
Ma-tumbco
...
Uvu-tumbco
*
W-ongu
...
W-ofigco
Uvw-ongu
Pam-tima
Ki-vimba.
Xi-fuba
Ki-fua
Eki-pambaya
(' near the
N-ganga
heart').
Ci-huwa
Ma-wele (pi.)
Ma-wele
lli-bele
Di-were ; ma-
Eli-vele; ama-
N-dugu.
M-dongo ;
...
M-benawi,
Um-atsa (from
N-uiigu,
wa-longco
Ba-benawi
the root
N-ufiu,
-hatsa).
N-ungconi.
Un-nuna ;
M-nongu ;
ava-
wa-longco
Ny-ati
N-jati,
Im-bugu
N-jati
Em-bugco.
Li-yati
Ugu-bugu
N-ombe
N-kunzi.
*
N-ombe
E-nambaku
m-numi
N-kambakco
li-kambakco
Ma-taku
Ma-taku
Ama-daxu(//.)
Ma-dakco : di-
Ama-daku
Ki-pepe or
Uatco,
Bw-atu ;
Li-pepe ;
Hw-atu ;
ma-watu
vi- or ma-.
mi-yatu
Ri-pepe (343)
M-aka ; wa + .
M-lamu.
Ixi-phaxa
Ka-namanga ;
En-yavu
M-inja (34 a)
Li-hyumi.
tu-
M-buyali.
Ka-namanga
...
Ili-xala
*
Eli-kala
M-kulungwa.
Mu-twa.
...
Mu-tua ;
Un-kuludeva.
Umu (34 a)
Li-kusi
aba-tua
Un-twa
Mw-anyace 1 .
Mw-ana ;
Umw-ana
Mw-ana ;
Um-wana ;
N-diogco.
w-ana
ab-ana
av-ana.
Mw-ana.
Umm-enza ;
Nunu
ava-henza
N-guwu or
. . .
N-gcowco
Eki-lundu.
In-guwu.
Un-salwa
Ny-ura.
Li-hya
M-eheo
M-pepco,
. . .
...
E-nala (-kala)
Im-bepu,
Ki-pepco
Ci-lambco.
M-lima
Iny-hi
N-dema
Eki-lunga.
Ri-kaya (34 a)
E-ni (-ki)
U-nyace = childhood.
GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES
Cow ... ...
N-ombe
N-ombe
I-senga.
N-ombe
E-senga.
fi-ginda.
In-dama l
n-dara
Em-buYuma
Yu-nkoru.
(heifer)
Li-tcoli
Crocodile ...
N-wena.
Li-gwina or
...
N-gwina
>
Ci-rembe
Lin-gwina
Day
Li-dua ; ma-.
Li-gconco.
Ulu-siku
Di-gconco
Eli-tsuva.
Mco-hi
Li-suwa.
(Pamu-nyi =
Mu-hi.
daylight)
light)
Devil, evil
Li-hcoka; ma-
Li-hcoka ; ma-
*.*
Di-rongco
Um-lungu ;
spirit
emi-
Doctor (medi-
N-ganga ;
Umu-ganga
Un-tunanya 2
cine man)
wa-ganga
Dog
Li-bwa.
Garco.
Im-bwa.
Iri-bwa.
Em-bwa
Nawanga ;
Im-bwa,
(Axa-bwa =
Nyaka-wa
wa + or
Yim-bwa,
small dog)
Navanga
Li-bwa
(14 a)
Donkey ...
N-jowe;
M-bunda
. . ,
M-bonda
Eli-gcodcovwe.
din-jcowe
E-munda
Door
Lu-idi;
M-lyangco or
...
N-diangco
Un-diangco.
din-jidi (pi.).
N-diafigu
Ulw-itsi
Nangwa
Dream
N-dcotco
N-dcotco?
Icotha
Di-rcotco
Ama-yconasivi
(leota = verb)
(leota)
Drum
* > .
N-eoma or
*
N-6ma
Eli-kule.
In-gcoma ;
I-nengela.
pi. hin-gcoma
En-gatinga
Ear
Ku-tu ; ma-tu Ku-tu ; ma-tu
Li-kutu ; ma-
Ri-kutu
Em-bulu-ku-tu
Egg
Li-i ; ma-i.
Li-kafiga ; ma-.
Ili-xanha
Di-fumbi
Eli-kana
Ka-i; tu-i
Li-humbi ; ma-
Elephant ...
N-dembco N-embco,
N-dembco
. . ,
N-dembco
E-tsungwa
Un-embco ;
pi. in-embco
Excrement
Ma-wi,
Ma-fi or Ma-hi.
. t *
Di-fi,
Ama-kcotu.
Ma-vi
Ki-ndco-tco-hi
Ma-fi
Ama-daba
(35 a)
Eye
L-ihco ; L-ihco ;
L-ihco ; m-ihco
Il-ihw;
Id-ihco; am-ihco
El-ihco ; am-ihco
m-ehco m-ehco
am-ihco
Face, fore-
Kum-ehco.
Pam-ihco
...
Kuma-sco
Eki-bake (fore-
head
C-eni
head)
Fat, oil ...
Ma-huta or
Ma-futa or
Ama-futha
Ma-futa
Ama-suta
Ma-uta
Ma-huta
Father
Wawa.
Dadi,
U-dada ;
Tata
A-tati
ava-dada
Fear
U-opa
W-coga
Bw-coga
Ulu-dwadco
Finger
N-gcohe C-ala.
Lu-konje,
...
Du-konji ;
Ulu-konze ;
Ci-konco.
Lu-kondzi.
n-gonji
i-nonze
Yu-kombi
Lu-wumba
(34 a)
Fire ,
M-otco
M-otco
. .
M-otco
Umw-otco
Fish
In-swi.
Somba or
. . .
Somba
E-somba ; ini-
Hiomba ; di +
Homba
1 Axa-dama = calf.
There is possibly also the word Umu-lagutsi/w/ the verb -lagula.
I 7 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kifiga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Foot ... Li-ulu ; Mu-gulu. ... Lu-ayco, Ulw-ajeo;
ma-ulu. Ku-guru ; ma-. nj-ayco inz-ajco
Lu-ayco ; dinj-. Lu-nyaco
Forest
Fowl
Frog
Ghost...
Giraffe
Girl ... .
Goat ... .
(he) .
(she)
God
Grandparent
Grass
Ground
Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl
Gun
Hair
Hand ..
Head ...
Heart...
Heel ...
Hide .
Li-ulu ;
Mu-gulu.
Lu-ayco,
Ulw-ajeo ;
ma-ulu.
Ku-guru ; ma-.
nj-ayto
inz-ajco
Lu-ayeo ; dinj-.
Lu-nyaco
Ki-dcodco.
Li-kambatu
Mny-itu.
M-hitu.
Ma-behe
Eli-hanzi ?
Nundu.
Ki-tesa.
Mw-itu
Li-sati.
Li-pululu
Jf uku ; wa +
N-kuku In-huxu
N-guku
E-nuku ;
ini-kuku
C-ula; vy-ula
Li-nycotco.
*
Ly-ula ;
m-ula (35 a).
Li-ungula
...
M-fuki. Limu-lungu.
Mu-rongoj
Um-pepco; ava
Ki-wuta ; Mami-lungu
i-wuta (35 a)
Na-haku ;
N-sikani
. ..
Um-enza
wanama-
M-budi ;
M-ene.
M-ene
Em-ene
dim-budi
M-buhi (35 a)
Li-bebehu
Li-pongco
*
Em-ongco
M-budi
M-buguma.
Em-buguma
n-kongwe
N-ginda
Nam-pan ga.
Mu-lungu.
Mu-rufigu
Un-guluve
Moria.
N-dungu
Nungu
Wiwi ; wa +
Hukuru &.
U-kuku $.
M-buya.
U-papa 5
Papa o
W-ahi or
Many-ani
Diny-asi
Eliny-asi
Gw-ahi '
...
M-lima.
Di-dcopi
Eki-lunga.
M-sisi
E-ni
N-tesa or
Li-lawi
Di-rawi
...
N-teca
Nanga
Li-cundu
Di-cundu
...
Ri-uti
Huti
N-dusu
M
U-wimbco
N-jwiri.
Di-junju
Ulu-juwili
Li-yunzu
M-keoneo.
Ki-wcokco Ili-ganja
Ki-kcofi
Kki-yanza.
Un-kconco ;
Ki-ganja
Eki-vcokco
ma-. Li-anda.
Pa-ianja
M-twe or
M-twe. Mu-tu Umu-twe
Mu-tu
Un-twe
Mu-tu
or Umu-tu
M-tima ; mi-
M-tima ; mi- (Mun-tima =
N-dumbura.
E-numbula.
liver)
(Un-tima =
(Un-tima =
liver)
liver)
Ci-hinginco
Ki-tende.
Ki-sekeseke
Eki-seveja ; isi-
Wyungunyungu Ki-hingini
Dabala. Ki-kumba
Ma-pot; di +
1 Old Bantu: Bu-asi.
CROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES
173
3:
English Mw
33 a. K
! 34-
era Makonde
i-donde 34 a. Mavia or
Mabiha
35- 3
Sutu or Pan
Manundi
35 a- Ki-
matengco
5. 37-
gwa Kese or Kisi
&
Kinga
Hill
Li-cinga ; ma-.
Ka-dunda.
Ulu-nyika ;
M-rima
Ka-tumbi ;
i-nyika
hi-tumbi
(35 a)
Hippopotamus
Namondco
N-dcomondco I<fubco
Domondu
Hoe
Li-yembe
Li-gera ; ma-
...
Eli-kumbulco
Honey
Uci
Uci
W-uki
Uvw-coke
Horn
Lu-pembe.
Li-nyerco.
Di-nyerco
Eli-palasa.
Lim-embe
Pembe
Ulu-suga
House Ny-umba. N-ande.
Ny-umba. Ny-umba. Ny-umba
Eny-umba.
Y-umba (big) I-nandi.
N-anda Ixi-ny-umba ;
E-saka.
N-duli(34a)
ifi- '
Eli-heve
Hunger
N-dala. N-jara ln-jala
Nj-ara
En-zala
N-d<uba (34 a)
Husband ...
N-nume ; N-dumi,
Un-gcosi,
wa-lume.
A-lumi.
Un-Ycosi
M-twau (thy)
Ny-ongcolco
(35 a)
Hyena
Nana or
Li-tunungu, I-fifi
Bondera
...
Li-nana
I.i-pundwa
(spotted).
Li-luhekalera,
Li-hekera
(striped)
Iron
Ci-tali C-uma,
Ki-uma
Eki-uma.
S-uma (35 a)
Un-dapco
Island
Ki-tingwe.
Ki-sengerere.
Ki-rwa
...
Li-tanda
Ki-lumba
(35 a)
Ivory
N-embco.
L-inco la
Ru-pembe
...
Li-wenwa
n-dembco
Knee
Li-lundi Li-fugamisco.
Di-pefu
Eki-sugamilu
Li-yugwa
Knife Ki-maye, Ci-pula Ki-pula.
M-pamba
Urn-mage
Ci-maye
Ki-peni
Lake
Li-tanda Li-tanda
Eli-lamba,
E-nyanza
Leg
Ku-uln ; ma-. Li-bondco.
Ki-rundi
Eki-lunde.
M-balu.
Ku-guru.
Un-soni
Li-dcodco
Lu-weza (35 a)
Leopard ...
Huwi,
Li-huwi.
N-torcome
Eli-duma.
Li-huwi,
In-sui
(Eli-bwi = a
Juhi
chita)
Lion
Himba,
Li-himba.
...
Eli-bonzu
Li-himba.
Li-bonjco
In-tumi
Lips
Lu-yeye ;
S'-dcomco; Umu-lcomco ; N-dcomco ; mi-
Un-dcomco ;
ndin-jeye.
mi-lcomco imi-
emi-lcomu
Lu-lcomco ;
di-lcomco
Magic
U-hiawi,
LJ-cawi or Uwu-hawi Wu-hawi
Uvu-havi
U-hawi.
U-hawi
(Ku-lcoha = to
bewitch)
Maize
En-gedia.
Vla-rombe,
Di-rombe
Ama-tsebele
Di-muri
Ma-lombi,
Ki-lombi
'74
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38-
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese <'/ Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiba
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Man ...
Man, vir.
Meat ...
Medicine
Milk .
Mu-ndu ;
wa-ndu
Ny-aina
M-tera
Monkey ...
Moon
Mother
Mountain ...
Mouth
Nail (of finger
or toe)
Name L-ina
Navel
Neck
Night
Nose
Ox
Paddle
Palm wine,
beer
Parrot
Penis
Pig
Mu-nu; wa-nu
Mu-ndu ; Umu-nhu ;
Mu-ndu; aba-
Umu-nu ;
wa-ndu aba-nhu *
ava-nu
M-uume ;
M-gcozi.
...
Un-gcosi ; ava-
wa-lume
M-kambakoi
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Eny-ama
N-tela
M-tera.
N-thende
Un-tuguva.
Ki-biki
Un-tunaya 2
Ma-were
Lu-ziwa.
. >
Ulu-kameo.
Lu-visa
Eli-tsiva.
(kama = to
milk)
Ny-ima.
M-tumbiri or
M-bwengw
E-nilili ;
Ci-nengco
Li-tumbili
ini-kilili
Mw-edi
Mw-ezi or Umw-edzi
Mw-ezi
Umw-etsi
Mw-ehi
Hiyi;
Mau.
. ..
U-juva ; ava-.
wa-hiyi. Tuyi.
Na-noale.
A-nyongcu,
Nyongoreo.
(Uvanycokco
= thy .
Ma-nycokwe
Nycoku.
Uvanyina =
(34 a)
Nina
his )
l.i-cinga.
Ki-dunda.
Ki-dconda
Kki-dugala
Mu-angco.
Ki-tumbi
Ci-cungco.
Li-tumbi(34a)
Ka-nywa.
N-kanu.
...
Un-dcomu
Cika-nywa
N-dcomeo or
M-lcomco
Di-nombe (//.).
Lu-zipco.
Ki-ugu
Ulu-konze,
U-k5mbe
Suwu; hi-uwu
I-nonze
L-ina
Li-hina
Di-hina ; ma-
Eli-tavwa
N-ungu ; di +
Lu-kufu or
...
Ulu-tumbu
N-kuhu
Li-kuti; (pi.)
Singco or I-singco
Singco
Un-singeo.
din-gcoti
Hingu
En-gcosi
C-iIo>.
K-ilco or
K-irco,
Ek-ilco.
(Ci-hi =
I-kilu.
Pak-irco
(Uvu-titu =
darkness)
(Lw-ihi =
darkness)
darkness)
M-iila; di +
M-enerto.
.. .
E-menco
Im-bulu(35a)
(-penco)
N-ombe
Li-boyi. I-senga.
N-kawi. In-dama
N-ombe.
Li-kambakco 6
E-senga.
Un-gide.
N-ombe.
En-gwada
N-tondoola
*
Ng-ahi;
...
...
in-gahi
U-alwa (native
U-gwimbi
...
Uvu-gembe
beer)
Li-kwalu
...
...
M-borco
. . .
N-guluwe ;
N-guruwe or
N-guruwe
En-gube.
din + .
Li-guruwi.
En-gwehe
Im-petumwa
Li-pangco
(bush pig)
1 Ili-nhu = tall fellow. Ugu-nhu = hulking fellow . Aka-nhu = little man, ,in Pangwa.
2 There is in Kinga the verb -lagula, which has to do with witchcraft medicine.
GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES
'75
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutti or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde 34 a. Mavia or Manundi
Mabiha 35 a. Ki-
matengu
Pigeon
Place
Rain
Rat
Rhinoceros
River
Road
Salt
Shame
Sheep
Shield
Shoulder . . .
Sister
Skin
Sky
Slave
Sleep
Smoke
Snake
Son, boy ...
Pa-ndu
Li-deia
N-gunda.
N-jewa
Li-jiwa,
N-jiwa or
In-ziva
Pa-hali. Pa-wa.
Pa- Ki-kunja.
Pa-ngonto
Ma-hala.
U-tamu
Pa-
M-bula.
M-vula or Im-fula,
I-fura
M-nungu.
I -hula Axa-fula
Mu-lungu
(34 a)
Li-kula.
Li-pan ya.
Di-kenje
Gingondco
Li-kuli.
Im-buku
M-ela ; di +
Ki-pembere
...
or wa + .
Ci-cohoj (34 a)
Lu-hundi.
Lu-kemba.
Ku-scokco
Mu-teo (34 a)
Lu-si.
Ma-gasi
N-dila.
N-jira In-jila.
N-jera or
In-dira(34a)
Axa-jila
N-dera
Mu-nyu
Mw-inyeo.
Hi-hungu
Li-conyi,
S<oni or Iny-hconi
...
Li-hyconi
I-hconi.
Li-hamu
Nondcolco.
M-berere or
Di-nosi,
Kondco (34 a)
Lim-belele
Mi-nosi
Ki-keopa
...
Li-wala ; ma-
Li-vega ; ma-
...
Nununa.
M-lumbu,
N-dumbu.
N-umbco
N-dumbco
Ba-rumbi
Mapco; di + .
Y-ambala
Li-wingu.
Ku-canya.
Di-tindi
Mu-wanda;wa- M-neone ; wa-
Lu-kanda
Li-zuru.
Ku-nani.
M-bingu
M-sutu ; wa-.
M-banda ; wa-
Lu-conco Lu-gconco
Ly-eosi,
Li-cohi.
Li-hycohi
M-hyongto;mi-. Li-ycoka
In-ycoka.
I-piri
M-nemba; wa-. Mw-ana.
Imw-ana M-soiagorco
i-nume
Ili-usi
In-jtoxa
Ki-kcowa
Ku-kianya
Ru-gonco
Di-cosi
Idi-jcoka.
Ma-ycoka
Mw-ana.
N-songorco
En-uta (-tuta).
En-gundya
E-sula
Em-beva
Ulu-gasi ;
in-gasi.
Eki-hulu
En-zila
Umw-inyco
I -sconi
K-neolco
En-gwembe
Eli-vega
Um-atsa.
U-mama.
Un-nuna.
(Vu-nconu =
sisterhood)
Ku-kyanya
E-tulco
Eli-cosi
Eli-lalwe
(-dalwe).
Ulu-jcoka ; //.
in-zcoka
Un-swamba. 1
N-dume
Un-swamb-'anga) = my son. Un-swamb-'<o = thy son. Un-swamb-e = his son. Un-swamb-itu = our son.
Un-swamb-inyco = your son. Un-swamb-avio = their son.
N 2
i 7 6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese orKisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Song
Spear
Spirit, soul
Star
Stick
Stone
Stool ...
Sun ...
Tail (of a
mammal)
Tear
Testicles ...
Thief
Thigh...
Thing
Thorn
Tobacco
To-day
Toe ...
To-morrow
Tongue
Tooth
Town ,
Tree
I.i-imbco; ma-
Lu-bimco ; di-.
Lu-kimco.
Uru-embco
R-imbeo (34 a)
Ny-imbeo.
M-hambco
M-kuci ; mi-.
M-kond<o. ...
N-guha
Ci-ndimbco.
N-ktoha
Ri-umco.
Li-hionga
(34a).
Mu-nya
* *
Nondwa ; di + .
Lu-tondwa ;
N-dondco.
Ci-nondi
n-dondwa
Ru-tondco
(34 a)
Ka-lawi ; tu-.
M-sagi. Ulu-fimbw
N-sagi
Ci-konco.
N-donga.
Simbco.
Lu-hyatu ;
I-ncogco (34 a)
hyatu
Li-ganga
Li-anga or
Li-ganga.
Li-ganga
Ri-anga ;
Ili-wu
ma-ianga.
Li-wia,
Ma-wia (34 a)
.
Na-mayu.
Li-juwa or Ili-dzuba
Di-juwa
Ri-dua or
L-yuwa
Li-dula (343)
In-cira,
M-kira or Umu-xila
N-cira
N-kila
Mi-codi (pi.)
Li-hwli; ma- Mi-ho>dzi (pi.)
Li-hcosi
...
Ri-mumba
Di-tongeo
...
M-wiwi.
Mw-ivi or
Mu-heji ; aba
Inku-iwa
Mw-ihi
*
Ci-ya
M-hungula
Ci-nu ; vi-nu
Ki-ndu ; Iki-nhu ; pi.
Ki-ndu ;
hi-ndu or ifi-nhu
ti-ndu
vi-ndu
...
Mw-iwa
Mw-ifa,
Mw-ifwa
Mw-iha ;
mi-ha
...
0)ria
J.i-mbaka>.
N-gambto.
Li-huna
Di-hona
Lelco
Lelco. Nerco
Lerco. Li-linu
Lerco, I-rercD
...
Ci-konu
Lu-konje Iwa
...
mu-gulu.
Lu-gumba
Lu-undu
Ki-rau
Ki-raweo
I.u-limi or
Lu-limi;
l.u-konji,
Li-limi
i-nimi
N-gonji
L-inu ; m-enco
L-inu
l.-inco; in-inco
Ir-inco
...
Kaya
Mu-zi.
A-kaya
Li-kaya
M-kongw ; mi-.
N-tela.
M-tera.
Di-behe.
M-tera
I-nandi,
M-kongco.
N-thende
M-nandi,
Ki-biki
Mu-landi ;
mi-landi
Ulu-embco
Kli-gcoha; ama-.
En-gcoha
Ulu-tondwe.
1-nondwe
E-sonzco.
Un-saga.
Ulu-saga
Eli-ganga
Eki-tamelco
Eli-tsuva
Un-kila
Ulw-ihotsi
Um-etsi
(-hetsi)
Eki-nu ;
isi-nu
Un-tula ; emi-
Un-twinyco ;
emi-
E-sajco
E-leleo
Ulu-konze
Ki-lavca
Ulu-limi
El-inco
Uvu-tsenge.
Isi-jumba,
Eli-tsumbe
Um-beki,
Eli-beki.
Un-tuyuva
GROUPS I, J, K : RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES
177
33- 34- 35
English Mwera Makonde Suti
33 a. Ki-donde 34 a. Mavia or Mam
Mabiba 35 it-
mate
36. 37. 38.
i or Pangwa Kese or Kisi Kinga
mdi
Ki-
ngo
Twins ... Ma-ha. Ma-papa 0r ... Di-pasa ; ma- U-nyali-pasa.
W-ana wa Ma-paha Uvamwi-pasa
ma-ha
(both in singu-
lar sense)
Urine ... Ma-kwedu Ma-kcoco. ... Ma-kojco
I-mahi
Vein
Umu-sipha Un-sipa
War ... N-ondo. N-gondo ... N-s-ondu Uvu-tavanewa
Hondo
Water ... ... M-edi Ma-gasi
Ama-ji Ama-yasi
M-asi
Well ... ... Mw-eru wa Ixi-sima
ma-gasi.
Ki-liwa
White man M-iungu
Mu-sungu Un-sungu;
ava-
Wife ... M-dyau (thy). M-dala.
M-gori; ba- Un-dala.
M-rnahi; wa- M-bumba. Un-wehe
Mama
Wind ... M-mepo; M-pungo. Im-hepho M-bepu Em-epo.
di-mepo Ki-pepo. Eki-scola
M-hwahi
Witch ... M-hyawi M-cawi.
Umu-ganga Mu-hawi; ba- Um-avi ;
M-hawi. ava-havi
M-ganga
Witchcraft ... U-hyawi U-cawi
Uvu-havi
Woman ... N-kongwe, M-mahi ; wa-. M-dala.
Umu-dala ; Un-dara ; ba-, Un-dala.
Yuan-kongwe; Un-kongwe M-bumba ava-. (Mu-ki- awa- Um-enza ;
wa-kongwe
dala = little ava-henza
woman ; pi.
va-kL-dala)
Womb ... ... ... Li-reme
... ... ...
Wood (fire- ... Lu-kuni Sagala.
Im-bawu Iny-agala
woodj Handzu (-hagala,
sagala)
Yam
Ki-tuu
Year ... Mw-aka. Mw-aka
Umw-axa Mw-aka Umw-aka
C-aka
Yesterday... ... Li-do, Li-ndo Goro. Li-zu ... Gorco I-yolo
Zebra ... ... Li-punda or ... ... Envunda
M-bunda
One -mo -mo -monga.
mo. -mwi (Ji-mwi) Ka-mo -pamato
Yu-mo
Two -wili -bill, -biri -wili
wili (Dzi-wili) Tu-were -veli
Three -latu; i-tatu -tatu (N-atu) -datu, -tatu -datu Tu-datu -datu
(Dzi-datu)
Four -xexe N-cece. m-cece or -na (Dzi-na) N-cece -ni
Mu-cece N-dzesi
Five Ng-ano, Ny-ano, -ano. -hano
-hano (Dzi-) Tu-hano -banco
ganco Mu-ano(34a)
Six g-ano na Ny-ano na -hano na Mu-tanda Tu-lintanda -n-tanatu
(gu)-mo i-mo monga
Seven -gano na wili Ny-ano na -hano na wili Heneka Tu-limhano -lekela-ku-
in-bili
mu-hana pamato
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
1
34- 35-
36.
37
38-
English
Mwera
Makonde Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Ma via or \ Manundi
Mabiha 35 a. Ki-
mateiigco
Eight ...
Nine ...
Ten ...
Eleven
ganco na
tatu
ganco na
xexe
Kumi
Ny-anco na -banco na datu Mu-nana, also M-hanco na
n-atu Heneka tu-tatu
k-coha (k-coha
= ' over all ',
' superior ')
Ny-anco na -banco na Fundika M-hanco na
n-cece m-cece mu-hana ' n-cece
Kumi Kumi Fundika k-coha Ccomi
and Ma-budi
Kumi na i-mco Kumi na yi-nui Ki-dzigco. 2 Ccomi na
(22 = Ki-dzigco ka-mco
ka-vili. 33 =
Ki-dzigco
ka-datu)
Ma-kcomi
ga-were
Ma-kcomi
ga-datu
Ma-kcomi
m-cece
Ma-kcomi
in -banco
Ma-kcomi
ga-likcomi
Ne-nga.
N-,Ni'-.
n-, -m-.
-a-ngu
We-figa.
U-.
ku-. -a-kco
Twenty ...
...
Ma-kumi
ma-wiri or
Ma-kumi
ma-wili
Ma-kumi
m-eli
Thirty
...
Ma-kumi
ma-tatu
Ma-kumi
ma-tatu
Forty
Ma-kumi
n-cece
Ma-kumi
n-dzese
Fifty
...
Ma-kumi
ny-anco or
Ma-kumi
ma-banco
mamu-anco
Hundred ...
I-gana
Thousand...
...
...
...
I, me, my ...
Ne-y<u.
N-.
ni-, -n-.
Mi-pa.
N,, Mb-
-n-,-gu-,-ngu-. 3
Ne-nga.
Ne-, Ni-, N-
ni-,-n-. -a-ngu
-a^ngu
i-a-ngu
Thou,thee,thy
We-yoo.
U-.
We-pw. We.
Wara-kco.
We-nga.
Wewe,
ku-. -a-kco
U-.
Yu-we.
ku-. -a-kco
U-.
ku-. -a-kco
He, him, his
A-ycowa.
A-.
m-, -mu-.
-a-kwe
Nane. Nahie,
Nanye.
A-, I., Ya .
we. -mu-,
m-. -a-ke
Yuyu. Mw-ene.
A-, U-.
,m- -a-ke,
ene
We, us, our
Twe-yo>(?)
Tu-.
We- pa.
Were-tu.
Twe-nga.
Twetwe.
tu-. -etu
Tu-, Ti-, T-.
Tu-.
-tu-. -etu
tu-. -etu
-a^ke, -a-jco
Ycora.
A-.
mu-. m-.
-a-ke
Twe-nga.
Ti-.
.tu-?, -H-?
-a-itu, -itu
nana
budika-ku-
pamatco
Ki-tsigco, also
Un-devulco ;
pi. emi-
levulco
Ki-tsigco-na-
pamatco
Ki-tsigu
ka-veli
Ki-tsigco
ka-datu
Ki-tsigco ka-ni
Kitsigco
ka-hanu
Emi-levulco
kitsigco
U-ne. Ne.
Nd'-, Nde-,
Ndi-, Ndi-.
ne. -ni-.
ny-. -a-ne,
-a-figco
Uve. Ve.
Vu-, U-
ve. -ku-.
yco, -ve,
-a-kco
Umw-ene.
A-, I-, Ju-.
-mw-ene. -m-,
mw-. -ye,
ene
U-vwe. Vwe.
Vwevwe.
Tu-
tu-. -a-vwe
or -itu
Apparently ' -hana ' ( Mu.hana) means ' side ', ' on one side ', and' Heneka '
1 K 'lamroth gives -hana, not -banco.
' leave out from the others '.
" The peculiar numerals of Pangwa are explained by Klamroth as connected with finger notation, vide p. 192 of
his ' Kurze Skizze' (Milt. Sem. Or. Spr., Vol. X). 3 Ma via (34 a).
GROUPS I, J, K : RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES
179
33- 34-
35-
36.
37-
38.
English
Mwera Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde : 34 a. Mavia or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
They, them,
their
Mwe-yco.
Mu-.
-wa-. -enu
Mwe-po).
U-mue.
Mu-.
Mwe-nga.
Nyenye.
M-, Mu-.
wa-. -enu
Wa-na ?
Wa-nano).
We-ne.
Wa-.
wa-. -wato
Wa-ya.
Wa-.
Wa-.
-wa,-. -aw
-aco
Mwe-nga.
U-nye. Nye.
Mu-.
Nyenye.
-ba- ? -inu
M-, Mu-, N-
va-. -a-nye
or -inyco
Ba-ra.
Avene. Vene.
Ba- (Wa-).
Va-.
wa-. -a-ww
vox -va-.
-ene, -avw
All
This, these
That, those
-coha
A-yu, a-wa ; A-yu,
gu, a-gu, a-yi; a-wa
a-li, a-ga ;
a-xi, a-yi ;
a-yi, a-yi ;
? a-lu ; ? a-ka ;
gu, a-vu, a-u?;
a-ku ; ? a-pa
-oha -onha
.yu ; A-yu, a-wa ;
, a-u, a-u ; &fc.
a-i; a-li, a-no>; -la(u-la; wa-la;
ci-noi, vi-nco ; &*c.)
i-nco, di-nw ;
lu-nco ; tu-nco ;
ka-nio ; u-nto ;
ku-n<o; pa-nco;
mu-mo
-coha (? cosaka,
? emphatic)
Uyu, aba
(awa) ; ugu,
egi; eri,
aga ; &c.
A-yu-Ia,
a-wa-la ;
a-gu-la ;
U-ya, wa-ya ;
u-ya, i-ya;
li-ya, a-ya ;
ci-ya, vi-ya ;
i-ya, di-ya;
lu-ya; tu-ya ;
ka-ya ; u-ya ;
ku-ya ; &c .
Yu-ra, ba-ra;
gu-ra, gi-ra;
re-ra, ga-ra ;
-oni
Ve, vco; g&xo,
gyco ; ly,
yeo ; kyeo,
syco ; jeo,
tsu ; 1 woo ;
twco ; kco ;
vwco ; kwco ;
pea : m wa) ;
gwco
Uju, ava ;
ugu, egi ;
eli, a-ya ;
eki, isi ; eji,
itsi ; ulu ;
utco ; aka ;
uvu ; uku ;
apa; umu;
ugu
Ujw-a, avto ;
ugw-a, egy-d),
&=.
u-lya, va-lya ;
gu-lya, i-lya;
6ir.
Juju, vava ;
gugu, gegi;
Jujw-a, vaveo,
&c.
Ng-uju,
ng-ava ;
ng-ugu,
ng-egi ;
ng-elijfig-aga:
ng-eki, ng-isi:
ng-eji, ng-itsi;
ng-ulu;ng-utu:
ng-aka
iig-uvu
ng-uku
ng-apa
ng-umu ;
ng-ugu
i8o
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
33-
34-
35-
I 6 -
37-
38.
English
Mwera
Makonde
Sutu or
Pangwa
Kese or Kisi
Kinga
33 a. Ki-donde
34 a. Ma via or
Manundi
Mabiha
35 a. Ki-
matengco
Bad
kiwa. -nyata
haki
-bi-fu
-be-fu
vivi
Black
*
-a na-pi, -pi
titco. -yiru.
thalamu.
titu
titu
pili
thithu,
n-hithu
Female
Fierce, sharp
Good
Great -kulu
Little -icokw
Long
Male
Old
Red ..,
Rotten
Short...
Sick ...
White
-i-dala.
-m-buruba
-n-gongwe.
mahi
kali; -kali-pa -kali
(to be )
Cihi. (Ku-ncoa -maha
= to be sweet,
gooit)
-kulu.
Na-noreo
cigi. -diokco
-lehu
-na-nume.
N-dume
-a tan gu.
ce-kulu,
ce-kelu.
Na-norco
-a huwi
-ipi, -wipi
Iwala.
(U-lwala = a.
disease)
a. nibe, -pe.
nahi.
-helela (to
be-}
baha,
waha.
-n-kulungwa
debe. -stokco
xali
nco-fu
-n-dara
nco-fu
baha ;
goroiigco
-n-dala
talamu
-ncoga ; -nconu
-m-baha
tali
gcosi
M-gcogulu
dunu
kata. -wcola
-fupi or -yipi
-tamu.
-rwara
wara-fu.
huhu
vola. -bofu
fuphi
ccokco. -nandi -debe.
Ki-sekele
tale
N-gambakco -lume, N-dume.
-gcosi.
kambaku
gcogcolco.
lala
dunu
vto-su
supi
tamu
futco
vala-su
Above, up, on
top
Before
Behind
Below, down
Far
Here .
In, inside ...
Middle
Near ..
Mu-ha.
Ku-canya,
Pa-canya
Pa-canya.
Pa-nani
Moi-hyu
Ku-longcolco.
Pa-lungi pa-
Ku-hye or
Kum-bele.
Kw-hye.
Mu-nyuma
Ku-nyunja
Pahi
Pahi
Kucu.
Ku,tali
Ku-kala
Panco. Pana.
Kunco, Kuni.
Wcopcopapa,
Pa-ni.
Upcopapa
Pamba
M-kati.
Mu-gati,
In-kati
M-kati,P.,Pa-
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Pasi, Phasi
A pa
Mu-kati
Pha-gati
Pa-kyanya.
Nena,
Pa-nena.
oni (Mw-oni,
Na-nyenje Pa-pipi
Mbu-longolo
M-bele
Pasi
-vu-tale, -tale
Baha.
Kunco
Umwa.
Mu-gati
Pa-gati,
Ku-gati
Pipi. Kw-ipi
GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES 181
English
33-
Mwera
333. Ki-donde
34-
Makonde
34 a. Mavia or
Mabiha
35-
Sutu or
Manundi
35 a. Ki-
36.
Pangwa
37-
Kese or Kisi
a*
Kinga
matengu
Outside ... ... Pa-nji, Mw-ibala. ... ... Ku-nzi, Pa-nzi
Pa-nda Kw-ibala.
Outside ...
Pa-nji,
Mw-ibala.
Ku-nzi, Pa-nzi
Pa-nda
Kw-ibala.
Ku-ndza
Pa-ndza
Plenty, many
N-ndi, -ndi.
omehere.
...
v ingi
51osu,
cohe
Vululu. -ingi
,
ongosu,
ongesu
There
Kuya. Pay a.
Ukco, Kula,
.. .
Para
Palya.
Kunco
Pala
Kukco
Where ? .
Kwaci?
Kwa ? Ku ?
. . .
. ..
Ndapi? -ku?
No!
Itamua !
Nco ! Nale !
>
Dietu ! (-kana !
Baku!
Nda!
to refuse)
Not (with verb,
Hi-, Hu-, Ha-,
Na-. Sa- ?
.. .
-ri (suffix). No
Na-. Kita-
as prefix, in-
Ha-tu, Cfc.
kcotcoka
negative pre-
ga (negative
fix, or suffix]
-na- (subj.)
(neg. verb, to
fixes. Com-
suffix for in-
abstain from),
pare Ki-
finitives,
ndeka
matumbi)
future, and
imperative).
Jeo ga (not
only)
To
Ku-
Ku-
Uxu-
Ku-
Uku-
beat ...
-kcoma.
ttowa.
. ..
*. .
tcova.
tarega
puta
bitsula
buy, sell
hyuma
-gura.
...
-gura.
gula
lomba.
-himera
hemela
come ...
ida
bwera. -hisa
ija
-ica, -iza
itsa
cut
kanana
tema.
vcola.
*
. .
hikita
hongula
dance ...
wina
hina
jumba
kumbela
die
hwa
fwa. -hwa
-fwa.
fwa
swa
(Uxii-fwa)
eat
-lya
lya
lya
ra
-lya
give ...
... -wina or
pera. -pa-. 1
...
pa
pa
winya
hamba
, go
hwena
-genda
genda
wcoka
beha. -vuka.
luta. -genda
kill ...
ulaya. -Ha
kcoma
*..
buda
know ...
manya.
manya
...
manya,
manya
maiya
manye 2
laugh ...
hyeka
heka
hexa
...
-heka
leave off,
-leka
-leka
...
...
leka, -lekela
cease
love,want
penda
-gana. -para
ronda
-gana, -yana
see
ona, -wona,
wwna. -lura
bcona
ro>ra
-vuna. -lala
Icola
sit.remain.
ikala or
tama
ixala
...
tama
abide
-kikala
sleep ...
lala (lie
-gcona.
-gcona (to
...
gwna
down)
gcozela
sleep with*)
stand, stop,
hyimila.
yima
ima
. . .
ema. -simika
be erect
takaluka
steal ...
iwa
hija. -yiwa
...
hedya
hetsa
i
Ku-nyima=rt/ to give.
2
mnnye-ri = A/tow not. Kese has
negative verbs
or auxiliary verbs like Ki-matumbi.
'82 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KI-MWERA
No preprefixes.
Class l. Mu-, M- (mu, m-, u-, yu-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, gu) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, yi, i-) ;
5. Li-, Ji- ?, (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ci-, Xi., Ki (?) (xi-, ii) ; 8. Vi- ?, I- (yi-, i) ; 9. N- (M-),
(n-, i) ; 10. same as 9 ; 11. Lu- (lu) ; 12. ?; 13. ? ; 14. U- (u-, gu ?, vu-?); 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-
(pa); 17. ?.
PREFIXES, &c., IN MAKONDE AND MAVIA
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M-, N- (m-, mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, Yu- (34 a) (m-, mu-, u) ;
4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N- (M-), N- (n-, i) ;
10. Lin-, Ndin-, Din- (di,lifi-); ii.Lu-(lu); 12. Tu-(tu); 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-(u); 15. Ku- (ku) ; 1 6. Pa-
(pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
PREFIXES, &C., IN SUTU-MATEWGO)
No preprefixes except in Nos. 9 and 10.
Class i. Mu-, M-, N- (mu, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Li- (Ii-); 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-); 7. Ki- (ki-) ; 8. I-, Hi-, Vi- (hi-, vi-) ; 9. Yin-, In-, N- (M-), -, Ny-,
- (n-, i-); 10. I-, In-, N- (M-),N--,Ny-, Hy-, (i-?,zi-?); ii. Lu- (lu-) ; 12. missing in Sutu, Tu, Tw-
in Ma-tengu; 13. Ka- (ka-) ; 14. U-, Hw- (u-) ; 15. Ku- (ku-) ; 16. Pa- (pa-); 17. Mu- (mu-), A-
honorific.
PREFIXES, &c., IN PAffGWA
Preprefixes present in full.
Class i. Umu- (mu, ?gu-) ; 2. Aba-, Ava-, Awa- (ba-) ; 3. Umu- (mu-,gu) ; 4. Imi- (mi- ?gi) ; $. Hi-,
I- ?, Ji- ? (li, ji ?) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ga ?) ; 7. Ixi- (xi) ; 8. Ifl- (fi) ; 9. In- (Im-), (ji, j, n- ?) ; 10. ? Dzi- (dzi) ;
ii. Ulu-(lu); 12. ?; 13. Aka-(ka); 14. Ubu-, Uwu- (bu) ; 15. Uxu- (xu) ; 16. Pa-, Pha- (pa); 17. Mu-?
(?); 18. Ugu- (gu?).
PREFIXES, &c., IN KESE
Preprefixes present.
Class i. Um-,Un-, Mu-, M-(mu, ?) ; 2. Aba-, Bco- (ba) ; 3. Urn-, Un-, Mu-, M- (mu, ?) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, ?) ;
5. Idi-, Iri-, Di- (ri, di) ; 6. Ma- (? Ama-) (ma-, ga ?) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Fi- or Vi- (fi or vi) ; 9. In- (Im-),
, N- (ji, j, n- ?) ; 10. Psame as 9; ii. Uru-, Ru-, Du- (ru) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Aka- (ka) ; 14. Wu-, U-,
Bu-(wu?); 15. Ku-(ku); 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu-.
PREFIXES, &c., IN KINGA
Preprefixes present.
Class I. Umu', Urn-, Un-, Un-, U- (urn-, un-, -mw-, ju-, u-, ve) ; 2. Va- (va, v<o-) j 3. Umu-, Urn-, Un-,
Un- (mu-, un-, gu,yu) ; 4. Emi- (emi-,yi, i-) ; 5. Eli- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ama-, ma-, ya) ; 7. Eki- (ki) ; 8. Isi-
(si) ; 9. Eni-, Eny-, En- (Em-), E- (en-, ji, i-) ; 10. Ini-, Iny-, Inz-, In-, E- (n- (m-), tsi, i-) ; i r. Ulu-,
Uru- (lu, ru); 12. Utu- (tu); 13. Aka-(ka) ; 14. Uvu- (vu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-, Ba- (pa, ba) ; 17. Mu-
(mu-, m-, n) ; 18. Uvu- (yu).
Also the Nya prefix, without concord.
GROUPS I, J, K: RUFIJI-RUVUMA, NYASA, AND UKINGA LANGUAGES 183
33. Mwera and 33 a. Kidonde are spoken in the hinterland of the Lindi coast district of German
East Africa between the Mbemkuru river on the north and the Lindi or Lukuledi river on the south,
and extending sporadically to the Ruvuma. To it seems to be allied the widespread but unrecorded
dialect of the Wadonde, which extends from the Middle Rufiji and its Marangandu affluent on the north-
west to the Mbemkuru on the south.
34. Makonde and 34 a. Mavia or Mabiha are spoken in the coast regions of German East Africa
and northern Portuguese East Africa immediately behind the Swahili sea-shore settlements ; between
the Mbemkuru river on the north and the Msalu or Marari.
35. Sutu (Manundi) and 35 a. Kimatengco are spoken in the Magwangwara or Angconi country of
south German East Africa, north of the Portuguese frontier and Upper Ruvuma, south of Upangwa and
the basin of the Upper Rufiji ; east of the Marangandu and the Mtetesi-Muhesi. The Wamatengcj
extend their range to the east coast of Lake Nyasa, south of the Kisi coast-belt and Ruhuhu river.
36. Pangwa is spoken in Upangwa, a very mountainous tract to the north-east of Lake Nyasa ;
east of the Livingstone mountains and west of the Pitu river \ and south of the Bena and west Matumbi
countries.
37. Kese or Kisi is spoken on the north-east coast of Lake Nyasa from the northernmost point of
the lake, southwards to the River Ruhuhu.
38. Kinga is spoken in Ukifiga, north of the north end of Lake Nyasa, south of the Upper Ruaha
basin, west of Ubena and east of Nkonde and Ukukwe.
GROUP L
THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
39. Ka-bwari. 39 a. Ki-
lega 1
42. Bemba (Ki-erhba)
40. Guha
43. Lufigu
41. Tabwa
43 a. Mambwe
39-
40.
41.
42.
43-
43 a.
English
Ka-bwari
Guha
Tabwa
Bemba
Lungu
Mambwe
39 a. Ki-lega
(Ki-emba)
Adze
Ke-londa
M-bajco
Ka-temco
Im-bafi
Ka-pasa
Animal, wild
N-ama or
Ny-ama
N-nama
In-nama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
beast
Ny-ama
Ant
Lu-asi; n-asi
M-basi.
Mu-naco.
Im-pasi.
Kalandu
Simu-nyemwe.
Bu-niegene
M-pazi
Awa-nangi
N-kalandu.
Im-pasi
Ant, white
Mu-swa.
N-jcowa.
Bu-swa
Ulu-swa
W-wnyi
U-coni
(termite)
Lu-sunga ;
N-swa
sunga
'
Ape (chim-
Scokco
...
N-swkw
In-scokco
...
...
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm
Ku-bcokco; ma-
Ku-beokeo; ma-
Ku-bcokco
Ku-wcoku
I-kasa
I-kasa; ma-
Arrow
Mw-ambi; mi-.
M-bi. M-ketco.
Mu-vwi
Mu-fwi
Umu-vwi
Mu-vwi ; mi-.
Ki-kenge.
Mu-sari ; mi-.
Lu-kyetco ;
I-scoma (39 a)
N-sari ;
n-kyetco
mi-sari
Axe
M-basa.
Ka-temco ; tu-
M-bazco.
Li-sembe.
Im-pasa
Im-pasa.
M-bwacu.
M-bavi.
J-sembe ; ma-
M-patoj.
I-yuka.
Li-zembe
I-se ; ma-se
Lu-kasu ;
n-gasu (39 a)
Baboon
N-gama
Tcolue
N-kcolwe
Korcae,
Kolcoe
Kolcoe or
Kolowe
Ya-kolcoe
Back
Mw-ofio,
N-gonco or
Mu-ofigw.
Mu-sana.
Mu-sana.
Mu-sisi.
M-ongco
M-gongeo
Mu-sana
In-uma
I-tundu
I-tundu
Banana
Ki-co ; pi. bi-eo.
Tcoka, Tcoke,
Li-konde ; ma-
^fkonde.
Konde
N-konde.
Konde; ma +
Tcoki ; ma +
Li-teace(/rt/).
(tree = Mu-
I -twee (wild)
fuka)
Beard
Lu-levu.
Ka-lesi ; tu-
Lu-levu.
Mw-efu
Ki-lezu
Ki-lezu
Ka-levu ;
Mu-efu
Tu-levu =
(hair of}.
N-delu (39 a)
Bee
Nz-uki
Ny-uki,
N-zuki.
Ulu-z,imu.
In-zimu
N-zimu
Nj-uki
N-zimu
Ici-pasi
Belly
Vumu.
Gumco
Li-vumco.
Di-fumu
In-dilwa
N-diliwa
I-kundu
(Li-bu = liver)
Bird
Ku-nconi; tu-
U-nconi ; mi-,
Ki-coni ; vi-
Ki-<oni,
Ki-unyi
Ki-uni
Ka-nconi
Iki-coni.
Ci-pele
Blood
Mu-si. Ma-si
Mi-leoa,
Mu-loopa
Mu-lcopa ; mi-
Uw-azi
Uw-azi
(39 a)
M-lcoha
Body
Mu-biri
M-bili
Mu-bili
Mu-wiri
Mw-idi
M\v-ili
Bone
Fua ; ma + .
Kuja or
Li-kuza.
Li-fupa
I-fupa
Fupa
Ku-ha (39 a)
Kudza ;
Li-fupa
ma-kuja
Borassus palm
Kcokco
Belewili ; ma +
Ka-bilibili
Mu-keoma
Mu-keoma
Mu-kcoma
Kilega, as spoken near Lake Tanganyika, is akin to Kabwari ; but it is really little else than No. 144.
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
185
English
39-
Ka-bwari
393. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a-
Mambwe
Bow
Mw-eiteo ; mi-
Bu-ta
Bu-ta
Wu-ta,
U-lapwa; ama-
U-lapwa
Ubu-ta
Bowels
Mi-la
Mi-la
N-da. Ma-la
Ma-la
Ma-la ya
Ama-la
(Bo-la)
limun-da
Brains
Ma-ka.
B-ongo
Bu-ongco.
I-tompwe
Tompwe
Uw-ongco
Bco-kese(39a)
Tomfwe
Breast (man's)
Ki-ari
Ki-ali
Ki-fuba.
Ki-fuba
Ki-fua
Ki-fua
N-kulco
Breast
Bele; ma +
Bele
Li-bere ; ma-
I -here ; ma-
I-ede ; ma-ede
...
(woman's)
Brother ...
Mw-an'-itu.
Mw-an'-etu.
Ki-nsanga,
Umu-nyina.
U-lupwa ; pi.
Mw-ina,
Mu-butwa.
M -umi.
N-dum-ya,
N-dume
n-dupwa.
Mu-nyo-
Mn-tamba
Mu-kingu
Mw-ine,
Mw-ina
N-dum-eso),
Buffalo
M-<o. M-bcoeo
M-cogco
M-bcoco
1 in-bcoco
Im-bcoco
Im-bcohco
(39 a)^
Bull
Mu-tungula
...
...
...
...
M-pambasi
Buttocks ...
Ma-takco.
Ma-takco
Li-takco.
Im-puti.
Ma-takco
...
Ma-kuma
Mu-pani.
Ma-takco
(39 a)
M-putu
Canoe
Bw-atto; in-atoo Bu-atco
Bw-atco,
Bw-atco
U-atco
Uw-atco
Kabw-atco
Cat
Ka-nyabco.
N-yavu
Ka-mensi.
M-paka.
N-yau
N-yau
Mw-era (39 a)
Ka-paka
Sumbwe.
I-ccona
Charcoal ...
...
Li-fita
Umu-fita
Ma-kala
Chief
Mu-twale.
Kcolco
Li-kcolco.
Im-fumu
Mw-ene; a-ene
M-fumco ;
Numbi. Mu-
Im-fumu
a-fumco.
Icohwe (39 a)
Mu-sumba
Mw-ene
Child
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Mw-an-ike or
Mw-ana,
Mw-ana ; ana
Mw-ana ; ana
K-ana.
Mw-a'-ike.
K-ana; pi.
M-alaika
Mw-ina ; pi.
utw-ana
b-ena
Cloth
Mw-enda.
Mw-enda
N-salu.
In-salu.
In-salu
In-saru.
N-guvco
My-enda
Ici-rundu
Mw-enda.
Mw-era
Cold
M-pekco,
M-behco
Mu-pepco
Im-pepco
* *
M-pepco
M-pehco
Ka-sama
Country ...
Ki-balco ; bi-.
I-nzi
Ky-alco
Ici-alco.
M-panga
In-si.
Mu-ziu.
Im-panga
M-panga
Bu-sambco
Cow
N-ga
N-6me
N-gombe
N-ombe.
I n-ombe
N-ombe
n-gazi-ana.
li-kcota
Kombe.
ya-fiki.
M-kaci wa
In-kcota
N-dama
n-ombe
(heifer)
Crocodile ...
N-wena.
N-wena
N-hwena
I n-wena
lii-gwena
In-gwena
N-andu,
N-gwenua
(39*)
Date palm...
Ka-sue
Mu-tende
Day
Bu-su, Lu-su ;
Bu-sigi ; pi.
N-siku.
Uwu-siku ; pi.
W-anda ;
Mw-anda.
ma-su (//.).
ma-sigi.
Kcoba ( = day- in-piku
pi. ni-anda
Mu-sanya.
Mu-z,uba
Mw-ijuva
light)
N-sangalala
(= light).
(daylight}
1-Iumbu; ma-
(39 ^
1 86
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGE
English
39-
Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
( Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a.
Mambwe
Devil, evil
I-dima ;
M-kisi
N-gulu. Ki-wa
Ki-nkala.
Ki-wa ; vi-wa
Ki-wa
spirit
ma-rima
Ici-banda.
Mu-pasi.
Ki-wa
Doctor (medi-
Mu-fumco
Mu-nanga
In-nanga.
Si-nanga
Si-nanga
cine man)
Si-nanga
Dog
Ka-bwa or
Kam-bwa; tu-
Ka-bwa
Im-bwa
Sim-bwa
Sim-bwa
lm-bwa
Donkey ...
Kapa.
N-genga
W-ankenka ;
In-deokwe.
N-dokoi
N-dogeowe
M-punda
pi. baw-.
M-pelembe
Ka-balwa.
Kikto
Door, door-
Ki-vi ; bi-.
N-jianco ; mi-.
Mu-lyangoj.
Mw-inpi.
Ki-sasa
Ki-saza ;
way
Mw-anco
Ki-limba
Ki-bi. Ki-izi
Ci-wi or
ki-sekw
(doorway).
Ici-bi
Mil-kind*
'39 a)
Dream
Ku-l<ota.
K-ilw; bi-.
Ki-lcoteo. Ka-l<o
Ki-rutu.
Ki-luttd
N-dcotu
N-jwci
-N -dcotco
Ulu-lutco
Drum
N-<oma or
N-wma
N-eoma
N-coma
In-gcoma
N-gwma
f'f-gcomco.
Mu-lile
Ear
Ku-tui.
Ku-tu ; //.
Ku-twi
Ku-twi
Ku-twi
Ku-tui
I-twi
ma-tii.
Ku-tui
Egg
I-ye. C-ayi;
Uji ; ma-uji.
Li-yi ; ma-yi.
Di-ni
Di-enza ; ma-
Li-ensa ;
pi. m-ayi
Husi
Li-teta
m-ensa
Elephant ...
N-zeovu.
N-ycogi
N-zeovu
In-scofu
In-zcovu
N-zcovu
N-jeou (39 a)
Excrement
Ma-vi. Tu-bi
Tu-ivi, Tu-bi
Tu-vi
Ama-fi
Ama-vi
.
Eye
D-is<o; m-esco
L-isco
Li-nsco
Di-nsoi
Di-nscd
I .i-nsco ;
nia-nsoo
Face, forehead
M-esco.
Ku-kieni,
Lu-kebu.
Kum-ensoa
Kuma-sco
Kuma-nsu
Ki-ene
Ku-merco
M-enso>
Fat
Ma-futa.
Ma-kita
Ma-futa
Ama-futa
Ama-futa
Ma-futa.
Ma-kuta (39 a)
Ma-nwna
Father
Tata- (wane).
Tata. Sco, Se,
Tata. Ta-we
Tata. W-iso>,
*
Tata. Sw.
I -so. 1-pa-ke.
&-<:. ? Tutu
= my ; So> or
W-isi
I -si
Ba-tata.
Wi-seo = thy ;
Bi-s5 (both
Se, Wi-se =
these latter pi s.
his Si-twe =
and honorific
our ; Si-nwe
sing.)
your; Si-bu>
= their
Fear
Bu-coba,
Bw-enyeo
Ki-tineo.
Mw-ensco
Jn-tete
N-tete
B-coba
(Ku-tina = to
fear)
Finger
Mu-nwe.
Nwe ; mi-nwe.
Mu-nwe
Mu-nue. C-ala;
Umu-nue;
Mu-uwe
Mu-sai ; mi-
M-nye
ifi-ala
mi-nue
Fire
Ka-ia. Tu-iya
Ka-ia
Mu-lirco
Mu-rirco
M-otco
M-otco
Fish
Swi.
Ny-ama
Li-sabi.
I-sabi,
In-sui
N-swi
Me-vera (//.)
Ki-kulu
Li-sawi
Foot
Ki-kasa.
Ki-kasa ; bi-.
Ku-ulu.
Lu-kasa
In-gazed (pi.)
Lu-azco ;
Ki-limba ; vi-.
Ku-guru
Ma-ulu
in-gazco
Forest
I-tindi (39 a)
Ki-bila.
Numbe
Mw-itu.
Ki-tundu
Mw-itu
Mu -situ
Mu-situ
Lu-tala
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
187
English
39-
Ka-bwari
393. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a.
Mambwe
Fowl
N-gcokco
N-gcoku
N-kcokco
In-kcokco
In-kcokco
N-kcokco
Frog
Ki-ula
Ki-ula
C-ula
Ki-ula
Ghost
Mu-zimu; mi-.
N-kisi ; mi-.
Ki-zwa.
Mu-pasi
Mu-pasi.
Mu-pasi
Ki-kuli
Naya ;
Mu-pasi ; mi-
Mu-zimu.
bi-nyaga
(ancestral
Mu-za
spirit).
N-gulu (evil
spirit)
Giraffe
Twiga
I-ci-liama-luba
...
N-wiya
Girl
Numa
M-pakasi
Ki-nundwe.
. . .
...
Ka-ki.
Mu-kaziyana
Mu-kaziana
Goat
M-uzi.
M-uji. Buzi ;
M-buzi
Im-buzi
Im-buzi
M-buzi
M-buci (39 a)
ma-buzi
(he) ...
*
.. .
Ka-pwata.
...
Sawe
M-pumbwe
(she)...
...
...
God
Ka-bezia.
Ka-bejea.
Leza. Leza-
I-lesa, Li-lesa.
I-leza
Mu-lungu.
Firie.
M-pungu.
ma-Ian gu
Umu-lungu
Leza
Ny-ambi
Lezi 1
(39 a )
Grandparent
N-guku.
Ba-kuli.
Ba-kcote.
Fi-kolwa.
...
Kuku.
Ba-kalukisi
Ba-kcote
Ba-kuku
Awa-kcola.
Sco-kulu,
(PI-)
Vi-kcolwe.
^i-kulu,
Isi-kulu
Ba-kulu
jBco-kulu,
W-isi-kulu
Grass
M-ani.
Y-asi. Ki-asi ;
Bi-kusi
Ki-ani. Ifi-
I-scote
I-scote.
Lu-suku
bi-
Ka-sanza
Ground
Lcoba
Ma-bue
Bu-longco.
Mu-sidi
I-vu
Mu-sili. Pa-nsi
Ma-lcoba,
Ma-lundco
Ground-nut
Ka-zuzu.
Ka-jugtia
M -balala
In-kalanga.
M -balala
M-balala
Ka-lima
In-siama
(39 a)
Guinea-fowl
Kanga.
Kana
Li-kanga
Di-kanga,
I-kafiga
Kanga
N-ganga,
N-kanga
Manga (39 a)
Gun
Bundusi.
Bunduki,
M-futi.
M-futi
M-putu
M-putu
Ke-bcovye
N-gcohco
Ki-pcolcopcolu.
(39 a)
Bu-ta
Hair
M-vuire.
Ny-uwele,
Lu-vwili.
Mu-sisi
N-yele
N-yele
Suki (39 a)
N-jili
Mu-sisi
Hand
Ki-anzanza.
Mw-iswe ; ma-, Mu-nwe.
Lu-pi ; ma-pi
I-kufi
I-kasa
Ktu-bcokco.
Ku-bcokco
Ki-zanza.
Ki-basabasa.
Ku-bcokco
M-anja (393)
Mu-twe
Tue
Mu-twe
Mu-tue
Mu-twe ; mi-
Mu-twe.
N-kcotco
Heart..,
Mu-tima
N-tima
Mu-tima
Mu-tima.
Mw-enzco.
Mw-enzco.
(Um-weco =
(I-tima =
(I-tima =
life)
liver)
liver)
R
66
Ki-sukulu.
Ka-sindagolco.
Ka-singinco.
Ka-tende ;
Ki-ntunta
Ki-ntunta.
Ka-bili-bili
Ka-sindagulu
Ka-sinzilco
utu-.
(39 a)
Ici-tende
Hide
L-5. Ki-sava
Ki-lenga.
M-papa.
Umu-kupeo.
...
Ki-kwera.
vi- (39 a)
Ki-sewa
Ki-kanda
Im-papa.
M-papa
In-kanda
1 Lezi = clouds.
1 88
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
39-
Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
13-
Lungu
43a-
Mam b we
Hill
Ki-rimbi.
Lu-gulu.
Ka-pili
Ulu-piri
Ka-mwamba
Lu-uba (39 a)
Mu-tenda
Hippopotamus
N-uvu,
Ny-igi
Ki-cofwe.
I-swfwe.
In-kambwe
Ki-vuu
N-guvu (39 a)
M-vubu
Im-vuvu
Hoe
Lu-kasu
Lu-kasu
Lu-kasu
Ulu-kasu
Ulu-kasu
I-se; ma-se
Honey
B-uki
B-uki
B-uki. Bu-iki
B-uci
U-gyi
Uki
Horn
Di-a ; m-eya.
Lu-ega ;
Li-sensco ;
In-sengto
Im-pembe
Pembe.
Lu-iya; ng-iya
me-ega
ma-sengco. (Cf.
N-tandala
I-senga, ox)
(spiral ')
House
N-zu ; ma + .
Sibco.
N-sesi.
N-anda
N-anda
N-ganda
N-dabu ;
N-dzese ;
N-ganda.
ma-labu.
ma-zese
Mu-tanda
Ke-scosco,
M-scosea (39 a)
Hunger
N-zala
Ny-ala
N-zala
In-sala
N-zala
N-zala
Husband ...
I-be ; bai-be
M-palume
M u-lume
...
...
Mu-kalamba.
(39 a)
lya
Hyena
Ci-mbwe.
Ki-mbwi ; bi-
Ki-mbwi.
Ki-mbwi.
Ki-mbwi
Ki-mbwi.
Ki-mbwi
Lu-sumpa.
Buya.
A-sugutu
Lu-pula-
Ci-nsokuta.
n-kalamu
Ici-nsumpa
Iron
Ki-uma.
Ki-geala,
Ki-ela.
Ki-eala.
Iki-eala ;
Ki-era
Ki-kale
Ki-gera
Mu-tapu
U-lungu
vi-eala
Island
Ki.lila.
Ki-lela
Ki-lira
Ki-rira.
Ki-dila
Ki-lila
Ki-kila
Ci-siwa
Ivory
Di-a or Li-a
Me-nea ga
L-ina lya
1-dinco lya
D-into la
Pembe zia
lye n-zoavu.
n-ycogi
n-zoavu
n-scofu
in-zcovu
n-zcovu
Mu-banga
Knee
U-vui. I-lu.
SI ; ma-si
Li-kufi
Di-kufi or
Kco -koala
KiD-kcola ; ma-
Ma-vui. Ma-lu
Li-kwfl
Knife
Mw-ele ; mi-.
Lu-hete.
Mu-ere
Mw-ele.
Mw-ele
Mw-ere
Ki-wabi.
K-ele ;
Umu-pene
Lu-baoa ;
tw-ele
m-bau (39 a)
Lake
Ki-riba
N-duyi,
Bu-biza,
Ici-pula
Li-emba
Lu-si.
N-goakoa
Ki-ziba,
Li-emba
Ki-lambe,
Y-embe,
N-kukco
( Tanganyika)
Leg
Kulu.
Ku-gulu
Ku-ulu; nia-
Mu-konso)
Kulu
Ku-ulu,
Mu-indi.
Mu-ulu
I-tindi (393)
Leopard ...
N-we
N-ge; n-gwe
Ka-mfuma
Im-bwiri
Nangu
I-nangu.
Ka-mboto
Lion
N-dambwe
M-tambwe
N-kalanga
I n-kalamu
. ..
Ki-sama
Lips
Mi-lcomoa (pi.)
Mi-roamoa (pi.)
Mi-lcomeo (pi.)
Mu-rcomw
Mu-leomco
Mu-lcomco
Magic
Kn-lcozi.
Bu-ganga
Bu-luzi
Bw-anga.
Uw-anga
Uw-anga.
N-gisi.
Ubu-ltosi
(Mu-lcozi =
Bu-laco
magician)
Maize
Ki-saka.
Ki-saka
Ki-sange,
Iny-ange
Ki-saka
Ki-saka
Ma-sangu.
Ny-ange
C-ebele (39 a)
Man
Mu-ndu ;
Ndu ; ba-ndu
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu; a-ntu
Mu-ntu ; a-ntu.
ba-ndu
ba-ntu
ba-ntu
(Ukalamba =
manhood)
Man, vir. ...
M-palume
M u-lume
...
M-onsi.
Ka-lume
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
189
English
39-
Ka-bwan
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a.
Mambwe
Meat N-ama Ny-ama Nn-ama In-ama Iny-ama Ny-ama
Medicine ... Bu-laoo Mi-ti Bun-anga. Umu-ti ... Mu-lembco
Mi-ti
Milk ... Ma-bele Ma-bere Ulu-kama. ... I-ziya.
Milk
...
Ma-bele
Ma-bere
Ulu-kama.
...
I-ziya.
I-piba
(Ku-kama =
to milk)
Monkey . . .
Ka-kene
Ng-ema.
M-penge.
Mu-penje.
Sangye
N-kima
N-kima
M-bele
In-cima
Moon
Mw-ezi
Mw-eji.
Mw-ezi,
Mw-ezi,
m
Mw-ezi
Kw-ezji
Kw-ezi.
(Lu-samco =
Mw-epi
moonlight)
Mother ...
...
Maju.
Ya-ngu.
Ma-yo),
...
Ya-ngco.
Nyeo-ku).
Nco-kco. Nina.
Nco-kco,
Nico-kco. Nina
Nana. Nina,
Nine-twe
Nyina.
6-ft
Mama. Na-
Mountain ...
Mw-ala
N-tandeo.
Lu-pili
Lu-piri ;
...
Mw-amba
Lu-gulu-
im-piri
lu-kata.
N-guru
Mouth
if
Ka-nya,
Ka-nwa
Aka-nwa
Ka-nwa
Ka-nwa
Nail (of finger
Nz-ala
Lu-ala; m-ala
Li-zala,
W-ala, Lu-ala,
Ing-ala (pi.)
K-era ; tu-era
or toe) ...
Lu-ala
Du-ala ; //.
ng-ala
Name
I-zina
Zina, S-ina
L-ina, Li-zina
!-pina,
I-zina
Zina
Li-zina
Navel
*
...
Mu-tcotca
Umu-tcotco
N-kombco
N-kombeo
Neck
Kusi
N-ginco
Mu-keosi.
Mu-keosi
N-singco
N-singeo
N-keoteo
Night
N-esu.
Bu-sigi.
Bu-siku
Bu-siku
U-siku
U-siku
(Ki-rima =
U-fuku. M-jco.
darkness. )
(Mu-fitco =
Bu-tu ; ma-tu
darkness)
Nose
...
J-ulu.
Mu-wna ; mi-
Um-cona.
M-pumco
M-punco
Mu-hembe
(Ici-punda =
nostril)
Oil palm ...
Ki-azi
Ki-gadzi
Li-tonge
Ku-imbu.
Ki-azi
N-gazi
Takwawa
Ox
Nga ye-lume.
N-ome.
N-ombe ; ban-
N-ombe
Y-onsi
Ng-ombe
N-ombe (39 a)
(Y-analume)
Paddle
...
N-kai. N-gafi
Li-kafi
Umu-kafi
...
Palm wine,
Ma-lua
Bw-arwa
Bw-arwa
Ki-bale.
N-zamba
beer
Mu-tondco
Parrot
N-gusu
N-gusu
Ka-suku
Ki-rongco.
Kusu
...
Mu-cence
Penis
Mu-lua
Bolco
Lu-tcatwe.
Bu-kala,
Im-bSlo)
M-bolco
Bu-kandi. 1
Ici-kala
Bu-kala
Pig
Nulube
N-guluwe
Ka-peoli.
Ka-puli
Ka-poli
Ka-pori.
N-gulube
Mu-ngili
Pigeon
Ka-pele
N-gunda.
N-kunda
N-kunda.
N-kunda
N-kunda
N-jiba
Ci-pele
Place
Ha-ndu
A-nzi
Panu, pa-
A-pa. 1-calu.
Palia, Pa-
Pa-
Pa-
1 Ki-
bola = a man with a poor penis, impotent. Lu-bcola means a sting; Li-bcola = a
testicle.
1 90
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
39-
Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
.
Lungu
43 a-
Mambwe
Rain .
M-vula
M-ila. M-bila
M-vula
Im-fula
Im-vula
M-vula
Rat
M-beba
Li-nde ; ma-nde
M-puku
Im-puku
Ku-sulu
M-bea. Kuza
Rhinoceros
. . .
Ki-pembele
Ici-pembere
...
Tupa
River
Mw-ela
N-kone ; pi.
Ki-ezi,
Mu-mana.
L-uzi ; ng-uzi
L-uzi
mi-kone. Lu-ji.
Mw-ezi.
Ic'-ambe^i
Mu-tutco
Mu-mana
Road
In-zila
N-yila
N-gila,
In-sila
N-zila
N-zila
N-zila
Salt
* *
M-kele.
Mu-kele
Umu-cere.
Mu-silya.
Mu-nyu
Umu-fumbto
Mu-kyere
Shame
...
Bu-sconi
In-sconi
N-sconi
N-sconi
Sheep
Mu-kcokco
N-kcokco
Mu-kcokco.
Iin-panga
M-fuele
Fwere
M-fwere
Shield
N-gavu.
...
N-gabcj
...
...
Ki-syangu
N-abco (39 a)
Shoulder ...
...
Ki-kcope.
Uku-bea.
Ki-iye
Li-kombe
Ici-kupe
Sister
N-gazi
N-gazi
Kazi-amw-ine
In-kasi.
Kazi ya
Kaki
Umw-ina
mw-ine
Mw-inyina.
Mu-viala
Skin
Ki-renga
Ki-lenga
Lu-anza ;
In-kanda.
Im-papa
N-ktoa.
ng-anza
lei-papa
M-papa.
Mu-kwrera
Sky
Ma-ulu.
Gulu, Yulu.
Mu-yulu
In-kuba.
I-yulu.
I-ulu
I-yubu
(Lezi = cloud,
I-lesa,
(I-kumbi =
God)
I-leza
clouds)
Slave
...
M-jya
Mu-zyco.
Umu-sya.
. ,,
Mu-zya
Bu-kcolco.
Ka-polo
Ka-lume
Sleep
Ka-lco
Tu-lco
Tu-leo. Kcona
Tu-lto, Utu-lw
Utu-lca
Tu-lco
Smoke
Mu-si
L-ingi ; m-ingi.
M-unsi,
I^-unsi, C-usi
C-unsi
Ki-unsi
Mw-inki
Ky-unsi
Snake
Nz-coka
N-yeoka
N-zcoka
In-suka
N-zuka
U-zcoka
Son, boy ...
M w-ana
M w-ana lume.
M w-ana lume
M w-ana-
M-onsi.
M w-ana.
Mw-anike
m-wa-ume.
(Ak-anya ;
Mw-ankye.
(Umw-aice =
utu- = boy)
Mu-rumendu
boy}
Song
Lu-imeo ; pi.
Lu-imco ; pi.
Lu-imbco
Lu-imbcj; //.
Ulu-imbco
Lu-imbco
ny-inico
ng-imco.
iny-imbeo
Lu-imbco
Spear
Fumco ; ma-
Sinico, Fumu
Li-fumco
I-fum<o
I-sumco
I-sumco
Spirit, soul
...
M-kisi
Mu-tima.
Ub-umi.
...
Mu-pasi
Mu-pasi
Umu-papi
Star
Ka-ulu ;
Ka-mbalambala
Lu-tanda
In-tanda
In-tanda
Lu-tanda
tu-ulu
Ka-ngemogemco
Stick
N-gconi
Ka-bubi
Ka-pini,
In-kuta.
N-tuwa
*
Ka-mama,
In-kontco
Lu-bangco
Stone
Bue.
Bue or
Li-bwe
Di-bwe
I -we
I-we
Ma-bwe
Di-bwe ;
ma-bwe
Stool
...
Ki-wala.
Ki-pcona.
Ici-puna
...
Ki-limba
Ki-huna
Ki-tebe
Sun
Z,uba
Juba, Juva
Kcoba.
Ka-suba
Aka-sanya
I-ransi
Ka-zuba
Tail (of an
Mu-kila
M-kila
Mu-kila
Umu-cira
Mu-sinda
animal)
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
191
English
39-
Ka-bwari
393. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a.
Mambwe
Tear
I.u-scjzi
Li-scozi ; me-
Li-nscozi
Idi-nscosi,
Li-nscozi
Mu-nscosi
Mu-nscozi
Testicles ...
Bcolco
Ma-uli
Ma-peke.
Ma-wcolco.
Ma-tulu
I-tulu
M.i-bcola.
I-tcole.
Thief
Mw-ivi ;
Mw-ibi ;
Li-puli; ma-
Mw-ivi.
I-gwampa
Mu-nco.
Mu -pupu
Mu-ivi
b-evi
b-ebi
Ki-ponda
Pompwe
Thigh
I-bimbi(39a)
Li-tanta.
I-tanta.
Im-pamba
Lu-tungco.
Li-tebereo
Ulu-tungu
M-pamba
Thing
Ki-ndu ;
Ki-ndu ;
Ki-ntu,
Ki-ntu; ifi-ntu.
Ki-ntu
Ki-uma ;
bi-ndu
bi-ndu
Ka-ntu
Ic-uma
vi-uma
Thorn
Mw-iwa
Mw-iba
Mu-unga
M-unga
M-unga
M-nnga
Tobacco ...
Fwanga
N-jungco
N-sunkco.
M-fwaka
Fwaka
Fwaka
Fwafika
To-day
Bu-na bu-su
Bu-legulu
Lenu, Lelco.
Lelco
I-lelco
Lelco
N-dakai
Toe
Ki-ala
Ki-ala.
Mu-nwe
Ki-konda>.
Ki-kandco
Kandco ; ma 4 .
Lu-nco; ma-nco
Ci-kumco
Ki-kandco ; vi-
To-morrow
Jco>
Lu-kere.
Ma-irco
Mu-tondco
Ka-tondco
Ma-irco
Tongue
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi ;
Lu-limi
in-dimi
Tooth
D-inco ; m-enu
I.-ineo
L-inco
D-inco
D-inco
L-inco ; m-inco
Town
Lu-zi ; //. n-zi.
N-gutu
Mu-zi.
Mu-si
Umu-zi
Mu-zi
M-ua (for
N-kutu
M-bua) ;
pi. ma-bua
Tree
Ki-ti ; bi-ti
N-ti; mi-ti
Mu-ti,
Mu-ti,
Mu-ti
Mu-ti
Kimu-ti.
Ci-ti
Ka-sala
(bush)
Twins
Ma-asa
Ma-asa
Ma-pasa.
Bam-pundu
Ma-pasa
Yam-pundu
( Li-pa sa
= twin).
M-pundu.
(Nam-pundu
= mother of
a twin)
Urine
Ma-sco
Ma-sco
Ma-su
Ma-su
Tunzi
Ma-tunsi
Vein
...
...
Li-sipa
Ulu-kcole.
. .
Lu-kcole
Umu-pipa
War
Bi-ta
I'.u-luba
Bu-kali
Fi-ta, Vi-ta.
Mu-sika
N-kondco.
Iu-kondu
Vi-ta
Water
Ma-zi
M-ema.
M-enda.
Am-ensi
Ma-nzi
Ma-nsi
Ma-d^i,
M-enzi
Ma-ji
Well
...
(Lu-ji = pool)
Ka-tcobco.
I-fwe, I-tapa.
Ki-ziya
Ki-ima.
Ici-sima
Ki-lindi
White man
Mu-zungu
N-dzungu ;
Mu-zungu
Mu-sungu
Mu-zungu; a-
Mu-zungu ; a-
ba-dzungu
Wife
N-kazi-ana
N-kasigco
Mu-kazi.
Mu-ka.
Wa-ne (?)
Um-uki
Mu-kcolco
Mu-kasi
or -kazi.
Mu-kcolco
Wind
M-beco
N-yaya
Mu-ela
Im-pepco
Um-uza
Um-uza
1 Cf. Lu-ganda.
O 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
39-
Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Cuba
41.
Tabwa
42.
Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
433.
Mambwe
Witch
Mu-lcozi.
Ncogi,
Mu-lcozi ; ba-.
In-ulu,
Mu-lcozi
Mu-lcozi
Mu-fumco
M-lcogi ;
N-dcozi
In-gulu.
ba-ncogi
Mu-lcosi
Witchcraft
Bu-lcozi.
Bu-lcogi
Bu-lcozi
Wu-lcosi,
Uwu-lcozi
U-lcozi.
N-gisi
Ubu-lcosi.
Uw-anga
Ubu-panda
Woman
M-kazi.
M-bakaji.
Mw-anakazi
Mu-kasi.
Mw-anakyi
Mw-anaki
(Numa =
M-pakasi
Umu-sange
virgin)
Womb
*
Ki-nyco.
Kongwe,
N-diliwa
N-kongwe(=
I-nyco (= also
also vagina).
vagina).
Limi (foetus)
Li-fumco
Wood (fire-
N-guni
N-guni
N-kuni
In-kuni
N-kwi
N-kwi.
wood)
N-si
Yam
Ki-zumco.
Ki-gatsi
Ki-lungwa
Ki-rungwa
Ki-rungu
U-lungu
Ki-kulu
Year
Mw-aka
Ki-mula
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Mw-aka
Yesterday...
Mu-kese
Bu-la-bu-sigi
Lu-kere.
Ma-irco a-dia
Mu-tondco-lia
Mu-tondco
Ma-irco
Zebra
Ki-twasi
N-damwe.
N-galika
Ki-bycobyco.
Ki-ngalika
Li-nka.
N-gcolco
M-kulcotco
Ki-orwa
One
mwe
moi
umco
in co
mwi .or
W-enga, -onga
umwi
Two
-hiri
wiri
-bili
-bidi (-wiri)
idi
-iri
Three
tatu
tatu, -satco
tatu
tatu
-tatu
-tatu
Four
nne
na
na
nne
ni
ni
Five
tanco
tanco
sanco
sanco
-sanco
-sanu
Six
M-tanda
N-tanda
Mu-tanda
Mu-tanda
Mu-tanda
Mu-tanda
or Vili-
m to -tan da
Seven
N-dui
Ki-lcowa.
Ki-lcoba
Apa-i-nye-
Ki-ne ru wari
Ki-ni-m-bali
Mu-sambco
apa-itatu.
Yi-sanco na
viwiri
Eight
Mu-nana
Mw-anda
Mu-anda
Ki-ne. Ko-nse-
Ki-nani
Ki-nani
konse
Nine
Kenda
Habula.
Fundi
Fundi.
Fundi
Fundi m-bali
Ki-tema
lu-bali.
Pabula
Ten
Kumi
Kumi
Li-kumi
I-kumi or Li-
I-kumi
I-kumi
Eleven
Kumi na -mwe
Kumi na
Li-kumi na-mco
I-kumi na
Kumi na
I-kumi na
ka-mco
i-mco
i-mwi
w-enga(-onga)
Twenty ...
Mi-longw
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi a-iri
Ma-kumi
' bir i
ga-were
a-bili
a-bidi
y a-iri
Thirty
Mi-longo
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
i-tatu
ga-tatu
a-tatu
a-tatu
a-tatu
ya-tatu
Forty
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi ga-ni
Ma-kumi a-na
Ma-kumi a-nne
Ma-kumi a-ni
Ma-kumi a-ni
i-nne
Fifty
Mi-longco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
i- tanco
ga-tanco
a-sanco
a-sanco
a-sanco
a-sanu
Hundred . . .
Zana.
Zana.
Ki-nunu.
Mw-anda.
Mw-anda
Mw-anda
Lu-kama; //.
Lu-kama
Li-kumi na
Umw-andco
n-kama (393)
n-zala
Thousand ...
Ki-nconco
?
?
Em-pcoz,comco
?
?
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
193
39- 4<
English Ka-bwari Gu
39 a. Ki-lega
>. 41. 42.
ha Tabwa Bemba
(Ki-emba)
43-
Lungu
43 a-
Mambwe
I, me, my ... Nene. Nene.
Nene. Ne-wco, I-ne,
Nene.
Nene.
Na, N-. Na-, N
-, Ni-. Ne-, N-. Ne-bco, Nine,
N-.
N-.
n-. -a-ne -n-,-ni-. -a-ne, -n-. -ne Ne-ka.
n-. -a-ne
n-. -a-ne
-a-mi
N-.
n-, -ndi-.
-a-ndi
Thou. thee, thy An-ue. Gue.
Wewe. . I-we, We-btu.
Wewe.
Wewe.
0).. 0)-.
We-. U-. U-.
U-.
U-.
-kn-. -cobe -ku-.
-oowe, -ku-. -eobe -ku-. -ube,-o>be
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-koo
toge
He, him, his U-ria. Gu-jco.
Wa-, A-. Wa-.
Ozu, tD-lya, Uyu.
We-ne. U-, A-.
Wi-dia.
Wa-.
We.
A-, Wa-.
m-, -mw-. -mil-.
ege U-, A-. -kwe. -mu-.
mu-. -a-kwe
mu-. -a-kwe
-a-e
mu-. -a-kwe -a-kwe
We, us, our Be-twe. Be-twe.
Fwefwe, Fwe-boi.
A-fwefwe.
Sweswe.
Tu-. Tu-.
Fwe-boj. I-fwe.
Tu-.
Tu-.
-tu-. -etu .tu-. -abe-twe Tu-. Tu-.
tu-. -itu
tu-. -itu
tu-. -etu -isu. -tu-.
esu
Ye, you, your Be-nwe. Be-nyi.
Mwemwe, Mwe-bo).
Mwemwe.
Mwemwe.
Mu-. Mu-.
Mwe. I-mwe.
Mu-.
Mu-.
ba- ? -enu -ba- ?,
mu- ? Mu-. Mu-.
-mu-. -inu
mu-. -inu
-abe-nue -mu-,-mi-,-ba-. -into. -mu-.
enu -enco
They, them, Babco. Babco.
Baba, Ba-lya. Babco, Wawco.
AM,
0).
their Ba-. Ba-.
Ba-. Ba-.
A-.
A-orVa.-.
ba-. -babco -ba-. -a bebu -ba-. -bco -ba-. -bco.
a-, -a-to
a-, -ya-. -a-co
-a-beo
All -ose -onze
onse -onse
-onsi
ensi, onsi
This, these Uu, baba ; flu, Guju, baba ; Uzu, aba ; &c. Uyu, aba ;
Wi, aa ; u,
Wiwi, aa;
ii; didi, guju,giji; &c. uwu, iyi ;
ii; 6^.
uu, ii ; &*c .
gaga ? ; kiki,
ili, aya ; ici,
bibi; &c.
16 or iyi or ipi;
ulu ; utu ;
aka ; ubu ;
uku ; apa;
umu (uwu)
That, those U-lia, ba-lia ; Gu-lia,
ba-lia ; U-lia, ba-lia ; Uyco, abco ;
Wi-dia, a-dia;
Wi-lia, a-lia ;
u-lia, i-lia, ; gu-lia,
gi-lia ; &>c. &(.
&C.
&c.
&>c. &>c.
U-lia, ba-lia ;
u-lya, i-ria;
li-ria, a-lia ;
ci-ria, fi-ria;
i-ria, fi-ria ;
lu-lia; tu-lia;
ka-lia; bu-lia;
ku-lia; pa-lia;
niu-lia (a-lia)
Bad -bi -bi
-bi. -bi-nire -bi
-wi
Ku-la
Black -ilu -gasuke -a-fi. -fit-lie. -ya-fita
-tifi
-tifi
-a ka-fifi
Female ... -zi-ana -ba-kadzi -kcota. -kazi. Mw-anakasi,
nki or -nci
anaki
Mw-anakazi, Na-kasi
Mw-anaci
Kazi-ana
194
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
Fierce, sharp
kali?
-kali
-kali
kali-pa
kali-pa
Good
swa.
scoga
weme.
suma. -zipa
Ku-zipa, -zipa.
-vaci
suma 1
warn a
suma
Great
-kule.
kulu. -kata
kata.
kulu. -kalamba.
kuru.
-kuru.
la
kulu
kalamba -kulu
kalamba.
ile
kuju
kalamba
co-m-pito
Little
kctile. -sekase.
-anike. -ke.
nini. -nuiiu.
nini -nonco
nconco
keke. -sese
sico
ike
Long,high,tall
le(39a)
la
le. -tari.
tala. -le-pa
tari
le-pele
(verb)
Male
lume
-ba-lume,
lume
Mwa-ume. -onsi
onsi, M-onsL
-lume
lume,
-ka-lume
-ka-lume
Old
kofigwe (39 a)
keote.
kotele, -kcote.
kcote
-a mpiti.
kulu
(Ku-koota = to
-a-kcota
be old}
Red
...
kasuke
kasi-.
kasika.
yenzu
kasik-ile
sata
Rotten
bco-vu'
-bco-le
bto-lele
bco-la
cola, Ku-cola
Short
...
ihi
ipi
ipi -ipi
-ipi
Sick
...
lugua.
Iwere.
Iwala,
luala
-m-isa
Ku-tonga.
lucre
(Ku-lwala)
White
aa
munge.
-a swe.
-ya wuta, -tiswe
tiswe
-munke
buta
buta.
pemba
Above,up,on
top
Before
Behind ...
Below, down
Far ...
Here ...
A-n<o
In, inside ... Mu-
Middle
Near
Outside
Plenty, many -i-ni
There Kuku
Where ? I ?
He-gulu
Ku-manga.
Ku-mulu,
Pe-yulu
Pa-mulu, &*c.
*.
Pa-kyeni pa-.
Ku-ntansi
Ku-ntanzi
Ku-nimba
Ku-kyamba.
Ku-nnuma,
Ku-musana
Pa-nnuma
Ha-nsi
Pa-nsi.
Pe-samba,
Ku-insina
Kw-isamba.
Ku-nsi.
Pa-nsi. P-efwe.
Ku-tali
Ku-tali
Haha'"
Vapa.
Apa Apa
Kco-nu.
Pa-nu.
Pe-nka
M-na
Mco-nu. Mu-.
Mu. Mukati
mco
Ha-kati
Pa-kati
A-kati
Ha-buyi
Pepi-nu.
Pepi. Kw-ipi
Pabw-ipi
Ha-nje
Pa-nze
Ku-nse,
Pa-nse,
Mu-nse
-i-ni or -i-nyi
ngi. -vula
-i-ngi -ingi
Ku-lia
Kco-lya
Ku-lia, Pa-lia Kuku
Hi ? Kwi ?
Pi ? Ku-pi ?
kwi ?
Pa-pera,
Ku-pera
Ku-mansco ?
Ki-sila
Ku-isika
Ku-tari
Apa. Pa-iini
Mu-. -mco
Mu -kasi
Pipi
Ku-nsi
-i-ngi
Papco
Pi?
Bw-inco = adv. well ! good! Ku-wama = to be good.
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
'95
English
39-
Ka-bwari
39 a. Ki-lega
40.
Guha
41.
Tabwa
42. 4:
Bemba Lun
(Ki-emba)
43 a.
gu Mambwe
No!
Wayi!
Nabena !
Abe ! N-dcoto.
Lika ! lyco. Awe
Awe!
Ndagile !
Fcoco. Te-
Awe !
Mm ! Ngco
(adv.).
Not (with verb,
si- (after pro-
si-, -zi-, -di-,
Si- ; -si- ; Ta-
Te-. -si- (ist
ta-, -sya- ;
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix]
nominal pre-
fix, Ne-si-,
A-sa-, Tu-sa-,
(all persons) ;
ngco, -kco
(Tea-, Ta-tu,
<5rv.);-fco;.pa,
sile. Na-ndi-.
pers. sing.).
Ta-u-, T5-,
Ta-tu, &*c. ;
Si-
mco (neg.
pronominal
&c.)
Tana e (not
i-. -kana,
suffix)
yet). Te-kuti-
leka-
To
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku- Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
. ..
-bula
uma. -puma
uma. -puma
uma
buy, sell
ula
gula, -ula
ula
gita
kara
come ...
vwa
-sia. -hika
iza. -fika
isa
-iza
cut
tena
kala,
*
-putula.
gala
sinda
dance ...
keena
kinda
cinda
kina.
-kiondu
die
-fwa
kia
fwa
fwa
-fwa
eat
ria
lia
lya
lya
lya
give ...
kua
ha
-pa
-pa. -pa
-pa.
(Ku-kua).
pera
pera
elezia. -wa,
wele
,, go
yata
gia. (Gi-ile =
-ya. -ila
ya. -enda
pita
pret.)
(walk)
kUl ...
-wa
niga
-ivaya
ipaya
kcoma
know ...
izi
manya
mana.
manya
manya
iji, -dzi
iziba
laugh ...
seka.
seka
seka
seka -seka
seka
-seva (39 a)
leave off,
lekela or
leka
leka -leka
leka
cease
-leka
love, want
sima
Icogelelwa.
-temwa.
kunda,
-kunda
tcokela.
kunda (co-
temwa
kunda
pulate)
see
mona
mona
mcona. (-leola
-mcona
-Icola. -ona
= to look)
(pret. -wene)
sit, remain,
ikana
ikala
-ikala
tensi.
abide
ikala
sleep ...
-lala
lala.
lala
sipula. -lala
kasula.
biji
(to lie down)
-lala
stand, stop,
, .,
jimana
imana
ima
-imilila
be erect
,, steal ...
-iba
giba
iba
iba
iha
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN KABWARI AND KI-LEGA
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, Mw- (mu, u-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mw- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Di-,
I- (di) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga?) ; 7. Ki-, Ky, C'- (ki, ci) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. N-, Ny, . (n-, i) ; 10. N-, Ny,
(n-, i-, zi?); u. Lu-, Leo- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka-, Ke- (ka) ; 14. Bu-, Vu-, U- (bu, vu) ;
15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha- (ha); 17. (prepositional) Mu-.
Traces of -ana, diminutive suffix.
196 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &C., IN GUHA
Virtually no preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M- (m, wi-, u-, gu-, ju-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, U-, (mu-, gu) ; 4- Mi- (mi,
gi-, ji) ; 5. Li-, (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ga) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- (bi) ; 9. , N- (M-), -, Ny, In- (n-, gi-,
ji); 10. In-, N- (M-), N-, Kg- (ji or zi) ; u. LU-, Lw- (lu, lo>); 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. Bu-
(bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Ha-, A- (ha-, a) ; 17 (as a prepositional prefix). Mu-.
PREFIXES, &C., IN TABWA
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, Mw- (mu, u-, zu-) ; 2. Ba- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mw- (mu-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Li- (li) ;
6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ki- (ki) ; 8. Bi- or Vi- (bi, vi) : 9. N- (M-), Ji- (n-, i) ; 10. N- (M-), -, Kg- (zi-, i) ;
li. Lu- (lu-); 12. Tu- (tu); 13. Ka- (ka); 14. Bu- (bu) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa); 17- Mu- (mu).
Si- honorific or ' male ' (or ' father ') prefix.
Several of the prefixes notably Ba-, Ka-, Tu-, Ki-, Bi- (Vi-), Lu- are used in addition to others
(making two prefixes in all) to qualify words as : Ki-mu-ti ; Vi-mu-ti. Ki- and Vi- are used as aug-
mentatives. Lu- as the ' long ' prefix, Ka- and Tu- as diminutives. '
PREFIXES, &C., IN BEMBA
Preprefixes present.
Class I. Umu- (mu, u-, yu-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa- (ba, wa) ; 3. Umu- (mu-, u-, wu) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i,
yi-) ; 5. Hi-, I- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a, ya-) ; 7. Iki-, Ici- (ci) ; 8. Ifi- (fi) ; 9- In- (Im-), N-, Jfg-
(n-,i); 10. In-(Im-),N.,g-, Sin- (n-, si); n. Ulu-, Du- (lu) ; 12. Utu- (tu) ; 13. Aka- (ka) ; 14. Ubu-
(bu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).
PREFIXES, &C., IN LUffGU AND MAMBWE
Preprefixes present.
Class I. Umu-, Mu- (mu, wi-, u-) ; 2. A- or Ya- (a); 3. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, u) ; 4. Imi-, Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Di-, Li- or I- (li, 1'-) ; 6. Ama or even Yama, Ma- (ma-, ya-, a) ; 7. Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Vi-
(vi); 9. In- (Im-), N- (n-, i) ; 10. In-, Ingi-, Zin- (zi) ; n. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ;
14. U- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 1 6. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).
Si- is used as an honorific prefix, apparently from a root meaning 'father'.
39. Kabwari is spoken on the north-west coast of Lake Tanganyika and is called either Mwaka-
bwari or Kibakabwari. Kilega (39 a), at first taken to be a related dialect, is in reality a distinct language
equally related to Nos. 143, 144, which is spoken inland of the Bwari coast-belt as far north as Lake Kivu
and the range of Ruanda, and as far west as the allied Elila-Louwa or Balega group (EE.).
40. Guha is spoken on the west and north-west coast-belt of Lake Tanganyika from Ubwari on the
north to about 6 30' South latitude on the south and inland to the basin of the Lualaba-Congo.
41. Tabwa is spoken on the west and south-west lands of the Tanganyika basin, from about 6 30'
South latitude to Cameron Bay (south-west corner of Tanganyika) ; and inland to the vicinity of the
Lualaba and the Rua or Luba domain.
42. Bemba or Kiemba is spoken in the western part of the Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau, northwards
to the south-west corner of Tanganyika and to the north end of Lake Mweru and the Upper Lualaba,
and southward to Lake Bangweulu and the Cambezi river.
43. Lungu is spoken at the south end of Lake Tanganyika between the Lcofu river on the west and
the Kilambu> on the east.
43 a. Mambwe is spoken in the region immediately east of the south end of Lake Tanganyika,
south to the Upper Saisi river and the Nyasa-Tanganyika plateau and north to Maraungu.
GROUP L
THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES (continued}
44 a. Beoz.wa.Usi (Bausi)
44. Bisa (Wisa)
44 b. Lala-Lamba
45. Fipa. 45 a. South Fipa
46. Nya-lungwa (Rufigwa)
47. Ci-na-mwafiga
English
44 a.
Bco2j\va. Usi
44v
Bisa (Wisa)
44 b.
Lala-Lamba
45-
Fipa 1 and
Ki-pimbwe
45 a. South Fipa
46.
Nya-lungwa
(Rungwa)
47-
Ci-na-mwanga
Adze ... M-basco M-basw M-pateo ... Im-pasa
Animal, wild ... I-nama I-naina.
beast
Ant -,
Ant, white
(termite)
Ape (chiin-
panzi or
gorilla)
Arm .
Arrow
Axe ...
Baboon
Back ...
Banana ...
Beard
Bee
Belly ..
Bird
Blood
Body
Bone
Borassus palm
Bow
Bowels
Brains
Breast (man's)
Breast
(woman's)
M-basco
M-basco
M-patco
I-nama
I-nama.
Ci-kcokco
M-pasi.
Ci-wengele.
Kalandu
Mu-nyengu
Mu-nayu.
M-pasi
Mu-swa.
Mu-swa.
Huwensi
Mu-wensi
I-sike
OGkio-bcokco or
Ku-wcokco ; ma-
I-kasa.
Ku-wcokco ;
Un-kconco
ma-
Mu-fue ; mi-
Mum-fwi
In-kyeto>;
in-kyetco.
Mu-vwi or
Umu-vwi
I-sembe ; ma-
I-sembe.
Im-pasa.
Im-pasa
Ka-temco.
M-palanga
M-bawi J
Kcolcoe
Kcolcoe
*.
...
Mu-sana
Mu-sana.
In-thindi. M-suna.
In-sizi"
I-numa
N-gongco Kum-suna
(hump)
I.i-konde; ma-
I-tcoce.
In-sambala.
I-kconde
N-dizi.
Mu-konde
Mw-efu
Mw-emfu.
Iki-rezu.
...
Mw-embe
Ka-lezu ; tu-
fn-simu
Lu-simu ; n-
In-zimu.
In-zimu
N-zuki
Ma-la. I-fumco
I-fumco. N-da
In-da In-da
...
N-uni or
N-uni. C-uni.
C-uni Ny-uni ;
Iny-uni
Nin-uni
K-coni
uny-uni
Mco-lcopa
Mu-lcopa.
Bw-azi
Uw-azi
Ka-luwula
Mu-wiri
M-wili
Umu-wiri
Li-fupa
I-fupa
...
...
(x)wu-ta; ma-ta U-ta,
Vu-lahwa.
Ma-la
Tompwe
Ki-f5a
Li-were ;
ma-were
Bu-ta U-ta (S.)
Ma-la Ama-la
Tompwe; wa +
Ci-fuwa. Ki-fua
N-tiwi
I-wele;ma- Atna-bele (//.)
Imi-la
Ci-fuwa
Ma-bere
indicates northern dialects and Ki-pimbwe ; (S.) the southern, 45 a.
2 The w which appears in these vocabularies is an undecided b verging on w.
198
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
44 a.
44 V
44 b.
45-
46.
47-
English
Beo2jwa. Usi
Bisa (Wisa)
Lala-Lamba
Fipa and
Nya-lungwa
Ci-na-mwanga
Ki-pimbwe
(Rungwa)
45 a. South Fipa
Brother ...
Buffalo ...
Bull
Buttocks ...
Canoe
Cat
Charcoal . . .
Chief
Child ... ...
Cloth
Cold .
Country
Cow ...
Crocodile ...
Day
Devil (evil
spirit)
Doctor (medi-
cine man)
Dog
Donkey
Door ..
Dream
Drum
Ear
Egg
Elephant ..
Excrement
Mw-ina ;
Mu-w'.
Mu-nina.
I-lumbu
we-ina
(Mu-w-anji ;
Mu-tco.
Mu-w-owe).
Mwi-eki (S.)
Mum-bale
M-txocO
Nj-ati.
M-bcogco
M-bwweo
Mu-cende
Mu-cende.
...
Mu-ombe
Ma-takco
Ma-takeo
Ma-takco
*
Bu-atco
U-ateo
Bw-athco
Ty-cona
M-paka.
...
U-nyaw
C-cona
Mi-sangalala
Ma-simbi
I-kala ; ama-
...
M-fumco (pi.
M-fumco.
I-yumbe.
.*
m-fumco)
Mu-sumba.
Um-wene ;
Ka-longa
aya-, aba-
K-ana; tw-ana
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Ka-keke
Ka-ice
In-salu
N-salu.
Mw-enda;
...
N-guwco
mi-enda.
(bark)
N-seketa.
N-sarco
M-pepeo.
M-pepeo.
...
...
Mu-tontco
Mu-tontco.
Celele
Ci-alu
C-alco
Iky-areo
. .
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe ;
yana-kazi or
zin-ombe
m-pwisi
In-wena
N-andu
N-gwena
...
Lu-siku.
N-siku.
Vw-anda ; pi.
, . .
(K4-scova =
Ka-suwa
am-anda.
daylight)
Ci-ngulco
Ki-wanda,
Simwe or
Nulu.
. . .
Ci-wanda
Ci-simwe.
Muzi-zimu.
Ci-wanda
Mu-kisi
Mu-laye.
Mu-nanga
Si-nanga.
Naiiga
I^i-nganga ;
bapi-
Im-bwa
Im-bwa.
I-vwa (N.).
Um-bwa;
Mum-bulu
Isim-bwa ; pi.
ma-bwa
(wild)
yasim-bwa.
Kasim-bwa ;
tu-
...
...
Umco-dwgwwe
Mw-insi.
Ci-si ; fi-si.
. . ,
...
Mu-liangu
Ci-wi.
Ci-sasa.
Mu-liangu
N-ccosi.
C'i-lcotu.
Ki-rcotcj
. ..
N-dcotco
Ccosi
N-coma
N-coma
N-gcoma
...
Ku-twe ; ama-
Ku-twi
Ku-twi ;
I-twe;
ama-twi
ama-twe
Idi-ni ; ama-ni
I-sana. 1-ni,
...
...
Li-ni ; ma-ni
*
Nyi-soafu
N-scofu
N-zeovu.
...
N-tirya (S.)
Umu-nyina
Ubw-atto
Umu-fumu or
Im-fumu
Umw-ana
Ivi-zwalco
N-si. M-bali
In-ombe
M-pindi
Ici-wa ; ivi-wa.
Eka-nama
Si-nanga.
Si-ka-pemba
Sim-bwa
Ili-ku-twi.
lly-enza
Tu-fi
Tu-fi
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
199
English
44 a.
Bco2jwa. Usi
44-.
Bisa (Wisa)
44 b.
Lala-Lamba
45-
Fipa and
46.
Nya-lungwa
47-
Ci-na-mwanga
Ki-pimbwe
(Rungwa)
45 a. South Fipa
Eye
Face, forehead
Fat
Father
Fear
Finger
Fire
Fish
Foot
Forest
Fowl
Frog
Ghost...
Giraffe
Girl
Goat
., (he) ...
God
Grandparent
Grass
Ground
Ground-nut
Guinea-fowl
Gun ...
Hair .
Id-insco ;
Isco,
L-isco; il-insco
Il-isco ; am-es<o
Il-insco ;
am-ensco
L-isco ; in-esco.
am-insco
M-beoiii
Kum-ensoj
C-insoa.
.
...
.
N-kcope
Ma-futa
Ma-futa.
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ci-kasa
Tata. Wisi
Wata, Bata
I-tata; //.
Tate; wa-tate
Tata, E-tata.
(= my father),
ya-tata (S.)
E-yisi,
Wisi. Wis-co.
Umukwa-si,
Tata. Si
Mon-si
Umw-ensco
Umw-enscij.
(verb :
Uku-tina
(Ku-tina,
Ku-oyeo-ha)
Ku-co-pa)
Mu-nue
Mu-nue
Mu-nwe ;
...
Umu-nwe
imi-nwe.
Ki-ara
Mu-lilu
Mu-lilu
Mu-rireo.
Um-6tco
Umu-lirco
M-oth (S.)
In-swi
In-swi. I-sawi
N-swi. I-sawi
In-swi
Lu-kasa : ma-
Lu-kasa.
I-gasa.
...
Ili-nama
Mu-siele
l-kandco
Ic-onde;
M-panga.
Mu-situ
. ..
..
ifi-onde.
Ma-yanga
Mu-situ
N-kcokco
N-kcokto.
N-gukto
*
In-kcokco
N-sumbi
C-ula
C-ula.
...
Wombe ;
wa +
Ikin-singwa.
Cin-singwa.
Mu-zimu; mi-
Mu-zimu
Umu-zimu ;
Mu-pasi.
Ci-wanda.
imi-
Mu-simu
Mu-pasi
Kam-butu.
Mu-sungu,
Ka-keke.
Umu-kazi-ana
M-buli.
N-sufigu.
Ka-kcota.
Mw-ali
Mw-ali.
Kadi-ana
Mu-simbi ;
wa-. M-oye
M-buzi
M-busi
M-buli
Im-buzi ;
Im-buzi
ama-buzi
...
Im-buzi
...
in-gcosia.
Im-buzi
iii-gcota
(female)
Lesa m-kulu
Lesa
Leza
I-dzuwa
Leza
Kuku
Si-kulu J.
*
Yisi-kuru
Na-kulu o
Li-sani; ma-
C-ani
*
, , .
I-scote
N-si, Pan-si,
Mu-sili.
In-si,
. . .
N-si
In-si
Pan-si
I -si
M-balala
N-siawa
Bu-futha
.*
...
Li-kanga ;
Li-kanga
I-kanga
...
...
ama-
M-futi
M-futi
Mundusi
.
...
I-sisi
Mu-sisi.
Mu-sisi.
I-nyele
I-nyele
I-sakco
Ma-yuiri (//.)
200
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
44 a.
Bcajjwa. Usi
44- a
Bisa (Wisa)
44 b.
Lala-Lamba
45-
Fipa and
Ki-pimbwe
45 a. South Fipa
46.
Nya-lungwa
(Rungwa)
47-
Ci-na-mwanga
Hand
Head
Heart
Heel
Hide
Hill
Hippopotamus
Hoe ...
Honey
Horn ...
House...
Hunger
Husband
Hyena
Iron .
Island
Ivory...
Knee ..
Knife...
Lake ...
Leg ...
Leopard
Lion ...
Lips ...
Magic...
Maize...
Man ...
Ki-sanza; ifi-
Lu-pi ; mu-pi.
Ku-kconu. I-kasa
Ci-sanza
Ki-ganza
Mu-twe
Mu-twe
Ki-twe I-twe
Mu-tima
Mu-tima.
Mw-enzo>.
N-tiwi
(I-tima=/z'zw)
Iki-tende
Ci-tende.
... ...
Ka-sisilto
Im-papa
Ci-sewa
Mu-kwa.
Ki-ganda
Aka-lima; utu-
Lu-pili.
Aka-piri ; utu-
Mu-tunta
M-vuu,
M-vuu
N-ttomombeo.
M-vubu
N-tcomondco.
In-fu.
N-kambwe
Lu-se; ma-se
Lu-se
...
Uw-uci
U-uci
V-unci. B-uki ...
Ili-sengu ;
Lu-sengu ;
Lu-hembe
ama-.
i-sengu.
N-eolwa
M-bata
Nanda
If and a.
N-umba. Iny-umba ?
Nanda; ma+
N-ganda
N-sala
N-sala
N-zala
Mu-lume
Mu-lume
Iki-mbwi
Ci-mbwi; wa + .
I-viti.
(old dialect}.
Ci-mbulu
Ki-mbwi
Ci-mbwi
C-ela
C-ela
C-ele ; fy-ela Ny-ondco
Ki-sinziri.
Ci-si.
Ki-sera
Ki-rumba
N-sumbu.
Ci-tcobco
Ny-ina
I-nyaiiga
Lu-hembe Iwa
n-zoovu
n-scofu
n-zcovu
Li-konkco
I-kufi
... ...
Mw-ere.
Mw-ele.
Mw-ere.
C-amco.
Lu-wesi.
N-kumba.
Ci-weyco
Ci-mai.
Lu-kala
Ci-pula
Ci-siwa.
Ci-siwa.
Mu-mana.
Mu-mana.
Ny-anja
Ki-rambi.
Iny-anja
Ikwa.
Ki-ziba
Mu-konzw.
K-ulu ; m-colu.
Ukw-ulu ,,.
K-ulu
Mw-endoa
In-goa
In-gco; wan-gto.
Ka-bwima.
M-balale.
In-gwe
N-kense
N-kalamu
N-kalamu
N-simba.
I-kalanga
Mi-rcomu
Mu-lumci> ; mi-
Mi-rumoi
N-deoci
U-ltosi. U-fwiti
Ubu-ltozi
Vi-tonga.
Ci-tonga.
Ma-saka
Ma-tawa
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ;
U-ntu ; ba-ntu Umu-ntu ;
wa-ntu,
wa-ntu
(S.). U-nthu ; awa-ntu
ba-ntu
ba-nthu.
Mu-nu; va-nu
(N.)
I-kasa ; tna-
Umu-twe
Umw-ezoj
N-zimu
I-nanda
M-pumpi
1-kcokola
E-sumbi
Ili-nama
Umu-ntu ;
awa-ntu
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
201
44 a.
44v
44 b.
45- .
46.
47-
English
Bcozwa. Usi
Bisa (Wisa)
Lala-Lamba
Fipa and
Ki-pimbwe
Nya-lungwa
(Rungwa)
Ci-na-mwanga
45 a. South Fipa
Man, vir. ..
Meat
Medicine ..
Milk
Monkey
Moon ...
Mother
Mountain ...
Mouth
Nail (of finger
or toe)
Name
Navel
Neck
Night
Nose
Oil palm ...
Ox
Paddle ...
Palm wine,
beer
Parrot
Penis
Pig
Pigeon
Place
Rain
Rat
Rhinoceros
River
Road
Salt .
Mu-lume
Mu-kulu
...
..*
N-ama
In-ama
...
*
Mu-ti.
Mu-samu.
Un-ti
.*
Mu-yanda
Mu-ti.
%
Mu-nkwala
Mu-kaka
Mu-kaka.
Ma-ziva
Ma-kapa
(kama='zw3)
I-sanje
N-sanje.
...
I-tumbwili
Mw-ezi
Mw-esi
Umw-ezi
Umw-edi
Ya-ngu or
Nyina ; ba-.
I -manga
U-mai
Na-ngu.
Bama or
Nyina.
Wama. Na.
Nyco-kco
Nyco-kco or
U-nco-kco
Ulu-pili ; ma-
Lu-pili
Mw-amba.
** .
Mu-piri
Aka-nwa ; utu-
Ka-nwa ;
Aka-mwa
Umu-lcomw
tu-nwa
Ici-ala ; i li.
I-ala ; m-ala
...
Di-ala;
ma-ala
I-sina
I-sina
Zina
Mu-tcotco
Mu-tcotco.
Mu-scofu
...
I-kombco.
Mu-kcowa
Mu-nkcosi
Mu-kcosi
N-singco
...
Bu-siku.
U-siku.
Bu-siku.
...
(Im-finsi
(M-finsi
(N-finsi
= darkness]
= darkness)
= darkness)
Um-ona (old).
M-punco
C-ulu.
I m -puna
Im-punco
M-cona
Mu-sikisi
...
.*
In-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
...
In-kafi
N-kafi
Mu-kingi
...
Ama-nyemco
...
...
...
Cusu
Wu-kala.
Um-bcolco,
. .
. .
M-bcolco
Mu-bcolco
N-guluwe.
N-kumba.
N-guluwe
.
N-kumba
N-guluwe
Ic-iwa ; if-iwa
N-kunda.
Ki-huli
...
or iv-iwa
C-iwa ; f-iwa
Apa.
Ci-fulco.
Alaha
...
Pa-conde
Pa-
M-vula
M-vula
i .
. i
M-bewa.
M-bewa.
...
Kcoswe ; ba +
Kcoswe
Ici-pembele
Ci-pembele.
...
*
N-kcoli
Aka-nika ; tu-.
Mu-mana.
Mu-longa
*
Mu-mana.
I-nika.
Mu-ronga
Mu-longa
In-sila.
N-sila.
N-zira
*
N-kwakwa
Mu-seu
Mu-keri
Mu-cele
Mi-kere
.
Umw-ezi
Nyina
Mw-amba
Umu-lcomu
Zina
N-singco
Uwu-siku.
(M-finzi
= darkness)
In-ombe
Vi-m-pensya
Ka-pcoli
N-zira
I-membe
2O2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
44 a.
Bcozjwa. Usi
44v
Bisa (Wisa)
44 b.
Lala-Lamba
45-
Fipa and
Ki-pimbwe
45 a. South Fipa
46.
Nya-lufigwa ?
(Rungwa)
47-
Ci-na-mwanga
Shame ... ... In-sconi N-sconi. ... ... In-sconi
N-kcope
Sheep ... Im-panga M-panga. M-fwere ... In-onzi
Shield
Shoulder
Sister
Skin
Sky
Slave
Sleep
Smoke
Snake
Son, boy ...
Song
Spear
Spirit, soul
Star
Stick ... ...
Stone
Stool
Sun
Tail (of an
animal)
Tear
Testicles ...
Thief
Thigh
Thing
Thorn
Tobacco ...
To-day ...
In-sconi
N-sconi.
*..
N-kcope
Im-panga
M-panga.
M-fwere
M-belele
Nulu
N-gawco
... ...
Ici-fusi. Ici-pi
Ci-fusi.
... ...
Ku-weya ;
ma-weya
N-kasi.
M-5-. N-kasi.
U-witu ?
Ini-kas'-
Mum-bale
N-kanda.
Mu-kopco.
Ki-ganda
Ci-kumba
Ci-wewe.
Ci-pale
I-kumbi
I-ulu.
I-yulu. I-gulu
M-ulu
Ma-flmbi (//.)
Ka-pcolco; ba + .
Mu-sya.
Mu-z,a ; ya-za. Mu-zia
Um-usya ;
Ka-lume.
Un-z.a ;
aba +
Ka-pcolco
aya-z.a
Utu-leo
Tu-lco.
...
Sinsila
Uw-usi ;
Usi
Mw-onsi or
am-cosi
Iki-unsi
I-scoka
N-scoka
...
Mw-ana lume
Mw-ana lume
Mw-ana Mw-ana.
mu-lumendco Mka-lumendu
Ulu-imbco ;
Lu-imbco ;
Lu-lundwa
ny-imbco
ny-imbco
I-fumco
I-fumco.
I-sumco ; ama-
Mu-kondco.
Mu-sumbu
Wmu-simu
Mu-pasi.
Mu-zimu ; mi-
Mu-simu
N-tandala
Lu-tanda.
Lu-tanda I-tongwa
Ka-tandala.
Ka-wanga
Ici-ti.
Kaci-ti.
N-tuba.
Mu-sakco
Mu-kcotco
Ka-mama
I-bwe
I -we,
Iri-bwe.
I-hwe
Vinga,
I-finga
lei -puna or
Ci-puna
N-thebe
Iki-puna
Ka-scowa
Ka-suwa
Limi. I-dzuwa
Aka-zua
Mu-kila
Mu-cila.
...
Ci-suka
Mun-scozi.
Mu-scosi
Lin-scozi
Mun-scosi
Ma-kandi.
I-kolwa.
.
Ama-cende ?
Ma-cende
Pompwe ; ba +
Pompwe.
Mw-ifl
Mu-ngco
Ici-welco
Ci-welco. Ci-sco
...
Ici-ntu ;
Ci-ntu ;
Iki-nthu;
ivi-ntu
fi-ntu
ifi-nthu
Mu-figa
Mu-nga
... ...
Fwaka
Fwaka
N-sungu
Lelco
Lelco
I-rerco
Ici-weya
N-kazi
Yulu
In-zcoka
Umw-ana
Umu-zimu
N-tanda
N-sonzco
I-we;
ma-we
Manzi
Imin-scozi
Umu-nco ;
awa-nco
Ici-ntu;
ivi-ntu
Umw-unga ; imy-
I-lereo
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
203
44 a.
44- a
44 b.
45-
46.
47-
English
Bcozwa. Usi
Bisa (Wisa)
Lala-Lamba
Fipa and
Nya-lungwa
Ci-na-mwanga
Ki-pimbwe
(Rungwa)
45 a. South Fipa
Toe
To-morrow
Tongue
Tooth...
Town...
Tree .
Twins
Urine
Vein
War
Water
Well, source
White man
Wife
Wind
Witch
Witchcraft
Woman
Womb
Wood (fire-
wood)
Yam
Year
Yesterday...
Zebra
One ...
Two . . .
Three...
Four . . .
Five .
Ici-kumco
Ci-kumco
...
...
Ama-irco
Ma-ilco.
Mu-tondco.
Ma-scozi
(Zco = day after)
I-rimi ; ama-.
l-linii.
Lu-limi, Ulu-limi
Ulu-limi
Ulu-limi ;
Lu-mini.
Ulu-limi
n-dimi
Mu-laka '
Ir-inco; am-enco
Inco,
Il-inco; m-enco. 11-inco ; am-inco
...
II-inco ;
Ili-cekco ;
m-enco
ma-cekco
Mu-si, Mu-si
Mu-si
Un-zi; imi-zi
K-aya; tw-aya
Mu-ti
Ci-ti
Umu-ti or
Umu-ti;
Un-tbi ;
imi-ti
imi-ti. Ki-ti
Wam-pundeo
Ma-pasa.
I-hasa ;
...
Wan-tembwa
ma-pasa
Mi-sea
Mi-kcosu.
Ma-tunzi
...
Mi-ame
Ulu-sipa
Lu-sipa
...
...
Vi-ta
*..
M-ezi,
M-enda.
Ma-nzi, Ama-ndi
Am-inzi
Me-nzi
M-enzi
Ama-nzi.
Ami-nzi
Ici-sima
Mu-kalto.
...
Ci-sima
Mu-sungu
Mu-sungu
Un-zungu ; va-
...
Mu-kasi ; awa-
Mu-kasi ; wa-
or ba-zungu
Mu-kcota? Mu-keota
Umu-ci
Mw-era
M-pepco.
M-behoi
Um-uza.
Ka-wesia.
Mu-pera
Ci-pupu
M-fwiti,
N-dwsi.
Mu-lcozi
.
I-fwiti
M-fwiti
Uwu-lojci
U-lcosi.
Bu-lcozi
U-fwiti
Mu-kasi
Mw-anakasi
Mw-anace Mw-ana
Umw-anaci
mu-keota.
Mu-kadi
I-fumco
I-pafu. I-mita
. ..
Uwu-la
Ifi-kuni
N-kuni
Lu-kwi ;
n-khwi
Di-peta,
*
Iri-peta; ama-
Mw-aka
C-aka.
Mw-aka
Umw-aka
Ci-limika
Ama-irco
Ma-ilco
I-yulu
*
Im-bisi
Cim-bwete.
...
C-eolwa.
Ci-ngcoli
mco
mco
mwi. -onga -mwe
mwi
wiri, -wili
wili
biri, -yiri -wili
wiri
-tatu
tatu
dathu, -tathu -satu
-tatu
nne
nne
ne, -ni -nne
ni, -ani
sanoi
sanco
-thanco or -taneo
sanco
sanco
The root of the tongue, -laka is an ancient and widespread Bantu root for ' tongue '.
204
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
44 a.
44j,
44 b.
45-
46.
47-
English
Bcozjwa. Usi
Bisa (Wisa)
Lala-Lamba
Fipa and
Nya-lungwa
Ci-na-mwanga
Ki-pimbwe
(Rungwa)
453. South Fipa
Six
Seven
Eight
Nine
Ten
Eleven
Twenty ...
Thirty
Forty
Fifty
Hundred ...
Thousand...
I, me, my ...
Thou, thee,
thy
He, him, his
We, us, our
Ye, you, your
They, them,
their
-sanco-na- -sanco-na- Mu-kaga (N.).
M-kawaga
Mu-tanda
kamco. (ka)-mco. -tandathu
M-tanda (old) Mu-tanda (S.)
-sanco-na- Ci-loowa. M-pungate
M-samvu
Mu-nenu-
tu-wiri. -sanco-na-(tu)- (N.).
la-m-bali
M-fungati wili M-tanda (?)
(old)
Sanco-na-ta- -sanoa-na-(tu)- Mu-nane,
Mu-nane
Ka-nani-
tatu. Ici-nani, tatu -nane
mon-si
Ki-nani (old)
Sanco-na-'nne. Sanco-na-'nne Kenda (N.).
Kenda
Mu-fundi-
Mw-enda(0/</) Ka-mpusyco 1
kam-bali
Di-kumi or I-kumi Li-kumi,
I-kumi
I-kumi
Iri-kumi (old) I-kumi
Di-kumi la I-kumi na-'mco Li-kumi ni
*
di-mco -mwi
Ma-kumi Ma-kumi Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-wiri or a-wili ya-yili
ga-wili
y a-wiri
ya-viri (old)
Ma-kumi Ma-kumi Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-tatu or a-tatu ya-tatu
ga-tatu
ya-tatu
ya-tatu
Ma-kumi Ma-kumi Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-nne a-nne ya-nne
ga-nne
ya-ni
Ma-kumi Ma-kumi Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
a-sanco a-saneo ya-sanco
ga-tanu
ya-sanco
Mw-anda. Mw-anda Mw-anda ;
I-gana
Umw-anda
Iki-kumi (old) mi -and a
Ki-rcoba,
...
Ki-roowa
I-ne. Ne-wo). Ne-wco. Ne. Nene. N-.
U-nene.
Nene.
Ni-ne. N-. Ni-ne. N-. -ni-, -n-. -a-ne
N-, Ni-.
N-.
ni-, -n-. -a-nji -n-. -a-nji,
ni-. -ene ?
n-. -a-ne
-a-ngi
We-wco. U-. We-wco, We. We, Wewe,
We. U-.
Wewe.
-we. -ku-. U-. Ne-we. U-.
-ku- ? -a-kco
U-.
-cowe -we. -ku-. -ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-kco
cowe
I-ye, Ye. I-ye, Ye. Ye-ne ?
U-yu. A-.
We-ni,We-nga.
U-, A-. U-, A-. U-, A-.
mu.? -a-mwe?
A-, W-.
-ye. -m-, -mu-. -ye, -mu. -mu-. -a-kwe
Mu- (imper-
-a-kwe -a-kwe
sonal), -mu-.
-a-kwe
I-fwe, Fwe. Fwe-wco, Fwe. Sweswe.
00-sweswe.
? Sweswe.
Tu-. Tu-. Tu-.
Tu-.
Tu-.
-fwe. -tu-. -esu -fwe,-tu-. -esu -tu-. -itu
tu-. -etu
tu-. -itu
Mwe-vco. Mu-. Mwe-wcu, Mwe. Mwemwe. Mu-.
Mwe. Mu-.
Mwemwe,
mwe-, -mu-. Mu-. -mu-. -inu
mu- ? -inu
Mwe.
enu -mwe. -mu-.
Mu-.
enu
wa-. -inu
Bawco. Wawco (Babco), Be-ne. Ya-.
U-wco. Wa-.
A-wco.
Ba-, Wa-. Mbco, Mba. ' -ya-. -a-bco,
wa-. -a-wco
Wa-.
wto. -wa-. Wa-. -a-wco
wa-. -a-wco
-a-wco -wen. -wa-.
-a-wco
1 A form recorded by Stanley. Doubtful.
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIK.A-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
205
44 a.
44x
44 b.
45-
46.
47-
English
Bcozjwa. Usi
Bisa (Wisa)
Lala-Lamba
Fipa and
Nya-lungwa
Ci-na-mwanga
Ki-pimbwe
(Rungwa)
45 a. South Fipa
All
This, these
That, those
Bad
Black
Female
Fierce, sharp
Good
Great ...
Little
Long, high,
tall
Male
Old
Red ...
Rotten
Short...
Sick .
White
1734
onse -onse
Uwu-, uyu- ; awa ; uwu, uyu ;
iyi ; ili or idi ; a ; ici ; ifi or
ivi ; iyi or ii ; isi ; ulu ; utu ;
aka ; uwu ; uku ; apa ; umu
N-gu ; mba ; fi-gu ; n-ji ; n-di ;
fi-ga ; n-ci ; m-vi or m-fi ; n-ji ;
n-si; n-du; n-tu ; ri-ka; m-bu;
ri-ku ; m-pa ; m-mu
Uwco, uy co ; awco ; &c.
N-gco ; m-bco ; fyc.
nco (u-neo, ngu-nco, <Sfc.)
dia or -lya (u-lya, ngu-lia,
mba-dia, &c.)
Also : demonstratives with a
negative sense : ' not this ',
' not that ', &c. ; formed by
duplicating class concord :
mumu, wawa, mumu, ii, cici,
lulu, &*<:.
onsi
u or -wi ; -ya ;
u- ; yi ; Ii ;
ya ; ki, ci ;
fi ; i ; zi ; lu ;
tu ; ka ; bu ;
ku ; ha ; mu
nco (wi-nco,
ya-nu, u-nco,
yi-nco, &rc.}
Wiwi ; yaya ;
uwu ; yiyi ;
&c.
-lia, -lya, -rya
(wi-lia, ya-lya,
&c.)
wco ; -yaco ;
&c.
nina, -neya
(wi-nina, ya-
neya, &c.)
onsi
wi, wi-pa
wi, -fi-, -wi-pa
yi-fu. -yi-ha
bi
fita
fisi, -fita
fi-su
*
-ana-kasi
-kasi,
ce
kuta
-ana-kasi
kali
-kali
kali
*
-wama
inc. -ne.
ziha
ncoga
wame, -weme
kulu
kulu
kulu
ike. -nini
ce. -ke. -nini
tali
-tali
tali '
...
lume
lume
onsi, -cosi
lume,
(Mw-onsi)
dume
-kcote.
nkcota.
...
kalamba.
kulu.
cekulu
pemba
kasika
kasika. -sweta
kasttke
cola
cola
ipi
ifi, -ipi.
guhi'(N.).
...
nini
-ihi (S.)
Iwele
Iwele,
luile (verb).
(Ku-duara =
-Iwala
Iwala,
to be sick (old})
dwala
-a wuta, -buta
tuisi. -tuwa.
tiswe
wuta, -buta
-onsi
A-yu-, a-wa- ;
a-wu-, a-yi- ;
a-li-, a-ya- ;
a-ci-, a-vi- ;
a-i-, a-zi-,
a-lu-, a-tu ;
a-ka-, a-wu- ;
a-ku-, a-pa- ;
a-mu-
W-enye \v-ee,
woo-nye
w-coco (l),
wa wco-nye,
wa wco-nye
wcoco (2);
wco-nye
wcoco (3),
yco-nye
ycoco (4) ;
lyco-nye
lycoco (5),
yco-nye
ycoco (6) ;
cto-nye
ccoco (7),
vyco-nye
vycoco (8) ;
yco-nye
ycoco (9),
zico-nye-ziwco
(10) ; &>c.
Cl
-cete. -loiigco.
-zima
kuru
onsi
-Iwale
206
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
44
English BoozjWE
a. 44 V 44 b.
i. Usi Bisa (Wisa) Lala-Lamba
45- 4
Fipa and Nya-1
Ki-pimbwe (Run
453. South Fipa
6. 47-
ingwa Ci na-mwanga
gwa)
Above, up, on
Pa-mulu, Ku-mulu
gulu.
top
Ku-mulu
I-gulu
Before
Pa-ntansi Pam-ensu.
Ku-mbele
ntansi
Behind
Ku-numa Ku-numa
Ku-nyuma
Below, down
Pa-nsi, Ku-nsi Pa-nsi, Ku-nsi
Pa-nsi
. ..
Far
Ku-tali Ku-tali
Ku-tali Ku-tali
...
Here
Knnco, Mpanco. Kunco.
Panu
...
N-ku, M-pa, Panco
In, inside ...
Mu, Mwa Mu-kati
Mu-, Mwi
Middle
kati -kati
Pa-kasi
Near
Pepi Pepi
Hihi (Pipi) Pimpi"
...
Outside ...
Ku-nze Kw-isonde
...
...
Plenty, many
-inji, -ingi -inji, -indyi
... ...
...
There
M-paria, Ku-lia,
... ...
...
N-kuria, Pa-lia
Kudia
Where? ...
Ku 1 Kwi > Ku-lipi ?
kwi?
Li-rikwi ?
Kwi-la-kwi ? Kwi-la-kwi ?
Ku?
No!
Yai ! lyco. lyco. Te !
Yco ! N-co !
...
Ta ! Tau. Kcokco
Ahe!
Not (with verb,
Ta. Ta-pari-. Te. Ta-pali.
ta-. -ku-. -si
ta-; -ti-.
as prefix, in-
Si-, Ta-u-, Teti- (all per-
(negative verb)
sina.
fix, or suffix)
Ta-a-, Ta-tu, sons) -yoxo.
si(neg.oflobe)
Ta-mu-, Si-,N-si,Ta-u-,
Ta-ba-. Ta-a-, Ta-tu,
i- (with im- Ta-mu-,
perative) Ta-wa-, &c.
To
COku- Ku-
Uku- Uku-
Uku-
, beat ...
-puma. -pania. -kcoma
huma. -uma Pula
. ..
, buy, sell
wula. -sita
...
, come ...
isa
iza -idza
yiza, -fika
, cut
tema. -ceka. -sesa
. > . . .
. .1
, dance ...
fina. -siana. -kinda, cinda
bina. -kina
cina
, die
fwa. -sila. -sweka
-fwa -fwa
-fwa
, eat ...
dia. -lia
-lya
lya
, give ...
pa. -pela
-ha -pela
pa
, go
ya. -ima. -enda. -pita
-ya. -hita -pita
ya
, kill ...
kcome-ka. -ipaya
... ...
kcoma
, know ...
isiwa, -isi
manya
-manya
, laugh ...
seka
seka
-seka
, leave off,
-leka
leka
leka,
cease
reka
love, want
temwa. -londa. -fwaya.
-kunda
kunda.
funa
londa
see
w5na, -wena. lola. -laba,
wcona (-wine
Icola.
lawa. -langa
= preterite).
langa-nyia
Icola
sit, remain,
-ikala
-ikala
-ikala
abide
sleep ...
lala. -sinsila
sendama.
pcone-ca
(ona.= snore)
stand,stop,
-ima. -imilila
-ima. -imilila -yila,
be erect
-imika
yimi-rira
,. steal ...
iba, -iwa. -pamba. -pcoka
iya
...
GROUP L: THE TANGANYIKA-BANGWEULU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN THE BISA DIALECTS
Preprefixes present in Bisa but nearly absent in Lala and Lamba.
Class i. Umu-, GOmu-, Mu- (mu, m-, wu-, yu-, gu, u-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa-, Wa-, Ba- (wa-, ba-) ;
3. Umu-, COmu-, Mu- (mu-, m-, wu, yu-, gu, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, yi, ji, i-) ; 5. Idi-, Iri-, Hi-, Li-, I- (li) ;
6. Ama-, Ma- (ma-, a, ga) ; 7. Iki-, Ici-, Ki-, Ci- (ki, ci) ; 8. Ivi-, Ifi-, Fi- (vi, fi) ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, N-
(M-), Ini-, Ni- (n-, yi-, -ji-) ; 10. same as 9 and with Ny- (si) ; 1 1. lilu-, Lu- (lu-, -du-) ; 12. Utu-, Tu-
(tu-) ; 13. Aka-, Ka- (ka-) ; 14. Uwu-, Bu-, U- (wu-, -bu-, u-) ; 15. OOkco-, COku-, Uku-, Ku- (ku) ;
16. Apa-, Pa- (pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-).
PREFIXES, &c., IN FIPA
Preprefixes present.
Class i. Umu-, Un-, Mu- (un-, -mu-, wi-, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Va-, Ay a-, Ya- (ba-, ya-, va-) ; 3. Un-, Urnu-
(un-, wu, u-) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i-, yi-) ; 5. I-, Hi- (li-) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ya-) ; 7. Iki-, C'- (ki-, ci-) ; 8. Ifi- (fi) ;
9. In-(Im-),I-(in- (im-), i) ; 10. In- (Im-) (zi-) ; n. Ulu- (lu-) ; 12. Utu-(tu-); 13. Aka- (ku-) ; 14. BU-,
Vu- (bu-, vu-); 15. Uku- (ku-) ; 16. Ha- (ha-); 17. Mu- (mu-).
Ipi- or Isi- is used as an honorific prefix.
PREFIXES, &C, IN NYA-LUNGWA
Preprefixes present.
Class i. Umu-, U- (m-, mu, u-) ; 2. Wa-, ? Awa- (wa) ; 3. Umu- (m-, mu-, ?) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, i?) ;
5. Hi-, I- (li?); 6. Ama- (ma-, ga-) ; 7. ?Ci-, ?Ki- (?ki, ci,) ; 8. ? ; 9. On-, Un-, In- (Jm-) (n-, i ?) ;
10. Zi- (zi); n. OOlco-, Ulu- ? (lu?); 12. ?; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. ?; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa? (pa);
17. Umu-P(mu-). -ana diminutive suffix.
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NA-MWANGA
Preprefixes present.
Class I. Umu- (mu, yu, u-) ; 2. Awa- (awa-, wa) ; 3. Umu- (mu-, uwu, u) ; 4. Imi- (mi-, yi) ; 5. Hi-,
I-(ili-,li); 6. Ama- (ma-, aya, ya) ; 7. Ici- (ici-, ci) ; 8. Ivi- (ivi-, vi) ; 9. In- (Im-), In-, Iny-, N- (m-, yi);
10. same as 9 (izi-, zi) ; n. Ulu- (ulu-, lu) ; 12. Utu- (utu-, tu) ; 13. Eka-, Aka-, Ka- (aka-, ka) ; 14. Uwu-
(uwu-, wu); 15. Uku- (uku-, ku); 16. Apa-, Pa- (apa-, pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-, mwi-, -nye, -nyi).
Si- ' father ' prefix ; E- honorific personal prefix ; -ana diminutive suffix.
44 a. Bco^wa and Usi dialects are spoken in the region south of Lake Mweru, west of Lake Bafig-
weulu and north of the Luapula river. Also on the islands of Lake Bangweulu.
44. Bisa is spoken east of Lake Bangweulu, south of the Cambezi river and the nth degree of
South latitude, west of the Luangwa and south of the I3th degree of South latitude.
44 b. Lala-Lamba is spoken north of the Luusefwa-Mulungusi rivers and the Butonga country ;
west of the Mucinga mountains and the Bisa country ; east and north of the Kafue watershed, south of
Lake Bangweulu, south and west of the Luapula river, as far west as the Upper Lualaba, and north to
about 10 30' South latitude.
45. Fipa is spoken on the south-eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika south of the Luguvu river and
Wukawendi ; as far east as the Mkafu-Rungwa river, the depression of Rukwa Lake and the Nyamwanga
people, north of the Kilambo river and the Lungu-Mambwe peoples.
46. Nyalungwa is spoken east of Fipa, between the Mkafu and Rufigwa rivers, north of Manda and
the Rukwa depression and south and west of the Nyamwezi (Kimbu) dialects.
47. Cinamwanga is spoken in the middle portion of the northern part of the Nyasa-Tanganyika
plateau between the Nyika and Mambwe peoples, and between the sources of the Cambezi river and the
valley of the Saisi river.
P 2
GROUP M
THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
48. Ungu (Ici-wungu) 483. Ki-manda
49. Ipi-nyixa (Ipi-wanda, Ipi-wiwa)
50. Ici-wandia (Ici-rambia, Ici-ndali)
51. Ikinyi-kiusa (N-konde). 51 a. 'M-wamba',
Ci-scociri or Iki-kukwe
52. Ci-henga 2 . 52 a. Ci-tumbukaswif Ci-kamanga
53. Ci-tonga. 53 a. Ci-siska or Ci-sisya
48.
49-
50.
5i-
52.
53-
English
Ungu or
Ifi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-toiiga
Ici-wungu 2
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
483. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Adze Ka-temeo ; tu-
Animal, wild Iny-ama
beast
Ant In-sungwa
AKa-themco
Iny-ama
Aka-themco
Iny-ama
In-dondcomi Ici-ndundu
Ant, white
(termite)
Ru-swa
Iny-ama,
Kiny-ama-na
N-gesa.
Umu-ngulu,
Mu-nguru ;
a+ and imi-.
Nka-nyegesi.
N-sewere
Ru-swa ; ama- Uru-swa ; ama- Iki-ulu.
Un-swa ;
mi-swa.
In-swa.
M-bulika
Ka-temej
Ny-ama
Ki-ndundu ; vi-
Ka-temto
Ny-ama
Ny-erere.
Sungunungu
Mu-swa
Ape
...
...
* i .
...
...
Arm
Um-kconco ;
I-xunco; ama-.
Ici-anza
Ru-pifwa(5ia).
Ka-weoku ; //.
J-anja;
imi-
Umu-neoneo
Lu-kongi ;
ma-
m-anja
in-gongi.
Lu-ete.
Lu-meolume.
Iki-buku ;
//. ifi-
Arrow
Umw-ambi
Li-ere ; am-ere
Umu-vwi ; imi-
Un-tipuru ; mi-
Mu-vcoe
Mu-vwi
Axe
ln-demco
Themw
In-themw
In-duwanga
M-bavi
Ka-temco ; tu
Baboon
In-dumbi
Im-bwadyi
U-korwe; awa-
Kaki ; ba + .
M-bwengco
Mu-nkweri ;
M-bwengi
pi. wamu-
Back
M-gongoa or
Um-tenzi; imi-.
Um-ongtij ;
Lu-gongw.
Mu--yongeo.
M-sana
Un-gongto ;
Umu-sana
imi-.
Ro-mia ?
Muci-wunu
imi-
In-sizi
N-sana
Banana
N-gombwe
N-kombwe
N-kombwe ;
Ili-tcoki ; ama-.
Di-kombere
Dcoci or
ama-.
N-gegco.
Ru-duci ;
Iki-yindya
Iki-jinja.
//. ma-toci
N-difu (51 a).
N-diali (51 a)
Beard
N-devu
N-defu
Iki-refu
N-defu or
Mw-embe
Mw-embi
Ru-refu
Bee
In-zuci
Ndu-zusi,
Uru-zimu; in-
N-dzuki or
Ru-zimu
N-juci
N-zusi
In-yuki
Belly
In-da ;
Ru-anda ;
A-kati.
Ru-anda.
N-tumbco
N-tumbu
nyin-da
iny-anda
Mu-kasi
Ili-fundubili.
Mun-da.
N-domborco
(5 1 a)
Ki-manda is said to be no more than a dialect
Including Ci-puka.
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
209
48.
49-
50.
51-
52.
53-
English
Ungu or
Ifi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci -tonga
Ici-wufigu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
48 a. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Bird
In-coni, Ic-uni ;
Ipi-yunyi ; bi-.
Iki-yuni ; ivi-
In-juni
Ki-yuni
Ci-yuni; vi-
ivi-
I-nuni
Blood
U-landa
M-nanda
Uwu-vazi ;
I-rupa or Ili-
N-dojpa
N-dtopa
amabu-Yazi
Body
Um-wiri
Mu-wiri or
Umu-wiri ;
Um-biri ; imi-
M-tupi
Ru-vavu
Mu-vili
imi-
Bone
I-fupa
I-fupa
I-fupa ; ama-
Ru-fupa; pi.
Ci-wangwa
Ci-wanga
i-fupa or
ama-fupa
Borassus palm
M-kcoma
I-xcoma ; ama-
Umu-kcoma;
N-keoma ; imi-
M-kcoma
Mu-vumu.
imi-
Di-kama
Bow
Uvvu-ta
Wu-dabf
Uwu-ta ; ama-
Wu-pindeo ;
Wu-ta
Wu-ta
imi-
Bowels
Uvvu-la
Uwu-ra
Ama-ra
Uwu-ra
Ma-tumboj
Brains
Uw-ongco
Uw-ongw
Uw-ong<u
B-ongco
W-ongto
W-ongca
Breast (man's)
Iki-fua
Ipi-fua
Iki-fua
Ku- or
Ki-fua
. ..
Ki-pambaya
Breast
Ama-were
I -were; ama-
I -were ; ama-
I -were ; ama-
Di-were ; ma-
Ma-wee
(woman's)
Brother ...
Mw-an-'itu.
Umu-ninu.
Umu-zuna
U-nuguna.
M-nununa
Mu-ku-wangu
Mumbu
Umu-zuna.
Umw-ina ;
Wa-mw-inyu
ab-ina.
Um-suma ;
awa-
Buffalo ...
Im-boxd
Im-bcogu
Im-bcog<a
Im-bcogco.
Nj-ati
Nj-ati
Inj-ati
Bull
In-dume
N-cosa
N-kambaku
N-gambaku
. . .
...
Buttocks ...
Ama-takco
Ip-duru ; ivi-
Uru-tungu; in-
I-tanga ; ma-
Di-takeo;
Ci-skunku ;
ma-takeo
vi-skunku
Canoe
Uw-atco
Uw-atco
Ubw-atco ;
Bw-ateo ;
W-atu
W-atu
amaby-atu
mi-atco
Cat
I-nyau
U-nyawu ;
Aka-nyawu ;
Niaru;
M-buyaeo.
M-buyato
awa-.
utu-
wa-nyaru.
(K-ana-m-anga
Afia-nyawu
Aka-ruk'a
? little child of
the coast)
Charcoal ...
Ama-wawto
Chief
Umw-ene ; a-
Umw-ene ;
Im-fumu
Ili-fumu
Fumu.
Fumu.
amw-ene
(counsellor] ;
M-fumu; //.
Akweni
Mw-ara-fi-ari ;
ma-
aw-ara-fi-ari.
Umu-twa '
Child
Umw-ana;
Umw-ana.
Umw-ana
Umw-anike ;
Mw-ana
Mw-ana
aw-ana
Umu-cece
aw-anike.
Un-keke.
Umw-ana
Cloth
Mw-enda
Umw-enda
Umw-enda
Umw-enda ;
N-guweo
Saru
imi-
Cold
.. .
...
Iki-pepco.
...
Ma-kute
Country ...
In-si
In-si
In-si
Iki-su ; iti-
C-aru
C-aru
Cow
Ifi-ombe.
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe.
N-ombe
N-ombe
I-senga
n-tiganco
n-dama
In-dama.
yana-kazi
yi-ntikazi
In-gcolombe
Crocodile ...
In-doj;oloi
N-dcoworeo
In-wina
In-gwina
Mn-wina
Mu-ntona
1 Ubu-twa = lordship. Mw-ara-fi-ari is often pronounced Mw-ana-fi-ari.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
48.
49.
50.
5 1 -
52.
53.
English
Ungu or
Ipi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
48 a. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Day
Uwu-siku.
Uw-anda ;
Ubu-anda or
Uwu-siku.
Wu-siku.
M-sana
I-siku
am-anda.
Uby-anda
(Pa-mo>si =
Suka
Mu-sanya
daylight.)
In-gulila
Devil
Um-zimu; a-,
I-siwa.
Umu-zimu
M-basi.
Ci-wanda.
awa-
Umu-kwalanzi
Ru-embe
Ki-hene
Doctor (medi-
...
Umu-ganga
...
I-nanga.
Si-nanga
Si-nanga
cine man)
Un-nyagco
Dog
Im-bwa
Im-bwa.
Im-bwa
Im-bwa.
N-cewe.
Garu
(N-thende =
(Im-bwa
Nyim-bwa;
bitch)
nya-mbara
= $. Im-
zim- (52 a)
bwakazi = 5)
Donkey
In-dtogwe.
I-deogcowi
Iin-bunda
Im-bunda
Punda
Punda.
I-sinka
Bori
Door
Ulu-igi ; pi.
Ifi-riangco
Umu-riangeo.
Uru-igi ;
Mu-riangco
K com co ; ma +
ing-iyi or
Uru-tanga
ny-igi
in-iyi
Dream
Ki-rotco
Ifi-roteo
Iki-rotca
In-jcosi
Ci-rcotco
Ku-rcota
Drum
In-coma
N-thaya
In-coma
In-coma.
Ncoma
ffconia
Iki-mbimbi.
N-dingara
Ear
I-twe or
Iku-twi
Iku-tu
Im-buru.
Ku-tu
Ku-tu or
Iku-twe; ama-
Ku-tu
Gu-tu
Egg
I-yi ; ama-yi
I-dyi ;
Iri-enza
Ili-fumbi; araa-
Sumbi ; ma-
Zia ; ma +
ama-dyi
Elephant ...
I-zcovu
I-zcovu
In-zcofu
I-scofu,
Zcovu
N-jcovu
N-scovu
Excrement
Ama-vi
I-vi ; ama-vi
I-mvi ;
Ama-fi,
Ma-vi
Ma-vi
ama-mvi
Ama-vi
Eye
Iri-nsco ; ama-
Idi-insco ;
Ir-inseo
Idi-sco ;
D-isco
J-isu
am-insco
ama-sco.
Ru-sige ; i-sige
Face, forehead
Kum-insco
Kum-inso>
Kum-insco
Kuma-sco ;
Kuma-sco
Ci-su
ama-sco.
Iky-eni ;
ify-eni
Fat
Arna-futa
Im-pama
Ama-futa
Ama-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Father
U-tai; awa-tai
Tata.
*
Tata ; aba + .
Yise
Ugu-sco ; aba-.
Ugw-ise.
Un-kco
Fear
Uw-owa
Uw-toga
Uw-ebja
W-oga
B-ofi, W-ofi
W-eni-ma-nta.
Ku-opa
Finger
Ul-cowe.
Ru-sanzu
Ur-owe
Ur-obe,
Mu-nue
Mu-nue
I n-cowe
Ur-cowe ;
in-we
Fire
Um-5tco.
Umu-rirco.
Um-otco
M-otco
M-otco
M-5tco
Umu-lilco
Umw-oteo
Fish
In-swi
In-swi
In-swi
I-swi, In-swi.
Somba
Somba
M-berere.
N-gumba
Foot
Iki-nama.
Uru-aiyco.
Iki-nama
Lu-jaijco,
C-ayco ;
Pazi ; ma-f
Un-gulu
Ny-aiyco.
Ru-yayeo
vi-ayco
Ifi-nama
or Ulu-jajo ;
//. in-yayco,
in-jajco
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
211
Forest
M-situ
I-situ
Umu-situ
Ulu-singi
Ma-kuni
Mu-situ
Fowl
In-guku
In-guku
In-guku
In-guku
Kuku
Ny-wli
Frog
* *
.*
Iki-ula ; ifi-.
*
...
Iki-ura ;
ifi-ura
Ghost
Umu-ztmu
Umu-zimu.
Umu-zimu.
Un-siuka ;
Ci-wanda
Ci-wanda
Ifi-nziunguri
Iki-nsiunguri
mi-siuka.
In-siunguru
(= shadow)
Giraffe
, . .
...
...
...
...
Girl
*
...
...
Un-sungu.
...
Un-dindw-ana ;
pi.
awa-lindu-ana
Goat
Im-buzi
Im-buzi
Im-buzi
Im-beni
M-buzi
M-buzi
(he) ...
Li-pongco
Ili-pongco
M-bongco
...
...
(she)
Lugcota
.. .
Im-beki
, . .
. ..
God
Mu-rungu.
Umu-rungu,
Umu-rungu
M-bamba.
Mu-rungu
Mu-rungu
U-zuwa
Umu-lungu
Ki-ara
Grandparent
...
...
...
Mw-isukuru J.
...
...
Un-nyenya j
Grass
I-sote
I -store,
I-scote
Ir-iseo,
U-teka
U-teka
I -scale
Il-isu
Ground
I-rongco
I-tcope
Iri-ongco
Um-fu
Dongco
Pa-si
Ground-nut
Im-balala
Im-balala
In-siawa
I-siawara
Ru-siawa ;
M-barara
syawa
Guinea-fowl
I-khanga
I-xanga
I-kanga
Ili-kafiga
N-kanga
N-kanga
Gun
Bundusi
Bundusi
Iny-undusi
1 -ndusco ; ma-
Fuuti
Futi
Hair
I-nyere
In-sisi.
I-sisi
In-yuwire
Sisi
Sisi
Vu-sepe
(//.)
Hand
I-yaza
Ipi-anza.
I-kasa
Iki-anja.
Ci-manja
Ci-kufi
Umu-nunco ;
Iki-bcokco ; ifi-.
ama-
Li-wcokco
(Si a)
Head
Umu-twe ; imi-
I-tue
Umu-tu
Un-tu, Mu-tu ;
Mu-tu
Mu-tu
mi-tu
Heart
Um-oyco
Umw-aya
Um-oyco
N-dumbura,
M-oyco
Mu-tima
N-dumburu
Heel .
In-dinginya
Ifi-hankari
Ici-tende
Iki-tende
Ci-gunu
Ka-ngcolingcoli
Hide
...
...
...
N-gubeo.
. . .
Cu-kumba
Ulu-gubcogubco.
Urn-papa.
Iki-kanda
Hill
...
...
...
Ki-amba.
...
...
Ki-fimba
Hippopotamus
I-vuu
Im-vuwu
Im-vuwu
I-fuwu.
Ci-gwere
Ci-gweri,
I-fubu.
Ci-bweri
In-dumondco.
N-gupi
Hoe
...
Li-kumbulu
. *
i .
Honey
Uw-uci
Ubu-usi
Uw-uci
R-uki
W-uci
Uci
Horn
Im-pembe
Uru-pembe
Uru-pembe
Ru-pembe ;
Ru-sengwe
Sengwe,
m-bembe
Li-sengwe
House
Iny-umba
Iny-umba.
Iny-umba
Iny-umba.
Ny-umba; zi +
Ny-umba
H'-aya;
Ki-waga.
tw-aya
Mw-idu
(5 1 a)
212
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
48.
49-
50.
5i-
52.
53-
English
Ungu or
Isi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
483. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Hunger
In-zala
In-zala
In-zala
N-jara.
N-jara
N-ja
ln-dzara
Husband ...
*
Un-dume ;
...
...
aba-lume
Hyena
Im-bisi
N-zumbi
Uci-mbui
Iki-ndingu.
Ci-mbwe
Pundu ;
Ili-patama;
a-pundu
ama-
Iron
Ic-era.
Ipij-era
Ic-era
Iki-era
C-uma
N-thali.
Ili-cuma
.M-porokcotco
Island
In-tipa
...
Ici-ntenserezia
Lu-sungco.
Ci-rumba
Ci-rwa
Ru-syengesisi
Ivory
Ru-pembe
Uru-pembe
Uru-pembe
M-bembe
Mu-nyanga
Mu-nyanga
Knee
I-kokola
Is-izwi
I-kokora
Li-fundco
Kongconco
Gongconco
Knife
Ru-kamanga
Umu-fiu
Umu-fiu
U-magi ; mi-
Ci-maye
Ci-mayi
Lake
Ikwa
U-sumbi
U-sumbi
Sumbi.
...
.
Iki-siba
Leg
Um-nundi
Ipi-nama
Iki-nama
Iki-rundi ; ivi-
Rundi; ma-
C-iga ; vi-
or ama-
Leopard ...
N-gcoi
In-zcowe
Un-ziera
Ili-wole.
Yi-ngeo
Nya-rubwi
Ili-bwle.
N-jusi
Lion
...
In-galamu
...
. . .
Lips
Mi-lumu (//.)
Umu-rwmoj ;
Umu-rtomc* ;
Un-dcomco ;
Mu-rcomu
Mi-reomeo
ama-
imi-
mi-rumco
Magic
Un-duzi
Uwu-rcozi
Uwu-rcozi
N-dcosi
Wu-hawi.
Fwiti
Mu-nkhwara
Maize
Ma-saka
1-saxa
Iki-rombe
Iki-rombe; ifi-
N-goma
Cin-gSma
Man
Um-tu :
Umu-ntu;
Umu-ntu ;
Umu-ndu ;
Mu-ntu ; wa-
Mu-ntu ; wa-
awa-ntu
awa-ntu
awa-ntu
or aba-, awa-
Man (vir.)...
...
...
Nya-mbara
Un-dume.
...
...
Unnya-mbala.
N-kangali
(51 a)
Meat
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
N-yama
Medicine ...
Un-keota
Mu-nkhwara
Milk
...
...
...
Iki-senga.
Li-wise
Ulu-kama
Monkey ...
Im-bwadzi
In-tumbi
I-tumbiri
Kabukabu.
M-buyi
Pusi
Kaukau.
Salila
Moon
Unw-ezi
Umw-ezi
Umw-ezi
Umw-ezi
Ny-anga
Mw-ezi
Mother ...
U-mai ; awa-
U-nyina
...
Yuwa or Juba.
...
...
Un-ny-kco.
Un-na
Mountain ...
Umw-amba
I-gamba
Ici-piri
Iki-amba
Ru-piri
Piri
Mouth
Un-dcomu ; imi-
I-lcomu
Nka-mwa
...
*
Nail (of finger
I-ningwa
Urii-zura
Ur-owe ;
Ki-ara.
Nj-towe
C-ara
or toe)
iny-towe
Ur-cowe(si a).
Iky-ala
Name
Ir-ina
Iz-ina
Iz-ina
In-gamu
Z-ina
Z-ina
Navel
.
...
...
Ili-tumbu
Neck
I-singu
In-siiigco
In-singci>
. 1-keosi
Mu-kcosi.
Kusi
Singco
Night
Wu-siku.
Wu-siku.
Wu-siku.
Bu-siku.
U-siku.
U-siku
(I-cisi =
I-sisi
I-kisi
I-kilco.
(Cisi =
darkness)
I
(Pa-kiru =
darkness)
darkness)
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
213
48.
49-
50.
51.
52.
53-
English
Ungu or
Ipi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
48 a. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Nose
Im-pula
* > .
...
Im-bula
Oil palm ...
. . .
.. .
. . .
M-sik'isi
Ox
In-ombe
In-ombe
In-ombe
In-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
in-dume
im-fule.
yana-lume
(Aka-gombe =
small ox)
Paddle
*
...
...
Ru-kafi ;
*
...
in-gafi
Palm wine,
...
...
Ubw-alwa
...
Ma-kama
beer
(beer)
Parrot
...
...
N-kulekwe
Penis
I-rua
Wu-xara
1 in- boreo
Im-boreo,
M-borco
U-ka.
Im-bol<o.
Tongeo
Ili-sinu;
ama- (51 a)
Pig
U-kapodi
I-guruwe
In-guruwe
In-guluwi
Ki-henehene
N-gurui
Pigeon
In-dziwa
N-gugu
In-teozi
N-gungu
N-jiwa
Khunda
widza.
N-gunda
Place
W-oncj
Pawu-gtonoj
Uwu-raru
Bu-gunco.
Pa-
C-aru
Witugarco
Rain
I- villa-
Im-vura
Im-vura
I -fur a
Vura
Vua
in -semba
Rat
M-biringa
U-kuza
U-kuza
Im-bewa
M-bewa
Ma-janca (//.)
Rhinoceros
. . .
...
Pembele or
...
Ki-pembere
River
Um-bana ; imi-
I-dzendze.
Uru-izi.
Uru-isi.
Mu-ronga
Mu-sinji
U-sumbi
U-sumbi
Ulvv-esi.
Sumbi
(5 1 a)
Road
I-zira
In-zira
In-zira
In-jira,
N-tcohwa
N-tcowa
In-dzira.
Um-puleo,
Um-puseo
Salt
...
Li-veya
...
Um-unyu ;
...
Imi-unyu.
Iki-lambco
Shame
...
1-seoni
Sheep
I-nozi
I-iionzi '
I-nonzi
In-osi
Bcrcrc
IVI-bcrcrc
ama-gonzi
Shield
...
,,.
. ..
In-guru.
...
...
Ili-tera
Shoulder ...
...
Iki-beja
Sister
I-lumbu or
I -rumba
Umu-yemba
I-rumbu ; ama-
Dumb a
Mu-sice
Rumbu.
Umw-engi ;
awa-
Skin
In-cimba
In-gora
Iki-kuwa
Iki-kanda.
Ci-cimba
Ru-wavu ; ma-
In-gubo>
Sky
Ku-lulu
Kumw-anya.
Kumw-anya.
Kumw-anya.
Kuc-anya
Mi-tambu
I-wingeo
I-wingu
I-wingu
Slave
Umu-dzia ;
...
. . .
Im-pina,
. .
awa-
Um-pina
Sleep
Utu-rco
Utu-rw
Utu-rw
Utu-rw
Tu-rw
Ku-ru.
U-siwa
Smoke
Idi-usi
Iri-eosi
Ic-usi
Ili-osi
J-usi
J-usi
Snake
In-zcoka
In-jcoxa
In-zcoka
N-jwka
N-juka
N-jcoka
2I 4
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
48.
49-
50.
51-
52-
53-
English
Ungu or
Ipi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
533. Ci-siska
483. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Son, boy ...
Umw-ana
Umw-ana
Umw-ana
Umw-ana ;
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
ab-ana.
Mw-ana-lume.
Umw-anike ;
K-ana
aba-.
Un-dumi-ana ;
aba-lumi-ana
Song
Uru-imbto
Uru-imbco
Uru-imbco
Uru-imbco
Lu-imbco
Ru-sumco ;
sumu
Spear
Lu-palala
Im-parara
Im-parara
In-gwegeo.
Mu-kondco
Mu-kondco
N-gurco(5ia).
Iki-kcosa
Spirit, soul
M-pepco
Um-cojco ; imi-
Star
N-tongwa.
Uru-zota
Uru-tondwa
Uru-tondwa ;
Ny-enyezi
Ny-enyezi
Ny-cota
in-dondwa
Stick
N-tuwa
N-disa
M-kcomco
In-giri.
N-thonga
N-tofiga
Ki-piki
Stone
I-finga
I -we.
I-bye Qr i-bwe
Idi-bwe; ama-
Ri-be, Di-bwe ;
Mw-a ; mi-a
I-vwiga
ma-we
Stool
...
...
Iki-kcota
...
Sun
M-sanya.
I-zua,
I-zua
Idi-suwa.
Dazi
Dazi
Idi-uwa
I-zuva
Camba (51 a)
Tail (of an
...
. . .
Un-swigara ;
*
animal)
imi- or wa-.
Um-pepe
Tear
Um-scozi
In-scozi
In-scozi
Iri-stosi ; ama-
Di-scozi
Mi-scozco
Testicles ...
1-turu
I-turu ; ama-
I-turu ; ama-
Uru-tungu ;
Di-tongco ; ma-
Ma-tongco
in-dungu
Thief
Umw-ivi
Umw-iwa
Um-unco
N-heji ; ba-heji
Mu-nkhungu
Mu-nkungu
Thigh
...
...
In-sangco.
N-dapatapa
. . .
...
Ny-uma
Thing
Iki-ndu
I^i-ntu,
Iki-ntu
Iki-ndu ;
Ci-ntu;
Ci-ntu ;
AKa-ntu.
ifi-ndu
vi-ntu
vi-ntu
Ic-uma ;
ivw-uma
Thorn
Ir-ifwa
Idi-imviva.
Um-unga
Mw-ifwa;
Mu-nga
Mu-nga
I-cese
im-ifwa
Tobacco ...
1-tumba
I-tumba
I-tumba
In-gambco
Hcocona
Fcoja
To-day
Leru
I-lerco.
I-lerco
Di-rinu.
Lerco
Le
Umu-san'-uneo
Umw-isingu.
Um-usi-ugu
Toe
Um-nue
Uru-sanzu ;
Uru-sarara
Ur-cowe ;
Mu-nue
...
in-sanzu
iny-owe
To-morrow
M-laco
N-davi
M-dawi
Ki-labco
Ma-cerco
...
Tongue
Lu-limi
Uru-miri
Uru-rimi
Uru-rimi
Ru-rimi
Li-limi
Tooth
Il-inco
Idi-inco
Ir-inco
Il-inco, Ir-inco ;
D-ineo ; m-inco
J-inu ; m-inyco
am-inco
Town
K-aya ; ma +
Ink-aya
Ak-aya ;
K-aija ;
Mu-zi
C-arco, vy-arco
utw-aya
tu-aija
Tree
Um-ti
I-kwi;
I-kcomco
Um-piki ; imi-.
Kuni
Cimu-ti.
ama-kwi
In-giri (51 a)
Mu-ti
Twins
I-mbaza ; ama-
I-pasa ; ama-
I-pasa ; ama-
I-pasa ;
Ma-pasia
W-ana na
'ma-basa.
mw-oli
\\~am-basa
(Si a)
Urine...
Ma-tuzi
Aman-tunzi
Ama-tunzi
Ma-tusi
Ma-tuzi
Ma-kcozco
Vein
...
*
. . .
Ru-kcole ;
...
fi-gcole
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
215
War
U-luwu or
Uwu-rugu
Uwu-rugu
Bu-ite.
N-khondco
N-khondco
Bu-luwu
Uw-iti. Ki-su
Water
Ama-zi
Amin-zi
Araen-zi
Mi-si or Me-si
Ma-ji
Ma-ji
(correctly
Ame-si).
Ma-lenga
(5 1 a)
Well, source
Ik-ina ; if-ina
White man
Um-ziufigu ;
Umu-zungu
Umu-zungu
Mu-zungu ;
Mu-zungu ;
Mu-zungu ;
a-ziungu
ba- or wa-
wa- or ba-
a- or wa-
Wife
Um-cima-ne
Um.isi
Mu-kazi
Un-kikuru; ba-.
Mu-kazi
M-tikazi
Un-kazi
Wind
Im-bepco
Im-pepco
Im-pepco
Um-berco; imi-.
Mw-era
M-phepco
Im-bepco
(51 a)
Witch
Um-lcozi
Umu-reozi
Umu-rcozi
N-dcosi ;
Mu-hawi ; wa-
Fwiti
ba-rcosi '.
Mu-reosi (5 1 a)
Witchcraft
Bu-leozi
Uwu-lcozi
Uwu-rcozi
Bu-rcosi
Woman
Mw-anace.
Mw-an'tanda
Mw-anakazi.
N-kazi ; ba-.
Mw-anakazi
M-tikazi ;
Un-kima ;
Umu-kazi
Un-kikuru
an-tikazi
awa-
Womb
...
...
...
I-papirco (51 a).
...
...
Ubu-gcogco
Wood (fire-
In-gwi
Uru-kwi
Uru-kwi
Du-babu ;
N-kuni
N-khuni
wood)
//. im-babu
or iin-bau
Yam
...
I-tugco
Iki-tuwco
Iki-tugu.
Ci-awco
Ci-yaco
Iki-tuwu(5la)
Year
Umw-aka
Umw-axa
Ic-aka
Iki-enja.
Mw-aka
Ci-limi-ka
Iki-inja
Yesterday
Yolco
...
Ma-byira
Ma-jcolco,
Ma-yirco
...
Ma-yorco
Zebra
M-sami
U-jiga
U-corwa
I-sendzewere
Bori
C-apinda
One
Ka-mwi, -mwi
coka. W-cokco
coka, w-eka.
mco. (Ju-mco,
mco
-mcoza
(W-coka,
Y-coka, iw-eka
Ku-mco)
Y-uka)
Two
wiri
wiri, -vili
wiri,
-beli.
wiri
Wl
vili
wiri ?
Three
tatu
-tatu
tatu
tatu
tatu
-tatu
Four
ni
-nne
nne
na
naye
nai
Five
-sanco
Zi-fundisire
Zi-sanco
banco
san to,
-n-khonde
Tu-nkonde
Six
Tuli-ntanda ;
Zi-fundisire
/i-sanco
I -banco
Sanu
Konde
also Ka-kaga
na puru
na purwe
na ru-mco.
na ka-mco
di ci-mcoza
wcokco
iw-eka
N-tandatu
Seven
M-pungate.
Zi-fundisire
Zi-sanco
I -banco
Sanco
Konde
Ka-funga
na puru
na purwe
na i-wiri
na tu-wiri
di vi-wl
wa-wiri
wa-wiri
Eight
M-nane.
Zi-fundisire
Zi-sanco
I -banco
Sanco
Konde
M-nana
na puru
na purwe
na i-tatu
na tu-tatu
di vi-tatu
wa-tatu
wa-tatu
Nine
I-cenda.
Zi-fundisire
Zi-sanco
I -banco
Sanco
Konde
Kenda
na wa-nne
na wa-nne
na i-na
na tu-naye
di vi-nai
Un-nyagco = priest in religious mysteries.
2l6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
j8.
Ungu or
Ici-wungu
48 a. Ki-manda
49-
Ifi-nyixa
50.
Ici-wandia
51-
Ikinyi-kiusa
(N-kondei
51 a.
M-wamba
52-
Ci-henga
52 a.
Ci-tumbuka
53-
Ci-tonga
53 a. Ci-siska
or Ci-sisya
Ten I-kumi I-kumi. I-kumi .Mu-rongco or Kumi Cnnii
I-sumi M-longeo; //.
Ten
I-kumi
I-kumi.
I-kumi
Mu-rongca or
Kumi
Cumi
I-sumi
M-longeo ; //.
utu-longco
Eleven
I-kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi
Mu-rongco
Kumi
M-kati
na ka-mwe
na puru
na purwi
na ru-meo
na ka-mco
ci-mcoza
w-coka
iw-eka
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-rongto
Ma-kumi
Ma-cumi
ya-wiri
ga-wiri.
ga-wiri
ma-wiri; or
ga-wiri
ya-vi
Ama-sumi
Utu-longco
ga-vili
tu-beli
Thirty
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-rongw
Ma-kumi
Ma-cumi
ya-tatu
ga-tatu
ga-tatu
ma-tatu.
ga-tatu
>a-tatu
Utu-longco
tu-tatu
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-roiagco
Ma-kumi
Ma-cumi
ya-ni
ga-nne
ga-nne
ma-na.
ga-naye
ya-nai
Utu-longco
tu-na
Fifty ... . :
Ma-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ama-kumi
Ma-rongco
Ma-kumi
Ma-cumi
ya-sanco
ga-fundisire
ga-sanoi
ma-hanco.
ga-sanco
yan-konde
Utu-longco
tu-hanco.
(sixty =
Utu-longco
n-tandatu)
Hundred ...
I-gana.
.. .
Ama-kumi
Ma-rongco
Ma-kumi kumi
Ma-cumi
Ka-gana
geka i-kumi
mu-rongco
yaii-konde-
mi-kumuku
Thousand . . .
...
...
...
...
I, me, my ...
Nene.
I-ne. Nene.
U-ne. Nene.
U-ne. Ne.
I-ne.
Yi-ni.
N-, Ni-.
-, N-.
I-ne. , N-.
N-, Ni-.
N-, Ni>.
N-.
-n-. -a-ne
-n- (-m-).
n. (-m-).
-ni-ne. -n-.
-ni-, -n-, -ndi-.
ndi-. -a-ngu
-a-ne
-a-ne
-a-ngu
-a-ne
Thou, thee,
Wewe.
I -we.
U-we.
Ugwe. Gwe.
I -we.
Yi-we.
thy
U-, W-.
U-, Yu-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
ku-. -a-ko>
-ku-. -a-x',
ku-. -a-kco
-nu-ngwe.
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-kco
-a-xco, -a-fico
ku-. -a-kco
He, him, his
Wiyco Ayu.
Wu-yco.
Yuyco.
Dyudyco, Jujco.
Yuyu.
Uyu.
Y'-, A-.
Uwene.
A-.
Jco. A-
A-, Wa-.
Wa-.
mu-. -a-kwe
A-.
-mu-. -a-ce
-gwe. -m-, -n-,
m-, -mu-.
mu-. -a-ke
m-, -mu-.
n-. -a-ke,
-a-ke
-a-kwe
-a-kwe
We, us, our
I-sweswe.
Sweswe,
Sweswe.
Uswe. Twe.
I-se.
Yi-fwe.
Tu-.
I-swe.
TU-.
Tu-.
Ti-
Ti-.
tu-. -e-tu
Tu-.
tu-. -itu
uswe. -tu-.
ti-. -itu
ti-. -idu
tu-. -itu
etu
Ye, you, your
Mwemwe or
Mwemwe,
Mwemwe.
Umwe. Mwe.
I-mwe.
Yi-mwe.
U-nyenye.
I-mwe,
Mu-.
Mu-.
M-, Mu-.
Mu-.
Mu-
Mwe-ka.
inu
-umwre. -ba-.
mu-. -inu
mu-. -inn
? -wa-, -mu-.
Mu-.
enu
-e-nyu
va- -inyu
They, them,
Wawco.
Wuwco. Ava.
Wawco.
Awa, Aba, Bco,
Awco. I-wco.
Yi-wco.
their
Wa-.
Ba-, Wa-, Va-
Wa-.
Babco-, Ba-.
Wa-, Ba-.
Wa-.
wa-. -a-weo
wa-. -a-wto,
wa-. -a-wco
bco. -ba-.
(52 a).
wa-. -a-wco
-a-vco
-a-bco
wa-, -ba-.
-a-wco
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES
217
48.
49.
50.
51-
52.
S3-
English
Ungu or
Ifi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
48 a. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
All -ose, -onse, -onti, -ont' -onse
osa
-ose
ose
pie
This, these ... Unu, awa or We, awa?;
Ju- ; ba- ; gu- ;
Uyu, awa,
Uyu, awa ;
ava ; ?, ? ; wu, yi ; &c.
gi- ; li- ; ga- ;
aba ; uwu,
wuwu ; 6
iri.gama; &>c.
ki- ; fi- ; ji- ;
iyi ; ili, aya ;
much as in
si- ; ru- ; tu- ;
ici, ivi ; iyi,
Hefiga-
,
ka- ; bu- ; ku- ;
izi; ulu; utu;
Tumbuka
pa- ; mu-
aka ; uwu ;
uku ; apa
That, those ... -ra. (U-ra, -ra. (Yu-ra;
Uju ; aba ;
ra or -wa
.
wa-ra ; 6".) wa-ra ; &^c.)
ugu; egi; ili;
(yu-wa, b-a ;
Wu-yeo Wco, awco ;
aga ; eki ; efi ;
wu-wa, yi-ra ;
(Vu-yco), wco, iyco ;
eji ; esi ; ulu
li-ra, ya-ra ;
wa-wco ; lico, gco ; 6-v.
or uru ; &*c.
ci-ra, vi-ra ;
wu-yco, yi-yco ;
Jujco ; babco ;
yi-ra, zi-ra ;
di-lco i li-lcoi,
&.
&*c.)
ga-gto; &c.
la (ju-la, ba-la
Mw-eniyu,
ninco, -ni-
(a/.K>ju-la-ju-la,
b-enaba ;
(wu-ninco (6) ;
ba-la-ba-la,
w-eniwu,
vi-ni-vi (8))
C3*v* ) 5 ^u*lij
y-eniyi ;
gi-la; &V.)
1-enili,
g-enaya ;
c-enici,
vy-enivi ;
ye-niyi,
z-enizi ;
lw-enulu ;
tw-enutu ;
k-enaka ;
Bad
wi. -eha
wiwi
wiwi
bibi. -gasi
-hene
heni
Black
...
-hiru. -iru
-tifi
-titu
fipa
fipa
Female
N-kima,
rindu
anakazi
-n-dindu-ana.
-anakazi
ntikazi
kima
{humanity).
-bwa-kazi.
an-thanda
-gi-kuru
(animals)
Fierce
kali
-kali, -ugi
...
...
Good
-scoga
inza
iza
nunu
erne
-a-mampa
Great
-m-piti.
kuru
kurumba.
kuru. -rara
kuru
-kani
-ny-wamu
Little
...
indu; -ndco
nandi
nandi.
dono.
mana-vi ;
nini
ntini
-mana
Long
-tali
tali
. ..
tali
...
Male
lume ;
-an'a-vuri.
rume-ndo).
-n-dumi-ana.
anarurne
rumi
n-dume,
ncoza
anarumi.
-nya-mbara.
(yi-nturume)
dumi
-n-kambaku
-n-gambakeo
Old
...
kuru, -kulu
...
Red
...
...
fube-fu,
...
...
kese-fu
Rotten
...
...
...
olu
Short
...
...
. ..
pimba
. ..
.
Sick
...
pungco
...
bina
...
...
White
...
zeru
swe-pu
ereo, -elu
tuwa
-i-tuwa
Also : Mw-eni-yu-ra, b-eni-ba-ra,
2l8
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
48.
49-
50.
Si-
5 2 -
53-
English
Ungu or
Ipi-nyixa
Ici-wandia
Ikinyi-kiusa
Ci-henga
Ci-tonga
Ici-wungu
(N-konde)
52 a.
53 a. Ci-siska
48 a. Ki-manda
51 a.
Ci-tumbuka
or Ci-sisya
M-wamba
Above, up, on C-anya
Pamw-anya
Pamw-anya,
Pa-hanya
Ku-hanya
top
Kumw-anya
Before ... Ku-mbele
... > *
N-kyeni
...
Behind ... Kun-yuma
Mw-isinda
N-yuma
Kun-yuma
Kun-yuma
Below, down Pa-nsi
Pa-nsi
Pa-si
Pa-nsi
Pa-nsi
Far Ku-tali
Ku-tali
Pa-tali
...
Here
. * ...
Apa
...
In, inside ...
U-mu
U-mu.
Mukati
...
Mu-nco.
Mumco
Middle
... ...
N-kati.
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Near Pale-pipi
... ...
Pa-pipi
...
...
Outside ...
Kulu-vazu
Pa-ndja
Ku-nja
Ku-nja
Plenty
inji -enji
ingi
ingi
nandi
There
Kura. Para
Para. -poo.
Para, -peo
Kuwa
Mumwco
Uku.
Where? ..
Si-ni-si?
Pco-ki ?
N-ku ?
No! Nco!
Ndari ! Awe !
Mma!
Cara ! A;a !
Ca!
Not (with verb
Ta-, -ta-, -ti-. Ta-, ti-, -ta-
di-, -ti-.
ta. -ti- ; -ta
Reka.
as prefix, in-
ndali
ga-, -ka-.
keo. Si- (as
Kuti-. -ca.
fix, or siiffix)
nga-, -ngi.
a prefix to
Si-, -livi
na-, -na
all persons and
(neg. -verb,
tenses in
' cannot ')
Tumbuka).
rivie (neg.
verb)
To
Uku-
Uxu-
Uku-
Paku-, Uku-
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
pcola
. * .
...
kcoma
. . .
. .
buy, sell
. . .
kara
wura
ula, -ura
guura
saska
come ...
iza
-inza
iza
isa
iza
za
cut
*
temera
temera
butira
tema.
dumuwa
temera
dance ...
.
kwanga
cina
fina
vina
tumba
die ...
-wu-fa
-fwa
fwa
fwa
fwa
fwa
eat
lia
ria or -dia
-dia
dia
-lia
rya, -rya
,, give ...
pa
pa
pa
pa
-pa
ninka
,, g
genda
wuha.
wuka
wuka, -buka.
-wuka
ruta
-jenda
enda
kill ...
.
gcoga
kcoma
g<oga. -kcoma
kcoma
-baya
know ...
t
manya
menya
manya
manya
iziwa
laugh ...
...
sexa
seka
-seka
seka
seka
., leave off,
...
letia
...
leka
reka
reka
cease
love,want
...
kwanza
ronda
ronda.
penja.
lembe.
gana
temwa.
kumba
ronda
see ...
...
Icola, -dora.
ndora
ngeta.
wcoiia
-wna?
enya
-ona
sit, remain,
-kala
, . .
. . .
tugala
kara
kara
abide
sleep ...
...
-guna
.
ra (Ku-ra)
,, stand, stop,
wima
imiliia
...
ema
...
.
be erect
steal ...
...
-iwa, -iva
iba
iba. -heja
iba
bba
GROUP M: THE NORTH-WEST NYASA LANGUAGES 219
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN UNGU
Preprefixes present.
Class i. Umu-, Urn-, Un- (umu, urn-, u-) ; 2. A-, Awa- (awa-, a) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, Un- (umu-,
um-, u) ; 4. Imi-, I- (imi-, yi ?) ; 5. Idi-, Iri-, I-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, ya .') ; 7. Iki-, Ic'- (ki, ci) ;
8. ?; 9. I-, In- (Im-), N- (n-, i) ; 10. Inyi-, Nyi-, In-, Ing- (n-, i-?, zi?); u. Ulu-, Ru- (ru, lu) ;
12. Utu-, tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka-(ka); 14. Uwu-, Bu- (vvu-) ; 15. Uku-, Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-; 17. ?.
PREFIXES, &C., IN ISI-NYIXA AND ICI-WANDIA
Preprefixes present.
Class I. Umu-, Urn-, U- (umu-, -m-, -mu-, wu-, u-, vu-) ; 2. Awa-, Aba-, Ava- (awa-, aba-, ba,
va) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, U- (umu-, um-, wu, u-) ; 4. Imi- (imi-, yi) ; 5. Iri-, Hi-, Idi-, Izi- (li-, di) ; 6. Ama-
(ama-, m'-, ga, ge, ? gama) ; 7. Ipi-, Ici-, Iki- (si-, ki, ci) ; 8. Ivi-, Ivw-, Bi- (vi-, vw'-) ; 9. In- (Im-),
Ny- (n-, yi) ; 10. Zi-, In-, Ny- (zi) ; n. Uru-, Ulu- (lu) ; 12. Utu- (tu) ; 13. Ana-, Axa-, Aka- (na-,
xa-,ka); 14. Uwu-, Bu-, Vu- (wu-, vu) ; 15. Uxu-, Uku- (ku-, xu) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu).
PREFIXES, &C., IN IKINYI-KIUSA (N-KONDE)
Preprefixes present very markedly.
Class I. Umu-, Um-, Un- (un-, um-, umu-, -m-, -n-, ngu, gu-, ju-) ; 2. Aba-, Awa- (aba, ba) ;
3. Umu-, Um-, Un- (un-, um-, gu) ; 4. Imi- (imi-, egi, gi) ; 5. Hi-, Idi-, I- (ili-, eli-, li) ; 6. Ama- (ama-,
ma-, aga-, ga) ; 7. Iki- (iki-, ki, -eki) ; 8. Ifl- (Ivi- ?), (ifi-, fi, -en) ; 9. In (Im), Iny- (in- in-, iny-, i, ji,
eji) ; 10. I- and usually same as 9 with the addition of si as pronominal particle ; 1 1. Ulu-, Uru-, Udu-
(ulu- (uru-), lu (ru) ), pi. I-, In-, and Nyi- ; 12. Utu- (utu-, tu) ; 13. Aka- (aka-, ka) ; 14. Ubu-, Uwu-
(ubu-, ub'-, bu); 15. Uku- (uku-, ku); 16. Apa- (apa-, pa); 17. Umu-, Mu- (mu-) ; 18. Ugu- (?ugu,
gu), //. Aba-.
The -ana diminutive suffix is present and a good deal used.
PREFIXES, &C., IN HENGA (TUMBUKA) AND TONGA 1
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M- (m-, mu, u-, yu-) ; 2. Wa-, A-, Ba- (wa, ba) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, wu, u-) ;
4. Mi- (mi-, yi); 5. Ji-, J-, Di- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci) ; 8. VI- (vi) ; 9. , Yi-, N-
(M-) (n-, yi); lo. , N- (M-), Zi- (zi, n-) ; u. Ru-, Li- (ru, lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka); 14. U-
(u); 15. Ku(ku); 16. Pa (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
1 In the northern dialect c/'Tonga (Ci-siska) and in a. lesser degree in Tonga itself and in Henga
and Tumbuka occurs the remarkable phonetic combination (for Bantu) of &. in pronunciation. 'Ihis
really descends from sy and in some districts is heard as sx or zy.
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
48. Ungu is spoken in the region immediately east of Lake Rukwa in the valley of the Songwe-Lupa
river ; as far south and east as the Upper Sofigwe and Usafwa, as far west as Wanda and Unyixa, and as
far north as Ukimbu. 48 a Kimanda is spoken on the north-east shore of Lake Rukwa, west of Ungu.
49. Ipinyixa, with its allied dialects, is spoken in the region of the Nyasa-Tanganyika platau
between Lake Rukwa and the Cambezi basin ; eastwards to Wungu and Urambia and westwards to the
Mambwe and Fipa countries.
50. Iciwandia and its dialects are spoken in the eastern part of the Nyasa-Tafiganyika plateau
between the sources of the Cambezi and great Luafigwa river on the south and the Unyixa and Ukukwe
countries on the north. Also in the mountain country of north-west Nyasaland between Bundali and the
southern Sofigwe at the loth degree of South latitude.
51. Ikinyikiusa and 51 a Ikikukwe are spoken at the north end of Lake Nyasa from the Rukuru
(Karonga) river on the south-west to Langenburg and the Rumbirco river on the north-east ; and some
distance northwards into the mountainous interior as far as Bundali, Porcotco, and Ukinga. Their range
includes the Ukukwe country.
52. Cihenga and 523 Citumbuka are spoken over a considerable portion of north-west Nyasaland
from the loth degree of South latitude in the north to the valley of the great Rukuru and lat. 11 30' in
the south. Their range as Ci-henga in the north and east and Ci-tumbuka in the west and south extends
from the west coast of Lake Nyasa on the east to the valley of the Luafigwa river (Sefiga country) on
the west.
53. Citonga and 53 a Cisiska are spoken in the coast-lands of west Nyasa from Usisya or Usiska
(Ruarwe) Bay on the north to the small Luafigwa river in the south (latitude 12 30' South). It is
especially the language of the Bandawe district, the ' Atofiga ' country.
GROUP N
THE YACO-NGINDCO LANGUAGES
54. Yaco 55. Ci-ngindco (North Ngindw, South Ngindw) 553. Ci-mpwtco
GROUP O
THE MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
56. I-makua (Tulugu, ' Mo(ambique')
56 a. Northern Makua (Metco or Medto, M-bwabe)
56 b. Lomwe (Western Makua)
57. I-cuabco or Cuambw (' Quelimane')
54-
55.
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaw
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambw
South)
'Mofambigue ')
Metco or
Makua
('Quelimane')
55 a. Ci-mputco
Medco
Adze
Ka-wagco.
M-bcopco (55 a)
I-basu
*
Semco
Semco
Animal, wild
Ny-ama.
Ci-leohi ; hi-.
En-ama
In-ama
.Varna
beast
Ci-kcokco
Ci-kcokco (55 a)
Ant
Salau.
Harahu.
E-tui ;
E-nenele.
Talakco.
N-yerere
Li-pipi.
1-pamba,
pi. tui.
1-talaku
Ny-ipini
M-bamba
M-pamba
E-nenele.
M-zcozco
Ant, white
N-jece,
M-keke
O-vera
N-cere.
Namara-kolw.
U-cece.
(termite)
U-cece.
U-cejse
U-wepi
Ma-gugu
M-gumbi.
Ci-kula.
U-likwi
Arm
M-kconco
< i-wcokco ; hi-
M-6nto;
M-onoa ;
Mu-eonco ;
M-conca
mi-onco.
pi. mi-onco
mi-conco
Na-teke ;
mi-teke
Arrow
M-pamba
M-pamba; mi-
N-tere; ma-
M-teri ?
N-tere; ma-
Mu-vi
Axe
Li-wagco
Li-wagco
E-pazeo or
1-pacco
E-pasco.
Badu; di-.
Li-waco (55 a)
I-basu.
Ka-jsemco
Semco
Ma-inpadu
Baboon ...
Li-jani.
Li-yani
Kule or
Kcole ; a-
Mn-yani
Bongwe
M-cimbco
Kcoli
Back
N-gongo,
N-gongco
M-tana ; mi-.
M-tana
M-tana
M-tana.
M-gongco
N-yima (55 a)
M-z,ogco.
Duni
I-duli
Banana ...
Li-gombo)
Li-tcoki
Nika.
I-nika
M-copco ;
Ma-flgwi
E-nika.
(pi. same)
pi. mi-wcobco
(Mi-niga ==
tree}
Beard
N-deu
Ci-njuemba.
E-reori.
E-rori
E-reru.
N-devu
N-defu,N-dehu
E-reru
E-bwetu
Bee
N-yuci
N-juci
E-zui.
I-nui
E-nu
Nui ; de +
E-nui ;
i-nui
Belly
Ci-nena.
Lu-tumbco,
E-rugulu
Ma-rup<o
E-rukulu
Ci-fu ; vi-fu.
Ki-tumbeo,
Uru-tumbco
Ma-subeo.
Lvi-tumbco
E-rugulu.
Mimba
222
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaco
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuaboa or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
'Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
(' Quetimane ')
5 5 a. Ci-mpcotcj
Medea
Bird
Ci-juni
Ci-yuni;
Mwa-nuni ;
Sa-nuni ;
E-palame
Balame ; de +
i-yuni orhl-
//. api-.
//. a + .
E-nuni
E-nuni
Blood
Mi-azi or
Mw-ahi,
E-pcame,
I-pume
Li-kame.
M-lcowa.
Mi-asi
C-ahi,
I-ptome
Mu-lcova
Manm-lcopa
Mw-asi
Body
Ci-wiru.
M-biri
E-rutu
I-rutu
Ka-dada
Ma-nugu
Ci-ilu
Bone
I.i-upa
Li-hupa,
Ni-kuva ; ma-
Ni-kuwa; ma-
Li-kuwa.
Ni-kuva; ma-.
Li-fupa
Ni-gcokcojcokco
Li-kuva ; ma-
Borassus palm
M-laza.
N-kcoma-n-gconia
M-vumto
...
M-gwarangwa
...
N-gwalangwa
Bow
U-kunji
Wu-ta.
Muu-ra ; mi-
Mu-ra ;
Muu-ra.
U-ra,
U-pindi
miu-ra.
O)-ra
Wu-ra ;
E-nyangara
miwu-ra
Bowels
N-dumboj
Ama-tumbco
Ma-rubo>
Ma-rupco
...
Brains
U-tutu.
W-ongco
CO-gogoj
U-kcokw
Ma-rcohi
W-ongeo
U-wongco
Breast (man's)
Pa-m-tima
...
E-betco.
Vami-rima-ni.
Zonse.
Mu-rima
E-kagaja
Wam-rima-ni
Breast
Li-wele; ma-
Li-were ; ma-.
Ma-bele (pi.)
Ma-pele(//.)
Li-wele ;
Ni-bere; ma-
(woman's)
Ma-wela(55a)
me-ele
Brother ...
A-kulu.
N-dongco ;
Mu-lebale.
Mwa-muna-ka.
(J0-hande ; a-.
M-bale.
M-kulugu.
//. ma-longco.
M-reokorca,
A-mwuna
Muna-munu
Rare
M-pwa'-.
M-nununa,
M-reogorto ; a-.
M-pwanga ;
Nununa(55 a)
Mu-hima
//. aci-pwanga.
(-aga = my).
M-longco
(A-muzi
= brethren)
Buffalo
Nj-ati
Nj-ati
En-ari.
In-ari
En-ari.
N-ari
I-tada
Pulubu
Bull
N-ombe ja
Li-kambakco.
In-ope
. ..
.. .
...
ji-lume.
N-gombake
M-kombaku
(55 a)
Buttocks ...
Li-takco; ma-
Ma-takco
Ma-kutu
Ma-kutu
Ma-rw
Ma-rato
Canoe
W-atu ;
Uw-atu
Mw-adia.
I-kalawa
Mw-atea
Mw-adia ; mi-
ma + .
E-kalawa ; i-
Li-galawa.
Li-gungwa
Cat
C-icome ;
M-buyari.
M-kanu.
Paka ; a + .
Mo-hae
Paka
i-ycome
Ki-mlamco ; fi-
Kwadu
M-inja
Charcoal ...
Ma-kala
Ci-tihi
Ma-kala
Ni-kala ; ma-
Ma-kala
Li-kala; ma-
Chief
Aci-mwene or
M-fumco.
M-bewe
A-mwene.
A-mwene
Fumu.
Mci-mwene ;
A-mbuya.
M-bewe
Mamboi
pi. wa-i-mwene.
Bambco ;
M-tenga
ma-wambco
(55 a)
Child
Mw-ana
Mw-ana; wa-.
Mw-ana ;
Mw-an-hima ;
Mw-ana
Mw-ana.
Ak-ana ; utw-.
pi. ana-ga
pi. aci-hima.
Mu-ima
Ka-keke ; tu-.
(-aga = my)
Mw-an-gudu
Ki-lemba; vi-
Cloth
N-gueo
N-guwco
Guco ; e-guco.
I-kuco
E-ku<o
GUCJ
(1-pida
= bark)
Cold
M-bepco
Ci-pwepwe
03-riria
I -pi co
Na-kudu
...
Country ...
Mu-si.
M-dima
E-labo>
I-wani
E-lapu
N-zicd
Ci-rambco
or N-dima
GROUPS N AND O: YAGJ-NGINDCJ AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
223
54-
55-
56.
563.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaeo
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makna and
Western
Cuambco
South)
1 Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
CQuetimane')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medu
Cow
N-ombe
N-ombe
E-nope.
I-n5pe
N-ombe
N-ombe
ja n-kojlco
ya n-kcorco
In-ope
yo m-tiana
am-tiana
yin m-tiana
Crocodile ...
N-gwena
M-wina.
E-geonya
Ik-conya
Eki-tonya.
Nya-keokco ;
or N-gconya
In-wina
Mu-kaku
ma +
Day
Li-uwa.
Li-cuwa ;
O)-hiu.
Ni-huku.
OJ-hiu ;
Siku.
(Mu-usi =
//. ma-cuwa.
CO-tana
U-t>ana.
ma-hiu.
Mu-tana.
daylight)
(Mu-nhi =
M-cua
(CO-tana =
(Labco =
daylight)
daylight)
daylight)
Devil, evil
Li-suka ; ma-
Li-hcoka
Ni-pepa?
Ni-jscoka.
A-nepa
M-zimu
spirit
M-nepa; mi-
Doctor (medi-
Juam-tela
. . .
M-naka.
M-naka
*
I-nanga; di-
cine man)
M-gulukana
Dog
M-bwa
Naka-wa; pi.
Mwala-bwa ;
Mwala-pwa ;
Mwana-pwa ;
Mwana-bwa ;
wakanaka-wa.
//. Ela-bwa
pi. acila-pwa
ana-pwa.
ana-bwa
Jim-bwa;
Samla
im-bwa
Donkey
M- bund a
M-bunda.
Puru ; a +
Puru; a +
*
...
N-jcowe
Door
M-langco.
N-diangco,
M-kora; mi-
M-kora.
Am-laku-ni.
I-sekco.
Li-tanga
M-lyangw
N-jele.
CO-lagco
M-lagu.
M-lakco
M-sueo
Dream
Li- or
Ma-hcoka.
O-lcoha
U-leoha ;
C0-r<oha
Ma-tulco.
Ma-sagamileo
Ku-lcota
ma-lo>hco
U-reoa
Drum
N-gcoma
Ma-hambco
E-gcoma
I-kbima
E-kcoma
N-coma
Ear
I.i-pikanilco
Li-kutu
Ni-aru; pi.
Ny-aru ;
Li-naru.
Ni-oru ;
in-aru
m-aru
M-aru.
//. ma-yaru
Ni-wiwi
Egg
Lin-danda.
Li-humbi
Ni-ycoce;
Ny-wce ;
L-coci ;
N-zai;
Li-umbi.
m-coce
m-coce
m-coci.
ma-zai
Li-jele.
Ni-halapupco
Li-kononda.
Li-taji
Elephant ...
N-dembco
N-dembeo
Tebbeo or
I-tepoj
E-tepu.
Dcou ;
E-tebw
Na-kumali
de- or ti +
Excrement
Ma-i.
Ma-hi
Ma-vi
Ma-vi
Ma-pi
Ma-ri
Ma-nyi.
M-cimba
Eye
L-isco ;
L-ihu,
N-iteo;
N-ibco;
L-itu ;
N-inti ;
m-esco
L-ihu ; m-ihco
in-etco
m-et>eo
m-etu
m-etto
Face, forehead
Pau-syco.
Ci-wungi
Ol)w.ito>.
E-kove.
W-itoa-ni.
Kcope.
Kum-esco
E-yuji ; i-
W-itco.
E-kcove
C0m-et-ni
I-kcowe
Fat
Ma-uta
Ma-huta
Ma-kura
Ma-kura
Ma-kura.
Ma-kura
E-kura.
Ma-lesu
Father ...
A-tati.
A-tati,
Titi
A-biW,
...
Baba
Wese.
Aka-tate
A-biribi ;
( Wese-gwe =
//. same.
his father)
(A-tata =
ancestors)
Fear
W-coga
...
W-cova
U-cukula
COva
Ma-ta. W-eova
Finger
C-ala ;
Ci-uwu ;
Ni-k<oko>.
I-jisi.
E-punu.
I -bunco ;
//. iy-ala.
hi-uwTi.
E-legwe ;
N i-keokco.
Mu-ne ;
vi-bunco.
(Ci-kongco =
N-gonji,
i-legwe
E-Hbue.
mi-ne
I -bun we ; vi-
thumb)
Ci-angonji ;
(Ni-ata =
hi-
thumb)
Q 2
224
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
54-
Yato
55-
Ci-ngindto
(North and
South)
5 5 a. Ci-mptoteo
56.
I-makua
(Tulugu,
'Afofambiyue ')
563.
Northern
Makua and
Metto or
Medco
56 b.
Lomwe or
Western
Makua
57-
I-cuabto or
Cuambto
('Quelimane' 1 )
Fire M-otto. Li-otto M-otto M-orto M-orto M-ulu. M-otto;
(warmth) M-orto mi-otto
Fish Somba Li-homba, E-htoba I-htopa E-homba. Oba
Hyomba(55a) I-ttobi
Foot Li-sajto, Lu-ayto ; malu- Ny-ato ; Mw-etto Ny-alu Nny-alto.
Fish
Somba
Li-homba,
E-htoba
I-htopa
E-homba.
Oba
Hyomba(55 a)
I-ttobi
Foot
Li-sajto,
Lu-ayto ; malu-
Ny-ato ;
Mw-etto
Ny-alu
Nny-alto.
Lu-sayto.
N-gonji(55a).
m-ato.
Mw-edto
Li-kau
Li-kontonto
Bi-kawi
Forest
M-sezto.
Mi-kongto(/>/.).
E-tapa.
Mw-ibupi.
CO-sambene.
Mw-iru.
Li-gonde
Ma-ham ba.
E-takwa
Mu-ini
Mu-hiru
Paka.
Ci-htoli (553)
Ktoktola
Fowl
N-guku
N-guku
Mwala-ku ;
Ila-ku
Mwana-ku.
Mwana-ku.
ela-ku.
E-k5
E-ku;
E-k5
pi. re-ku
Frog
Ci-ula ; y-ula.
Li-ngula
Mu-rtonyi ; mi-
Ma-rapi
...
Na-idue ; a +
Li-ula ;
//. m-tola.
Na-sonda
Ghost
M-zimu or
Ci-wanda
M-nepa
M-nepa
M-nepa
Mu-zimto ;
M-simu
a-zimto
Giraffe
N-ja
N-dwika.
.
I-tata
...
...
C-unju
Girl
Amw-ali,
Mu-hinja.
...
M-irao
Li-buru ; ma-
Mw-ali ;
N a- wali ;
w-ali,
wakana-wali.
aci-wali
Mu-yake; wa-
Goat
M-buzi or
M-buhi or
E-buri
E-puri
E-puri.
M-buzi
M-busi
M-ene
E-cehu
(he) ...
Tonde
Li-pongto
E-ltobw-ana
. . .
...
...
God
M-lungu
M-bamba.
M-luku
M-luku
M-hale.
Mu-lugto
M-lungu
Mu-rimu
Grandparent
M-buje ;
Bwabu.
Gbwui,
A-muna.
...
Bibi.
am-buje,
Kaka (5 5 a)
Gwia.
A-buya
Na-buiya
acam-buje
Tata
Grass
Li-nyasi
Ma-nyahi.
Ma-lasi
Ma-nyasi
Ma-nasi
Ma-ani
Ground
Li-taka
Li-taka.
O-ttope ;
I-wani
E-taya
Taka
Lu-kumbi.
ma-tope
Li-dupi
Ground-nut
N-jama.
N-jugu.
Ma-nduvT
M-tesa
E-lto.
Ma-nduwi
M-tesa.N-tesa
Ma-rawi
1
Ma-ndawi
Guinea-fowl
N-ganga
Li-cundu
E-kaga
I-kaka.
E-kaga.
Kaga
I-koltolto
E-ktoltolto
Gun
U-ti,
Huti
Ka-buti ; i +
Ka-pwiti
Ka-puti.
Futi ; de +
ma-uti
M-tapikto.
M-bila
Hair
Lu-umbto ;
Li-junju,
E-karali
I-karari
M-ehe,
N-titi.
pi. mil boo
Li-unju.
M-ihl
Mu-riti
or ma-umbu
N-juile
Hand
Li-gaza,
Li-wtokto.
Wa-sanja ;
M-ta or
N-tata; ma-
N-dada,
Li-gasa
Ci-ganja
e-sanja.
M-baba ; ma-
N-nada,
N-tata
L-anda ; ma
Head
N-twi ;
N-duturu.
Mu-rto
Mu-rru,
Mu-ru.
Mu-ru
mi-twi
Mu-twe,
Mu-ru
Li-kuva
M-utu
Heart
N-tima,
M-tima.
M-rima
Mu-rima or
Mu-rima
M-rima
M-tima ; mi-
M-oyto.
M-rima ; mi-
N-ntima
GROUPS N AND O: YAUKNGINDU) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES 225
54-
55-
56.
563.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaw
Cl-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
' Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
CQuelimane')
55 a. Ci-mpwtco
Medu
Heel
Ci-ndende
Ci-sukururco
E-geogwinw.
I-kcotcokcotco.
Eny-ingala
I-tilini.
E-kcotsa; i-
E-kukwinyco
E-gugunco
Hide
Li-kombwa
Hi-ega?
E-kataka
N-dabala
E-sabala
Hill
Li-tumbi,
Ci-tumbi ; hi-
Mw-agco
N-rima.
Namw-agco
...
Ka-tumbi
Mw-akoa
Hippopotamus
N-dumondo
N-dtomondw
Tumondu
I.pitu
Na-petu.
Tomodco
E-pwitu
Hoe
Ci-leka
...
E-hipa.
I -hi pa
M-seseri
E-iba, Iba ;
Li-jela
Ni.nsadu
v-iba
Honey
Ma-sega
W-uci
O-rav<o
U-raeo wco
Ma-kalapa.
Uci and Ui
i-nui
I-nui
ar W-uyi
Horn
M-serigeo.
Mara or
Eny-aka
Mny-aka.
Ny-aka
Ny-aka
Li-penga,
Li-mara.
Ni-penga ;
Li-wefigwa.
Li-nyelco (5 5 a)
ma-
Mny-anga
House
N-yumba.
N-yumba.
En-upa
in -Spa
Mpa,
N-uba,
Ka-jumba.
N-khati
E-mba
n-umba ; pi.
Li-keome.
den-umba
Li-wasa
Hunger
Sala
N-jara.
E-dala
I-bala
E-tala
Dala
Husband ...
A-stoneo or
...
M-lcopw-ana
Namu-ikwe
**
M-sconogu
Hyena
Li-tunu.
Li-pundu
Ku-zupa; a +
Ku-jiipa ; a +
Ku-zupa.
N-tika.
Li-tunungu
E-japua
Nam-gudu.
Nyamu-ngunu
Iron
Ci-pala.
Li-vumbu.
E-yuma
I.yuma
M-kcokco
U-tale
M-lapo>
C-uma.
(iron ore)
Ny-enge
Island
Ci-lwa ; i-lwa.
Ci-lwa ;
E-kisira
N.tinji
COci-lwa
Suwa
Ki-rumba ;
fi-lwa
i-rumba
Ivory
Mny-afiga.
N-dembeo
Miny-aga
Ny-aka no>
Mu-yaka
Ny-aka
Li-penga
tepco
Knee
Li-rungw,
Ci-yuwa ;
Ni-kuta ; ma-.
Ni-kuba ; ma-
Li-kuta
Ni-bodca or
Li-luhgu
hi-yuwa
Ne-geota.
Bondoi ; ma-
OO-gcokora
Knife
Ci-pula.
Ci-pura
Mw-aleo
Mw-al<o
M-padl,
M-beni
Ci-maje
Beni
Lake
Ny-asa.
Lu-ci
N-rata
N.tia ;
An-tia
Li-tanda
ma-tia
Leg
Lu-kongcolo*
Ci-wuru ; ma-.
Mw-etco;
Mw-edco
Mw-etu
Mw-edw.
Li-gulu (55 a)
pi. m-etw
Mw-entu; mi-
Leopard ...
Ki-suwi,
Li-buwi or Ci-
Havara
Havara
Keregere.
Nya-rugwe ;
Ci-sui
Severe
ma +
Lion
Li-simba
Li-simba
Karamu
Karamu.
Mw-atco
Pcodcogcoma.
Mu-kangu ;
Mn-andcoe
//. amu-kangu
Lips
Lu-gcomcj ; m-.
Mi-rcomu
N-dere
I-yanco
U -learned
Mi-rcomco
M-lom<a ; mi-.
Lu-jemco
Magic
U-sawi
U-hawi.
O-kwiri
U-kwiri
U-kwiri
Senga.
Hi-hilu (55 a)
Ma-le
Maize
Ci-manga ;
Ci-rombe
Na-ku<o
Na-kueo ;
Na-hepwe
Nam-bedi.
i-manga
ana-kuco
Li-vilamanga
Man
Mu-ndu; wa-
Mu-ndu ; wa-
M-tu; a-tu
M-tu ; a-tu
Mu-tu;
Mu-tu ; a-tu.
a-tu
Mu-ntu ;
a-ntu
226
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaoo
Ci-ngtndw
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
'Mofambique ')
Metco or
Makua
('Quelimane')
55 a. Ci-mptotco
Medco
Man, vir. ... Juam-lume Mu-lume. M-lcopw-ana; a-.
Ka-kombco Mu-lugw-ana
Mu-leobw-ana
Meat
Ny-ama
Ci-liwi
n-ama
In-ama
En-ama
N-ama
Medicine ...
Ci-lagu.
M-rete
...
M-tera,
M-tela
Milk
Li-kama.
Lu-kama
Ma-pele
...
Ma-kaka
Ma-wele
Monkey ...
Ki-tumbiri
I.i-tumbiri
Kcotco ; a +
M -sap we.
Na-karama
K col to or
Tupili
Korco
Moon
Mw-ezi.
Mw-ehi
Mw-eri
Mw-eri
Mw-eri
Mw-eri
Li-tumba
Mother ...
A-maco.
Akw-itu
Mae
Manyi
Maa
U-ma
Aci-kulu-gwe
Mountain ...
Li-tumbi.
Ci-tumbi
Mw-akco
Mw-akco
Mw-agti
Mw-angeo
Li-cenje
Mouth
Ka-mwa
Ka-nwa.
M w-aneo.
I-yanco. .
Wayanuni
Mu-lciimco
M-lcomw,
Ey-anco ;
Ma-lagu
Nn-dcomo
iy-anco
Nail (of finger
Ci-kalawesa
Ci-uhu
E-kata; i-
E-kata;
E-karuka.
Y-ala ;
or toe)
i-haba
Ma-karu (pi.)
vi-ala
Name
L-ina ;
Li-hina
N-zina
X-cina
N-sina
N-zina
m-ena '
Navel
Ci-scou
...
M-jombco.
M-teku
\-teoku
Mu-toyco.
N-teku; mi-
Mu-tcoku
Neck
Lu-kcosi ; ma-
Hingu.
Sikco or
I-sik<o
Li-kcohi.
Ni-kcoti
Li-kcolcomelco
E-sikco.
Xa-lcokcolojkco
Milw
Night
C-irco,
K-iru,
0-hiu
U-hiu
Ma-hiu
Ma-tiu
C-ilca.
K-ilw
(Ci-pi =
darkness)
Nose .
Ox
Lu-pula
N-ombe
M -bunco
N-ombe
E-pula
E-n5pe
I-pula
I-fiope
K-puna
En-ombe
Punw
N-ombe
ja ji-fure
ya kapadu
Paddle
N-gavi
...
N-ombeo
Palm wine,
U-cima,
N-dahi'
Sura
...
U-wema
Wiema.
beer
U-cema.
(W-alwa =*
Ma-jenga.
beer)
U-kana,
(Utu-lwa =
sweet beer)
Parrot
Na-mame ;
Li-hekwa
E-kwia
E-kuei
Na-mame
pi. aki -f ,
aci + .
N-gwalu,
N-gwesi
Penis
Li-olce,
M.borcd
M-bcolco
M-pcolcj
Sondco
Li-wcolco.
Y-alo
Pig
Li-guluwe,
Li-uluwe,
E-guluwe
I-kuluwe
Guluwe
Guluwe
Li-gcolule
Li-guluwe
Pigeon
N-juwa.
N-juwa,
E-kunda.
N-cia
N-bia
Ka-figaiwa.
N-gunda
N-jiwa
N-zia
Na-nycokco ;
ana-
Maj-ina = respect.
GROUPS N AND O: YAGJ-NGINDU) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
227
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
\aco
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
'Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
('Quelimane')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medoo
Place
Ki-rambu.
N-dima
Ni-bar<o.
Va-citu
M-lapco.
M-butu
Pa-. Ma-lco.
Va-tu
Ni-bureo
Pa-ndu
Rain
Ula ; ma +
I-hura,
E-bula.
I-pula
M-sonkwe.
M-zogwe or
Hula
Suwa
E-bula
Mu-ts<okwe
Rat
Li-kcoswe.
M-cenje
Ni-kule ; ma-.
Ni-kule ; ma-
N-silu.
M-cilu,
Li-buku
E-mede
Ma-cili (pi.)
N-jilu ; ma-
Rhinoceros
M-bela.
..*
M-ccojco,
Pela
pe-pembere
Pueti
Ci-pembere
N-jtojeo
(hippo ?)
River
Lu-sulco.
M-kuka,
Mu-reo
Mc.)-lcokco
Mu-hici.
Ny-anja
Lu-jenda
Nn-kuka
OOlu-si
Road, path
Li-tala.
N-dira
E-pirco
E-pirco or
E-tila.
Dila
Li-kondco
I-pireo
Em-pitca.
Me-dala
Salt
N-jete
...
Ma-ka
Ma-ka
Ma-ba
Mu-inyu
Shame
Sconi
Hconi
Haya
I-sconi
. ,.
Sheep
N-gcoza.
Berere.
E-butibuti
I-kondorco.
E-pila
Bira
N-gondtolco
Li-ncohi ; ma-
Putiputi
Shield
Ci-kupa
Ci-kupa
...
Ici-kcopa
...
Shoulder ...
Li-koyco
Li-wega
Ni-kata ;
Ni-kata.
N-turL
E-turi ; vi-
ma-kata.
W-eturi
Ni-kata
E-turi
Sister
Lumbu ;
M-gtoli.
N-rubca.
U-rojkora.
Mu-rukeo.
M-leogco.
//. aca +
M-numbw
Mu-reogora
A-rcogora
A-bcosie
Mu-nanti
Skin
Li-pende.
Ki-ega
E-kata-ka.
U-rapala
Ni-kada.
Li-kugu ; ma-.
Li-kombwa.
Ni-kuli ; ma-
Tebe
Li-kwimba.
Li-kunami
Sky
Kw-iunde.
Ku-nani.
W-irimu
1-rimu.
Mi-rapeo
N-drabu
Ku-inane.
Ma-hundi
Ni-hute
Li-unde
Slave
M-kapcolu
M-manda ;
M-sare ; a-
I-pota.
* * >
Mu-bare
a-wanda.
A-kaporco.
M-banda ;
M-lcoku
a-wanda (55 a)
(M-ltokw-aka);
//. a-leoku-
(a-lcokw-aka)
Sleep
Lu-gconco
Lu-gunto
O-ruba.
I-kcove
E-rulu
Tu-lco
E-kcove
Smoke
Li-cosi
Li-cohi
Mw-isi
Mw-isi,
Mw-isi.
Mw-ici or
Mco-ifisi
E-tutu
W-uji
Snake
Li-jcoka
Li-coka,
E-ncoa,
I-ncoa,
E-ncoa
Ncoa; de +
Li-jcoka
E-nwya
1-ncoya
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana,
Mw-ana
Mw-ana ;
Mw-ana
Mw-ana
(M-songtolo,
K-ana
m-lupw-ana
pi. ap-ana
m-loapw-ana
m-lcopw-ana
M-canda =
boy)
Song
Lu-imbo ;
Lu-imbw ; ny-
E-ziboj
N-cipo>; ma-
...
Ny-imbeo
ny-imbeo.
Ma-lumbco
Spear
Li-panga
M-ko>ha
Ni-vaga.
Ni-vaka
Li-vaka
Mw-alagu ; mi-
Songa
Spirit, soul
M-tima?
Umi
M-rima ?
M-kuluba
Star
N-dondwa
Lu-tondeo.
E-tcodwa
I-tcotwa
Teneri
Neneri
N-dondwa(55a)
Stick
N-gongco.
M-bihi.
E-kcopco.
I-kcopco.
Em-wiri
N-dcodeo.
Bokoila.
M-sagi.
N-tale ; mi-
N-tondco
Fimbcoa
N-dindisco
Himbati
228
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaco
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambto
South)
' Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
(' Quelitnane ')
5 5 a. Ci-mputu
Medco
Stone
Li-gonga.
Iri-we ; ma-.
N-lugu ; ma-
N-luku
Lugu.
Mw-ala
(Li-wala =
Li-wco ; ma-u
Ni-bucwa
rock)
(55 a)
Stool
Ci-tengu
Ci-tihu
E-hice
I-hice
...
. . .
Sun
Li-uwa
Li-uwa,
N-zua
N-cuwa
N-sua
N-zua,
Li-cuwa
N-tsua
Tail (of an
M-cila
...
>
Mw-ila
Mu-ira
animal)
Tear
M-scozi,
M-hcoli ; mi-
W-unla
Mi-bori
M-scodi
M-tori
I.i-scosi
Testicles ...
Li-tongco ;
Ma- tongco
E-kete
...
E-pulu
Puru
ma-tongco.
Lu-pwala
Thief
Jua-wi
M-kungu.
Mw-iyi;
COw-iya
Nim-iya
M-bava
Mw-ii ; w-i
eyi
(55 a)
Thigh
Ci-walu.
Lu-leta
I-tari.
M-baja.
Na-tundulu
Taku;
Li-ciga
Mw-ebeli ;
Na-tiindulu
ti-t>aku ; di-
Thing
Ci-ndu ;
Ci-ndu ;
pi. me-beli
E-tu
I-tu
E-lu
I-loibco ; vi-
i-ndu
h i-ndu
Thorn
Mw-iwa
Mw-iha.
Mw-iwa ;
Mw-iwa
Mw-uva
Mu-figa
Nn-ha; mi-
m-iwa
Tobacco ...
Scono.
Li-huna
Scone
Scone
Sula.
Hcora
Fcodia
To-day
Lelco
La-rinu,
E-lelco
Lelco
E-lelco
Dabunco,
La-linco
Dabuinco
Toe
Ci-ala.
Pitco
Ni-kcoku ; ma-
E-kcokco
I-bunco
(Ci-koiigco =
big toe)
To-morrow
Ma-lawi
. . *
M-elto
M-elo>
(0-seselu
Ma-ngwana
Tongue
Lu-rumi
Lu-lime
N-limi
N-limi
Lumi
M-lumi
Tooth
L-inu.
L-inco ;
N-innco ;
Ninco
L-inu
L-inco
(Li-jengco =
mi-n<o
m-ennco
molar.
Li-songco =
canine)
Town
Mu-zi.
Mu-zi.
E-labu,
E-lagwco ; i-.
Wa-wani
M-zinda.
M-tete
Ci-kaya; hi-
E-lagweo ; i-
I-tcogco,
Mu-bi ;
E-tegco; i-
mi-bi
Tree
M-tera,
M-tengco.
Mu-ri.
Mw-iri ;
M-tapikco
Mu-ri
M-tela
M-bihi.
M-tali
mi-iri
Nn-tofigco.
Nn-kongco
Twins
Ma-wira
Ma-paha
M-asa
Na-vata,
An-asa
Ma-gwira
Ma-vata
am-bili
Urine
Ma-kwezco
Ma-kcoju
Mi-nyojzeo
U-ruca
U-ncosco
Mi-rudu
(verb,
Ku-tunda)
Vein
M-tasi ; mi-.
. *.
M-tinga ; mi-.
M-titari ; mi-.
. ..
Mu-jiji ;
M-sindco ; mi-
N-tiga ; mi-
N-sempfa
me-jiji
War
N-gondw
N-gond<o
E-kotto,
I -kcotco
E-kcotco
Kcodco
Kodco
Water
M-ezi
Ma-ji.
Ma-ri,
Ma-si,
Ma-inji.
Ma-inje
Ma-ci (55 a)
Ma-zi
Ma-si
Ma-hi
Well, source
Ci-sima.
Ci-liwa.
. . .
I m -para we.
...
U-liwa
Ci-hconco
I-himi. I-lusi
GROUPS N AND O: YAGO-NGINDGJ AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
229
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaw
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
' 'Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
('Quetimane ')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medco
White man
M-zungu
M-sungu
M-gunya ; a-
A-guinya
M-zungu
M-zugu;
va-zuku
Wife
A-seonco ; pi.
M-bumba.
M-ti-ana ; a-.
M-t>i-ana
Mw-ar-aka
Mw-adie,
ac'a-sconco
Ny-umbco
Mw-ar-aga
Mw-adi
Wind
M-bepco.
M-bepco
E-peu
I-peco
Li-peveo.
Pevoo
M-bungco
E-takco
Witch
M-sawi
M-hawi
M-kwiri.
M-kwiri
M-kwiri
M-kuri
(00-lcoa =
to bewitch)
Witchcraft
U-sawi
U-hawi
U-kwiri
*
i
Woman
N-kongwe;
Mu -banco.
M-ti-ana
M-bi-ana.
M-ti-ana
Mu-i-ana.
ac'a-.
M-kigi ; pi.
Mw-ana-ti
Mu-iy-ena ; a-
M-bumba ;
aki-kigi.
aca +
M-bumba
(5 5 a)
Womb
N-dumbco
I-rukula
Wood (fire-
Lu-kwi ;
Hanju
E-kuni'
I-kuni
E-kuni
Mu-ri
wood)
n-gwl.
Lu-sasu ; sasu
Yam
Li-peta.
Ci-paru
Eki-razi
Ni-peta ; ma-
E-telu
M-zama or
Li-jimbi
Mu-tsama
Year
C-aka ; y-aka
C-aka ; y-aka
Ey-aka
Y-aka
Mny-aka
Gcole
Yesterday
L-isco.
Li-gorco
N-zana
M-jana,
. . .
N-zilco
Li-jusi
N-jana
Zebra
M-bunda
M-bunda,
E-tugco
I-puta
Mu-pisi
*
M-punda
One
mot
mwe,
Mcoza
1-mcoka
Mcosa,
Moda
mco
Mcoha
Two
wiri,
wiri,
Bili or
Pili
Pili
Bili, bid,
-wili
-vili
Peli
beli
Three
tatu
tatu
tatu,
taru
taru
taru
tarco
Four
cece,
N-cece.
jese
-sepi,
nai
nai
N-cece,
I-cece
-cepe
M-cece
Five .
sanco
Mu -banco
tanu
banu
tanu
tanu
Six
sanco
Mu-hanco
tan' na mcoza
-banu
tanu
tanu
na ki-mco
na ci-mcoe
na i-mcoka
na m-coha
na moda
or -sanco
ku-pambula
li-mco
Seven
sanco ni i-wiri
banco ni will
tan' na peli
banu na pili
tanu na pili
tanu na beli
or -sanco
ku-pambula
ga-wili
Eight
sanco ni i-tatu
...
tan' na taru
banu na taru
tanu na taru
tanu na taru
or -sanco
ku-pambula
i-tatu
Nine
sanco
...
tan' na jejse
banu na -pepi
tanu na nai
tanu na nai
ni m-cece
or -sanco
ku-pambula
m-cece
230
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
54-
Yaw
J5-
Ci-ngindco
(North and
South)
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
56.
I-makua
(Tulugu,
'Mo(amtigue')
56 a.
Northern
Makua and
Metco or
Medco
56 b.
Lomwe or
Western
Makua
57-
I-cuabco or
Cuambco
('Quelimane ')
Ten
Li-kumi
Kumi.
M-lcogco,
Kumi.
Li-kumi.
Kumi
Li-cira
Mu-lcogco
Mu-lcogco
M -looked
Eleven
Li-kumi
Kumi
Mu-lcogco
Mu-lcogco
Li-kumi
Kumi
ni ki-mco
na ci-mcoe
na mcoza
na i-mcoka
na mcoha
na moda
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
M-lcogco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kum-m-edi
ga-wiri (also
ga-wiri.
mi-ili
m-eli
me-eli
in Old Yau,
? Ma-cira
Di-jira ;
ga-wiri
pi. ma-jira
teste Bleek)
Thirty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-lcogco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
ga-tatu
ga-tatu
mi-raru
ma-raru
ma-raru
ma-rarco
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-lcogco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
n-cece
ncece
mi-jese
ma-cese
ma-nnai
ma-nai
Fifty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Mi-lcogco
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
ga-sanco or
rn-ha.nct>
mi-tanu
ma-banu
ma-tanu
ma-tanu
m-sanco (sixty
(sixty =
= Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
m-sanco
ma-banco
ni li-mco)
na ni-mcoka)
Hundred ...
Li-gana
Li-cira '
M-lcogco
...
Ma-kumi
Zana
(li-mwe) ;
zene m-lcogo
1 1 i-lcokco ?
pi. ma-cira.
I-gana
Thousand...
Mw-anda 1
...
...
...
Ci-kwi
I, me, my ...
Ne-ju, U-ne.
Ne-nga.
Mi co.
Mi. Mi-nyano.
Mi-a, Mi-anto.
Mi- co.
N-, Ni-.
Ni-, N-.
Ki-.
Ki-.
Gi-.
N-, Ndi-, Di-.
n-. -a-ngu
n-, ni-. -a-ngu
ki- or -gi-.
ki-. -a-ka
-gi-. -ka
di-. -a-ga
-a-ga
Thou, thee,
U-gwe,Gwe-ju. We-nga.
We.
U-we. We-yu.
I-we, I-we-anco.
We-yco.
thy
U-.
U-.
0)-, U-.
U-.
(x)-, U-.
U-.
ku-. -a-kco
ku-. -a-kco
hu-, -wu-.
u-. -a-co
u-. -a-o
u-. -a-o
-a-co
He, him, his
A-jco, A-jeojto.
Nconco ? Yco ?
O)le.
Ycoyco.
E-yco.
Iye-ne.
A-, Ju-.
Yombe.
(D-, U-.
A-.
U-.
U-, Ba-.
m-, -mw-.
A-.
m-. -a-we
m-. -a-we
-mu-, -m-. -we
u-. -a-i
-a-kwe
m-, -mu-. -a-ke
We, us, our
Uwe, Uwe-iu.
Twe-nga.
Hi-o), Hi-nyco,
Hi-yanco.
Hi-yanco.
I-yco.
TU-.
Ti-.
Hi-yanco.
Hi-yco.
Ni-.
Ni-.
tu-. -e-tu
-ti-. -i-tu
Ni-.
N-, Ni-.
ni-. -i-hu
ni-. -e-u
ni- (?-gi-,
-ni-. -i-hu
ki-). -e-hu
Ye, you, your
Umwe,
Mwe-nga.
Nyu, Nyu-co,
Nyenyu.
Nyu-anco.
Nyu-co.
Umwe-ju.
Mu-, M-.
Nyenyu.
Nyu-a>.
Mu-.
Mu-.
M-, Mu-.
mu-. -i-nu
M-, MU-.
M-, Mu-, N-.
-e-nyu
-e-nyu
wa-. -e-nu
hu-. -e-nyu
-n-, -ni-.
-i-nyu
They, them,
Wa-le. Aco.
We-nga ?
Ahcowa.
Ya-yco. A-yco.
A-yto.
Aw-ene.
their
A-.
Wombe.
A-.
A-, Ya-.
A-.
A-.
a-, wa-. -a-eo Wawere?
wa-, -ha-.
, -a-, -a-ya
wa-. -a-e
a-, -a-wa
Wa-, A-.
-a-ya
-wa-. -a-co,
-a-wco
1 This sometimes means one hundred, and apparently sometimes merely ten.
8 Mw-anda in Yaco means ' a great number which cannot be counted'.
GROUPS N AND O: YACU-NGINDOJ AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
231
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaw
Ci-ngindeo
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
' 'Mozambique ')
Metto or
Makua
(' Quelimane ')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medco
All
This, these
That, those
ose ; -coha (Ote-ne
onke-a Ate-ne ; -obe-ne
ose-pe
te-ne
A-jeo orJM. U-yu, a-wa ; U-la, a-la ;
U-la, a-la ; U-yw, a-yco ; U-du, a-wa ;
a-wa ; a-u, ?, ? ; i-ri, u-la, ci-la ;
u-la, ci-la ; u-yu ; ? u-bu or oo-bu,
a-ji; a-li,a-ga; a-ga; &<:. n-na, a-la;
n-na, a-la ; ? ; e-ni ?,
a-ci, a-i ; a-ji, i-la, ci-la ;
i-la,ci-la(?lo); a-ma ? ; i-ci ?,
a-si; a-lu; uu; va-a;
55; va-a; i-vi?; ?; de-ne,
a-tu ; a-ka ; muu
muu esi ? ; &>c.
a-u ; a-ku ;
o-pa; a-mu.
A-juju ;
a-wawa ; 6-V.
Aju-nca,
awa-nu ;
au-neo ; &*c.
(Ju-ele-ju; Jco-la ; wa-ra; U-le; a-le;
U-le ; a-le ; &c. 0)-le ; a-la ; Udu-le ; awa-le;
w-ele-wa ; ? ; ? ; le-ra ; u-le ; ci-le ;
Yco-le ; ya-yw ; <o-le ; &fc. ubu-le ; &*c.
w-ele-u ; gaTa ; &*c. n-ne ; a-le ;
yo>-le; ceci-le;
j-ele-ji ; &c.~) &c. ;
une-ne ;
A-jeo, a-wto ; va-le (16) ;
ya-le (6) ;
a-eo ; a-jw ; mu-le (17)
ye-le ; ceci-le ;
a-lyco ; a-gw ;
woo-we (14) ;
&c.
va va-le (16);
Aju-la, Awa-la;
mo)mu-le(i7).
au-la, aji-la ;
11i-<o-la (i) ;
ali-la, aga-la;
pi-a-yw or
aci-la, ai-la ;
pi-ya-la (2) ;
aji-la, asi-la ;
pu-yco-la (3) ;
alu-la ; &*c.
pi-ceci (4) ;
pi-ne-na (5) ;
pi-ya-la (6) ;
pi-ye-la (9) ;
pi-ceci (10) ;
pu-wcowu (14);
pi-vava,
vava-w (16) ;
wcow-w (15) ;
pu-mcomu(l7).
Bad
Expressed by
himu.
Weoloj-wa, &*c.
nanara
(0-warara
takala
' not good' 1 ;
bi
-in-takala
also -bi =
'black',
Black
'angry'.
pilyuu ;
piri
o-ri-pa.
-o-ri-pa.
-to-ri-pa
co-ri-ba,
-pilila,
-co-takala
-u-takala
-u-ri-pa.
bi ~
Ki-kcode-le
Female
kojfigwe.
dara.
ti-ana
bi-ana
ti-ana
i-ana ;
kcolu
klgi.
seva
ana-wa-ke
Fierce
kali
caca
Good
mbcone.
nwfu.
o-rera
-co-rera
-co-ha-pa ;
-u-kwde-ra
kuta.
-hali-le.
-o-rera
lumba-na
nyahi
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaco
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua ami
Western
Cuambcj
South)
'Mozambique ')
Metco or
Makua
('Quelimane')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medco
Great
kulungwa
kurungu,
kulu-bale ;
kulu-bale.
tcokcotcokco.
indinuia.
kulungwa
ulu-bale.
mulu-pale.
ulu-pale
-e-ula
-wu-nua
-wu-nua
Little
nandi
cukco-pe.
-am-kane,
kani
nanju.
I-nconco.
-nccokco
kane.
or -kane.
-ncononconco
-e-nye-wa
yeya
ye-wa
Long
-lew.
...
-u>-rega-ma
-co-tali-va
-cimpa
-u-la-pa
leu-pa
(verb)
Male
lume.
pongco.
Icobw-ana
-m-lcop^v-ana
Mwa-luku;
Icabw-ana.
kambakco
-ana-lume.
Icopw-ana
Pogco
kambakco
(animals)
Old
kulu ;
Wu-wala
-co-kalai.
...
Kalamba
kala
Eh(o-tala.
ulu-pale
Red
cejeu
...
-o-seria
kwila.
...
...
co-sera
Rotten
ucole
...
vunya
-unta
-u-vunda
Short
-upi,
...
kuvi.
kuve-a
ivisi.
...
-ipi
00-kuve-ha
An-ivisi
Sick
Iwele,
...
-wo-reya
reta.
. ..
reta
Iwala
-we-reiya
White
swela
bara-fu
-o-tela
-o-tela
Yco-wela
cena
Above, up,
Canya.
Ku-nani
-va-zulu
-m-culu,
-va-zuru
on top
Pa-canya.
va-culu
Ku-inani.
Pe-nani
Before,in front
Ca-mbuju,
I-mugi.
U-hcolw
Mi-hcolco
...
U-zogorco
Pa-mbujcj
Pa-lungi
Behind, last
-n-yuma.
I n-yuma
U-duli
U-buli
...
...
Ca-mbesi
Below, down
Ku-si,
Pa-hi
Va-ti
Va-W
...
-va-ti
Pa-si.
Kw-iwanda
Far
Ku-tali-ka
Kuli-pa
CO-tawene.
U-tai.
. ..
...
Va-de
Va-be
Here
Apanco
A pa
Vava.
Va
Ava.
OOkunu,
Unto.
Va!
Apanco
N-nco
In, inside ...
Mw-e.
M'-, Mu-
Mu-hina.
Mhina ; -ni
M-, -mw-e
M-, Mu-are
M-kati
Ne-bani.
Mw-a-, -ni
Middle
Cisi-kati,
. ..
Iri-are
Iri-ari ya-
...
are
Cili-kati
Near
Pa-ngulu
Pahipahi
Wa-kivi-ru
Wa-tama
...
1-kuvi
Outside ...
Ku-sa
Ku-uma,
U-ta(?).
Va-be
...
U-dambco
I'ii-uma
Va-de
Plenty
jinji
ingi
njene
inji
-n-ceni.
inji
-n-cici
There
Kulakula.
Kura
Vale,
Vale
Uwco
Apale
Ku-nco
Vavw.
N-we
Where? ...
Kwa-pi ?
...
Va-i ?
Va-i ?
...
U-vi?
*
Va-yi ?
GROUPS N AND O: YAU)-NGINDU) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES
233
54-
55-
56.
56 a.
56 b.
57-
English
Yaco
Ci-ngindco
I-makua
Northern
Lomwe or
I-cuabco or
(North and
(Tulugu,
Makua and
Western
Cuambco
South)
'Mozambique')
Metco or
Makua
(' Quelimane ')
55 a. Ci-mpcotco
Medco
No
N-gwamba !
Lietu !
lii! Aa! Ata !
Kiimco !
Aki.pale !
Seye ! Ke !
Not (with verb,
Nga-, Nge-,
Ki- (istfars.
A-ki-, A-gi- (\st
A-ki (\stpers.);
A-ki
Ka-
as prefix, in-
Ngi-, Ngu-,
sing.}.
pers. sing} ;
Ka-, K'- ;
fix, or suffix)
Ngini-,
lietu (nega-
Ki-orGi-,Ku-;
hi- (-si-) ; and
Ngana-,
tive suffix}.
Ka- (all per-
nmch as in 56
Ngunu- ;
Nga- ; -nga- ;
sons} ; Ne-,
Ngasa-,
Ka-, -ka- ;
Mi- (subj} ;
Ngisi-,
naka- (55 a) ;
na- ; -hi-;
Ngusu- ;
tupu (neg.
-le (suffix).
Ngi-kini-,
verb)
na- (infix)
Nga-kana-,
Ngu-kunu- ;
-ka (-ga-) -ga
(or -je) ;
-kasa-, -kaja-
To
Ku
Ku-
00-
U-
U-
U-, 00-
beat
menya
puta.
mana
wata
...
vada
menya
,, buy, sell
suma
gura
tumi-ha,
buma
tuma-li,
ngula
tuma
tuma
come ...
isa or
ica
wa
ua
rwa
da
ica
cut
tema
dumura
tigila
bikila
kata,
-rema.
kakata
gwada
,, dance ...
wina,
ihina
rugunea.
-twela.
ihina
ceta
ina
wina
-wu-ina
die
uwa
fwa,
kwa
kwa
-pwa
kwa
huwa,
hwa
eat
lia
ria,
ja
lia
ca
ja
dia
give ...
pa
pa.
va-ha
kumi-ha ;
inya
va-a
pika.
nya.
wana
va-ha
go
enda ;
-genda,
rcoa;
weba.
rcoa;
dwa.
jen da ;
enda
-eta
rcoa
-ka
famba
ja
kill ...
ula-ga
kcoma
-iva
wiva
ipa
pa, -upa
know ...
manya
manyi,
zuela
cuela
suwela
zewa
manya
,, laugh ...
seka
-heka
-tea
-tea
tea
tea
,, leave off,
leka
leka
hia
hia.
tia
cease
-leha
love, want
nonyela.
londa.
tuna ;
tuna
tuna ;
dana ;
saka
hana
ntuna
nkwela
funa
see
wona,
-Icola.
ona
wcona
cona,
cona
ona.
linga
kcona ?
Icola
bali
sit, remain,
tama
tama
kala-ti
-kala-bi
kala-ti
abide
sleep ...
gona
gona.
rupa.
rupa
> >
gcona
gcolco-ka
nuna,
kcona
stand, stop,
ima,
yima
erne-la
weme-la
...
ime-la
be erect
jima
steal . . .
jiwa
jiba
wia
wiya
iya
iba
234 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN YAO)
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M-, Ju-, A-, Aci-, Aca- (m, ju-, jua-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A-, A-ki-, A-ci-, A-ca- (wa-, -a-) ;
3. Mu-, M- (w<o-,u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, ji) ; 5. Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (gama-, ga) ; 7. Ci-, Ki- (ci, ki) ; 8. I- (i, yi) ;
9. Ny-, N- (M-), - Oi, Jan'-) ; 10. Ny, Ng-, N-, N- (M-), (si) ; 1 1. Lu- (lu) ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka
(ka) ; 14. U- (u-, wco) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (m-, mu-).
Also the prefix Na-, without concord.
The plural double prefixes Aci-, Aki-, and Aca- seem to be used (together with A-) in both a plural
and a singular sense, and always as a token of respect or politeness. Aca- is an honorific prefix, = ' Mr. '
or ' Sir ', when preceding a proper name. This particle becomes 'Ce in south-west Yacoland. The Ci- in
these prefixes is sometimes heard as Ki- (as also in Ci-ngindoo), and may be nothing but the 7th singular
prefix in an augmentative sense. The 'Ce or 'Ca (Ace-, Aca-) may be the equivalent of the ' father '
prefix Sa-, pi-, Si- in cognate tongues. When Aci- is employed in a singular sense in Yaoo, its plural
prefix is Wa-i- (2 + 8), which would strengthen the supposition that Ci- = Ki- (No. 7).
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-WGINDO) AND CI-MPCOTO)
Traces of preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M-, Nn- (mu, jco-, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, Nn- (mu-, wu, u-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i) ; 5. Li-, (li, ri, le-) ; 6. Ma-, Ama- (ma-, ga, ya.) ; ^. Ci- (ci-) ; 8. Hi-, Fi-, Vi- (hi, fi, vi) ; 9. In-
(Im-), In-, Iny-, N-, Ny-, Jim- (n-, i) ; 10. same as 9 (hi, hy, i) ; u. Uru-, Lu- (lu) ; 12. Utu-, Tu- (tu) ;
13. Aka-, Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Hu- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17 f Na-, Na-ka- (honorific) ; //.
wa-ka-. Aka- (13) is also honorific in some words. There are traces of a La- (' time ') prefix.
PREFIXES, &c., IN THE MAKUA DIALECTS : I-MAKUA, MEDO), LOMWE
Only faint traces of preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M-, A- 1 , Mwa-, Mwala, Mwara (possibly a contraction or slurring of ' Mw-ana') (m-,
mu, mwam-, u-, o>-, yo>-, fci-) ; 2. A-, E-, Aci-, Api-, Api-mi- (a, u>-, ya-) ; 3. Mu-, M- (m-, mu-, u, wo>-,
wi-, yco) ; 4. Mi-, N- (mi-, i, ci-) ; 5. Ni-, N-, Li- 2 (n, ni) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, to-, tova-, a, ya-) ; 7. Surviving
without definite concord as E-, Eki-, I-, Ici-, Ey-, Y- ; 8. Iy-, I- or absent ; 9. E- or I-, In-, En-, Yco- (i) ;
10. 1-, E-, Coo- (i-,ci) ; II. missing ; 12. missing ; 13. Ka- (without concord and treated as of Class I with
Class 2 superimposed as plural ; 14. U-, 00- (u, WCD-) ; 15. U-, CO-, Woo- (u, wo>-); 16. Va- (va- ? pu, ? pi,
po> ?) ; 17. (plural also to 1 6) M-, Mu- (mu-, mco-, m-, -ni).
-ana diminutive suffix.
Also Na- prefix with A- as plural, superadded. According to Maples, Na- (which is inseparable from
root-word) has usually the concord of Class I, but sometimes that of Class 5 or Class 9.
PREFIXES, &C., IN CUAMBOi
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, -du, u-) ; 2. A- (anciently Va-) (a) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, -bu-, u-) ;
4. Mi- (mi-, i) ; 5. Ni-, N- (anciently Li-) (ni, ? li) ; 6. Ma- (ma- ?) ; 7. Ei-, L, Ci- (i, ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ;
9. , N-, Ny- (n-?, i ?) ; lo. Di-, Ti-, De-, Re- (?de-, di) ; II. missing; 12. missing; 13. missing;
14. U-, Wu- (old) (u) ; 15. U-, to- (u) ; 16. Apa-, Pa-?, Va? (pa ?); 17. M- (?).
ana diminutive suffix.
Nya-, Na- as prefix without concord : plural, Ana-, Anya-.
1 Honorific singular prefix, derived from No. 2. - In Lomwe the ^th prefix is usually Li-.
GROUPS N AND O: YAGO-NGINDU) AND MOZAMBIQUE LANGUAGES 235
54. Yaco is spoken from the Middle and Upper Ruvuma river in the north to the south-east coast of
Lake Nyasa, the Upper Shir, the middle of the Shire" Highlands, and Mlanje Mountain in the south;
especially along the valley of the Lujenda river as far east as the Medu> and Lomwe countries.
55. Cingindco is spoken chiefly inland between South latitude 8 30' and the watershed of the Middle
Ruvuma river ; west of the Matumbi and Mwera languages, and east of Pogorco, Sutu, and Nindi ; also
in scattered colonies on the Kilwa coast : Cirnputco, in the East Nyasa coast-lands between South
latitude 10 40' and 11 30' ; as far east as Upper Ruvuma river.
56. Imakua is spoken in the Mozambique district of Portuguese East Africa between the Lurico
river on the north and the Tejungco river in the south ; and from the sea coast westward to the Lomwe
country.
56 a. Northern Makua is spoken in the interior of Portuguese East Africa between the Ruvuma
river on the north and the Lurico on the south, between the Kerimba or Mabiha country on the east and
the Lujenda valley on the west.
56 b. Lomwe is spoken in the region west of the Makua people and east of the Lujenda valley
and Lake Chilwa. The northern range of the Lomwe dialect is about 14 of South latitude, and its
southern limits lie a little to the south of the l6th parallel.
57. Icuabco or Cuambco is spoken in the coast district of Ouelimane, north of the Zambezi delta, as
far as the Mazemba or Tejungcu rivers. Inland its range reaches nearly to Mounts Ciperconi and
Mwtomcono) and the Upper Lukugu river.
GROUP P
THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
58. Ci-mazareo (Ci-kunda or Ci-gunda)
58 a. Ci-podzeo
59. Ci-nyungwi ('Tete') 593. Ci-sena
60. Ci-mbco (Ci-cinjiri)
61 a. Ci-mananja (South Nyanja)
6 1. Ci-nyanja (East Nyanja)
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbto
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Adze
N-semco ;
...
Paza?
N-semco
N-sompco.
...
an-semu
Zenga
Animal, wild
N-ama;
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.
Ny-ama.
beast
din-ama
Ci-rombco
Ci-kcokco
Ant
N-yerere.
N -yerere
N-yarere.
N-tuta.
N-yerere.
N-yerere.
Gugu; ma + .
Ma-gugu.
N -cirafu
N-yanyaco.
Li-ntumbwi
Nye;
Nye;
Li-ntumbu.
ma-nye.
ma-nye
M-dzcodzco
N-dcodco ; mi-
Ant, white
ll- cenje.
U-yece
Mu-cenye.
Ka-lanzi
Ci-swe.
N-swa.
(termite)
U-jeci; ma-.
U-cense(59a)
ln-swa.
Ci-swe.
N-yamu;
Ka-lanzi.
N-gumbi
din-yamu
U-lomwe
Arm
N-gconco ; mi-
N-kconco ; mi-
M-keonco.
N-cafu
M-kconco
M-kconco.
N-gunco; mi-
Janja
Arrow
Mu-bvi; tni-
M-phina
Mu-bvi.
M-pamba
Mu-bvi.
Mu-bvi,
(same in
Mu-zeve ; mi-
Ci-songa.
Mu-vi ; mi-
plural, out
N-ceta
dzi = plural
concord)
Axe
M-badzco or
M-badzco
M-badzco or
Li-wagco
N-kwangwa.
N-kwangwa
Badco.
Badco;
Ka-temco.
or Xwangwa
Ka-nyimbwi ?
ma-badco
G com a.
Ganco.
Ka-nyembe.
Pompwe
Baboon
Bongwe.
Bongwi
Bongwe; a+.
Bongwe
N-yani
N-kwere or
Korco :
Koro;
Mn-kwele.
a-koreo
a-koro
M-xweri ; \va-
Back
N-tana ; mi-.
Wa-korokoro.
M-sana.
Gongco
M-sana.
M-sana.
Ku-nduyu
Perepere
Ku-nduyu
M-buyco
M-buyco
Banana
M-figu
Figu (li-) ;
Ma-figu (pi.)
Ma-gorubwa
N-tcoci.
N-tcoci
{Portuguese)
ma +
(pl-)
M-lanya
Beard
N-debvu or
N-debvu
N-debvu or
N-debvu
N-debvu
N-debvu
N-devu
N-devu
Bee
N-juci or
N-yui,
Ny-uci.
Ka-luma
N-juci
N-juci
N-uji;
N-uzi
N-uji ;
din-uji
din-uji
Belly
Ci-fu or
Mimba
Ci-fu.
Cin-tumbco
Mimba
Mimba
Ji-fu.
Mimba.
(abdomen).
Mimba
Ma-tumbco
(Ci-pfu =
stomach.
'
Ci-nena =
pubes)
Bird
M-balame
M-barame
M-balame
M-balame
M-balame
M-balame
Blood
Mu-lcopa
Mi-rcopa
Mu-lcopa
Ma-gasi
Mw-azi
Mw-azi
Body
Ma-nungu ; //.
Ma-nuiigco
Ma-nungco
Tupi
Tupi ; ma +
Tupi ; ma + .
mama-nungu
Ma-lungeo
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
237
English
5 8.
Ci-mazarco
(Ci-kunda)
58 a.
Ci-podzco
59-
Ci-nyungwi
59 a. Ci-sena
60.
Ci-mbco
(Ci-cinjiri)
6ia.
Ci-mananja
(South
Nyanja)
61.
Ci-nyanja
(East
Nyanja)
Bone
Kugcodco or
Gcogcodco
Ku-gudco.
Li-gcodu
Pfupa
Ci-fupa,
Gcogcodco ; pi.
Gugoidu
Fupa
ma +
Borassuspalm
Bvumco; rna +
M-dikwa
Dikwa
Bvumco
M-vumco.
Ci-gwalangwa
M-laza
Bow
U-taor U-ra;
U-ta ; ma +
U-ta, U-ra;
Cima-nganze
U-ta
Wu-ta or
fil, au-ra
au-ra (//.)
U-ta
Bowels
Ma-rumbco
...
i
Ma-tumbco
Ma-tumbco
Brains
W-ongco or
W-ongco
W-ongco.
Tompwe
Uw-ongco
W-ongeo,
Y-onco ; dzi-
Y-onco ; dzi +
Uw-ongco
Breast (male)
Ci-kua
...
Pa-m-tima.
Pa-m-tima-nzi
Ci-pfua ;
Ci-fua
Didi.
zi-pfua
Ci-fua or
Ci-kua
Breast
Bere or Be ;
Bere ; ma +
Bere;
Li-zamwe; ma-
Bere;
Ma-wele
(female)
ma + .
ma-bere.
ma-were
Tconyco ; ma +
Zuku ; ma +
Brother ...
M-bali;
M-bali
M-bali.
M-bali
Njira.
M-longco.
a-bali.
N-sia,
M-bale.
Mpwa.
N-siaor
N-jira.
M-longco
M-bare,
N-jira; di + .
M-pwa
M-bale
M-pwa.
Drongco
Buffalo
Ny-ari or
Nz-ati
Ny-ati
Ny-ati
Nj-ati
Nj-ati or
N-ari
Ny-ati
Bull
N-ombe
N-ombe
...
...
M-pongco
.M-pongco
ya ka-pali
mo-mbwa-na
Buttocks ...
Ma-rakco or
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-takco.
Ma-takco
Ragco ; ma +
N-kcolco
Canoe
Mw-adia.
Mw-adia
Mw-adia.
Bw-atco
N-galawa.
Bw-atco ; ma +
C-ombco ;
Mu-kondw.
Bw-atco; ma +
vi-ombco
C-omboj ;
pi-omboj (59 a)
Cat
M-bhaka ;
M-phaka
M-paka
M-lamu.
M-paka
M-paka.
a-phaka
Mw-enye
M-bwiyaco
Charcoal ...
Kala;
...
...
K-hala.
Ma-kala
ma-kala
Tsimbe;ma +
Chief
M-fumu; ma-.
M-fumu
Mambco.
M-fumu
M-fumu.
M-fumu.
Ji-ni ; vi-ni
Mu-sinda.
Lundu.
M-kulu
Fumu
Bambco.
Ci-rembwe.
M-buye
Child
Mw-ana ;
Mw-ana ;
Mw-ana ;
Mw-ana ;
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana ;
ana
ana
ana
ana, b-ana
Ka-nda
w-ana
Cloth
N-guco ;
N-guco
N-guco ;
Li-fuka N-garu
N-caru
din-guco.
din-kuca or
N-kuw ; zin-
diii-guto (pL)
Cold
Ci-ridu ;
*
Ci-ridu
Zizira.
Zizila.
vi-ridu(?/W/.
Ci-sanu
M-pepco
t frio,Jrtub')
Country ...
[dz-ikco ;
T-igu
Dz-ikeo ;
N-taka Dz-ikco;
J-ikco;
ma-ikco.
ma-ikco
ma-ikco
ma-ikco
N-drunda;
mi-runda
Cow
N-ombe; di +
N-ombe.
N-ombe ;
N-ombe ; N-ombe
N-ombe
yan-sika-naor
I-siga-na
zi- or di-.
zin-ombe
ya taji
di-sika-na
N-ombe
Ula A
ya n-sika-na
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
590. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Crocodile ...
N-eona; pi.
N-cona
N-cona.
N-conantondco
N-cona
N-eona,
a+ or di-f-
Nya-kcokco
Mn-cona.
M'amba
Day
Tsiku or
Ma-sikati
Siku
Tsiku
N-siku
Siku.
Siku.
U-sana
N-tana.
M-punga
Devil
N-zimu
A-fiti
N-dzimu.
Li-fcoka; ma + .
M-zimu
M-zimu ;
Tsa-n-dukwa
Gcogco
wa-zimu
Doctor
Nanka; ma+.
...
N-ganga ; zi +
...
Si-nanga
Si-nanga
Sa-penda ;
ma + .
Mw-iyanya ;
a-yanya
Dog
Mw-ana-m-bwa
M w-ana-m-bwa
Mw-ana-m-bwa ;
Im-bwa
Garu
Garu
ana-m-bwa.
M-bwa ;
zim-bwa
Donkey
Bum; ma +
...
4
...
...
Bulu ; ma +
Door, doorway
Ci-tsekco ; vi-.
N-suco.
Ci-sekco ; pa-.
Ci-tsekco.
Ci-tsekco ; zi-.
Ci-cekco ; vi-.
Ci-dzaco.
M-sueo; mi-
N-suco
N-kcowa
Pa-kcomco
Pa-kcomco
N-suco ; mi-
Dream
Tuleo ; ma + .
Ku-rcota
N-dota
N-dota
N-tulco ;
Lcota.
N-dcota
a-tulco.
Ku-lota
N-dcota.
Ma-lcota
Drum
I n -coma ;
N-coma
N-eoma ;
N-coma
N-coma
N-coma ; zi +
pi. din +
zi- or di-
Ear
B-aru ;
Ku-tn
Ku-tu ; ma + .
Li-pilikanilco
Ku-tu or
Ku-tu; ma +
m-aru
Ba-rco ;
Khu-tu ;
ma-rco
maku-tu
Egg
Zai or I-dzai;
Zai,
Zai ; ma +
Lin-danda
Dzira ;
Zila
pi. ma-zai
I.i-zai ; ma-
ma-zira
Elephant ...
Deou or
N-zco
N-zcou
N-dembco.
N-jeobvu.
N-jcovu
N-tcou ; pi.
Ma-tsutame
Dzimwe
an-tcou
(pi.]
Excrement
Malu-bvi
Matu-bvi
Matu-bzi
Ma-ngwenu (?)
Tu-bzi ; ma + .
Tu-bi or
M-cimba
Ma-vi
Eye
L-isco ;
D-iseo ;
D-isco ;
Dz-isco ;
D-isco, &*c.
D-isco
m-eseo.
ma-sco
ma-sco.
ma-sco
D-isco ;
M-bconi
mad-isco
Face
Kcope ; ma + .
N-khcope
Kope;
...
N-kcope.
Ma-seo.
Ci-usco
n-kcope.
Ci-tseo
N-kcope
N-kuma
Fat
Ma-kura
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa.
Ma-futa
Nuna
Father
Baba ; a + .
...
Baba.
W-
Tate;
Tate;
The honorific
The honorific
a-tate.
a-tate
Sa- or Se-
Sa- or Se-
Probably also
prefix
prefix
the honorific
Tsa- prefix.
This is some-
times Atsa-
Fear
Ma-nta.
Gcopa
Ma-nta.
Ma-nta
Ma-nta.
Ma-nta.
Yeopa,
Gcopa
Ci-ntente.
(Ku-eopa=
Gcopa
Ci-ntewe.
N-tenu.
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
239
English
58.
Ci-mazareo
(Ci-kunda)
58 a.
Ci-podzo)
59-
Ci-nyungwi
59 a. Ci-sena
60.
Ci-mbco
(Ci-cinjiri)
6la.
Ci-mananja
(South
Nyanja)
61.
Ci-nyanja
(East
Nyanja)
Finger ... Ci-bunco ; vi- Ci-bunco; vi- Mu-nwe ; mi-. Ka-pfunya C-ala ; C-ala;
Ci-bunu ; vi-. dz-ala vy-ala
C-ara; pi- (593)
Fire M-otco; M-otco M-otco M-otco. M-otco M-5tw
Fire
M-otco ; M-otco
M-otco
M-otco.
M-otco
M-5tw
mi-otco
Nan-sali
Fish
N-somba or N-somba
N-somba or
N-somba
N-somba
N-comba
I-somba ;
I-somba;
di- or yi-
di-, yi, or zi-
Foot
Ny-aleo. Ny-ala
Ny-aleo.
Mw-endco
Mw-endco.
Mw-endco.
Tavu ; ma +
Mw-endco.
Pazi
Pasi or
Tavu ; ma + .
Pazi
N -sayco
Forest
Mu-situ M-situ
M-situ
N-situ
M-situ.
N-kalangco.
N-kalangco.
M-situ
Tengco
Fowl
Mw-ana-m-kuku- N-kuku
Mw-ana-n-kuku.
N-kuku.
N-kuku
N-kuku
Yi-kuku; di-.
Kuku,
Dzoye
Sekese
Yi-kuku ;
di-, zi-
Frog, toad
Nya-cidwe;
Nya-cidwe ;
- t
C-ule; a + .
C-ulwe.
a +
a+. guri.
Nam-tusi
Ci-lcolombe
Sezi; ma +
Ghost... ...
M-dzukwa. Dzimu
Mu-zukwa ;
...
M-dzukwa
Ci-dzcodcogwa;
N-dukuyu ;
a-zukwa.
pi. vi-.
ma + .
N-dukuyu.
M-zimu
Kwiri; a + .
Kwiri ; a + .
N-zimu ; mi-
N-zimu ; mi-
Giraffe
...
*
Girl
Mw-ali ;
Buru ; ma +
...
M-sika-na.
Mw-ali.
mi-ali.
Namw-ali.
Butu
Mw-ensika-na.
Ka-tsimba.
Butu or
Butu
Buru ; ma +
Goat
M-buzi M-buzi
M-buzi; di +
M-buzi
M-buzi.
M-buzi.
Gcogco
Gcogco
(he) ...
Bcokco ; ma + Sa-bcokco
Bcokco ; ma-
M-pema
Tonde,
Pepe.
Ci-tonde
M-pongco
(she)
M-buzi
. ..
. .*
M-cota.
M-buzi ya
ya tsika-na
M-buzi
taji
ya kcolco.
M-scoti
God
Mu-lungu or Mu-lungu
Mu-rungeo (also
M-pambe
M-lezi.
Mu-lungu
Mu-iungu
= ' rain ')
M-pambe.
Mu-lungu.
Ci-uta '
Grandparent
M-buya
M-buya
...
Khcolco ; ma + .
Am-buye
M-buye
Grass
Ma-nyasi Ma-nyasi
Mau-dzu.
Ma-nyazi
Mau-dzu,
Ma-uju
Ny-asi ; ma +
U-dzu
Ground
U-kaka ; ma+ . Ma-taka
Taka.
N-taka
N-taka
N-taka
N-kaka.
U-kaka
Ma-raga (//.).
Taka
Ground-nut
Ma-nduwi Ma-ndui
Ma-nduwi.
Ci-wirinkate
N-tedza
N-teza.
Dzi-ndwe ; ma-
M-balala
1 M-lezi, from Ku-leza, to sustain. Ci-uta = the rainbow. M-pambe = the ' e xceller ', also ' great rain 1 and
'thunder'.
R 2
240
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
Guinea-fowl
Kanga
Kanga
Kanga
N-jcopileo
N-kafiga
N-kanga
Gun
M-futi
Futi
M-futi
M-otw ('Jire' 1 )
M-futi
Futi
Hair
Sisi or
Sisi
Ititi.
T-sitsi
Tsitsi.
Cici
I-titi
Tsisi
M-pombe
Hand
Banfaa or
Dz-anja ;
Dz-anja ;
Dz-anja ;
Dz-anja ;
J-anja ;
Danta;
m-anja
m-anja.
m-anja.
m-anja
m-anja
m-anta
Da-nta ;
Ka-funya
m-anta
Head
Mu-ru
M-sora
M-soreo
N-solco
Mu-tu
Mu-tu ;
mi-tu
Heart
N-drima ;
N-rrima
M-tima
M-tima
M-tima
M-tima
mi-rima
Heel
I-tiri.
Ji-sondco ; bi-
Ci-tiri.
Cin-zongconikoj Ci-tende ; dzi-.
Ci-katca ; vi-
Ci-bili.
Ci-tende.
Ci-ndende
Tavu ; ma +
Tavu ; ma +
Hide
Tembe ; ma +
...
N-tembe;ma +
..
Ci-kcopa,
Ci-kwetu.
Ci-kwapa.
N-gulu
N-gueo (of
sheep or
goat} '
Hill
Piri
...
Piri
Ci-tunda.
Piri
Piri
Hippopotamus
Tomondco
M-vu
M-vu
Dcoinondco
M-vu ;
M-vuu.
am-vu.
Ci-gwele
M-pangweo
Hoe
Ji-simba; vi-
...
* *
Kasu.
Kasu ; ma + .
M-dzedze.
Ci-nkcoma
Gcoco
Honey
Uwi.
Ma-ta
Uci.
N-juci
Uci
Uci.
Ma-sinci
Ma-sinci
Ma-seka
a n-uji
a n-uci
Horn
Ny-anka
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
Ny-anga.
Ny-anga
N-ciwa.
Nandadalala
Ny-anga.
Li-penga
House
N -urn pa or
Ny-umba
Ny-umba
Ny-umba
Ny-umba.
Ny-umba.
N-umba; di-
Banja
Li-banda
(oblong)
Hunger
N-taia
N-daya or
N-jala
Ca-lema
N-jala
N-jala
N-da
Husband ...
Mu-ombw-ana ;
...
Baya
...
Mwa-muna
Wama-muna
a-. Ma-muna;
a-f-
Hyena
Na-nkunu or
Tika; ma +
Tika
Pesi.
Fisi; ma +
Fisi ; wa + .
Nya-nkunco
Lubvu
Fici
Iron
U-tali
M-para
U-tale
Dzi-fuzco
Ci-tsulco.
Ci-oulco
M-pala
Island
N-sua; di +
Pan-sua
N-sua
Ci-gunda.
Ci-si;
Ci-lwa ; vi-.
Ci-senjerere.
dzi-si.
Ci-rumba ; vi
Ka-lungu
Ci-lumba
Ivory
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
N-dembw
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
ya n-jcobvu
ya n-jeovu
Knee
1 -bond co ; ma-
Bondu
Bondco ;
Bondu
Bondu
Ci-gonconw.
i-bondu
Bombunu
Knife
M-beni
JVl-peni
M-peni.
M-beni.
M-peni
M-peni.
Ci-su
M-kalu.
Ci-pula
M-pcopcj
Showing that the original sense o/$t-gvibv> (clotli) was a hide for wearing apparel.
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
241
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
6la.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-nrananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
593. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Lake
Ny-ansa ;
* **
Tavare.
*
Tamanda.
Ny-anja
di+ orma.+
Ny-anza
Dziwe
Leg
Mw-endco
Mw-endco
Mw-end<o
Mw-endco
Mw-endco
Mw-endco
Leopard ...
Nya-lugwe
Nya-rugwe
Nya-lugwe
Ka-mbuku
Nya-lugwe
Nya-lubwe
Lion
N-kalamco
...
N-kalamcd.
*
M-kangu
M-kaiigco
M-pondorco
Lips
Mw-iconico.
Mu-rcotnco
Mi-rcomca
Mi-lcamco
Mi-lcamo>
Mi-lcomco
Mi-icomco
Magic
Ufiti
Ma-le
Tsenga
U-fiti.
U-fiti
Tsenga.
Ma-ere
Maize
Piamanga
Ma-pira-
Ma-pira-
Pa-mangwe
Ci-manga.
Ci-manga
manga '
manga
Ka-gcolu
Man
Mu-tu ; a-tu
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-tu ;
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ;
a-ntu
a-ntu or
//. zi a-ntu
a-ntu
wa-ntu
wa-ntu
Man, vir. ...
Mu-mbw-ana.
* i
Mwa-muna.
Mwa-mna
Mwa-muna
Mwa-muna
(U-swaka =
Mu-mbw-ana.
manhood )
M-swaka
Meat
N-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.
M-neofu.
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.
N-kwiru
Medicine ...
N-drombwe ;
*
Ma-ngware.
...
Ma-nkwala.
Ma-nkwala
mi-rombwe
Mu-tombwe
U-sinanga
Milk
U-kaka
**
U-kaka
...
M-kaka,
Li-kama
N-kaka.
Ma-ziwa.
Ma-ere or
Bere.
( Ku-kama =
verb)
Monkey
Kcolco.
Koru
Kolas,
N-janjama
Pusi ; a -f .
Pusi
N-simbu
Pusi.
N-cima
N-pima.
Bonkwe
Moon
Mw-eri ; mi-.
Mw-edzi
Mw-ezi.
N-dende-
Mw-ezi
Mw-ezi
Dendendi ;
Mw-eri
ke-zuwe
man-
Mother ...
Mama
Mama.
Mai ; ma-.
A-mai
N-dende
Maco
Mountain ...
Piri
Piri
Piri
Piri
Piri ; ma +
Piri
Mouth
Mu-rcomoj.
...
Mu-rcomca
Ka-mwa
Ka-mwa
Nga-nwa
Nail (of finger
N-gcole.
Ky-ara
Ny-ala or
Ci-ka-nam-bira
Ci-kabado).
Ci-kabadco
or toe)
N-yaya,
N-para ; zin-.
Ka-dabco ; ti-
N-aia ;
N-gore(5ga)
din-aia
Name
Dz-ina
Dz-ina
Z-ina
Dz-ina
Dz-ina ;
J-ina ;
ma-ina
ma-ina
Navel
Mu-jombco ; mi-.
.*
b
*..
M-combeo.
M-combco
Mu-ombw; nii-
Ci-dudu
Neck
Kcosi or
Kcosi
Kcozi
Ci-kcota
Kcosi,
Khcosi
Kwtl.
Khcosi
Ci-gcogca
1 Ma-pira-manga = sorghum of the sea coast.
242
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
S 8.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Night
Ma-tiku.
Ma-siku
U-siku
U-siku
U-siku.
U-siku.
(Dima
Tsiku.
(Ci-dima =
darkness)
(M-dima =
darkness)
darkness)
Nose
Punco ; pi, mi-
M-punu
Punco
M-punco
M-punco
Ox
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-tonga
N-ombe
M-fule.
ya ka-pale
ya ka-padco
ya m-fule
N-ombe
Paddle ...
N-ombco.
...
N-ombco
...
Capa,
N-kafi
(Ku-capa =
Kapa.
verb)
N-gombco
Palm wine,
W-iema.
U-cema
U-cema
X- scorn co
U-cema
U-cema
beer
Badwa; ma +
Parrot
Cin-cerekete.
Tangwi
N-gcowe.
Ci-nkwe
Ci-nkwe ; dzi-
Ci-nkwe ; vi-
Lomwe
'Si-mpie
Penis
Sondco.
M-borco
Sondco
M-bcolco
M-bulco,
M-bolco
M-borco; di +
M-bcole. 1
Cende
Pig
N-kumba ;
N-kumba
N-kumba
Gudani
N-kumba
N-kumba.
mafi-
N-guluwe
Pigeon
Kanga-iwa,
J-iwa
Kanga-iwa
...
N-kunda.
N-kunda
N-khanga-iwa
N-jiwa
Place
M-burco.
M-butco
M-butco
M-butco
M-butco.
M-butco.
Dalco ; ma +
Ma-lco
Ma-lco
Rain
Mu-ungu ; 2
Mu-lungu. 2
M-vula
M-bvula
M-bvula
Vula
mi-unku (//.)
Ana-vumba
Rat
Ciu
N-ciru ; ma-
Ciru
Koswe.
Koswe; ma + .
Koswe.
Gudani ?
M-puku
M-bewa
Rhinoceros
Ci-pempere;vi-.
..
Ci-pembere.
...
...
Ci-pembere
Dcogco.
Pueti
Pwele
River
D-ombasi.
Ny-anza
Ny-anja.
Ny-anja
Ny-anja.
M-cinje
N-guco;
Ci-mazi.
M-tsinje
mi-guco
Mu-kurco
Road
N-sia
N-sia
N-jira
N-jira.
N-jira
N-jila
Kw-alala.
N-kwasa
Salt
Mw-enyu
...
Mu-inyco
...
M-cele,
M-cele
M-cere.
Ci-cere.
Ci-kungu.
Ci-dulco
Shame
Ma-nyasi.
.
Ma-niazwi
...
Ma-nyazi.
N-cconi.
Ma-nyadco
U-nyala
Ci-sconi.
Ma-nyazi
Sheep
Bia; di +
Bia
M-bira.
N-kcosa
N-kcosa.
M-belele.
Bvu. (Bvu-
Bira
N-kcosa
rume = rain)
Shield
Dcoa; ma +
...
..*
Ci-kcopa.
Ci-kcopa
M-kupco
Shoulder ...
Ci-turi ; vi-
Pewa
Ma-nyembe.
Pewa ; ma +
Puzi ; ma + .
Ci-kcota
Pewa ; ma +
Sister
N-ronkorico.
M-bau.
Mw-ana-n-kazi
M-longco
M-longco; a-
M-longco ; vv<
M-bai. N-gu. Mw-ana
M-pwa siga-na
1 Derived from -bcola, to pierce; a -widespread San fa verb-root also meaning' sting 1 .
2 Compare root-word for Cod, -lungu, in East African Bantu.
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
243
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzto
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Skin
Kuiiku.
Kungu
Kanda.
Kungu
Kungu.
Kungu.
I-kamba
N-tembe
Ci-kupa
Ci-kwetu
Sky
Tambco ; ma +
Tambu ; ma +
N-tambu
Ku-dzulu
Khugulu.
Mi-tambu(^/.'
Tambu.
M-lenga
Kumw-amba.
M-nenere
Slave
Ka-porco
...
...
...
Ka-pulu.
Ka-polu.
M-ntemba.
M-kule ; wa-
M-donda.
M-dza-kazi, o
Sleep
Ji-ruco or
Ji-ruu
Tulu
Tulu
Tulu
Li-tulu
Ci-ruco.
Tu-lco
Smoke
Uci ; ma +
Uci
Uci
N-tunzi
Utsi
Uci
Snake
X-coka
N-ua
Ny-uka
N-juka
N-juka.
N-juka.
(Mamba
M-pili
= cobra,
M-pwi
= -viper)
Son, boy ...
Mwa-ima.
Mw-ana
M w-ana
Mw-ana wa
M-nyamata
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
nombw-ana
mwa-muna
m-lumbw-anu
(youth).
M-nyamata
m-ombw-ana;
Mw-ana
anaombw-ana
wa mwa-muna
Song
Ny-imbco; di +
Ny-imbu
Ny-imbu ; zi-
Ny-imbu
Ny-imbu
Ny-imbu.
Ma-lumbu
Spear
Dipa.
Mwa-rangu
Dupa
N-kondu
N-tungu.
N-tungu
N-tungu; a +
N-gamu
Spirit, soul
Mu-unkwa.
...
...
...
Manda ; a + .
M-zimu.
N-zimu ; a +
M-zimu ;
M-oyu
a-zimu.
M-oyu
Star, planet
N-eneri,
Tondua
N-tonduwa.
Ny-enyezi
N-yenyezi.
N-tondwa
n-neri
Ny-enyezi.
N-dondwa.
N-inyezi;
Tanda
N-tanda
ma +
Stick
Golomondco.
N -donga
N-gulumondu.
N-dcodco
N-dudu.
N-dudu.
Fimbco
M-simbu
N-gulumondu
M-simbati
Stone
Mw-ala; mi-
I-bwe,
Mw-ala
Tsanga-la-bwe
Mw-ala ;
Mw-ala ; mi-
ma-bwe
mi-ala
Stool
M-pandeo ; mi-
...
Panyu.
M-pandu
M-pandu
Mu-panda
(59 a)
Sun
Dzuwa.
Zua
Zuwa,
Dzuwa
Dzuwa
Jua
Zua ; ma +
Dzuwa
Tail (of an
N-jia ;
...
Mu-sira
>
M-cira
M-cila
animal)
mi-jia
Tear
M-sori
M-sori
Tsuzi; ma + .
M-suzi
M-suzi ; mi-
M-suzi ; mi-
M-suzi,
N-sudzi ;
mi-
Testicles ...
Ma-jendi.
Ma-jende
M-pumba.
*
M-pulumu.
Ma-cende ?
M-pumba.
Ma-cende
Ma-tudzu.
Ci-tconunco;
Ma-cende,
vi-
Ma-cenda
Thief
M-bava.
M-bava ; ma-
Bava
M-bala
M-bala.
M-kungu.
J-iu.
M-kungu
Wo-kuba
Wo-yanda ;
co-yanda
244
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzeo
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Thigh
**
...
Mu-endco.
...
N-cafu
\-cafu
Cafco
Thing
Ci-ntco; vi-
Ci-ntu ; pi.
Ci-ntu ;
Ci-ntu
Ci-ntu ;
Ci-ntu ;
vi-ntu or
bzi-ntu or
dzi-ntu.
vi-ntu.
pi-ntu
pi-ntu (59 a)
Ka-ntu ;
Ka-ntu ;
ti-ntu
ti-ntu.
C-uma
(things,
Thorn
Mu-nka
Mu-nga
Mu-nga
Mu-nga
Mu-nga
property)
Mu-nga
Tobacco ...
Foria,
Foidia
Fcodia
Fcodia
Feodia
Fcodia
Foiya
To-day
Dam-bwinco
Dam -bunco
Lelco,
Lerco
Lerco
Lerco,
Lerco
Lelco
Toe
Ci-bunco or
Ci-ara ;
Ci-bunto
Ka-funya
C-ala,
C-ala ;
Ji-bunco
pi-ara
Z-ala
vi-ala.
ca tavu
Ci-kongco
To-morrow
Ma-ngwana
Ma-ngwana
Ma-ngwana.
..
Ma\va,
Mawa
Mu-kusa
Ma-ngwana
Tongue
I-yumi
Li-rumi
Ri-rimi
Lu-lime
Li-laka.
Li-lime
Lu-limi,
Li-lumi
Tooth
Dz-inco
Dz-inco ;
Z-inco
Dz-inco ;
Dz-ineo ;
J-inco ;
ma-ncd
ma-nco.
ma-inco
ma-inco
M-singco
(molar)
Town, village
Mu-di
Mu-dzi
M-zinda.
M-zinda
M-zinda.
Mu-dzi,
Mu-dzi
Mii-dzi ; mi-
M-zinda
Tree
Mu-ri.
Mu-ti
Mu-ti ; mi-ti
M-tengco
M-tengco
M-tengco
N-tengeo;
tni-tengco
Twins
Ana-pata (/>/.)
Ma-pata
Anam-pasa
M-pasa
M-pasa
Wa ma-wili.
Pata ; ma +
Ma-wira
Urine
Mi-rundco.
Mi-tundco
Mi-tundco
M-kcodzco
M-kodzco
Ma-kcojco
Ci-kodzco
Vein
Dzi-via; mi-via
...
Nka-konkaka.
..,
M-sempa or
...
U-dzingo>.
M'tsempa.
Ku-zuangco
M-dzipe
War
I-kondco.
N-kond<o
N-kondco
M-pamba
N-kondco
N-kondco
Dipa ; ma +
Water ...
Ma-dzi.
Ma-sinje
Ma-zi
Ma-dzi
Ma-dzi
Ma-ji J
Ma-sinje,
Ma-si nke
Well, source
M-cela
...
Mu-sera,
?
Ci-sime
Ci-time
Mu-dzera
White man
M-tsunku
N-zungco
M-zungu ; a-
M-zungu
M-zungu,
M-zungu ; wa-
M-dzunku
N-zungu ; a-
Wife
N-gadi,
N-kazi
M-kaz' ace
N-kazi
N-kazi.
M-kazi ; wa-
N-gadie ;
( = his wife)
M-tsaneo ;
a-gadie
a-tsanco
Wind
Pevwco,
Pew
M-pepeo
M-pepto
M-pepw
M-pepco
Pepw,
M-pepoj.
M-uya
1 Ci-ny-ezi means dampness, moisture.
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
245
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazaru
Ci-podzu
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbca
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Witch
M-kwiri.
M-kwiri
M-fiti
M-sawi
M-fiti
Wau-fiti
Ku-mbasa.
(Ku-lodza =
verb]
Witchcraft
U-kwiri
...
U-fiti
U-sawi
U-fiti
U-fiti
Woman
M -tsi-kana
M-si-gana
M-kazi
M-kazi
M-kazi,
M-kazi; wa-.
N-kazi ; a-.
\Vam-kazi ;
M-bumba. 1
wana-kazi.
M-si-kana
M-bumba ;
//. acim- ( =
a. dependant)
Womb
Budu ; ma +
...
...
...
Mimba
Wood (fire-
Kuni ; di +
Kuni ;
N-kuni
N-kuni
N-kuni
N-kuni.
wood)
n-kuni
M-tengoa
Yam
M-pama
. .
M-pama
Ci-cece
Ci-lazi ; dzi-.
Cim-benya; vi
Peta.
M-pama
Year
J-aka
J-aka ;
C-aka ;
Ny-aka
C-aka ;
C-aka;
pi-aka
bz-aka,
dz-aka.
vi-aka
py-aka.
Ma-kconco
Gore;
ma-gore
Yesterday...
Zuru
? N-zura,
Zurco
...
Dzulco
Julca.
? N-zilu
Jana
Zebra
M-ziu; mi-
M-bizi
M-bizi
...
M-bidzi
M-biji
One
Pusi,
Peosi,
Pcosi,
Mciidzi
mudzi
nicoji
bute
-bcozi
bcodzi
Two
Piri,
Piri,
Piri,
wiri
wiri
-will
biyi.
wiri
wiri
lei, -ili, -ei,
wiri
Three
Raru,
-tatu
tatu,
tatu
tatu
tatu
tatu
thatu
Four
Ci-na,
na
-n5,
-nai
nai
-i-nai
nai
nai
Five
tanu, -banu,
sanu
panu
sanu
sanu
sanu
sanu.
-panu
Six
tantatu.
tandatu
tantatu
N-tanda
sanu ndi
sanu ndi
Tan-a-bode
mudzi
i-muji
Seven
Ci-nomwe ;
nomwe
Ci-nomwe,
?
sanu ndi
sanu ndi
nomwe.
nomwe
wiri
wili
Tan-am-biyi
Eight
Sere.
A-sere,
Seri,
tanataru
sanu ndi
sanu ndi
Tan-a-taru.
sere
Sere
tatu
tatu
panu
ndi -tatu
Nine
Femba.
Femba
Femba,
?
fsanu ndi
sanu ndi
Tan-a-nai
pfemba
nai
-i-nai
Ten
Kumi
Kumi
Kumi,
Kumi
Kumi
Kumi
Khumi
Eleven
KuminapoosicrKumi na buzi
Kumi na pusi.
M-pambu
Kumi ndi
Kumi ndi
Kumi ni bote.
Kumi na
ci-mudzi
i-muji
(Kuminaei =
ni-budzi
twelve}
1 See Yato. M-bumba means u female relation or dependant.
246
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
58.
58a.
59-
60.
6la.
6l.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Twenty ..
Thirty ..
Forty
Fifty
Hundred ..
Thousand.
Ma-Yumei.
Ma-kum'ei
Ma-Yum-a-rarco.
Ma-kumi
a-raraco
Ma-Yum-a-nai.
Ma-kumi
a-nai
Ma-Yum-a-banu.
Ma-kumi
a-tanu.
(Sixty =
Ma-kumi
a-tantatu.
Seventy =
Ma-kumi
a-nomwe)
Dzana,
Zana; ma +
Ci-kwi,
Ji-gwi ;
//. vi-kwi,
pi-kwi
Ma-kumi
a-wiri
Ma-kumi
a-tatu
Ma-kumi a na
Ma-kumi
a-sanco
Zana
Ci-kwi;
pi-kwi
Ma-kumi
a-wiri.
Ma-kumi
ma-wiri
Ma-kumi
ma-thatu
Ma-kumi
ma-nai
Ma-kumi
ma sanu.
(Sixty =
Ma-kumi
ma-tantatu)
Dzana
C-uru ;
bz-uru.
Ci-kwi ;
pi-kwi (59 a)
Ma-kumi
a-wiri
Ma-kumi
a-tatu
Ma-kumi
a-nai
Ma-kumi
a-sanu
Dzana
Ci-kwi
(derivedfrom
No. 58)
Ma-kumi
ya-wiri or
Ma-kumi
a-wili
Ma-kumi
ya-tatu
Ma-kumi
ya-nai
Ma-kumi
ya-sanu
Zana. Cila. 1
(The Arabic
numeral Mia
more often
employed)
Kalume
I, me, my ...
Thou, thee, thy
He, him, his
We, us, our
Ye, you, your
They, them,
their
I -ml.
Ndi-, Na-, N-.
ndi-
-a-nka.
I-we.
U-.
u.
-a-gco, -a-kco
I-yene, I-eni.
A-.
m'- -z,e,
-a-se
I-su, I-si-,
I-su-wanco.
-e-su
I-nyu.
Mu-, M-
-e-nyu
A-wene.
A-.
a- -a-o
I -mi,
I -mi wanco.
Ndi-.
-a-nka
I-we.
U-
ku-.
-a-kco
I-ye.
A-
m-
-a-ce
I-fe
I-mwe
Awco
I-ne.
Ndi-, Nd-.
ndi-.
-a-ngu, -a-nga
I-we.
U-.
ku-. -aco
I-ye.
A-, Wa-.
mu-, -m-.
-a-ce
I-fe.
Ti-.
-ti-.
-a-tu
I-mwe.
Mu-
ni, -ku, -ni
(obj.). -a-nu
I'WCO.
A-, Wa-.
a-, -wa-. -a-o
I-ne.
Ndi-.
ndi-
-a-nga
I-we.
U-.
ku-.
-a-kco
I-ye.
A-.
I-fe.
Ti-.
ti..
-a-tu
I-nu.
Mu-
-a-nu
I-wco.
A-.
a-, -a-o
I-ne.
Ndi-
ndi-.
-a-nga
I-we.
U-.
ku..
-a-kco
I-ye. U-yu.
A-, Ye-,
m-.
-a-ce
I-fe.
Ti-.
ti-
-a-tu
I-nu.
Nco-, Mu-.
ku..
-a-nu
I-wco, Awco.
A-
a- -a-o
I-ne.
Ndi-.
ndi-
-a-nga
I-we.
U-.
-ku-
-a-kco
I-ye.
A-, Wa-
m-, -mu-.
-a-ce
I-fe.
Ti-.
ti-.
-a-tu
I-mwe.
Mu-.
-a-nu
Iwco, Awco.
Wa-.
wa-. -a-o
1 Clla (Di-cila, Li-cila) is a vague numeral for a large number, which appears in Ya<o and Ngindco
03 ' twenty ' or ' hundred'. See also North Congo and Fernando Pd vocabularies, p. 230.
GROUP P : THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
247
58.
58 a.
59-
60.
61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzco
Ci-nyungwi
' 'i-niheo
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
All -ote-ne
This, these - u y u -awa ;
wene-u,
wene-wa,
That, those -ye (u-ye ; a-ye;
Bad ...
Black...
Female
i-baya
rimba.
psi-pa
tsika-na.
seva
Fierce, sharp, -gaie
bitter
onse-ne -entse. -onse
onse
onse
ontse.
entsene
uyu ; aco ; &*c. -yu, -wa ; -yu, -u, -awa ; -u,
nco (u-nco ?,
( The same as in
yi ; -ri, -ya ; ii, &>c. : and
a-nco, u-nco ?,
Mananja.
-ci, -bzi (-pi, much as in
i-nco ?, li-nco,
allowing for
59 a) ; -yi, -zi; Mananja
a-nco, ci-nco,
slight differ-
ru, -ri-, -tu ;
zi-nco, &*c.)
ence in concord
ka ; -bu ; -ku ;
Uyu, -yu; -co,
particles.
-pa ; -mu
awa ; uwu,
mwe is much
Uyu, awa ;
u ; iyi, -i ;
in use as a
uyu, iyi ; &*c.
li, ili; -co,
demonstrative
nco (u-nco,
awa ; -ci. ici ;
root.)
wa-nco ; u-nco,
dzi, idzi;
i-nco ; &c.)
i, iyi ! -zi,
izi ; -li or -lu,
ili ; -ti, iti ;
ka, aka ; -bu,
ubu or -wu,
uwu; -ku,
uku; -pa,
apa ; -mu,
umu
mene(u-mene,
a-mene,
u-mene,
i-mene,
li-mene, &fc.)
A-mene-yu ;
a-mene-wa ;
u-mene-u ;
i-mene-i ;
li-mene-li ;
mwe (u-mwe,
a-mwe, &c.)
yco, wco ; yco,
Uyeo ; aco ; uco ;
...
yco ; rco, yco ;
iyco ; &c.
&*c.
ja or -dya
Uyeo, awco ;
(u-ja ; a-ja ;
C^fT.
u-ja; i-ja;
re(u-re; wa-re;
li-ja; &.)
u-re ; i-re ;
ri-re ; ya-re j
&.)
i-baya -i-pa -sakala
ipa
ipa. -hi
rimba -swi-pa. -da
da.
-ku-da.
psi-pa
bi
bt
siga-na -sika-na. -kazt
tadzi,
.kazi.
seba
kazi,
taji (animals)
-m-scoti.
m-kcota.
kcolco
kari
kali
-a u-kali
(kali-pa)
248
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
58. 58
Ci-mazarco Ci-pi
(Ci-kunda)
a. 59. 6t
jdzco Ci-nyungwi Ci-i
59 a. Ci-sena (Ci-ci
). 6ia.
abco Ci-mananja
njiri) (South
Nyanja)
61.
Ci-nyanja
(East
Nyanja)
Good
didi -didi
didi -bwinoi
-bwinco.
bwinco
kcoma
Great
-n-dumu-ka -n-dimu-ga -kulu -n-kulu
kulu.
kulu
tatao.
nete.
tunta
Little
nconco nconco
ncanu -u-nconco -ncancii.
nconco
ce-pa
Long
-co-la-pa,
tari
tali,
tali
-u>-ya-pa
tali-ka,
-tani-mpa.
Ku-
Male
-m-umbw-ana. -i-nombw-ana Mwa-muna. M-pongco. -muna.
Mwa-muna.
-ya m-cobw-ana.
pongeo a-muna -pongw
M-pongw
Sa- m-pongco
Old
-a-gai
karamba
kale.
-kale
kalamba
Red
fia
fuira
psyu,
-a ku-fuila
(co-fia)
pyco.
fiira
Rotten
vunda
b vunda
cola.
vunda.
bvunda
cola
Short
via
fupi
fupi,
fupi
(to-via)
fupi-ka
Sick
-co-yada -dwara
? -dwara.
dwala
dwala
tenda
White
cena, -cena
cena -yera
-era,
yera
Jena
yera.
dembe.
mbu.
tuwa.
ndala
Above, up, on
Pa-dzuru,
Ku-zuru,
Pa-mw-amba.
Pa-mw-amba
top
Pa-duyu
Pa-zuru
Ku-dzulu.
Nefia
Before
tscogorco
Ku-dzugoru,
Tscogolco,
cugcolco
Pa-tscogorco
Pa-tsogorco.
Ca-mimba.
Cam-pumi
Behind ...
Kun-duyu
Mum-buyeo,
M -buy co, Pa-
-m-buyco
Kum-buyco.
Mun-duri
Below, down
Pati
Pa-nze,
nsi, Pa-nsi
nci,
Pa-ntsi.
Pa-nsi-pto
Mu-fufuntsi.
Mu-nyantsi
Far
-gun-daia
N-gure.
tari,
Ku-tali
Ku-tari
Ku-tari
Here
I'linco. Apa
Kunco Kunco
Kunco.
Kunco.
Kunco.
Panto.
Apa
Panto
,
Porapa
In, inside ...
Ngari.
Mu-kati
Mu-, M'..
Mkati.
M-, Mwi-,
Momwe
Mu-
Mu-
Middle
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Near
andatnana
Pa-fupi
Pa-fupi
Pa-fupi
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
249
58.
583.
59-
60.
6 1 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazarco
Ci-podzeo
Ci-nyungwi
Ci-mbco
Ci-mananja
Ci-nyanja
(Ci-kunda)
59 a. Ci-sena
(Ci-cinjiri)
(South
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
Outside ... Ku-dambco
Plenty, many -inji.
-mw-eni
There Apai. Aweo,
Avco,
Apco.
Apaa-a.
Ukco
Where? ... Ku-ti ?
No ! Tayu !
Nyonyco !
Not (with verb, Se-, Si-, Ka-
as prefix, in- and much as in
fix, or suffix) No. 59
-nji pa
To
Ku-
beat ...
bubudwa
buy, sell
gura
come ...
-da,
-da
cut
-dura,
duya.
rema
dance ...
-jina,
-ceta
die
kwa
eat ...
ya
., give ...
vasa,
pasa
.. go
nenda,
enda.
famba.
pita
kill
upa
know ...
dziwa
,, laugh ...
teka
leave off,
-leka
cease
love, want
konda
Ku-
bvina
Ku-nsa
-z-inji
A poo.
Ku-re.
Ukco
Ma-ere
Apu
-pa
-ziwa,
dziva
seka
reka
funa
1 Si -ndi = not I,
Su = not thou.
Sa = not ht.
-nja
(Pa.nja),
Ku-nja
-m-biri
Apco.
Ukco
bwalco
-m-biri.
-ny-inji.
-n-khana
Apco.
Ukco
Komwe ?
...
Ku-ti ?
Ku-ti ?
Ku-pconi ?
Pa-ti ?
Pa-ti ?
Tayu!
I-ai!
lai!
lai!
Aiai !
I-si!
Kwe!
Si- (allpers),
Si-
Si-.Sa-'iN-ka-;
(Much the
Ne-, Ka-,
U-ki-; -sa-;
same as in
ffkha- (59 a);
-i (-tai, -te),
Mananja)
-rini, -ribe,
be, -bi, or -je
be, -bi ; -tayu
(suffixes
(59a)
applied gener-
ally to aux-
iliary verbs)
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
-menya
...
menya
menya
gula,
gula
gula.
gula
gura
-suma
dza
dza
dza
-ja
dula.
dula
dula.
dula.
gwata
tema.
tema
kakata
bvina,
-bvina
bvina
vina
bzina
-fa
fa
fa
fa
-dia
dia
dia
dya
patsa,
patsa
patsa
paca.
pasa
ninka
nenda.
-lika
nka.
yenda.
-yenda
-yenda
muka
pa
dzive
seka
konda
Si ti = not ive.
Si mu = not ye.
A sa = they not.
pa
dziwa
seka
leka.
-sia
konda.
anja,
pa
jiwa
seka
leka.
-sia
konda.
funa
yanja. -funa (search for)
250
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
58. 58
a. 59. 6
o. 61 a.
61.
English
Ci-mazaru Ci-p
(Ci-kunda)
xlzco Ci-nyungwi Ci-i
59 a. Ci-sena (Ci-c
nbco Ci-mananja
injiri) (South
Ci-nyanja
(East
Nyanja)
Nyanja)
To
Ku- Ku-
Ku- Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
see
-coiia
ona
ona.
ona.
buna
penya
sit, remain,
kaia
kara
kala.
kala
abide
-tsala
,, sleep ...
gcona
guna
gcona.
guna.
lala
lala
(to be worn
out)
stand, stop,
imea
da.
ima
ima
be erect
ima
steal ...
.ba,
ba -ba
ba
ba.
iba
landa
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-MAZARO) AND CI-PODZO)
No preprefixes, except in Class 16.
Class i. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, u-, -yu) ; 2. A- (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N-, K- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i) ;
5. -, V>; Dz'-, Di-, Li- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ji-, Ci-, Yi(?) (ci) ; 8. Vi-, Pi-, Bi- (vi) ; 9. N-, Ny-,
- (n-, i) ; 10. Di-, Din-, N-, Ny- (di) ; 1 1. missing?; 12. missing?; 13. Ka- (ka), //. Vi- ; 14. U-,Wu-
(u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa- (pa) ; 17. M-, Mu- (m-, -n).
The Sa- or Se- (father) prefix and Na- (mother) prefix are present.
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NYUN-GWE AND CI-SENA
Slight traces in Class 9 of preprefixes in Ci-nyungwi.
Class I. Mu-, M- (Ngu- 1 ) (mu-, m, yu-, u-, ngu-) ; 2. A-, Wa- (older form, Va-) (Mba- l ) (wa,
mba-); 3. Mu-, M- (Ngu- 1 ) (u-,ngu) ; 4. Mi- (Nji- ') (i-, yi, nji-) ; 5. . Dzi-, Dz'-, D'- (Ndi- 1 ) (ri, ndi-) ;
6. Ma- (Nga- l ) (ya-, a, ma- ?, figa-) ; 7. Ci- (? jSi- in Ci-nyungwe) (Nci- l ) (ci, nci-, nc'a) ; 8. Bzi-, Bz'-,
Psi-, Pi- (Ci-sena) (Mbzi-, Mpi- 1 ) (bzi, mbzi-, mpi-) ; 9. In- (Im-), N- (M-), Ny-, I-, (Nji- ') (i-, yi, nji-) ;
10. same as 9, and Zi- (59), Di- (593) (Nzi-, Ndi-? 1 ) (zi-, di-, nz'a-) ; 1 1. Ru-, Ri- (? Ndu- 1 ) (ru-, ndu ?,
ndi-) ; 12. Tu- (Nthu- 1 ) (absent in Ci-sena, where its place is taken by Pi- (8) ; very little used in
Ci-nyungwe, and then generally prefixed to the singular prefix of another Class. Concord, tu, nthu-,
nth'-) ; 13. Ka- (ffkha- 1 ) (little used in Ci-nyungwe and generally prefixed before the retained prefix of
the word which Ka- turns into a diminutive. Concord, ka, fikha-) ; 14. U-, Bu- (Mbu- 1 ) (u-, bu, mbu~) ;
15. Ku- (Nkhu 1 ) (ku, fikhu-) ; 16. Pa- (Mpha- 1 ) (pa, mpha-) ; 17. Mu- (Nghwa- 1 ) (mo>-, mu-,nghu-).
The Sa- or Tsa- (masc., honorific) and the Na- or Nya- prefixes are present.
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-MBU) (CI-CINJIRI)
Traces of preprefixes in No. 9 Class.
Class I. Mu-, M- (mu-, m, u-) ; 2. A-, Wa-, ?Ba- 2 (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu-, M- (mu-, m-, u) ; 4. Mi- (mi-,
i); 5. Li-, Dzi- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ?) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. ? ; 9. In- (Im-), N-, Ny- (i ?) ; 10. ?same as 9
(concord?); n. Lu- (lu); 12.?; 13. Ka- (ka); 14. U-, Bu- (u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa);
17. Mu- (mu-).
1 With nasal directive N- (M-).
* I have heard ' Ba- 'for No. 2 prefix inland, south of the Ruw, near Mount Ciperuni.
GROUP P: THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES
251
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-MAtfANJA AND CI-NYANJA
Traces of preprefixes in Classes 16 and 17.
Class I. Mu-, M- (Ngu- 1 ) (m-, mu, u-, yu-) ; 2. A-, Wa- (6ia) (a-, wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (gu- 1 )
(mu-, u, ngwa) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, -yi) ; 5. , Dzi-, Dz'-, Di- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ga- l ) (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci- (? Nci-)
(ci) ; 8. Dzi-, Zi- (zi) ; 9. , N-, Ny- (i-, yi, n-, nj-) ; 10. , N-, Ny-, Zin- (zi) ; n. Lu-, Li- (scarce)
(lu, li), pi. No. 6 superadded) ; 12. Ti- (rare except in East Nyanja) (ti) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U- (bu) ;
15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Apa-, Pa- (Mpa- ') (pa) ; 17. Umu-, Mu-, M- (mu-, m-).
The Tsa- or Sa- ('master of plural, A-tsa-) and the Na- (plural, A-na-) prefixes are present,
with concords of 1st and 2nd Classes. The plural A- or Wa- (No. 2) is often used 2 as an honorific
prefix in a singular sense. Sometimes this is combined with Ci- (No. 7) and produces by fusion Ca- orCe-
(or Ke-). To this again may be prefixed A-, so that Ace- is a common honorific prefix. Na- is some-
times followed by M- (N-) and Ka-, producing the compound prefix Namka or Nanka.
Note also the particle I-, applied often to the pronominal and adverbial roots or prefixes, ' with the
idea of emphasis ' (Ruffele-Scott, Mahanja Dictionary).
58. Cimazarco is spoken on the Lower Zambezi between the Ziwe-Ziwe and Shire" confluence and the
beginning of the delta.
58 a. Cipodzco is spoken in the Zambezi delta between the River Mahindco in the north and the Luabco
in the south.
59. Cinyungwi is spoken on both banks of the Lower Zambezi, west of the Ziwe-Ziwe confluence at
Sena, especially at Tete and Sena, as far west as the 32 of East longitude, where it grades into Cinsenga
and Cinyai, and as far north as the Makanga country, the watershed of Lake Nyasa, where it grades
into Maravi or Cipeta.
60. Cimbco is spoken on the Lower Shire" and in the Macinjiri country south of the Ruo>; also along
the east bank of the Lower Shire" river down to Mount Morambala.
6l a. Cimaiianja is spoken in the Shire" Highlands and the regions of south Nyasaland where Yato
does not prevail. It extends from Mount Mlanje and Lake Cilvva on the east to the Ruu> river and the
west Shire district on the south and west.
61. Cinyanja is spoken in the coast-lands along the east of Lake Nyasa, from about 11 30' South
latitude southwards to about 13 30' ; also on the islands of Likcoma and Cisumulu ; and wherever
Anyanja settlements still exist among the Yacu people of east Nyasaland.
1 These forms are relics of the 'prefix plus directive nasal ' which appears more prominently in
Ci-nyungwe and in south-west and south Banltt.
* ' AJltmvfiinitiwenlhefrtn'lliTmer/lf'han'hJa'
1902.
efore names of people '. Rev. Herbert Barnes in 'Nyanja- English Vocabulary,'
GROUP P
THE SOUTH NYASALAND LANGUAGES (continued)
61 b. Ci-peta (Ma-ravi) 6rc. Ci-cewa (West Nyanja) 62. Ci-nsenga (Senga)
GROUP Q
THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES
63. Ci-nyai (Ci-nyau or Ltoze) and Ci-nanswa
64. Karana ' dialects (Ci-swina, {5una, &>c.) 64 a. Ci-ndau (Va-ndau, ' Sofala ')
Adze
Animal, wild
beast
Ka-temco
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
M-bazco
Ny-ama
...
M-bezco.
Tsendco
Ci-rombco.
I -muka,
M-huka.
Ci-kara
Tsendco.
M-bezeo
M-buwu,
Ci-rombco.
M-huka
Ant
Ny-erere.
Li-ntumbwi
M-pasi,
.*.
Hu-nyunyu.
Cu-sunji,
Li-ntumbu ;
(//. same)
M-pansi.
Ru-menyco.
Usunji or
mali + .
M-nyanyau
sweswe
Sonzi.
Nyanyao
(ma- ; bu-)
Tscotsa
Ant, white
N-swa,
...
C-usi.
Mu-tate ?
Mi-cenye (//,)
Mu-cenje.
(termite)
Ci-swe
Mu-swe
Sxwa.
Mu-tate.
Mi-juru (pi.)
I-swa
Arm
M-kconco.
Z-anja ;
Kw-anja ;
Lci>-bcokco
K u-bcokco ;
Bcokco ; ma +
Dz-andya ;
m-anja
m-anja
pi. ma-
m-andya
Arrow
Mu-bvi
Mu-vi ; mi-
Mum-vwi
Gcoba.
Mu-sebe.
Um-paca; mi-.
Sakasa
N-gcobe.
Mu-sewe.
Mo-riene.
M-hatu
Mco-vi
Axe
M-kwankwa.
Xwangwa
M-bazco.
U-bga.
I-sanu.
M-behura; ma-.
Gcoma
Ka-temco ; tu-.
I-sanu
Ganco.
Baja.
Ci-temco
Demco.
Santco
Di-muru.
Badzco.
Hubya
Baboon
N-kwere.
M-xweri; wa-f
Kcolcoe
Tede; ma +
I-gudu.
Dede.
Ny-ani.
Dirco.
KOI co ;
N-cimbco
1-bvene.
pi. zi + .
Gudco
Pfene
Back
M-sana.
M-sana
M-sana.
M-tcotco
M-sana,
Mu-sana
M-buyco
Ku-vuli
Mii-sana.
(cf. shadow)
Ci-bunco
Banana
N-tcoci
N-toice
Ci-konde ; vi-.
...
Hcobco.
Kcobco ; ma +
Mumbu
Hcova
Beard
N-debvu
N-debvu
N-devu
Dempfu
N-debvu.
M-birutanco
In-devco
1 To this group belongs the 'Kilimanse', ' Chilimanse" of African explorers of the middle nineteenth century.
Karana is the Makalaka of Livingstone. There is considerable dialectic variation in Karanga or Karana as well
as in the local pronunciation of the principal name of the language, which was formerly Karanga and now is more
often Karana (to the Becunna. peoples it is Kalaka). The principal local dialects are (besides Ci-ndau) .- Ci-manyika,
Ci-govera, and Ci-mali. But there is not enough information to hand to separate them further.
GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 253
English
6ib.
Ci-peta
(Ma-ravi)
6ic.
Ci-cewa
(West Nyanja)
62.
Ci-nsenga
63-
Ci-nyai,
Ci-nanswa
64.
Karana
dialects
(puna, &c.)
643.
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')
Bee
Nj-uci
Nj-uci
N-zimco
Iny-coci
Iny-uci
Belly
Ci-pfu,
Mimba
Vumco
Ptombu,
I-mimba.
In-da-ne.
Ki-pfu ;
m-ptombu
Dumbco.
U-tumbco
pi. -psi.
Ci-su.
Mimba ; ma +
1-numbu
Bird
M-balame
M-barame
K-coni ;
I-siri.
I-siri
I-ciri or
l-uni.
N-ycone
1-siri
C-uni
Blood
Mw-azi
Mw-azi
Mu-rcopa
Ma-lcopa
Ma-rcopa
Rcopa.
Mu-siya
Body
Tupi.
Tupi; ma +
Mu-wiri
M-bili
Mu-biri
Mu-huiri
Ma-rungco
Bone
Pfupa or
Fupa
M-fupa ; mi-
Fupa; ma+
I-pfupa.
Good co.
Li-fupa
Godco
Fupa ; ma +
Borassus palm
M-vumco
M-vumco
...
...
M-lala
Mu-cindwi ?
Bow
Bu-ta,
Wu-ta ; ma +
U-ta;
L.(io-ta
Bu-ta.
Bu-ta ;
U-ta;
mau-ta
Bu-dade.
mbu-ta
pi. ma +
I-dantire
Bowels
Ma-tumbco
Ma-tumbco
Ma-ra
.. *
Mabu-ra
Mimba.
N-kumbu.
Wu-ra
Brains
B-ongco
Uw-ongco
Tompwe.
Bu-ruru.
U-ruvi ; ma-
W-ongco
Bu-rupi.
Bu-ruzwi
Breast(man's)
Ci-pfua.
Ci-fua
Ki-fua
Hana or
Ci-fuba.
gi-fua
N-tima
Gana
Hana
Breast
Bere ; ma +
Ma-were (//.)
Ma-ziwa
Gamu ;
I-z,amu,
Dundu.
(woman's)
pi. ma +
I-aamu.
Diti; ma +
Ma-zuku (pi.)
Brother ...
Sibweni.
M-bare.
Ka-rangcozi ;
Nungu-na.
Kama,
Kcoma ; ba + .
M-pwa.
M -longco
vi-.
Mco-lukco-ana
M-kcoma.
Ne-vanji.
M-bali.
M-kwa.
M-kuru.
.Mu-nukuna,
N-jila or
M-lisa
Mu-nu.
Mu-kuna
N-gila
Mo-rombala.
U-nunu-na
Buffalo ...
Nj-ati
Ny-ati or
M-bcoco
Parapara
Iny-ati
Iny-ati.
nj-ati
^awa
Bull
N-ombe
...
N-ombe
...
N-kconu.
Mu-kconco
a-ina
i-lume
I-handira.
I-hconco.
1-hunzi
Buttocks ...
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-taku
Nunzi
I-batu.
M-bata;
Ma-takco.
man-bata
Dakco
Canoe
Bw-atco ; ma +
Bw-atco
W-atco,
I-gwa
Bh-atco,
M-garaba ;
Uw-atco;
By-atco.
ma-garaba
maw-atco
I-gwa
(Ngalawa)
Cat
M-paka
Ccona;
M-buyaco.
...
Line-mange
Cima-ngcobe.
wa-ccona
Ccona
Paka
Charcoal ...
Kala ; ma +
Ma-rahla
Ma-simbi
Chief
M-fumu ; wa +
M-fumco
Fumu,
Mambco
Di se, ^e ;
Mambco ; pi.
N-fumu.
//. ba-se.
maji-mambco.
Akw-eni.
I-cinda.
Se.
A-bwana
Mw-ene.
Mu-cinda
I-hcosi.
1-hcosi ape ?.
M-rongco.
Mambco
254
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6ib.
6ic.
62.
63-
64-
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai,
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
IjSuna, &(.)
' Sofala ')
Child
Cloth
Cold
Country ..
Cow ...
Mw-ana;
w-ana
N-saru
Dz-iku ;
ma-ikco
N-ombe \va
m-kazi ;
//. zi +
Crocodile ... N-cona
Day, daylight Tsiku.
Sana
Mw-ana ;
w-ana
Saru
Z-ikco,
muz-ikco
N-ombe
ei-kazi
\ j'-
Siku.
M-sana
Devil, evil Tscoka ; ma + . Ci-wanda ; vi-
spirit ... M-zimu ; wa-
Doctor (medi- Si-nanga;wa+ Si-nanga
cine man)
Dog ...... Garu ; wa-f- Garu
Donkey
Door, door-
way
Ci-tsekco,
Ki-tsekco.
Pa-kcomco
Kcomco
Dream
Drum
N-dcota
N-coma;
N-dcota
N-coma
Ear
pi. zi +
Ku-tu; ma-f Ku-tu; ma +
Egg
Dzira,
Dzela
Dzira
Elephant ...
Excrement
N-jcobvu
Tu-bzi
N-jcobvu
Tu-vi
Eye
1 )-isco.
D z-isco;
L-isco
ma-sco
Face, fore-
Ci-dzco ;
Kuma-sco
head
pi. psi-.
M ma-sco.
M-pumi
Ka-saza; tu-.
Mnw-ana ;
M w-ana ;
Mw-ana
pi. b-ana.
ab-ana.
m-tont.
M-cece.
pi-pwere
Lu-cece(ma-f )
Ci-bhyere
Salu. N-guza
Jira.
Jira or
N-yula.
N-gubto
Gira.
N-anza
(a goatskin
Guvco; nia-f
pelt)
M-pepco. M-tutu
Im-epco.
Im-epco
U-tontole
Candco
Ci-alu In-yika.
Iny-iga
Iny-iga.
Ma-vu
N -ika ; ma +
N-ombe
In-ombe
M-gombe
ana-kazi
hadzi.
kazi ;
or i-kazi
1-nicou
pi. m-gombe
(? ostrich)
zio-kazi.
Unibe
kaji
M-wena, N-gwena
I-gambinga.
N-gcomombco ;
N-wena
I-gagwe,
ma + .
I-garhwe,
N-gwena
I-gaywe
N-siku.
1-z.uba.
I-z,uba,
(Ka-suwa =
M-si,
Zuva ; ma + .
daylight)
Mu-si
Ma.pati (pi.)
Li-pa wi; ma-
Ci-bandu.
Mu-caici or
C-er
Mu-^aipi.
(spirit)
JSawe
N-ganga
1-iianga
Ci-remba
Im-bwa ; Im-bga
M-bha.
Im-bya.
zim-bwa
M-bcoga
Im-bwa;
mam-
...
H-bizi (zeira)
M-bongorco.
Bemhe
Ci-sasa.
I-geoni.
Ruvi ; ma + .
Mu-liangco
M-kcoba.
Mu-suvw
M-subeo.
Dimba
C-eozi
Rcota
Rcotbi ; ma +
N-coma N-gcoma
N-geoma.
N-gcoma ; ma-
I -dumb a
Li-twe. Zebe
N-zebe or
Ku-zwa.
Kwa-tu ;
N-zeve.
In-dzeve
ma-tu
I-gere.
I-twi
I-gumbi Zae; ma +
I-zai
Zanda ; ma-f
or Li- ; ma-
N-ZCOVU
N-z,eowu
X-jcohu ; ma-
Tu-vi
Ma-tcokco.
Matu-vi
Matu-zwi
R-isco ; Egco ; m-egeo
Z-isco ;
N-jisto ;
m-esco or
m-esco
ma-jipco
me-nsco
Kuma-nsco
Ima-n^co
Hcope.
Bu-su
GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NY'ASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 255
Fat, oil ...
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
*
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Father
Tate,
A-tate
Wa-ta.
...
U-dade.
Baba.
Tete,
Aw-isi
Bambto.
I-se ('chief'). 1
Wa-tate
(Aw-isi wak(o).
Palea
Se- prefix
An -sco
(or Ji ?)
Fear
Ma-nta.
Ma-ntha
Ku-copa.
Bw-tiha
I-hana
Kovuttoca
(X)pa.
U-towa.
Ki-ntente
Mw-ezto
Finger
C-ara ;
C-ara ;
Mu-nue ; mi-
Mu-nge ; me-
Mu-nwe
Ci-nue ;
ps-ara
vy-ara
(Gu-nwe =
//. zi-nue.
thumb)
Gu-nwe
Fire
M-otto ; mi-
M-otto
M-otco.
M-otco
M-otto,
Mo-rirco ; mi-.
Mu-lilto
Mw-otto,
M-otto
My-otto
Fish
N-somba ;
N-somba
Sawi ; ma-
Lcobe
1-hobe or
Heobe,
tsiH-
yobe
Howe ; ma +
Foot
Padzi.
Mw-endco ; pi.
Kw-endto ; mi-.
Le-hcoka or
I-gumbto.
Mu-renge
Mw-endto
Miny-endto
Ulw-ayto ;
Le-goska
Ny-arto
(or -renje) ;
malw-ayto
mi-. Ci-renge
Forest
N-kalangco
Thengto
M-sanga
..*
1-saka.
Guasa; ma+.
*
1-dzese
Sangco.
Dondto
Fowl
N-kuku
Kuku
Kuku
I-huku.
Ukeo; ma +
Htokco
Frog
C-ule ;
. . .
C-ule; a +
...
I-zura.
Dafi.
ps-ule
I-taca
Mu-tawa;ma-
Ghost
Ki-dztodtogwa ;
M-tunzi ; mi-
Ci-nsingwa.
tlii*rom uco! vl*\
M-nweya.
Z-ungube.
//. psi-
Ci-wanda.
Mu-dzimu.
Mu-dzimu
Cim-vwili
M-oyto,
C-erw
Giraffe
...
...
*
Xwisa,
...
N-swiza,
I-stoma
Girl
Butu ; ma +
Butu ; ma +
M-buntu.
**
Mu-sikana.
Mu-swa-na.
M-simbi
M-andara.
M-handara
M-siga-na.
Hombe
Goat
M-buzi ; zi-
M-buzi ; zi +
M-buzi ; zi +
Puzi
M-budzi
M-buji,
M-busi ; ma +
(he) ...
Donde,
...
...
. ..
Gtottogcotto.
Gcotcoktotto.
Tonde
Nongeo.
Gweme
M-bcocto
(she)...
M-buzi
.. .
...
...
Nunzwi,
...
wa m-kazi
Dumbzi.
Bembza
God
Mu-lungu.
Cuu-ta
Reza,
Mm.linuo.
Mw-ari,
Ma-rure.
M-pambe.
Leza
(Mco-linito
M-nwali.
Mu-rungu
Ciu-ta,
(thunder)
mcu-kuru =
Mu-dzima
Grandparent
Cuu-ta
M-buyco.
Asi-kulu
great God)
U-tateguru.
Mum-kuru.
A-m-buye
M-buya 5
Se-kuru.
Wa-m-buya o
Grass
Mau-dzu
U-dzu
U-swa ; ma-.
Bw-gcoa
U-swa.
C-ani.
U-cani.
Bu-hwa.
Bu-swa
U-zu
M-htova.
Ru-swiswi
1 Mu-bari = parent.
s 2
256
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6ib.
6$c.
62.
63-
64-
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai.
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
(puna, &<:.)
'Sofala')
Ground ... N-taka ... M-rcota. Ma-vu I-vu. Ma-vu.
Pa-si, M-sece Ny-ua
Pa-nsi.
C-alco.
Li-teo
Ground-nut
N-teza.
Ka-mburundzi
N-ziama
Ny-emba
N-emco
N-duwe.
N-tentsa; mi-
N-zungco
Guinea-fowl
N-kanga ;
N-kanga
N-kanga ; zi-.
...
I-hanga
Hanga ; ma-
zi-t- or
Li-celwe
tsi +
Gun
M-futi; tsi +
Futi ; zi +
Futi; zi-f
...
I-pfuti
M-futi; ma +
Hair
Tsitsi
Sitsi
Sisi
Vuzi ; ma + .
Vuzi ; ma + .
Vudzi ; ma +
or Tsise ;
Sisi
ma +
Hand
Dz-anja ;
Dz-anja ;
C-anzanza
Lco-bcokeo.
Ku-btokco.
Many-ara ?
m-anja
m-anja
C-aga or
C-ansa
(fingers)
C-aha
Ny-ara
Head
Mu-tu,
Mu-tu ; mi-
Mu-twe,
I-sorco.
M-sorco,
M-sorco; ma-
N-tu ; mi-
Mu-tu
M-pongorw
MiD-sorco
Heart
M-tima ; mi-
M-tima ; mi-
Mu-tima
Dunga
M-oyco,
M-oyto ; ma +
*
Mw-oyco,
Heel
Ci-tende ; psi-.
Ci-tende ; vi-
Ka-tende ; vi-
Ci-cinco
Ci-tsitsinu,
Ci-sisinindco;
Ci-kongeonu ;
Ci-tsino.
^/.zwi-sisinindco.
psi- or dzi-
N-hende.
Ci-sinindco ;
Ci-dondoba
zwi-
Hide
Ci-kcopa
...
M-kupco.
Lu-pasa
Debve.
Dehwe,
M-papa
Palame.
N-hewe
I-guguta.
"
N-gubw
Hill
Ki-dumbi; psi-.
Ka-pili
. . .
1-gcomco,
Duntco
M-dunda
Ci-gcomco,
Ka-kumu
Hippopotamus
M-vu
M-vu
M-vu,
...
M-vubu.
M-VOJ.
M-vuu
N-gwindi
M-vuhu;ma +
Hoe
Ka-su ; ma +
...
Kam-bwili.
...
I-badza
Badza
M-suka
Honey
Uci or
Uici
Uci wa
...
B-uci
H-uci
B-uci
n-zimu.
U-uci
Horn
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
Ny-anga.
...
Runy-anga.
Ny-anga; ma +
Lu-sengto
I-scona
House
Ny-umba ;
Ny-umba ; zi +
N-anda; zi-
N-gomba.
I-mba.
M-basco ; ma-.
zi- or tsi +
(Kco-mcosa =
Umba.
Ny-umba.
at home)
In-umba
Mba
Hunger
N-jala
N-jala
N-gara
M-dala
N-^ara
N-jara
Husband ...
Mwa-muna
...
Mu-lume
Mu-rumi,
Mu-rume
Mco-rume
Hyena
Fisi ; wa-
Fisi; wa +
Ci-mbwe,
* > >
Ci-pere.
Tika; ma + .
Ci-mbwi
Tika
Bere; ma +
Iron
Ci-sulco
Ci-tsuru
Ci-sengco.
Dare
I-dari,
U-tare ; ma-.
C-ela
Dale.
Simbi
1-mangura
Island
Ci-lwa.
Ci-phcole ; vi-
Ka-ndindi ; vi-.
...
1-ciwi
Ci-sirgwa;
Ci-rumba ;
N-sumbu
zwi-.
pi. psi-
3-irwa
Ivory
Ny-anga
Ny-anga
Miny-anga
...
Runy-anga
Runy-anga ;
n-jwvu (pi.)
gwe-^o>wuj
ma-
GROUPS P,Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 257
6lb.
6ic.
62.
63.
64.
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nseiiga
Ci-nyai,
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja )
Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
(puna, &*c.)
' Sofala ')
Knee
Kongconco.
Kongconco
Konkco. Gcona ; ma +
I-bvi.
1-dvi ; ma-.
Bondu ;
N-kcokcola
(pfugama =
Go-kcove
ma-ondco
to kneel. Cp.
E. Bantu)
Knife
M-peni
Ci-pula.
Ru-ezi or M-paka
I-panga,
Ci-panga ; zi-
M-kalco
Du-ezi ; ma +
Banga
Lake, sea ...
Taware.
Ny-anja
Ci-tenga ...
D'ibi.
Gandwa
Ny-anja
I-gawa.
Ny-anza
Leg
Mw-endco ; pi.
M-sor<u
Mu-konzco.
Ci-dzwa.
Mu-renge; ma .
ny-endco or
Kw-endco
Bimbira.
Gumbu
mi-endu
{pi. mi-endco
I -gumbo)
or m-endeo)
Leopard ...
Nya-ribwe
Nya-rubwe
I-ngeo,
I-ngwe.
Kamba ; ma +
Ka-ingco ;
M-bada
pi. vika- or
tu- +
Lion
N-kangco ; mi-
M-karamco
N-kalamu C-umba
pumba.
Pondorco.
I-mondorco
jSumba
Lips
Mi-lconico
Mi-lcomco
Mi-rcomco Mi-lcomco
Mi-rcomco
Ma-rcomco
Magic
U-fiti.
M-sinanga
Lcozi.
Rcowa,
Win ji ; ma +
Ma-ere
U-fwiti
Bu-royi,
Bu-rcowi.
Bu-nanga.
Gwere
Maize
Pa-man ga
Ci-manga
Vi-tonga.
Ci-manga.
Bonore ; ma +
M-sali
Ci-bakwe
Man
Mu-ntu ; wa-
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ; wa-.
Mu-nu ;
Mu-ntu;
wa-ntu
ba-nu
ba-ntu
Man, vir. ...
Mw.i-muna
Mwana-lume. Mco-rume.
M-rumi.
Mu-ruihe
Mu-lume N-ktoma-na.
(N-zuma,
(Mco-sika-na,
young man).
young man)
Jaya
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama or
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Ma-nkwarco
...
Mo-rimco
Mu-ti.
Mu-tombco
Mu-rimco.
M-songa.
Iny-aiiga
Milk
N-kaka.
Ma-ziwa.
M-kaka
M-kaka.
Mu-kaka
Ma-ziwa
M-kaka
( Ku-kama =
to milk)
Monkey ...
Pusi.
Pusi.
Ma-ncanca (//.).
I-scokco
Ccokco ; ma + .
N-cima
N-cima
N-sanji.
Koi co ;
Ceta.
ji- or ^i-
*
M-bongwe
Moon
Mw-ezi
M \v-ezi
Mw-ezi Ngu-ezi.
Mnw-edzi,
Mu-eji
(Gu-eti =
Mw-ezi,
moonlight]
My-edzi
Mother
Mai;
Maye
Wa-ma.
Mai
Mayi
//. wa-mai.
Nyina.
Ma-
Nywko)
Mountain ...
Piri;
Phiri
Lu-piri; ma + .
I-gcomco
Dundu ; ma +
ma-piri
Cilu-pili
fBongwe
Mouth
Ka-mwa
Ka-mwa ; tu-
Mu-rcomco
Mu-rcomco
Nail (of finger
Ny-ara.
Ci-kamba ; vi-
C-ala ; vy-. Zala
Kun-zara
Du-ara ; ma +
or toe)
Ci-katawco
Lun^i-ala ; pi.
Umwe ;
n^i-ala.
ma-umwe
358
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
6ib.
Ci-peta
(Ma-ravi)
61 c.
Ci-cewa
(West Nyanja)
62. _
Ci-nsenga
63-
Ci-nyai,
Ci-nanswa
64.
Karana
dialects
(Suna, Gfc.)
64 a.
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')
Name
Dz-ina ;
Dz-ina ;
Z-ina
Sidara.
I-zita
N-zima ; ma +
ma-ina
ma-ina
Setha
Navel
M -combco ; mi-
M- combed
...
I-guvu,
Ci-kuvu
1-combco
Neck
Kcosi
Khcosi
Mu-kusi
Hulco
M-tsipa,
Hurco ; ma +
Mu-tsiba
Night
U-siku
U-siku
U-siku.
Suku
Bu-siku.
U-siku.
(Finzi =
darkness)
(Dima =
darkness)
Si-rima.
Bu-siku
Nose
M-punco
..
M-punco
M-inco
M-inco,
M-irco
Binco.
Pconco
Ox ..." ...
N-ombe
N-ombe
N-ombe ;
N-gombe ;
N-dume.
N-ombe ; ma +
ni-fule
pi. vi-
pi. in-gombe
N-zombe ;
zi + .
N-ombe ;
zin- or i-
Paddle
M-capco
Kafi.
...
Mu-capco
Kafe
(Ku-capa =
verb}
Palm wine,
U-cema
...
W-alwa (beer)
...
Uc-arwa (beer)
U-cema
beer
Parrot
Ci-nkwe ;
Ci-mpse ;
Kcopekcope
I-hwenka,
Guanga ; ma +
psi-nkwe
vi-mpse
Ci-wenga
Penis ... ...
M. boron
M-borco
M-borco
. ..
M-borco.
M-bcolco
Cam-bcokco
Pig
N-guluwe.
N-guruwe
N-guruwe
...
Humba.
N-gumbi;ma +
N-kumba.
N-guliive
M-dudu
Pigeon
N-kunda.
N-jiwa
C-iwa ;
N-jiba
Gora ; ma +
N-jiwa
v-iwa.
N-kunda
Place
Pco-
Paja
C-aru.
Panco
I-dzimba.
U-garco ; ma-
(in many
M-alco.
Dunu.
combinations).
Pa-.
Bu-garco
(Ma-reo =
Apa; pto-
a sleeping-
place)
Rain
M-bvula
M-vura
Vua.
M-vula
M-vura
M-vula
M-vula.
Ma-inza.
(Mi-lcoci =
heavy rain)
Rat
M-bwea,
Kcoswe
Li-rindie; ma-.
. ..
I-gonzu,
N-gonsco ;
M-bewa.
M-bwewa.
GUZ.CO.
ma +
Kcoswe
Kcoswe
M-bewa
Rhinoceros
Ci-pembere
Ci-pembele
Ci-pembele
Ci-pembere
I-nema
Tema,
N-hema
River
Ny-anja
M-sinje.
Mana or
Lo-iigira.
Kw-izi.
Mu-rambco ;
Ny-anja
Ka-mana
Ku-ezi or
Rg-wizi.
mi-.
Ku-izi
Ru-kcoba
Ru-izi
Road
N-jira
N-jira
N-zira,
...
N-z,ira.
N-jira.
N-jila
Mu-gwagwa
Mu-va
Salt
N-cere or
? N-cere
Mu-nyu
Mto-nyu
Mu-nyu,
Mu-nyu.
M-cere
Mo-nju.
Mu-tomba
Cayi
Shame
M-nyarco.
Ci-s<oni
N-suni
Ma-nyadzco
I-sconi.
Ny-cowa
Ma-nyazi
Ku-nyara
GROUPS P, Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 259
6ib.
6ic.
62.
63-
64.
64 a.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau
( Suna, &c.)
' Sofala ')
Sheep
M-bira.
Bira
M-belele ; vi +
Guae.
I-hwai,
Bu-iji; ma + .
N-keosa.
N-godcobge
Gai.
Gundata ;
M-peotlleo &
I-gondobhye
ma + .
Hondcohwe
Shield
Ci-keopa.
M-papa
I-pangu
I-ncobu,
Dcovco
M-kupu
N-heowei>
(N-deoVto)
Shoulder ...
Puzi or
Pewa ; ma +
Pfutsi
I-pfudzi.
Fud^i
Ptosi
Ma-peco.
I-bipitco
Sister
M-longco or
M-longco ;
Mu-kwasco.
I-hanzwadzi.
Mu-kunda;ba-.
Mu-rongco
pi. wa-rongco
M-lisa.
Bali.
Anju-azi
M-longcosi
Haina
Skin
Ktingu
Khunga
Kanda.
Lin-kanda
I-ganda.
Dcobco ; ma +
Ntembe.
1-guguta
Mpapa
Sky
M-tambco
M-tambco
Mu-kumbi.
-dinga
I-denga.
N-gore; ma-.
Kum-ulu.
(U-dinga,
Gore
Cf. year
Leza
OO-linga,
OO-tinga)
Slave
Mu-temba.
Ka-poleo.
Mu-randa.
Mu-batwa
Ka-porco;wa-K
Mu-zta o
I-nabha.
N-tsa-kazi j
I T
Mu-rombeo.
Sleep
Tu-lco
Tu-ru
Tu-lco.
OOpe.
I-hcope,
Hope.
(Ku-lala,7'-^)
(CD ne cope = he
Hope.
Ku-vata
is with sleep)
Ku-bata (verb)
(verb)
Smoke
U-tsi,
Uci
C-usi
Bu-tsi.
Vu-ci,
Wu-tsi
Ci-utsi
Vu-si
Snake
N-jcoka
N-jcoka
N-jeoka
N-ywka
Iny-coga
Ny-coka; ma +
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana wa
Mw-ana wa
Mw-ana ;
. ..
My-ana.
Mw-anaruma;
mwa-muna.
m \va-muna
w-ana
M-lisa-na.
ba-.
N-zombwe
M-kcoma-na.
Mu-rumbY-ana,
Mnw-ana
Mu-rumbw-ana
Song
Ny-imbco
Ny-imbco
Ulu-imbco ;
Ci-imbu.
Ru-yco ; ma + .
nz-imbw
Ru-ombw;dzi-.
Rgw-iyoa
Ru-iyco
Soul, spirit
...
...
...
...
My-eya,
..*
Mw-eya ;
mw-iya
Spear
N-tungco ; tsi +
M-kondco
Fumeo ; ma-
*.
I-pfumco ; ma-
Mo-kondco;mi-.
Tungeo
Star
N-yenyezi
N-thanda
Ny-enyezi.
N-yerezi
Iny-enyedzi
N-yaredzi,
N-tandala.
or N-jenezi
Ny-eredzi.
Lu-tanda ;
Tondco
pi. vin-
Stick
N-dcodco ; zi-
N-dcodco
Kcota ; vin + .
Su-imbco
I-swimbco."
N -donga ;
Ka-nkule
Mu-dongco.
ma + .
Pzimbeo,
Ru-ponda
Pswimbco
Stone
Mw-ala ;
Mw-ara ; mi-
Dz-iwe ;
Im-bge
I-bhye.
Bwe ; ma +
mi-ala or
ma-we.
I-bye
ni-ala
Mw-ala
Stool
M-pandco ; mi-
. >
Ci-limba
.
Ci-garco
...
Sun
Dzuwa,
Dzuwa
Ka-zuwa.
Suba
l-z,uba.
Zuba
Dzurua,
Zua
I-zwari.
Dz-uruwa
Dzua
Tail (of an
M-cira
M-cira
M-cila
Mn-wisi,
Mu-swe
animal)
My-ise.
Mu-pwe
260
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6ib.
61 c.
62.
63-
64.
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
(fSuna, &c.)
' Sofala ')
Tear
Dzcozi ;
M-scozi
Mu-nscozi; mi-
...
M-sojdzi
Mu-kcoji ; ma-
ma-scozi
Testicles ...
Ma-tcodzco.
Ma-cende
Ma-kandi
.
Ri-cende ; ma-
Ma-cende
M-pulumco
Thief
M-kungu.
M-kungu
Pompwe; vi +
Im-bafa.
I-babva
Mu-bi ; ba-.
M-bara
I-ncoba
Im-bava
Thigh
N-cafu
N-cafu
Ci-tewerco,
Kumba; ma +
Ci-dhla,
Ci-tawelco.
Ci-dza
Ci-welto
Ci-tumbi
Thing
Ci-ntu;
Ci-ntu ;
Ki-ntu; vi-.
I-zue ;
Ci-nu ;
Nc-iroa ; //.
psi-ntu,
vi-ntu.
(C-uma
ma-zue
zw-inu.
zw-iroa or
bzi-ntu.
(C-uma =
= things,
C-irco
fcw-irto.
Ki-ntu ;
property)
property)
fS-uma
pfi-ntu (old)
Thorn
Mu-nga ;
Mu-nga; mi-
MQ-nga
...
Mu-wa
Mu-dzua,
mi-nga
Mu-ndzwa
Tobacco ...
Fcodia
Fcodia
Fwaga
...
I-fcadya
Forya,
For-ya,
Fcoldya
To-day
Lerco
Lerco
Lerto
ku-zuinu
Nasi
Nya-masa.
Nya-masi
Toe
C-ara ;
C-ara ;
Ci-kumco
...
Ciku-nwe,
Mu-nue ; mi-
ps-ara
vy-ara
Gu-nwe,
Mu-nwe
To-morrow
Mawa
Mawa
Ma-ilco.
Ma-ngcoana
Ma-ngwana
Ma-ngwana
Mawa
Tongue
Li-lime or
Li-rimi
Lu-limi
Lu-limi
Ru-rimi
Ru-rimi ; ma-
Li-rume ;
pi. ma-rume
Tooth
Dz-ino ;
Dz-inco ;
L-inu
M-enw (//.)
Z-ineo ;
N-zinco.
ma-nto
ma-nco
m-eneo.
Dzeyco
(Zeyoa =
molar)
Town
Mu-dzi
Mu-ji
Mu-nzi ;
M-sa,
Mu-sa.
Mu-zi ; mi-
mi-nzi
Mco-pa.
Dorcopa
Kanye.
(Dutch)
(' Kw-etu ' =
our town)
Tree
M-tengto.
M-tengeo
Ci-muti ;
Mco-tondoj
Mu-ti
Mu-ti.
N-toyangeo ;
vi-muti
Mum-buti;
mi-
mam-
Twins
M-pasa
Ma-pasa
Ama-pasa
Ma-wambe.
Zinya-mbire or
Ma-zana
Manya-mbire.
Ma-patxia
Urine
M-kodzoo
M-ktojco
M-kcozco
*
M-tundca
Mu-tundeo.
Mu-kameo
Vein
N-tsempa ;
...
...
...
Mu-tsinga
Mu-tsinga
mi-
War
N-kondoj
Kondco
N-kondo>
Gugwa.
Fumeo.
Mu-renga
Hondco
Water
Ma-dzi
Ma-ji
Ma-nzi
*
M-vura.
Um-vura.
Dirira
Ma-ji
Well, spring
...
...
...
Ziba
I-dzime.
Dziwa
Mu-godi.
Giwa,
Kiwa.
White man
M-zungu ; wa-
M-zungu ; wa-
M-sweta ;
Kiwa ; ma +
M-rumbi.
Mu-zung<o
a-sweta
M-zungu
GROUPS P,Q: THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 261
6ib.
6ic.
62.
63-
64.
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai,
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
(i -nans wa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
(Suna, &c.)
'Sofala')
Wife
M-kazi ; wa-
M-kazi; wa-
M-kazi
*
M-kadzi
M-kazi
(called by
husband
' mw-ana ')
Wind
M-pepco
Phepu
M-pepu.
, ..
I-mepu.
M-pepco.
Cin-kuka
Mn-wandu.
M-bambara
Mn-weya
Witch...
M-fiti
Fiti
N-fwiti
...
M-royi
Mu-rroi
Witchcraft
U-fiti
...
Ma-luza.
Bu-royi
Bu-rroi,
U-fwiti
Wu-royi
Woman ...
M-kazi; wa-
M-kazi; wa-
M-kazi
Mcu-katsi
M-kadzi
M-kazi
Womb
Mimba
Miinba
Vumto
Ci-su.
Zwaru
I-mimba
Wood (fire-
Ci-dziki ; psi-.
Kuni
Sanga.
Hun ye
I-huni
Huni
wood)
Ci-kuni.
N-kuni
N-kuni
Yam .
Ci-razi ; bzi-
Ci-nkumba ; vi-
i
...
...
Year
C-aka ;
Ci-rimika
Ci-limika.
I-kore or
Gore,
bz-aka
C-aka
Ri-kore.
Gule
My-aka
Yesterday...
Dzulco
...
Ma-ilu
. ..
I-z,uru
Zuru
Zebra
M-bidzi
...
Ci-mpwete; vi-.
...
M-bizi
Buiji
M-bwete ;
pi. aci +
One
modzi
muzi
mco
Mutse,
nwe
Pusa.
(Ka-mco)
mutse.
(M-nwe).
? -mwe
mwe?
putsi
Two
-wiri
wiri
wiri
-bili,
biri.
Piri,
(Tu-wiri)
wili
Piri
biri
(M-bili)
Three
tatu
tatu
tatu
tatu.
tatu.
tatu
(N-atu)
N-atu.
N-hatu
Four
nai
nai
ne
na.
na t
.na,
(1-nna)
-ni
Five
sanu
sanu
sanu
Canu, -canu
panu
canu,
sanu
Six
sanu ndi
saneo ni
sanu na -mu
Tanatu
Tanatu,
Tantatu
modzi or
mcozi
(Ka-mu)
Tanhatu
N-tanda
Seven
sanu ndi
sanu ni
sanu na
^i-nongwe
No mfi we or
Ci-nume or
wiri or
wiri
wiri
Ci-nomwe
fSi-ncomwe
Dzimbi,
(Tu-wiri)
Tirimbi, or
Tsimpi
Eight
sanu ndi
sanu ni
sanu na
^co-sere
Tsere,
Sere or
tatu or
tatu
tatu
Ru-sere, or
Zere
Duera,
Zere
Dwere
Nine
sanu ndi
-sanco ni
sanu na
Fubamwe
Fumbanwe or
Fumbawe or
nai or
nai
nai
Pfumbamve.
Fumbamwe
Mu-inda
Femba,
Pfemba
Ten
Kumi
Kumi
Kumi
Kume
Gtimi or
Gumi
Kume
262
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6ib.
6ic.
62.
63-
64.
64 a.
English
Ci-peta
(Ma-ravi)
Ci-cewa
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai
Ci-nanswa
Karana
dialects
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
(puna, &(.)
' Sofala')
Eleven ...
Kumi pambu
(ci)-modzi or
Kumi ndi
Kumi
n-kate
(ci)-meozi
...
Gumi ne
i-mwe
Gumi na
pcosa
(ci)-modzi
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
M.i-kumi
Kume
Ma-gumi or
Ma-gumi
ya-wiri or
a-wiri or
a-wili
m-bili
Ma-kumi
ma-biri
Ma-kum'
ya-wiri
ma-biri or
a-viri
Ma-kumi
ma-yiri
Thirty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
...
i
Ma-gumi
Ma-gumi
ya-tatu
ya-tatu
ma-tatu
ma-tatu
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
...
...
Ma-gumi
Ma-gumi
ya-nai
ya-nai
ma-nna
ma-ni
Fifty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
...
..
Ma-gumi
Ma-gumi
ya-sanu
ya-sanco
ma-sanu
ma-canco
Hundred ...
Dzana or
Zana
Zana
I-zana
Ri-zana; ma-
Zana. or
Ki-kondye ;
Ri-zana
pi. dzi-kondye
...
...
Gumi
Thousand...
Dzi-kondye
Ci-kwi
re-zana.
kumi
Gumi re
ma-jana
I, me, my ...
I-ne.
Ine.
Ne-co, Ne.
1-ni.
I -mi or I-ni.
I-nini. Di-ni.
Di-, Ndi-.
Ndi-.
Ni-, N-.
Ndi-.
Ndi-.
Ndi-.
ndi-. -ne.
ne. -ndi-.
ni-, -n-.
ndi-.
ndi-.
ndi-.
-a-figa
-a-nga
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngu
-a-ngco
Thou,thee,thy
1-we.
I -we.
We-c, We.
I -we.
1-we.
I-wewe.
U-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
we. -ku-.
we. -ku-.
ku-
gu-.
-gu-, -ku-
-ku-
-a-kco
-a-kco
-a-kco
-a-kco
-a-keo
-a-kco
He, him, his
I -ye. Wico.
I -ye.
Yco-ve or Iw-co,
I -ye.
I- ye.
I -we. I -ye.
A-.
Wa-, A-.
Ye-.
O)-
U-, A-.
U-.
ye. -m-.
ye. -m-.
U-, W-, A-.
mu-.
mu-.
mu-
-a-ci, -a-ce
-a-ce
mu-, -m-.
-a-ke
-a-ke
ena
-a-kwe
We, us, our
I-fe.
I-fe.
Seco, Se.
E-sco. Tco-ga.
l-su. I -si. I-fe.
1-sisu. Tisu.
Ti-.
Ti-.
Ti-.
Tco-, Ti-.
Ti-.
Ti-.
fe. -ti-.
fe. ..
ti-.
-ti-. ?
ti-.
-ti-
-a-tu
-a-tu
-a-su
-i-du
-e-dco
Ye, you, your
I -mi.
I-nu.
Mweeo, We.
E-mcoi,
I-mriwe,
I-mwimwi.
M-, Mu-.
Mu-.
Mu-.
Ni-mwi.
I-myi.
Mu-.
nu. -ni-, -ku-.
nu. ?
ni. -mu-
?. ?
MU-.
mu-
-a-nu
-a-nu
(also with -ni
mu-.
inyu
suffix).
-inyu
-a-nu
They, them,
A-wa, I-wto,
Ya-wa.
CO-ve or A-weo,
5
1-bco or I- wco.
Iveo.
their
A-wco.
Wa..
Wco.
Ba-, Wa-.
Ba-.
Wa-.
wa. -wa-.
A-.
ba-, -bu
ba- -bco
wa. -wa-.
-a-wto
a-, -wa-
-a-o
-a-o
All
onse
onse
onse
ose-pa
cose or -ose
ese,
Mu-ese
1 ' Ngu-etsi enco- kara' = the moon sits down ; i.e. thirty days are complete.
GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 263
6lb.
6ic.
62.
63-
64.
643.
English
Ci-peta
(Ma-ravi)
Ci-cewa
(West Nyanja)
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai,
Ci-nanswa
Karana
dialects
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
(jSuna, &>.)
'Sofala')
This, these
That, those
Uyu ; awa ;
u- ; i ; iri ;
awa ; ici ;
ipsi ; i ; izi ;
ili (ulu) ; iti ;
aka ; ubu ;
uku; apa;,
umu.
Uyo, aoj ; uto,
ico; &c.
Uyu; awa;
&>c. (much as
in Ci-peta)
dya (u-dya,
vva-dya ; &c.)
mene (a-mene,
&c.)
Firstly, thepre-
prejix: as U-
in U-mu-, A-
in A-wa
(U-muntu =
The, this man}.
Secondly :
Uyu, awa ;
uu, it ; ill,
awa; ici, ivi;
iyi, i2ji ; ulu ;
utu ; aka ;
uwu; uku;
apa
nco (yu-ncij,
wa-neo ; u-nco,
i-n<u ; 6t.)
la (yu-la,wa-la;
u-la, i-la; 6-v.)
Also the n
directive (ni-,
ny-, na-. n-)
Na-ye, na-ww;
n-yu('), n-yi;
n-di. fi-ga ;
n-ci, m-bi ;
n-yi, ni-z,i ;
n-du ; n-tu ;
n-ka ; m-bu ;
Uyu or I-ye
(l), aba or
i-baba (2) ;
uyu or i-ye or
i-hoyu (3),
i-yi (4) or
iyoyi ; iri or
irire or irori
or iji (5), aya
or i-wcowa or
awco (6) ; ice
or iccoce or
iceciya (7),
izwi or ezwi
or iz wcozwi or
idzi or edzi or
idzwdze (8);
iye or iyoye
(9), idzi or
edzi or
idzcodze or
ijcoji (10) ;
uru or iruri
or ugu or
i-guri or
i-gwgu (ll);
(12 and 13
apparently
missing) ;
i-gcogu(i4);
ugu or i-gcogu
(15); papa(?)
(16)
Uyu, abco ;
i-bco ; &c.
U-ya, ba-ya ;
o-ya, i-ya ;
<5>"<r.
Iyeu-ya,
ibcoba-ya ;
Hoya orhoyu,
aba or awu ;
hoyaorhoyu,
iyeo or eyi ;
eri or eji,
aya or cowa ;
eci or ecisu,
edzi or ezwi ;
eye or eyi,
edzi or eji ;
egto or hcogu
(II), (14), (15)
Bad ...
Black...
Female
Fierce, sharp -kali
i-pa ;
bi
Biririri.
-ku-da,
da.
Biriwiri
kazi
i-pa
ya ku-da
kazi
i-pa ;
-wi
fi-pa
kazi
kali
i-dema
katsi
i-pa
duna,
nema,
dema.
swi-fu
kadzi;
hadzi
ne-hapa
ka-pata,
sata
swi-pa ;
-si-pi,
-si-tu
hadzi
264
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6lb.
6ic.
62.
63-
64.
643.
English
Ci-peta
Ci-cewa
Ci-nsenga
Ci-nyai,
Karana
Ci-ndau
(Ma-ravi)
(West Nyanja)
1 Ci-nanswa
dialects
(Va-ndau,
(Suna, 6-v.)
' Sofala ')
Good ..
Great..
Little ..
Long ..
Male ..
Old
bw-inco
kuru
nconco.
-ce-pa
tali
-ya bu-enu
kuru
ce-pa
mwa-muna. -mwa-muna.
M pwongco or M pwongco
M-pongco.
ina
kale -a kaluamba
Red
fiira.
psyu
Rotten
cola,
bvunda
Short
fumpa.
fupi
Sick
duara
White
yera,
yela
yera
weme ;
cowama
kulu
tontco
tali
lume
kale.
-di-kcota,
kcota
sweta
cola
fupi
Iwala
tua
-ru-rama.
naka.
naka.
sune,
buya
pswene.
(Bi-pcoiie)
kuru,
kuru
huru,
guru
dcokco,
dcokco,
diki.
duku.
dukco-ane
tsonga
re-fu.
re-fu
re-ba
kunco.
kconco.
dume.
dume
rume.
handira
kare.
harahwa
kuru.
saru
tsuku -tsuku.
saba.
puka
pswuku
bora
wora
fupi
pfupi
gwara
rwara
ebve. -cena,
cena
pfene -Jena
Above, up, on Pa-mw-amba
top
Before
Behind
Far ...
Here ...
In , inside
Middle
Near ...
Outside
Pa-tscogorco
Pa-m-buyoj
Below, down Pa-nsi
Pa-tali
Apa.
Panco.
Kunu.
Pompa
Mgati.
U'niu
Pa-gati
Pa-fupi.
Pa-fumpa
Pa-nja,
Ku-nja
Plenty, many -m-biri
Kum-ulu
Pa-ntanzi
Pa-nseli,
Pa-vuli
Kunya-nsi,
Pa-nsi
Ku-tali
Kunu.
Apa
Mkati.
Mu-
Pa-kati
Pa-fupi
Ku-nja
-ny-inji
Mdi-gcomco
Pa-mberi
-n-cinci.
Panya
Pe-z,ugu,
Pa-zuru.
Pa-msorco.
Gu-denga
Pa-mberi
Pa-sure
Pa-si.
Nya-si
Ku-re.
Re-fu
Nu,
Panco,
Panu.
Pa-.
Papa-
Mkati.
Mu-
Mkati
Pe-dyu.
Pa-fupi
Gu-n^e
-,-llUjl
Ku-msorco
Pa-mberi
sure,
Ma-sure
Pa-si.
Pa-nyasi
Tambco
Panco
Mu,
Mu-kati
Pa-kati
Pe-dico,
Pe-dlco,
Pa-hlu
Pa-nze
-z-ingi
GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 265
English
6ib. 61
Ci-peta Ci-c
(Ma-ravi) (West *
c. 62.^ 6
ewa Ci-nsenga Ci-i
fyanja) Ci-na
3- 64.
lyai, Karana
nswa dialects
(jSuna, Sfc.)
643.
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')
There
Apco.
Apco. ?
kco.
A-pco.
Ukco.
Ukco.
l-kcokco
I-yeo.
Pompco.
Ku-la,
U-kco
Ku-mene
Pa-la
Where? ...
Ku-ti ?
Kuni ? Va-pi ?
-pi?
pi?
Pa-ti ?
-pi?
No!
lai!
lai! Na-na!
Gwete !
Ahina !
I-nenia !
Vat(vr{tAvtr&,
Si-; sa-; n-ka-,
Nga-. Te-,t-;
Ha-, A- ; -sa-,
A- (and chang-
as prefix, in-
fi-ki-. -je, -be,
liye- ; -lieo- ;
si- 1 , -teo-
ing terminal a
fix, or suffix)
-bi
cosa- ; -sa- ;
singa- ;
to i) ; -sa- (and
ye; -ve
A ti- ,
as in Karana)
suffixes
A-ka ,
A nga- .
rega- (infin.)
To
Ku- Ku-
Ku- Koi-
Ku-
Ku-
beat ...
-menya -menya -nyata
rcoba,
rcoa
pfura,
-pura
buy, sell
-gura
-sita
tenga ;
tenga
-supa.
-sambadzira
come ...
dza -za
-za
uya,
za.
buya
via
cut
tema -tema.
tenda.
tema.
tema.
senga -tema
-ceka
-gura
dance ...
bvina -vina
vina -pambira -dzana ;
-zina.
tamba
tamba
die ...
-fa -fa
-fwa -fa
-fa
fa
eat
dia -lia
-lya
dya.
rga
la. -dhla
(Ku-rga)
give ...
ninka;
pa ; -pa
pa
pa
-padza
pela
, go
yenda, -enda
ya ; -venda ; -hamba,
enda,
-enda,
yenda ; -vamba. -famba,
famba
enka
pita. -enda
; -enda,
luta . -pinda -inda,
wenda
kill ...
pa
-paya -baya
-baya,
uraya
buraya
know ...
dziwa -jiwa
ziwa -ziba
dziba
ziba,
ziwa
laugh ...
-seka
seka
sega
seka
leave off,
leka or -leka
leka
rega
rega
cease
reka
,, love,want
konda ;
temwa, -ncoda,
da
ncoda,
-anja
pangwa -da
da
see
conn
Icola.
bcona,
ona,
cona
tarira
vcona
,, sit.remain,
kala.
kala -kara,
gara
gara
abide
sala
gara
(pret. -gere)
(Prei.
kere)
sleep ...
gcona -gcona
lala. -bata
bata.
vata.
(ktona =
rara
rara
snore)
1 -si- in Karana also has the meaning of ' in the habit of as well as a doubtful meaning approaching the negative.
z66
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
6lb.
Ci-pela
(Ma-ravi)
6ic.
Ci-cewa
(West Nyanja)
62.
Ci-nsenga
63-
Ci-nyai,
Ci-nanswa
64-^
Karana
dialects
(Suna, 6-v.) '
64 a.
Ci-ndau
(Va-ndau,
' Sofala ')
To Ku- Ku- Ku- K(o- Ku- Ku-
stand, stop, -ima -ima -ima; ... -mira, -sim-uka
be erect -panama -miriga.
sima ;
simba
steal ... -ba ... -punpa -tonga -ba. -ba
tapa.
tora
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-PETA AND CI-CEWA
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, M- (yu-, u-, -m-, mu-) ; 2. Wa-, A- (wa) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (u, mu-) ; 4. Mi-, Ni-
(mi-, i) ; 5. , Di-, Dzi-, Dz-, Zi-, Li- (especially in Ci-cewa) (li, ri) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya-, a, wa) ;
7. Ki-, Ci-, C'- (ci, ki) ; 8. Psi (bzi), Pfi- (old), Vi- (Ci-cewa) (psi-, vi) ; 9. N- (M-), N-, Ny'-, (i, n-,
ny-); lo. Z\- (u) ; u. (rare) Li-, Ri- (li-, ri) ; 12. (rare) Ti- (ti) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; 14. U-, Wu-, Bu- (bu-,
u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa- (pa); 17. Mu- (mu-, -mu>).
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NSENGA
Slight traces of preprefixes.
Class I. Mu-, Urn-, M-, , Si-, Asi-, Aci-, A-, Awa-, Wa- (mu-, m, yu-, u-) ; 2. Wa-, A-, Awa-,
Aci- (wa-, a) ; 3. Mu-, Urn-, M- (u-, -u-) ; 4. Mi- (i) ; 5. , Li- (li) ; 6. Ama-, Ma- (a-, wa) ; 7. Ci-
(ci) ; 8. Vi- (vi) ; 9. N- (M-), Ny-, N-, Nj- (i) ; 10. same as 9 ; also Nz- (concord zi, ;ji) ; n. Ulu-, Lu-,
Du-, Ru- (lu) ; plur. Ma-lu ; 12. Tu- (tu) ; 13. Ka- (ka) ; plur. sometimes Vi-, sometimes Tu- ; 14. U-
(u) ; 15. Ku- (ku) ; 16. Pa-, Apa- (pa) ; 17. Mu- (mu-).
The honorific prefixes are Si- and Ci- (more often preceded by A-) and also the plurals A- and Awa-
used in a singular sense. There is much doubling of prefixes, Ci-mu-, Vi-mi-, Ka-mu-, Tu-a-, Vi-u-, &*c.
PREFIXES, &C., IN CI-NYAI (CI-NANSWA) 1
Traces of preprefixes in Classes 9 and 14.
Class i. Kw, Mu-, Nu?(?); 2. ?(.'); 3. M-, Mil-, Ngu-, Gu- (?) ; 4. Me-, Mi- (?) ; 5. ,'l-, Ji-,
Le-('); 6. Ma- (?) ; 7. ?; 8. ?; 9. In- (Im-), Iny-, N-, (?);-io. ? ; n. Leo- ; 12. ? ; 13. Ka- ; 14. Ub'-.
U-, Bw(>); 15. Kco-; 16. Pa-, Va- ; 17. Mco-.
1 Very uncertain. The recorded fragment of Ci-nyai hits evidently been garbled by a Muncuana.
interpreter.
GROUPS P, Q : THE SOUTH NYASALAND, SOUTHERN RHODESIA, ETC., LANGUAGES 267
PREFIXES, &C., IN KARANA DIALECTS AND IN CI-NDAU
Virtually no preprefixes, except in concords and demonstratives.
Class i. Mu-, Mco-, U- (?), Mnu-, MY- (mu, u-, ye-, yu-) ; 2. Ba- *, Wa- (aba, ba) ; 3. Mu-, Mco-,
M-, Mnu-, MY'- (u, yu-, uy'-) ; 4. Mi-, M'- (i, iyi-) ; 5. Ri-, I-, Ji-, or Zi- (Zi- is usually an augmenta-
tive), (r 1 -, ri, ir', ij'-) ; 6. Ma- (a, aw'-, w') ; 7. Ci-, Ji- ? (ci-, ic') ; 8. Zwi-, Dzi- (zwi, dzi-, izw'-)
8a(?). Swi-(swi) (//. Bu-, Vu-, No. I4) s ; 9. N- (M-), I- (i, iy'-, eyi-) ; 10. same as 9 ; and Dzi-, Zi-,
Dzin-, Ji-, Jin- (dzi-, ji-, idz'-, ij'-, eji) ; u. Ru-, Rhu-, Rg- (gu-, ru, uru-, ugu-, ur') ; 12. Tu- (t<o-, ito>) ;
13. Ka- (ka-, ikco) ; 14. Bu- ', By-, Bhu-, Wu-, Vu-, U- (bu, by, ibco, ubo>, uhwco) ; 15. Gu-, Ku-, Hu-,
U- (gu-, ugo>) ; 16. Pa- (pa-) ; 17. Mu- (m-, -mu).
The Nya- prefix is present in ' Sofala ' (Ci-ndau) and so also is Ji- as an honorific prefix : perhaps
the Nyanja Ci-. Wa- is occasionally an honorific prefix in the plural. The diminutive suffix -ana is
present.
61 b. Cipeta is spoken west of the Upper Shir6 river on the south shores of Lake Nyasa as far to the
north-west as the Lintipe river ; thence southwards to the sources of the Ruongwe and the Ciritse-
Luangwe and westwards over the Undi country almost to the north bank of the Zambezi and the vicinity of
the great Luangwa confluence.
61 c. Cicewa is spoken in the south-west coast-lands of Lake Nyasa, south of the Nyasa-Luangwa
river, north of the Lintipe and the Upper Bua and east of the great Luafigwa watershed.
62. Cinsenga is spoken over a wide range of country, chiefly the whole eastern half of the valley of
the great Luafigwa river from near its sources down to its confluence with the Lunsefwa and to the Undi
or Maravi country. The ' Unsenga ' region (as it is called by the Ansenga) is however invaded on the
east by colonies of Ba-tumbuka and Angoni-Zulus and on the west by Babisa and Balata.
63. Cinyai is spoken in south central Zambezia, south of the Middle Zambezi between the Hanyani-
Afigwa affluent on the east and the Gwai-Sangani river on the west. On the south it grades into the
Karana dialects of Matebele- and Masunaland ; on the north into Cinsenga and Maravi. Under the
name of Cinyau it is spoken at Zumbco.
64. Karana dialects are spoken south of the Zambezi, from near the Zambezi on the north to the
Upper Sabi river, Zimbabwe, the borders of the Masangane country and the Matopco hills on the south ;
east to the Anglo-Portuguese frontier, westward to the range of the Nyai language and the Zambezi plains.
643. Cindau is spoken in the coast country south of the estuarine Zambezi, from about 18 40' South
latitude southwards past Beira to the River Gorongcozi in Sofala Bay. It also extends inland in patches
to the mountains separating Portuguese South-East Africa from Rhodesia.
1 There is a tendency in one or more Karana dialects to pronounce the initial b more dentally, more
like a v.
2 This prefix Swi- is a diminutive.
GROUP Q 1
THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA-PUNGWE-SABI LANGUAGES (continued]
65. Ci-teve 66. Rongeroo (Ba-zarutco /"".)
65 a. Ci-tombeoji or M-tombcojl 67. Ci-rue 2 (' Vatua ' of Burue or Burue)
68. Ma-^angana ('Shangaan ', ' Changana ')
GROUP R 1
THE SENGWE-RONGA LANGUAGES
69. f>engwe or Gi-tonga (Southern ' Vatua ' or ' Inhambane ' s )
English
65.
Ci-teve
65 a.
Ci-tombcoji
66.
Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)
67.
Ci-rue
68.
Ma-pangane
69.
JSengwe
(Inhambane)
Adze ...
Li-pata.
N-tsanga
N-tsanga
Li-pada
Animal, wild
beast
Ny-ama
Ku-sonza
Bz-eare (pi.).
Ny-ama
Ny-ama-zana
Ny-ama
Ny-ama.
Bz-eare (pi.).
Bara.
Gi-rengco ; pi
Ant
Sundzi
Sunji
U-sunzi
Tu-tuane
U-sunje
Scokole.
U-gugude
Ant, white
...
...
...
...
...
M-uco
(termite)
Arm
Mu-vukco.
Bcokco
Mu-cokco
M-kconco
Mw-ukco
Rambukulco ?
M-kconco
Bcokco,
Rcokco
Arrow
M -sen we,
M-paca
Tare
M-paca
M-kondco
Li-sogco.
M-sewe
In-sebe.
-
Tungi.
N-gcowe
Axe
Sandco
Buire
>i-scoka
Beura
Sandco
Li-ycoga.
Li-cadco
Baboon
. ..
...
..
In-fene
In-dede.
Im-fene ;
rKcolco
jim-fene
Back
M -san a
Sure
Mi-sana (//.)
M-sana
Me-sana (//.)
^i-kcose.
Gi-wunu.
In-deza
Banana
Kcobeo ; ma +
M-kcobco
M-kcobco
Ma-kcobco (pi.)
M-kcobco
Mu-kuva.
Mu-abco
Beard
M-pungco
M-pungco
Devco
M-pungco
M-pungco
Ki-revco.
Gi-lidco
1 The reader will notice that the designations of Groups Q and R differ somewhat from those given on page 43,
and corrected in Addenda et Corrigenda. The later rendering is more in accord with affinities and geographical
distribution.
2 The inclusion of Ci-rue in Group Q is rather problematic, as is the language or dialect itself, which may be more
nearly related to No. 76 (A-ngoni or Gaza). Many ' Vatua ' or eastern Zulu words have been incorporated into
No. 69 (jSengwe). Vatua merely means ' Bushmen , 'pygmies '. It is explained in the Notes.
* Bleeps ' Inhambane'. We have here no doubt a mingling of distinct dialects, the preponderating type of lan-
guage being the Gi-tonga of Inhambane.
GROUPS Q, R : THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 269
English
6 5 .
Ci-teve
65 a.
Ci-tombcoji
66.
Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)
67-
Ci-rue
68.
Ma-pangane
69.
gengwe
(Inhambane)
Bee
Ma-ve ( pi.)
N-yusi
N-yuki
N-yuci
N-yuci.
N-kabini.
(Ma-ve; pi.
L-ombe or
= wasp)
Lombe
Belly
Dane
Dane
Mimba
Dane
Mimba
Gi-rumbco.
Mimba.
Kirre
Bird
Ciri
Ciri
Dziri
Ciri.
Ciri.
Nyambane,
Ny-coni
Iny-coni
Nyanyane.
In-yconi ; ji +
Blood
Un-gaze
Gazi
M-lcopa
Mu-rcopa
M-lcopa
Ncoba.
Mu-lcopa.
Kata
Body
M-virw
M-uiri
Mu-mire
M-uiri
Mu-bire
Gi-bili; ?i-.
M-irri, M-irre
Bone
Fupa ; ma +
Pondco
Fupa
Fupa ; ma- +
Fupa ; ma- +
Ki-rambco ; f i-.
Gi-kcogcolco
Borassuspalm
...
...
**.
Dekwa ; ma +
. ..
. . .
Bow
U-ta
U-ta
Hu-ta
U-ta
Hu-ta
Wu-lavco,
Vu-lahco.
Hu-rra,
Wu-ra
Bowels
, , .
. ..
Ma-hem be
Brains
U-rcobzi
U-rwbzi
U-lubzi
U-rcobzi.
U-rubzi
B-ongco
K'cobco
Breast (man's)
...
...
A-ana
Ci-fua
A-ana
Gi-fuba
Breast
Diti
Diti
Diti
* . .
Tsombco ; ti +
(woman's)
Brother ...
Bu-rurco
Kama
Dconi
M-kcomco
Mu-kcoma
Ndi.
N-duye.
Mu-longco
Buffalo
Iny-ati
Ny-ati
Ny-ati
Iny-ati
Ny-ati
Nz-arri
Bull
...
...
...
.. .
Gi-kcola gya
n-ombe
Buttocks ...
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-takco
Ma-tagco
Canoe, boat
Garaba
M-kumbe
Ci-ngalabawa
M-kumbe
Galaba
Wu-arco.
N-galaba
Cat
Paka
Mafigwe
M-baka
Mangwe
M-baka
Gi-manga
Charcoal ...
...
*
ii*
Ma-gale
Chief
Mamboi
Mambco
Hcosi
M-ktose
Mambco
Hcosi, E-hcosi.
Pfumu.
Mu-ni.
(M-buzco =
kingdom)
Child
Ci-pgere
Mu-ana
Mu-ana-na
Mu-fana
Ci-pwerere
Mu-ana-na; ba-.
Gi-ana-na ;
pi. f'-ana-na
Cloth
Guco
Ma-cira (pi.)
In-dcozco
Hia
Un-guco.
Ma-kila.
Jira
Tin-guco (pi)
Mw-enda; my-
Cold
i>>
...
Gi-rame. Pibco
Country ...
Ny-ika
Ny-ika
Ny-ika
I-zue
Ny-ika
Li-tigco.
Li-fuma.
VVu-langa
Cow
M-ombe -kazi
Gabe -kazi
Gombe a-kaji
M-kcomco
Gombe a kaji
Nombe.
Tere
Crocodile ...
Guena.
Guena
Un-gwena
Gomombco
Un-gwena
N-gcona,
Gomombco
Gwenya,
1734
In-gwenya
T
27
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6
English Ci-l
5. 65 a.
eve Ci-tombcoji
66.
Rongerto
(Ba-zarutco)
67.
Ci-rue
68.
Ma-pangane
Sengwe
(Inhambane)
Day, daylight Sikco
Zua
Nyama-se
Tonga
Zua
Gambco
or Dambco.
Li-cigu ; ma-
Devil, evil Pongco
Mu-zimco
M-fukwa
Zi-tuta (?//.)
Mu-lungco
Mu-fukwa.
spirit
Gi-kuembco
Doctor (medi-
. ...
...
...
..
In-yanga
cine man)
Dog Im-bga Im-bga
Im-bwa
In-dja
Im-bwa
Im-bwa ;
pi. ji-mbwa
Door M-suco
M-suco
Tu-vi.
Ci-vae
Lu-vi.
Lu-bati.
Mu-sua
Mu-sua
Ki-kene.
Li-dimba.
Ny-angwa
Dream ... Ku-rcota Hcope
Ku-lcoca
U-tcomco
Ku-lcota
Ku-16ra
(verb).
N-dorco ; ji +
Drum Gcoma
Gcoma
In-gcoma
Zinyu-mbuyco
Gcoma
In-gcoma
Ear Zeve
N-zeve
Dema
N-zeve
In-gibe
N-jebe or
N-zeve; ji + .
Dema.
N-dejeli
Egg Ma-zanda (pi.) Ma-zanda (pi.)
M-anda
Ma-phanda
Zanda
Danza,
Li-anza ;
m-andza
Elephant ... Dzcoco
Dzcoco
Zcoco
N-jcovco
Djcoco
Jcovco,
1 n-jcovco.
En-solfco
Excrement Matu-ji Matu-bzi
Matu-bze
Mtu-bvi
Mata-bze
Ma-cimba
Eye J-isco;
J-isco ;
Dz-isco
J-icco ;
J-isco
L-isco or
ma- +
ma-sco
m-ecco
D-ipco ; pi.
ma-sco
Face, forehead M-kcope Hcope
Hcope
U-sto
M-esco
Gcoe
Fat, oil ...
-
Ma-futa
...
Ma-futa
Tsumbco.
Ma-fura
Father
. .
>
Babe.
Ny-ehe
Fear Ku-tia
Ku-tia
Ku-tia
Saba
Ku-tia
Ku-taba,
Ku-caba
Finger ... Bg-inco Gu-nue
Tun-duala(//.) Mu-nue
Ciku-nue
Lu-tico, Le-tiu.
Ny-ala
Fire Mu-rirco Mu-rirco
Mu-rirco
Basco?
Mu-rirco
Dzirco,
In-dzilco.
Mu-nileo.
N-delco
Fish Hcoe
Hcoe
A-hcobe
C-andzi ?
A-hcobe
In-janje.
r Ei-canve(//.)
Ki-kaga ;
fi-kaga
Foot Scoka
Scoka
Mu-kondco
I-nyau
Lu-scoka
Ci-pama.
M-lenge.
Mun-gondco.
Gi-rende
Forest ... M-sora Guaca
Mi-ti
Cati
Mi-ti
Ti-simbco,
Kwati.
Li-kabe.
r.i-tsinga
Fowl Hukco
Hukco
Hukco
Kukco
Hukco
Kugu
GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENG WE, ETC., LANGUAGES 271
6 5 . 65
English Ci-teve Ci-toi
a. 66. 67. 6f
iibcoji Rongerco Ci-rue Ma-sai
(Ba-zarutco)
69.
igane JSengwe
(Inhambane)
Frog
Ghost R'-fuba. Ku-patika. Vuli Kco-coico. M-vuli
In-zuti.
Ce-ngejua. Ce-ngwajco Ka-tisinzico
Gi-kwembco
U-singa
Giraffe
>
Girl
*
Gi-ana-na.
Gy-agaja-na.
Gia-gadi-ana
Goat Budzi Budzi
M-vuta ? Budzi Buji
Psete.
Buti,
M-bute.
(he)
... ... ...
Pongco ; ji +
(she)...
... ... ...
. >
God Mco-lungco Mco-lungco I-lumbe Pe-zuico l-lumbe Tilco,
I-tilco.
N-tsuma.
Nungungulu
Grandparent
... ... ...
Grass Mu-anje Mw-enji Ma-tate M-cane Ma-nsua Gi-anye.
Sinya.
Ma-kuco.
Mu-asia-na
Ground ... Pa-si Pa-si
Ma-vco Pa-nzi Pa-si
Ma-fu.
Sawa
Ground-nut Man-due Man-zungco Ma-ndcoim Man-dungcomani Ma-ndcoim Ma-nga; ti + .
N-ycome; ti +
Guinea-fowl Hanga Hanga
Mangera Pangeya Hukco
Mangera ; ji +
i manga
Gun Futi Futi
M-vuti Ci-bamco M-futi
M-benye.
Ki-pisa.
Gi-bamco
Hair Vuzi Vuzi
Ma-vudzi (//.) Zi-nue (//.) Ma-vudzi (pi.) Mi-sise.
Mu-duju
Hand Ny-ara M-anja
(pi.) Ny-ala S-anja Ny-ala
Gi-anja or
C-anja ; pi.
ma-nia
Head M-sorco M-sorco
Mu-solco Khanda Mu-sorco gcokcoT
N-sungco; mi-.
Mu-hungco.
Mu-hugwco
Pala.
Heart M-oyeo M-oyco
M-oyco Ci-zico or M-oyco
Im-bilco.
-cizico
M-onvco : mi-
Heel Ci-kcokora ga Ci-sisindco Ki-rendze Ru-nyau Si-dimindco Gi-renza.
n-scoka
Gi-cinidco
Hide
...
Li-dcowco
Hill
... ... ...
Gi-gonyco,
Gi-gcomco
Hippopotamus M-vu M-vuco
Vugco Bcoma M-vuco
M-vuco.
Em-bama
Hoe
...
Pata; ma +
Honey ... Uci Uci
Pudzi ^ U-iombe Suzi.
Wu-lombe
Hu-uce
Horn Ny-anga Ny-anga Bi-zua Pondco Ny-angu Lu-nanga.
Ti-monza(//.).
Kweco
House Ny-umba Pasco,
Ny-umba In-djco, Ny-umba Ny-umba,
M-pasco In-ji
Ny-omba
T 2
2 7 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
65.
English Ci-teve
65 a. 66.
Ci-tombeoji Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)
67.
Ci-rue
68.
Ma-sangane
69-
Sefigwe
(Inhambane)
Hunger ... N-zara
N-zara Zala
N-jara
Jala
In-jala
Husband ...
...
* *
Ncona.
Muhcoma.
Mw-ama,
Mw-ane
Hyena ... Bongco
Bongco Dukco
Pisi
Bongco
M-isi.
Dugu ; ma 4
Iron Simbi
Simbi Bu-tare
Simbi
U-tare
[Si-kedzi or
Gi-kete ; fi-
Island ... M-cetco
C-iwi Me-tundou (//.)
Ci-tsina
Ci-lundco
Gi-runzco,
Gi-rungco
Ivory Maz-inco a
Iny-anga a Ny-anga a
Pondeo ra
Ny-anga
Lu-onzco.
zcoco
zcoco joxo
n-jcoco
Li-nanga
la n-jcovco
Knee Ma-ve (pi.)
I-bvi Gcogcobvi
Doyco
Gcogcobvi
Dzcolco.
Pugumudi.
Dondu ;
ma-f
Knife Ci-panga
Ci-panga Um-panga
C-ikco
Ci-panga
Mu-gala,
N-kala.
Mu-kwa-na
Lake
i .
...
Li-tsivu,
Li-civa.
(Bimbi =
sea)
Leg Mu-renge
Mu-renge Gumbco
Mu-enze
Gumbco
Nengi,
Nenge ; mi-.
Ri-tandco
Leopard ... Kamba
Kamba Kamba
In-gwe
Kamba
In-gwe.
Kamba
Lion
...
...
. .
Bondco,
Bonda
Lips Mu-rcomco
Mu-rcomco Mu-lcomco
Mu-icomco
Mu-lcomco
Mi-lcomco or
I-ncomco (//.)
Magic
Mu-lcoi
...
Mu-loi
M-oi or
Bu-loi.
Wu-nanga
Maize Ma-beonore
Ma-bojnore Ma-fundi
Mumbeo
Ma-fundi
Ma-hira.
(PI-)
Gi-fake
Man Mu-ntu?
Mu-ntu?
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-tu ?
Mu-tu; pi.
a-ntu
ba-tu
Man, vir. ... Mw-anarume
Jaha. Mw-analume
Mu-esa
M-anahume
Na-nuna.
M-anarume
Mu-ma ;
ba-ma
Meat Ny-ama
Ny-ama Ny-ama
Ny-ama-zane
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
...
.. .
...
Mu-rende ;
mi-rende.
Ma-kani
Milk
... ...
...
Ma-pisa
Monkey ... Ma-tede (pi.)
Tede Samba
...
Kcolco
In-scogco
Moon Mw-ezi
M \v-edzi Mw-eje
Iny-anga
Mw-eje
Mw-ete.
N-gima,
Mu-gima
Mother
?A-mai
*
...
Maiji
Mountain... Ma-tundco (pi.)
Duntco Duntco
Tawa
Duntco
Gi-gcomco ; fi-
Mouth
i * * *
*
> i .
Gi-hcofu.
Li-kana.
Ci-scofu
GROUPS Q, R : THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 273
6
English Ci-t
5. 65 a.
eve Ci-tombcoji
66.
Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)
67. 6i
Ci-rue Ma-sa
69.
igane Sengwe
(Inhambane)
Nail (of finger Du-ara
Dzipu
Indu-ala-na
Dzipco Du-ala
Ki-kata.
or toe)
I-nunala.
Gi-ala ; f\-
Name Z-ina
Z-ina
Z-ina
B-izco Z-ina.
L-ina
Navel
. . .
. .
... ...
Mu-rugco.
N-dende
Neck M-sipa
M-sipa
Hulco
M-sipa Hulco
N-tamco,
N-amco.
N-kcolco ;
//. mi-
Night Sikco
M-sikco
Bu-sikco
Sukco U-sikco
Bu-sikco.
(Gi-dema =
darkness)
Nose
...
...
... ...
Tomfu ;
#. ti +
Ox M-ombe Gabe rume
Gombe
Kcomco Kumdzi Bcoa.
mw-ana hume
Kuze.
Hcobe ; ti +
Paddle
...
*
...
Palm wine, U-cema Ci-sura,
Bu-tsema
Ku-kaya U-cema Wu-cema.
beer
U-cema
Anga
Parrot ... Guanga Dzapazapa
Guanga
. ..
Penis Borco
Borco
M-beolco
M-tondco M-bcolco Lu- or
Li-bcolco
Pig Kumba Gurue
Kumba
Gurue Kumba
Kumba ; ji + .
In-guluwe
Pigeon . . . Jiwa
Jiwa
Dziba
Jiwa Jiba
Li-tuba
Place
Pa-m-tundco
Mu-tundco
I-zue Mu-tundco Gi-ta.
Mu-to,
Mu-te.
Danga
Rain M-vura M-vura
Vula
Ma-ndzi Vula
Im-vula.
N-tsuma.
N-jaji
Rat Konzco
Kun dan a ;
Gcosco
Kundana Gonjco
Konjua,
ma +
Konjco
Rhinoceros
Bembere
River Mu-rambco M-fuia?
Me-lambco(//.)
M-fuia Me-lambco(//.) Nambco.
Mu-cwgco
Road M-seu.
Patco
Zira
Jeia Jira
Jera,
Jira
In-jela,
N-jila ; ji-
Salt
...
*
... ...
Mu-nyu
Shame
...
...
Sheep Puizi
Puizi
Vuta'"
Im-vu Vuta
M-vuta.
W-ivco ;
ti-ivco
Shield
*
Dcobco
Shoulder ...
Kata
Sister Kama
Andi-atsi
...
Datu-eto) Teta-je
Ma-kwerco (pi.).
N-dconi
Skin Jcobco
Duo
Songe
Ci-kumba Dcobco
Songe.
Di-zcobco,
Li-dcowco.
Ccogi
Sky Gcore
Ma-kore
Kco-hombe
Pe-zulco Gcole
Ba-cani.
N-jaji
Slave
...
*.
. . *
Pumbi
274
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
Sleep
Hcope
Hcope
Hcope
Tongco
Hcope
Bu-rongco,
Wu-rongco
Smoke
Use
Ji-utsi
Mu-isi
Mu-si
Hu-isi
Mu-si,
Wu-ci,
Woj-zi
Snake
Ny-coka
Iny-coka
Ny-coka
In-hcoka
Ny-coka
Iny-coka or
Ny-coga
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana
Ci-pgere.
Mw-ana
Mu-fana
Mw-ana.
Mw-ama-na
Mw-ana
Ci-pwerere
Song
Ku-imba
Runy-imbco
Ku-emba
Ku-cabeia
Gcoma.
Lu-simco.
Humbco
Ku-imbelela
Spear
M-kondco
M-kondco
Mu-kondco
Ci-t'ibco
Mu-kondco
Mu-kondco.
Tari.
Li-fumco.
Klare ;
ma-klare
Spirit, soul
...
...
...
.,,
...
Ci-kwembco.
Li-pubco
Star
Ny-erezi
Ny-erezi
Ny-areje
Zinya-ezi (pi.)
Tondco
Jiny-eleji (pi.) ?.
Ny-uladi
Stick
Donga
Donga
Gori
M-tcoma
Gcori
Nonga
Stone
Pue
Ma-pue (//.)
Bwe
I-ce
Bwe
Ri-kwe or
Ri-bwe.
Gi-windi ; fi-
Stool
...
...
Sun
Zua
Zua
Zuba
Tanga
Zuba
Li-dambco.
Li-ani.
In-sani
Tail
...
...
...
...
M-rcotco
Tear
M-sunzi
Ma-scozi (;/.)
Me-scoji (pi.)
Zinyam-bezi
Me-scoj'i (pi.)
Mi-pcoti.
(//.)
Ronge ;
ma +
Testicles ...
Ma-cende
Ma-cende
Ma-kendi
Ma-sende
Ma-cende
Ma-kenzi
Thief
Kuba
Bava
Bava
W-iaba
Bava
U-kamba.
M-bafa; ji +
Thigh
...
...
Tombi ;
iria +
Thing
Ci-rco
Ji-rco
Ci-ro>
U-teo
Ci-reo
Gi-lco ; gi-.
Ko-kare
Thorn
Mi-zco (//.)
Mi-zua (pi.)
Mu-ziia
Ema-hiva(.?//.)
Mu-sua
Mw-iba.
Mu-zua
or -tua ; mi-
Tobacco ...
Forga
Forga
Forga,
Gwai
Folya.
Fcole.
Folya
(Portuguese
I-fcole
' Folha ')
To-day
Inyama-se
Inyama-se
Nyama-si
Inyamu-ce
Nyama-si
Mu-hunco.
Nyamu-ci,
Nyamu-ca.
Nyau-se
Toe
Ji-nto re scoka
Ji-nco
Gume
Ji-nco-ja ra
Ci-kume
Lu-tihco.
u-nyau
Li-tiu
To-morrow
...
...
...
*
Ma-nguane.
-
Ji-mindu
Tongue
Uru-rimi
Ru-rumi
Lime
U-imi
U-lime
Lu-rime
Tooth
Z-inco
Z-inco
M-eneo (//.)
Z-ico,
M-enco (pi.)
D-inco ;
Z-incj
ma-nco.
Li-kwaha ;
ma-kwaha
GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 275
Mu-zi
i
N-danga
Tree
Mu-ti
Mbu-ti.
Mu-ti
M-ti
Mu-ti
Mu-simbco.
Mu-ti
Mu-ri.
N-tanda; me-
Twins
Manyam-biri
Manyam-biri
Ma-ba
Ma-pacco
Manya-bire
Ma-hasa,
Ma-pasa
Urine
Tundco
Tunda
Ma-tundco
Mi-tundco
Ma-tundco
Mu-runzco.
Ku-rundza
(verb)
War
Fumco
Hcoondco
Imbi
U-imbi
Imbi
I-i-tunga.
Tsunga.
Ny-umpi.
Ny-imbi.
Iny-epe
Water
Kuma
M-vura
Vula
Ma-ndzi
Kuma
Ma-ti
Well, spring,
...
...
...
Nambco
source
White man
Mu-zungco
Mu-zungco
Mu-zungco ; ba-
Mu-iungco ;
Mu-zungco ; ba-
Mu-lungco ; ba-
a-iungco
Wife
Mu-kazi
Mu-kadzi
...
M-fazi
* <
Mu-kate or
G-ade.
Ng-aja
Wind
Dutco
Dutco
M-pepco
M-vya
M-pepeo
N-kayi.
Li-pubco
Witch
M-roi
U-takati
Mu-loi
Ku-nkui
Mu-loi
Noi,
I-ncoi,
Do l
Witchcraft
...
*
. ..
Wu-nanga.
Bu-roi (?)
Woman ...
Mwana-kazi
Mw-adzi mai
Mwana-kaji
M-fazi
Mwana-kaji
Mwan-gaji.
Nyamayi.
Mu-gade?
Womb
...
...
...
Wood (fire-
...
*
...
...
Tin-gconi
wood)
Yam
M-fisore
M-fisore
Mu-karara
*
Year
Kore
Kore
Gole
Zuia ra
Gore
Mw-aga ; mi-.
pe-zuico
Lembe.
Mu-gua
Yesterday...
...
. *.
...
...
Nya-noya.
Bu-ncova.
Nya-tulco
Zebra
...
...
...
...
...
Mangua
One
Pcosi.
Pcosi.
Pcosa.
Mu-nyi,
Pcosa.
-mue.
-mwe
mwe
mwe
-nye
mwe
Moyco.
Mwedco,
Moidco
Two
Piri,
Piri,
Pire,
-bihi
wire
-m-bire,
wiri
-wiri
wire
-bili,
vili.
-here,
bede
1 Lit. : ' country of the white man '.
276
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
6 S ,
English Ci-teve
65 a. 66.
Ci-tombcoji Rongerco
(Ba-zarutco)
67.
Ci-rue
68.
Ma-pangane
69.
Sengwe
(Inhambane)
Three -tatco
tatco -tatco
tatu
tatco
raru.
tarrco,
rarco
Four -na
na Mu-na,
ne
Mu-na,
ne,
na
na.
ni,
Mu-longa
na
mu-na
Five -sanco
panco -sanco.
1 Iu-bande or
panco
-sanco
Li-bande or
Ru-bande.
Lu-bande
tanco,
sanco
Six Tandatco
Tandatco Tandatco.
panco na
Tandatco.
Tandarco
Mamu-mwe
me-tu
Mamu-mwe
(old).
(or mu-ntu)
Li-bande na
mu-nye
li-mwedco.
-sanco-a-
li-mwe.
Ni-ji-mwe
Seven Ci-ncome
Ci-ncome Ci-nomwe.
panco na
Ncomwe
Li-bande na
Nami-vire
a-ntco
-bili.
a-bihi
Ni-ji-m-bili
Eight Sere
Sere Sere.
panco na
Sere,
Li-bande na
Name-tatco
a-ntco
I -sere.
tatu.
a-tatco
Name-tatco
Ni-ji-n-arco
Nine Femba-mwe
Femba-mwe Fumba-mwe
-panco na a-ntco Fumba-mwe
Li-bande
wa-ne
na-na.
Numu-ne.
panco
a-mu-ne
Ten Gume
Gume Kue-gume
Sume
Gume
Kume or
1
Li-kumi
Eleven . . . Gume na
Gume na Sume-mu-mwe
Sume na
Sume ina.
Kumi ni
i-mwe
i-mwe
mu-ntu
mu-mwe
i-mwe.
mu-nyc
Kumi na
mwedco
Twenty ... Ma-kum'
Ma-kum' Ma-kum'
Ma-pum"
Ma-kum'
Ma-kum'
a-biri
a-biri a-wire
a-bihi
a-wire
bari ' or
Ma-kum'
a-birre or
Ma-kumi
ma-bili
Thirty ... Ma-kum'
Ma-kum' Ma-kum'
Ma-pum'
Ma-kum'
Ma-kumi
a-tatco
a-tatco a-tatco
a-tatco
a-tatco
ma-raru.
Ma-kum'
an-arrco
Forty M a-kum'
Ma-kum' Ma-kum-a-na
Ma-sum'
Ma-kum-a-
Ma-kumi
arangcomu-na
arangcomu-na
wa-ne
longto-mu-na
ma-na.
Mu-na-ma-na
kume
Fifty Ma-kum'
Ma-kum' Ma-kum'
Ma-pume
Ma-kum'
Ru-bande
a-panco
a-panco a-panco
a-panco
a-panco
la ma-kumi.
Tana-mana-
f
kume
Ma-kumi
li-bande 2
Note the West African -bari (' two ') * Sixty = Ru-bande (Ru-pande) na ma-kumi na kumi mwedco (Bleek).
GROUPS Q, R: THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC, LANGUAGES 277
Thousand . . .
Zana gutne
Zana gume
? Lu-bande
Zana sume or Gumi
Kume
ma-zana
JSume na na-ma-zana
gama-zana.
(? Soo)
ma-zana
Ma-zana kumi
I, me, my ...
1-ninco.
I-nini.
Ki-ne. I-ne.
Mi-na. Mi-na, I-ne.
Eni.
-a-ngco
-a-ngco
Di-, D'-, Ni-.
-ha-me Mi-.
Nyi-.
di-.
-ni-, -n-.
nyi.
-a-ngco
-a-ne
-a-figu, -a-ne
Thou, thee, thy
I-wewe.
I-wewe.
K-ena.
Ue-na. We-na. I -we
Uwe, Iwe.
-a-kco
-a-kco
-a-kco
-a-kco
U-.
uwe. -a-gco
He, him, his
I-ena.
I-ena.
Ki-na.
I-ena-ico.
Uye. Oyu.
U-.
-a-kwe
-a-pe
Yu-.
U-, A-.
-a-ke
1
-a-kwe
-mu-.
-a-ye, -a-ge
We, us, our
Tisco,
Isco.
Tisco.
Tico-kco. Ti-na. Itu
Hihi.
I-susu.
-e-dco
-e-dco
Si-.
Hi-.
-a-dco
-iti; -ki-ti
hi-, -a-tu
Ye, you, your
Mu-ese.
. . .
lofigwe.
Enu.
-e-nyco
-e-nyco
a-nu
Mu-.
mu-, -mi-.
-a-nu
They, them,
...
t
. . .
We-na
Aba.
their
Ba-.
-y-awe, -a-we
All
J-ese,
ese
ose
onge -onke
-ope?
-ese
N-tsabco,
Cabco
This, these
U
Uco
...
Yco
Uyu, awa ;
uwu, ii ;
ili, aya ;
egi, epi;
yco (u-yco,
ki-yco, &c.)
That, those
ondcoco
...
-ya
-le (u-le, &c.)
Bad
Ka-sata
Ka-sata
...
-ka-bie
Kco-i-pa.
Ka-ndigwadi.
I-bi-hele
Black
-pipa
sifco
sipa
nyama -nyame,
ntima,
nunyame
nlima.
Ny-ipula
Female
kazi
kadzi
-a sate
faza-na -a-sate
-a-sate
Fierce, sharp,
...
... ...
bitter
Good
Ka-naka
-dizi.
yana
-ce -selya
cambe,
Ka-naka
camba.
'
-i-nene
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
65. 65 a. 6(
English Ci-teve Ci-tombwji Ronf
(Ba-za
>. 67. 68. 69.
fereo Ci-rue Ma-pangane Seng we
rutco) (Inhambane)
Great -kuroi -hureo -reba
kuico -da -lera.
-de.^
kongcolco
Little -dcokto -duku -dcokw-ane -n-ana -muny-ane -scogcony-ane.
muny-ane.
dtokw-ana.
In-dcot<o
Long
-te ... -la-pile
Male -rume -rume -ana rume -duna -ndcoda -nuna.
hume
ndojda
Old
kalekale ;
kuramba.
cikwa.
O-kumbele
Red
-a-favi-la
Rotten
wenila
Short
... ... -fupi,
-fubi
Sick
dwale
White ... -cena -cena -pena,
ccope -pcope -^cope ;
cena
pena
Above, up, on
Bindi.
top
Ba-cani
Before
I-mbele or
Mbeli
Behind
Tagco ku-.
Hw-ane
Below, down
Baba-ci.
Ba-si
Far
Mw-ingto
Here ... ... Pondcopoi ... lapa Kwaba.
Kunaba
In, inside ...
I-ndani
Middle
Ba-kori
Near
Va-fupi or
Ba-fubi
Outside ...
Baba-nje
Plenty, many, -bea -guna, Anda
bea -inge -zitere.
much -bea
-ingi
There Apoj lea Genco
le Na-paia Abco.
Aba
Where? ...
Iti-pi?
Ba-pe ?
B-ebi ?
No! ... Ahina!
Ne!
Karii!
THa\.(withverb, A- A- A-
A- ... -ka- ; -si- ;
as prefix, in-
nga-.
fix, or suffix)
-mwalto
(with nouns).
Gima =
never. Ter-
minal -a
'
changes to -i
1 Compare Swahili Tele.
GROUPS Q, R : THE SOUTHERN RHODESIA, SENGWE, ETC., LANGUAGES 279
65. 65 a. 66
English Ci-teve Ci-tombcoji Ronj
(Ba-za
67. 68. 69.
jerco Ci-iue Ma-sangane jSengwe
rutcoi (Inhambane)
To Ku- Ku- Ku-
Ku- Ku- Ku-
beat ...
-beta
buy, sell ... -tanga
? ... -tanya -tenga,
-renga, or
sawa
come ... -via -via -uya
-buya -buya -ta.
bua,
buya
cut
keoka.
-pila
dance ... -tamba -tamba -lamba -ajaia -sina -hana.
-kina,
gina
die ... -fa -fa -fa
-fa -fa -fa
eat ... -rga ... -dia
-rz,a ? -lya -la or -ga
give ... -pa -pa -pa
-nika -nika -ninga.
ba
,, go -nenda, -enda -pinda
hamba -ambia ? -ya.
enda
inda or
enda
,, kill ... -orai -oraya -gula
buiaya -gumia -gubia.
jaya.
songa
know ... -gisiva -zuia -ziziwa -wiaazi ? ea-gu-aze -ti,
-tiba
laugh ... -seka -seka -seka
peka -seka -hega,
seka
leave oflF,
disa,
cease
dica.
ciya
love,want ... ... -funa.
funa -funa ?
bzinga -halaja
,, see ... -cona cona
buna -ona -wona.
(keja =
look)
sit. remain,
kala
abide
sleep ...
lala,
-ilala.
-rcoama
stand.stop,
emila,
be erect
ema
steal ... -ba ... -ba
ba -ha
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN CI-TEVE, CI-TOMBOOJI, CI-RUE, ROKGEROO
AND MA-^ANGANE
Preprefixes are present in Classes 9 and II.
Class i. Mu-, M-, A- 1 (concord, ?) ; 2. Ba-, A- (Ci-rue) (ba-, a) ; 3. Mu-, M-, ? Gu- (?) ; 4. Mi-,
Me- (?) ; 5. Ji-, Dzi-, (ri) ; 6. Ma- (a) ; 7. Ci-, Ji-, Ki- (ci) ; 8. ?Bzi- (?) ; 9. In- (Im-), Iny-, Un-, N-,
Ny-, (?) ; 10. same as 9?, Zi- (Ci-rue) (zi) ; n. Urco-, Ulu-, Ru- (ru, lu) ; 12. .'missing; 13. Ka ?
(Ci-rue) (?); 14. U-, Hu-, BY-, Eg-, Bu- (concord probably same as prefix); 13. Ku- ; 16. Pa-, Pe-
(pa) ; 17. ? (-ni, -ne) ; ? 18. Gu-.
The Nya- (Inya-) prefix is present.
1 ? A- honorific.
280 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
PREFIXES, &c., IN ^ENGWE (INHAMBANE)
Traces of preprefixes.
Class i. Mu-, M-, Wa-' (mu-, yu,u ?) ; 2. Ba-, Wa- (ba) ; 3. Mu-, M-, N- (wu ?) ; -4. Mi- (i) ; 5. Li-,
Di-, D', (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, ya) : 7. Gi-, Ki- (gi, ki) ; 8. J5i-, J5'- (in dialects, Zi-, Bzi-) (si-) ; 9. In-
(Im-), N-, Ny-, (i, n-) ; 10. Jin-, Ji- 2 (ji) ; u. Lu-(lu); 12. ? missing; 13. ? missing; 14. Wu-, Vu-
Bu- (u-, bu) ; I *,. Ku-, Hu- (Ku-) (ku) ; 1 6. Ba-, Va- (pa-, ba, va-) 517.? Im- (-ni, -ne).
The Nya- prefix is present and the -ana dimin. suffix.
65. Citeve is spoken behind the Sofala coast of Portuguese South-east Africa, east of the Rhodesian
frontier, between the Upper Pungwe river and the Buzi<o.
65 a. Citombcoji is spoken in the region behind Sofala, about the upper waters of the Buzico and as
far south as the Sabi.
66. Rongerco is spoken on the Bazarutio coast and islands south of the Lower Sabi river.
67. Ciriie is spoken in the Boorue country and Gorongooza, between the Rhodesian frontier on the
west and the Sofala-Zambezi coast belt.
68. Majsafigane is spoken between the Middle Sabi river and the Limpopo), east of the Rhodesian
frontier; also in southernmost Rhodesia.
69. [Sengwe is spoken in the coast district of Inhambane from Cape Sao Sebastiao to Cape Corrientes.
1 Wa- (ist Class), perhaps, is honorific. 2 Perhaps in some dialects Tin-, Ti-.
GROUP R
THE SENGWE-RONGA LANGUAGES (continued]
70. Ccopi or i-tswa (JM-lenge, Hleflgwe)
71. Thofiga or Ronga 1
716. jSi-loi (Nwa-lufigco)
7 1 f. ,Si-gwamba
GROUP S
THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES
72. Ci-venda 73. Se-suthw 73 a. Se-pedi (Peli)
70.
71-
71 e.
7if.-
72
73-
English
Ccopi or
Ronga
gi-loi or
fii-gwamba
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
fji-tswa
(i-lenge,
Hlengwe ?)
Nwa-lungco
733. Se-pedi
Adze N-zanga Si-kcomu
Lu-kwea Petlco
Animal.wild Ci-hari Si-hari ... i-hari.
Ci-puka. Se-cedi.
beast f>i-vanja-na
Ci-dcodco. Se-coka.
Ci-vanda Se-bata-na
Ant Vu-scokcoti N-sukcoti, N-sukcoti Vu-sukcoti
Lu-sunzi Phcophcolco
Ant
Vu-scokcoti
N-sukeoti,
N-sukeoti Vu-sukcoti
Lu-sunzi
Phcophcoleo
(ants in
Bu-sukcoti
swarms)
Ant, white
Mu-swa.
-..
Mu-hlwa
Mu-cenze.
Mco-swa,
(termite)
Vu-scohaha
Mu-tywa
Vto-swa
Arm
Pcokeo
Bcoku ; ma +
Bcokco ; ma + Vcokco ; ma +
Vcohco ; ma + .
Le-tscoxco ;
C-anda
ma-vcoxco.
M (u-xconco ; me-
Arrow
N-gcove,
...
Cem-beti N-seve ;
Mu-sevhe
Mco-kcovo; me-.
N-tsiri.
mi-seve
Mio-seme; me-.
N-seve
Mcosevco.
Mco-tswe.
Mto-tsu
Axe
N-gwangwa ;
Kaula ; ma +
Si-hlcoka
M -badco
Loo-mela.
ci-
Se-lepe
Baboon
Fene;
...
M-fene; ti +
Tyhcohco,
Mco-kconi.
pi. tsi + .
Thcohco
Cwene
Psene or
Pryene
Back
N-sana
N-hlana
Mco-hlana; me- N-hlana
Mu-tana
Mco-tlhana,
Mcii-hlana.
Mco-kcotco.
Se-hcoluhco!co
Banana
N-komva.
N-senge
N-kombva
Mu-omva
N-cenge;
n-tsenge
Beard
Ci-letsu
Ma-lepfu (//.).
Ma-lebvu Ma-lebvu
N-debvu.
Ma-lelu ; -telu
In-defco
Lu-lebvu,
Ku-debvu
Bee
Nombe ; tsi-
Ny-upi
Ny-cosi Ny-copi ; ti +
N-eoci
N-cose.
(/WJ
Le-pcoka-ne
Belly
Mimba.
Khuri
Khwiri
Thumbu
Mco-rupa.
Susu
Lco-vala ;
pi. li-pa!a.
Sr- nana
(abdomen)
* According to H.Junod, Thonga or Ronga divides into the following dialects : 71 a Bila (north-east); 71 b
Hlanganu (-west) ; 71 c Jonga (raw/ central); 71 d i-konde (south, on Mafttta river). |5i-loi 71 e, of the North-east
Transvaal, is probably only a dialect o/"Thonga ; and the same must be said about Si-gwamba.
282
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ceopi or
71-
Ronga
71 e.
pi-loi or
Nwa-lungu
7i f-
fii-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthu
73 a. Se-pedi
Hlengwe?)
Bird
Ci-nyana
Nyanya-na
^i-nyanya-na;
Ci-nuni ; zwi-
Non',
swi-
Nonya-na
Blood
Ncoha
N-gati
N-gati
Ma-lofha
Ma-li.
Le-teli
Body
M-idi ; pi. mi +
M-iri
Mm-eri ; mi +
Mu-vili
Mm-ele,
Se-vele,
Mco-vele
Bone
Rambco : ma +
Rambu; ma+ Rambu; ma 4-
Rambu ; ma +
Rambco
Le-xwele.
Le-sapu ; pi.
ma-rapu.
Borassus palm
N-lala ; mi-
... ...
...
...
...
Bow
Vu-lasu
Ci-tamulco
Vu-ra
Vu-ra
Vo-ra.
N-kupe.
Se-phetha
Bowels
...
Ndeu ;
Ma-rumbu
Ma-rumbu.
Vco-la.
ti-ndeu.
Vhu-la
Ma-umu.
Rumbu ; ma +
Se-bco
Brains
W-onga
B-ongwe;ma +
By-ongu
Vhu-luvhi
Vu>-uku,
Vco-beokeo
Breast (man's)
N-ganga ;
pi-fuba
^i-fuva
Damu
Se-fexa or
itsi + .
phexa.
Ci-fuba
pe-iuba.
Se-fura ; le-.
Peta
Breast
Cumbu ;
Bele ; ma +
* .
...
Le-tsele ;
(woman's)
tsi + , ti +
ma-vele
Brother ...
Makwa.
Makwa. 1
Makwa
Mu-kuma-na.
N-naka.
Nongco
N-disa-na
Mu-rathu
Nw-ana
(with pass.
pronoun).
Wa-mine.
Moi-ena.
Mco-xulu.
Mto-nya-ne
Buffalo
Ny-ahi
Ny-ari
Ny-ari
N-ari
N-are.
Kxulumu
Bull
M-bcowa.
N-kuzi ; ti +
...
M-buhu
Pcou,
Duna
(cf. root -words
Pcohco,
for 1 Buffalo')
Phcolu.
Kxutuku
Buttocks ...
M a- taku (//.).
N-caku,
N-jaku; ti +
Ma-rahu or
Se-bono,
Ny-onga; tsi-
N-thaku
Mu-rahu
Se-vunu.
Miu-raxu ;
me ;
Se-rupa.
Le-rau
Canoe
Gw-aru.
By-atu.
By-acu ; ma + .
Gungwa
Mco-koru
Taru
In-cene
^i-kaka-fu
Cat
W T -onga.
pi-paka-na
^i-manga
Ci -mange.
Phaxa.
(Tsimba =
Phaha
Se-maka.
a wild cat or
Tluli
leopard)
-
Charcoal ...
Khala
Khala ; ma +
...
...
...
1 Makw'eru = my, lit. 'our' brother.
Makw-enu = thy (your) brother.
Makw-abu = his (their) brother.
GROUPS R, S: THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 283
English
70.
Ccopi or
{ji-tswa
(gi-lenge
Hlengwe .')
71. 71
Ronga i-l<
Nwa-
e. 71 f.
)i or ^i-gwamba
lungco
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthc!>
73 a. Se-pedi
Chief
Li-busco
^i-fuyco. Hcosi.
Hcosi
Khcosi.
Kxcosi.
(busa = to
H cos-ana.
N-duna
Ma-sale.
govern).
Mu-fumco.
Mco-rena.
Iri-kcoma
(Ku-fuma =
(Le-fumto 1 =
to rule)
riches)
Child
Mu-ana-na
Nw-ana
Nw-ana ;
Nw-ana
Nw-ana,
va-ana
Mw-ana ;
v-ana
Cloth
Mu-enda ?
Ma-rcotco.
N-guvu ; ti +
Nw-enda.
Kxai.
Kapura-na
Sila
Kcovco
Cold
M-behto,
^i-rami
^i-rami
Ci-fefeo or
Phefco.
Peheo
Phepheo
Voo-ruru.
(Ma-riha,
Ma-rexa =
cold season)
Country ...
Ikco;
T-ikeo
T-iko>; ma +
Sangu
Le-fatse.
ma-ikco.
Naha
T-ikco ; ma +
Cow
N-ombe.
Hcomu ya
Hcomco ya
Khulukadzi.
Kxcomco.
H 0311111
n-tsele.
n-tswrele.
Khulcamco
( Kxanwa =
J5i-fuyeo ?
(Hcomco
milch cow.
(= chief)
cattle ; pi.
Kxcomco,
ti-hcomco)
Li-ve = ca///e)
Crocodile ...
N-gcona ; tsi +
... . .
N-gwenya
Ng-wena
Kwena
Day, daylight
Di-siku.
Siku or
Siku
Mu-si.
Mco-se.
(Tsikari =
Di-siku; ma +
Dyuvha
Mco-hla.
day-time)
Le-tsatsi.
Ny-ene.
Nakco
(time, season)
Devil, evil
N-diki.
,, . ,,
.
...
...
spirit
N-guluvi
Doctor (medi-
Naiiga
Nanga; ti +
Nanga
Nanga
Naka.
cine man)
Mcu-vei.
Mw-alafi ;
va-alafl
Dog
Im-bywa
M-bya-na.
M-bya-na
M-bva.
M-pz,a,
Yim-bya
M-bya,
M-pya.
M-bwa
Mco-tlape.
Pheke
Donkey
M-bongcolco
M-bongcolco
Door, door-
Timba
Ci-falco
Nn-anzwa
Vco-thi'; pi.
Mco-liakco
way
ma-hco-thi
Dream
Ci-lcohco
Noreo ;
Norto ;
Mu-loreo ; mi-
Li-loro,
mi-lorco
mi-lorw
Hco-lora.
Torco.
B<o-rcokco
Drum
N-gcoma
Mun-tinti.
N-gcoma
N-geoma
Kcoma
Danda-ne
Ear
N-dzeve,
N-dhlebe
N-dleve
N-deve
Tseve
N-zeve
Egg
D-anda ;
T-andya ;
T-andya
Gumba.
Le-he.
ni-anda
m-andya
(egg-shell is
Ganda ;
Le-kxcopa.
Le-nata.
Elephant ...
N-zoafu; tsi-
N-dlojpfu N-dleopfu N-dlcopfu
ma-kanda)
N-duu
Le-cae,Le-tsae
Tlwu
1 Mco-fum" a-hali = Queen, lit. ' chief female.'
284
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ccopi or
Si-tswa
Ronga
71 e.
{5i-loi or
Nwa-lungeo
71 f.
jsi-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
7 $'
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
Hlengwe ?)
Excrement
Mi-cimba(/V.).
N-d&jve
Eye
IJ-isco ;
T-ihleo;
ma-seo
ma-hlu
Face, forehead
Kcohe; tsi + .
Bu-sco.
Ma-sco-ni.
L-isco.
M-ombco
M-ombw
Fat
Ma-fura or
Ma-ftira
Ma-fuha
Father
Tati
Tata-na.
Rorw'-
(Rorw'anga =
my father,
&.)
Fear
Ci-tavu.
Bu-toya.
Ku-tava
N-cabu,
(verb)
Ku-caba
Finger
Li-tsihco
Li-tihco; tin-
(pi. tsi-)
Fire, heat...
N-dilto,
N-dyilca ; mi-.
N-dilu.
(M-6tye =
(Ku-eoka = to
light of fire)
"warm oneself.
oka = roast.
cota, root
word}
Fish
Tsanzi ; tsi +
N-hlampn;ti +
Foot
N-kondco
N-kondyw ; mi-
Forest
Mu-chu,
Mu-thu.
N-timu
Fowl
N-guku
N-kuku,
Huku
Frog
...
...
Ghost
N-guluvi.
M-oya
M-oya
Giraffe
N-hutlwa or
Huhlu
Girl
Li-kenji.
N-hwa-na ;
Ci-kunzu.
wan-hwa-na
Mu-hora-na.
Nya-mayi.
M-biri
K-isco
N-cabu
Ma-cimba
Ma-cimba
T-ihlw; ma+ Iteo,
D-iteo,
D-is<o ;
m-esu,
ma-tco
N-hlampfi
Nenge ;
mi-lenge
Huku
M-oya
N-hwa-na ;
ba-hwa-na
Khwvhe
Mu-lenze
^i-hlahla Daka
Khuhu
Ci-runzi
Mu-sidz-ana
Le-sepa.
Le-thete
Lc-isco ;
ma-scj
M-ombw
Khwfe,
Moj-xcofe.
Khufe-ni.
Phatw.
Ci-fatuwco
Se-fata.
Le-bala
Ma-fura
Ma-pfura
Ma-iura,
Ma-fura.
V<o-ncijna
Tati-ana
Khcatsi
Rara,
Kara.
N-tata.
.
Papa
N-cavw
Ny-tofheo
Mco-voifeo.
Tsabw
Ri-tihco ; pi.
Mu-nwe.
Mto-neo ;
tin-tihco
Gu-nwe
me-nu
(big finger,
M<o-nwr-ana
thumb)
N.jilco ;
Mu-lilco.
Mco-lelco,
mi-rila>
M-oto>
Vco-lilca.
(poetical)
M-olleo (73 a)
Xlapi
Le- or
Lco-na<o.
Le-cotoj, .
Le-kcotu
Se-kxwa.
Mo-ru (73 a)
Kxuxco,
Mo>-kukco
Se-heohoj.
N-ketu.
N-kwla-ne
Mo)-lim ; me-
Thuhlco,
Thutwa,
Thutco
Mon-tsana.
Mco-nyana.
Mw-ale,
Nw-ale ;
v-ale.
Mu-thepa
GROUPS R, S : THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 285
English
70.
Ccopi or
gi-tswa
Hlengwe ?)
1
71. 71 e. 71 f.
Ronga fJi-loi or ^i-gwamb
Nwa-lungco
1
72. 73-
\ Ci-venda Se-suthco
730. Se-pedi
1
Goat
Pongu
M-buti. ... M-buti
M-budzi Puli
(5im-but-ana
= kid ; pi.
(he) ...
Ma-bongwe
P?1 " ...
Thcokco,
Phcokco
(she)
M-beha
. . . .
Mco-ribi
God
In-kulukumba.
Si-kwembu
Mu-dzimu Mu-limco
(N-guluvi =
a departed
spirit)
Grandparent
Kcokw-ani
Kcokw-ana ... Kcokw-ana
Ma-khulu ( pi} Moi-xcolcoxcolco.
N-kxconto o.
Kcokco,
Kuku.
Rra-kxcolco $
Grass
Vu-asi
By-anyi ... By-anye
H-atsi. Vco-yan,
Fundwi ; V^-an.
ma-hundwi Mco-nyane
(thick grass)
Ground
Ma-fu
Mi-saba (pi.) ... Mi-saba (pi.) Ma-vu" Vco-theco.
Lefa-ce.
Mco-bu
Ground-nut
Tsi-numi or
Ma-nza (pi.)
N-duhu T-luu,
Ti-numi
Tuu,
Guinea-fowl
M-hangela
Mangelu
Khafiga Kxaka
Gun
Ci-bamu
pi-balesa ... f>i-bamco
Ci-bamu TlhcobSlco.
Mco-pcopco
Hair
N-sisi
N-sisi ... N-sisi
Ma-vudzi. Mco-riri
Mam-wele
Hand
D-anza;
|5i-papa ... ^-andla
C-anda Le-bcohco.
m-anza
Se-atla,
Se-ata ;
pi. ti- or ri- ..
Mni-xconco ;
me-
Head
I-sungu,
N -hleokco ; mi + ... N -hlcokco
Thohco Hleohco.
In-sufigu
Xlcokco
Heart
M-bilu
M-bilu ... M-bilu
M-bilu Pelco
Heel
Hide
Ci-hende
gi-renje ... <5i-renje ; swi- Ci-rethe Se-rethe
t Si-khumba. ... N-hlonge Mu-kumba Mto-kxcopa.
N-tehe
Le-papa.
Se-tlalco
Hill
Ci-dyuri
N-tyunga ... Ganza
Ku-tava. Thava-na
Mu.-vhundu
Hippopotamus
M-vulwa
M-pfubu. ... M-pfuvu
M-vuvu Kuvu ; ti-.
(Nwa-m-pfubu,
Ma-rtota-ne
honorific)
Hoe
N-suka
^i-kcomu; swi- Dzembe; Se-xcoma.
ma-lembe Mco-hcoma
Honey
Vu-lombe
Bu-lombe ... Vu-lombe
Vu-ci. V-cose,
Mu-toli N-cose.
Le-tlcoli
Horn
Kehco
Li-hondco ; pi. ... Rim-honjco
tim-hondu
Lu-nanga Naka
(Se-, Leo-).
Le-phcotco
IJ34
u
286
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ccopi or
Si-tswa
Ronga
71 e.
Si-loi or
Nwa-lungco
71 f.
Si-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
Hlengwe?)
House...
Hunger
Husband
Hyena
Iron ...
Maize...
Ny-umba. Yin-dlu ; ti + . N-dyangw
Kaya (home). Kaya
Vw-akori
N-zala
N-dlala
N-dlala
Mw-aha-na; va- Nuna.
N-kata ; ba-
M-hisi M-hisi
Ci-kete
N-simbi
N-simbi
Island
Ivory
Ci-rungu
...
Knee
Knife
Dundu,
Lundu :
//. tsi +
Mu-kwa
Tsulco
Mu-kwa ; mi
Lake
Tiba ; ma + .
(Lw-andle J =
sea)
Leg
Nenge
Nenge ;
mi-lenge
Leopard ...
...
Yin-gwe
Lion
N-gala,
N-dyau ; ti + .
Nala
N-gala
Lips
N-lebete;
Ncomco;
mi-lebete
mi-lcomco
Magic
Vu-nanga.
Vu-roi
Vu-loyi
Yin-gwe
Ma-faki
,Si-tamu
Yin-dhlu
N-du,
N-tlu; li-.
Ku-du,
N-tco ; //.
Li-du.
ma-tco.
(Vumba =
(Le-tscopa,
clay walls of
Mio-vcopa =
house)
clay walls
of a house)
(umba).
Mw-akco; //.
ni-akco.
(Hae = home)
N-dlala.
N-dala
Tlala.
Le-phafu
Nuna; va+
Mu-nna
Tcota.
Bco-hali
M-hisi
Phele
Phiri.
Le-flri-tscoane
N-simbi
Tsimbi.
Vco-rale,
Lu-rale
Voo-rala
(metal).
N-gwedi
(iron ore)
Si-hlala
Ci-tanga-dzime
Se-keli
...
Lu-nanga
Se-lcopa
Iwa n-dcou
Ccolco
Gcona.
Khuru.
N-d51co
Le-nole.
Le-tcolco
Mu-kwana
Lu-fanga ; //.
Mco-faka,
phanga.
Moi-phaka.
(Ku-panga =
Se-thipa
small knife,
Banga =
large knife)
Tiva
Dzivha
Le-wata.
Le-tsa
Le-coatle 2
Nenge
Gw-endco,
Le-kcotco.
Mw-endco
Le-cotco.
Yin-gwe
N-gwe
N-kwe.
I.c-naco.
Le-pcoxco
*
N-dau
Tau.
Le-kakuba
Ncomco ;
Mi-lcomco (pi.)
Pcounama.
mi-lcomco
Mo)-lcomco;me-
Swa vuii-gcoma
Ma-dambi.
Vco-fephe.
Ma-lingco.
Vco-loi.
Vu-nanga
(Xcu-loya =
to bewitch) '
' Ma-vele
Ci-kcoli
Se-fela. Chake
1 Evidently borrowed from Zulu. 2 Le-<uatle is the posa Ulw-andhle (-anja) = sea.
3 Additional -words for magic and magician, soothsayer, diviner, &c., in Se-suthco : Mto-kcome, V<o-loi, Mio-loi,
Mco-lekco, -leka, -Icoa, -Icoea.
GROUPS R, S : THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 287
English
70.
Ccopi or
^i-tswa
Oi-lenge,
Hlengwe?)
71- 7i
Ronga i-l<
Nwa-I
e. 71 f-
)i or ^i-gwamba
ungu
72.
Ci-venda
7J-
Se-suthco
733. Se-pedi
Man
Mu-ndu ;
Mhu-nu ;
Mo-nhu ; pi.
Mu-thu ; va-
Mo>-thu ;
va-ndu
bha-nu. Also
ba-nhu
va-thu
Mu-nhu
(Jonga) and
Mcu-hu.
(Dyaha =
young man)
Man, vir. ...
Tsuna
Nuna
Mu-nna
Mco-ncona.
Mo-nna;/>/.va-
Vto-tcona.
Twta
Meat
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
N-ama
N-ama
Medicine ...
Vu-nanga.
... ...
Mi-vu
Mu-re ?
Vu-re.
Mu-rende
Mu-songa
Mco-lema.
Boi-laco
Milk
Ma-hwa.
N-tywamba
Ma-fi,
Mu-khaha.
Ma-fi, Ma-fsi.
Ma-si
Ma-si
Ma-fhi.
Le-bese.
(verb= -hama,
Bele. 1
Yama)
(-xama verb)
Monkey ...
Kavu ; tsi +
...
N-kabw
...
Kxavco
Moon
N-cima
Hw-eti Nhw-eti Nhw-eti
Nw-edzi,
Nw-eli,
M-edzi.
Kxw-eli.
(C-edza =
(Se-etsa =
Mother
Mamani.
Mama-na. Mana
Manana
' moonlight ')
Mme
' moonlight ')
Mme.
(Nyeo =
Nwa-
Mama
vagina]
(with posses-
sive particle)
Mountain ...
Dyuri
N-haba
N-cava
Thava,
Thava.
tava
M(D-kcol<u.
Le-lcoti
Mouth
Ci-pcofu
Numco ; mi +
Numu ;
Mu-lcomco
Mo)-leom.
mi -loomed
Mcoma.
Le-hanco
Nail (of finger
C-ala ; //.
... ...
N-hwala
Lun-ala ; //.
Len-ala, Lco-
or toe)
s-ala
n-ala
Name
T-ina; ma +
Bitca ; ma +
Vitco ; ma +
Dz-ina
Le-ina.
Le-bitsco
Navel
...
In-kava
Lu-kheovco ?
Mco-huvu,
Mco-khubu.
Le-khuthu
Neck
Tamu or
En-kolco.
N-hlana
Mu-tsinga
Thameo.
N-dhamu
gi-kcosi.
Mco-lala
Namu
Night
Vu-siku.
Bu-siku
Vu-siku Vu-siku
Vto-sixoa,
N-tema.
Vco-sixco.
(Puu =
(Le-fifi =
Nose
darkness)
Tomvu; ma +
Nhompfu,
Ti-nhumpfu Ningu
darkness)
N-kto ; lin-kco.
A-nonfco; ti +
M-mojpeo
Ox
N-ombe
Hcomu ; ti + N-ktomu Havi Kholumco
Kxcomu.
(with various
Li-ve.
prefixes
Phwlco
gulcomca,
kolcomco).
Phulu
The sound of thick milk falling in clots.
U 2
2 88
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ccopi or
>i-tswa
(gi-lenge,
Hlengwe ?)
71. 7
Ronga >i-l
t*wa-
e. 71 f.
oi or ^i-gwamba
lungco
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthoi
73 a. Se-pedi
Paddle
Wombe; ma +
Palm wine,
Vu-adwa.
By-ala
Vto-cema
Mu-theobi.
Voyalwa
beer
Vu-cema
(beer).
Halwa
(beer)
Bu-sura
Parrot
...
Hcokwe.
Khwamba
...
Ny-enga
Penis
Peke?
Siru?
M-boleo
N-nyeo ?
N -tutu.
N-cucu.
Pulu.
Moj-suku
Pig
Kumba.
N-gulube
N-guluve
N-guluve
Kuluve.
(N-guluvi =
Fariki
a departed
spirit .')
Pigeon
Ci-duva-ne
Tuba; ma+
Tuva
Li-ivha
Le-eva,
Le-eba
Place
M-bangu.
M-bangu.
N-jau
Fhe-thu
Fe-lu.
N-dau.
gi-bati
Ng-alw
N-yumu,-imu.
(? sleeping-)
Helco( 'mahali*
Swah.)
Rain
N-zuma
... ..
M-pfula
M-vula
Pula
Rat
M-beva.
M-beva.
M-beva
Buku
Le-phuhu
Konzu
Khondlu
Peva ; li +
Rhinoceros
Ci-dawane ;
Me-lembe
<
i
Phera.
mu-kombb>
Tsukulu.
Tsere.
Le-xufu
River
Nambu
Nambu.
Nambu
Mu-lambco
Nuka.
N-fula
Mco-lapu
Road
N-zila
N-dlela
N-dlela
N-dila
Tsela
Salt
Mu-nyu
Mu-nyu
Mu-nyu
Mu-nco
Le-tswai.
(Mco-nyu =
a relish to
food)
Shame
N-gana
...
Ti-ngana
Thwni
Xlon,
t-i-xlon
Sheep
M-vuta.
Im-pfu
Nyim-pfu
N-gu
N-ku ; li-, ma-
Hamba
Hamba ; ti +
Shield
I-cangu or
Tlangu
J3i-tlhangu
pi-tlangu
Ci-tangu
Se-phemelu.
Thebe
Shoulder ...
Kata
Katla; ma +
Katla; m +
Sada
Le-ruli.
Le-xetla.
Le-xupe
Sister
Nongu
Makwa
Makwa
Khala'dzi
Moxulu.
Mco-rathco
Skin
.. .
N-hlonge.
N-jeovco
Lu-kanda
Le-thalu.
N -tb.ee
Kubu
Sky
N-zuma-ni
Tilco
Til
Lu-tombw
Le-xuli-mu)
Slave
Mu-kumbi
Si-kirawa.
Khumbi
Phuli
Mco-ruwa; va-.
N-hlcokco.
Le-kape,
Nanda
Le-kapa ; ma-
Sleep
(Ma-laleo =
Vu-rongw
Khufhe
Le-ithu.
place)
Bw-rcokco
Smoke
Mb-utsi.
M-usi
M-usi
M-utsi,
M-usi
M-usi
V-utsi
GROUPS R, S: THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECU ANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 289
English
70.
Ccopi or
Si-tswa
(^i-lenge,
Hlengwe ?)
71-
Ronga Si
Nw;
71 e. 71 f.
loi^ Si-gwamba
i-lungco
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
733. Se-pedi
Snake
Mamba
Ny-coka
Ny-coka
N-cowa
N-coxa
Son, boy,
Nw-ana,
Mu-fana ; ba-.
Nw-ana
Mu-rwa
Mo-rwa.
youth
Mu-fana,
Nw-ana ;
Mco-fana
X-sata-na.
ba-ana.
N-jambi.
Dyaha
Jaha.
Jambi-ana.
Nuna-na
Song
N-embco.
Li-simu ; //. ti-
Ri-simco
Lu-imbco
Kusa
N-dhandu
Spear
Di-cari
Tlhari ; ma + .
Thlari
Pfumoa.
Le-rumco ; ma-.
Fumu
N-nthi
Ccoza.
Le-ttele
Spirit, soul
Dhlcozi
M-oya
M-oya
M-uya
Mco-limco ; va-
Star
Ny-eleti ;
Ny-eleti
Ny-eleti
Na-ledzi
Na-leli
tsiny-eleti
Stick
N -ciseo.
Ny-onga ; ti + .
N-honga
Thanda
Le-re ;
Kcotongelco.
N-khabi
ma-re.
N-donga
Mco-sema
Stone
Diri-gwe; ma-.
Ri-bwe, Ri-bye Ri-bye ; ma-f
T-ombco
Le-swika,
Ci-windi
Dyi-bye; ma +
Le-itswre,
Le-ntswe.
Le-ywe,
Le-ye.
Le-vz,e
Stool
...
...
*>
Ci-dzulco
Se-tulco
Sun
D-ambu or
D-ambu Dy-ambco Dy-ambeo ;
Duva,
Le-laka.
Gambco,
m-ambco
Duvha
Le-tsatsi,
T-ambu ; //.
Le-caci.
mad-ambu
Le-vakco
Tail
N-cila,
N-kila
N-cila
Mu-cila
Mo-sela.
N-kila
Le-ccova.
Mco-hatla
Tear
N-rongco ;
Ny-embeti ; mi-
N-hlcoti
Mu-tcodzi ; mi-
Keleli.
mi-rongco.
or ma- pi.
Mni-xcokxco
N-scotsi ; mi-
Testicles ...
Ma-kende
...
Ma-kende.
Ma-cende
Le-kata ; ma-.
Vu-djcoconyco
Le-scothco ;
ma-.
Le-rete
Thief
M-bafa ; tsi + .
Si-yibi ; psi-.
Khamba
M-bava.
Se-liva.
(Vu-kamba =
Kamba
Fobvu.
Le-fcotha.
robbery)
Dz-iva,
Mco-utswa,
T-iva
Mto-utswi
Thigh
M-lenge
Tombi,
...
*
Le-sufu.
An-cumbi
Se-rope.
Le-vale ; pi.
li-pale
Thing
Ci-lco; zi-.
N-cumu; mi- Si-lco
; Ci-lco;
Ci-thu,
Se-lco.
(C-uma =
pgi-1
a pfi-loo or
Di-thu
Nthco ;//. + .
things,
si-lco.
Taba
property)
Swi-lco
Thorn
Mu-pa
Mu-twa
Mu-kwa
Mu-pfa
Le-eva.
Ma-eva,
Mco-tlwa; me-
Tobacco ...
Fcola,
Fcola
Fcole
Fcola
Mco-ccokco
Fcowa
-'1)0
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ccopi o>-
71-
Ronga
71 e.
Si-loi or
71 f.
Si-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
7 l-
Se-suthu
Si-tswa
(gi-lenge,
Nwa-lungco
73 a. Se-pedi
Hlengwe ?)
To-day ... Ny-ansi
Toe
To-morrow
Tongue
Tooth...
Li-dimi
D-in<o ;
ma-nco
Town, village N-ti ;
mi-ti
Tree N-dongca,
N-donga.
Mu-jsi
Twins
Urine
Vein
War
Water
Ma-hasa
Ma-rundco ?
(Ku-runda
verb)
Ny-imbi
Ma-ti
Well, spring, Ci-sima
source
White man
Wife .
Wind..
Witch
Mu-tlwka.
N-dima
Nsi-kati.
N-katsi.
N-hrima.
(Vu-katsi =
marriage)
Puhco
(Li-puhco ;
tsi-puhco)
Noyi ; va +
Namu-nhla
Mun-duku
Li-dyimi
T-inyco;
m-enyco
Mu-ti.
N-tsindya
Mu-fi
Ri-rimi
Mu-ronda
Fumu. Mto-bangu
Mu-bangu.
Y-impi
Ma-ti Ma-ti
Mu-lungu ; ba-
N-sati or
Wan-sati,
Ababa-sati, or
Baba-sati
M-hehu,
M-oya
Noi.
Mun-guma
Namu-nhla
Namu-si.
Ka-lienu.
Naa-si
Ka-jenco.
Na-se.
Namto-se.
Le-zconco
gi-kujw-ana
Ci-ku-nwe.
Mco-nw-ana.
Gu-nwe
Mcu-nto
Mun-juku
Ma-celto
Mco-so
Ri-rimi ;
Lu-limi ; pi.
Le-leme,
tin-jimi
n-dimi
Lco-leme
T-in<o ;
L-inca,
Le-ineo ;
in-inco
Inco ;
ma-inco,
ma-nu
me-en&j
Mu-ti
Mu-di
Mco-tse
Mu-ri
Mu-ri
Mco-ilare;
me-.
Le-fate,
Se-fate.
(Mo>-re,
Vo-re =
drug, poison)
Ma-hahla
I i -fata ; ma-
Ma-faxla
(sing.
Le-faxla)
Mu-runja
Mu-rundeo
Mo)-r5teo.
Mcu-tlhapco
N-siya ; mi-
Lu-tsinga
Le-sika.
Mco-thapa>
M-bangeo
N-ndwa
ti-ra.
Le-pheke.
Xco-lwa
Ma-ti
Ma-di
Ma-etse.
(Bto-liba =
deep water)
^i-dziba
Ci-sima
Se-liba.
(also ocean,
Mco-sima.
abyss) ; pi.
Mco-tsweli
Pfi-dziba
Mu-lungu ; va-
Mu-lungu.
Le-kxeoa; ma-
Mu-khuwa
N-sati.
Mu-sadzi
Mco-xaca,
N-kata
Mco-xali.
(Se-antco =
a woman who
succeeds her
sister as
wife)
M-oya
M-uya.
Phefco.
Phephu
Le-Hmeo ;
ti-timco
Noyi;
Mu-loi
Mw-fifa,
va-loyi
Mw-fifi.
Mu>-leki,
Mco-lekco.
Mco-loi
GROUPS R. S : THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES
291
English
70.
Ccopi or
Si-tswa
(JJi-lenge,
Hlengwe .')
71. 71
Ronga Si-lo
Nvva-1
e yif-
i or Si-gwamba
ungco
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
733. Se-pedi
Witchcraft
Vu-loyi.
Vhu-loi.
Vco-loi.
Ku-loya (verb)
Vu-nanga
Teoeo.
Ma-leowa.
Hco-reba.
Hto-neha
Woman ...
N-katsi
Wan-sati.
N-sati
Mu-sadzi.
Mco-sali
(bride).
Em-psele
Ci-sadzi
N-satsi
(dimin.)
Womb
Susu.
Khuri
...
...
Popelto
Mimba
Wood (fire-
Kuni ; tsi +
Li-kunyi;
Ri-kunyi
Lu-huni ; pi.
Kxon,
wood)
ti-hunyi
khuni.
Li-kxon,
(Guni =
Le-xon
a big piece)
Yam .
N-silu
...
N-hlata
Mu-rambto
..
Year
Lembe ; ma +
Nw-aka.
Lembe
Nw-aha,
Nw-axa (73 a),
Lembe; ma + .
M-aha ;
Ny-axa,
M-ak'tono) =
min-waha
Ny-aha
this year
(M-aka)
Yesterday
Nya-ncava,
Ttoleo
Teolco
Mu-leovha
Ma-lcova,
Nya-tulco
Ma-leova-ne
Zebra
Mangwa.
M-hangwa ;
Mangwa
M-bidi
Pitse.
Duva
ti +
Qwaha
One
mweyco,
fiwe -nwe
nwe
thihi
-nye.
-m we ceo
nwe
Two
-m-bidi
-bifi, -heri
-beri,
-vili,
-veli
bidi
M-biri
-vhili,
(-peli,
M-bili
beli)
Three
raru
raru or -rani
naru,
-raru,
-rarco,
N-haru
raru,
tharu
thareo
N-haru
Four
-ne
Mu-ne -ne
Mu-ne
na,
-ne
nna
Five
Li -hand i
N-tlhanu -thlanu
N- thlanu
tanu,
xlanco
thanu
Six
(Combinations
(Combinations thlanu
(Combinations
tanu
-ratarco,
(T/'Li-handi of N-tlhanu na nwe 0/N-thlanu
na thihi,
-thatarco.
and the first
four numerals.
and the first
four numerals)
and the first
four numerals)
tananthihi
Mto-tave
(i.e. thumb).
Vide gi-lenge
Tselela
Grammar)
Seven
,,
Tungula.
Li-supa (or
Thanu
Mco-supa ;
na m-bili
i. e. the index
finger on the
hand)
Eight
,,
,,
,,
Thanu
Vw-fera
na tharu
me-nco e
me- veli
Nine
11
H
Thanu
Se-nyane
na-nna
Vco-fera
mb>-nco
o-te
Ten
kumi
Khume Khume
Khume
Fumi, -humi
Le-pcome
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
70.
71.
71 e.
71 f.
7.
73-
English
Ccopi or
pi-tswa
(Si-lenge,
Hlengwe ?)
Ronga
jSi-loi or
Nwa-lungco
J5i-gwamba
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
Eleven
Kumi ni
Khume
Khume na
Fumi na
Le-scome cwa
mweyco
na -nwe
si-nwe
n-thihi
xa-nwe or
xa-nye
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
mam-bidi
Ma-kume
ma-biri
Ma-khume
ma-beri
Ma-khume
ma-beri or
Ma-humi
ma-vili
Ma-scome ale
ma-veli
mam-biri
Thirty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kume
...
Ma-kume
Ma-humi
Ma-scome ale
ma-raru
ma-raru
ma-raru
ma-raru
ma-tharco
Forty
Mu-ne
Mu-ne wa
. ..
Mu-ne wa
Ma-humi
Ma-scome ale
wa ma-kumi
ma-kume
ma-kume
ma-na
ma-ne
Fifty
Li-handi la
N-tlhanu wa
N-thlanu wa
Ma-humi
Ma-scome ale
ma-kumi
ma-kume
ma-kume
ma-tanu
ma-xlanco
Hundred . . .
Tsana; wa+
Dzana
Dzana
Dzana
Dana;
Le-kxcolo
ma-dana
Thousand ...
Kumi da
Khume da
...
Khume ra
Ma-dana
Se-kete; li-
ma-tsana
ma-dzana
ma-dzana
a-fumi
I, me, my . . .
A-ni. Mi-na.
Mi. Mi-ne.
Mi-na. Me-e.
Me-na.
N-ne.
Me-na, N-na.
N-, Ni-.
Ndyi-. Ndi-,
Nri-.
Nji-, Ndi-,
N-, ? Ndi-.
Ke-.
ni-. -a-ngu
Nd'-,Ndzi-,Ni-.
nri-. -a-nga
Nda-.
n-. -ndi,
m-, -n-.
-ndi-. -ene,
ndi-. -a-nga
-a-figa
ka, -esco,
-a-nga
-a-me
Thou.thee, thy
A-we. We-na
We. We-ne.
We-na. We-e
We-na, Vco-na.
I -we, Vhco-ne.
We-na.
U-.
U-, Ku-, W-.
U-.
U-.
U-.
CO-.
ku-. -a-ku
nhu. -ku-.
-nhu. -ku-.
u-, -ku-.
u-. -vhco-ne,
xco-. -eno,
-a-ku
-a-ku
vco-na? -a-ku?
-a-u
xcoxco, -xco
He, him, his
Yu. Ye-na.
Ye-ne. Ye.
Ye-na. Yi-e.
Ye-na.
E-ne.
Ye-na.
Ya-, A-, OJ-.
A-, 0-, I-,
A-.
O)-.
U-, A-.
A-, 00-.
mu-. -a-kwe A-wa-, I-wa-.
-mu-. -a-ke
-mu- ? -neo,
-mu-. -a-we
mco-. -xwe,
mu-. -a-kwe
nwe, -kwe
xaxwe
or -a-ke
We, us, our
A-tu. Hi-na.
Hi-ne. Hi.
Hi-na. He-e.
Hi-na.
Ri-ne.
Re-na.
H'-, Hi-
Hi-.
Hi-, H'-.
Hi-.
Ri-.
Re-.
-hi-, -a-tu
-hi-, -h'-.
hi-, -e-ru
-he-, -eru
ri-. -a-su
-re-, -re-na,
iru, -eru
-rco-na, -ecco,
esco
Ye, you, your
A-nu. Mwi-na
Nwi-ne. Nwi
Nwe-na.
Nwe-na, Mi-na.
Inwi.
Lco-na, Le-na.
Mu-, M'-.
Mi-, M-, Nw-.
N"we-e
M-.
Ni-.
Nye-na.
mi-, -a-nu
m-, -mco-.
mi-, -mco-.
ni-. -a-nu
Le-
nwco, -inu,
enu
le-. -le-na,
enu
lco-na, -enco
They, them,
A-va. Vco-na.
Bco-ne. Bco.
Bco-na. Bcoco.
Bco-na.
Va, Vha
co-na. Bco-na.
their
Na-.
Ba-, B'-.
Ba-, Va-.
Ba-, Va-, Be-.
Vhco-ne.
Va-, Ba-.
va-. -a-we
ba-. -a-bu
-ba-. -bu
ba-. -bco,
Va-.
va-, -ha-.
vco
-va-. -a-vco
vco-na,-bco-na,
-a-vco, -a-bco
All
cose.
Hikwa-
Hikwa-
Hikwa-
-othe
oxle
Hikwe-
(Hikw-eru =
ese (in the
all we ;
sense of ' that
Hikwe-nu =
is all')
all ye ;
Hikwa-bu =
all they \
Hikwa-wu,
Hikwa-yu,
GROUPS R, S : THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 293
English
70.
Ccopi or
Ji-tswa
i-lenge,
sngwe ?)
71-
Ronga
71 e.
,Si-loi or
Nwa-lungco
71 f.
Si-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
7 l~
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
This, these
Yu-, va- ; wu-,
Lw-e-, lw-eyi,
Leo, lco-yi,
Leo, ba- ; la-,
Uyu, ava ;
Eco, va-co; to-co,
yi-, &c.
la-ba ; Ico or
la-ba ; Ico-wu,
le- ; le-si.
uyu, -iyi ;
e-co; le-co,a-co;
A-yu-wa, a-yu
Ico-wu, le,
le-yi ; le-ri,
le-swi ; &c.
ili, aya; ici,
se-co, ce-co ;
a-va-wa, a-va
le-yi ; le-dyi,
la-ya ; le-ci,
izwi ; &*c.
Ico-co ; vz,co-co.
a-wu, a-wu-wa
la-wa ; le-si,
le-pci ; le-yi,
Ho-yu, ha-va;
E-neo, va-nco ;
a-yi, a-yi-ya ;
le-psi ; le-yi ;
le-ti ; rco-lco ;
ho-yu, he-i ;
le-nco, &*c.
a-di, a-di-ya ;
le-ti ; lco-lu ;
lye-byi; lco-ku;
&c.
a-wa ; a-ci-ya,
le-byi ; lco-ku ;
la-ha
Ho-yco, ha-vco ;
a-ci ; a-si,
la-ha
he-yco ; &c.
a-si-ya ; a-yi,
a-yi-ya ; a-tsi,
a-tsi-ya ; a-li,
a-li-ya ; a-vu,
a-vu-ya ; a-ku,
a-ku-wa
That, those
Ayco, avco ;
Lw-eyco (i),
Lo-ye ; &*c.
Lu-ya,le-ya(i);
00-neo-yu (i),
Eco-la, va-la ;
6*.
la-bco (2) ; s*c.
Lu-ya, lu-yan,
le-siya (7),
v-ene-va (2) ;
o-la. e-la ;
Ayu-lee (i) ;
Lwa-ya,
yco-lco,
le-swiya (8)
>;-ene-i (9) ;
le-la, a-la ;
ava-lee (2) ;
&c.
lwa-ya-n,
ye-lw-e (i),
yco-lo-yi (i);
ba-la-ba ; &c.
00-nco-yco (i),
se-la, ce-la ;
e-la, ce-la ;
Ayu-leyaa (i);
la-ba-ya,
v-ene-vco (2) ;
Ico-la ; v^co-la
QfC.
la-ba-ya-n (2),
y-ene-yco (9) ;
(14) or
bco-la-ba,
&*<;.
Eco-na, va-na ;
bco-la-bco (2) ;
(J0-nco-hco-yu,
fyc.
Ico, leo-wu,
co-neo-ho-yco
-ne (Eco-ne ;
Ico-wco,
(0;
fyc.)
leo-wu-ya,
v-ene-ha-va,
lco-wu-ya-n,
v-ene-ha-vco
wco-lco-wu (3),
(2) ; &>c.
<&<:.
U-la, va-la ;
u-la, i-la ;
Hco-u-la,
ha-va-la ;
he-i-la (g);&*c.
Bad
walu.
Ku-bi-ha.
bi-ha
-bi-ha (verb).
vi,
ve,
Ku-bi-ha
fani
(fret.,
vhi
-mpe
-be-hile)
Black
nzi. -ntima
ntima
-ntima
-ntima
tswu. -rema
ntsco, -tsco
Female
satsi.
-sati.
sati
sati
-kadzi,
xali.
katsi.
-kati,
-hadzi,
-tse-hali.
-m-baha.
-ati.
sadzi
sali.
psele
Mi-, -ntsele
tsali
Fierce, sharp
*
-wco leva
-hali
xale, -xala.
lila (bitter)
Good
nene.
nene
nene.
-vhuya
tie
-ti or
-co saseka
ati
Great
kulu.
-kulu,
-kulu
kulu.
hulu
xcolco.
hombe
-hulu.
kulukumba
nene
kulumba
(quantity).
-n-gata
Little
N-dcotco,
tongco.
tongco
thongco,
tuku
nyane.
N-dcotw-anani
tyana-na
ncongco.
nyenge.
thanana
nana
2 9 4
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
7;
Ccopi or
f5i-tswa
(SiJe&g*,
Hlengwe ?)
71- 71 e.
Ronga pi-loi or
Nwa-lung
71 f.
{5i-gwamba
M
72.
Ci-venda
73-
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
Long, high, tall
la-pa.
lan-fdi. -wa ku> le-ha
-la-pfu,
-lele,
le-ha
-o le-ha
la-fu
-tcopca
Male
Nuna,
tune,
-nuna
lume
nuna.
duna
-nuna
tcona.
pheke,
keke.
lume
Old
-kcopa
-khale
-a khale
lala
kekcolco,
-xcolco.
tala
Red
N-dcoco,
-a li-bungu
-co tswuka
tswuku
hivilu
N-Zbxo.
Psuu,
psu-ka
Rotten
b0,
bcala
bcola
* * *
-bcolu
-nihco
Short
-fuhi.
-wa ku-gcoma.
-to kcoma.
pfuii
khuts-ane,
kcoma
fuefui ?
suhe
-khcofe.
-suhi?
-khup-ana
Sick
-Iwala,
-babya
-a vabya-ka
Iwala
-Iwala.
-Iwali,
-kcola
Iwatsi
White
djaa.
... ...
-co basa
cena
eu,
Ku-basa
-phepa.
CO,
-teoa.
-seco,
tsweco
Above,up,on
Ci-tsimwi ka
A henhla
Henhla ka-,
Nthla ha,
Nthla.
top
Henhla,
N-ntha.
Xco-limco
le henhla
Dulu
Before
Ma-sco-ni ka
Ma-hlwe-n
Ma-hlwe-n
Phanda
Pele
Behind
N-sana ka
N-thaku ka
N-jakeo
Mu-rahu
Mco-raxco
Below, down
Ha-nsi ka
A ha-nsi ka-
Ha-nsi ka
Fa-si-ha-,
Fa-se.
Da-si-ha-
Tla-se,
Vatla-se
Far
Ku-le
Ku-le-ni
Ku-le
Ku-le
Xco-le,
Hco-le
Here
Aha-wa
Hale-n.
Hale-nu
Hafa.
Fa,
La.
Fanco.
Va.
Lcomu 1
Henefa.
Mcona. 1
Afa
Kamcd. 1
Mcoklu '
In, inside ...
Ndani ka.
Nden ka.
Njen.
Ngenco.
Mu.
-a-kahi ka.
Ma-kafi ka
pi-kari ka
Ngei.
Vto-te.
Mu-
Ngcomu '
-n. Katen
Middle
*
Ma-kari,
Si-kari
Fari.
Xare,
i-kari
Vu-kati ha
Le-kxate.
MiD-kxala
Near
Ku-fuhi ka
Ku-suhi ni
- Kco-suhe
Tsini 1
Outside ...
Ha-nze ka
Ha-ndle ka Ha-ndle
Ha-ndle
Nda
Ntle.nte.
Ka-nte,
Kwa-nte
1 A trace here of Class l ^ ; likewise in the -n and -ni suffixes.
GROUPS R, S : THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 295
English
70.
Ccopi or
71-
Ronga
71 e.
gi-loi or
71 f.
J5i-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthcb
gi-tswa
ii-lenge,
Nwa-lungco
733. Se-pedi
Hlengwe ?)
Plenty, many
There
Where? ...
ngi.
Anda
Ahale,
Ahawa.
Ahi
Ha-hi?
nyingi
Lahaya. Kcona
Kulahco
Kw-ini .' Kw-ihi ?
N-jaloj.
nyingi
Lahaya
Kwihi ?
-n^ji
Fala,
Hafala.
Henefco.
Hzifco, Afco,
Henefala
Nga-fhi ?
Nee.
Bo-ngata
Moola, Mconu.
Mcjlaa
(see note,
p. 294).
Vale. Kox
Kae?,
-fe ? '
No!
Ge!
I -hi !
Ehe!
Aiwa !
Nya!
Ce!
Not (with verb,
A-hihi.
A-, Aka-,
A-, -nga-
-si-
Ha-, Ha-a-.
as prefix, in-
fix, or suffix)
A-yi-wa.
Hinga.
Aku-, -nga-,
liki-, -hingi-
-sa-, -sa-ka-,
-ka-ke-,
A-, Aka-,
(and alteration
ke-ke-, -se- ;
Ak'-, -nga-,
of terminal a
e-s- (not yet);
si-, -sahga-
of -verb-root
(and aorist
(and change of
to i) ; -nga-bi-,
terminal -a
terminal a
nga-cuke-,
changes to -e)
into i) ;
Si- not yet),
-ngambi-,
Sanga-
ambi-
To
Ku-
Ku- Kco-
Ku-, Kco-
U-
Xco- .
beat ...
hima.
-ba.
...
tea.
peka
da
-khcoba.
upa.
-cotla
buy, sell
renga
... ...
jsava,
renga
reka
savisa
come ...
vuya.
ta.
-ta
da
-tla.
ngcona !
buya.
-tlcoxa
ta
pfa
cut
-tema
cema,
aeka
cea
tsela
tyema
1
dance ...
kina,
kina
cina
cina
vina,
-sinya
bina
die
fa
fa
fa
-fa
swa
eat
gya
da
dya
la
lya
give ...
nika.
-nyika.
-nyeka
nea.
-fa.
-ha (-pa) ,
hwa
-fa
nea.
kata
go
enda.
-ya. -ya.
ya
ya.
ya.
tsula.
famba, -famba
(Venda
ea.
famba.
-hamba
possesses
eta.
-ya
enda, in
feta.
derivatives)
kita
km ...
-baya (old),
dlaya
dlaya
vhulaha
veolaea
paya
,, know ...
dziva
-tiba -tiba
tiva
diva
tseva.
itse
laugh ...
-seka
hleka
-hleka
sea
sexa,
-tseha
leave off,
leka
tika
tyika,
litsa or
lesa
cease
tyikila
lica
1 In sense of ' which place ? '.
296
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
70.
Ccopi or
{ii-tswa
7I ~
Ronga
71 e.
J5i-loi or
Nwa-lungco
71 f.
f>i-gwamba
72.
Ci-venda
Se-suthco
73 a. Se-pedi
Hlengwe ?)
To Ku-
love, want -randa
Ku- Kco- Ku-, Kco- U- Xco-
dyula. ... -randa, -funa -rata
-randa -randya.
-lava
see
vcona
sit, remain, -kala
abide
sleep ... - -ruama.
lala
.. stand. stop. -ema.
be erect -emela
steal ... -pa.
kamba ?
buna. -buna
vcona.
-vona
vona,
laba,
(-laba =
vcona
labisa
search)
chamisa. -tchama
sala.
dzula
sala or
-thama,
tyhama
xlala or
tama.
sala.
sama.
lula
sala
tlela, -tlela
-elela.
lala.
lala.
-yetlela
edela
-rcobala
-yima
yima
ima
yema,
ema,
-eniela
-yiba
yiva
tsa,
utswa.
tswa
uba
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN COOPI, RONGA, AND DIALECTS, INCLUDING
SI-GWAMBA
Few traces of preprefixes, except in southern dialects of J5i-ronga and i-konde.
Class I. Mu-, Mhu-, Meo-, Amu (pi-konde), Wa- (honorific) (mu, yu-, u-) ; 2. Ba-, Bha-. Va-,
Baba- (honorific), Aba- (Si-konde) (ba, va-) ; 3. Mu-, M-, Meo-, Neo-, N-, Amu- (^i-konde) (wu, u-) ;
4. Mi- (mi-, i, yi-, j'-) ; 5. Dyi-, Ji-, Gi- (in Ccopi), D'-, Di-, Ti-, T-, Ri-, (dyi-, ri, gi-) ; 6. Ma-,
Ama- (ma-, ya-, a) ; 7. gi-, Ci- (si, ci) ; 8. Pzi-, Bzi-, Swi-, Zwi-, Si- (psi-, pci-, bzi-, swi-, zwi-, si) ; 9. In-
(Im-), Yin, N-, Ny-, N-, (n-, i, yi-); 10. Tin-, Ti-, Tsin-, Tsi- (ti, tsi) ; 11. Li-, Ri- (li, ri) ;
12. missing; 13. missing; 14. Bu-, By-, B'-, W-, Wu-, Vu- (Ccopi) (vu-, bu, by-); 15. Ku-, Kco-,
Khu- (ku) ; 1 6. Ha- (? Pa- in some Ronga prepositions), Aha- (ha-, pa) ; 17. Mu-, M- (scarce) (-mu,
-ni, -n).
Si- is a masculine and honorific prefix in Ronga. Nwa- is an honorific and qualitative prefix often
masculine in sense, with concords of Nos. i and 2 ; Mi- is a feminine prefix ; the Nya- or Na- prefixes are
present (usually masculine). Rara- is a 'father' prefix, sometimes complementary to Mi-, the ' mother'
prefix, -nyana and -ana are diminutive suffixes. The preprefix vowel is either a, e, or i, where present.
PREFIXES, &c, IN CI-VENDA
No preprefixes.
Class I. Mu- (mu, u-, yu-, to-) ; 2. Va-, Vha- (va) ; 3. Mu-, N- (mu-, u, yu-, co-) ; 4. Mi- (mi-, i, yi-,
ye-) ; 5. Li-, Di-, I- (li) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Ci- (ci) ; 8. Zwi-, Bzi- (zwi-, bzi) ; 9. , N- (i, ? n-) ;
10. , N- (often only represented by an aspiration of initial consonant of root-word); 1 1. Lu- (lu) ;
12. missing; 13. missing (unless 'Ku- takes its place); 14. Vhu-, Vu- (vu) ; 15. U-, Hu-, 'Ku- (u-,
hu, c ku); 16. Fa-, Fha- Pha- (fa) ; 17. missing? (-mu, -ni) ; 18. Gu-, G'- (?gu).
GROUPS R, S: THE SENGWE-RONGA AND BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES 297
In addition there are two prefixes not easy to classify. Ku- (spelt by Meinhof and some missionary
authorities 'Ku, and described as ' semi-nasal ', but by other informants rendered simply Ku-) is a prefix
in the singular number, used very decidedly as a diminutive, with prefixes 8, 10, and 14 as plurals. It
replaces No. 13 (Ka-) ; and, but that the change from Ku- to Ka- is unprecedented in Bantu, might be
taken for a modified form of 13. No. 8 is also diminutive in application. Di- (a variant of No. 5) and
Gu- (? No. 1 8) are markedly augmentative. There is not only the diminutive suffix -ana; but this is
often doubled -anana.
PREFIXES, &c., IN SE-SUTHO) AND SE-PEDI
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mco-, NCJ- (mco, eco-, e-, to) ; 2. Va- (va-) ; 3. Mco- (mco-, co, 6-) ; 4. Me-, Ni- (rare) (me-, e) ;
5. Le- (le, y'-) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Se- (se) ; 8. Ri-,fci-(ri, ce-J ; 9. , N-, N- ( , n-, e); 10. Li 1 , Ri-
(? Di- in Se-pedi) (ri-, tse, ce-) ; II. Le- (rarely Leo-) (Ico-, le); 12. missing; 13. Xa- 2 , Ha- (almost
extinct, rare in a prepositional or adverbial form); 14. Vco- (vcx>, v^co-) ; 15. Xco-, Heo- (xco, hco) ; 16.
Fa-, Va- (fa, va-) ; 17. Mw (-n).
The Na- or feminine prefix is present ; also the -ana diminutive suffix.
Note that in the Se-suthco of the French missionaries a more ' Sea/ana ' complexion is given to the
prefixes and concords ; therefore Xa- takes the place of Ha.-, Xco- ofRta-, Va- becomes Ba-, Vco- becomes
Bco-, and Fa-, Ha-.
70. Ccopi is spoken on the coast of Portuguese South-east Africa between Cape Correntes and the
mouth of the Limpcopco.
71. Ronga is spoken in Tongaland (Delagoa Bay district), between the mouth of the Limpcopco river
and Lake St. Lucia inland to the Lcobombco mountains and the Komati river.
71 e. jSiloi is spoken in the Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa, between the Lipalule and
Umkcomati rivers.
71 f. jSigwaraba is spoken in Portuguese South-east Africa and the North-east Transvaal between
the Limpcopco and Lipalule rivers and as far north as the south-east flanks of the Zoutspansberg.
72. Civenda is spoken in the North and North-west Transvaal, and perhaps also immediately north
of the Limpcopco river in Southern Rhodesia.
73. Sesuthco is spoken in Basutoland and the eastern part of Orange Free State ; Sepedi in the west
and south-west of the Transvaal.
as R ;
The initial consonant of the 8tA and loth prefixes in Sesuthco is often spelt L where it is not heard
R ; but most authorities seem to be agreed that this alveolar consonant approximates more to the
Polish I, -which is therefore tised in this book. In any case the prefixed L or R is derived from an earlier
D and that from a still earlier Z.
2 The form Ka- which appears so commonly in Se-suthco and in cognate tongues is really a con-
traction 0/"Kwa- (Ku + a).
GROUP S
THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL LANGUAGES (continued}
74. Se-cuana Dialects ' 74 a. Se-mangwatto 74 b. Si-kcoloolw 74 c. Njenji or Zinzi
GROUP T
THE ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES
75. Oosa ('Kafir' dialects) 75 a. Zulu 75 b. Swazi 75 c. Tebele (Sin -debate) :
76. Gaza-A-ngwni (N.E. Zulu}
74-
75-
75 a.
75 b.
75 c.
76.
English
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
p5sa
(Kafir dialects}*
Zulu
Swazi
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
Gaza
(A-ngeoni)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Adze
Petlco or
Isi-penpe.
Isam-potco
Petlu.
Palw (74 b)
Animal, wild
Se-cedi.
Isi-lco.
Isi-lco.
beast
Se-coka.
I-bubesi.
Iny-amaza-n
Se-batana.
Im-bulu
Fcolcofcolco
(74 b)
Ant
Ccoswa-ne,
Isa-pompcolco.
Pompolco.
Cco^wa-ni.
Im-bcova-ne
Im-bcova-ne.
Si-rui (74 b)
In-tut\v-ane
Ant, white
Mu-tlwa,
In-tlwa
-hlwa.
(termite)
Mco-tlhwa ;
Mu-hlwa or
//. me-.
Umu-hlwa
N-thlwa.
Bu-twa (74 b)
Arm
Le-cohco; pi.
Um-konco.
Um-kconco.
ma-bcoxco.
Isi-konco.
In-galco 4
Li-zcohu.
In-galco
Li-scofco (74 b)
Arrow
Mco-cwi,
U-tcolco,
Um-dibi^elco
Mto-cu,
I-tolco.
Mco-ci.
U-dalco
Li.jsco (74 b)
Axe
Se-lepe.
I-zembe
I-zembe.
Se-kxcobco.
Im-bazco.
Chaka (74 b)
I-gaulco
Baboon
Cwene.
Im-fene.
Im-fene.
Kxatla(74a).
In-golco
In-zinga.
Pombwi(74b)
Ili-konde
Sa-ndele
Isa-ndeli.
Kin-jenje.
Si-lco ; zi-loa Iny-amaza-ne Iny-amaza-na
In-tfutfwane. Izim-pcolcompcolco. M-bamba.
Itin-dangcose Ubu-nyongco In-tuta-na ;
izi-
Umu-hlwa Umu-hlwa Mu-swa
Umu-khconco. In-galco,
In-galco U-galu
Ubu-ccoki
Um-ccokco
Li-zembe or I-hlcoga
I-zembe.
Im-bazco
Im-fene; iti + . In-dwanu
In-gcobiyane
C-anja ;
ny-anja.
Ifi-galco
M-ccohi.
Um-dibiccolco
Li-zembe ; ama-
Li-ani
1 74 represents the speech of the I!a-tlarco, Ba-tlapin (or -xlapin), Ba-rcolon, Ba-hurutse, Ba-wanketsi, and
Ba-kwena. 74 a stands for the Se-mangwatco of Khama's country and the ff garni basin (Se-twana) ; 74 b is
Si-kulcolco, the ' Makulcalu ' trade language of the Upper Zambezi valley; ami 74 c, Njenji or Zinzi, would seem to
be the northernmost vestige of Cuana influence in N. BarMseland. The many Si-luyi (Si-rcotse) words in Si-kcolcolco
are not given.
" The word Le-tevele in Se-suthco = ' Red Kafir '.
5 7'Ae dialects include Fengu, Bada, and Pondco words, and the woman's speech, Hlconipa. HI- after a word is
an abbreviation for Hlconipa. (F.) stands for Fengu.
4 The Old B&ntu root -bcokco for ' arm ' probably exists in Zulu in the words Um-bcokco (elephant's trunk) and
Ulu-bcokco (a long staff for old men, a ' long arm ').
GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 299
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
75-
POM
(Kafir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngconi)
Back
Mu-tlhana.
Um-hlana.
Um-hlana
Um-hlana.
Um-hlandhla
M-sana.
Mu-kotla.
Um-va.
Um-hlubulco
Ki-nutu
Mu-kcokcotco
I-qolco
(74 b)
Banana
Li-kondi (74 b)
...
U'keova
U-kcova.
...
Li-hcova
In-kamangco
Beard
Tedu;
In-cebe.
I-levu; ama-.
Isi-levu ; iti-
In-devu,
Ki-refu
di-tedii
In-devu ; u-
Isi-levu
Isi-devu
Bee
N-cose,
Iny-osi
Iny-eosi
Iny-osi ; iti-
Iny-cosi
Luny-cosi
N-cotshe ;
pi. di- + .
N-tsi-ya-
n-cotsi
Belly, abdo-
M-pa
Isi-su.
Isi-su.
Isi-su ; iti-
Isi-su
Lu-su
men
Liu-bala.
Isi-nene
Um-bili-ni
M-ba(74b).
Mu-hcolu
(74 b)
Bird
N-eony-ane
In-taka,
Iny-oni.
Iny-oni
Iny-5ni
Ny-eoni
1-daka
In-taka
Blood
Ma-di,
I-gazi.
I-gazi
In-gati
I-gazi or
N-gazi,
Ma-li.
I-bende.
In-gazi
I-gazi
Le-tsadi
Ubu-bende
(wound )
(blood of
cattle)
Body
Mm-ele ;
Um-zimba.
Um-zimba.
Um-timba.
Um-zimba.
M-zimba.
pi. me-bele.
Isi-bili
Isi-bili,
Isi-bili
Isi-bili
M-biri
Mu-bili(74b)
(the trunk,
Um-bili
torso")
(trunk)
Bone.
Le-sapco ; pi.
I-tambco
I-tambco.
Li-tsambeo
I-tambco
Li-tambu
ma-rapco
Isi-tupa
(small bone,
finger bone)
Borassus palm
Mu-kulwani,
...
I-laka
Mala
Mala
Li-lala.
Mu-lala (74 b)
M-kcoma
Bow
Bco-ra ; //.
Is-apeta,
Um-dibityelco
Ili-gubu.
Um-dibityelco.
M-ccohi
ma-ra.
Isi-peta.
Bu-tycoki
In-gcobelco
Le-kampha-ne. In-pumbu
Bu-ta (74b)
Bowels
Le-la ;
Ama-tumbu
Ama-tumbu
Ema-tfumbu
Ama-tumbu
Lu-tumbco.
ma-la
M-biri-ni
Brains
Bco-bcokco
Ubu-dcopco,
Ubu-dcopco
Ubu-dopco.
Ubu-dcopco
U-dopco or
qcopu
Bu-copco
U-qopco
Breast (man's)
Se-huba.
Isi-fuba.
Isi-fuba
Isi-fuba
Isi-fuba
Ki-fuwa.
Si-fuba (74 b)
U-ganga,
N-ganga
U-kaka (F.)
Breast
Le-tsele ;
I-bele; pl.ama.-
I-bele; ama-
Li-bele or
I-bele; ama-
Li-wele ; ma-
(woman's)
ma-bele.
I-fele ; ama-
Li-sweli (74 b)
Brother ...
N-kxconco-ne.
Um-na-
Um-ne.
Um-na; pi.
Um-na,
M-fco.
McD-xcolcoli.
(U-nina-we).
Um-kulu-we
bom-na.
Um-ne.
M-tana-.
Mo-nna'-,
(Um-na kwetu
Um-zalw-ane.
Um-zalw-ane
M-kuru.
'Nna-ke, 6ff.
= our brother).
Um-fco ;
Ki-nini
Mw-ana-hesco.
Um-zalw-ana
bom-fco,
Ka-iseli.
-aba-fco.
Mu-hulw-ani
Um-na-ketfu
(74 b)
300
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
Posa
75 a.
Zulu
75 b-.
Swazi
75 c. 76.
Tebele Gaza
74 a.
Se-mangwatu
(Kafir dialects)
(Sin-debele) (A-nguni)
74 b. Si-kululu
74 c. Njenji
!
Buffalo
N-at',
Iny-ati
Iny-ati
Iny-atsi
Iny-ati
Ny-ati
N-are.
N-ali(74b)
Bull
P56. 1
In-kunzi
In-kunzi
In-kunt'i
In-kunzi
Pcohco (74 b)
Buttocks ...
Le-saxco : //.
Izi-biinu ; uin-.
Izi-tibili.
Iti-buno.
Izi-bunu
Li-taku; ma-
ma-raxco.
Iny-onga.
I-tyweba
In-tsula
1 1.ni-raxco =
I-kafu.
large but-
Im-pundu.
tocks}
I/.i-bini
Canoe
Mco-korco
Um-kombe
Kepe (Isi-).
Um-khumbi
Um-kcolco.
M-kumbi.
Um-kumbi
Isi-kepe
Li-gwamba
Cat
Phaxe
Im-paka
Im-paka.
Madu,
Un-kazi ;
M-paka.
Im-bcodhla.
Mat'u ;
on-kazi
M-lamu.
In-dlcozi
oo-mat'u
N-wawi
Cattle
Ma-tlhape.
In-kcomco.
Izin-kumco
Itin-kcomco.
In-kumu
N-kumu
Li-kumu
I-nomb'e 2
Ifi-ombe?
(74 b)
Charcoal ...
Le-xala ; ma-.
I-lahle
Ama-lahle
Ema-lahle
Ama-lahle
...
Ma-sala (74 b)
Chief
Kxcosi.
In-kcosi.
In-kcozi,
lii-geosi ; ama-.
In-kcozi
Li-kuzi.
(Bco-xusi =
In-kus',
In-kcos'.
Si-kulu
Li-duna.
chieftainship').
In-geos'.
In-duna
M-lum-zana
Mu-rena(74b)
Uku-mkani
Child
Nw-ana ;
Um-ntw-ana ;
Um-ntw-ana
Umn-tfw-ana.
Um-ntw-ana.
M-tw-ana
b-ana
aba-ntw-ana.
In-gan'
lii-gane
U-sana ;
in-tsana.
U-sapco ;
in-tsapcj
Cloth
Kxai.
In-gubco
In-gubto
In-gubco.
In-gubco
Ny-ura
Kubo.
(blanket).
Li-hiya
Si-apalu(74b)
Um-nyobe
Cold
Tsi-didi.
-gudcola.
Ma-kaza.
Kma-kata.
Ma-kaza
Li-cjwa
Se-rami
banda.
Ma-kazi
Ama-kati
I-pepco.
Ubu-sika
Country ...
Le-hatshe.
Ili-zwe
Ili-zwe
lli-ve
Ili-zwe
Li-zwe
Naha (74 b)
Cow
Kxcomu e
Ifi-komco.
In-komu
In-komco.
In-kumu-kazi.
N-kumu-kazi
nama-xadi.
Imazi
In-kom-ati
In-sikazi
Kumco e
yen-keomco
sihali (74 b)
Crocodile ...
Kwena
In-gwenya
In-gwenya
In-gwenya
In-gwenya
N-gwenya.
i
In-gwa ny-ama
Day
Le-tsatsi.
U-suku ;
U(lu)-suku.
Ulu-suku.
U-suku.
Lu-siku.
Mu-tsi
in-tsuku.
Umu-hla
Umu-hla
I-lana
M-slana
Mco-tlha.
I -mini.
Li-zaz (74 b)
Um-hla.
Uku-sa.
Um-sca. -sa
Devil, evil
I-zabula-ne.
...
-
. . .
...
spirit
Um-pcolcogu
1 Cf. M-bugu, 'buffalo'.
1 This "word is only used in the Hlunipa or woman's dialect.
' cattle ', preserved in the Hlunipa dialect.
An interesting survival of the -ombe for ' cow ',
GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 301
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
75-
POM
(K&fir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngtoni)
Doctor (medi-
cine man)
Naka,
Naki.
Iny-angi or
Urn-.
Iny-anga,
Um-elapi
Iny-anga.
Iny-aiigi
Iny-ana.
Is-anu-se
Ny-anga
Mw-alahi
Is-anu-se.
(74 b)
Um-nisi.
U-gqixa
Dog -
N-ca;
In-ja.
In-ja
In-ja
In-ja
Yin-ja.
din-ca.
I-bet'a (HI.)
Kayin-ja
M-psa.
Se-heke 4
Donkey ...
Phike
Im-bongolco
Im-bongolu
Li-duwe
Door, door-
Se-cwalco.
Um-nyangco,
Isi-valco.
Isi-valco.
Isi-valco.
Ki-varco.
way
Si-kwalco.
U-hlangco.
Um-nyangco
Um-nyangco
Um-nyangco
Mi-angco,
Mco-yako
Isi-valco.
Li-sangco.
(74 b)
I-sangco
M-samco
Dream
Toreo
I -pupa
I -pupa.
Uku-budza.
. . .
Li-pupa.
(see 'sleep').
Ili-pupco
Li-budvco.
U-tongeo
(Lora =
Uku-b'coda
to dream.
Mco-lori =
dreamer)
Drum
Mco-rcopa.
I-gubu.
Isi-gubu.
In-gungu.
In-kunu
Numburu
Mu-lupa(74b)
( In-gcoma =
(In-goma =
In-tumbula.
a song or
a dance to the
Isi-gube
dance sung to
drum)
drum accom-
paniment)
Ear
Tsebe.
In-dlebe,
In-dlebe.
In-dhlebe
In-dlebe
N-slewe,
Zebe (74 b)
In-jlebe
Uku-tu
N-jewe
(behind the
ear)
Egg
Le-e ;
I-canda.
I-danda or
I-dandz'a
1-qanda
Li-qanda
ma-e.
I-tyanda(/tf.)
I-cjanda
Li-yi (74 b)
Elephant ...
Tlcou.
In-dleovu,
In-dlcovu
In-dhlcovu
In-kubu
N-plcofu
Tcou( 7 4b,c).
In-jloovu
Excrement
Bu-bi :
U(lu)tu-vi,
Utu-vi (Ulu-).
Ubutu-vi.
Ubutu-vi
Ma-simba (//.)
ma-bi.
-tu-we.
Ma-simba(^/.)
Ama-simba,
Se-bi.
Uku-nya
Ema-simba
Ma-sepa (//.)
(//.)
Eye
Le-itlhco ;
Il-isco ;
Il-isco ;
Il-isco ;
1 1-ihlco ;
L-isco;
ma-itlhco.
ama-seo.
am-ehleo.
am-ehlco
am-ehlco
m-esco
L-itco (74 b)
[1-ihlco ;
(Urn-bunco =
am-ehlco
vision)
Face, fore-
Se-ha-tlh5xeo.
Ubu-sco.
Ubu-soa
Ubu-sco.
Ubu-sco
U-sco
bead
Pata (74 b)
I-bunzi
I-bunti
Fat, oil ...
Ma-hura.
Ama-futa.
Ama-futa.
Ama-futs'a
Ama-dcobco
Ma-futa
Ma-fula(74b).
BOON
nona
Ma-fura (75 c)
Father
Hara,
U-sw,
U-baba.
U-baba,
U-baba.
Bawa.
Rara;
U-yise =
U-yihlco.
Babe.
U-yihlco.
Isco,
//. ba-ra.
father.
U-yise
U-yihlco.
U-yise
Ise
Ha-re.
U-bawco =
U-yise
Rra.
my father.
N-date(74b)
U-yihleo =
thy father
Fear
Poiho.
Uk'-oyika
Ukw-esaba
Ukw-esaba
U-valco.
N-gwara.
Boiha
Ku-saba
Ku-sawa
17S4
X
3 02
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
75-
Oosa
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
76.
Gaza
Se-mangwatco
(Kafir dialects)
(Sin-debele)
(A-ngconi)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Finger
Mo-nw-ana ;
Um-nwe ;
Umu-nwe
Umu-nwe.
Umu-nwe
Mu-nwe
pi. me-
imi-nwe.
(Isi-tupa =
(U-bonzi,
thumb)
Isi-tupa =
thumb)
Fire
Mco-leleo
Um-lilco.
Um-lilco.
Um-lilco
Um.lilco
M-basco
Um-basco.
(Uku-ota =
(Uku-ota =
to warm one-
to warm.
self at fire)
Is'-ota =
heat)
Fish
Tlhapi.
In-hlanzi,
In-hlanzi
In-hlanti
In-hlanzi
^anzi ; //.
Tapi (74 b)
ln-tlanzi
zi-sanzi
Foot
I .in-iiaco ; di-.
U-nyawco
U-nyaweo.
Ulu-nyawco
Ulu-nyawco
Lu-nyaco
Li-utu (74 b)
Um-lenze
Forest
Se-kxwa.
I-hlati
I-hlati
I-hlats'i
I-hlati
Li-slati.
Mu-situ (74 b)
M-dondco.
Li-pcogoru
Fowl
Kuku.
In-kuku
In-kuku
In-kuku
In-kuku
N-kuku
Kcohco (74 b)
Frog
Se-xwaxwa.
I-sele.
I-selesele.
I-sele
I-pcopco
Cule.
Sim-bcotwi
l-pcopco
In-dhlandhla
Li-curuwe
(74 b)
Ghost
Se-dimco,
Um-londe.
Isi-tunzi.
Si-yiya-ne.
Isi-tuhw-ane.
Li-slcozi
Dimco ;
Um-nyanya
Ili-dhlcozi
Um-kcobco.
Um-kcobco
bco-dimco.
Isi-tunti
Bu-lombco
(74 b)
Giraffe
Thutlwa.
I-dcowa.
In-dhlu-la-mi-ti
In-tudhla
i
Tutwa
U-ncohuda
(74 b)
Girl
Moo-setsa-na.
In-tombi.
In-tombi.
In-tfombi.
In-tombi
N-tombe,
Min-rcoba.
In-domba-zan'
Cikiza
I-cici.
N-tomba-zana
Mu-sisa-na
1
In-t'ombi
(74 b)
Goat
Pudi.
Im-b'uzi.
Im-buzi.
Im-buti
Im-buzi
M-buzi
Puli(74b)
I-bokwe
Isi-buzi-kazi 5
(he) ...
Phoko
Im-pongco
Im-pongco.
...
Li-pongco
Isi-beva
God
Mco-dimco
U-hlangii ; pi.
U-tipco
Un-kulu-n-kulu
, Um-limco
Mu-lungu
in-tlangA
Mu.kulu
(' sun ').
mu-n(Janti,
U-thipco
Um-kulule
Grandparent
Hara-mto-xcolco.
U-bau-m-kulu.
U-kulu.
Gcogco
...
Gcogco
Rra-m'mco -xcolco.
U -ma-kale 9
U-kcokco
Kuku ; boo +
(74 b)
Grass
Bco-yanu,
U-tyani.
U-tyani
Ubu-tyani
Ubu-tyani
U-cani
Bu-dyanu.
In-kcota.
Bu-jwangi
In-da
(74 b)
Ground
Le-hatshe.
Um-hlaba.
Um-daka.
Um-hlaba
Um-hlaba
M-bu.
U-daka
Um-hlabati
Li-fasi
(soil)
(74 b)
Ground-nut
In-dhlubu
In-dhlubu
Aman-tongams
L-
Li-tabele
GROUPS S, T: THE BECU ANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 303
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
75-
posa
(Kafir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngconl)
Guinea-fowl
Kxaka
Im-pangele
Im-pangele
Im-pangele
I-tendele
Pangea.
(' he wins
Ngera-n-gera-ne
before ')
Gun
Tlhcobcolo.
Um-pu.
I si-bam u
Isi-bamu
Um-pcobco
Ki-bamu
Teobcolco(74b).
Um-bcobco
Tcoborco (740)
Hair
Mo-riri ; me-.
U-nwele,
U-nwele
Lu-nwele ; ti-
U-nwele
Lu-nwele
Mu-lili (74 b)
I-nwele
Hand
Se-atla.
Is-anthla,
Is-andhla
I-hlanza,
Is-andhla
C-anja
(Lco-xcohe =
Is-andla
Is-anza,
palm).
Is-andhla
Li-zuhco (74 b)
Head
Tlhoxo.
In-tlcokco.
I-kanda.
I-kanda.
I-kanda.
Li-kanda.
Tcohco (74 b)
In-klcokco.
In-hlcokco
In-hlcokco
In-hlcokco
^cokco
In-kanda
Heart
Pelco.
I-papu.
In-hliziyco.
In-hlitiyco
In-hliziyco
Sizico
Pilu (74 b)
In-tliziyco.
Um-damangu
Um-pelco
Heel
Se-rete,
Isi-tende
Isi-tende
Isi-tsendse
Isi-tende
Ki-tende ; vi-
Se-rete.
Li-zcotco (74 b)
Hide
Le-tlalco
Isi-kumba.
Isi-kumba
Isi-kumba.
Isi-kcoku
Ki-kumba
U-gogco.
Ulu-gogco
In-hlonze
Hill
Thcota.
Isi-duli,
Um-mangco.
In-tsaba.
In-taba
Ka-ntawa.
T'aba.
In-duli
I-duli.
In-t'aba
Ki-duli
Li-lundu (74 b)
In-taba
Hippopotamus Kubu
Im-vubu
Im-vubu
Im-vubu
Im-vubu
Ki-bcokco
Hoe
Mco-xcoma.
I-kuba.
I-kuba
I-kuba
I-kuba
Li-quwa.
Mu-huma
1-kaba
Li-kwece
(74 b)
Honey
Din-cose.
Ub-usi.
Ub-usi.
Itiny-cosi.
Iny-cosi
Uci
Lin-cozi (74 b)
Ug-uzi
Ul-uju.
Ulu-ju
(Pondui).
Iziny-cosi
In-dindi
Horn
Lco-naka
U(lu)-pondco
U(lu)-pondco.
Ulu-pondvco ;
Ulu-pondco
Lu-pondco
itim-pondvco
House
N-tlco;
In-thlu,
In-dhlu.
In-dhlu
In-dhlu.
I-slu. ^
ma-tlco.
In-dlu.
I-kaya
I-kaya
N-gongwe.
Gae,
U-pande ;
Ku-kaya
Le-gae.
in-pande,
N-du (74 b)
ulu-pande.
(I-kaya =
home ')
Hunger
Tlala,
In-dlala
In-dlala
In-dlala
In-dlala
Li-pangco
Tala (74 b)
Husband . . .
Mtu-ncona.
Um-yeni.
In-doda
In-dvcodsa
...
N-dwela.
Mu-nna (74 b)
In-doda
Lin-dcoda
Hyena
Phiri.
Im-pisi.
Im-pisi.
Im-pisi
Im-pisi
Thukwi.
Ifi-duka
I-dela-bu-tongco
Si-tungwani
(74 b)
Iron
Cipi,
In-tsimbi.
In-simbi
In-simbi
In-simbi
Simbi.
Ts'ipi.
Isi-nyiti,
U-tali
Sipi (74 b)
Izi-nciti
1 Ubu-mco = dwelling. Ubu-me = condition. 1-mco = abode. Urn-mi = inhabitant.
X 2
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcoleolco
74 c. Njenji
75-
Dosa
(K*fir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngconi)
Island
e-tl'ake.
Isi-qiti
Isi-qingi
Isi-hlenga
Isi-hleni
Ki-rumba
Si-coli (74b)
Ivory
Lco-naka
Ama-bamba
U-pondeo
Ulu-pondvoa
U-pondco
Li-zinyco lya
Iwe n-dhlcovu
Iwe n-dhltovu
Iwe n-kubu
n-slcofu
Knee
Le-nole.
I-d col o>
I-dcolco
Li-dv'colco,
I-dcolco
Li-dorco
Li-ngwele
Li-d'colco
(74 b)
Knife
Thipa.
Isi-cece.
U-mese
Umn-kwa.
In-qamu
Mu-kwa.
Tipa(74b)
I-mela
I-goadywa
M-kondu
Lake, sea ...
Le-ts'a.
I-c"ibi.
I-dangu.
Li-dibi.
I-dibi
Ki-siwa.
Li-sa (74 b)
I-dike.
Ulw-andhle
I-dami
Lu-anse
I-c"weba.
Isi-ziba.
Ulw-andle ;
pl.\-
Leg
Le-kutu ; ma-.
Um-lenze.
Um-lenzi
Um-lent'e
Um-lenzi
M-lenze
Le-utu (74 a),
In-tungco
Ki-utu (74 b)
(shin)
Leopard . . .
Le-nau.
In-gwe.
In-gwe.
In-gwe
In-gwe
In-gwe
N-gwi (74 b)
l-hlcozi,
In-gwavu
In-dlcozi
Lion
Tau
In-damse.
I-bubesi.
I-bubesi,
Isi-lwana
M-pondorco.
In-gconyama.
Im-bube.
Im-bube.
Ki-rwani.
1-bubesi
In-gunyama
In-gconyama
M-pcozongco.
N-gwenyama
Lips
Pcounama.
Um-lebe ; imi-.
U(lu)-debe ;
U-debe.
In-debe
M -Icomeo ; mi-
Mu-lcomeo
Isi-lebe ; izi-.
izin-debe.
Bebebe
(74 b)
Im-beovu
lini-lumu
Magic
Bco-loi.
Ubu-ti.
In-takatco.
Uku-loya.
Ubu-tagati.
U-takati.
Teoco (74 b)
(The root
(Ubu-lcozi =
Um-lingco
(Loya =
U-lcowi
Icoza
magical
to bewitch)
connected with
whistling,
ventriloquial
ventriloquism]
whistling).
Isiny-angu
Maize
Mm-idi.
Um-beona.
Um-bila
Um-bila.
Umu-mbu
Mu-mbu.
Mco-vcopu.
Um-bileo.
Um-lungu
Ki-manga
Se-maka
U-tiya
(74 a). 1
M-bconyi
(74 b)
Man
Mu-thu ;
Um-ntu ;
Umu-ntu ;
Umu-ntfu;aba-
Umu-ntu ; aba-
Mu-ntu ;
ba-thu
aba-ntu.
aba-ntu
wa-ntu
M-fco
(a mortal) ;
aba-fw *
Male
Mnj-ncona,
In-dcoda.
In-dcoda.
Um-duna
In-dcoda
Mo-nna.
In-duna
silisa.
(Boo-thco =
In-duna
manhood)
Meat
N-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Mo-re.
I-yeza.
Umu-ti.
Umu-tsi
Umu-ti
Mu-ti
Mio-lemeo.
Ubu-ti. ^
I -kubalco
Se-tl'are.
Isi-ny-angeo
Mu-li-ana(74b)
Cf. Ci-manga of
2 From Um-f<o (mortal], comes fern. Um-fazi (-fazi).
GROUPS S, T : THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 305
74-
75-
75 a.
75 b-
75 c.
76.
English
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
posa
(Kafir dialects}
Zulu
Swazi
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
Gaza
(A-ngtoni)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Milk Ma-jsi, Ama-si. Ama-si. E ma-si. Ama-si. Lu-isi.
Ma-s'. U-bisi. U-bisi Lu-bisi Lu-dagco Ma-si
Milk
Ma-si,
Ama-si.
Ama-si.
E ma-si.
Ama-si.
Lu-isi.
Ma-s'.
U-bisi.
U-bisi
Lu-bisi
Lu-dagco
Ma-si
(-xama =
(senga =
to milk].
to milk.
Mu-silili,
-kama =
Li-bisi (74 b)
to squeeze
teat)
Monkey
Kxatla.
In-kau
In-kau
In-kau
In-kau
I.i-gcoca-nc
Kxabco.
N-jcokco (74 b).
Bonji (74 b)
Moon, moon-
Kxw-edi.
I-nyanga.
I-nyanga.
Uluny-ezi.
I-nyana
Nyanga
light
Nw-edi (74 a).
Uny-ezi.
Uny-ezi
I-nyanga
Kweli (74 b)
(Ikw-ezi =
planet}
Mother ...
Mma.
U-ma.
U-mame.
Make.
U-mame.
Mama.
Me(74b)
Nyco-kco
(thy).
U-nyeo-ko).
U-nina
U-mame.
U-nyco-kco.
U-nyoo-kco.
U-nina
Nyco-koj.
Nina
U-nina
U-nina
(his, mother
in general).
(I-nyco =
vagina)
Mountain ...
Le-ncwe.
In-taba
In-taba
In-tsaba
In-taba
N-tawa
Thaba
Mouth
Mco-lcomco
Um-lcomco
Um-ltomeo
Um-lumci>
Urn-lcomcd
M-lcomco
Nail (of finger
Lcon-ala
U-zipco
U-zipdi
Lu-galco
Ulu-zipeo
Lu-zipco
or toe)
Name
Li-ina.
I-gama.
I-bizco
Ili-bitco
I-bizco
Li-bizco
Le-bitsco.
I-bizco (HI.)
Li-bizca (74 b)
Navel
Khubu.
In-kaba.
In-kaba
In-kaba.
In-kaba
N-qawa
Mu-kubu(74b)
Isi-bonco
Isi-bonco
Neck
Thamco.
In-tameo
In-tamco.
In-tsamo).
In-tameo
N-tamu.
Mu-lala(74b)
Isi-jingco.
Um-plmboa
M-sunduru.
Um-qala
Ki-natco
Night
Bcu-sixu.
Ubu-suku.
Ubu-suku
Ubu-suku
Ubu-suku
U-siku
Bo>-siu (74 b).
(Ubu-fifi =
Li-fifl (74 b)
darkness)
Nose
N-ko.
I-pumloi,
Im-pumulco.
Im-p'umulco
Im-pumulco
M-pumulco
N.ku( 74 b)
Um-pumlco.
Um-bombw
Um-bombeo
(the bridge)
Ox
Kxcomco.
In-kcomco.
In-kabi.
In-kabi.
In-kabi
N-kcomco.
Kumco (74 b).
In-gcomu.
Im-bapco.
I-nombe
Li-boya.
Pulu (74 b)
In-kabi
In-keonioj
Kawi
Paddle
Si-labco (74 b)
U-pini
I-pini
Ulu-gwehla
1 1
Palm wine,
Bcu-yalwa,
Ubu-tyalwa,
Ubu-tyala
Ubu-tywala.
Ubu-tyala
U-cwala.
beer
Bu-jalwa
U-tyala
Bu-fyema-ne
U-gai
Parrot
t *
Isi-kwenene
...
Isi-kwe
...
...
Penis
P615.
U(lu)-bolco.
U(lu)-bol<u.
Ulu-bolo>.
Ulu-bolto.
'.'.'.
N-cuku
Um-tondco
Um-tondco
Um-tcotco
Um-tondco
Pig
Kulube.
In-gulube.
In-gulube.
In-gulube.
In-gulube
N-guruwe
Kulubi(74b)
I-hangu
In-kcotcjtoj
I-unji
Pigeon
Le-eba.
I-zuba.
I-juba
Li-tuba
In-kwilimbi
Li-jiwa
Le-pcoi.
I-hcobe
Liba (74 b)
306
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
Dosa
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
76.
Gaza
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
(Kafir dialects)
(Sin-debele)
(A-ngconi)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Place
Helco;
In-dawco
In-dawco
In-dzaww
In-dawco
N-dawoj.
ma-helco.
Ki-kunga
Xcolo.
Loo-baka.
Ha- (prefix)
Rain
Pula
Im-vula
Im-vula
Im-vula
I-zulu
M-vula
Rat (sometimes Le-budi.
large mouse) Le-kcote. Peba
Im-puku.
I-buzi
I-buzi.
Im-puku
I-gundw-ane
I-gundiv-ane
Li-gundw-ane.
M-bewa
Rhinoceros
Chukudu.
Um-kombe
U-peja-ne
Um-kombu
I-beja-ne.
Keninyani.
Um-kombco.
Kobaoba.
Um-hcofu
Kxetlcoa
River
N-coka.
Um-lamboa.
Um-lambco.
Um-fula.
Um-lambco.
M-fula
Mo-lapco
Um-fula
Um-fula
Um-lambco
Um-fula
Road
Tsela.
In-dlela.
In-dlela
Um-kangco.
In-dlela
N-jira
Zila(74b).
Um-b'udu
Um-gwafic'co.
Mu-kwakwa
(HI.).
In-dhlela
(74 b)
Um-endca.
In-tlele.
Um-zila
(cattle or
waggon track)
Salt
Le-cwai.
I-tyuwa.
Umu-nyu-sa.
Lu-tswayi.
I-cwai
Mu-nyu
Li-swai (7 b)
I-tyiwa.
Mu-nyu
Umu-nyu
(Mu-ndu =
(also ' acid')
sour, brackish.
munya =
sucking ;
munyu =
' sweets ')
Shame
Di-tlhon ; ma-.
In-tlconi.
Izin-hlconi,
Ema-hlconi-
In-hlconi
Stoni;
Bu-swaba
i -hlcoiui
Ama-hlconi.
In-hlcjiii.
zi-suni
(74 b)
to lie afraid).
I-hlazu
I-hlazco
I-hlazu
Sheep
N-ku.
Im-vu.
Im-vu
Im-vu
Im-vu
Yim-vu ;
N-gu (74 b)
1-gusa
zim-vu
Shield
Thebe
I-k'aka.
Isi-hlangu.
Isi-kapu,
...
...
I-kawu.
I-rau or
Ili-hawu.
I-hau
I-Yau
Si-hlanga
Shoulder ...
Le-rudi.
Le-xetla.
I-gdalaba
I-hlombe.
I-deba
Li-hlombe.
Li-debe
I-hlombe
Li-sombe
Li-beta (74 b)
Sister
Kxan-tsadi,
U-dade ;
U-dade
U-dzadze
U-dade
U-dade ;
Kxai-tsadi.
oo-dade
(o-dade
Kai-seli(7 4 b)
Skin
Le-tlalo.
Ulia-su
Isi-kumba
Lu-gogco
Isi-kcokco
Ki-kumba
Li-talco (74 b)
Sky
Le-xto-dimco.
I-zulu.
I-zulu
Li-tulu
I-zulu
Li-zuru
Li-hu-limco
Isi-bagabaga
(74 b)
Slave
-Mm-lala: ba-.
Le-xoba.
I-kubcoka
In-ccobcoka.
Isi-qili
Si-gdili
Um-sutu.
I-cina.
Mu-fu.
M-cawa
Le-lata;ma- j.
Li-hcoli
(Mo-tl'anka
= servant),
Mu-tanga
(74 b)
GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 307
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
posa
(Kafir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngooni)
Sleep
Boo-roko.
Bu-lcokco
Ubu-tongco.
Ubu-tuya
Ubu-tongeo
Ubu-t'ongoo,
Ubu-tfongo).
Ubu-toiito
U-tongco
(74 b)
Zela.
U-lele
Smoke
Moo-si,
Urn-si.
Umu-si.
In-tfutfu.
In-tutu
Mu-si
M-usi
Ulu-si
I si -si
In-tut'u
Snake
N-6xa,
Iny-oka.
Iny-oka.
Iny-oka
Iny-oga
Ny-oka
N-coha.
(I-mamba =
(ln-hlwatu =
(Si-bidi =
python).
python).
viper)
I-fcoli.
I-mamba.
(74 b)
I-nunu
i l-pinibi =
puff-adder)
Son, boy ...
Mo-rw'-.
Urn-ana,
Uny-ana.
Um-sawa.
In-dcoda-na.
M-twr-ana.
(Mo-rw-ake =
Uny-ana,
In-dcoda-na
In-dveodza-na.
Um-fa-na
M-ta'.
my son.
Um-fa-na.
In-dcoda-na
M-fa-na
Mo-rw-aco =
In-kwenkwe
thy son)
Song
Pina
I-culto.
I-gama.
hi-gcoma.
Isi-hlabeli.
U-yimbco
(dance, also).
In-geoma
I-hubo
Isi-hlabelelco
Ifi-gcoma
Koma
Isi-hlabelelco
(drum).
Binco (74 b)
Spear
Le-rumco
Um-konteo.
Um-kontto.
Isi-kali
Um-konteo
M-kondco
I si-kali,
Isi-YeleYele.
Isi-ye'le
I-caqa
Spirit, soul
M-coa.
Um-oya.
Um-oya.
Um-kcobco.
Um-oya.
.. .
Mw-eya,
Um-scolcogu
Um-ltozi.
M-pefumlco
Um-pefumuleo
Mw-ea.
I-dhlcozi.
Modimco
I-tongto
Star
Na-ledi
Ikw-ezi.
Inkany-ezi.
I nkany-eti
Inkany-ezi,
Lukany-ezi
In-kwe-nkw-ezi
Ikw-ezi
In-kwe-kw-izi
Inkany-esi
Stick
Tsamma.
Ulu-ti.
Ulu-ti
Ulu-ti.
Ulu-ti.
N-duku.
Thupa.
In-t'onga.
In-dvuku.
In-tona
N -tonga.
Tcoba-ni
Ulu-swazi ;
In-dugu
Lu-swazi
in-tswazi
Stone, bare
Le-ncwe ;
Ili-tye,
Ili-tye
I-gbwe.
Ili-tye
Li-ce
rock
ma-ye,
Ili-ce.
1-je,
ma-dye.
Ili-wa.
I-j'e.
Li-jwe (74 b)
1-tala
Ili-tye
Stool
Si-pula (74b)
Isi-hlalco
Si-hlalco
Isi-hlalco
Sun
Le-tsatsi.
Manga.
I-langa
I-langa.
I-lana
Li-ranga
Li-zazi (74 b)
!-gala.
1-cisa
Is-'ota (HI.)
Tail (of an
McD-xatla.
Um-sila
Um-sila.
Ili-scoba
Um-sila
Li-ccowa.
animal)
Mu-hata
I-ccoba
M-sira
(74 b)
Tear, tears
Keledi.
Inye-mbezi
Unye-mbezi ;
Inye-mbeti
Inye-mbezi
Nye-mbezi
Mw-eokco(74b)
i>l. \-
Testicles ...
Ma-rete
Ama-sende,
Ama-sende
I-sendze ; ama-
...
...
(sing. le-rete).
1-sende
Li-leta (74 b)
Thief
Le-xcodu.
I-sela.
I-sela
Li-sela
I-sela
M-bafa
Li-scoli (74b)
Ny-ongeoza
Thigh
Se-rcope.
I-tanga
I-tanga
I-tanga,
Si-lupi
I-tsanga
(74 b)
38
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
75-
Posa
(K*Jir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngconi)
Thing, things,
Se-lo, Se-o.
I-ntco ;
I-ntco ;
I-ntfco ;
I-ntco
I-ntco;
property
Di-15, Di-5.
izi-ntco.
izi-ntco.
iti-ntfco.
zi-ntco
Si-ka (74 b).
I-ni.
Ulu-tw
I-nt'eo
N-to> ; tu-tco
U-t'co
(74 b)
Thorn
Mu-tlwa ; mi-.
I(M)va ;
Ili-iva ;
Iliny-eva.
Il-iva ;
L-ifa ;
Mu-klwa.
am-eva.
am-eva
Emany-eva
am-eva
m-efa
Mw-utwa
Ukw-eva.
(74 b)
Um-nga;
imi-nga.
Um-kiwa-ni
Tobacco ...
Mw-ccokco.
I-duba
U-gwai
Ili-gwayi.
U-gwai
Li-gwayi.
Gwai (74 b)
I-kwai
Li-fcoli
To-day
Xo-mpi yenco.
Nam-hla.
Namu-hla
Lcumu-hla
Lamu-hla
Namu-sla
Ka-yenco.
Nam-hla-nje
Ka-cekco(74b)
Toe
Mo-nw-ana
U-zw-ane ;
U-zw-ane
Ulu-zw-ane.
U-zw-ane
Lu-zipco Iwa
in-zw-ane.
Lu-tw-ane
lu-nyaca
(Ulu-zw-ane ;
Izin-zw-ane)
To-morrow
Kamco-so.
Ngom-sco
Ngcomu-seo
Nge-mu-sco.
Umu-sco
Ku-sasa
Kamu-sco(74b)
Ku-sasa
Tongue
LiD-lenie ; pi.
Ulw-imi
U(lu)-limi.
Ulu-lwimi
U-limi
Lu-limi
di-teme.
(Ili-laka =
Li-limi (74 b)
uvula, soft
palate, root
of tongue)
Tooth
Le-ino ;
I(li)z-inyco ;
Ili-zinyco; ama-
Li-tinyco ; ama-
I-zinyco ; ama-
Li-zinyco ; ma-
m-enu
am-enyco,
ama-zinycd
Town
Mco-tse.
Um-zi
Umu-zi
Umu-ti.
Umu-zi
Mu-zi
Mu-zi (74 b)
Weba-lumbi
(i.e. the place
Tree
Se-tl'are.
Um-ti ; imi-ti
Umu-ti
of white men)
Umu-tsi.
Isi-hlahla
Kimu-ti
Kcota (74b,c).
Isi-hlahla,
Mo-re (as a
Si-hlcohla
source of
medicine)
Twins
Ma-hatla
I-wele ;
Ama-pahla.
Knia-pahla.
Ama-pahla
I .i-pasa ; ma-
ama-wele
Ama-wele
Ema-wele
Urine
MiD-tl'apco.
Um-(iamw.
Um-tycobingco.
Um-tfondvco.
Um-tondco
M-tundco
Mu-lutu (74 b)
Um-kameo.
Um-tond<o
Um-tundco
Um-tond<o.
Ubu-tuntleo
Vein
Lu-sika ;
Um-tambu?
Um-tambco
Um-tsambco
Um-tambco
...
di-tsika.
(Um-sip'a =
Mu-thapco
sinew, nerve,
,
vein)
War
Di-ra. 1
Uku-lwa,
Izi-ta,
Im-pi.
Ugu-lwa
Vim-pi.
Xoo-lwa. 2
Uku-lw-ana.
Uku-lwa.
Uku-lwa
Ku-lwa
N-twa (74 b).
U-tabi.
Im-fazwe.
Tl'abaneo
Im-fazwe.
Im-pi
(74 a)
Ubu-t'a
(violence)
1 The classical ' Vi-ta '.
2 The classical ' Ku-rwa '.
GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 309
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74)1. Si-kcolulu
74 c. Njenji
75-
posa
(Kafir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngeoni)
Water ...
M-etse.
Ama-nzi
Ama-nzi
Ema-nti.
Ama-nzi
Ma-nzi.
M-ezi (74 b)
Ama-nti
Lw-anse
Well, source
Se-diba
Um-tombto.
Um-tombeo
Um-jeleo
...
Li-puputoa
Ama-ze
White man
Sc-khcoa ; pi.
Um-lungu ;
Um-lungu ;
Um-lumbi ;
Ili-kiwa
. >
di-khcoa.
abe-lungu
abe-lungu
aba-, abe-
Le-kheoa;ma-.
Mu-kuwa
(74 b)
Wife
Mto-sadi.
Um-ka.
Um-ka ; pi.
Um-ka.
Um-fazi.
M-fazi,
Mu-ta-wa-ka
Um-fazi
om-ka.
Um-fati.
Um-ka
M-fasi
(74 b)
Um-fazi; pi.
Um-sikati
aba-fazi
Wind
Pheho.
I-pepco.
Isi-pepco
Um-oya
Isi-pepco.
M-oya ;
Mo-iya (74 b)
lm-bepw.
Um-oya
mi-oya
Um-oya ;
imitn-oya
Witch, sor-
Mco.loi.
I-gcwiya.
Um-takati.
Um-loyi.
Um-tagati
M-tagati.
cerer
Se-hep'e(74a).
Um-takati.
Um-ltozi.
Um-tsakats'i.
Ny-anga.
Se-tl'codi.
Um-lcozi.
Um-geoma.
Iny-anga.
M-leowi
Moo-takhati.
Isa-nuse
Um-lcozi-kazana
Um-gtoma
Mu-loyi (74 b)
(from-nuka). 1
I-pinganisa
Witchcraft
Tcoco. Bcj-loi.
Ubu-takateo.
Ubu-takatco
Ubu-tsakatsco.
Ubu-tagatco.
U-takati.
Bco-tubi,
Isi-pinganiscd
Uku-loya
Ubu-loyeo
U-lcawi
Bu-loyi (74 b)
Woman ...
Mu-sali,
Um-fazi
Um-fazi.
Um-sikati
Isi-faza-na.
M-fazi
Mco-sadi.
(/'. e. 'female
kazi.
Um-fazi
Mco-reoba.
mortal" 1 -}.
I-nina
.
Tsali,
kazi.
Cadi =
lh-kaza-na.
women in
I-nina
general
Womb
Pcopelco.
Isi-zalco.
lsi-su.
in-gubcoti.
Um-hali-kazi
...
Se-bcopelco
(Enya =
Isi-zalco
I n -hla p co
vagina)
Wood (fire-
Lco'Xon ;
U(lu)-k'uni ;
In-kuni
Ulu-khuni ;
In-kuni
Lu-kuni ;
wood)
di-kxon
Ifi-k'uni.
tifi-
zifi-kuni
I-hlati
Year
Nw-axa ;
Umny-aka
Umny-aka
Uny-aka ;
Umny-aga
Mny-aka
liny-axa.
iminy-aka
Ny-axa.
Mw-aha (74 b)
Yesterday...
Ma-abane
I -zulu
I -zcolu
I-tulco
l-zcolco
I-z<olo>.
Pe-zorco
Zebra
Pitse.
I-dawu,
I-dube,
I-dfuba,
I-dube
Li-duwe
Pizi (74 b).
I-dauwa.
I -tube
I-duba
Kululu (74 a)
I-dube.
l-kwaxa.
i-*_
I-cjwaya
une
nwe.
I-nye,
I-nye,
I-nye,
nye
nye.
mwe (74 c).
nye
-nye
-nye
-moizi
N-tlha.
ngwe (74 b)
1 To smell out. In-ganga = a man of high position.
Jku-leoza = to -whistle, bewitch. Um-lcozi = a ventriloquist.
-ganga = bold, exalted. Ukuny-anga = to bewitch.
2 l'*rom Um-fco (a person, a mortal) + -azi.
3'
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
posa
753.
Zulu
75 b-
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
76.
Gaza
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
(Kafir dialects)
(Sin-debele)
(A-ngconi)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Two
Peli.
-bini,
-bili
bili
bili
-wili
-beli.
-m-bini, -bili
bele (74 c)
Three
Tharco,
-tatu
tatu
-tsatfu.
tatu
tatu
rarco.
tat'u
tales,
lalco (74 b, c)
Four
Nne. -ne.
-ne,
-ne
ne
ne
nne
nem 74 c)
nne
Five
Tl'anco,
hlanu,
hlanu
hlanu
hlanu
planu or
tanco (74 b).
tlanu
sanco
Keta-li-zcohco
(74 b) 1 .
Li-kitalizco
(74 c)
Six
Thatarco.
tandatu
Isi-tupa 2
Si-tfupa,
tantatu
planu na
ratarco.
Si-tupa
mcozi
Ts'elela.
Keta li-zcohco
ka-ngwe(74b)
Seven
Supa
-penpe.
Kombisa * or
Li-sontfco.
Nconye
planu na
pabela.
Kombile or
I-sondco
wili
In-pomba
1-nkota
Eight
Fera (or Roba)
bcopco.
Siya-ngalco
Si-pcohlongco.
Fida
slanu na
ele me-beli,
b'cozco.
lorn-bile 4
Gcobe-n-galco-
nem-bile
tatu
or Fera
-m-bcopco.
m-bili
'm-eli
Isi-puhlongu.
Tcoba
,
'mnwem-bini
Nine
Fera
I-tcoba.
Siyagalco
Siyagalco-
Fida
planu na nne
mo-nw-ana
Tcoba
lu-nye 6
Iu-nye.
ncomu-nye
coli mo-ncoe
'mnwem-nye
Gcobe-gales-
lu-nye
Ten
Suing,
I-pumi
I-pumi
Li-pumi
Cumi
I-cumi
Le-pcome.
Li-j3umi(74b).
sumwe (74 c)
Eleven
Scome-cwa-
1-sumi
I-pumi
Li-pumi-lwi-
Cumi
I-cumi na
ka-nwe
elina-nye
na-nye
nga-nye
na nye
mcozi
Twenty ...
Ma-pcome
ale-ma-beli.
Ama-pumi
ama-bini
Ama-pumi
ama-bili
Ema-pumi la
ma-Dili
Ama-cumi
ama-bili
Ma-cumi
ma-wili
Ma-pumi
ama-beli(74b)
Thirty
Ma-pcome ale
ma-tharco
Ama-pumi
ama-tatu
Ama-pumi
ama-tatu
Ema-pumi la
ma-tsatfu
Ama-cumi
ama-tatu
Ma-cumi
ma-tatu
Forty
Ma-pcome ale
Ama-pumi
Ama-pumi
Ema-pumi la
Ama-cumi
Ma-cumi
ma-nne
ama-ne
ama-ne
ma-ne
ama-ne
ma-nne
Fifty
Ma-pcome ale
ma-thanco
Ama-pumi
ama-tlanu
Ama-pumi
ama-hlanu
Ema-pumi la
ma-hlanu
Ama-cumi
ama-hlanu
Ma-cumi
ma-planco
Hundred . . .
Le-kxcolo.
I-kulu,
I-kulu
Li-kulu
Li-kulu
. . .
Li-kcolco(74b).
Ili-kulu
Mi-anda(74b)
Thousand...
Sikiti
I-waka
I-kulungwa-ne
In-kulungw-ane Isi-giti
' Finishes the hand'. 2 ' The thumb '.
1 Siya izin-galco ezim-bili = ' /eaves two members ' (i. e. fingers) before ten.
'Paint' (with index finger).
Siya n-galco tolu-nye = ' leaves one member'.
GROUPS S, T: THE BECU ANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 311
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74b. Si-kulcolco
74 c. Njenji
75- 75 a- 75 b. 75=. 76.
posa Zulu Swazi Tebele Gaza
(Kafir dialects) (Sin-debele) (A-ngconi)
I, me, my ...
N-na,
M-na, Mi-na. Mi-na. Mi-na. Mi-na. Mi-nne.
k-a.N.,N-co-,
Ndi-, Di-. gi-, Nge-. Ngi-. Ni.. Ngi- <v- Ndi-.
K-ea-, K-e-,
di-, -ndi-. -ngi-. -mi. -mi. -ngi-. -ni-. -mi. -ngi-, -ndi-.
K-a-.
m, -mi. -a-m -a-mi -a-mi -a-mi -mi. -a-mi
n-, -m-. -me,
-ka (my)
Thou, thee,
We-na.
We-na. We-na. We-nu. We-na. We-na.
thy
CO- or OOa-.
Ku-, U-. U-. U-. U-. U-.
xco-. -xaxco.
ku-. -we, -ku, -ku-. -we. -ku-. -we. -gu-. -kco. -ku-. -wu,
-h-au (74 b)
-kco. -a-kco -a-kco -a-kco -a-kco -kco. -a-kco
He, him, his
E-na, E-ne.
Ye-na. Ye-na. Ye-na. Ye-na. Ye-na.
Ye-na(74b).
U, Ka-, A-. U-,E-,A-,Ku-. U-. U-. U-, A-, I-.
E-, A-, CO.,
m-. -ye. -mu-, -m-. -m-. -ye. -mu-, -m'-. -mu-. -yu or
00-a-.
-a-ke -ye, 1 -ke. -a-ke -ke -ngu, -ke
mco-. -xaxwe.
-a-ke
-ha-i (74 b)
We, us, our
Rco-na, Cco-na.
Ti-na. Ti-na. Tsi-na. Ti-na. Ti-ni.
Lu-na (74 b).
Siti-, Si-. Si-, Sco-. Si-. Si-. Ti-.
Re-, Rw,
ti. -ti-. -ti, -iti. -si-. -si-. -si-. -ti-.
Re-a-.
-etu -etu -tfu, -tu -itu -itu
re-, -reo-na,
ceo-na
Ye, you, your
Lco-na, Nye-na.
Ni-na. Ni-na. Ni-na. Ni-na. Ni-na.
Mi-na (74 b).
Ni-. Ni-, Nco- Ni-. Ni- orU-. Mu-.
Leo-, Lco-a-.
-ni-. -nini, -ni-. -ini. -ni-. -li-. -wani-.
-Ito-. -loi-na,
ni. -enu -nu -inyu -inu
nye-na
-enu
They, them,
Bco-ne.
Bco-na. Bco-na. Bco-na. Bco-na. Wco-na.
their
Bco-na (74 b).
Ba-. Ba-, Be-, Bco-. Bw, Ba-. Ba-. Wa-.
B-, Ba-.
ba-. -a-bco, -ba-. -bco. -ba-. -ba-. -wa-. -co or
ba-. -bco-ne
-babco, -bco -a-bco -bco -bco -wco
All
-tlhe (co-tlhe,
-onke -onk-ana, -onke -onke -onge
&c.). Kau-fela
onke.
(74 b)
Ku-pela
This, these
E-to, e-nco ;
Leo, aba; Ico, Leo, Icona ; Leo, aba; Ico, Leo, la-ba; Ico, Lco-yu, la-wa ;
ba, ba-nco ;
le ; eli, la ; la-ba ; Ico, le ; eli ; &c. le ; le-li, leo-u, le-i ;
co, to-nco ; e,
esi, ezi; le, Icona; le, la-wa; le-si, le-li, la-ga ;
e-nco; ye,
ezi ; colu ; lena ; le-li ; le-zi ; le, le-ki, le-vi ;
ye-nco ; a,
cobu ; coku ; la, lana ; le-zi ; leo-lu ; le-i, le-zi ;
a-nco ; se,
apa le-si ; le-zi ; leo-bu ; leo-gu lco-lu ; lu-tu ;
se-nco ; tse,
le, lena ; la-ka ; Ico-wu ;
tse-nco ; ye,
le-zi ; lco-lu ; lco-ku ; la-pa ;
ye-nco ; tse,
leo-bu ; lco-ku lco-mu
tse-nco; Ico,
lin-nco ; bco,
boj-neo ; xco,
xu>-nco ; fa,
fco, ha, he-nco.
Ya or yco ; ba,
baco ; u or
wu, e, yco ;
le or lew, &>c.
(74 b) ; -ani
(74 b)
Nguye = emphatic ' it is he'.
312
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
(K*fir dialects)
75 a. 75 b.
Zulu Swazi
75 c. 76.
Tebele Gaza
(Sin-debele) (A-ngwni)
That, those
E-eo, ba-cij;
Leo-win, Lco-wa;
Lu-wa, Ico-wco ; Lto-wa ; e-lco ;
L-cowco, 1-abco; Lcoyani or
lo-co, ey-co ;
ab-co, aba-ya ;
la-bco ; Ico-wco; &c.
1-cowco, le-yco; Lcoya;
yi -co. a-co ;
Ico-wco, Ico-wa ;
le-yco ; le-lco ;
le-lco, 1-awco ; La-wa-yani,
&-c.
le-yco, le-ya ;
la-wco ; la-wa;
le-sco, le-zco ; La-wa-ya; 6rv.
co-le, ba-le ;
el-co, eli-ya ;
le-sco ; &>c.
le-yco, le-zco ;
co-le, e-le ;
la-wco,
Lcoya or
Ico-lco ; Ico-bco ;
ye-le, a-le ;
la-waya ; es-co,
lco-wa-ya ;
Ico-kco
&(.
esi-ya; ez-w,
la-ba-ya; &*c.
Lco-wa-ya ;
ali( 7 4b)
ezi-ya ; le-ya>,
With N direc-
la-ba-ya ;
le-ya ; ez-co,
tive : If gu,
&*c. '
ezi-ya; tol-co,
ngco ; -mpa,
With N direc-
<olu-ya; cob-co,
&>c. ; -nku ;
tive : nu,
cobu-ya ; tok-co,
ntsi ; -nti ;
mpa ; -nku,
coku-ya ; ap-eo
nka; -si; -zi;
nsi ; -nti,
With N direc-
ntsi ; -zi ; -lu
-nka ; -nsi,
tive : Nku,
-ntu ; -mpu ;
nzi ; -nsi,
-nkco; -ba,-bco.
-ku
nzi ; -ntu ;
Ngu, -ngco ;
mpu ; -nku
ntsi, -ntsco ;
li or -Ico, -nga
or -ngco ; -si
or -sco, -zi or
zco ; -lu or
Ico ; -bu or
bco ; -ku or
kco
Bad
-ike-pco.
bi
bi -hi -bi -wi
(Xco-ike-pa =
to be bad).
Ma-swe (74 b)
Black
ncco.
mnyama
-mnyama -mnyama.
mnyama -mnyama
-nsu (74 b)
-ntima
Female
cadi.
kaza-na.
-si-faza-na. -n-sikati
sifaza-na. -ifazi.
-nama-xadi.
kazi.
-si-kazi.
-sikazi -isikazi
-hali (74 b)
-m-azi.
kazi
fazi
Fierce, sharp
-xale.
Gtiala.
Nco-laka. Nco-lunya
Lco-laka. -kali
Bto-xale.
kali.
kali
Lu-hlanya
-hali (74 b)
(Uku-lcola =
to sharpen).
-bazi
Good
lemco.
-hie.
hie. -nhle.
luna, -sle
-nde(74b)
-m nandi.
Fanele. -lungi-le
lun-ile.
(Uku-lunga =
lunga,
-m-nandi
to be good).
lungi-le
C/. LitgAtida
Great
gcolco,
nene,
kulu --kulu -kulu -kuru
XColca.
-kulu
hulu (74 b).
tuna (74b)
Little
nye.
nc'inc'i.
ndidi -nda-ne. -nilidi -nyani
nyenyani,
-nciiny-ane.
ncja-ne
nyani (74 b)
encie
Long,high,tall
telele
da;
de -de
de -de
-de;
-de-pa
GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 313
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
75-
posa
(Kafir dialects')
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
(A-ngconi)
74 b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Male -nuna. -doda. -n-duna. -dfuna, -lisa. -dcoda.
tuna (74 b) -duna -dcoda. -duna . -duna -duna
Male
nuna.
doda.
-n-duna.
dfuna,
-lisa.
-dcoda.
tuna (74 b)
duna
dcoda.
duna
-duna
duna
lisa,
silisa.
-ma-lume
(relation)
Old
Cco-hala.
dala
dala.
dsala
-dala
-dala,
Su-pezi (74 b)
guga
dara
Red
Kwibidu.
bomvu
bomvu
bcovu
bomvu
bomvu
Hubidu.
fubelu (74 b)
Rotten
bodu.
bcoli-le
bcoli-le
bcoli-le
bcoli-le
-vira.
bcola,
-bcola
bcoli-li
Short
Khutsh-ane.
fupi.
fupi
-fisa,
fity-ane
fic-ane
Kusw-ani
fus-ane
flea.
(74 b)
duze
Sick
Iwala.
Iwelwe
gula-yo),
gula
gula
gura
Bco-bcola.
gula
-kula (74 b)
White
Ceu, Seu.
mhlcope.
mhlcope.
mhlcope.
mhlcope
mslcope
(Chw-ana, in
c;ac;aula
ndwe
kanya
1
a feminine
(very like
sense).
qaqaula)
-sweu (74 b)
Above, up, on
Xoo-dimco.
P'e-zulu,
Pe-zulu,
E-tulu.
Pe-zulu,
Pe-zuru
top
Gco-dimco
Pe-zu
Pe-zu
Nge-tulu
Pe-zu
(74 a).
Hu-limco
(74 b)
Before
Pele.
Pa-mbi,
Pa-mbi,
Nge-mbile.
Pa-mbile
Pa-mbele-pa-
Pidi( 74 b)
Pa-mbili,
Pa-mbile.
E-mbile
(or -kwa-)
Pa-mbile
Ku-qala
Behind
Movraxo.
E-mva
Ka-muva.
Nge-muva
E-mva.
Muva
Mu-lahco
Ngase-muva
Esi-pundu
(74 b)
Below, down
Kwa-tlhats'e.
Pa-ntsi.
Pa-ntsi
Ngenda-nsi,
Pa-nsi gu
Pa-si
Kwa-tasi
Eza-ntsi
-ntha-si
(74 b)
Far
Kxakala.
Ku-de
Ku-de
E-kudze-ni.
Ka-cana
Ku-de-ni
Huli (74 b)
Ku-dze. Le.
Ka-cane
Here
Ha-nu),
Apa
Lapa.
Lapa
Kco-na.
Apa.
Fa-nco.
Kco-na-lapa
Pa.
Kco-na.
Xco-na.
Lapa
Pcone-rapa
Kwa-nco.
Kwa-nu (74 b)
In, inside ...
Mco.
Pa-kati.
Pa-kati.
Nge-katsi.
Pa-gati.
Mu-kati.
ii (suffix:).
E ni. (-mco
E ni
E ni
E ni
Mu- ; -ni.
Ten.
as a noun-root,
(suffix)
E-
Mwahali
meaning
(74 b)
'dwelling')
Middle
Xare.
Pa-kati
Pa-kati
Em-katsi-ni
Pa-gati
Pa-kati
Ka-hali,
Fa-hali (74b)
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
74-
Se-cuana
&
posa
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
76.
Gaza
Se-ma&atco W dialects]
(Sin-debele)
(A-ngconi)
74b. Si-kcolcolco
74 c. Njenji
Near Xa-fihe, Ku-fupi Futy-ane. E-dfute. Futy-ane Pa-fic-ane
Xa-uhi. E-dnze E-tuze
Near
Xa-uhe,
Ku-fupi
Futy-ane.
E-dfute.
Futy-ane
Pa-fic-ane
Xa-uhi.
E-duze
E-tuze
Ha-ufi,
Ka-ufi (74 b)
Outside
Ntle.
I-ndle,
Ipa-ndhle
Ngapa-ndhle
Ipa-ndhle
Pa-nje or
Kwa-ntle.
Pa-ndle,
Pa-nsle
Kwa-ndi (74 b)
E-ndle
Plenty, many
Ntsi.
Ninzi
Ningi
Nyenti
Nini
ninzi
Ha-hulu
There
Hon.
A poo.
Lapco.
Lapco.
Kconapu
Lapco.
Xcona.
Paya
Kcona.
Kcona
Na-paya
Hale,
La-
Fale.
Ten,
Teni'(74b).
Fco.
.
Mani (74 b)
Where? ...
Ka-e ?
Pi-na?
Pi?
Pi?
Pi?
Pi?;
Ka-i?
U-pi-na ?
Na-pi ?
-pi?
No!
Nya!
Hal!
N-pyipi?
da!
Aci!
Nco!
Hai!
Ca-boi ! (very
da!
Qabco!
like Ka-bto !)
Not (with -verb,
Xa-, Ha- ;
A-, Ana-, Ka-;
A-; -nga-,
A- ; -nga- ;
A-, Ka- ; -na-,
A-, Ka- ; -nga-.
as prefix, in-
Se-, Si- ;
figa-, -nge- ;
-nge-, -ka-
-nge, &c.
ge- ; -na, -ne,
nco-, -ngco- ;
fix or suffix)
Sa- ; -ba,
nga, -anga.
(not yet) ;
(terminal a
zaha (neg.
nga. -si (in
-o-pe, -pe
Musa-
nga-. Also
of verb-root
verb). Yaka-
verb ' to be ')
(suffixes)
(Musa-ni-)
by changing
changes to i)
(Yeka-ni-)
with impera-
terminal -a
with impera-
tives. Also
of verb-root or
tive s. Also
by changing
auxiliary verb
terminal a
terminal -a of
into -i
into -i, &c.
verb-root to -i
To
Xoo-
Uku-, Uk*
Uku-
Ku-
Uku-
Ku-
beat ...
betsa.
-beta
tyaya
caya
-caya
-caya
nata.
-5ta (74 b)
buy, sell
reka, -leka
tenga
tenga
tsenga
tena
tenga
,, come ...
-tla,
iza,
za,
ta.
za
za
-ta (74 b)
za
eza
-fika
cut
sexa,
sika.
sika
-juba
siga
sika
seha.
tena
puma (74 b)
., dance ...
bina
sina,
-sina
gidza.
-gida.
...
-pina
gida
sina
,. die
swa
fa.
-fa
fa
-fa
fa
bcopa
'
eat
ya,
dla,
-dhla
-dhla.
-dhla
sla
-ja-
tya,
nkiba
-ku-ra (74 b)
ja
give ....
aba.
nika.
nika.
pa.
niga.
pa,
naea.
pa
-pa
nika
-pa
pasa
nts'a.
fa(74b)
Rather remarkable form, related to North- West Btntu.
GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 315
English
74-
Se-cuana
74 a.
Se-mangwatco
74 b. Si-kcolcalci>
74 c. Njenji
75-
Dosa
(Kafir dialects)
75 a.
Zulu
75 b.
Swazi
75 c.
Tebele
(Sin-debele)
76.
Gaza
( A- n garni)
To
X<o-
Uku-, Uk'
Uku-
Ku-
Uku-
Ku-
,, go
ea,
hamba.
hamba.
hamba.
hamba.
hamba.
-eta.
-ya.
ya.
ya.
ya
ya
ya(74b).
enda (to go
(endco = a
muka
zamaya
away to be
going)
(74 b)
married).
(endu,-endco
= road,
swift).
inuka = tii
go away
kill ...
bcolaea,
-bulala
bulala
bulala
bulala
>
bcolaya
know ...
-itse.
azi,
azi.
ati
azi
yaze,
ziba (74 b)
-az'
(manya =
yeza
to join to-
gether)
laugh ...
-cexa,
-hleka,
-hleka
hleka
hlega
peka
tse'xa.
-tleka
seha (74 b)
leave off,
lesa
yeka
yeka
yeka.
yega,
leka.
cease
suka
yege-la
sia
love, want
-rata,
tanda.
tanda.
tsandza.
tanda
tanda
-lata (74 b)
enda
funa
funa.
(marry).
-kanaka
funa (want)
see
buna.
bona
bona
bona.
bcona.
bcona.
leba
buka
kanela
buka
sit, remain,
dula.
hlala.
hlala
hlala.
hlala
pala,
abide
hara.
-co-tama
sala
plaza
ina (74b)
sleep ...
-roobala,
tola.
lala
lala
-lala
lala .
Icobala.
kona,
(Bco-laco =
-xcona =
sleeping-place) snore
stand, stop,
ema
ma.
ma.
ma,
-ma,
yima
be erect
simama.
simama
ema.
ema
-yima.
kaula
cumama
,, steal ...
ucwa,
-ba,
ba,
ba
eba
yiba
uzwa
iba,
eba
eba
PREFIXES AND CONCORDS IN SE-CUANA AND SI-KOOLOOLU) (74 b)
No preprefixes.
Class i. Mco-, M-, Nw-, Mu- (74 b) (w-, -. mco, eco) ; 2. Ba-, Be- (ba) ; 3. Moo-, Jfw-, Mu- (74 b)
(w-, to, mu)-) ; 4. Me-, Mi- (74 b) (me-, e, ea-) ; 5. Le-, Li- (74 b) (ye-, le) ; 6. Ma- (ma-, a) ; 7. Se-,
Si- (74 b) (se, s-) ; 8. Li-, Di- (tse-, ts-, li, c'-), Bi- (in 74 b) ; 9. , N- (e, c-) ; 10. Li-, Di- (tse-, ts-,
li, c'-, C(o-) ; ii. Leo-, Lu- (74 b) (lo>) ; 12. missing in Secuana but Tu- in 74 b ; 13. Xa- (extinct so far
316 ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
as concord goes), Ka- (with ka- concord) in 74 b ; 14. Bco-, Bu- (74 b) (bo, yu>-) ; 15. Xco-, Ku-, Hu-
(74 b) (xo>, x'-); 16. Ha-, Fa- (rarely used in Secuana, present in 74 b) (ha, fa-, xu>, h'-) ; 17. Mco-, Mwa-
(-n, -ni, 74 b).
The Na- prefix is present, though not noticeably. Its plural is usually BOJ+ . The suffix diminutive
ana is much used and generally in a feminine sense. There is a real ' feminine ' gender in Secuana and
Sikcolcolu, conveyed by the -ana termination.
PREFIXES, &C., IN pOSA AND ZULU
Preprefixes present and much used.
Class i. Umu-, Urn-, U- (u-, <-, um-, om-, m, mu, -ye, wu-, nku-, -ngu) ; 2. Aba-, Ba-, Abe-, (0-
(ba, b'-, -mpa) ; 3. Umu-, Um-, U- (u-, wu, um-, mu-, m-, -ngu, -fiku) ; 4. Imi-, I- (i, yi, mi-, -ntsi) ;
5. Hi-, I- (li, 1'-, -nti) ; 6. Ama- (ma-, a, wa (-wa-), w'-, ang'-, ay'-, -nka or -nga) ; 7. Isi-, Is'- (si, s'-) ;
8. Izi- (zi, z-. -nzi) ; 9. In- (Im-), I- (in-, i, yi, -ntsi) ; 10 Izi-, Izin- (zi, zin-, -nzi) ; n. Ulu-, U- (lu,
-ntu) ; 12. missing ; 13. Ka- (only surviving as an adverbial prefix to numerals and roots referring to
time and space or honorific titles) ; 14. Ubu- (bu, -mpu) ; 15. Uku- (ku) ; 16. Apa-, Pa-, Pe-, E- (only
surviving as a prefix to prepositions or adverbs); 17. absent (concord, -mco, a rare suffix, and -ini or
-ni locative suffix). The place of Pa- and Mu- (16 and 17) and to some extent of Ku- is taken by the
locative particles U)- and E-, possibly both derived from the fusion of a with u or with i respectively.
E- may be an abbreviated Pe-, as in Swazi it is We-.
The diminutive suffix -ana (also -ane) is present, and as in Nos. 73 and 74 conveys a feminine
signification.
PREFIXES, &C., IN TEBELE (SIN-DEBELE) AND SWAZI
Preprefixes present.
The prefixes are much the same in Tebele as in Dosa-Zulu, except No. 15, which is Gu-, Ugu-, in
place of Ku-, Uku-.
In Swazi the 5th prefix is more usually heard as Li- and not I- or Hi- ; the full form of the 6th
.prefix is usually Etna- instead of Ama- ; Iti- takes the place of Izi- (No. 10) ; Nge- is a locative prefix
which takes the place of No. 16. The shortened locative prefix E- in Zulu (which may be derived from
Pai-) becomes We- in Swazi in some adverbs.
In Gaza-ffgwni preprefixes are not so much in use as in the more western and southern dialects. The
concord of Class i is sometimes -yu. In Class 2, Wa- or Awa- (concord wa, -mba) takes the place of
Aba- ; the concord of Class 6 is ga ; the 7th prefix is Si-, Ci-, and even Ki- (ci, -ke) ; the 8th prefix is
Vi- (vi), but perhaps Zi- in the south ; Classes 12 and 13 (Tu-, Ka-) are present and much in use, probably
borrowed from the indigenes. Class 1 6 is Pa- and Class 17 Mu- (-mu, -ni).
In Zulu, Swazi, and Tebele there are traces in the demonstratives and adverbs of a locative La-
(Leo-, Le-) prefix.
In addition to the well-known Cuana-Suthcb languages and dialects, I have recorded the possible
existence of one which, from scarcity of materials and geographical definition of locality, it is difficult to
rank as an independent speech. This is known as Njenjt or Zinzi, and is mentioned by Capello and
Ivens. It is said to be spoken near the northern borderland of Northern Rhodesia in Eastern Barotseland.
One or two travellers have suggested that it is a vestige of the Hurutse (Cuana) dialect which preceded
Sikulcolca. The following is all that there is to illustrate it so far :
' Elephant ' = Li-t<ou ; ' fat ' = Ma-fura ; ' gun ' = Tcoboreo ; ' tree ' = Keota. Numerals : I = -mwe,
mumwe ; 2 = -bele ; 3 = -laleo ; 4 = -nem ; 5 = Li-kitalizco ; 6, 7, 8, and 9=5 (Li-kitalizto) plus i,
2, 3, 4; 10 = Li-sumwe ; 20 = Ma-sume-ama-bele ; 30 = Ma-sume ama-rarw; 40 = Ma-sume
ama-nem.
GROUPS S, T: THE BECUANA-TRANSVAAL AND ZULU-KAFIR LANGUAGES 317
As regards the pronouns, ' I ' (before a verb) is Na ; ' thou ', W-ena ; ' he ', Y-ena ; ' we ' Ru-na ;
' you', Kimi-na ; 'they ', Kibco-na.
' Rotten ' = -bcorire ; ' go ' = -zamaya ; ' sit ' = -kuna ; ' stand ' = -lukema ; ' sleep ' = -lubala :
'eat' = -cia.
It is probable that Capello and Ivens simply wrote down a few words of the most corrupt form of
Sikcolcolco which had penetrated into northern Barotseland. At the same time, the form Li-kitalizco for
' five ' is remarkable for its close correspondence with the Keta-lizcohco (' finishes the hand ') of Sikcolcolco
(74 b). For the present Njenji or Zinzi may be catalogued as 74 c.
74. Secuana dialects are spoken in Bechuanaland, north of the 28th degree of South latitude ; west
of the Transvaal and of the Sasi river and south of the aoth degree of South latitude. Bounded on the
west approximately by the Kalahari desert and Lake Ngami. 74 b. Sikcolcolco is the trade language and
lingua franca of the Upper Zambezi basin and Barotseland west of the Victoria Falls, north of Khama's
country, south of the Zambezi-Kabompco confluence, and east of the 2Oth degree of East longitude.
75. posa is spoken in eastern Cape Colony (including Pondcoland) south of the Drakensberg.
75 a. Zulu is spoken in Natal and Zululand up as far north as Lake Santa Lucia and the Upper
Pongcola river (Usutu).
75 b. Swazi is spoken in Swaziland.
75 c. Tebele is spoken in Southern Rhodesia by the Amandebele Zulus.
76. Gaza-Angconi is spoken in Gazaland (south-west part of Portuguese Trans-Zambezian East Africa)
and sporadically up to Lower Zambezi. Again in West and in East Nyasaland.
GROUP U
THE WEST CENTRAL ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES
79. Tonga (' Batcoka ', Teotela, N-dawe,
Lima, Leya). 79 a. Ci-we
80. Subia (ubia, J3ubea)
77. Lenje (Upper Kafue)
78. Ila or Yila (Ci-ila, ^ukulumbwe, ^ala).
7 8 a. Ci-lumbu
GROUP V
THE WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES
81. Yeye (Ma-kcoba, Bakhcoba) 82. Nyengco (South Luyi, ' Bampukusu ') '
77-
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
Ila (Suku- Tonga
lumbwe, Sala)i ('Batcoka',
78 a. Ci-lumbu Teotela,
Subia
Yeye
(Ma-kcoba,
Bakhcoba)
Nyengco
(South Luyi,
' Bampukusu ')
N-dawe, Lima,
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
Adze
M-bezu
I-bezco
Im-bezco
M-bezco
M-beco
Animal, wild
Ny-ama,
Muny-ama
Muny-ama; ba-
I-nycolcozi ; zi-
Mu-nyasia ; b;
beast
Muny-ama
Ant
Mu-puka.
Li-neco ; ma-.
Ka-huka ; bu-
. . .
Bafi-mu-nyeu.
In-silibi.
Bumbu-swa.
Ka-nyenyene
liu-sulubi.
Mara-jenji
Ant, white
Mu-swa ; mi-.
Lu-mcoma.
C-ulu ; pi.
Lu-mcoma.
. . .
(termite)
N-swa
Mu-lanzji
z-ulu.
Mu-nanzi ;
Mu-cenje.
//. mi-
In-swa
Ape (chim-
Sokwe
...
Scogwe,
N-zcokco ; ba +
panzi or
Sokwe ; ba +
gorilla)
Arm
Li-ansa ;
I-tasi.
Ku-bcokco or
Ku-bcokco ;
En-gorco.
m-ansa.
Mu-kunu.
Ku-bcogco; ma-.
//. ma-.
Le-cokco
Mu-kconco; mi-
Ku-bcokco
Mu-kunco
Ka-; tu-
(fore-arm)
Arrow
Mum-fwi or
Mu-vhwi
Ka-lembi ; tu-.
Mu-zwi ; mi-
Koo-co. Ru.
Mu-fwi
Mu-vwi ; mi-
Mco-vi.
Mco-cu; me-
Axe
K-embe;
K-embe ;
Ci-ankuni.
M-bezco.
En-kakara.
tw-embe.
tw-embe.
K-embe ;
In-salume
Ka-embe
C-embe ; pi.
Bu-kana.
tw-embe.
f-embe
I-banga
Bu-kanco
Baboon
Scokwe
Pombco ; ba -f
Scogwe or
I-pombwe
Sokwe ; ba +
Back
Mii-sana.
I-nutna.
Ku-suli ; ma-.
Mii-sana ; mi-
Mio-sana
I-sule
Bu-kcome
I-sule.
Mu.sana
Banana ...
Li-konde ; ma-
I-konde ; ma-
Beard
Ci-lesu,
Mu-levu
Ci-lezu; zi-.
Ka-lezu.
In-dezco
Mu-lesu
Mu-lezu,
N-dezu,
In-dezu
N-dethu
Mto-engi
Kcokco
Mco-kiri ; me-
Kamco
M-ongco
Mto-levco
1 Livingstone's Banyenka.
GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 319
77-
78. 79. 80. 8 1. 82.
English
Lenje
Ha ( jSuku- Tonga Subia Yeye Nyengco
(UpperKafue)
lumbwe, J5ala) (' Batuka ', (Ma-kcoba, (South Luyi,
78a. Ci-lumbu Tcotela, Bakhcoba) 'Bampukusu')
N-dawe, Lima,
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
Bee
|5uki,
In-zuki. In-zuki Im-puka
N-suci
Kan-sama
Belly
Li-fumco
I-bumbu. I-da or I-vumeo ; ma- CO-ra Li-vcomco
I-fu, Ndi-da.
Ci-fu Bumba.
I-kulu
Bird
Ka-yuni ;
Mu-zune, Mu-yuni Ka-zuni ; ba+ M-yene or E-yunye or
t-uni (pi.).
I-zune, N-yini;zi+ N-yunze
Ci-yuni ;
Ka-zune (dim.}
si-yuni
Blood
Wu- (or
Bu-lcoa Bu-l<oa Ma-laha Ma-rcopa Ony-enka
Bu-)lwwa
Body
Mu-wili
Lu-seba. Mu-bili Mu-biri Mu-biri Mco-iri
In-seba
Bone
Ci-fuwa ; pi-,
Ci-fua. Ci-fua Ci-fuha ; pi. ... Se-fcopa
Li-fuwa
Indi. ma- or zi-
Mw-indi
Borassus palm
Ka-lala ? Kan-kunka
Bow
Wu-ta (or
Bu-ta Bu-ta Bu-ta; Bco-ta CO-ta
Bu-ta ; //.
ma-ta
ma-ta
Bowels
Ma-la
Bu-la ; Bu-la Mi-la Le-kwpu
ma-la
Brains
W-ongto
B-ongco B-ongto Bu-lubi
Breast (man's)
C-amba ;
C-amba C-amba Ci-zuba; zi- Se-dzuva
f-amba
Breast
Li-wele
Lu-kulco. Lu-kcoleo^r ... Ze-vere;
(woman's)
(I-bele = Du-keolca ma-vere
udder)
Brother ...
Mu-kw-esu.
Mu-ciaji. Mw-anike ; ba-. Mw-anc-angu. Mto-panga.
Mu-kw- (pass.
Mu-kandeo. Mu-pati-angu. Un-kcosi Mco-z-atu
suffix added)
Mu-nina. Mu-kul-anco
(Bu-nina = angu.
brotherhood) Mw-alto,
Mu-ce,
Mu-nyina,
Mu-kw-esu.
4-v.
Buffalo ...
Ny-ati
Muny-ati Iny-ati Iny-ati Onj-ati, Ny-ati
Ony-ati
Bull
Mu-cende.
Mu-cende Mw-enze ;
Mu-sune
b-enze
Buttocks ...
Li-taku ; ma-
Ma-takto I-takco; ma- I-takeo ; ma-
Canoe
Wu-atoo ;
Bw-atos Buw-ateo; ma- Buw-atco; W-totu W-atco
m-atco
m-atco
Cat
Kaze Mafigoi Ci-nunco; zi-
Charcoal . . .
Ma-simbi
Ma-jsimbi Ma-sizi
Chief, king
Mw-ame
Mw-ami Mw-ami Si-mwine. Si-kate Fcomco
N-k<osi.
M-fumu
Child
Mw-anike.
Mw-ana; Mw-ana, Mw-ana; Nana(?). Mw-keke
Mw-ana.
b-ana. K-ana b-ana. M-eona
Ka-cece
Mw-anice. Mu-hwlle;
Mu-z,ale. ba-hwile
Ka-nsu
Y 2
320
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
77-
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
Ila l^uku-
lumbwe, gala)
Tonga
('Batcoka',
Subia
Yeye
(Ma-ktoba,
Nyengco
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Twtela,
Bakhcoba)
' Bampukupu ')
X-dawe, Lima
Leya)
790. Ci-we
Cloth
Cold
N-salu, In-gubco.
N-guwco, I-sani.
Li-sani. Bu-luba
Bate.
Lu-kwa (bark)
M-peyco Im-peyco
I-sani.
I-sila.
In-gubco
M-peyco
I-sila.
In-gubco
(= skin,
covering)
Le-tsera
Om-pepco (?).
Le-ina
Se-pipco
Country ...
Ci-si
In-pi
In-si
In-kanda
Ici-se
Mu-dionga
Cow
M-pwipi.
Im-pwiz,i.
Im-pwizi
N-ombe
N-gombe
N-gombe
N-ombe
In-ombe.
in-gombe
yana-kazi
en-kaze,
(Bu-tanga =
N-kombe
cattle)
Crocodile ...
N-tali.
Ci-wena ; ba-,
In -tall or
N-gwena
...
...
Ci-tale.
zi-
In-tale
N-gwena
Day, daylight
Siku.
Li-sua.
Bu-piku.
Bu-zuba,
Bu-zuba.
I-zuba
I-zuba ; ma-
Mco-se(?)
Mco-si (?)
C-ilco,
I-zuba.
K-ilco
Mun-za
Devil (evil
...
Mu-zimu
...
M ui-zimco ; ba-
...
spirit)
Doctor (medi-
Mu-nganga.
Mun-ganga.
Mu-silisi
Si-anga
N-anga
N-anga
cine man)
Dog
Mu-sendepi
Mu-bwa,
Mu-pidipi
Mu-bwa.
Mun-kala.
M-bwa or
Om-bwa
Ka-bwa
M-biza
Mu-bwa
Um-bwa
Donkey ...
...
Im-bongcolco
...
...
...
...
Door, door-
Mu-liangco.
Ci-tendele.
I-kcoma.
Mu-diangco
...
...
way
Ci-sasa
Mu-diangu
Ci-jasico.
Ci-liangco,
Mu-liangco
Dream
Ci-lcotco
Ci-lcotco
Icota (verb)
Icota (verb)
,,.
. . .
Drum
N-coma
In-gcoma
In-gcoma
In-gcoma
...
...
Ear
Ku-twi
Ku-twi
Ku-twi
Ku-twi
Kco-ti, Ku-ti
Ku-tue
Egg
Li-i; ma-i
I-i ; //. ma-yi
I-ji
I-yi ; ma-yi
...
...
Elephant ...
N-scofu
Mun-zcovu
In-zcovu
In-zcovu
On-jcovco
N-dambi
Excrement
Ma-pi.
\la-2ji
Ma-ziu.
Tu-uzi
...
...
Tu-pi
Ma-zi
Eye
L-isco;
D-insco ;
L-isco,
D-insco ;
L-ipco;
I.i-bico
me-sco
m-ensco.
L-ipco,
m-ensco
am-esco. (Also
(Im-bcone =
L-insco
Le-ikleikion,
pupil)
according to
Livingstone)
Face, forehead
Wu-pu
Bu-pu
Bu-syu
Bu-su
...
...
Fat
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ma-futa
Ama-zi,
Ma-bimae
Ama-dze.
(Ma-puta =
cream, milk)
Father
Tata.
Tata.
Tata.
Ta-yco.
Tati,
Tate
Isco.
U-sco.
U-seo,
I -SCO,
N-tate
I-pi
U-pe, U-pa.
(Mu-kwa =
U-se,
U-pa.
I-se.
N-danda.
father-in-law
W-isi.
Si-, Se-, Sa-,
and many
Si-
Su-
vague relation-
ships)
GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 321
77-
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
Ila i|5uku-
Tonga
Subia Yeye
Nyengco
(Upper Kafue)
lumbwe, jSala)! ('Batcoka',
(Ma-kcoba,
(South Luyi,
,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakhcoba)
' Bampukupu ')
Leya)
793. Ci-we
Fear
Y-cowa
Ku-tia (verb).
Kw-icoa
Ku-tiya (verb)
. ..
B-cowa.
Mam-puba
Finger
Mu-nwe
Mu-nwe
Mu-nwi
Mu-nwe
Mu-nwe; mi-
Mco-nwe; me-
Fire
Mu-lilco.
Mu-dilco
Mu-lilco
Mu-dilco
Mon-girco,
Mbu-iji
(cota = to
Mon-dirco,
warm oneself
Mon-derco
by fire)
Fish
N-gwi.
In-swi
Mu-swi.
In-swi
N-pwe ;
E-bi
Lun-swi
In-swi ; nin-
zin-pwe
Foot
Cim-panta.
I-tende.
Ci-tuta; zi-
I-tende
^e-kondco
Li-kondco ; ma-
Mw-endeo
Ci-fumba
Forest
Lundu,
Mu-sanza.
Lu-saka.
Mu-zuka
Gco-mcoti.
M u-thutco l
Li-lundu.
Ka-saka
I-paka.
Si-te
Mu-sansa.
Londe.
Lu-saka
Mu-siteo
Fowl
N-kuku
In-kuku
In-kuku
In-kuku.
N-kcoku.
Supua
N-kcobco
Si-enjepi
Frog
Wombwe
Bombwe
C-ula ^
. .
Ghost
Mu-pimu ; //.
Mu-zimco.
Mu-sangu.
I-saku
Mco-zimco
. ..
mi-
Si-kazwa.
I -band a ;
Kan-cinya
ma-banda
(cf. Ru-anda)
Giraffe
<
In-tutwa
I-tutwa
...
Om-bape
...
Girl
Mu-moye.
Mu-jsimbi.
Mu-simbi ; ba-
...
Mm-kana
Mon-donda
Mu-lindu.
Kamw-ale
Kam-wali
Goat
M-pongco ; pi.
Im-pongco
Im-pongco
Im-pene
O)-puli.
M -bongo
pi +
M-pene
(he) ...
*
M-6ngco
Si-jembwe
M-bongco
,, (she) ...
M-ongco
...
Mu-donta
God
Lesa
Leza
Leza.
Leza
(i)-reja
Ny-ampi
Ku-julu
Grandfather,
Kapa.
Kaka.
Si-anene,
. . .
...
grandmother
Mu-wipikulu
N-kambco
B-anene
Grass
W-isu ; pi.
Bw-izu.
K-ezu.
Bu-izu.
Mo-dzcodzco,
Mco-nye
m-esu.
C-ani.
Bw-izyu.
Ma-ne
Mo-pod zco
M-ani.
Mu-seme
K-ani,
Ci-scokwe
M-ani
Ground
N-pi
In-pi.
Iny-ika.
I-vu
Le-vu ;
Mo-mvco
In-kanda.
I-pukco.
mco-vu
I-vhu
N-devu
Ground-nut
N-yemu
In-yemco
In-dongco
N-dongco or
CO-yengora
...
In-dongco
Guinea-fowl
N-kanga
In-kanga
In-kanga
In-kanga
...
...
Gun
Futi
In-tcobcolco
In-futi.
In-tcobulco
Tu-borco
. . .
In-tcobcolco.
Ci-fwefwe
Hair (of head]
Li-susu,
I-susco.
I-pupu
In-suki
Zi-n^izi,
Hcoki
Mu-susu
In-suki
Se-pipi or
pe-paipi
1 Dr. Livingstone's spelling is followed. This is sometimes 9 and sometimes ' th ', without its being certain whether
the writer intends t> or an aspirated t (th) to be understood.
3 22
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
English
77-
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
78.
11 a f Suku-
lumbwe, jSala)
78 a. Ci-lumbu
79-
Tonga
('Batwka',
Tcatela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Leya)
793. Ci-we
80.
Subia
8l.
Yeye
(Ma-kuba,
Bakhuba)
82.
Nyengco
(South Luyi,
' Bampukupu ')
Hand
Li-ansa.
I -tap!
I-janza
I-anza
Ri-anja
Se-kaha
Lu-paka
Head
Mu-twi.
Mu-twi
Mu-twi
Mu-twi
M(o-por<o
Mco-twe
Ci-twi
Heart
M-oyco
M-cozco ;
M-oyco
In-kulco
OOm-oyco
Mto-tima
mi-cozco
Heel
Ci-sindi.
Ci-pindi
Ka-singi.
Ci-sizina
...
. . .
Ka-pipilco
Ci-cindinde ;
zi-
Hide
Ci-kanda.
I -sal co.
I-kanda
Ki-kabi
Efi-gClXO.
Mco-komba
M-paya
Ci-kanda
Si-kabi
Hill
Ci-lundu.
Lu-pidi
Ci-lundu
E-bwe
Cue
Kio-bina
Lu-pili
Hippopotamus
Fuwu or
Ci-vhubwe
Im-vuvu
Um-vuvu
On-vcovco,
N-vu
M-fuwu
On-vuvu
Hoe
Li-se
I-amba
...
Si-pamba
I.i-temeo
Honey
W-uci
Bw-ici,
B-uci
B-uci
...
...
B-uci.
Kan-sama
Horn
Lu-ica ;
Lu-iya ;
Lw-ija.
Lu-zia ;
Le-singa
L-ia
in-eca.
m-eya.
Mw-embca
ma-zia.
N-pansa
C-anza.
Lo-iya
Lu-sengco
House
N-anda,
Iii -an da ; /'/.
Ifig-anda ; //.
N-zubco ; ma-
N-ju
N-duco
N-anda ;
m-anda.
m-anda
pi. same, or
(-anda =
si-, ma-.
Mu-sumba
roof).
L-ongco ; pi.
ing-ongco
Hunger
N-pala
In-zala
In-zala
In-zala
En-jara
. . .
Husband . . .
Mu-lume.
Mu-lumi
...
Mu-kwa-me
A-rora
* . .
Ibe;
b-ebe
Hyena
Suntwe
Ka-bwenga
Suntwe ; ba- +
Un-tuu ; pi.
Om-porco,
Sene
n-tuu
Um-puru
Iron
C-ela.
C-ela.
Ci-bulco
In-simbi ; zi-
O-tari.
Lco-ondco.
Wu-tale
Bu-tale.
Ka-ira
OO-tale.
(In-pimbi =
Lco-elco
iron imple-
ments).
I-bulco
Island
N-sumbco
Ci-lwa
Ka-sua.
Ci-da ;
.
In-sumbco
zi-da
Ivory
Lu-ica
Ny-anga
Iny-anga.
...
...
Ma-ziya (pi.)
Knee
I-vhwi
I-zwi.
I.
ZWl
Li-dzi,
Ma-nue (pL)
Kongcojco
Li-dza ;
ma-dza
Knife
Lu-wepi ;
Im-pcokco
Ka-panga
In-tipa.
Ka-furu.
M-wkw
m-besi
Ka-fcolco
E-ferco
Lake ..
1
I-2jiba
I-dambwa
...
. .
Leg
Mw-endco
K-ulu.
K-ulu ;
Mu-hindi.
M-ondco or
Mto-fupa
Mw-endco,
ma-ulu.
K-ulu ; pi.
M-onzco
I-tende
Mw-endeo,
ma-ulco
Mw-endi
GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 323
77-
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
Ila (jSuku-
lunibwe, Sala)
Tonga
(' Batcoka ',
Subia
Yeye
(Ma-kcoba,
Nyengco
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakhcoba)
' Bampukupu ')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
Leopard ... Si-luwe; wa+ Si-luwe Si-lwe N-gwe N-kue N-txo
Lion N-kalamu Sumbwa, Mu-lavu. N-davu On-tavco N-de
Leopard . . .
Si-luwe ; wa +
^i-luwe
Si-lwe
N-gwe
N-kue
N-bco
Lion
N-kalamu
Sumbwa,
Mu-lavu.
N-davu
On-tavco
N-de
U-pumbwa.
Mu-kalamu.
In-davu
N-emba
Lips
Mu-lcomco ; mi-
Mu-lcomu
Mu-lcameo ; mi-
Mi-lcomco
Si-porco (sing.)
...
Magic
Wu-lcosi
Bu-lco^i
Bu-lcozi
Ma-bibco
...
Maize
Man-cewele
Ma-po>pwe
Ci-peoga.
Mun-dale
. ..
. -
Ma-pcopwe
Man
Mu-ntu ;
Mu-ntu ; ba-.
Mu-ntu;
Mu-ntu ;
COmco-tco; //.
Mco-nco ;
wa-ntu.
Mu-lombw-ana
ba-ntu.
ba-ntu.
ava-tco.
ba-nco
Mu-lume,
Mwa-lumi
Mco-rume
Mw-analume
Man, vir. ...
*
N -dumb-ana
...
Mu-kwa-me;ba-
Meat
Ny-ama
Bu-zane.
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
Ony-ama,
Iny-ama
Ny-ama
Ny-ama
Medicine ...
Mu-samco.
Mu-samoo
Mu-samu
Mu-samco
00-anga
00-anga
Mi-yandaf//.).
('tree')
Wu-ganga,
M-afiga
Milk
Ma-kupa.
Mu-kupa.
Ma-kupa
. .
Ma-suta
...
Ma-ndili.
Ma-bisi,
(-kama)
i
(kama =
I'.w-anda.
vert)
(kama = verb)
Monkey ...
Stokwe.
Sukwe
Ceta
I-pombwe or
.
. . .
C-anga.
Um-pombwe
M-puya
Moon
Mw-esi
Mw-ezi
Mw-eze
Mw-ezi
COkw-ere or
Ku-ebi
Ku-izi
Mother ...
Mama. -ma.
Ba-ma; ma-.
Ba-. Ba-ma.
Ma-yco.
Ma.
Nana
Nco-kco.
Neo-kco.
Ku-liswi.
Mama.
Nyena
Nina
Ba-ina
lia-nyeo-ko).
Nyco-kco.
Ny-ina
Nyina. Na-
Mountain ...
Mu-lundu.
I-lundu
Ci-lundu
I-lundu
...
Lu-pili
Mouth
Mu-lcomco.
Mu-lcomu.
Ka-nwa
Ka-hcolco or
Cisi-porco
Ka-nwa
Ka-nwa
Ka-nwa
Ka-gcolco
Nail (of finger
Lu-ala
Lw-ala
I -gala.
I-zala
En-gara ;
Thala
or toe)
Li-ala,
zen-gara
Ili-ala
Name
L-ina ;
I^-ina
Iz-ina
Iz-ina
. . .
. . .
m-ena
Navel
Li-kombco
Lu-kombco
Lu-kombco
Neck
Singco.
In-singu.
In-singco.
N-singco
E-zongco.
Dingco
Kojsi
Mu-kcopi
Kun-kcosi
Moo-lcoco
Night
Wu-piku
Ma-piku
Bu-siku.
Ma-siku.
Ma-sukco.
(xt-thikco.
(Mu-dima =
(Mo-rima =
(Mco-rema =
(Mi-lema
darkness)
darkness)
darkness)
darkness)
Nose
gconco
I-nangco.
Im-pemco.
I-thcolco
Le-reo,
Li-colco
(Ma-nangw =
Ti-seonco (?)
Le-irco
nostrils.
Mu-ombombco
= bridge)
Ox
N-ombe
Mu-sune
M-ongco ;
N-gombe
00-porco.
N-gombe
bo-ngco.
N-gombe ;
Mu-sune ; ba-
zin-
324
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
77-
78.
79-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
Ila iSuku-
Tonga
Subia
Yeye
Nyengoj
(Upper Kafue)
lumbwe, Sala)
( Batcoka ',
(Ma-kcoba,
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela,
Bakhcoba) 'Bampukusu')
N-dawe, Lima,
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
Paddle ...
In-kasi
In-scoge.
Ki-rahco
Se-rapco
Se-labco
Ki-jazco
Palm wine,
W-alwa
Bu-kandi.
N-zaru.
10-ara.
Ma-luvco
beer
Bu-kcokco.
Ma-lcovu
U-kube
Im-bcote
Parrot
...
N-kwenga
. . .
...
Penis
...
In-tconi.
In-tconi
In-tconi
. . .
...
Im-pala.
(I-bcolco =
testicle)
Pig
N-guluwe
N-gulube,
M-uma.
In-jili
On-gire
Culube.
Sici-pongco.
(wart-hog)
Ku-ntula.
Mwin-giri.
(Sa-nkcole =
In-kulube
wart-hog)
Pigeon
N-kulimba
In-kwidimba.
In-kwilimba
In-kuba
...
ln-2jiba
Place
Wu-lco ;
Bu-sena.
C-ilco.
Ci-baka.
...
ma-lco
Cikadi-leo.
A-lia
Ha-ntu
Ku-ntu
Rain
Fula.
Im-vula.
Im-vula
Im-vula
Yco-vora,
M-vula
Mi-lcoci
Leza
00-vora.
En-fera
Rat
Kcoswe.
r Si-kojswe
I-kcosco,
Im-peba
...
M-bewa.
I-kcosco.
Fukco
In-kuswi
Rhinoceros
Ci-pembele
Sem-pela
Ci-pembele
Im-pembele
On-scogcojco,
Le-pembele
00-songcodzco
River
Mu-longa
Mu-longa
Mu-longa
Lw-izi.^
Mo-ronka.
M<u-lonka.
Mu-longa; mi-
Ka-dom'.
Li-wka
E-klco
Road
N-sila.
Mu-kwakwa.
In-zila.
In-zila
N-jera
N-dera
Mu-kwakwa
In-zila
Mu-kwakwa
Salt
Mu-nyu,
Mw-mco.
...
Ru-tscoai
Mw-inyu
Tw-inco (dim.)
Shame
N-sconi
In-sconi
In-sconi.
Ku-swaba
Bw-eme
(verb)
Sheep
M-belele
I-mbelele
Im-belele
Iin-belele
Un-ku
M-berere
Shield
In-tcobco
In-tcobco
Komba
Le-klebe
Tomba
Shoulder ...
Ci-fusi
Ci-funzi.
Lu-ezco.
Ze-kwaba (pi.)
I-kukco
Egw-ezico;ma-.
Ikukco
Sister
...
Mu-cizi.
Mu-cizi
N-cizi angu.
Mto-ganya
Mu-kw',
N-cizi or
Mu-kwa
Un-cizi
Skin
M-paya.
Lu-kanda
Lu-kanda
Cl-kabi
En-gcoco
...
Ci-kanda,
Li-kanda
Sky
I-julu.
I-zeulu
I-julu.
I-ulu
L-erco, 1
Li-colco
Ku-julu
Ma-jcoba
L-iru
Slave
Mu-sa
Mu-^ike
Mu-zike
Mto-hik-ana
Mco-via
M-peka
Sleep
Tu-lco
Tu-lco
In-onzi(-gonzi).
Cf. Lerco, Lelco = ' to-day ' in most Bantu tongues.
GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 325
77-
78.
79-
80. 8
i. 82.
English
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
Ha (Suku-
lumbwe, Sala)
Tonga
(' Batoka ',
Subia Ye
(Ma-1
ye Nyengo
{oba, (South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Totela,
\-dawe, Lima,
Bakl
icoba) ' Bampukupu ')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
i
Smoke
Wu-si
Bu-si.
Bu-si
Bu-si Mu-si
Mu-si
I-si
Snake
N-soka,
In-zoka
In-zoka
In-zoka
. .
Ci-soka
Son, boy ...
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana.
Mw-ana
Mu-swizu Mo-romb-ana. Mto-ebese.
Mu-sankwa.
Ka-mbez,i.
mu-lombi
. M-ona ? M-cona
Mu-lombe
Ka-lombw-ana
Song
Lu-imbo ;
Lu-imbo
Lu-imbo ;
Lu-zimbo
ny-imbo
iny-imbo
Spear
Li-sumo
I -sumo.
I -sumo ; ma-
Mu-dinga, Ru-ang
l or Li-ofiga ; ma-
Li-tempo
I-yonga
Mco-ringa Lco-anga
Spirit, soul
Mu-simu
Mco-za
M-oya.
Mco-hota OOm-oa
Mco-ko
Mu-simu
Star
Ny-enyesi
In-tongwe^i.
( In-tanda =
Kany-inyezi.
Iny-enyezi
In-kani Sienj-ata ;
ziny-ata
meteor, even-
ing star)
Stick
Lu-sako
Ka-samo.
Ka-pondo.
Ifi-koli. Ka-ti.
Thi-kone
Lu-suti.
In-koli.
ln-cupa Ka-kone ;
Mu-sako
Ka-koli.
pi. zin-kone
Ci-samu
Stone
Li-bwe
I-bwe.
I-bwe
I-bwe Le-weri
Li-we
Mw-ala
Cue;
ma-we
Stool
Ci-una
Ci-una
Ci-bula
Sun
Li-sua
I-zuba
T 7iiHfi
r 71-lHa T p Ka
f T
(Ka-mwi = Li-va.
burst of sun- (Li-e =
light)
shine.
Ka-nyange =
Tail (of an
Mu-cila
Mu-cila
Mu-cila
heat of sun)
Mu-cila
animal)
Tear
Mu-sosi
Mu-sozi.
I-sozi.
Mu-nsozi.
Testicles ...
...
Ma-bolo.
In-cendi
[-bolo; ma-
(cende = a.
bulfs scrotum)
Thief
Mw-ifi or
Mu-teu
Mu-teo
Vlu-sa
Mw-ipi
Thigh
Li-weko
Ci-belo
Ci-belo.
Mu-kasolo
Thing
Ci-ntu,
Ci-ntu;
Ci-ntu; Ci-ntu
Ka-ntu
bi-ntu,
zi-ntu
fi-ntu.
Ka-ntu
Thorn
Mum-fwa
Bw-iya ;
Mu-mvwa. Mu-iya;
m-eya
Kam-vwa
mi-iva
Tobacco ...
Fwaka
Tombwe
Tombwe. Tombwe or Mco-tombe
Polia
U -tomb we
To-day ...
Suno.
U-sunu
(honorific)
U-sunu Suno
X-siku i-nca
Toe
Ka-kumo,
Ka-lulome ; ci-
Mu-nwi. Ci-zala. Z-ena?(zV.)
Ci-kumw.
Ka-nwe.
Ci-kando
C-ondo
Ci-kumo
3*6
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
77-
78.
79-
80. 8 1
82.
English
Lenje
i Upper Kafuei
Ila i puku-
lumbwe, fSala)
Tonga
('Bateoka',
Subia Ye
(Ma-k
ye Nyengco
coba, (South Luyi,
78a. Ci-lumbu
Teotela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakh(
oba) ' Bampukusu ')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
To-morrow
C-ilco.
(D-zcona
I-junza.
I-zcona Le-ca
Pe-onda
I -scon a
I-jhcona
Tongue
Lu-jimi.
Mu-laka.
Lu-dimi
Lu-limi Ru-rime
L<o-lime
Mu-laka
I.u-dinii.
Lu-laka
Tooth
I. -in co ;
D-inu
D-incd ;
D-into ; Am-enco
(//.) Li-yegco ; ma-
m-eneo
m-eiico
me-inco.
Di-ziya ; ma-
Town
Mu-pi
Mu-n^i
Mu-nzi
Mco-zi Mco-zi
Li-mbco.
M-onde
Tree
Ci-samco ; pi-,
1-samco.
Ci-sameo
Ci-samco Si-te
E-sakco
mu-
Ka-sanzi
(dim.)
Twins
Ma-pasa.
Ma-nga
Ma-inga.
Mam-bin
. . .
Ma-pundu
Ma-m-bili
Urine
Mi-kcosco
Mu-nsu
Ma-nsu,
Mu-sihu
Ma-nsico
Vein
Lu-singa
Ka-singa
Lu-singa ;
...
...
in-singa
War
N-kondco
In-kondco
In-kondco
In-kondco (Kco-rua
na =
to fight)
Water
Ma-npi.
Me-n^i
Ma-nzi.
Me-nzi Am-i
Me-yco
Lu-insi
Me-nda
Well
Mu-kalco
.Mu-kalco
Ci-kala
White man
Mu-lungu or
Mu-kua; (pi.)
Mu-kua ; pi.
Mu-kuwa
. . .
Mu-rungu
ma-ktia
ma-kua
Wife
Mu-kasi.
Mu-ka2ji.
Mw-anakazi.
Mw-anakazi
Mu-ka
(Mw-ina-ngu
Ma-lelco
= my wife).
Mw-ina-
Wind
M-peyco,
Mu-'weo.
I-guwco,
l.u-huhco Pipco.
Lu-wco.
I-kunku
I-guco
Mco-pcopco
Mu-wco
Witch
N-fwiti.
Mu-ltoJji
Mu-lcozi.
Mu-lcozi.
...
Mu-lcosi
Mu-lcoco ?
(Ku-lcowa =
to bewitch)
Witchcraft
Wu-fwiti,
liu-loj^i
Bu-lcozi
...
...
Wu-lcopt,
Wun-ganga
Woman ...
Mw-anakasi
Mu-kai-ntu.
M \v-anakazi
Mw-anakazi Mco-kazi Mo>-kathi
Mu-ka^i.
(I-kai-ntu,
frc.
liu-kai-ntu
= woman-
hood).
'
Womb
...
I-zadtlco
C-aba-ce-mbele
...
...
Wood (fire-
N-kun'i
Lu-kuni
In-kuni.
Lu-kuni ; in-
. . .
wood)
Ci-samco
Yam
>
Cim-bondongco
Bu-idi
...
Year
Mw-aka; mi-
Mw-aka ; mi-
Mw-aka,
Mu-aka Mco-aka
Moj-aka
Mw-aga ; imi-
Yesterday...
C-ilco
00-zcona
1-jilu
I-zcona Oreo
Li-kcolcoa
Zebra
U-bisi
Ci-bizi
Im-bizi
M-bizi M-bl
M-bl
GROUPS U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 327
77-
78.
79-
80.
8s.
82.
English
Lento
Ila (Suku-
Tonga
Subia
Yeye
Nyefigw
(Upper Kafue) lumbwe, Sala)
(Batcoka ',
(Ma-kcoba,
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakhuba)
' Bampukupu ')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
One
-o-mwe,
-o-mwi
mwi
Yo-nke.
(Mco-)keke
moya
nwe
mwe.
ngi
Two
-co-wil-co,
-co-bili,
-bili
-co-bele,
-viri (va-viri)
bibi, -ibi
-i-wili,
-bidi,
bele
(perhaps also
wili
bili
ibe)
Three
-t > -tat we,
-co-tatwe,
-tatwe or
-co-tatwe,
tatco
atto or
-i-tatwe,
-tatwe,
tatu
tatwe or
-hatu
tatu
tatu
tatu
Four
-o-nne,
-o)-ne,
ni or -ne
-co-ne,
ne
-i-nne
-i-nne
-ne
ne
Five
-o-sanwe
-co-sanwe.
sanu or
-co-sanwe or
Mawari-anja 1
-tanu
sanu
sanwe
sanwe,
or Zimane
anza
Six
Mw-aya
Ci-sa mbomwi.
sanu a
Zimane anza
Mawa ri-anja
moya (begin-
mu-nwe
Ka-koole (78 a)
ka-mwi
niyi-mwina
va-raqa
ning on left
(and other
hand)
circumlocu-
tions)
Seven
Mw-aya
Ci-lcoba.
sanu a
Zimane anza
Mawa ri-anja
ibi (continuing
-co-wil-co
Tu-k<ole
tcu-bili
ni zco-bele
va-rasupi
on left hand}
tu-bili (78 a)
Eight
Mw-aya
Lu-sele.
sanu a
Zimane anza
Mawa ri-anja
hatco (continu-
-w-tatwe
Tu-keole
tco-tatu
zco-tatwe
va-njenisa
ing on left
tco-tatwe
hand)
(78 a)
Nine
Mw-aya
I-fuka.
sanu a
Zimane anza
Mawa ri-anja
-i-nne (continu-
-o-nne
Tu-kcole
tu-ne
ni zco-ne
va-rane
ing on left
tco-ne (78 a)
hand)
Ten
Li-kumi
I-kumi
kumi
I-kumi or
kcomiki
tanu, also
I-kume
Li-kume
Eleven
Kumi
I-kumi
I-kumi a
I-kumi ni
Va-kcomiki
Ni-kume na
n'o-mwe ?
dio-mwi
ka-mwi
yo-iike
va-raqa
ka-moya %
Twenty ...
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kum'
Ma-kumi
Mawa ri-anja
Na ka mco-tanu
co-wil-co
co-bili
a-bili
co-bele
ava-tw va-viri
Thirty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kum e
Mawa ri-anja
. . .
to -tat we
co-tatwe
a-tatu
co-tatwe
va-raqa
ava-to va-tatco
Forty
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi <a-ne
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi co-ne
. .
o-nne
figa-nne 3
Fifty ... . ;
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
Ma-kumi
. .
. . .
co-sanwe.
co-sanwe.
a-sanu
a-mane anza
(Ma-kumi
(Ma-kumi adi
or Ma-kumi
mw-a-y-a
ci-sambomwi
co-sanwe
mu-nwe =
= sixty)
sixty)
Hundred ...
Mw-anda
Mw-anda
Mw-anda
Mw-anda
Thousand...
...
Mi-anda
...
.".'
ili-kumi
1 Ri-anja = hand in this strange compound. Twenty is ' hands of two men '. Thirty seems to be l five x six '.
12 = Ni-kume na tu-ibi. 13 = Ni-kume na tu-atu. 16 = Na ka moya. 17 = Na ka tu-ibi-
According to Torrcnd.
328
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
77-
78.
7g-
80.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
Ila ipuku-
Tonga Subia
Yeye
Nyengu
(Upper Kafue)
lumbwe, jSala)
('Batuka',
(Ma-kcoba,
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakhuba)
' Bampukusu ')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
I, me, my ...
Ne-wco. Me, Ne.
GO-me.
I-me, Me-bo>.
I-me. Ge-me. K
N-, Ndi-.
Ndi-me-na.
I -me.
Ni-. Me.
n-.
Ndi-, Nda-.
N-.
-ni-, -n-. Na-, Nd'-
me, -a-ngu
n-, -m-.
ndi-
me, -ngu
me, -a-ngu
-a-ngu
Thou, thee,
We-wio. We.
U-we.
U-wi, 1-we,
I-we. Gwe
thy
CO!
Nd-iwe-na.
Ue-bu,
U-.
U-.
U-, Wa..
Ye-bco.
ku-.
-ku-.
ku-.
U-.
we, -ku
-we, -u-ku
we, -ze, -ku
ku-, -a-kco
He, him, his
We-wco. We.
Wa-lco.
U-we, N-gwe.
I-ye. A-di. Mu(J).
U-, A-.
Ngu-we-na.
U-, A-.
U-, Mu-,^A-. U-, O)-.
mu-. -we,
U-, Wa-, A-.
mu-. -n-gue,
mu-. -mco-.
wco, -ngwe,
mu-. -we, -ze,
-a-kwe
-ye, -kwe
-a-kwe
kwe
We, us, our
Swe-wco.
U-swe.
I-swe, Swe-bco.
I-swe.
Tu-.
Ndi-swe-na.
Tu-
Tu-.
-tu..
Tu-, Twa-.
tu-
-tu-.
-swe, -esu
tu-.
esu
-swe, -etu
swe, -isu
Ye, you, your
Mwe-wto. Neo.
U-mTve.
I-nwi, I-mwe.
I-nywe.
Mu-.
Ndi-mwe-na.
I-nyne-bco.
Mu-.
mu-.
Mu-, Mwa-.
Mu-.
mu-.
-nwe, -mwe.
mu-, -ma-.
mu-.
ny we, -enu
-a-nu
mwe, -inu
-enu
They, them,
Wa-wco.
Ba-lu.
Abu. M-babu.
Bu. Ba-di.
their
Wa-.
M-bcobco-na.
Ba-.
Ba-.
-wa-. -awe or
Ba-.
-ba-
ba-.
awe-wco, -wu,
ba-.
abu
-bu
aw-co
-bco
All
-onse
onse.
-onse
onse ; onke ;
(-o-nge-ana =
-una '
a few, some)
This, these
Uyu, nguyu,
We-zu, we-nco ;
Oyu, diu-rico ;
Uzu or zu-nu,
awa, m-bawa;
baba, ba-nco ;
aba, aba-nu ;
aba or ba-nco ;
uu, nguu ; ii,
we-zu, e-zi,
oyu, ei,
uu or u-nu,
njii ; ili,
enco ; ledi,
ei-nu; eli,
ii, &c. ; edi,
n-dili; aya,
aza, a-nco ;
eli-nu, aa-nu,
aa ; ici, izi ;
n-gaya ; ici,
ceci, sesi.
aya ; eci, ezi ;
ii, izi ; ulu;
njici ; isi.
njisi; ii,
se-nco orbiebi,
bie-nco ; ez;i.
ei ; ezi ; ulu ;
utu ; aka ;
utu; aka;
ubu ; uku ;
njii; isi,
e-neo, sepi,
ubu ; uku ;
- aba ; umu
njisi; ulu,
se-no> ; lulu,
awa (pa-nu) ;
ndulu ; utu,
Ico-nco ; tcotu ;
umu, comu-nu
ntutu ; aka,
&c. ; kaka ;
ngaka ; uwu,
bobu ; kcoku ;
mbuwu ; uku,
awa(ora-nca)
nku ; apa,
mpco ; umu
Ndi. Ma-, N-, Na-
Mu (?).
U-, Mu-
-nu (eo-nu,
onke and -una (-ena) are also used as a suffix, in the sense of some ', ' alone ', ' together'.
GROUP U, V: THE WEST CENTRAL AND WESTERN ZAMBEZIA LANGUAGES 329
77-
78.
79-
80.
Si.
82.
English
Lenje
Ila (Suku-
Tonga
Subia
Yeye
Nyengco
(Upper Kafue)
lumbwe, Sala) ('Batwka',
(Ma-kcoba,
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Teotela,
N-dawe, Lima,
Bakhcoba)
'Bampukusu')
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
That, those
Oy-to, nyco-yoj,
Wez-oa, bab-to ;
Oy-co, a-b<a ;
U-zeo, a-bco ;
. . .
aw-ci>,mbaw-co;
wez-co, ez-co ;
cfe.
u-zco, iy-co ;
u-co, mbu-co,
frc.
COu-lia, aba-lia;
edi-oa ; &*c.
i-co, nji-a> ;
We-dia,
&>.
Zu-na, ba-na ;
il-co, ndi-lco ;
ba-dia; we-dia,
u-na, ji-na or
&c.
ye-dia ; &*c.
i-na; di-na,
U-nco, ngu-nco,
a-na ; 6.
\v;i-nco,
Ngu, njiye,
tnba-nco ; &c.
mba; ngu,
U-lya,
ngcowco,
ngu-lya,
n ji ; &>c. ; ndi,
wa-lya,
nga; nci,
mba-lya; &C.
nzi ; nji,
nzi; ndu;
ntu ; nka ;
mbu ; nku ;
mpa, mpahco ;
mcomoi
Bad
-wi,
biabe
bi
bi
wiwi
Black
sia
sia
sia (verbal)
seha
sipa
Female
kasi,
2ja^i.
kazi.
kazi.
kazi,
anakasi.
-pwizi.
tumbe.
pwizi
ziazi.
-m-pwizi
-ina-kazi
kaze
-a Iu-tundu
Fierce, sharp
kali
kadi
kalala
kadi
...
Good
wotu.
bcotu
botu
Icotu,
. . .
-ine
dcotu
Great
nene.
kandco.
pati
-kandco.
hure,
kulu.
kcomena
kulu
kure,
kandco
-tl'uri
Little
nini.
sontco
nini
nini
sece (?),
ce,
ce (?)
-ke
Long, high,
lamfu.
lamfu
lamfu
nde or
tall
-lale,
-i-ndende.
kale (time)
le,
lele
Male
lume,
lomb-wana ?
enzi.
-in-kwame ?
analume,
lombi.
-a-lumi
-n-dume
lume
Old
kulu.
cetnbala
kulukulu
korco-mco-keome
cembele.
-a cindi
Red
fwete.
subila
..
subila
. ..
kafiika
Rotten
-wcola.
buz,!
-yuma
bcolete
...
funda
Short
fwifwi
fwafwi
fcohifcohi
. . .
Sick
cisvva.
Iwasi
ciswa
...
...
Iwasi
White
tuwa.
tuba
-tuba
tuba
Bu-tcoa,
twite
tola
ya (<o-ya,
elco
-katbi.
kabi
-nine
-nyconyu
-Icobathi.
kare
-kehco
33
ILLUSTRATIVE VOCABULARIES OF BANTU LANGUAGES
77-
78.
79-
So.
81.
82.
English
Lenje
(Upper Kafue)
Ila l^uku-
lumbwe, Sala)
Tonga
(' Batcoka ',
Subia
Yeye
(Ma-kuba,
Nyengco
(South Luyi,
78 a. Ci-lumbu
Tcotela,
Bakhcoba)
' Bampukusu ')
N-dawe,Lima,
Leya)
79 a. Ci-we
Above, up, on Ku-julu; -i-zeulu I-julu -e-yulu, Kco-rira
top pa- (or a-) -i-yulu
Above, up, on
Ku-julu ;
-i-zeulu
I .julu
-e-yulu,
Kco-rira
...
top
pa- (or a-)
-i-yulu
julu
Before
Ku-nembco
Ku-mbele
A-mbele
Ha-busco
. . .
...
Behind
P-esule,
Mu-numa
isule (Ku-)
Mu-isule,
...
Kw-isule
isule.
Ku-icco
Below, down
Ku-nsi,
Ku-npi,
Mu-nse.
Ha-nsi,
Ep-ese
Ku-ezi
Pa-nsi
A-nsi
A-nsi
Ku-nsi, &*c.
Far
Ku-lamfu,
Sakene
Ku-le-ku-le
Ku-le, -le
re. (OOkhu-re,
Kcona-le-pa
Ku-lale
gi.re)
Here
Awa.
Mco-nco,
O-ku-nco.
Ha-nco.
Ku-ni.
Kco-nco
M-pa.
Kco-nco,
Awa
Aha.
Ku-tiri
M-pece.
A-nco
The(?)
Pa-nco,
Ku-nco, &c.
In, inside ...
Mu-.
Mu-
Mu-.
Mu-
. .
...
Mu-kati
Mu-kati
U-mco.
Mcomco
Middle
Kati
Mu-kati
Kati
Kati
Kate
Near
fwifwi
A-fwafwi,
A-fwi,
Ha-fcohi. Ha-
Pa-pupe,
Pepi
Ku-fwafwi
A-fwifwi
Se-pupe
Outside
Pa-nse,
A-nsengwe,
A-nze
Ha-nze,
. . .
...
Ku-nse.
nsengwe
Ku-nze
Pa-nsengwe,
Plenty
ngi,
Bw-ala.
-ingi
ingi
...
. ..
Wu-ngi
nji,
-njinji
There
Ku-nco,
Mcomco.
O-kco.
Abu.
Kco-na
Kco-na.
Kulyco, &c.
Kcokco.
A-nco.
Ha-na, &^c.
Kco-nyikco
Awco
Pa-munya
Where? ..
Ku-li ?, &c.
Kwi?
Ku-li ?
Ku-hi ?
Ko-ri?
Ku-pi-ne ?
Ukwi?
A-li ?
Ha-hi ?
hi?
No!
Ta-wa !
Pe!
Pe!
Nanta !
Patlco !
Kaka
Not (with verb Si (ist pers.
as prefix, in- sing.) ; Ta
fix, or siiffix)
(with other
pronouns) ;
Ku-, Ta- (in have, a nega-
infinitive) five verb)
Si-, Ta- (also
j0/Ku-ina=
to be without,
not to, not to
Si-, Tco-, Ta-
Ki-, Si-, Ka-. Ka-.
Keti-. -sa-. Pa- 1
(Ki is a nega-
tive verb.
Ki mbabantu
= not the men)
se-, -si-. Ka-, Se-
ro
Ku-
Ku-
Ku-
,Ku-
Kco-, Ki
j>
beat ...
uma.
uma
uma
panda
buy, sell
ula ; sita
ula
-ula (K'ula =
cora,
buy)
wora
,,
come ...
isa, -sa
eza
eza. -bcola
