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THE
COMPLETE HERBALIST;
OB, THE
PEOPLE THEIK OWN PHYSICIANS,
BY THE USE 01"
NATURE'S REMEDIES;
DESCRTBING THB
GREAT CURATIVE PROPERTIES FOUND IN THE
HERBAL KINGDOM.
A NEW AND PLAIN SYSTEM OF HYGIENIC PRINCIPLES. TOGETHER WITH
COMPREHENSIVE ESSAYS ON SEXUAL PHILOSOPHIT,
MARRIAGE, DIVORCE, &o.
By Dr. O. PHELPS BROWN.
PRICE, TWO DOIiLABS.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR,
JERSEY CITY, N. J.
1878.
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, by
Db. 0. THELPS BRO^VN,
In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington.
.,^<
\r-^(^Ji_
F
f^mmM
A BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDICINE.
In presenting this work on Crude Organic Remedies — the Constit-
uents of Plants, and their Officinal Preparations — I do not propose to
"run a tilt" against any of the systems of Medical Practice, however
much some of thera may be opposed to common sense and reason, and
to the Divine ordinances of Nature ; nor shall I treat with contempt
the teachings and practices of great and wonderful names, or oppose
the pride, interest, expectation, and conscientious convictions of a
learned, honorable, and inlluential profession ; my object is simply to
present many new and curious, if not startling facts, not only weU
worthy of the earnest consideration of the more intelligent portion of
the community, who demand reasons the most profound to lead them
to conviction of a Truth, but of the great mass of humbler people,
who desire, amid all the great Reforms in human society, above all
things to secure a " sound mind in a sound body" and to feel something
of that exalted state of happiness which alone can arise from the posses-
sion of the most robust and rubicund physical and moral Health.
It must be palpable to every thinking mind that Therapeutical and
Pharmaceutical science is the very foundation of the " HEALraG Art
Divine." In the language of Holy Writ, " The Lord Jms created medi-
cines out oftlie earthy and he that is wise will not abJior them.''''*
Yea, happy he that can the knowledge Rain,
To know the Eternal God made naught in vain."
The use of medicine is no doubt coincident with the History of the
Human Race ; but writers generally agree that medicine first became a
profession among the Egyptians. The priests o^ the earUer natioaa
Ecolesiaates zsxvlii, 4.
4 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
were the practitioners of the Healing Art, but it does not seem that
women were excluded from the right of administering medicine for the
pui-pose of healing the sick, since mention is made of a certain Queen
Isis, who became greatly celebrated among them, and was worshipped
as a "Goddess OF Health." Although the practitioners among the
Egyptians, Assyrians, and Jews were in the habit of employing incan-
tations, which, of course, produced their good and bad impressions
through the medium of the imagination, yet their efSciency in curing
diseases was mainly due to their knowledge of the medicinal virtues of
many of the vegetable products of Nature. They seemed to look up as
high as the stars to know the reason of the operation of tlie Herbs in
the various affections of the human race.
Among the Greeks, Hippocrates first caused medicine to be regarded
as a science, while ^sculapius was the first who made medicine an ex-
clusive study and practice. His sons, Macilaon and Podalirius, are
celebrated in Homer's " Iliad " for their medical skill as surgeons in the
Greek armies or during the Trojan war. Two daughters also of .^scu-
lapius, Panakeia and Hygeia, were no less distinguished than their
renowned brothers; the latter being the inventor of many valuable
herbal preparations, whose success in curing diseases won for her, as in
the case of Queen Isis of Egypt, the proud honor and deification of the
Greeks as an especial " Goddess of Health." We have no knowledge
that ^sculapius or his injmediate followers, the Asclepiads, ever con-
ceived the idea of curing disease by drug or mineral preparations. Ab-
lutions, bandages, fomentations, ointments, etc., were administered
externally, and preparations of aromatic herbs, roots, flowers, balms,
gums, etc., constituted their whole materia medica for all internal ail-
ments.' Next the Pythagorean school became famous, and these were
the first to visit the sick at their homes.
The next most prominent medical practitioner after these was Hip-
pocrates, the "Coan Sage," who, being one of the most sagacious,
observing, and industrious men that ever lived, was entitled the
'■'■Father of Medicine.''' He traveled much in foreign co\intries, devot-
ing himself with untiling energy to the study and practice of medicine.
His writings were numerous, and even to this day his doctrines are ex-
tensively recognized. His practice was consistently founded on the
phenomena of Nature as exhibited in human bemgs during health and
disease. His materia medica was derived almost wholly from the vege-
table kingdom. His internal remedies were purgatives, sudorifics,
diuretics, and injections, while his external were ointments, plasters,
liniments, etc. The great principle which directed all his operations
was the supposed operations of Nature in superintending and regulat-
ing all the actions of the system. This mode of practice had the good
effect of enabling the practitioner to make himself well acquainted with
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. O
all the phenomena of disease, and thus to diagnosticate correctly, and
to meet the varied indications by the administration of some 7ierbal
remedy, which would induce the crisis requisite to the removal of dis-
ease and restoration to sound or vigorous health.
About three hundred years before the Christian era, the Ptolemies
founded a medical school in Alexandria, Egyj^t. The most famous of
the professors were Erasistbatus and Herophilus, who dissected
the bodies of criminals obtained from government. They opposed
bleeding and violent remedies, trusting more to nature than to art.
Herophilus paid particular attention to the action of the heart, and was
the first to give anything like an accurate description of the various
kinds of pulse., though Praxagoras of Cos, the last of the Asclepiadas, had
before observed the relation which exists between the pulse and the
general condition of the system. From that time to the present the
pulse has been, as it were, the guide for determining the character, ex-
tent, and probable cause of the disease afflicting the patient, and the
descriiJtion of treatment required to produce a change for the better. I,
however, derive great assistance from the temperament, age, sex, etc.
We pass over the days of the Dogmatics and Empirics, the Pneu-
matics, and other sects of medical practitioners (who, though they em-
ployed herbal remedies as a general rule, were strangely given to the
promulgations of theories and doctrines utterly at variance with the
most ordinaiy ratiocinations of Philosophy and Reason), imtil we come
to the period when Galen first made his appearance, at the request of
the Emperor AuiiEi,ius. Galen was a native of Pergamos, bom A.D.
130, having traveled much and written largely on subjects directly or
indirectly connected with medicine before settling himself at Rome.
He was entirely independent in his opinions, paid very little respect to
authority, and so great was his learning and wisdom, and rare skill in
medicine, that he came to be regarded by many as an "Oracle."
Thoroughly educated in aU the schools of philosophy, he selected from
them all excej^tthe Epicurean, which he totally rejected. His treatment
of disease was principally by Herbal remedies. From Galen have sprung
the sect that is now generally known as Eclectics, who do not confine
remedies exclusively to the herbal practice, but employ many of the
mineral substances upon which the Allopathic and Homoeopathic sys-
tems of medicine of the present day are based. I
About the middle of the seventeenth century, on the death of Pau-
LUS, the Greek school of medicine terminated, the Arabians having
conquered a large portion of the semi-civilized world, and destroyed an
immense Alexandrian library. The Arabian physicians soon adopted
the opinions of Galen, but, owing to the invention of chemistry, it was
Bpeedily made subservient to medicine. They produced medical works,
some of which have enjoyed gi'eat celebrity, without having really added
6 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
anything substantial to medical science as previously understood.
With AvEiiROES terminated the Arabic or Saracenic School of medi-
cine, the great reputation of which is mainly owing to the circumstance,
that from the eighth to the twelfth centuries, when all Europe was
sunk in deep barbarism, the principal remains of a taste for literature
and science existed among the Moors and Arabs. Their physicians
added many vegetable products and a few metallic oxides in the cata-
logue of remedies. From the employment of chemical and mineral
remedies by the Arabian physicians may be dated the disastrous conse-
quences of medical science that were subsequently inaugurated by that
Prince of Quacks — Par.\celsus.
After the Arabians, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century, the
practice of medicine was chiefly confined to the hands of the priests,
who, being men of great learning and followers of ^sculapius, Hippocra-
tes, and Galen, became the principal physicians, and a little medicine
was taught in the monasteries ; for a long time the Benedictine monks
of Monte Casino enjoyed in this respect great reputation. The Jews
also became celebrated physicians ; and though not allowed to adminis-
ter medicines to Christians, yet obtained access to the courts, and even
to the palace of the Roman pontiffs.
The European feudal system was at length greatly shaken by the
Crusades. Mahomet the second, about the middle of the fifteenth cen-
tury, captured Constantinople, and soon after the ruin of the Byzantine
empire the Reformation occurred, and about the same time the art of
printing was invented. These events gave a powerful impulse to the
world of mind, and reawakened investigation into all the departments of
science, hterature, and the arts ; but, although many works were writ
ten, very few facts were gleaned concerning the physiological, anatomi
cal, and pathological phenomena incident to the Structure, Health, and
Disease of the human being.
The alchemic art, however, was at length transferred from Arabia
into European countries, and medical chairs were estabhshed in various
Universities on the continent during the thirteenth century, and finally
LiNACRE, who had been educated at Oxford, and having traveled in Italy,
and spent some time at the court of Florence, returned to England, and
Bucceeded in founding medical iirofessorships at Oxford and Cambridge,
from which circumstance was laid the foundation of the London Col-
lege of Physicians. Thus chemistry, after having been employed in
various pharmaceutical processes, was applied to physiology, pathology,
and therapeutics. The chemical doctors were veiy wild and extrava-
gant in advancing unnatural theories ; but they had an ever-present
champion in the name of Galen, who was well entitled to be called the
"Prince of Medical Philosophers." He wa^ a philosoplier — a natural
pliiloBopher ; for he studied Nature closely, deeply, profoundly, and de-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 7
duced his indications of cure from an accurate observation of her laws.
His system, however, was destined to be utterly overthrown by an ad-
venturous vagrant, whose quackery never had its equal on earth. This
impudent and unprincipled charlatan was none other than Paracelsus,
to whom the medical world is more indebted for the mineral drugging
system than to all other physicians who have ever lived. He introduced
the mercurial and antimonial practice, which stdl constitutes the great
strength of the popidar materia medica of the day, and which also con-
tinues to exhibit its terribly devastating jjower on all human constitu-
tions that come under its sway or induence. In the fulness of his
pride, pomp, and arrogance, Paracelsus burned, with great solemnity,
the works of Galen and Avicenna, declaring that he had found the phi-
losopher's stone, and that mankind had no further use for the medical
werks of others. He lived a disappointed vagabond, and died prema-
turely at the age of forty-eight, his famous elixir vitcB having failed to
save him from a most horrible fate. Still his abominable doctrines pre-
vailed, and his infatuated followers have added several hundred other
chemical or mineral preparations to the materia medica of the great
Quicksilver Quack. At the present day, among a certain class of phy-
sicians, there is hardly a disease in the catalogue of human aUments in
which the employment of merciuy, antimony, arsenic, and other deadly
drugs is not employed.
During the seventeenth century the doctrines of Hippocrates again
rose to some consideration in medical philosophy. Anatomy made pro-
gress. Harvey discovered the ckculation of the blood ; others traced
out the absorbent system, and explained the functions and structure of
the lungs ; while Boyle disengaged chemistry from the mystery by
which it was surrounded, and explained its true province to be, "not
the manufacture of solid gold, nor liquid nostrums, nor gaseous theories,
but an investigation into the change of properties which bodies expe-
rience in their action vipon each other."
From this time to the beginning of the eighteenth century, notwith-
standing many facts had accumulated in chemistry, anatomy, and phys-
iology, physicians, as a body, held no more natural views of the true
nature of disease than were advanced by Hippocrates, three thousand
years before. Indeed, it is positively certain that none of the most
eminent neio schools or sects of the present day had been more success-
ful in curing diseases than were Hippocrates, Galen, and Sydenham.
Meantime, however, there have arisen physicians, who, while they
readily received aU new facts in respect to the structure of the human
organism, stiU adhered to the instinctive inductions of Nature, and treat-
ed diseases with most abundant success by means of Herbal prepara-
tions alone. We have at this day as bright a galaxy of names— scholars,
philosophers, philanthropists, and humanitarians — as ever adorned any
8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
age of the world, devoting themselves with a zeal and industry worthy
of all praise to the study and practice of medicine, but, failing to per-
ceive the grand results anticipated in their laborious researches after
truth, do not hesitate to admit that our actual information does not in-
crease m any degree in proportion to our experience. All their array of
learning, and their multitudinous writings, have only served to make
confusion worse confounded, and all from the very simple fact that they
have neglected to follow the requirements of Xature and common sense,
in maintaining the Herbal Practice as the only true and philosophical
foundation of the Healing Art. Amidst all the jarrings, conflicts, and
dogmas of the medical world, is it any wonder that the great masses are
rapidly losing all confidence in Medical Science, and crying for a more
natural system of medication — even one founded in the princiijles of
irrefragable Nature ? With this view I have devoted many years of my
life, and having traveled in numerous lands, I feel that I am now quali-
fied, from a long medical experience and deep research into the physi-
ology of Plants, to present to the world of suffering humanity all those
curative elements best calculated to ensure perfect health, and the ut-
most length of life, to all who may feel disposed to be guided by the
doctrines and system of medication which it is the object of this volume
to make kno\\Ti.
THE HEEBAL WOELD.
In the foregoing pages we have seen, that from the earliest period in
the history of the human race to the present time, the administration
of the juices and essences of Herbs and Plants, in aU forms of disease,
has ever been considered by judicious and philosophical minds as the
most rational and natural means of reUeving the economy of all abnor-
mal obstructions and derangements, and restoring all the functions to
their origmal or primitive vigor and healthful workmg. Notwithstand-
ing the innovations of the mineral practice, I have ever held most rigidly
to the Herbal System of medication ; but having failed to meet with the
success reasonably anticipated by i)ursuing the ordinaiy routine of The-
rapeutics, I was fmally led to reject the many changes in medical doc-
trines and practice, and start forth on a path of mvestigation of my
own into the mysteries of the mineral and vegetable Kingdoms, espe-
cially as they might bear upon the health and happiness of the human
being; accordingly, early in my professional career 1 attempted, by
proper chemical analyses and practical experiment, to determme the
best specific means for the healing of the maladies of mankind. The
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 9
results of these researches, since confirmed by many years' successful
medical experience based upon them, have but the more strongly
strengthened my opijosition to the use of all the mineral preparations of
the modem schools of medicine, and to establish my faith aU the more
firmly in the employment of iierbal elements exclusively — whether in
the materia of roots, barks, seeds, or flowers — as the surest and safest
means for the thorough eradication of every form of disease.
In saying all this, however, I do not deny the fact that many mineral
substances enter into the composition of the human being, and are ne-
cessary for his full health and perfection — as chalk or lime is requisite
to form bone, iron to enrich or strengthen the blood, and other mineral
substances for the formation of the tissues, as phosphorus for the tissues
of the brain and nerves, etc. — but I stoutly contend that all such inor-
ganic substances are taken up by plants and distributed to the various
tissues and elements of the human being, either in the way of food or
medicine, in exactly the precise quantity requisite for man's perfect
health, if rightly used, neither in excess or diminution, agreeably to the
laws of Nature ; and their virtues are thus prepared and eUminated in a
way far superior to any chemical manipulation ever conceived or known
to man, with all the elements of chemical science at his command.
That this is the case is demonstrated by chemical analyses of plants.
Coca contains phosphorus ; twinleaf, the salts of jiotassa, lime, iron,
magnesia, silica, etc. ; the houseleek, super-malate of hme ; Matico, the
salts of lime, iron, sulphur, etc. Spongia usta, coxbon, silica, sodium,
lime, magnesium, iron, and phosphorus, either in combination or free ;
coffee, chlorogenate of potassa ; in fact, all the chemical elements com-
posing the organism of man are also found in plants. The reader wiU
find these chemical elements given in the history of plants, I also refer
him to page 385, where, in the article " Treatment of Chronic Diseases,"
will be found a full explanation of the author's specialty in curing chronic
disorders by chemically prepared herbal remedies.
The herbal physician has, moreover, decided advantages over the
mineral physician, with reference to the administration of mineral sub-
stances. He gives them in natural combinations — in such chemical as-
sociation which, for exactness and propriety, can only occur in the great
laboratory of Nature ; while the dispenser of mineral drugs gives them
whoUy as isolated elementary principles, as furnished by the inorganic
chemist, who, like all humans, is liable to err. Let us illustrate this
advantage by iodine. The algee, such as the fuel and laminarim (deep-
sea-water plants, growing at the depth of three hundred fathoms), furnish
this principle in abundance. The mineral physician, not content to
administer the alterative in the best possible combination, as it exists in
the sea-weed, subjects the plants to chemical operations, releases the
iodine, and then either exhibits it by itself or in association with sodium,
1*
10 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
potassium, mercury, etc. The true herbal physician acts more wisely
in this respect : he admimstcrs the plant in substance, tincture, extract,
etc., and has the consciousness that the iodine which Nature furnishes
him is pure, and not the inferior adulterated article of commerce. In
plants where its chemical nature may be concentred into one compound
principle, and the residue but inert matter, it is judicious to separate it
from the plant, but radically \vrong to release but one simple elementary
mineral quality of the jilant.
The advocate of mineral medication may retort by asking the use of
administering the whole plant, when the iodine alone constitutes its
therapeutical value. Why give the refuse matter with the iodine ? To
this sophistical argument and foolish inquiry I will reply, WTiy eat the
whole peach, when its flavor only makes it pleasant as an edible ? Why
not release the flavor and fatten on that delectable principle ?
The best argument, however, in favor of herbal medication, and one
which establishes it as the correct philosophy, is the comparison of re-
sults from both systems ; and with these the author became fully ac-
quainted by practical experiment, and which led him, and not prejudice,
to adopt exclusively the herbal system of medication. I may justly
claim this system of practice, in its most important relations, as solely
my own, and for which I have been the recipient of all encouragement
of scientific men and societies ; but the homage that I value most, and
which afforded the motive and stimulated my ambition, is the gratitude
of almost numberless invalids whom I have thus been enabled to cure
of diseases which were pronoiuiced, and in fact are, incurable by physi-
cians who rely upon minerals for their agents of cure.
The true theory of disease and its cure is embodied in two chemical
forces, which, like the ciuTcnts of electricity, are positive and negative.
Thus, if the positive force of disease is manifested upon any organ, it
disturbs the harmony and functional action of that organ, and the dis-
organization will continue as long as the negative force of cure is not
placed in antagonism ^\ith it, to neutralize the activity of the jiositive
force. When this is done the autonomy of the organ is re-established,
and its fimction becomes again natural and healthful.
Again, if upon discovery any organ or tissue becomes deficient ia its
chemical elements, it must be supplied by such plants as contain
them ; or if any organ or tissue becomes surcharged with its chemical
constituents, negative chemical elements must be exhibited to reduce
them to their normal quantities. See article on "Treating Diseases
Chemically," page 385.
These forces in various ways control the whole organic world. Increase
the centrifugiil force, and the earth flies into space ; remove the centripe-
tal, and it rushes headlong to the sim. If they are as they exist, coequal,
the earth rt>lls on in its orliit in grand precision and admirable harmony.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 11
Having thus philosophized, and finally realized that the entire tmi-
verse was composed of con trary elements — of negative and fjositive prin-
ciples— yet that the whole worked, or acted, in the most perfect harmony,
agreeably to the wisdom of a Great First Cause, when such elements
were not disarranged or disturbed by any violation of the laws of pristine
Nature, I was soon led to a logical deduction of the general laws which
govern the virtues or medicinal properties of all the varieties of i^lants,
with a view to employ them as remedial agents in the cure of disease.
In a word, I found in the being, man, an epitome of all creation — found
in his organism all the elements of universal natui'e — and necessarily
discerned that, as there are summer and winter, night and day, ia regu-
lar and systematic succession, such alternations of nature could not but
have the most imiiortant iulluences in respect to the health and diseases
of the human being — Heaven's last, most perfect work. I realized that,
in accordance with the various operations of nature, man remained in
health, or became afflicted with disease. Hence it became necessary
for me to fuUy understand or comprehend the cause of any deiiarture
from the normal or natural condition of man, and to provide the cure,
or the remedy best adapted for the restoration of the equilibrium of the
functions of his entire organism.
I ascertaLued by experiment what was before a preconceived idea,
that plants afforded the best agents to antagonize the force of disease,
and to re-establish the integrity of any organ or tissvie assaUed. The
discovery was made apparent, however, that indiscrimiriate selection of
medicinal plants was injudicious, and that the curative property of a
plant was developed only in proportion as certain essential conditions
were provided. These conditions proved to be those necessary to the
full health of man, viz. , proper climate, air, and food.
The first great essential of a plant which is to be selected for its
medical qualities is its nativity. If indigenous to the locality or coun-
try wherein found, it is a proper one to select. Plants that are intro-
duced from other countries are lessened or deprived of their virtues,
urdess they meet in their new home aU the essential conditions pos-
sessed in their native place.
The geographical distribution of plants is affected by climatic in-
fluences, constituents of soil, heat, moisture, altitude of situation, etc.
The flowers, shrubs, and trees which adorn the plains of India and
South America, are not the same vdth those which clothe the valleys of
England and North America. Nor are their medicinal properties the
same, however those herbal products may resemble each other. The
plants which flourish on the sea-shore of Great Britain are not the same
as those on the coast of Africa, nor are these, again, allied to the mari-
time vegetation of Chili, South America. Nearly aU the beautiful
plants which adorn our green-houses are natives of a limited space neai
12 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
the Cape of Good Hope, as are also many of our most beautiful bulbs ;
but the medicinal properties of all become weakened and changed by
transplantation. The curious stafehas, that smell so offensively, are
found wild only in South Africa. They are there used for medical
purposes by the Aborigines. The trees that bear balsam grow principal-
ly in Arabia and on the banks of the Red Sea. The umbelliferous and
cinciferous plants spread across Europe and Asia. The Cacti are found
only in tropical America, while the lobiatse and carioiihyllacea are sel-
dom discovered but in Europe. The jieculiar ranges and centres of
vegetation, as they are termed, are all owing to chemical, climatic, a ad
electrical influences, and yield their medicinal properties in exn.ct ratio of
quality, in accordance with the latitudes or places in which they are
indigenous.
From the many facts existing, we must believe that there is r ot a
single disease in man that may not have its remedy or cure, in some
herb or other, if we but knew wJiich plant, and ichere to find it, in this,
or that, or any cHme or portion of the world — agreeably to the provi-
dence of Nature.
This fact or law is proven in the lower animal kingdom. Who has
not often seen not only our famihar domestic animals, but many of the
untamed creatures of the forests, fields, and air, seek out some one or
peculiar herb, when laboring under sickness or derangement of the
functions of its organism ?
Truly, Nature has wisely implanted a definite instinct in every organ-
ic creature, in order to serve for its health, or for its restoration to
health from disease. In man, however, such instinct is not so plainly
marked, but to him has been given reason and judgment, and (in some
few of the race) a disposition to investigate the laws and mysteries of
creation, in order to secure his own highest health and perfection, and
to find the means for the healing of his kind, when they have become
diseased through ignorance, perversion, and violation of the immutable
ordinances of Creation.
As the proverb says, " There are sermons in stones, and books in run-
ning brooks ;" so do we behold volumes of wisdom in all the herbal king-
dom— in every emerald and variegated leaf, in every tinted blossom — ia
all, there is a voiceless language, eternally singing significant psalms it
praise of ' ' Him who doeth all things well. "
Thus we find that adaptation is the laio of the universe — and no-
where is it more vividly portrayed than in the growth and development
of the Herbal world.
It will thus be seen that it is only by carefully studying the physiol-
ogy or functions, or nature of plants, we can derive instruction for the
proper regulation or government of our own organisms. The causes
which iutlueuco the growth and development of plants, are conditions
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 13
necessary to be understood, in order to preserve the health or inte^ty
of our systems.
Dependent upon the causes I have already named, the plants, also,
may lose their medicinal virtues ; while much will be owing to the sea-
son of the year when they are gathered, in order to adajit them to
medico-chemical purposes.
For instance, iu the Spring of the year the common Nettle plant may
afford a palatable food for man ; but if selected at a later period, instead
of serving as a savory vegetable, or purifier of morbid elements from
the blood and system of man, might be converted into or act as a viru-
lent or dangerous poison upon his organism.
In China the Gimeng (so called from the two Chuiese words gen sing,
"first of plants") plant or root is regarded — weight for weight — as sil-
ver, for medicinal purposes ; whereas the same herb grown in America,
or other countries, does not possess a tithe of the value of the Chinese
production for healing purjjoses.
The American chamomile, though in all respects the same as the Eu-
ropean, is positively inert in its medicinal qualities.
There must be, therefore, I repeat, a combination of influences to
insure the full development of perfection of any plant. There must be
not oidy internal but external stimuli, to develop the virtues of the
herb. The external, as we have seen, consist of certain nutritious
matters contained in the soil, water, atmospheric gases, electricity,
light, and heat, besides the elements of oxygen, both in its combined or
simple form, nitrogen, etc.
If we take a stem cut from a pine tree, in the forests of North Caro-
lina, and place it in contact with the trunk of a healthy growing pine,
the former would destroy the latter in the course of the season. The
worms generated in the severed or decayed stem will pass to the living
tree, and rapidly cause its destruction.
Any farmer knows that if the lordly oak be felled in June it will pass
into a state of decay in the course of from four to eight weeks ; but if it
be cut down at a proper season (which is in Fall and early Spring, when
the tree is nearly destitute of sap), it affords the best timber for the
building of ships. It may be of interest, also, to state that at such
times the transplantation of trees should be made. The tree should be
removed at night, and set oiat in the same relative position to the sun as
in its former aspect. If these rules are followed, no tree will rarely
ever die, unless its most vital f)arts are too extensively injured.
We all know that a plant stripped of its leaves will soon perish.
Among the reasons for this is, that the absorjation by the roots is insuf^
ficient to supply all the materials for its nourishment. Let us look a
little more closely into these phenomena of natiire. There must be a
certain number of stages for all herbal growths. First, the ascending
14 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST.
eap dissolves the nutritive deposits of the root and stem, and conveys
them to assist in the development of leaves and flowers. Hence it ia
e\'ident that if the root, bark, or stem be gathered at this season, it will
prove deficient in medicinal virtues, or be altogether inert. The leaves
also will be found worthless for remedial piu'poses. On the other hand,
if we wait a little longer, or until the plant is fully developed, we will
find that either the bark or root, the leaves or flowers, are full of rare
medicinal virtues.
The precise moment when all the assimilative processes of the plant
have been perfected — whether it be Summer or Winter, Spring or Au-
tumn— is the time to gather it for a remedial agent in disease, inasmuch
as we know that the laws of chemical decomposition and recombination
know no rest ; hence, as in the case of the nettle, while it may be a
good food in its earUer stages of development, it would prove a poison
in a more advanced stage of its growth.
The peculiar properties of herbs as medicines will often depend upon
the gTeenness or ripeness of the plant, and other circumstances attend-
ant upon its cutting, and the length of time it is kept after being
gathered.
For instance, the concrete juice of the Manna ash {Fraxinus Ormis) —
the manna of commerce — increases in purgative qualities by age. The
Oak-bark, for tanning hides, imj^roves in value for a period of four or
five years after it has been stripped from the tnmk ; in the same man-
ner, its medicinal properties are either diminished or improved, according
to the season when the bark is gathered, or the manner in which it is
converted into tannic acid for medical or scientific purposes.
It must be apparent to all, that herbs are Uable to suffer from the
vicissitudes of soil, climate, season, etc., and, as a matter of course,
from these causes will vary the medicinal principles attributed to them.
Repeated analysis demonstrates the fact, that specimens of the same
plant, grown in different localities, vrill vary infinitely in the proportions
of the medicinal principles yielded. Take, for example, the Butterfly-
weed, or Pleurisy-root (Asclepias Tuberosa), which grows in the barren
and sandy soil of New Jersey, and it will be found to yield from one to
two hundred per cent, of its medicinal virtues more than the same plant
grown in the rich alluvial soils of the West. Hence, when given as
medicine, the quantity must correspond accordingly — be either increased
or diminished, in order to secure its proper curative effects upon the
system. Thus it is seen that a medicine, prepared from plants culled
at an improi>er season, will prove entirely inert or useless, while the
same herb, gathered at a proper time in a proper climate, especially and
properly prepared, would secure the restoration of a patient from disease
to health.
There is likewise a wide difference between the vii-tues of a plant
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 15
growing in a wild or natural condition from that of the same herb when
artificially cultivated. The transference of plants from their native
locations, to soils prepared by the hands of man, induces many changes
in their individual elements. Many plants formerly used for medicines
are now cultivated for the table alone. The small acid root of the Bras-
sica Rujia has become the large and nutritious article of diet knowTi as
the hirnip. The dandelion, when grown in natural localities, possesses
well-defined medical properties, all of which are lost when the plant is
artificially cultivated. In the cultivated plant the proportions of starch,
grape-sugar, and other non-medical principles are largely increased,
while that which is gathered in its wild or native state is known to pos-
sess rare virtues in affections of the liver, kidneys, and respiratory
organs. In the cultivated rose the stamens are converted into petals.
The castor-oil plant in Africa is a woody tree — in our gardens it is an
annual. The mignonette, in Europe, ia an annual plant, but becomes
perennial in the sandy deserts of Egy^jt.
I repeat, from what has been seen it is evident that all herbs, perhaps,
possess some property suitable for medical purposes. These virtues may
be found in the root of one plant, in the bark of another, in the leaves
of another, in the blossoms of another, in the seeds of another, or in the
whole combined. Even the color of the flower has much to do with the
therapeutic properties of the plant--as, for instance, the Blue Vervain,
as used in my Fits and Dyspepsia remedy, is the only kind that is used
for medical puri^oses — all the other species being entirely useless, or else
more or less dangerous.
In fact, it is evident to the comprehension of the simjjlest mind that
climatic influences have much to do with the full development of plants.
This may be illustrated in the Tobacco raised in Cuba and that grown in
Connecticut — the one being grown in a Southern and the other in a
Northern climate. The poison nieotiiie is derived from the tobacco
plant ; the exhilarating caffeine and tKeine are obtained from the coffee
berry and tea plant. Thus it is possible that some therapeutic agent or
other may be derived from every plant grown on the surface of the
globe.
The Red Men of the American forests are never at a loss to know
which plant is best, nor the time it should be gathered, to cure them of
disease. They know how to treat their complaints in physic, surgery,
and midwifery with a skill that far surpasses that of many a learned
doctor of the big medical schools, with all their science, and the medical
teachings of physicians for upwards of four thousand years. What
other guide have the poor Indians — those untutored savages of the
woods — but their reason and their instinct, and their practical experi-
ence in the use of herbs ?
This is the same in the East Indies, South America, South Sea
16
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Islands, Patagonia, Africa, and other lands. The negroes in the in-
terior parts of Africa possess a knowledge of the medicinal properties of
plants which is really svirjjrising, and, by consequence, are rarely afflicted
with disease. The art of healing in Sumatra consists in the application
of plants, in whose medicinal virtues they are siirprisingly skilled. In
fact, the Sumatrans have a degree of botanical knowledge that sur-
prises the European or American. They become acquainted at an early
age not only with the names, but the qualities and properties of every
shrub and herb among that exuberant variety with which their country
abounds.
In gathering herbs for medical purposes, we should not only know the
season when they should be culled, but we should be quaUfied to com-
prehend the principles of which the plant is composed — whether they
be resins, alkaloids, or neutrals — and be able also to separate the one
ingredient or element from the other, as a distinct medicinal property, or
combine the whole for the puri^ose of a compound medical agent.
Plants by their appearance often invite the invalid to cull them for
hifl restoration, and assume such shapes as to suggest their curative
properties. For instance, herbs that simu-
late the shape of the Lungs, as Lungwort
{see figure adjoining), Sage, Hounds-tongue,
and Comfrey, are all good for pulmonary
complaints.
Plants which bear in leaves and roots a
7ieart-\\he form, as Citron Apple, Fuller's
Thistle, Spikenard, Balm, ]\Iint, White-beet,
Parsley, and Motherwort, will yield medicinal
properties congenial to that organ. Vege-
table productions like in figure to the ears,
as the leaves of the Coltfoot or Wild Spike-
nard, rightly prepared as a conserve and
eaten, improve the hearing and memory;
while oil extracted from the shells of sea-
snails, which have the turnings and curvings
of the ears, tends wonderfully to the cure of deafness. A decoction of
Maiden Hair and the moss of Quinces, which plants resemble the Jiairs
of the head, is good for baldness. Plants resembling the human nose,
as the leaves of the Wild Water Mint, are beneficial in restoiing the
sense of smell. Plants having a semblance of the Womb, as Birthwort,
Heart Wort, Ladies' Seal or Briony, conduce much to a safe accouche-
ment. Shrubs and HerV)s resembling the bladder and gall, as Night-
shade and Alkekengi, will relieve the gravel and stone. Liver-shaped
plants, as Liverwort (see the following figure), Trinity, Agaric, Fumitory,
Figs, etc. , all are efficacioua in bilious diseases. Walnuts, Indian nuts,
Lungwort
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
17
Leeks, and the root of Ragwort, because of their form, when duly pre-
pared will further generation and prevent sterility. Herbs and seeds
in shape hke the teeth, as Toothwort, Pine-kernel, etc., preserve
the dental organization. Plants of
knobbed form, like knuckles or joints,
as GaHngale, and the knotty odoriferous
rush, Calamus, are good for diseases of
the spine and reins, foot, gout, knee
swellings, and all joint pains whatso-
ever. ODy vegetable products, as the
Filbert, Walnut, Almond, etc., tend to
fatness of the body.
Plants naturally lean, as Sarsaparilla
or long-leaved Bosa Solie emaciate those
who use them.
Fleshy plants, such as Onions, Leeks,
and Colewort, make flesh for the eaters.
Certain plants, as the Sensitive plant,
Nettles, the roots of Mallows, and the
herb Neiirus, when used as outward ap-
plications, fortify and brace the nerves.
Milky herbs, as Lettuce and the fruit of
the Almond and Fig trees, propagate
milk. Plants of a serous nature, as
Spurge and Scammony, purge the nox-
ious humors between the flesh and the
skin. Herbs whose acidity turns milk to
curd, such as Gahum and the seeds of Spurge, will lead to procreation.
Rue mixed with Cummin will relieve a sore breast, if a poultice of them
be applied, when the milk is knotted therein ; while plants that are hollow.,
as the stalks of Grain, Reeds, Leeks, and Garhc, are good to purge,
open, and soothe the hollow parts of the body. Many more instances of
such adaptation of herbs and plants to difieases of the body might be
cited if deemed necessaiy.
The vitality of plants may be destroyed by giving them deleterious or
poisonous substances, such as arsenic, mercury, etc. In fact, mineral
poisons act on plants and herbs in nearly the same way they do upon
human beings or other animals.
The color of plants is generally under the influence of solar light ;
hence, plants grown in darkness become etiolated or blanched. The
green of leaves is due to nitrogen, while in proportion as the oxygen of
the air predominates, the leaves put on varied tints, as the beautiful red
and crimson assumed by some leaves in Autumn.
The color of flowers^ as a general rule, is influenced by solar Ught,
Liverwort.
18 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
though the magnetic condition of the soil has much to do with the color.
For instance, the petals of the common butter-cup are of as brilliant a
yellow in town gardens enveloped in the smoke of London as on any
covmtry hill, while the tints of the rose remain, when languishing for
lack of a clear atmosphere. The flowers of the common hydrangea,
which are naturally pink^ may be made blue by planting the shrub in
soil impregnated with iron. So will certain medical preparations of
iron turn blue the human flesh. The color of the flower of the tulips
can be turned into white, yellow, brown, purple, and a beautiful tint of
rose, by transplanting the plants from a poor soil to a rich one, and vice
versa.
The fragrances of flowers and plants have their physiological or medi-
cal uses. The use of the fragrance in leaves, bark, and wood, is appar-
ently to preserve them from the attacks of insects ; as the emell of the
red and Bermuda cedars (of which pencils are made) and of Camphor,
also a vegetable product, is to keep moths and other vermin from attack-
ing substances with which they are in contact.
Plants sometimes distil or secrete medicinal or nutritive fluids, which
axe contained in convenient receptacles. Such plants invariably grow
tar from the haunts of men. away from the course of streams or vicinity
of ponds. Whose ordination is it that such plants have such a habitude ?
It is that Providence who, in his bountiful beneficence, places them
where the traveler may not die of thirst or disease on his way of dis-
covery. This is most beautifully illustrated in the Nepenthes dktillatoria
(see cut), in which the leaves
terminate in a most singular
maimer, forming a sort of urn
or vase, surmounted by a cover,
which opens and shuts as occa^
sion requires. This vessel is
suspended at the extremity of
a thread-like appendage to a
winged petiole, which would
seem to be altogether unlit to
support it. An officer of marines
writes as follows : ' ' Three days
after my arrival at Madagascar
■KT »v j-^n ^ • " I lost myself during a short ex-
Nepenthes distillatona. '' °
cursion into the interior, and was
overtaken with an excessive lassitude, accompanied with a devouring
thirst. After a long walk I was on the point of yielding to despair,
when I perceived close to me, suspended to leaves, some smaU vases,
Bomewhat like those used to preserve fresh water. I began to think I
was under one of those hallucinations by whioh the sick are often visited
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST^
19
in fever, when the refreshing draught seems to fly from their paxched
lips. I approached it,
however, with some
hesitation, threw a
rapid glance at the
pitchers : judge of my
happiaess when I found
them filled with a pure
and transparent liquid.
The draught I partook
gave me the best idea
I have reaUzed of the
nectar served at the
table of the gods."
Plants of such descrip-
tion become extinct if
civilization approaches
their domain.
Plants have attri-
butes other than medi-
cal which are of inter-
est to the general read-
er besides the botanist.
In many instances
there seems to be a
strikiug affinity be-
tween the herbal and
animal kingdom, and
other instances of the
repelling character.
For instance, a most
remarkable instance of
irritability by contact ia
that exhibited by the
"Venus's Fly -Trap,"
Dionma muscipida, a
native of Canada, and
nearly allied to the
common "Sun-Dew"
of the British com-
mons. Its flowers
have nothing remark-
able about them, ex-
cept that their petals roll up when they are about to decay ;
Venus's Fly-Trap.
but the
20 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
leaves are very curiously constructed. They have broad leaf-like
petioles, at whose extremity there are two fleshy tubes, which form the
real leaf, and which are armed with strong, sharp spines, three on the
blade of each lobe, and a fringe of larger spines round the margin.
When an insect touches the base of the central spines the leaf col-
lapses, and the poor insect is caught, been either impaled by the cen-
tral spines or entrapped by the others. The leaf then remains closed,
the fringe of long spines being firmly interlaced and locked together tUl
the body of the insect has wasted away. This apparatus being the nearest
approach to a stomach which has yet being observed in plants, an experi-
ment was tried some years ago of feeding a dioncea (Venus's Fly-Trap)
with very small particles of raw meat, when it was found that the leaves
closed in the same way as they would have done over an insect, and did
not open again until the meat was consumed. The leaves of this jilant
possess medicinal properties, which, when properly prepared in tincture
or decoction, have been found of exceeding efhcacy in many diseases of
the digestive organs of the human being.
SarraceriM, or Side-Saddle flower, the leaves of which are pitcher-
shaped, resembling an old-i'ashioned side-saddle, six of which generaUy
belong to each plant. Each of these pitchers wiU hold nearly a wine-
glassful, and are generally filled with water and aquatics, which undergo
decomposition, or a sort of digestion, and serve as a nutriment to the plant.
This animal characteristic is also illustrated in the sensitive 2il(int
(Mimosa Sensitiva), which the slightest touch suffices to make it close
its folioles. If we cut with
scissors the extreme end of one
foUole the others immediately
approach in succession. This
irritation is not local, but com-
municates from circle to circle,
and propagates itself from leaf
to leaf. Up to a certain point
it gets accustomed to outside
interference. Touching it again
Sensitive Plant and again wiU habituate it to
the movement and fail to re-
spond, as if it were owing in the first instance to fright.
The sleep of plants vaguely recalls to us the sleep of animals.
Their period of sleep is mostly at night, and any interested person may
observe this habit in a variety of plauts, as many of them when asleep
are difficult to recognize in their bearing. The leaves are rolled up, or
become reversed, as in the genus Sida and the Lupinus. The Vetch,
the Sweet-pea, the Broad Bean, in their sleep rest their leaves during
the night one against the other.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 21
Parental solicitude is displayed in the orach-root (Atrtplex liortensis).
The leaves of this plant fall back upon the young shoots, and enclose
them whenever the effects of the atmosphere would injure them. This
is also seen in the chickweed at night.
The folding of some flowers in the ateence of the sun, and the open-
ing of others as soon as that luminary has withdrawn his beams, are
ascribable to various causes. The white marigold closes its flowers on
the approach of rain, and the dwarf Colendrina folds up its bright
crimson corolla about four o'clock every afternoon ; whUe, on the con-
trary, the plant commonly called Four o'clock^ whose flower remains
closed all day, opens precisely at the hour of four. The evening prim-
rose will not open its large yellow flower till the sun has sunk below the
honzon. On the other hand, the Sun-flower is always seen bending its
face {vis-d-vis) in the direction of the sun, and follows its course during
the entire diurnal round, from its rise in the Orient, or East, in the
morning, to its decline in the Hesperian region, or west, in the evening.
The Bilphiwn laciniatum, or compass-weed, always points its leaves
towards the north star. The Night-blowing Cereus only expands its
flowers about midnight. Indeed, some flowers are so regular in their
opening or shutting, that the great botanist, LiNN^EUS, formed what
he called ''^Flora's Timepiece,^^ in which each hour was represented
by the flower which opened or closed at that particular time. An
arrangement of this kind may be seen in the following
Floral Clock :
Between 3 and 4 A.M Bind- weed of the hedgerows.
At 5 A.M Naked stalked Poppy and most of the
Chichoracese.
Between 5 and 6 A.M Nipplewort and the Day LHy.
At 6 A.M Many of the Solanace^ (Night-shade)
family.
Between 6 and 7 A.M Sow Thistle and Spurrey.
At 7 A.M Water Lilies, Lettuceb.
At 7 to 8 A.M Venus' Looking-Glass.
At 8 A.M Wild Pimpernel.
At 9 A.M Wild Marigold.
At 9 to 10 A.M Ice Plant.
At 11 A.M Purslain, Star of Bethlehem.
At 13 Most of the Ficoid, or Mesembryanthe-
naum family.
At 2 P.M ScUla Pomeridiana.
Between 5 and 6 P.M Silene Noctiflora.
Between 6 and 7 P.M Marvel of Peru.
Between 7 and 8 P.M Cereus Grandiflorus, Tree Primrose,
At 10 P.M Purple Convolvulus.
22 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
In addition to the above, I would remark that certain equinoctial
flowers open and close at a fixed time in the same day ; on the morrow,
and for several following days, they again open and shut at the same
regiilar hours. The Star of Bethlehem opens several days in succession
at eleven in the morning, and closes at three. The Ficoides Noctijlara
blows several days in succession at seven in the evening, and closes about
six or seven in the morning.
Besides the cases in which flowers open and shut their coroUas by the
influence of hght, instances are known in which merely the petals roll
up by day, and resume their natural shape after sunset. A remarkable
circumstance respecting the effect of atmospheric influence is, that the
same causes do not affect all plants, and yet no peculiarity of construc-
tion has been discovered in those so affected to distinguish them from
those that are not.
Every student of nature can witness much more that is of general
interest regarding the habits, so to speak, and characteristics of plants.
They have been a favorite theme in all ages. Lovers have dwelt on
them and given them a language. Nearly every one delights in the
flowering plants. Who would refuse a bouquet of choice flowers ? This
attachment to flowers was pathetically illustrated in the Highland emi-
grants in Canada, who wept when they found that the heather would
not grow in their newly-adopted soil. And well they might, for it is the
flower of their native mountains, and associated with all their brightest
and tenderest recollections. In the age of chivalry the daisy was re-
nowned ; and St. Louis, of France, took it and a lily for a device in his
ring, as emblematic£d of his wife and country. The thistle, like the
famous geese of Rome, saved Scotland, and for this reason it is the na-
tional emblem of that coimtiy. During the Danish invasion, one of
their soldiers placed his naked foot on the spiny leaves of a thistle, and
instinctively uttered a cry which awoke the slumbering Scots, who
turned upon their foes, defeated, and drove them from their land.
The poetry attached to plants, however, is not of immediate concern
in this volume. It is their medicinal properties which engages our study
and demands our labors. Yet I could not so weU establish their supe-
rior fitness as curative agents above the mineral drug unless I gave that
which is of general interest. One fact will be apparent to the reader,
that plants have life, and hence are eminently suitable to give life to the
Buffering patient. The lifeless inorganic mineral haa none, and can give
DO vital element.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 23
EPITOME OF BOTAli^T.
That the reader may more intelligently understand the description
of the medicinal plants in this book, the author has deemed it prudent to
preface the part of this work dedicated to Herbal Materia Medica with
a brief analysis of the plant, as made by the botanist. This becomes
particularly necessary, inasmuch as a plant cannot be accurately
described unless scientific language be employed ; but, nevertheless,
throughout this whole work it has been the aim of the author to use the
plainest language, and not to weary the reader by as pedantic employ-
ment of technical terms and scientific language.
Nothing more will be given than the anatomy of the plant, as nothing
of systematic botany need be known to the reader to recognize the plant,
or to acquaint himself with the medicinal properties thereof. If he has
not a common acquaintance with a medicinal plant, but desires it for
domestic medication, it is important that he should know that he
employs the proper herb, and not use one which simulates it. It has
therefore been the aim of the author to give accurate descriptions of the
herbs, so that the gatherer may not err in his selection of the plant
which his case may need.
All parts of the plant are used in medicine — sometimes the seed only ;
in others the flower, the leaves, root, rhizome ; in others two or more of
these parts, and, again, in others the whole plant.
ANATOIVIY OF A PLANT.
THE ROOT.
The root of a plant is that portion which is usually found in the earth,
the stem and leaves being in the air. The point of union is called the
collar or neck of the plant.
A fibrous root is one composed of many spreading branches, as that of
barley.
A conical root is one where it tapers regularly from the crown to the
apex, as that of the carrot.
A fusiform root is one when it tapers up as well as down, as that of
the radish.
A r.apiform root is one when much swollen at the base, so as to be-
come broader than long, as that of the turnip.
A fasciculated root is one when some of the fibres or branches are
thickened.
A tuberiferous root is one when some of the branches assume the
form of rounded knobs, as that of the potato.
24 THE COJIPLETE HERBALIST.
A palmate root is one when these knobs are branched.
Aerial roots are those emitted from the stem into the open air, aS
that of Indian com.
A rhizoma, or root stock, is a prostrate stem either subterranean or
resting on the surface, as that of calamus, or blood-root.
A tuber is an enlargement of the apex of a subterranean branch of
the root, as that of the common potato or artichoke.
A cormus is a Heshy subterranean stem of a round or oval figure, as
in the Indian turnip.
A bvilb is an extremely abbreviated stem clothed with scales, as that
of the lily.
THE STEM.
The stem is tliat portion of the plant which grows in an opposite
direction from the root, seeking the Ught, and exposing itself to the air.
All flowering plants possess stems. In those which are said to be stem-
less, it is either very short, or concealed beneath the ground.
An herb is one in which the stem does not become woody, but dies
down to the ground at least after flowering.
A shrub is a woody plant, branched near the ground, and less than
five times the height of man.
A tree attains a greater height, with a stem unbranched near the
groiind.
The stem of a tree is usually called the trunk ; in grasses it has been
termed the culm.
Those stems which are too weak to stand erect are said to be decum-
bent, procumbent, and prostrate
A stolon is a form of a branch which curves or falls down to the
ground, where they often strike root.
A sucker is a branch of subterraneous origin, which, after ninning
horizontally and emitting roots in its course, at length rises out of the
ground and forms an erect stem, which soon becomes an independent
plant, as iflustrated by the rose, raspberry, etc,
A runner is a prostrate, slender branch sent off from the base of the
parent stem.
An offset is a similar but shorter branch, with a tuft of leaves at the
end, as in the houseleek.
A spine is a short and imperfectly developed branch of a woody plant,
as exhibited in the honey-locust.
A tendril is commonly a slender leafless branch, capable of coiling
spirally, as in the grape vine.
TITE LEAP.
The leaf is commonly raised on an unexpanded part or stalk which is
called the petiole, wliile Uie expanded portion is termed the lamina.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 25
limb, or blade. When the vessels or fibres of the leaves expand im-
mediately on leaving the stem, the leaf is said to be sessile. In such
cases the petiole is absent. When the blade consists of a single piece
the leaf is simple ; when composed of two or three more with a
branched petiole, the leaf is compound.
The distribution of the veins or framework of the leaf in the blade is
termed venation.
A lanceolate leaf has the form of a lance.
An ovate leaf has the shape of ellipsis.
A cuneiform leaf has the shape of a wedge.
A cordate leaf has the shape of a heart.
A reniform leaf has the shape of a kidney.
A sagittate leaf is arrow-shaped.
A hastate leaf has the shape of an ancient halberd,
A peltate leaf is shaped like a shield.
A serrate leaf is one in which the margin is beset with sharp teeth,
which point forward towards the apex.
A dentate leaf is one when these teeth are not directed towards the
apex.
A crenate leaf has rounded teeth.
A sinuate leaf has alternate concavities and convexities.
A pinnate leaf has the shape of a feather.
A pectinate leaf is one having very close and narrow divisions, like
the teeth of a comb.
A lyrate leaf has the shape of a lyre.
A runcinate leaf is a lyrate leaf with sharp lobes pointing towards
the base, as in the dandehon.
A palmate leaf is one bearing considerable resemblance to the hand.
A pedate leaf is one bearing resemblance to a biid's foot.
An obovate leaf is one having the veins more developed beyond the
middle of the blade.
When a leaf at its outer edge has no dentations it is said to be entire.
When the leaf terminates in an acute angle it is acute, when in an ob-
tuse angle it is obtuse. An obtuse leaf with the apex slightly depressed
is retuse, or if more strongly notched, emarginate. An obovate leaf
with a wider or more conspicuous notch at the apex become obcordate,
being a cordate leaf inverted. When the apex is cut off by a straight
transverse line the leaf is truncate ) when abruptly terminated by a
small projecting point it is mucronate ; and when an acute leaf has a
narrowed apex it is acimiinate. In ferns the leaves are called fronds.
THE FLOWER.
The flower assumes an endless variety of forms, and we shall assume
in the dissection merely the typical form of it.
2
26 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
The organs of a flower are of two sorts, viz. : 1st. Its leaves or en-
velopes ; and 2d, those peculiar organs having no resemblance to the
envelopes. The envelopes are of two kinds, or occupy two rows, one
above or within the other. The lower or outer row is termed the
Calyx, and commonly exhibits the green color of the leaves. The inner
row, which is usually of more dehcate texture and forms the most showy
part of the flower, is termed the Corolla. The several parts of the
leaves of the Corolla are called Petals, and the leaves of the Calyx have
received the analogous name of Sepals. The floral envelopes are col-
lectively called the Perianth.
The essential organs enclosed within a floral envelope are also of two
kinds and occupy two rows one within the other. The first of these,
those next withhi the petals, are the Stamens. A stamen consists of a
stalk called the Filament, which bears on its summit a rounded body
termed the Anther, fiUed %vith a substance called the Pollen.
The seed-beariug organs occupy the centre or summit of a flower, and
are called Pistils. A pistil is distinguished into three parts, viz. : 1st,
the Ovary, contaiuiag the Ovales ; 2d, the Style, or columnar pro-
longation of the ovary ; and 3d, the Stigma, or termination of the style.
AH the organs of the flower are situated on, or gro-mi out of, the apex
of the flower-stalk, into which they axe inserted, and which is called
the Torus or Receptacle.
A plant is said to be monCEcious, where the stamens and pistils are in
separate flowers on the same individual, dioecious, where they occupy
Beparate flowers on different individuals, and polygamous where the
stamens and pistils are separate in some flowers and united in others,
either on the same or two or three different plants.
THE FRUIT.
The principal kinds may be briefly stated as foUows : —
A follicle is the name given to such fruit as borne by the larkspur
or milkweed.
A legume or pod is the name extended to such fruit as the pea or
bean.
A drupe is a stone fruit, as the plum, apricot, etc.
An achenium is the name of the fruit as borne by the butter-cup, &c.
A cremocarp is the fruit of the Poison Hemlock and similar plants.
A caryopsis is such fruit as borne by the wheat tribe.
A nut is exemplified by the fruit of the oak, chestnut, &c.
A samara is tho name appUed to the fruit of the maple, birch, and elm.
A berry is a fruit fleshy and pulpy throughout, as the grape, goose-
berry, etc.
A pome ifl such as the apple, pear, &c.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 27
A pepo is the name applied to the fruit of the pumpkin, cucum-
ber, &c.
A capsule is a general term for all dry fruits, such as lobeha, &c.
A silique is such fruit as exhibited in Shepherd's purse, &c.
A cone or strobile is a collective fruit of the fir tribe, magnoUa, &a
THE SEED.
The seed, like the ovule of which it is the fertilized and matured
state, consists of a nucleus, usually enclosed within two integuments,
The outer integument or proper seed coat is variously termed the
episperm, spermoderin, or testa.
An annual plant is one which springs from the seed, flowers and
dies the same year.
A biennial plant, such as the radish, carrot, beet, &c., does not
flower the first season.
A perennial plant is one not absolutely depending upon the stock of
the previous season, but annually produces new roots and new accumu-
lations.
MEDICIlSrAL PEOPERTIES AT^D
PEEPARATIOl^S.
Evert herb employed in the cure of diseases, whether in its natural
state or after having undergone various preparations, belongs to the
Herbal Materia Medica, in the extended acceptation of the term. It
shall, however, be our purpose only to describe each separate herb in its
living state, or the medicinal part thereof, and not dwell much upon the
forms usually prepared by the apothecary or physician. In this portion
of our work we propose to give an account of all the most important
medicinal herbs necessary for the cure of diseases. No herb, however,
is to be despised or regarded as worthless because of its not finding
mention in this work ; but, as previously stated, that each and every
plant has its virtues, though to describe all recognized as medicinal
would make the work too voluminous, and in price far exceed the
reach of the milUon. The various properties of medicinal agents have
been designated as follows : —
Absorbents or Antacids are such medicines that, counteract acidity
of the stomach and bowels.
Alteratives are medicines which, in certain doses, work a gradual
cxue by restoring the healthy functions of different organs.
Anodynes are medicines which relieve pain.
28 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Anthelmintics are medicines which have the power of destroying
or expelling worms from the intestinal canal.
Antiscorhutics are medicines which prevent or cure the scurvy.
Antispasmodics are medicines given to relieve spasm, or irregular
and painful action of muscles or muscular fibres, as in Epilepsy, St.
Vitus' Dance, etc.
Aromatics are medicines which have a grateful smell and an agree-
able pungent taste.
Astringents are those remedies which, when applied to the body,
render the solids dense and firmer.
Carminatives are those medicines which dispel flattilency of the
stomach and bowels.
Cathartics are medicines which accelerate the action of the bowels,
or increase the discharge by stool.
Demulcents are medicines suited to prevent the action of acrid
and stimulating matters upon the mucous membranes of the throat,
lungs, etc.
Diaphoretics are medicines that promote or cause perspirable dis-
charge by the skin.
Diuretics are medicines which increase the flow of urine by their
action upon the kidneys.
Emetics are those medicines which produce vomiting.
E.MMENAC1OGUES are medicines which promote the menstrual discharge.
Emollients are those remedies which, when appUed to the solids of
the body, render them soft and flexible.
Erriiines are substances which, when applied to the lining mem-
brane of the nostrils, occasion a discharge of mucous fluid.
Epispastics are those which cause blisters when applied to the surface.
Esciiakotics are substances used to destroy a portion of the surface
of the body, forming sloughs.
Exi'ECTOr.vnts are medicines capable of facilitating the excretion of
mucus from the chest.
Narcotics are those substances having the property of diminishing
the action of the nen^ous and vascular systems, and of inducing sleep.
Rubefacients are remedies which excite the vessels of the skin and
increase its heat and redness.
Sedatives are medicines which have the power of allaying the ac-
tions of the systems generaUy, or of lessening the exercise of some par-
ticular function.
SlALAGOGUKS are medicines which increase the flow of the saliva.
Stimulants are medicines capable of exciting the vital energy,
whether as exerted in sensation or motion.
Tonics are those medicines which increase the tone or healthy ac-
tion, or strength of the living system.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 29
PHARMACEUTIC PREPARATIONS.
ACETA or Vinegars are medicinal preparations where viaegar is used
ae the dissolving agent.
^Etherea or Ethers are ethereal tinctares.
Aqu^ or Waters consist of water impregnated with some medicuial
substance, as a volatile oil.
Cataplasms are external applications or poultices.
Cerates are agents intended for external application, and are com-
posed of wax, spermaceti, combined with fatty matter, and in which
resins and powders, etc., are frequently amalgamated.
Confections are medicines in the form of a conserve.
Decoctions are solutions procured from the various parts of herba
by boiling them in water.
Dragees are sugar-coated pills.
Enemas or Injections. These consist of medicinal agents in the
form of infusion, decoction, or mixture, and designed to be passed into
the rectum and other passages.
Extracts. When an infusion, decoction, or tincture is reduced to a
soft soUd mass, by evaporation, it is termed an extract.
Fluid-Extracts. These are concentrated medicinal principles, not
reduced to a solid or nearly semi-fluid consistence, the evaporation not
being carried so far as in ordinary extracts. (See page 475)
Infusions are solutions of vegetable principles in water, effected
without boiling.
Liniments. These preparations are designed for external application,
and should always be of such a consistence as will render them capa-
ble of easy apphcation to the skin with the naked hand or flannel.
Lotions. These comprise all compounds used as external washes in
which vegetable substances are dissolved.
Mixtures are either liquid or solid compounds, and which are sus-
pended in aqueous fluids by the intervention of some viscid matter, as
mucilage, albumen, etc.
Oils are the products of various herbs by distillation with water.
Pills are medicinal properties formed into a mass and rolled into
globular forms. A bolm is a large pill.
Plasters are designed for external apphcation ; the medicinal agent is
usually spread on cloth or chamois leather.
Powders are medicinal herbs in a pulverized state.
Saturates are similar to fluid-extracts, being, however, prepared
without the employment of heat.
Syrups are liquid medicines of a viscid consistence, produced by con-
centrated solutions of sugar alone or mixed with honey.
Tinctures. These are preparations obtained by subjecting medicinal
herbs to the action of alcohol.
30 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Trociiees or Lozenges are medicinal substances in powder, which
are formed into solid cakes by the aid of sugar and gum.
Unguenta or Ointments are fatty matters, in which are incorpo-
rated certain medicines, and are designed for external use.
Wines. These are tinctures of medicinal agents which are insoluble
in water, or which do not require as stimulant a solvent as alcohol, but
which are capable of yielding their virtues to wine.
WEIGHTS AI^D MEASUEES.
That no error may occur, I will here append the weights and meas-
ures employed in pharmacy, together with the symbols designating each
quantity. It is necessary to understand but two measures, as the
author has conformed all the soUd or liquid quantities to these meas-
ures. These are : —
1st. — Apothecaries' Weight.
20 grains (gr.) 1 scruple.
3 scruples (3) 1 drachm.
8 drachms (3) 1 ounce.
12 otmces (§) 1 pound (Ih).
The doses of powders, extracts, and all such that are not fluid are in-
tended to correspond with this weight.
2d. — ^Apothecaries' Measure.
60 mininis (Ifl) 1 fluid drachm.
8 fluid drachms (f 3 ) 1 fluid ounce.
16 fluid ounces (f ^ ) 1 pint.
8 pints (0) 1 gallon (cong).
The quantities of all fluids mentioned in this book agree with this
measure, though the word fluid or the symbol (f) is omitted in most
instances.
It is not to be supposed, however, that in all families measuring grad-
uates are to be found ; hence a comparison of these measures with tea,
dessert, and table spoons, etc., becomes necessary to simplify the fluid
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
31
measTire. The weiglit of any quantity I shoiild always advise to be cor-
rectly ascertained by scales : — *
Comparison.
A drop corresponds with a minim.
A teaspoonfol " u u fl^j^ drachm.
A dessertspoonftd " " " three fluid drachms.
A tablespoonful " " u oQg.iialf fluid ounce.
A wineglassful " " " two fluid ounces.
A teacupful " " " gill (4 f 3 ).
In the body of this work the quantity has been stated, with but few
exceptions, in which each medicine must ordinarily be given to produce
its peculiar effects upon the adult patient. But there are circumstances
which modify the dose, and demand attention, the most important of
which is the age ; hence the following table, exhibiting the dose propor-
tioned to the age, should receive careful reference in domestic prac-
tice : —
Table.
The dose for a person of age being
1 or 1 drachm.
That of a person from 14 to 21 years will be f or 2 scruples.
of
7 to 14
i or ^ drachm
4to 7
^ or 1 scruple.
4
;^ or 15 grains.
3
^ or 10 grains.
3
i or 8 grains.
1
iV or 5 grains.
i
"iV or 4 grains.
The following rule, however, is a little more simple : —
For children under 12 years the dose of most medicines must be
diminished in the proportion of the age to the age increased by 12 ;
thus, at two years the dose will be \ of that for adults, viz. : —
2Tl2 = l4°^75^^4'^^^^"4Tl2
4 1
16 ""^ 4-
* The weights used in the British Pharmacopoeia are the Imperial or avordupois pound,
ounce, and grain, and the terms drachm and scruple, as designating specific weiglits, are
discontinued. The ounce contains IST^ grams, and the pound 7,000 grains. The Im
perial Measure contains 8 fluid drachms to the ounce, 20 fluid ounces to the pint, and 8
pints to the gallon.
32
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
HEEBAL MATEEIA MEDIOA.
ACACIA VERA.
Common Names. Gum Arabic^ Egyptian TJwrn.
Medicinal Part. The concrete juice or gum.
Description. — Acacia Vera is a small tree or slirub, but Bometimes
attains the height of forty feet. The
leaves are bipinnate and smooth, leaflets
eight or ten pairs. Spines sharp and in
pairs. Flowers in globose heads, and the
fruit a legume.
History. — The tree inhabits the southern
portion of Asia and the upper portion of
Africa. The gum flows naturally from the
bark of the trees, in the form of a thick
and rather frothy liquid, and speedily con-
cretes into tears ; sometimes the discharge
is promoted by wounding the trunk and
branches. The more raptured the tree,
the more giim it yields. The best quality
of Gum Arabic is colorless, or very pale
yellow-white, shining, transparent in smaU fragments, hard but pulver-
able, inodorous, and of a sweet and viscous taste. It invariably forma
a white powder. Cold or hot water dissolves its own weight, forming
a thick mucilaginous solution.
Properties and Uses. — The gum is nutritive and demulcent, and exerts
a remarkably soothing influence upon irritated or inflamed mucous
surfaces, by shielding them from the influence of deleterious agents,
atmospheric air, etc. It is useful, in diarrhoea and dysentery, to remove
griping and painful stools, in catarrh, cough, hoarseness, consumption,
gonorrhoea, and all inflammatory conditions of the mucous surfaces. For
lung diseases it is especially an indispensable vehicle in which to carry
the necessary curative and powerful cori'ective agents, while at the same
time its nutritive qualities also exert a good influence, often supplying
the place of food where the stomach is too weak to partake of anything
else. It may be given almost ad libitum in powder, lozenge, or solution,
alone or combined with syrups, decoctions, etc It constitutes the
menstruum of my well-known Acacian Balsam, see page 4()'J.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
33
ADDER'S TONGUE (Erythronum Americanxjm).
Common Names. Bog-Tooth Violet, SerpenVs Tongue, etc.
Medicenal Parts. The bulb and leaves.
Description. — This is a perennial plant, springing from a bulb at some
distance below the surface. The bulb is white internally and fawn-
colored externally. The leaves are two, lanceolate, pale green, with
purplish or brownish spots, and one nearly twice as wide as the other.
It bears a single drooping yellow flower, which partially closes at night
and on cloudy days. Fruit a capsule.
History. — This beautiful little plant is among the earliest of our spring
flowers, and is found in rich open grounds, or in thin woods throughout
the United States, flowering in April or May. The leaves are more
active than the roots ; both inii3art their virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, emollient, and antiscorbutic when
fresh ; nutritive when dried. The fresh root simmered in milk, or the
fresh leaves braised and often applied as a poultice to scrofulous tumors
or ulcers, together with a free internal use of an infusion of them, is
highly useful as a remedy for scrofula. The expressed juice of the plant,
infused in cider, is very beneficial in dropsy, and for relieving hiccough,
vomiting, and hem.atemesis, and bleeding from the lower bowels.
AGRIMONY (Ageimonia Eupatoria).
Common Names. Cocklehurr or Sticklewort.
Medicinal Parts. The root and leaves.
Description. — Agrimony has a reddish, tapering,
not creeping root, with brown stems covered vsdth
soft silky hairs ; two or three feet high ; leaves
alternate, sessUe, interruptedly pimiate. The sti-
pule of the upper leaves large, rounded, dentate, or
palmate. The flowers grow at the top of the stem,
are yellow, small, and veiy numerous, one above
another in long spikes, after which come rough
heads hanging downwards, which will stick to gar-
ments or anything that rubs against them.
History. — This perennial plant is found in Asia,
Europe, Canada, and the United States, along road-
sides, and in fields and woods, flowering in July or
August. Both the flowers and roots are fragrant,
but harsh and astringent to Ihe taste, and yield
their properties to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is a mild tonic, alterative,
and astringent. Useful in bowel complaints, chronic
mucous diseases, chronic affections of the digestive organs, leucorrhoea,
2* o
Agrimony.
34 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
certain cutaneous diseases, etc. A strong decoction, sweetened witl!
honey, Ls an invaluable cure for scrofula, if persisted in for a length of
time. It is exceedingly useful in gravel, asthma, coughs, and obstmcted
menstruation. As a gargle for sore throat and mouth, it is very service
able.
Dose. — Powder, one teaspoonful ; decoction, a wineglassful.
ALDER (Pkinos Verticillatus).
Common Name. Winterlerry.
Medicinal Parts. TJie bark and berries.
Description. — This is an indigenous shrub of irregular growth, with a
stem six or eight feet in height ; bark grayish and alternate branches.
The leaves are ovate, acute at the base, oUve green in color, smooth
above and downy beneath. Flowers small and white ; calyx small and
six-cleft ; corolla divided into six obtuse segments. Fruit a berry.
History. — Black Alder is common throughout the United States and
England, growing in moist woods, swamps, etc., flowering from May to
July, and maturing its fruit in the latter part of autumn. It yields its
virtues to water by decoction or infusion. The bark has a bitterish, sub
astringent taste, and the berries have a sweetish taste.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, alterative, and astringent. It Is
very beneficial in jaundice, diarrhoea, gangrene, dropsy, and all diseases
attended with great weakness. Two drachms of the powdered bark and
one drachm of powdered golden seal infused in a pint of boUing water,
and, when cold, taken in the course of the day, in doses of a wineglass-
ful, and repeated daily, has proved very efiicacious in dyspepsia. Ex
temally the decoction forms an excellent local application in gangrene,
indolent ulcers, and some affections of the skin. The berries are cathar-
tic and vermifuge, and form, with cedar apples, a pleasant and effectual
worm medicine for children.
Dose. — Powdered bark, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, a tea-
gpoonful three or four times a day.
ALE HOOF (Nepeta Glechoma).
Common Names. OiU-go-by-the-grovnd, Oround Ivy, CaVs-Footy
Txtrnlwof, <&e.
Medicinal Part. T7ie leaver.
Description. — This plant is a perennial gray, hairy herb, with a pro-
cumbent creeping stem, varj'ing in length from a few inches to one or
two feet. The leaves have petioles, cordate, and hairy on both sides.
The flowers are bluish purple. The corolla is about three times as long
OS the calyx.
Ilistory.— This plant is common to the United States and Europe,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 35
where it is found in shady places, waste grounds, dry ditches, &c. It
flowers in May or August. The leaves impart their virtues to boiling
water by infusion. They have an unpleasant odor, and a harsh, bitter-
ish, slightly aromatic taste.
Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, tonic, and pectoral, and is use-
ful ta diseases of the lungs and Iddneys, asthma, jaundice, hypochon-
dria, and monomania. An infusion of the leaves is very beneficial in
lead-coUc, and painters who make use of it are seldom, if ever, troubled
with that afiEection. The fresh juice snuffed up the nose often cures
the most inveterate headache
Dose. — Powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; infusion, one or two
fluid ounces.
ALL-HEAL (^Prthstella ViTLGARrs).
Common Najies. Hercules Wound Wort, Panay, etc.
Medicinal Part. T/w root.
Description. — This shrub sometimes attains the height of five feet,
but is usually much smaller. The stem is strong and round, with many
joints, with some leaves thereat. The leaves consist of five or six pair
of wings, and when chewed have a bitterish taste. The root is thick
and long, the juice of which is hot and biting. The flower is a small
and yellow one, and the seeds whitish yeUow, short and flat.
Hi^to-ry. — This plant is found in England and other parts of Europe.
In England it flowers usually until the end of summer, but in other
parts of Europe it flowers from May to December.
Properties and Uses. — All-heal is a iiungent and bitter tonic and anti-
Bpasmodic. It has also vermifuge properties, and is slightly diuretic.
It is excellent for cramps, fits, f aUing sickness, convulsions, etc. (infe-
rior, however, to Blue Vervain). In obstructions of the liver it serves a
good purpose. It sometimes cures the toothache by inlserting cotton
saturated with the j aice into the decayed places of the teeth.
ALMONDS (Amtgdalus Communis).
Amygdala Amara, Bitter Almonds ; Amygdala Dulcis, Siceet Al-
monds.
Medicinal Part. The kernels.
Descnption. — The almond tree is from ten to eighteen feet high, with
a pale-brown rugged bark, and dividing into many branches. The
leaves are of a bright Ught green, two to four inches long, and about
three-fourths of an inch wide. Flowers are moderately large, pink or
white, sessile, in pairs, and appearing before the leaves. Calyx reddish,
petals variable in size. The fruit is a hoary drupe ; stone oblong or
36 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ovate, hard in various degrees, always rugged and pitted -with irregnilar
holes. Both the bitter and sweet almonds come from this tree.
Histoi'7/. — The almond tree is indigenous to most of the southern
parts of Asia and Barbarj', but is cultivated in Southern Europe. The
best of the sweet kind comes from Malaga. The sweet kernel is with-
out odor, and of a pleasant flavor ; that of the bitter is also inodorous,
unless rubbed with water, when it exhales a smell similar to Prussic
acid. Its taste is similar to that of peach-meats. Both vaiieties con-
tain oil — the sweet a fixed oil, the bitter both a fixed and an essential
oil, impregnated with Prussic acid. The oil of bitter almonds has a
golden color, an agreeable odor, an acid bitter taste, combustible, and
is a poison acting in the same manner as Prussic acid. One di-achm of
this oil, dissolved in three drachms of alcohol, forms the "essence of
almonds " much used by confectioners, perfumers, etc. The oil is also
much used by soap-makers.
Pr^iwrtles and Use^. — Triturated with water, sweet almonds produce a
white mixture called emulsion, or 7mlk of almonds, bearing a remarkable
analogy with animal milk. It is used as a demulcent and vehicle for
other medicines. The oil is demulcent in smaU quantity, in larger
doses laxative. It is frequently employed in cough, diseases dependent
upon intestinal initation, and for mitigating acrimonious urine in calcu-
lous affections.
Dose. — Of the oil, a teaspoonful.
ALNUS RUBRA (Tag Alder).
Common Names. ComTuon Aldei\ Smooth Alder.
Medicin.\l P.\rt. The bark.
Description. — This is a well-known shrub, growing- in clumps, and
forming thickets on the borders of ponds and rivers, and in swamps.
The stems are numerous, and from six to fifteen feet high. The leaves
are obovate, acuminate, smooth, and green, from two to four inches
long.
llistory. — The Alnua Rubra is indigenous to Europe and America, and
blossoms in March and AjDril. The bark is the part used medicinally.
Proj^erties and Uses. — The bark is universally acknowledged to be
alterative and emetic, and is especially recommended for scrofula, sec-
ondary syphilis (inferior, however, to Rock Rose or Stillingia), and cu-
taneous diseases, of which there are many varieties, some of which
have and some of which have not been classified. The active principle
of Almts Rubra, as prepared for practitioners, is called Alnuin, and is
most excellent in cases of dyspepsia produced by inactivity of the gastrio
glands.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
37
AMARANTH (Amaranthus Hypochondriasis).
Common Names. Prince's Feather^ Red CocKs Comh^ etc.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Descriptimi. — This is an annual herb, with a stout upright stem, from
from three to four feet high. The leaves are ob-
long, lanceolate, mucronate, green, with a red
purplish spot, clustered flowers, five stamens.
History. — This plant is a native of the Middle
States, where it is cultivated in gardens as an or- .
namental plant, but contains more medicinal virtues
in its wild state. It flowers in August. The leaves
impart their virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. — Amaranth is astringent.
The decoction drank freely is a valuable domestic
remedy for menorrhagia, diarrhoea, dysentery, and
hemorrhage from the bowels. It is useful as a
local apphcation to ulcers of the mouth and throat,
as an injection for leucorrhcea, and as a wash to
foul, indolent ulcers.
ANEMONE (Anemone Nemorosa).
Amaranth.
Common Name. Wind Flower.
Medicinal Parts. Root, herb, arid seed.
Description. — This is a delicate and pretty plant, with a creeping root,
simple erect stem, six to nine inches high, bearing but a single flower ;
leaves temate ; sepals, four to six ; stamens and ovaries numerous.
History. — This plant is common to Europe and the United States,
bearing purplish and white flowers in April and May. The Meadoio
Anemone of Europe is the most active in its medicinal qualities. Its
active principle is called Anemonine. This plant affords the Pidsatilla
of the Homaopaths.
Projm-ties and Uses. — Anemone in solution has been applied exter-
nally to scald head, tdcers, syphilitic nodes, paralysis, cataract, and
opacity of the cornea, with benefit. A decoction is sometimes used as
an emmenagogue for secondary syphilis, whooping-cough, etc. The
leaves, fresh and bruised, act as a rubefacient. Care should be taken
in its internal administration, as it is acrid and poisonous.
A plant of the same family. Anemone Cyliiulrica, is used by the In-
dians for the cure of the rattle-snake bite. They chew some of the tops
of the plant, swallowing but little of the saliva, then apply it to the bite ;
in a few minutes the bite is rendered harmless.
Dose. — Decoction, a tablespoonful ; anemonine, one grain.
38 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ANGELICA (Angelica Atropurpurea).
Common Name. Mnsterwort.
Medicinal Part. Root, herb, and seed.
Description. — This plant is five or six feet hig-h. The root has a pnr-
ple color ; leaves teruate. with large petioles ; calyx five-toothed, with
equal petals, and the fruit a nut.
Iliiitory. — The plant is perennial, and grows in fields and damp places,
developing greenish-white flowers from May to August. The plant has
a powerful, peculiar^ but not unpleasant odor, a sweet taste, afterwards
pungent ; but in drying it loses much of these qualities.
Properties and Uses. — It is aromatic, stimulant, carminative, diapho-
retic, expectorant, diuretic, and emmenagogne. It is used in flatulent
cohc and heart-bum. It is serviceable in diseases of the urinary organs.
The A. Archnngelica, or Archangd. may be substituted for this.
Dose. — Decoction, two to four ounces ; powder, thirty to sixty grains.
ANISE (Pimpinella Anisum).
CoMiiON Name. Aniseed.
Medicinal Part. The fruit.
Description. —Anise has a perennial, spindle-shaped, woody root, and
a smooth, erect, branched stem, about ten or twelve inches in height.
The leaves are petiolated, roundish, cordate, serrate ; flowers small and
white, disposed on long stalks. Calyx wanting, or minute. The fruit is
ovate, about an eighth of an inch long, dull brown, and slightly downy.
History. — It is a native of Egyi^t, but now cultivated in many of the
warm countries of Europe. The Spanish Aniseed is commonly used
for medicinal purposes. The odor of anise is penetrating and fragrant,
the taste aromatic and sweetish. It imparts its virtues wholly to alco-
hol, only partially to water. That used in cordials is the l^tar Anise,
which is procured from the lUicium Anisaium, a plant of Eastern Asia.
Its volatile oil is often fraudulently substituted for the European oil of
anise.
Frojierties and Uses. — Stimulant and carminative ; used in cases of
flatulency, colic of infants, and to remove nausea. Sometimes addtd
to other medicines to improve their flavor or to correct disagreeable
effects.
Dose.— Of. the seed, twenty to forty grains; essence, thirty drops to a
teaspoonful.
ALOES (Aloe Spicata).
Medicinal Part. The inspissated juice of the leaves.
Description. — The epLked aloe is an inhabitant of the southern parts
THK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 39
of Africa, growing in sandy soil. The stem is woody, rotmd, and about
four feet liigh, and from three to five inches in diameter. The leaves
are thick and fleshy, with a few white spots. Spike a foot long- ; flow-
ers scarlet, and filled with purplish honey. This tree furnishes the
Cape Aloes of commerce. There are other varieties, the A. Socotrina and
the A. vulgaris. The Socotrine aloes is an inhabitant of Socotra, and
the Aloe Vulgaris is generally found in the East Indies and Barbary.
History. — Aloes is of a deep brown or oUve color ; odor unpleasant,
taste peculiar and bitter, powder a bright yeUow. These properties
change somewhat in the different varieties. It is almost completely
dissolved in water.
Properties and Uses. — Aloes is tonic, purgative, emmenagogue, and
anthelmintic. As a laxative its apphcations are limitless. It acts
chiefly upon the rectum, causing heat and irritation about the anus ; it
is therefore improper, unless associated with other medicines, to give it
to patients suffering with pUes. It promotes the menstrual flow, but
when used for this purpose it had better be combined with myrrh. Its
chief use is as a purgative, and it should never be given in inflamma-
tory affections, in gastritis or enteritis, or to females liable to sudden
uterine evacuation, or during pregnancy.
Dose. — Two to ten grains in pill.
ASARABACCA (Asaruii Europium),
Common Names. Hazlewort, or Wild Na/rd.
Medicinal Parts. Boot and leaves.
Description. — The stem of this plant is very short, simple round and
herbaceous, bearing dark-green reniform leaves ; also one drooping
flower of purple color, without coroUa. The fruit is a capsule.
History. — This is a European plant, growing in moist hilly woods, and
flowers from May to August. The root, when dried, has a pepper-like
odor, spicy taste, and yields an ash-colored powder ; the leaves give a
green powder, and have the same medicinal properties as of the root.
They impart their virtues to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Emetic, cathartic, and errhine. Used princi-
pally as an errhine in certain affections of the brain, eyes, face, and
throat, toothache, and paralysis of the mouth and tongue. It is used
by drunkards in France to promote vomiting.
Dose. — Powder, 10 or 12 grains ; as an emetic, from one-half to one
drachm.
ATA-PAJ^A (Aya-pana Eupatorium).
Medicinal Parts. The wJiole plant.
Description. — While traveling in Paraguay, South America, some
40
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
years ago, I became acquainted vdth a species of Enpatorivm or Lung-
wort called Ai/a-paJia, possessed of most ex-
traordinary virtues La consumption and other
diseases of the chest. In Paraguay, which ia
a very pai-adise on earth, numerous medicinal
herbs of exceeding great value grow to the
greatest perfection. The Aya-pana belongs
to the class of Eupatoriutn Perfoliatum, though
quite unlike the Jjimgicort and Thm'ough-'wort,
indigenous to North America. The Aya-pana
is only found on the eastern slope of the
Andes, on the mountain sides, along the sun-
ny banks of streams, and beautifiUly luxuriant
on aU the tributaries to the Amazon, and La
Plata especially. It is a perennial plant, with
numerous erect, round, hairy stems, five to
ten feet high, the stalk plain below, but
branching out in numerous stems near the
top. The leaves grow on the opposite sides of
ya-pana. ^^ stalk in pairs, each pair being joined at
the base. The direction of each pair of leaves is at right angles with
that of the pair either above or beneath. The leaves are long and nar-
row, broadest at the base where they coalesce, gradually tapering to a
sen-ated point, wrinkled, paUsh green on the under surface, and beset
with white silken hairs, which add much effect to their greenish-gray
color. The flowers are snow-white, slightly tinged ■with a purpUsh hue
at the end, very numerous, supported on hairy peduncles. The calyx
is cylindrical, and composed of imbricated, lanceolate, hairy scales, in-
closing from twelve to fifteen tubular florets, having their border divid-
ed into five spreading segments. There are five black anthers united in
a tube, through which a bifid filiform style projects above the flower,
rendering the whole a beautiful and picturesque plant.
nistory. — It flowers constantly during the dry or sunny season, the
blossoms and leaves being only used for medicinal purposes. The flow-
ers are better than the leaves, have an aromatic odor, resembling slight-
ly chamomile, and po.ssess a strong bitter taste, somewhat hke hore-
hound or quassia, which virtue is imparted either to water or alcohol.
Resin, gum, balsam, and mucilage are among the principal constituents
of the flowers. The flowers are gathered in the morning on sunny days,
carefully dried in the sun or by ai'tificial heat, when they are put up in
bags or cedar boxes, and become ready for medicinal use. Prepared in
this way, the flowers and leaves retain their properties for years, im-
proving in their virtues by age, adding to their rich honey -like yellow
coloring matter when distilled for medical purposes.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 41
Properties and Uses. — This plant may rightly be regarded as a specific
in all forms of pulmonary and bronchial affections. It has also great
influence over the valvular action of the heart, in its healthful invigor-
ation of the arterial and venous systems, and its wonderful power in
expelling carbonic acid from the air-cells and pulmonary vessels, prior
to the elimination of rich vermihon blood through the great aorta of
the human economy.
It is one of the ingredients of my ' ' Acacian Balsam " (see page 469),
which, with various other remarkable medicinal agents, forms one of the
most wonderful remedies for coughs, colds, and consumption ever com-
pounded. The plant is not much known in this country, and only im-
ported by myself, and can consequently not be had in apothecaries'.
BALM (Melissa Officinalis).
Medicinal Part. TJie herb.
Deseription. — Balm is a perennial herb, with upright, branching, four-
sided stems, from ten to twenty inches high. The leaves are broadly
ovate, acute, and more or less hairy. The flowers are pale yeUow, with
ascending stamens.
Histcyry. — Balm is a native of France, but naturalized in England and
the United States. It grows in fields, along road-sides, and is well
known as a garden plant, flowering from May to August. The whole
plant is oSicinal or medicinal, and should be collected previous to flow-
ering. In a fresh state it has a lemon-like odor, which is nearly lost by
drying. Its taste is aromatic, faintly astringent, with a degree of per-
sistent bitterness. Boiling water extracts its \-irtues. Balm contains a
bitter extractive substance, a little tannin, gum, and a peculiar volatile
oil. A pound of the plant yields about four grains of the oil, which is
of a yeUovsdsh or reddish-yellow color, very liquid, and possessing the
fragrance of the plant in a high degree. The Nepeta Citriodora., a pow-
erful emmenagogue, is sometimes cultivated and employed by mistake
for Balm. It has the same odor, but may be distinguished by having
both surfaces of the leaves hairy.
Properties and Uses. — It is moderately stimulant, diaphoretic, and
antispasmodic. A warm infusion, dranJc freely, is veiy serviceable to
produce sweating, or as a diaphoretic in fevers. It is also very useful
in painful menstruation, and also to assist the coxirses of females. When
given in fevers, it may be rendered more agreeable by the addition of
lemon- juice. The infusion may be taJsen at pleasure.
BALMOiSnr (Chelone Glabra).
Common Names. Snake head., Turtle Uoom. Salt rheum weed.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
DescrijJtion. — This is a perennial, smooth, herbaceous plant, with
42 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
simple erect stem about two or three feet high. The leaves are oppo-
site, sessile, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, and of a dark shining
green color. The fruit is a capsule.
History. — This valuable medical plant is found in the United States,
in damp soUs, flowering in August and September. The flowers are
ornamental, and vary in color according to the variety of the plant. The
leaves are exceedingly bitter, but inodorous, and impart their virtues to
water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, cathartic, and anthelmintic ; very-
valuable in jaimdice, liver diseases, and for the removal of worms. In
small doses it is a good tonic in dyspepsia, debility of the digestive
organs, and during convalescence from febrile and inflamnaatory dis-
eases. An ointment made from the fresh leaves is valuable for piles,
inflamed breasts, tumors, and painful ulcers.
Dose. — Of the powdered leaves, one drachm ; of the tincture, one or
two teaspoonsful ; of the active principle, Chehnin^ one or two grains.
BARBERRY (Berberis Vulgaris).
Medicinal Part. Bark and berries.
Description. — Barberry is an erect, deciduous shrub, from three to
eight feet high, with leaves of an obovate-oval form, terminated by soft
bristles, about two inches long, and one-third as wide. The flowers are
small and yeUow, in clusters, and the fruit bright-red oblong berries, ia
branches, and very acid.
History. — This shrub is found in the New England States, on the
mountains of Pennsylvania and Virginia, among rocks and hard gravelly
son. OccasionaUy it is found in the West on rich groimds. It flowers
in April and May, and ripens its fruit in June. Its active principle is
Berberina.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and laxative, indicated in jaundice,
chronic diarrhoea, and dysentery. The berries form an agreeable acidu-
lous draught, useful as a refrigerant in fevers ; the bark is bitter and
astringent, and used in the treatment of jaundice. The bark of the root
is the most active ; a teaspoonful of the powder wiU act as a purgative.
A decoction of the bark or berries will be found of service as a wash or
gargle in aphthous sore mouth and chronic ophthalmia.
BAYBERRY (Myrica Cerifera.).
Common Name. Wax Myrtle.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This shrub is branching and partially evergreen, and
varies in height from two to a dozen feet. The flowers aj^pear ia May,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
43
Baybeny.
before tlie leaves are fiilly expanded. The fruits are small and globular,
resembling berries, which are at first green,
but become nearly white. They consist of a
hard stone, inclosing a two-lobed and two-
seeded kernel. On the outside of the stone
are gunpowder-like grains, and over these is
a crust of diy greenish-white wax.
History. — Bayberry is found in woods and
fields, from Canada to Florida. The bark of
the root is the oflBcinal part, but the wax is
also used. Water must be employed to ex-
tract the astringent principles of the root-
bark, alcohol to extract its stimulating virtues.
The period at which the root should be col-
lected is the latter part of fall. Cleanse it
thoroughly, and while fresh separate the bark
with a hammer or club. Dry the bark thor-
oughly and keep it in a dry place ; then pulverize, and keep the powder
in dark and sealed vessels. In order to obtain the wax, boil the berries
in water ; the wax will soon float on the surface, and may be removed
when it becomes cold and hardened.
Properties and Uses. — The bark has been successfully used in scrofula,
jaundice, diarrhoea, dysentery, and in other cases where astringent
Btimulants were indicated. Powdered, it has been employed as a snuff,
with curative effect, in catarrh of the head and nasal polypus. It is
sometimes applied, in poultice form, to old tdcers, sores, tumors, etc. ;
but is better for these when combined with Bloodroot. The wax pos-
sesses mild astringent with narcotic properties. The real properties of
Bayberry bark are found in a preparation caEed Myricin, which is a
stimulant and astringent, and can be employed to the best advantage in
dysentery with typhoid symptoms, chronic diarrhoea, scrofula, and fol-
licular stomatitis. Its greatest and most salutary infliience is exerted
over a diseased condition of the mucous surface. Myricin should be
administered internally by the advice of a physician acquainted with
its virtues. It may be applied externally to sores, ulcers, etc., by any-
body ; but its immediate effects must be neutralized by a poultice of
slippery elm
ARBERRY (Aectostaphylos Uva-Ursi).
Common Nami:. The Upland Cranberry.
MEDicnsTAL Part. TJie Leaves.
Description. — Bearberry is a small, perennial shrub, having a long
fibrous root. The stems arc woody and trailing ; bark smooth. The
44 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
leaves are alternate, evergreea, obovate, acute, and have short petioles.
The fruit is a small, scarlet-colored drupaceous berry.
History. — This plant is a perennial evergreen, common in the northern
part of Europe and America. It grows on dry, sterile, sandy soils, and
gravelly ridges. The berries ripen in winter, although the flowers
appear from June to September. The green leaves, picked from the
stems in the fall and dried in a moderate heat, are the parts used.
These leaves are odorless until reduced to powder, when the odor
emitted is like that of dried grass. The powder is of a light brown
color, tinged with a yellowish green. The taste is astringent and bit-
terish. The properties of the leaves are extracted by alcohol or water.
A preparation called Ursin is made from them.
Properties and Uses. — Uva Ursi is especially astringent and tonic, de-
pending upon these qualities for the most of its good effects. It is par-
ticularly useful in chronic diarrhoea, dysentery, profuse menstruation,
piles, diabetes, and other similar complaints. It possesses rare curative
principles when administered for diseases of the urinary organs, more
especially in chronic affections of the kidneys, mucous discharges from
the bladder, inflammation of the latter organ, and all derangements of
the water-passages. It is also a valuable assistant in the cure of gon-
cn-hoja of long standing, whites, ulceration of the cervix iiteri (or neck
of the womb), pain in the vesical region, etc. Many physicians now
rely upon it as the basis of their remedy for gonorrhoea which is accom-
panied by mucous discharges, and for all kindred afflictions. Its tannic
acid gives it great power in rectifying and extirpating the obstinate and
disagreeable complaints we have mentioned.
Dose. — The dose of the powder is ten to forty grains ; of the decoc-
tion, one to two fluid ounces — (to make this, boil a pint and a half of pure
water, containing one ounce of uva ursi, down to a pint) ; of the extract,
five to ten grains.
BEARS BED (^PoLYTRicniUM Juniperitm).
Common Names. Hair- cap Moss, Bobiri's lii/e, Ground Moss.
Medicinal Part. The w/wle plant.
description. — This is an indigenous plant, having a perennial stem,
Blender, of a reddish color, and from four to seven inches high ; leaves
lanceolate, and somewhat spreading. The fruit a four-sided oblong
capsule.
History. — This evergreen plant is found in high, dry places, along the
margins of dry woods, mostly on poor sandy soil. It is of darker green
color th:in the mosses in general. It yields its virtues to boiling water.
Properties and Usfs.—Thia plant is not much kno^vn as a remedial
agent, but is nevertheless a valuable remedy. It is a i^owerf ul diuretic,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 45
and very serviceable in dropsy. It is very useful in gravel and urinary
obstructions. It causes no nausea or disagreeable sensations in the
stomach, and may be used with the hydragogue cathartics with decided
advantage in dropsical affections.
BEAD TREE (Melia Azedarach).
Common Name. Pride of China.
Medicinal Part. The hark of the root.
Description. — This is an elegant tree, which attains the height of
thirty or forty feet, ^vith a trunk about a foot and a half in diameter.
The bark is rough ; leaves bipinnate ; flowers lilac color ; calyx five-
pai^ted ; coroUa has five petals ; stamens deep violet ; anthers yellow.
The finiit is a five-celled bony nut.
History. —It is a native of China, but cultivated in the warm climates
of Europe and America. It does not grow to any extent north of Vir-
ginia, and flowers early in the sjaring. Its name of Bead Tree is derived
from the use to which its hard nuts are put in Roman Catholic countries,
viz. , for making rosaries. The recent bark of the root is the most active
part for medicinal purijoses. It has a disagreeably bitter taste and a
very unpleasant odor, and imparts its properties to boiling water.
Properties and Uses. — The bark is anthelmintic, and in large doses
narcotic and emetic. It is useful in worm fevers and in infantile re-
mittents, in which, although worms are absent, yet the symptoms are
similar to those accompanying the presence of worms.
The fruit is somewhat saccharine, and is an excellent remedy to expel
worms. Its pulp is used as an ointment for destroying lice and other
ectozoa, as well as in treatment of scald head and other diseases of the
skin. The oil of the nuts is useful as a local application in rheuma-
tism, cramps, obstinate ulcers, etc.
Dose. — Of the powdered bark, twenty grains ; of the decoction (which
is the best form for administration — two ounces of the bark to a pint of
water, and boUed down to a half a pint), a tablespoonful every one, two,
or three hours, tiU the desired effect is obtained. A purgative should
follow its employment. — See '■'■ Bsnovating Pill,''^ page 469.
BELLADONNA (Atropa Belladonna).
Common Names. Deadly Wight-shade, Dwale, Black Cherry, etc.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This perennial herb has a thick, fleshy, creeping root,
and an annual erect leafy stem about three feet high. Leaves ovate,
acute, entire, on short petioles, and of a dull green color. The flowers
are dark purple, and fruit a many-seeded berry.
History. — This plant is common to Europe, growing among ruins and
46
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
waste places, blossoming from May to August, and maturing its fruit in
September. The leaves should be gathered while the plant is in flower.
They yield their virtues to water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Belladonna is an
energetic narcotic. It is anodyne, antispas-
modic, calmative, and relaxant ; exceedingly
valuable in all convulsive diseases. It is much
used as a preventive of scarlatina, and as a
cure for whooping-cough. It dilates the pupil
of the eyes very measurably, and they should
always be watched whenever the plant is ad-
ministered. In the hands of the educated
herbal physician it is a very useful remedy ;
but I caution my readers not to use it in
domestic practice.
BETH-ROOT (Trillium pendulum).
CosrvioN Names. Wake Bobm^ Indian Balm,
Belladonna. Ground Lili/, etc.
Medicinal Part. I'lie root.
Description. — This is an herbaceous, perennial plant, having an oblong
^tuberous root, from which arises a slender stem from ten to fifteen
Inches high. The leaves are three in number, acuminate, from three to
five inches in diameter, with a very short petiole. The flowers are
white, sepals green, petals ovate and acute, styles erect, and stigmas
recurved.
Histoi'i/. — This plant is common in the Middle and Western States,
growing in rich soils and shady woods, flowering in May and June.
There are many varieties, all i:)ossessing analogous medicinal properties.
These plants may be generally kno^vn by their three net-veined leaves,
and their solitary terminal flower, which varies in color in the different
species, being whitish-yeUow and reddish- white. The roots have a faint
turpentine odor, and a peculiar aromatic and sweetish taste. When
chewed they impart an acid astringent impression to the mouth, caus-
ing a flow of saliva and a sensation of heat in the throat and fauces.
Trillin e is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, tonic, and antiseptic, and is
successfully employed in bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, and womb,
excessive menstruation, and likewise in leucorrhcea or whites, and cough,
asthma, and difficult breathing. Boiled in milk, it is of eminent benefit
in diarrhoea and dysentery. The root made into a poultice is very useful
in tumors, indolent and offensive ulcers, stings of insects, and to restrain
gangrene ; and the leaves boiled in lard arc a good application to ulcers,
tumors, etc. The red Beth-root will check ordinary epistaxis, or bleed-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 47
tag of the nose. The leaves boiled in lard is a good external application
in ulcers and tiunors. A strong infusion of powdered Beth-root, of from
two to four tablespoonf Ills, is the most pleasant form of administration
of this valuable remedy.
Dose of the powdered root is one drachm, to be given in hot water ; of
the infusion, two to four ounces.
BIRDS' NEST (Monotropa Uniflora).
Common Names. Ice Plant, Fit Plant, Ova-ova, Indian Pipe.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description.— T\As plant has a dark-colored, fibrous, perennial root,
matted in masses like a chestnut vine, from which arise one or more
short ivory-white stems, four to eight inches high, adorned with white,
sessile, lanceolate leaves.
History. — This singular plant is found from Maine to Carolina, and
westward to Missoviri, growing in shady, solitary places, in rich moist
soil, or soil composed of decayed wood and leaves. The whole plant is
ivory-white, resembling frozen jelly, and when handled melts away like
ice. It flowers from June to Sei^tember. It is evidently a parasite of
the roots at the base of trees.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, sedative, and antispasmodic. It is
useful in fevers, and employed in instances of restlessness, paias, nervous
irritability, etc., in place of opium. It cures remittent and intermittent
fevers, and may be employed instead of quinine. Prompt success has
followed its use in convulsive diseases. The juice of the plant mixed
with rose-water forms an excellent application to sore eyes, or as an in-
jection in gonorrhoea. It is very siugular that peoi^le will use injurious
drugs, or permit themselves to take them, when in this queer little herb
that grows all aroimd them, and which by its singular character invites
attention to it, they can find a sovereign remedy for numberless ills.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, half a drachm to a drachm, two or three
tinies a day.
BITTER ROOT (Apoctntjm Andros^mipolium).
Common Names. Dog^s-bane, Milk-weed, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a smooth, elegant plant, five or six feet high,
with a large perennial root. The leaves are dark-green above, pale be-
neath, ovate, and about two or three inches long and an inch wide.
Corolla white, calyx five-cleft, and stamens five. Fruit a f oUicle. Every
part of the plant is mUky.
History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, growing in
dry, sandy soils, and in the borders of woods, from Maine to Florida,
48
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
flowering from May to August. "When any part of the plant is wounded
a milky juice exudes. The large, milky root is the part used for medi-
cinal purposes. It possesses an impleasant amarous taste. It yields its
properties to alcohol, but especially to water. Age impairs its medicinal
quality.
Projierties and Uses. — Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative. It is
verj' valuable in all liver or chronic hepatic affections. In conjunction
with Menispermin, it is excellent in dyspepsia and amenorrhcEa. WTien
it is required to promptly empty the stomach, without causing much
nausea or a relaxed condition of the muscular system, the powdered
root may be given in two or three scruple doses ; but much prostration
is apt to ensue. As a laxative it is useful in constipation. As a tonic,
ten or twenty grains may be given to stimulate the digestive apparatus,
and thus effect a corresponding impression on the general system. It is
also useful as an alterative in rheumatism, scrofula, and syphihs.
BITTER-SWEET (Aji.vra Dulcis, Solaj^um Dulcamara).
Common Names. Mortal, Woody NigliUlmde, Felon Wort, etc.
]\lEDiciNAL Part. Bark of root and twigs.
DescHption. — Bitter-Sweet is a woody vine, with a shrubby stem
eeveral feet in length, having an ashy green bark. Leaves acute, and
generally smooth, lower one cordate,
upper ones hastate. The flowers are
pui-ple, and the fruit a scarlet, juicy
and bitter berry, which, however,
should not be eaten or used.
History. — Bitter-Sweet is common
to both Europe and America, growing
in moist banks, around dwellings, and
in low damp grounds, about hedges
and thickets, and flowering in June
and July. The berries ripen in au-
tumn, and hang upon the vines for
several months. After the foHage
has fallen the twigs should be gath-
ered. Boiling water and dilute alco-
hol extract their virtues.
Projierties and Uses. — It is a mild
narcotic, diiiretic, alterative, diaphor-
etic, and discutient. It is serviceable
in cutaneous diseases, syphilitic diseases, rheumatic and cachectic affec-
tions, ill-conditioned ulcers, scrofula, indurations, sores, glandular
Bwellings, etc. In obstructed menstruation it serves a good purpose.
Bitter-Sweet.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 49
It is of incalculable benefit in leprosy, tetter, and all skin diseases. It
excites the venereal functions, and is in fact capable of wide application
and use. I regard this plant as important as any in the herbal kingdom,
and too little justice is done to it by those under whose care the sick are
entrusted. It receives but half the homage that is due to it.
The world knows the virtues of my " Herbal Ointment" (see page
409), and which is in great measure due to Bitter-Sweet, as it is one of
the ingredients.
Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; extract, two to five
grains ; powdered leaves, ten to thirty grains.
BLUE FLAG (Iris Versicolor).
Medicinal Part. The rhkmne.
DescHftion. — Blue Flag is an indigenous plant, with a fleshy, fibrous
rhizome. The stem is two or three feet in height, round on one side,
acute on the other, and frequently branched. The leaves are ensiform,
about a foot long, half an inch to an inch wide. The fruit a three-ceUed
capsule.
History. — Blue Flag is common throughout the United States, grow-
ing in moist places, and bearing blue or purple flowers from May to
July. The root has a peculiar odor, augmented by rubbing or pulveriz-
ing, and a disagreeable taste. It imparts its viilues to boUing water,
alcohol, or ether. The root should be sliced transversely, dried, and
placed in dark vessels, well closed, and placed in a dark place ; it will
then preserve its virtues for a long time. The oleo-resin obtained from
it is called Iridin, its active principle.
Properties and Uses.- — This is one among our most valuable medicinal
plants, capable of extensive use. It is alterative, cathartic, sialogogue,
vermifuge, and diuretic. In scrofida and syphilis it acts as a .powerful
and efficient agent, and I employ it in my special treatment of chronic
diseases extensively and successfully. It is useful in chronic hepatic,
renal, and splenitic affections, but had best be combined with man-
drake, poke, black cohosh, etc. It will sometimes salivate, but it need
cause no apprehension ; and when this effect is established, it may be dis-
tinguished from mercurial salivation by absence of stench, sponginess of
the gums, and loosening of the teeth.
Dose. — Powdered root, five to ten grains ; Iridin, one grain.
BLUE VERVAIN (Verbena Hastata).
Common Names. Wild Hyssop.^ Simplcr^s Joy.
Medicinal Part. The root and herb.
Description. — ^Vervain is an erect, tall, elegant, and perennial plant,
3 D
50
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Blue Vervain.
with a four-angled stem three or four feet high, having opposite
branches. The leaves are petiolate, ser-
rate, acuminate, and hastate. The flower
is a small purplish blue one, sessile, and ar-
ranged in long sijikes. Seeds, four.
History. — Vervain is indigenous to the
United States, and grows along roadsides,
and in dry, grassy fields, flowering from
June to September. It is also found in
England, growing among hedges, by the
way-side, and other waste grounds, flower-
ing in July, and the seeds ripening soon
after.
Properties and Uses. — Vervain is tonic,
expectorant, sudorific, and antispasmodic.
It is serviceable in mismenstruation. It is
an antidote to poke-poisoning. It expels
worms, and is a capital agent for the cure of
all diseases of the spleen and liver. If given
in intermittent fever, in a warm infusion or powder, it never fails to
effect a cure. In all cases of cold and obstinate menstruation it is a
most complete and advantageous sudorific. When the circulation of the
blood is weak and languid, it will increase it and restore it to its proper
operation. The infusion, taken cold, forms a good tonic in Cases of
constitutional debility, and during convalescence from acute diseases.
Its value has been found to be great in scrofula, visceral obstructions,
and stone and gravel. It will correct diseases of the stomach, help
coiaghs, wheezing, and shortness of breath, etc. , but its virtues are mora
wonderful still in the effect they produce upon epilepsy, or falling sick-
ness, and fits.
This great — very great — medicinal value of this plant was brought to
my attention by an accidental knowledge of the good it had effected in
a long-standing case of epilepsy. Its effects in that case were of the
most remarkable character, and I was, therefore, led to study most care-
fully and minutely its medicinal peculiarities. I found, after close in-
vestigation and elaborate experiment, that, prepared in a certain way,
and compounded with boneset, water-pepper, chamomile blossoms, and
the best of whiskey, it has no equal for the cure of fits, or falling sick-
ness, or anything like fits ; also for indigestion, dyspepsia, and liver
complaints of every grade. A more valuable plant is not found within
the whole range of the herbal pharmacopoeia. See ' '■Restorative Assimi-
lajit,^^ page 469.
The following application is singularly effective in promoting the ab-
BOrptiou of the blood, effusion in bruises, and allaying the attendant
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
51
pain : Take of Vervain, Senna, and 'WTute Pepper, of each equal parts ;
make a cataplasm or plaster by mixing with white of eggs.
It is also most valuable as a cure for diarrhoea, stomachic and enterio
pains, bowel complaints, and a superexcellent tonic.
I first brought the notice of physicians to this plant about twelve years
ago, previous to which it was unknown as a remedy, but which is now
used by very many physicians, whose reports of its virtues in various
medical journals, published works, and to me by correspondence, axe aa
flattering as my own.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, from one to two scruples ; the dose of
the infusion is from two to four wine-glassfuls three or four times a,
day, if an emetic is desired.
BLACK COHOSH (CmiciFUGA Racemosa).
Common Names. Rattleroot, Squaw Boot, Black SnaJce Boot.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Desmption. — This plant is a tall, leafy perennial herb, with a largfe
knotty root, having long slender fibres. The stem is simple, smooth,
and fiirrowed, and from three to nine feet
high. The flower is a small and fetid one.
History. — It is a native of the United States,
inhabiting upland woods and hillsides, and
flowering from May to August. The root is
the medicinal part. It contains a resin, to
which the names of Cimicifugin or Macrotin
have been given ; likewise fatty substances,
starch, gum, tannic acid, etc. The leaves of
Cimidfuga are said to drive away bugs ; hence
its name from cimex, a bug, and fugo, to drive
away.
Boiling water takes up the properties of the
root but partially, alcohol wholly.
Projjevtics and Uses. — It is a very active and
useful remedy in many diseases. It is slightly
narcotic, sedative, antispasmodic, and exerts a
marked influence over the nervous system. It is successfully used in
cholera, periodical convulsions, fits, epilepsy, nervous excitability, asth-
ma, delirium tremens, and many spasmodic affections, and in consump-
tion, cough, acute rheumatism, neuralgia, and scrofula. Also, very val-
uable in amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and other menstrual and uterine
affections, leucorrhoja, etc. The saturated tincture of the root is a val-
uable embrocation in all cases of inflammation of the nerves, tic doulou -
reux, crick in the back or sides, rheumatism, old ulcers, etc. It has an
Black Cohosh.
62 THE COMPLETE IIERGAIJST.
especial affinity for the uterus, and as it reduces very materially the
ai-terial action, it is, hence, very useful in palpitation of the heart, and
cardiac affections generally.
It exerts a tonic influence over mucous and serous tissues, and is a
superior remedy in a variety of chronic diseases. In my special practice
I use it largely, and its use, in conjimction with other indicated reme-
dies, has afforded me flattering success in many chronic affections.
Dose. — Fluid extract, half a drachm to two drachms ; solid extract,
four to eight grains ; of the tincture the dose is from one to three tea-
spoonsful ; of Cimicifugin the dose is from one to six grains,
BLAZING STAR (Liatris Squarrosa).
Common Names. Gay Feather, DeviVs Bit, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — There are three varieties of this plant used in medicine.
The above is the most common one. It has a tuberous root, and an
erect annual stem from two to five feet high, linear leaves, and flowers
sessile, and of bright purple color.
Liatris Spicata, or Button Snake Boot, is very similar to the above.
Liatris Scariosa, or Oay Feather, has a perennial tuberous root, with
a stout stem from four to five feet high. The leaves are numerous and
lanceolate, lower one on long petioles.
History. — The two former are natives of the ]\Iiddle and Southern
States, and the latter is foimd from New England to AYisconsin. These
splendid natives flower from August to September. The roots have a
hot bitter taste and an agreeable turjjentine odor. The virtues are ex-
tracted by alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — These plants are diuretic, tonic, stimulant, and
cmmenagogue. The decoction is very useful in gonon-hoea, gleet, and
kidney diseases. It is also of service in uterine diseases. As a gargle
in sore throat it is of great advantage. These plants are used for, and
said to have antidotal powers over snake-bites.
BONESET (EUPATORITJM Perfoliatoti).
Common Name. Thorori(jlLwort.
Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.
Description. — Boneset is an indigenous pereimial herb, with a horizon-
tal crooked root ; the stems being round, stout, rough and hairy, from
one to five feet high, and the leaves vemy, sen-ate, rough, and tapering
to along point. The flowers are white and very numerous.
History.— BonesGt grows in low grounds, on the borders of swamps and
streams, throughout the United States, flowering in August and Septem-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
53
ber. Alcohol or boiling water extracts the virtues of the parts used. It
has a feeble odor, but a very bitter taste. It contains tannin and the
extractive salts of potassa. It is called
Boneset on account that it was formerly
supposed to cause rapid union of broken
bones.
Properties and Uses. — It is a very valu-
able medicinal agent. The cold infusion
or extract is tonic and aperient, the warm
infusion diaphoretic and emetic. As a
tonic it is very useful in remittent, inter-
mittent, and typhoid fevers, dyspepsia,
and general debility. In intermittent fever
a stong infusion, as hot as can be comfort-
ably swallowed, is administered for the
purpose of vomiting freely. This is also
attended with profuse diaphoresis, and,
sooner or later, by an evacuation of the bowels. During the intermis-
sion the cold infusion or extract is given eveiy hour as a tonic
and antiperiodic. In epidemic influenza the warm infusion is val-
uable as an emetic and diaphoretic, likewise in febrile diseases, ca-
tarrh, colds, and wherever such effects are indicated. The warm
infusion is also administered to i^romote the operation of other emetics.
Externdlly., used alone or in combination with hops or tansy, etc., a
fomentation of the leaves applied to the bowels is very useful in inflam-
mation, spasms, and painful affections.
Boneset is one of the ingredients of my " Restorative Assimilant,"
and is certainly an excellent adjuvant to the Blue Vervain. (See page
409.)
Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to twenty grains; of the extract,
from two to four grains ; of the infusion, from two to four wineglass-
fuls.
Boneset.
BLACK ROOT (Leptaj^dbia Virginica).
Common Names. Cidvefs Physic, Tall Speedwell.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — It is perennial, with a simple, straight, smooth, herba-
' eons stem, and grows from three to four or five feet in height. The
leaves are short petioled, whorled in fours to sevens, lanceolate, acumi-
nate, and finely serrated. The flowers are white, nearly sessile, and very
numerous. Calyx four-parted, corolla small and nearly white ; stamens,
two. The fruit is a many -seeded capsule.
ITistory. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, but is to be
found in good condition only in limestone countries. It is often discov-
54
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ered in new soil, in moist woods, in swamps, etc., but its medicinal vir-
tues are feeble, excepting when it is found where there is limestone.
The root is the part used. It is perennial, irregular, horizontal, woody,
and about as thick as the forefinger. It is gathered in the fall of the
second year. The fresh root should never be used, as it is very violent
and uncertain in its operations. The dried root, after having been
properly prepared, is what may be relied uj^on for beneficial effects.
Leptandriii is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — The fresh root is too irritant to be used, although
a decoction of it may, with care, be used in intermittent fever. The
dried root is laxative, cholagogue, and tonic, and very much used in
chronic hepatic diseases. It is an excellent laxative in febrile diseases,
and peculiarly applicable in bilious and typhoid fevers. As a laxative
and tonic it is very useful in dyspepsia, especially when associated with
torpidity of the liver. In diarrhoea and dysentery, as a cathartic it fre-
quently effects a cure in one active dose. This admirable remedy is one
of the ingredients of my " Eenovating Pill," see page 469.
Dose. — Powdered root, twenty to sixty grains; infusion, half an
ounce ; leptandrin, one -fourth grain to a grain.
BLOODROOT (Saj^guinaria Canadensis).
Common Name. Red Pmcoofi.
Medicinal, Part. The root.
Description. — Bloodroot is a smooth, her
baceous, perennial plant, with a fibrous root,
which when cut or bruised emits an orange-
colored juice. From each bud of the root
stalk there springs a single leaf about six
inches high, and which is cordate and reni-
form. The flower is white, stamens short,
and anthers yellow. The fruit is a two-valved
capsule.
Histori/. — Bloodroot grows throughoi\t the
United States, in shaded woods and thickets,
and rich soils generally, and flowers from
March to June. Although the whole plant is
medicinal, the root is the part chiefly used.
The fresh root is fleshy, round, and from one
to four inches in length, and as thick as the
fingers. It presents a beautiful appearance when cut and placed under
a microscope, seeming like an aggregation of minute precious stones.
The dried root is dark brown outside, bright yellow inside ; has a faint
virose odor, and a bitter and acrid taste. It may be readily reduced to
Bloodroot
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 65
powder. Its active properties are taken up by boiling water or by
alcohol. Age and moisture impair the qualities of the root, and it ia
of the utmost consequence to get that which has been properly gathered,
and not kept too long. It yields several principles, among which are
sanguinaria, puccine, chelidonic acid, a yellowish fixed oQ, Ugnin, and
gum.
Properties and Uses. — The actions of Bloodroot vary according to ad-
ministration. In small doses it stimulates the digestive organs, acting
as a stimulant and tonic. In large doses it is an arterial sedative. It
is useful in bronchitis, laryngitis, whooping-cough, and other affections
of the respiratory organs. It excites the energies of a tori^id liver, and
has proved beneficial in scrofula, amenorrhoea, and dysentery. Applied
to fungous growths, ulcers, fleshy excrescences, cancerous affections,
the powder acts as an escharotic, and the infusion is often applied with
benefit to skin diseases.
Dose.- — Of the powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains ; as a stimu-
lant and expectorant, three to five grains ; as an alterative, half a grain
to two grains. Tincture, twenty to sixty drops.
BOX (Buxtrs Sei^ipekvirens).
MEDiCESfAL Part. The leaves.
Description. — Box is a small, dense-leaved, hard-wood evergreen tree.
The leaves are ovate, deep shining green, becoming red in autumn ;
flowers pale yellow ; and the fruit a six-seeded globular capsule.
History. — The box tree is a native of the west of Asia, but grows on
dry hills and sandy elevations generally in Europe, and but rarely on
similar soU in America. A preparation called Buxina is obtained from
the powdered bark, but the leaves are the parts mainly used in medical
practice. They readily impart their virtues to alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. — It is cathartic, sudorific, and alterative. The
preparations of the leaves are excellent for the expulsion of worms, for
piirging the bowels, and regulating the action of the liver ; for brealdng
fevers, and for purifying the blood and glandular secretions. In syrup
it Ls very valuable as a cure for all diseases of a syphilitic character, and
may be used alone to great advantage, where the compound syrup of
stOlingia cannot be obtained. The stillingia is preferable if it is at all
to be had. The dose of a strong decoction, or syrup, of box, is half a
fluid ounce, three times a day. In very severe cases the dose may be
increased to a fluid ounce ; but this should not be undertaken excepting
by the advice of a physician. When intestinal worms are to be destroyed
or expelled, the powdered leaves are usually administered in, to chil-
dren, doses of five grains ; to adults, in doses of from ten to fifteen
grains. It possesses antispasmodic qualities, and has been given with
56 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
good effect in hysteria, epilepsy, chorea (St. Yitus' Dance), etc. Chips
of the wood (decoction) are useful in chronic rheumatism. The chief
value of the Buxus Sempervirens, however, centres in its antisyphilitic
virtues. I combine it with corydalis (Turkey pea) and the compound
syrup of stniingia, in such a manner that it will surely cure syphilis in
the first, second, or third stage ; also certain forms of scrofula and
scurvy. In other diseases it is no better than many other plants men-
tioned in this book.
The reader will do well to remember that the common garden box
possesses the medical qualities of the Buxus Semjiervirens to a feeble
extent only. The powerful antisjiahilitic virtues of which I have spoken
can be procured only from the leaves of the tree reared ta Asia, the in-
fluences of that climate being requisite to perfect them.
EUCHU (Barosma Crenata).
Medicinal Part. TJie leaces.
Description. — This plant has a slender, smooth, upright, perennial
Btem, between two and three feet high. The leaves are opposite, flat,
about an inch long, ovate or obovate, acute, serrated, and dotted. The
flowers are pink, and fruit an ovate capsule.
History. — The Buchu plant is a native of Southern Africa. It does
not grow very prolifically. There are two other varieties from which
the leaves are taken, and which are of equal value with the Bwrosma,
Crenata. The leaves are the jiarts which are termed officinal. The
Hottentots gather these leaves (which emit a sort of minty odor) and
powder them. "The powder," says a traveler, "they have named
Booko.^ and they use it for anointing their bodies." They also distil the
leaves, and obtain from them a strong spirituous liquor somewhat re-
sembling pale brandy, which they not only use for oon\'ivial purposes,
but for the cure of vaiious diseases, particularly those which are located
in the stomach, bladder, bowels, and kidneys. A decoction of the
leaves is systematically applied by them, with success, we are told, to
woiinds ; but this is an assertion of which we have no direct proof. As
we get them, the leaves are nearly, or quite, an inch in length, and from
a sixth to half an inch in width, elliptical, lanceolate, slightly acute, or
shorter and obtuse ; their margin is serrated and glandular, upper sur-
face smooth, and of a clear shining green, the under surface paler, with
scattered oil points. They taste and smell like pennyroyal ; but are
neither heating nor bitter when chewed. They have to be kept very
carefully, if their odor and virtues are desired to be thoroughly preserved
for any reasonable length of time. The leaves of aU the varieties are
somewhat similar, and pos.scss about the same qualities. They jrield their
volatile oU fuid extractive (upon which their virtues are mainly depen-
dent) to alcohol or water.
THE COMPLETE HERHALIST. 57
Properties and Uses. — Buchu is aromatic and stimulant, diuretic and
diaphoretic. It is employed in dyspepsia with a palliative effect, but is
chiefly administered in chronic inflammation of the bladder, irritation
of the membrane of the urethra, uric acid gravel, diabetes in its first
stage, and in incontinence of urine. It is recommended, without good
reason, for cutaneous and rheumatic affections. I have no doubt Buchu
is of some importance in chronic diseases of the urino-genital organs,
for I have tried it ; but I am sure that we have many native remedies
which are altogether superior, and which are neglected only because the
public is so familiar with them that they do not care to give them a fair
trial.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; infusion, two to four
ounces ; tincture, one or two drachms ; fl. extract, thirty to sixty drops.
BURNING BUSH (EuoNYMUs Atropukpureus).
Common Names. Wnhoo, Spindle Tree, etc.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Desc7'iption.—Wahoo is a small shrub or bush, with smooth branches,
and from five to ten feet high. The leaves are from two to five inches
in length, lanceolate, acute, and finely serrate. Flowers dark purple,
and the fruit a crimson, five-celled capsule. There is another variety
known as Euonprnvs Americanvs, which is equally useful medicinally,
and this and the foregoing are both kno^vn by the name of Waltoo better
than by any other title.
History. — These plants grow in many sections of the United States, in
woods and thickets, and in river bottoms, flowering in June. The bark
of the root has a bitter and unpleasant taste in its natural shape, and
yields its qualities to water and alcohol. The active principle is Ew)-
nymin.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, laxative, alterative, diuretic, and
expectorant. It is serviceable in dyspepsia, torpid liver, constipation,
dropsy, and pulmonary diseases. In intermittents it serves a good
purpose.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to thirty grains ; tincture, one to four
drachms ; Euonymin, one-eighth to half a grain.
BUTTER WEED (Erigeron Canadense).
Common Names. ColVs Tail, Pride Weed, Horse Weed, Canada Flea-
Bane.
Medicinal Part. The whole plant.
Description.— This, is an indigenous, annual herb, with a high bristly,
hairy stem, from six inches to nine feet high. The leaves are lanceo-
late ; flowers small, white, and very numerous.
History. — Butterweed is common to the Northern and Middle States,
3*
58 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
grows in fields and meadows, by road-sides, and flowers from Jiine to
September. It should be gathered when in bloom, and carefully dried.
It has a feeble odor, somewhat astringent taste, and yields its virtues to
alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, diuretic, and astringent. It is use-
ful in gravel, diabetes, dropsy, and ia many kidney diseases. It can
also be employed in diarrho2a, dysentery, etc. The volatile oil may be
used instead of the infusion.
Z)ose. — Of the powder, half a drachm; infusion, two to four ounces;
fl. extract, teaspoonful ; oil, from four to six drops on sugar.
CAHINCA (CniococcA Racemosa).
CoiniON Name. Snow Berry.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This is a climbing shrub, with a round branched root,
and a stem from eight to twelve feet high. The leaves are ovate and
smooth ; flowers white and odorless, and become yellow and redolent ;
calyx, five-cleft ; corolla, funnel-shaped ; stamens, five. The fruit is a
small white berry.
History. — This plant is a native of the West Indies, Florida, and
South America. The root has a coif ee-like taste, of a reddish-brown
color, and a disagreeable odor. It affords the Cahincic Acid, its most
important medicinal agent.
Properties and Uses. — In medium doses it aids the urinary discharge,
increases the action of the heart, and promotes perspiration. It has
been found efficient in amenorrhoea, rheumatism, syphilis, etc., and ia
used in Brazil as an antidote to snake-bites.
Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to sixty grains.
CALICO BUSH (Kalmia Latifolia).
Common Names. Sheep Laurel, Spoonicood, Mountain Laurel, Lamb-
kiU.
Medicinal Part. The leaver.
Description. — This handsome plant is a shrub from four to eight feet
high, with crooked stems and a rough bark. The leaves are evergreen,
ovate, lanceolate, acute at each end, on long petioles, and from two to
three inches long. The flowers are white and numerous. The fruit is
a dry capsule.
//(■.s<W7/. — Sheep. Laurel inhabits the rocky hills and elevated grounds
of most parts of the United States. Its beautiful flowers appear in
June and July. The loaves are reputed to be poisonous to sheep and
other animals, and it is said that birds which have caton them will
poison those who eat the birds. The leaves are the officinal part. At-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 59
tention was called to their medicinal virtues by the use which the
Indians make of them, viz. , a decoction by which they commit suicide.
Properties and Uses. — The plant, in medicinal doses, is antisyphilitic,
sedative to the heart, and somewhat astringent. It is a most efficient
agent in syphilis, fevers, jaundice, neuralgia, and inflammation. The
preparation should be used with great care and prudence. In cases of
poisoning with this plant, either man or beast, whiskey is the best anti-
dote. Externally, stewed with lard, it is serviceable as an ointment for
various skin diseases.
Dose. — The saturated tincture of the leaves is the best form of ad-
ministration. It is given in from ten to twenty drops every two or
three hours. Powdered leaves, from ten to twenty grains.
CANCER ROOT (OROEANCnE Virginiana).
Common Name. BeecJi Drops.
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This is a parasitic plant, with a smooth, leafless stem
from a foot to a foot and a half in height, with slender branches given
off the whole length of it. The root is scaly and tuberous.
History. —This plant is native to North America, and generally a para-
site upon the roots of beech trees, flowering in August and September.
The whole plant is of a dull red color, without any verdure. It has a
disagreeable, astringent taste It yields its virtues to water and alco-
hol.
Properties and Uses. — An eminent astringent. Used with benefit in
fluxes and in diarrhoea, but possesses no property of curing cancer. It
can be used with advantage in erysipelas. Locally applied to wounds, it
prevents or anests the process of mortification. It is also useful as an
application to obstinate ulcers, aphthous ulcerations, etc. , etc. It exerts
the same influence upon the capillary system as the mineral drug tinc-
ture of iron.
CANNABIS INDICA.
Common Name. Indian Hemp.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is an herbaceous annual, growing about three feet
high, with an erect, branched, angular bright green stem. The leaves
are alternate, or opposite, on long lax foot-stalks, roughish, with sharply
serrated leaflets tapering into a long, smooth entire point. The male
flowers are drooping and long, the females simple and erect. The seeds
are small, ash-colored, and inodorous.
History. — Cannabis Indica, or Cannabis Sativa, is a native of the
Caucasus, Persia, but grows in the hilly regions of Northern India. It
in cultivated in many parts of Europe and Asia ; but medicine of value
60 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
can only be made from the Indian variety, fhe active principle of the
plant being developed only by the heat of the climate of Hindostan.
The dried tops and resin are the parts used. The preparations csiUed
C/nirrus, Gimjah, Bhang, Hashish, etc., sold in this country, are most-
ly feeble imitations of the genuine articles, and are comparatively
worthless. Even the few specimens of the genuine productions which
reach the shops, and are sold at high prices, are crude and inferior, and
can in no wise impart the effects which attach to the pure article. It is
a matter of great difficulty to procure the genuine article even direct
from dealers in India, unless you have had years of experience as a
practising herbal physician, and have established business connections in
various parts of the world as an Importer of rare and pure medicinal
herbs, barks, roots, resins, etc.
The Cannabis Saliva, or common hemp, possesses similar properties,
and can be substituted if the Asiatic hemp is not procurable.
Properties and Uses. — It is narcotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It
has been successfully employed in gout, neuralgia, rheumatism, locked-
jaw, convulsions, chorea, hysteria, and uterine hemorrhage ; but it is
chiefly valuable asan invigorator of mind and body. Its exhilarating
qualities are unequalled, and it is a certain restorative in low mental
conditions, as well as in cases of extreme debility and emaciation. In
such cases it may be regarded as a real rejuvenator. It should be taken
by the advice of one experienced in its uses, in order that its merits
may be properly and fairly experienced. The spurious hemp should
never be taken, as it produces, what the genuine does not, unpleasant
consequences. I have used this article in many a preparation with
great success.
CASSIA i\IARILANDICA.
Common Names. American Senna, Wild Senna.
Medicinal Part, llie leaves.
Description. — This is a perennial herb, growing from four to six feet
high, with round, smooth, and sUghtly hairy stenjs. The leaves have
long petioles, ovate at base ; each petiole has eight or ten leaflets, which
are oblong, smooth, mucronate, an inch or two long, and quite narrow.
The flowers are bright yellow, and the fniit is a legume from two to
four inches long.
History. — The American Senna is to be found from New England to
Carolina, growing in rich soils here and there. It flowers from June to
September, and the leaves are gathered, for their medicinal v-irtues,
while the plant is in bloom. They yield their \'irtues to alcohol oi
water.
Propertie^^ and Uses. — It is one of the most important herbal cathar-
tics furnished by America, and is mentioned here solely on the ground
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 61
that it is equally valuable as tlie foreign Senna, or ordinary Senna of
the drug-shops, and costs much less. The analysis of the leaves shows
that they contain albumen, mucUage, starch, yellow coloring matter,
volatile oil, fatty matter, resin, liguin, and salts of potassa, and lime.
Dose. — Of the powder, from a half -drachm to two and a half
drachms ; infusion, four or five ounces
CATECHU (Acacia Catechu).
Common Names. Cutch, Gamhir, Terra Japotiica.
Medicinal Part. Extract of the wood.
Description. — Catechu i§ a small-sized tree from fifteen to twenty
feet high. The bark is thick, and branches spreading. Leaves bipin-
nate. Flowers numerous, white or pale yellow, and the fruit a legume.
Histo7"y. — This tree is common to the East Indian continent, thriving
in Bengal, and on the Malabar coast. As found in the shops it is in
square, round, and irregular pieces, variable in color, friable, odorless,
astringent taste. Soluble iu hot water, depositing a reddish matter on
cooling.
Properties and uses. — This is a strong astringent. In chronic diar-
rhoea, chronic catarrh, chronic dysentery, it proves beneficial, and it is a
valuable agent as a local ajiplication in throat diseases, especially such
as singers are subject to. The tincture is often useful as a local appli-
cation to fissured nipples of nufsing women.
Dose. — Of the powder, from five to twenty grains ; of the tincture,
from twenty minims to half an ounce.
CEDRON (SiMABA Cedron).
Medicinal Part. TJie seed.
Description. — Simaba is a small tree, with an erect stem about half a
foot in diameter, branching luxuriantly at the top. Leaves obovate,
large, and serrated ; flowers sessile, pale brown, and the fruit a soUtary
drupe.
History. — This tree grows in New Grenada and Central America. Its
value as a medicinal agent has long been known in Costa Rica, Trinidad,
etc. , and from thence was communicated to scientific gentlemen in
France. The seed, which is the part used, is about an inch and a half
long, nearly an inch broad, and about half an inch thick. It is hard, but
can be easily cut by a common knife. It is inodorous, but tastes Uke
quassia or aloes, and yields its properties to water or alcohol. In South
America the properties of these seeds were known as early as the year
1700. At that time they were applied more especially as an antidote to
the bites of poisonous serpents, and similar affections.
Properties and Uses. — It is an antispasmodic, and one of the most
valuable articles of the kind known to educated herbalists. It is very
b2 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
useful in all nervous affections, and is administered in one or two grain
doses. As it can only be obtained from those who, like myself, import
it especially, it is unnecessary to say that it should not be administered
without the advice of competent herbal physicians. To give an idea of
its value as an antispasmodic, I mention that it is a cure for hydropho-
bia, and an antidote for the majority of acro-narcotic poisons.
CELANDINE (Chelidonium Majus).
Common Name. Tetter Wort.
Medicinal Parts. Jlerb and root.
Description. — This plant is an evergreen perennial, with a stem from
one to two feet ia height, branched, swelled at the joints, leafy, round,
and smooth ; the leaves are smooth, spreading, very deeply pinnatified ;
leaflets in from two to four pairs, from one and a half to two and a half
inches long, and about two-thirds as broad, the termtaal one largest, aU
ovate, cuneately incised or lobed ; the lateral ones sometimes dUated at
the lower margin, near the base almost as if auricled ; c(^or of all, a
deep shining green ; the flowers are bright yellow, umbellate, on long,
often hairy stocks.
History. — Celandine is a pale green, fleshy herb, indigenous to Europe
and naturalized in the United States ; it grows along fences, by-roads,
in waste places, etc. , and flowers from May to October. If the plant be
wounded, a bright yeUow, offensive juice flows out, which has a persis-
tent, nauseous, bitter taste, with a bitiag sensation in the mouth and
fauces. The root is the most tatensely bitter part of the plant, and is
more commonly preferred. Drying dimtaishes its activity. It yields its
virtues to alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, acrid, alterative, diuretic, dia-
phoretic, purgative, and vulnerary. It is used internally in decoction
or tincture, and externally in poultice or ointment for scrofula, cuta-
neous diseases, and pUes. It is likewise good in hepatic affections, or
liver complaints, and exerts a special influence on the spleen. As a
drastic hydragogue, or purge, it is fully equal to gamboge. The juice,
when applied to the skin, produces inflammations, and even vesications.
It has long been known as a caustic for the removal of warts ; it is also
apphed to indolent ulcers, fungous growths, etc. , and is useful in re-
moving specks and opacities of the cornea of the eye.
Celandine is from the Greek word Chelidon, which signifies a swallow.
The ancients assert that if you put out the eyes of yoimg swallows when
they are in the nest, the old ones will restore their eyes again with this
herb. It is said that we may mar the apple of the bird's eye with a
needle, and that the old birds ^v^l restore their sight again by means of
this herb. Never having made any such cruel experiments, I am not
prepared to say whether any such miraculous power of healing losa of
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
63
eight is a virtue of the plant, or whether it is an instinct or gift inherent
of the swallow itself.
Celandine is also used in curing salt-rheum, tetter, or ringworm. It
is superior to arnica as a vulnerary ; an alcoholic tincture of the root
(three ounces to a pint) will be found an unrivalled application to pre-
vent or subdue traumatic inflammations.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, from half a drachm to one drachm ; of
the fresh juice, from twenty to forty drops, in some bland hquid ; of
the tincture, from one to two fluid drachms ; of the aqueous extract,
from five to ten grains.
CENTAURY (Sabbatia Angularis).
Common Name. Rose Pink.
MEDicrNAL Part. The herb.
Description. — This plant has a yellow fibrous, biennial root, with an
erect, smooth, quadrangular stem, with the angles winged, having many
opposite branches, and growing from one to two feet in height. The
leaves are opposite, fine-veined, smooth, en-
tire, from one to five inches in length, and
from half an inch to one and a half inches
wide, clasping the stem. The flowers are
numerous, from an inch and a quarter to an
inch and a half in diameter, of a rich rose or
carnation color, standing, as it were, at the
tops of one umbrU or tuft, very like those of
St. Jolm^s wort., opening themselves in the
day-time and closing at night, after which
come seeds in little short husks, in forms like
unto wheat corn. There are three varieties
of the Centaury in England, one kind bearing
white flowers, another yellow, and another
red. All have medicinal properties, although
the American variety is considered preferable
to the European Centaury.
History. — This plant is common to moat
parts of the United States, growing in moist
meadows, among high grass, on the prairies, and in damp, rich soils,
flowering from June to September. The whole herb is used. It has
a very bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water or alcohol. The best
time for gathering it is during the flowering season. In England they
use the red Centaury in diseases of the blood, the yeUov.r in choleric
diseases, and the white in those of phlegm and water.
Properties and Uses. — It is an excellent tonic. It is used in all fall
periodic febrile diseases, both as a preventive and a remedy. It is also
Centaury.
64
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
serviceable as a bitter tonic in dyspepsia and convalescence from fevera
When administered in vparm infusion it is a domestic remedy for worms,
and to restore the menstrual secretion.
Dose. — Of the powder, from half a drachm to a drachm ; of the cold
infusion, a teacujiful every two or three hours ; of the tincture, a wine-
glassful ; of the extract, from two to six grains.
CENTTJRY PLANT (Agave Americana).
Common Name. SouiJi American Agave.
Medicinal Part. The inspissated juice.
Description. — This plant, which is also sometimes called the Century
Plant, from an erroneous idea that it blossoms but once in a hundred
years, is the largest of all herbaceous plants. It is an evergreen, and
does not blossom often.
History. —It flourishes in the warmer latitudes of South America,
where its juice is expressed by the natives and allowed to ferment. In
this condition it is called pulque, and is used as an exhilarating bever-
age. The natives can drink large quantities of this liquor without get-
ting veiy much intoxicated ; but it is very severe upon those who are
not accustomed to it.
Properties and Uses. — The fresh juice is used by the South Americana
to regulate the action of the bowels and kidneys, and is considered very
valuable for dyspepsia and diseases
of the bladder. The South Ameri-
can women use the juice and the
decoction to promote menstruation.
I can say of my own knowledge
that, in proper combination, it is a
superior anti-syi^hilitic, and that in
scorbutic affections it is without
many superiors. The dose is from
half a fluid ounce to two ounces,
three times a day.
The Agave Virginica, or F'alse
Aloe, is not to be confounded with
this, as that plant is a laxative and
carminative .
CHAMOMILE (Aijthemis No-
BILIS).
Medicinal Part. The Flowers.
Description. — This is a perennial herb, with a strong fibrous root.
The stems in a Avild state are prostrate, but in gardens more upright,
Chamomile.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
65
about a span long, round, hoUow, furrowed, and downy ; the leaves
pale gi-een, pinnate, sessile, with thread-shaped leaflets. The flower-heads
terminal, rather larger than the daisy, and of yellow color, or whitish.
Histcyi'y. — Chamomile is indigenous to Southern Europe ; we have
also a common or wild Chamomile {Matricaria Chamoviilla) growing in
the United States, but it is not considered as good as the Roman
Chamomile for medicinal purposes, which is the kind I use. The white
flowers are the best ; they have an aromatic, agi'eeably bitter taste, and
peculiar odor. They yield their properties to alcohol and water.
Pr<yper ties and Uses. — Chamomile is a tonic; one or two teacupfuls
of the warm infusion wiU usually vomit. The cold iafusion is highly
useful in dyspepsia, and in all cases of weak or irritable stomachs, also
in intermittent and typhoid fevers. The oil is carminative and anti-
spasmodic, and is used in flatulency, coUc, cramp in the stomach, hys-
teria, nervous diseases, and painful menstruation.
A poultice of Chamomile wUl often prevent gangrene, and remove it
when present. It is an ingredient in my " Restorative Assimilant," and
is a most excellent adjutant and conigent in that great remedy.
Dose. — Half a drachm to two drachms of the flowers. Of the infu-
sion, half a teacupful to a teacupful ; of the oil, five to fifteen drops on
Bugar.
CHERRY LAUREL (Prunus Laurocerasus).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a small evergreen
shrub or tree with smooth branches. Leaves
with short petioles, oval-oblong, seirate,
acute, and smooth. Flowers shorter than
the leaves, calyx inferior, corolla has five
white petals ; stamens about twenty ; and
fruit a round, black, smooth drupe.
History. — Originally a native of Asia
Minor, from whence it was introduced into
Europe in 1576, and subsequently from
Europe to the United States. It is now com-
mon in gardens and shrubberies. The leaves
have scarcely any odor until bruised, then
they have a bitter almond odor ; taste very
bitter, aromatic, and slightly astringent.
They impart their virtues to water and alco-
hol.
Properties and Z7ses. —An excellent sedative. Useful lq tic-doiiloureux,
phthisis, spasmodic cough, palpitation of the heart, and in all spasmodic
affections. „
Cherry LaureL
C6 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.
Dose. — Powdered leaves, four to eight grains; latirel water, ten to
thirty drops.
CmCKWEED (Stellaiiia Media).
Medicinal Part. The Jierb.
Description. — This plant is an annual or biennial weed, from six to
fifteen inches in length, with a prostrate, brittle, and leafy stem. The
leaves are ovate-cordate ; the lower ones on hairy petioles. The flowers
ai-e smaU and white, petals two-parted, stamens three, five, or ten.
History. — It is a common plant in Europe and America, growing in
fields and arotmd dwellings, in moist, shady places. It flowers from
the beginning of spring till the last of autumn. The seeds aie eaten by
poultry and birds. The whole herb is used when recent.
Properties and Uses. — It is a cooUng demulcent. The fresh leaves
braised and applied as a poultice to indolent, intractable ulcers, even
when of many years' standing, wiU produce most immediate and de-
cided beneficial results, to be changed two or three times a day. The
bruised leaves vsoU likewise be found an invaluable application in acute
ophthalmia. An ointment made by bmising the recent leaves in. fresh
lard, may be used as a cooling application to erysipelatous and other
forms of ulceration, as well as many forms of cutaneous diseases.
CHOCOLATE ROOT, Geum Rivale ( Water Avens), Geum Virgini-
ANUM ( White Avens).
Common Names. Throat Root, Puiple Avens.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Geum Rivale, or Pm'jile Avens, is a perennial, deep
green herb; woody root; leaves nearly lyrate, crer.ate-dentate, and
from four to six inches long. The flowers are few and yellowish purple
in color.
Geum Viuginianum, or Throat Root, is also a perennial, with a
smaU, crooked root. The stem is two or three feet high. The leaves
are pinnate or lyrate ; flowers rather small and white ; and the fruit im
achenium. The former is common to the United States and Europe,
flowering in June or July, and the latter only to the United States,
flowering from June to August.
History.— ThG^e plants, with other varieties, have long been used in
domestic practice. The whole herb contains medicinal properties, but
the officinal and most efficient part is the root. Boiling water or alcohol
extracts their virtues.
Properties and Uses. — Is tonic and astringent. It is used in passive
and chronic hemorrhages, chronic diarrhcea and dysentery, luucor-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
67
rhoea, dyspepsia, pulmonary affections, congestions of the abdominal
viscera, etc.
Dose.—Ot the powder, from twenty to thirty grains ; of the decoc-
tion, from two tablespoonfuls to a wineglassful, three or four times a day.
CINCHONA.
Common Names. Peruvian Bark, Jesuits' Bark.
Medicinal Part. The bark.
Description.— The bark is obtained from the CincJuma Calisaya, Cin-
chona Condaminea, Cinchona Succirubra, and Cinchona Lancifolia.
These trees are all evergreen trees or shrubs. Their generic character
is to have opposite entire leaves ; flowers white, or usually roseate or
purplish, and very fragrant ; calyx a turbinated tube ; corolla salver-
shaped ; stamens, five ; anthers, liaear ;
style, simple ; stigma, bifid. The fruit a
capsule, ovate or oblong, filled with nume-
rous winged seeds. About thirteen varie-
ties of cinchona are known to commerce,
but the above are the most important. Of
these species the former three yield re-
spectively the pale, yellow, and red cin-
chona barks, and the fourth is one of the
sources of quinine.
History. — Cinchona is a very old dis-
covery, and takes its name from the wife
of the Spanish viceroy. Count de Cinchon,
who was ciu-ed of fever by it, at Lima,
about the year 1638. For some time after
its introduction into Europe, the Jesuits,
who received the bark from their brethren
in Peru, alone used it, and kept to them-
selves the secret of its origin ; and their
use of it was so successful that it received
the name which still clings to it of "Jesuits' Bark." The bark richest
in the antiperiodic alkaloids is the Cinchona Calisaya. The geograph-
ical range of the cinchonas appears to be exclusively confined to the
Andes, within the boundaries of Peru, Bolivia, Equador, and New
Granada. Thirteen species furnish the barks of commerce, and all of
them are found growing from one to ten thousand feet above the level
of the sea. The four species we have named at the head of this article
are, however, the only ones recognized by the United States Pharma-
copoeia, and are the favorites everywhere. Since the seventeenth cen-
tury these barks have been the study of men versed in medical and
chemical science, and they and the preparations made from them rank
68 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
among the most important articles of the Materia Medica. It contains
numerous active principles, but the most important, and one chiefly
used, is quinine.
Properties and Uses. — Cinchona bark is tonic, antiperiodic, astringent
to a moderate extent, and eminentlj' febrifuge. It is topically (or ex-
ternally) antiseptic, and is of much value when applied to gangrenous
ulcerations, or used for gargles and washes in erysipelas, ulcerated sore
throat, mouth, etc. I do not recommend the use of the bark in cases
where the stomach is vory much weakened (although it is employed in
every disease in which there is deficient tone), because the woody fibre
in the powder will most generally disagree. When taken internally it
imparts a sensation of warmth to the stomach, which gradually spreads
over the whole body ; the pulse becomes stronger and is accelerated,
and the various organs are gently stimulated. It may be used with
benefit in ordinary cases of dyspepsia, general debility, and all febrile,
eruptive, and inflammatory diseases, in whatever stage they may be.
In all cases of night-sweating, or great feebleness, it is valuable. As
an antiperiodic it is not surpassed by anything else used. "VVTien it
excites nausea, add an aromatic ; if jiurging, opium ; if costiveness,
rhubarb. .
Quinine is a white flocculent powder, inodorous, and has a very bitter
taste. It is very sparingly soluble iii warm water, still less so in cold
water. It is readily soluble in hot alcohol, and tolerably so in ether. It
is always best to administer quinine instead of the bark, unless some of
the effects of the other i^rinciples are desired.
Dose. — Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; fluid extract, ten
to sixty drops ; of quinine, from one to fifteen grains, according to
purpose.
CINQUE-FOIL (PoTENTiLLA Canadensis).
Common Name. Five-Finger.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This perennial plant has a procumbent stem from two
to eighteen inches in length. The leaves are i)almate, leaflets obovate,
and flowers yellow, on soUtary pedicels.
There are two varieties of this plant, the P. PamiUa, which is very
small and delicate, flowering in Aprfl. and May, and growing in diy,
sandy soils, and the P. Simptlcx., a larger plant, growing in richer soils,
and flowering from June to August.
History. — Five-finger is common to the United States, growing by
road-sides, on meadow banks and waste grounds, and flowering from
April to October. The root is the part used. It has a bitterish, styptic
taste, and yields its virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic and astringent. A decoction is use-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 69
ful in fevers, bowel complaints, night sweats, menoiThagia, and other
hemoiThages. It makes an excellent gargle for spongy, bleeding gums,
and ulcerated mouth and throat.
The PoTENTiLLA ToRMENTiLLA, or Sept-Foil of Europe, possesses
similar qualities, and may be used by my readers ia that countiy if the
American root is not to be obtained.
CLEAVERS (Galium Aparine).
Common Names. Ooose Grass, Catc7iweed, Bed-Straw.
Medicinal Part. T/ie herb.
Description.- — It is an annual succulent plant, with a weak, procum-
bent, quadrangular, retrosely-j^rickled stem, which grows from two to six
feet high, and is hairy at the joints. The leaves are one or two inches
in length, and two or three lines in breadth ; rough on the margin and
tapering to the base. The flowers are white, small, and scattered.
History. — This plant is common to Europe and the United States,
growing in cultivated grounds, moist thickets, and along banks of rivers,
and flowering from June to September. In the gr-een state the plant
has an unpleasant odor ; but it is inodorous when dried, ■with an acidu-
lous, astringent, and bitter taste. Cold or warm water extracts the \ir-
tue>3 of the plant ; boning water destroys them. The roots dye a
permanent red.
Properties a7id Uses.- — It is a most valuable refiigerant and diuretic,
and wiU be found very beneficial in many diseases of the urinary organs,
as suppression of urine, calculous affections, inflammation of the kid-
neys and bladder, and in the scalding of urine in gonorrhoea. It is con-
tra-indicated in diseases of a passive character, on account of its
refrigerant and sedative effects on the system, but may be used freely
in fevers and all acute diseases. An infusion may be made by macerat-
ing an ounce and a half of the herb in a pint of warm water for two
hours, of which from two to four fluid ounces may be given three
or four times a day when cold. It may be sweetened with sugar or
honey. It has also been found useful in many cutaneous diseases, as
psoriasis, eczema, Uchen, cancer, and scrofula, and is more particularly
useful in these diseases when they are combined with strumous diathe-
sis. The best form for administration is that of the inspissated juice,
which may be in one or two drachm doses, thi-ee times a day.
The plant called Galium Tinctoriiim, or Small Cleavers, is nervine,
anti-spasmodic, expectorant, and diaphoretic. It is used successfully in
asthma, cough, and chronic bronchitis, exerting its influence principally
upon the respiratory organs. The plant has a pungent, aromatic, pleas-
ant, persistent taste. A strong decoction of the herb may be given in
doses of from one to four fluid ounces, and repeated two or three timea
70 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
a day, according to circumstances. The root of this plant will also dye a
permanent red.
COCA (Erythroxylon Coca).
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — I first became acquainted with this most remarkable
plant many years ago, while traveling in Bolivia, South America, in the
beautiful valleys of the Cordilleras. The Coca is a bush which rarely
attains six feet in height, and does not often exceed three. Its foUage
is of a bright green, its flowers white, and its fruit small and red. When
the plants are just about eighteen inches high they are transplanted
from the seed-beds into fields called c-occdes. The ripe leaves are gath-
ered with the fingers. They are dried by spreading them in the sun,
sometimes on woollen cloths. The operation requires gi-eat care, for the
plant must be protected from all dampness, which changes its color, and
thus diminishes its value. It is then packed in bags, weighing from
fifty to one hundred and fifty pounds, which are often transported to
great distances. In the Vice-royalty of Lima, in the latter part of the
last century, Castelnau represents the consumption of the leaf at three
and a half millions of pounds, and worth one million and a quarter of
Spanish dollars, while at the same time the total consumption in Peru
was two and a half millions of dollars. The impoi-tance of the Coca
trade, however, is diminishing as the Red Man disappears. The Indians
mix the Coca with a small quantity of lime, and constantly carry a small
bag of it on all their excursions. They take it from thi-ee to six times
a day. Dr. GsciiuDi [Travels in Peru., page 453] mentions an Indian of
sixty-two years of age, who was employed by him, and though at very
hard work for five days, took no other noui'ishment, and rested but two
hours of the night. Immediately, or soon after this, he accomplished a
journey of one hundred miles in two days, and said that he was ready
to do the same thing again if they would give him a new supply of Coca.
Castelnati says he himself knew of instances as extraordinary. In the
time of the Incas the Coca was regarded as sacred.
Properties and Uses. — Its physiological actions are as follows : —
1. It stimulates the stomach and promotes digestion.
2. In large doses it augments animal heat and accelerates the pulse
and respiration.
3. It induces slight constipation.
4. In moderate doses, from one to four drachms, it stimulates the
nervous system, so as to render it more tolerant of muscular fatigue.
5. In larger doses it gives rise to hallucinations and true delirium.
G. Its most precious property is that of inducing the most pleasant
visions {^^ ji/itinta^inagarici^^) without any subsequent depression of the
nervous energies.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
71
7. Probably it diminishes some of the secretions.
The Coca has doubtless many other medical properties of a high order,
and deserves further investigation.
It stimulates powerfully the digestive functions, while at the same
time it exercises a calmative influence over the mucous membranes of
the stomach and bowels. In this double action upon the stomach —
stimiilant and calmative — it resembles Columbo.
It is anti-spasmodic, and is of great service in many nervous disorders,
and particularly ia spermatorrhmi and all debUities of the generative
organs.
I make a pill from the solid extract of Coca, combined with lime and
valuable Herbal remedial agents, which I call the Napoleon Herb Pill,
owing to its powerful tonic properties. It is designed to cure all forms
of debility afflicting either sex. Its powers are promptly manifested in
cases of sexual debility, whether from seli-produced causes, long study,
severe mental excitement, or general breaking-down of the nervous
system from whatever cause. It is equally effectual for the female weak-
ness and debility so universal among women at the present day. These
pills are, with explicit directions, put up in sealed bottles. Sent, prepaid
by mail, to any address, on receipt of $3.00 for 100 pills. We also use
Coca in various forms in our prepared courses of medicine for special
cases.
COLOOYNTH (CucuMis Colocynthis. )
Common Name. Bitter Cucumber.
Medicinal Part. The fruit divested
of its rind.
Description. — Colocynth is an annual
plant, with a whitish root, and prostrate,
angular, and hispid stems. The leaves
are alternate, cordate, ovate, many-lobed,
white with hairs beneath. Flowers yel-
low and solitary ; petals small ; and fruit
globose, smooth, size of an orange, yel-
low when ripe, with a thin solid rind, and
a very bitterish flesh.
History. — This plant is a native of the
south of Europe, Asia, and Africa. The
fruit assumes a yeUow or orange color
externally during the autumn, at which
time it is pvUled and dried quickly, either in the stove or sun. Thatf
which is deprived of its rind, very white, Hght spongy, and with-
out seeds, is the best article ; all others are more or less inferior in
Colocynth.
7Q THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
quality. It contains, besides oils, resins, and gnms, bassorin and the
sulphates of lime and magnesia. Colacynthin is its active principle.
Pr(jj)ertles and Uses. — It is a powerful hydragogue cathartic, pro-
ducing copious watery evacuations. It should never be used alone, but
be combined vidth other cathartics. It may be used advantageously in
passive dropsy and cerebral derangements. In combination with hyos-
cyamus it loses its irritant properties, and may be so employed when-
ever its peculiar cathartic effects are desired. Hippocrates used colo-
cynth as a pessary to promote menstruation.
Dose. — Five to ten grains.
COLT'S FOOT (TussiLAGO Farfara).
Common Names. Cough TFt^'i, FoaVs Foot, Horse Hoof, and BuWs
Foot.
MEDicnsTAii Part. Tlie leaves.
Description. — Colt's foot has a long, perennial, creeping, fibrous rhi-
zome. The leaves are erect, cordate, sharply dentate, smooth green
above, and pure white and cottony beneath. They do not appear until
the flowers are withered, and are from five to eight inches long, and
about an inch broad. The flowers are large and bright yellow.
Histoi'y. — This plant grows in Europe, the Crimea, Persia, Siberia,
and the East Indies, from the sea-shore to elevations of nearly eight
thousand feet. It also grows in the United States, ki wet places, on the
sides of brooks, flowering in March and April. Its presence is a certain
indication of a clayey soil. The loaves are rather fragrant, and continue
BO after having becu carefully dried. The leaves are the jiarts used,
though all ports of the plant are active, and should always be employed,
especially the leaves, flowers, and root. The leaves should be collected
at about the period they have nearly reached their full size, the flowers
as soon as they commence opening, and the root immediately after the
maturity of the leaves. When dried, all parts have a bitter, mucilagin-
ous taste, and yield their properties to water or diluted alcohol.
properties and Uses. — It is emollient, demulcent, and slightly tonic.
The decoction is usually administered in doses of from one to three or
four fluid ounces^, and is highly serviceable in coughs, asthma, whooping-
cough, and other pulmonaiy complaints ; also useful in scrofula. The
powdered leaves form a good errhine for giddiness, headache, nasal ob-
structions, etc. It is also used externally in fonn of poultice in scrofu-
lous tiunors.
COLiraiBO (COCCTJLUS PALMATUS).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Columbo, so important in the present practice of medi-
cine, is a climbing plant, ■with a perennial sort which is quite thick and
THE COMPLETK HERBALIST. 73
brancliiiigf. The root is covered vnth a thin brown skin, marked with
transverse warts. The stems, of which one or two proceed from the
same root, are twining, simple in the male plant, branched in the female,
round, hauy, and about an inch or an inch and a half La circumference.
The leaves stand on rounded glandular-hauy footstalks, and are alter-
nate, distant, cordate, and have three, seven, or nine lobes and nerves.
The flowers are small and inconspicuous.
History. — This plant inhabits the forests near the southeastern coapfc
of Africa, in the neighborhood of Mozambique, where the natives call
it Kalwmb. The root is dug up in the diy season in the month of March,
and is cut in slices, strung on cords, and hung up to dry. The odor of
Columbo is sUghtly aromatic ; the taste bitter, and also mucilaginous.
The root is easily pulverized, but spoils by keeping after having been
reduced to a powder. It is best to powder it only as it is required for
use. The active principle of Columbo is called Colamhin. The root also
yields Berberin., an excellent stomachic, which is produced from the
Barberry.
Properties and Uses. — It is one of the purest bitter tonics in the world,
and in dyspepsia, chronic dian-hoea, and dysentery, as well as in con-
valescence from febrUe and inflammatory diseases, it can hardly be sur-
passed as a remedial agent. It is most useful in the remittent and
intermittent fevers of hot climates. It is used in many combinations,
according to indications.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the infusion, one or
two ounces ; of the tincture, from one to two drachms.
COMFREY (Symphytum Officinale).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Comfrey has an oblong, fleshy, perennial root, black on
the outside and whitish within, containing a glutinous or clammy, taste-
less juice, with divers very large, hauy, green leaves lying on the ground,
so hairy, or so prickly, that if they touch any tender parts of the hands,
face, or body, it wUl cause it to itch. The stalks are hollowed and cor-
nered, very haiiy, having leaves that grow below, but less and less up to
the top ; at the joints of the stalk it is divided into many branches, at
the ends of which stand many flowers, in order one above another, which
are somewhat long and hollow like the finger of a glove, of a pale,
whitish color ; after them come small black seeds. There is another sort
which bears flowers of a pale purple color, having similar medicinal pro-
perties.
Histoi^y. — Comfrey is a native of Europe, but naturalized in the United
States, growing on low grounds and moist places, and flowering all sum-
mer. The root is officinal and contains a large amount of mucilage,
which is readily extracted by water.
4
74 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Properties and Uses. — The plant is demulcent and slightly astringent.
All mucilaginous agents exert an influence on mucous tissues, hence
the cure of many pulmonary and other affections in which these tissues
have been chiefly implicated, by their internal use. Physicians must
nol expect a serous disease to yield to remedies which act on mucous
membranes only ; to determine the true value of a medicinal agent, they
must first ascertain the true character of the affection, as well as of the
tissues involved. Again, mucilaginous agents are always beneficial in
scrofulous and ansemic habits. Comfrey root is very useful in diarrha3a,
dysentery, coughs, hemoptysis or bleediag of the lungs, and other pul-
monary affections ; also in leucorrhcsa and female debility : all these be-
ing principally affections of mucous membranes.
It may be boiled in water, wine, or made into a syrup, and taken in
doses of from a wineglassful to a teacupful of the preparation, two or
three times a day.
Externally the fresh root, bruised, forms an excellent application to
bruises, ru^Dtures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, ulcers, white swellings,
etc.
CTJNDURAjS'GO (Equatoria Garciana).
Medicinal Part. The bark of the vine.
Description. — Cundurango, or Condor Vine, a name derived from two
words, cundur and angu., whose marvellous medicinal properties have late-
ly been made known to the world, and which is now so greatly interesting
the medical profession, is a climbing vine, resembling much in its habits
the grape vine of our forests. The vines are from three to five inches
diameter. They are quite flexible when fresh, but when dry very brit-
tle. The bark is externally of a greenish-gray color, and has numerous
small warty excrescences. The leaves are large, sometimes reaching
six inches in length by five in breadth, opposite, simple, entire, dentate,
cordate, and of a dark green color. The flowers are small, arranged in
complete umbels ; stamens five ; petals five ; sepals five ; and filaments
small. The fniit is a pair of pods, and seeds numerous and dark brown.
It should be more i:)roperly called C'undurangu. as there is no o in the
langnage of the Incas.
History. — This plant is a native of the Andes Mountains in Soiith
America, especially the southern iiortion of Equador, and foimd most
plentifully in the mountains surrounding the city of Loja. It is goner-
ally found on the western exposure of the Andes, at an altitude of 4,000 or
5,000 feet. Its virtues were known to the Indian.s of the locality for a long
time. The tradition is that it was regarded by them as poisonous, and
that an Indian woman unintentionally cured her husband, who suffered
from a very painful cancer, giving him to drink bowlfuls of decoction of
Cuuduran^^o, believing and hoping it would prove fatal. It was intro-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 75
duced into medical practice by Dr. Egni^uren, brother of the Governor
of the provtace of Loja, both of whom cured many cases of syiihilis and
cancerous ulcers in the trial of it. The subject was brought to the
notice of our government by our minister at Quito. The Department
of State, at once reaUzing the value of the discovery and the intense in-
terest with which our people would seek after information concerning
it, published a circular, setting forth its great value as a remedy. This
action of the government at once inspired that confidence to which the
plant is entitled. It was tested in a case of cancer afflicting the mother
of Vice-President Colfax, and at once asserted its value. It has since
been used by progressive physicians, and the success it has given in can
cerous and syphilitic affections renders it worthy of the name of a speci
fie, equally as much so as cinchona. It is a singular coincidence that
these two specific products of the herbal world should grow in the same
regions. The natives insist that there are two varieties of the bark, the
amarillo, or yellow, and bianco, or white ; but upon inspection I find
they are the same, the difference in color depending upon the strong
rays of the sun. When freshly cut the vines give an abundance of
milky, viscous juice or sap, the odor of which is balsamic, and flavor
decidedly bitter and aromatic.
Its price is exceedingly high, but this has not deterred me from using
it where I deemed it necessary in special cases. I can furnish it by mail,
put up in sealed bags, at $5.00 per half pound, with directions for making
it into syrup (which is the best method of preparing it), with dose, etc.
The fluid extract is much higher, $3.00 per ounce.
Properties and Uses. — An unequalled remedy for cancer, syjjhilis, ulcers,
etc. In a short period, when taken, the typical symptoms subside, the
pain is diminished, the discharge thickens and becomes less offensive,
the tumor becomes softer, the deposits lessen, the expression improves,
and a cure is speedily effected. It has also diuretic and tonic powers,
and cures many nervous diseases. I have given this remedy competent
trials in cases of cancer and syphilis, and the results were so satisfactory
as to surprise me.
Lose. — Of the powder, one to two drachms ; fluid extract, one drachm.
(Much that is spurious is sold in the market.)
COPAIBA (COPAIFEKA OPFICrNALIS).
Common Name. Balsam of Copaiba.
Medicinal Part. The oleo-resinous juice.
Description. — Copaiba is a tall and handsome tree, with many small,
crooked branches, and a grayish-brown bark. The leaves are large and
equally pinnated, leaflets in pairs of from two to five, petioles short.
The flowers are white ; calyx four-parted ; stamens, ten ; fruit obo-
vate, two-valved, and one-seeded.
76 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
TLktory. — There are several species which furnish oil of copaiba,
ail natives of South America and West Indies. The juice is ob-
tained by deep incisions being made in the trunk during or following
the wet season ; the balsam (which, however, is not a balsam, as it con-
tains no benzoic acid ) flows freely, being clear, transparent, and fluid,
but becoming pale yellowish in time. The oil is unpleasant in smell
and taste.
Properties and Uses. — In large doses Copaiba is an irritant, but in
proper doses it is stimulant, cathartic, and diuretic. It exerts a favor-
able influence on the mucous tissues of the system, diminishing exces-
sive secretions, and for this purpose it is chiefly employed. Taken
internally it gives warmth to the gastric region, and sometimes provokes
nausea and emesis. It is especially useful in chronic mucous affections,
as gonorrhoea, bronchitis, diseases of the bladder, gleet, chronic catarrh,
diarrhoea, and dysentery, etc., etc. It was formerly regarded as a
specific for gonorrhoea, but has lost some of its prestige. Locally it is
an excellent application to fistulas, chilblains, old ulcers, etc.
Dose. — From twenty to sixty drops in emulsion with yolk of egg asvA.
miut or cinnamon water.
CKANBERRY (High).— (Viburnum OruLUS.)
Medicinal Part. TJie bark.
Description. — It is a nearly smooth and upright shrub, or small tree,
usually from five to twelve feet in height, with several stems from the
same root branched above ; the leaves are thi-ee-lobed, three-veined,
broadly -wedged shape, and crenately toothed on the side. The flowers
axe white, or reddish-white ; the fruit ovoid, red, very acid, ripens late,
and remains upon the bush after the leaves have fallen. It resembles
the common cranberry, and is sometimes substituted for it.
llhtory. — It is indigenous to the northern part of the United States
and Canadas, being a handsome shrub, growing Lu low rich lands, woods,
and borders of fields, flowering in June, and preseiiting at this time a
very showy appearance. The flowers are succeeded by red and very
acid berries, resembling low craiibeiTies, and which remain through the
winter. The bark is the officinal part, as met with in diiig-stores.
It is frequently put up by Shakers, when it is somewhat flattened from
pressure. It has no smell, but has a peculiar, not unpleasant, bitterish,
and astringent taste. It yields its properties to water or diluted alcohol.
Vihurnine is its active principle.
Proyiertieti (ind I'ses. — It is a powerful antispasmodic, and hence gene-
rally laio\vn among American practitioners as Cramp Bark. It is very-
effective in cramps and spasms of all kinds, as asthma, hysteria, cramps
of females during pregnancy, preventing the attacks entirely if vised
daily for the last two or three months of gestation.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 77
The following forms an excellent preparation for the reUef of spas-
modic attacks, viz. : take of Cramp bark, two ounces ; scull-cap skunk
cabbage, of each one ounce ; cloves, half an ounce ; capsicum, two
drachms. Have all in powder, coarsely bruised, and add to them two
quarts of sherry or native wine. Dose of this, half a wineglassful two
or three times a day.
It may here be remarked that a poultice of the fruit of the Lo^n Cran-
berry is very efficacious iu indoleut and malignant ulcers, malignant
scarlet fever, applied to the throat ; in erysipelas, and other similar dis-
eases. Probably the High Cranberry will effect the same result.
Dose. — Of the decoction, or vinous tincture, one glassful two or three
times a day.
CEANESBILL (Geranium Maculatum).
Common Names. Dove's Foot, Crow Foot, Alum Root, Spotted Gera-
niu7n, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, thick, rough, and
knotty root, with many small fibres. The stems are grayish-green,
erect, round, and a foot or two high. The leaves are spreading and
hairy, and the blossoms large, and generally purple, mostly in pairs.
The Dove's Foot, or Cranebill, which grows in England, is a different
plant, bearing many small bright-red flowers of five leaves apiece, though
it possesses medicinal properties similar to the American varieties.
Histm'y. — Geranium is a native of the United States, growing in
nearly all parts of it, in low grounds, open woods, etc. , blossoming from
April to June. The root is the officiual part. Its virtues are yielded to
water or alcohol. Oeranin is its active principle.
Projyerties and Uses.— It is a powerful astringent, used in the second
stage of dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera infantum ; in infusion, with
milk. Both internally and externally it may be used wherever astrin-
gents are indicated, in hemorrhages, indolent ulcers, aphthous sore
mouth, ophthalmia, leucorrhosa, gleet, hematuria, menorrhagia, dia-
betes, and excessive chronic mucous discharges ; also to cure mercurial
salivation. Relaxation of the uvula may be benefited by gargling with
a decoction of the root, as well as aphthous ulceration of the mouth
and throat. From its freedom from any nauseous or unpleasant quali-
ties, it is well adapted to iufants and persons with fastidious stomachs.
In cases of bleeding piles, a strong decoction of the root should be in-
jected into the rectum, and retained as long as possible. Troublesome
epistaxis, or bleeding from the nose, wounds, or small vessels, and from
the extraction of teeth, may be checked effectually by applying the
powder to the bleediug orifice, and, if possible, covering with a com-
press of cotton. With Aletri's Farinosa ( Unicorn root) in decoction, and
78 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
taken internally, it has proved of superior efficacy in diabetes and in
Bright's disease of the kidneys. A mixture or sohition of two parts of
hydrastin and one of geranin will be found of unrivalled efficacy ia all
chronic mucous diseases, as in gleet, leucorrhoea, ophthalmia, gastric
affections, catarrh, and vdceration of the bladder, etc. A decoction of
two parts of geranium and one of sanguinaria (Bhodroot) forms an ex-
cellent injection for gleet and leucorrhoea.
Dose of geranium powder, from twenty to thirty grains; of the de-
coction, a tablespoonful to a ■wineglassful.
CRAWLEY (CoRALLOKHizA Odontorhiza).
Common Names. Drngoii's Claw, Cm-al root, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Besciij^tion.— This is a singular, leafless plant, with coral-Like root-
Btocks. The root is a collection of small fleshy tubers ; the flowers,
fi-om ten to twenty in number, are of a brownish-green color, and the
fruit a large oblong capsule.
History. — The plant is a native of the United States, growing about
the roots of trees, in rich woods, from Maine to Florida, flowering from
July to October. The entire plant is destitute of verdui-e. The root
only is used for medical purposes. It is small, dark brown, resembling
cloves, or a hen's claws ; has a strong, nitrous smell, and a mucilagi-
nous, slightly bitter, astringent taste.
Properties and Uses. — It is probably the most powerful, prompt, and
certain diaphoretic in the materia mcdica ; but its scarcity and high
price prevents it from coming in general use. It is also sedative, and
promotes perspiration without producing any excitement in the system.
Its chief value is as a diaphoretic in fevers, especially in typhus, and
inflammatorj' diseases. It has proved effectual in acute erysipelas,
cramps, flatulency, pleurisy, and night-sweats ; it relieves hectic fever
without debilitating the patient. Its virtues are especially marked in
the low stages of fevers.
Combined with caulophyllin it forms an excellent agent in amenor-
rhoea and dysmenoiThoea, or scanty or painful menstruation, and is un-
surpassed in after-pains, suppression of lochia, and the febrile symptoms
which sometimes occur at the parturient period.
In fevers Crawley may be advantageously combined with leptandrin
or podophyllin, when it is found necessary to act upon the bowels cr
liver ; and mixed with dioscorein it wUl be found almost a specific in
flatulent and bilious colic.
Dose. — From tv/cnty to thirty grains of the powdered root, given ia
water as wann as the patient can drink, and repeated everj- hour or two,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 79
according to circumstances. The powder should always be kept in well-
closed vials. It constitutes the fever powders of some practitioners.
CROWFOOT (Ranunculus Bulbosus).
Medicinal Parts. The eonmis and hefrh.
Description. — This plant is not to be confounded with the Geranium
maculatum, which is also called Crowfoot. The cormus or root of thia
herb is a perennial, solid, fleshy, roundish, and depressed, sending out
radicles from its under sides. The root sends up annually erect hairy
stems, six to eighteen inches in height. The leaves are on long petioles,
dentate and hairy. Each stem supports several soUtary golden-yeUow
flowers ; sepals, oblong and hairy ; petals, five, cordate ; stamens nu-
merous and hairy.
Ilititory. — This plant is common in Europe and the United States,
growing in fields and pastures, and flowering in May, June, and July.
There a great many varieties, but all possess similar quahties, and des-
ignated by the general name of Butter-cup. When any part of these
plants is chewed, it occasions much pain, inflammation, excoriation of
the mouth, and much heat and pains in the stomach, if it be taken
internally.
Properties and Uses. — This plant is too acrid to be used internally,
especially when fresh. When appHed externally it is powerfully rube-
facient and epispastic. It is employed in its recent state in rheumatic
neuralgia and other diseases where vesication and counter-irritation
are indicated. Its action, however, is generally so violent that it is sel-
dom used. The beggars use it to produce and keep open sores to excite
sympathy. It has been used with success in obstinate cases of nursing
sore-mouth- — an infusion being made by adding two drachms of the
recent root, cut into small pieces, to one pint of hot water, when cold a
tablespoonful being given two or three times a day, and the mouth fre-
quently washed with a much stronger infusion.
CUBEBS (Piper Cubeba),
Medicinal Part. The berries.
Description. — This is a perennial plant, with a climbing stem, round
branches, about as thick as a goose-quill, ash-colored, and rooting at the
joints. The leaves are from four to six and a half inches long by one
and a half to two inches broad, ovate-oblong, acuminate, and very
smooth. Flowers arranged in spikes at the end of the branches ; fruit,
a berry rather longer than that of black pepper.
Uistory. — Cubebs is a native of Java and other islands of the Indian
Ocean, growing in the forests without cultivation. The fruit is gathered
before fully ripe, and then dried. It affords a volatile oil, which is much
80 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
used. Cubebs has a pleasant, aromatic odor, and a hot, bitter taste.
Cubebin is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. — It is mildly stimulant, expectorant, stomachic,
and carminative. It acts particularly on mucous tissues, and arrests
excessive discharges, especially from the urethra. It exercises an influ-
ence over the urinaiy apparatus, rendering the urine of deeper color.
It is successfully employed La gonorrhoea, gleet, leucorrhoea, chronic
bladder diseases, bronchial affections, and atony of the stomach and
bowels.
Dose. — Of the powder, half a drachm to a drachm ; tincture, two
fluid drachms ; oil, ten to thirty drops.
DAISY (Leucanthemum Vulgare).
CoM\roN Names. Ox-eye Daisy, White Weed.
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers.
Descri])tion. — This is a perennial herb, having an erect, branching,
and furrowed stem, from one to two feet high. The leaves are few,
alternate, lanceolate-serrate, the lower ones i^etiolate ; the upper ones
small, subulate, and sessile.
History. — The plant was introduced into the United States from
Europe, and is a veiy troublesome weed to farmers in nearly every sec-
tion. It bears white flowers in June and July. The leaves are odorous
and somewhat acid ; the flowers are bitterish ; they impart their virtues
to water.
Properties and Uses.— It is tonic, diuretic, and anti-spasmodic, and, in
large doses, emetic. It is used as a tonic instead of Chamomile flowers,
and is sei-viceable in whooping-cough, asthma, and nervous excitability.
Very beneficial externally and internally in leucorrhoea. Its internal
use is highly recommended in colliquative perspiration. Externally it
is a good application to wounds, ulcers, scald-head, and some other
cutaneous diseases. Dose of the decoction, from a wineglassful to a
teacupful, two or three times a day. The fresh leaves or flowers will
destroy or drive away fleas.
DANDELION (Leontodox Taraxacum),
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Dandelion is a perennial, top-shaped herb, having a
very milky root. The leaves are all radical, shining green in color,
sessile, and pinnate. The scape or flower stem is onger than the
leaves, five or six inches in height, and bearing a single yellow flower.
The fruit is an achenium.
Jlislory.— This plant is a native of Greece, but is now found growing
abundantly in Europe and the United States, in fields, gardens, and
along road-sides, flowering from April to November. The root only is
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 81
the officinal part, and should be collected when the plant is in flower.
Alcohol or boiling water extracts its properties. The young plant is
frequently used as a salad or green, and possesses some sUght narcotic
properties.
Properties and Uses. — The dried root possesses but httle medicinal
virtue ; but when fresh, is a stomachic and tonic, with slightly diurctio
and aperient actions. It has long been supposed to exert an influence
upon the biliary organs, removing torpor and engorgement of the liver
as well as of the spleen ; it is also reputed beneficial in dropsies owmg to
want of action of the abdominal organs, in uterine obstnictions, chronic
diseases of the skin, etc. Its virtues, however, are much over-rated.
DEVIL'S BIT (Helonias Diocia).
Common Names. False Unimrii Boot, Drooping Star Wort, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Descrijition. — This is an herbaceous perennial plant, with a largo
bulbous root, from which arises a very smooth angular stem one or two
feet in height. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, acute, and small ;
the radical leaves (or those springing from the root) are broader and
from four to eight inches in length. The flowers are small, very numer-
ous, greenish-white, disposed in long, terminal, nodding racemes, re-
sembling plumes. The fruit is a capsule.
History. — This plant is indigenous to the United States, and Ls abun-
dant in some of the Western States, growing in woodlands, meadows,
and moist situations, and flowering in June aud July.
Properties and Uses. — In large doses it is emetic, and when fresh, sia-
lagogue. In doses of ten or fifteen grains of the powdered root, repeated
three or four times a day, it has been found very beneficial in dyspepsia,
loss of appetite, and for the removal of worms. It is beneficial in colic,
and in atony of the generative organs. It is invaluable in uterine dis-
eases, acting as a uterine tonic, and gradually removing abnormal con-
ditions, while at the same time it imparts tone and vigor to the repro-
ductive organs. Hence, it is much used in leucorrhoea, amenorrhoea,
dvsmenorrhoea, and to remove the tendency to repeated and successive
miscarriage. The plant wfll kill cattle feeding on it, aud the decoction,
insects, bugs, and lice.
Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains ; of the decoction,
from a wineglassful to a teacupful.
The Helonias BuUata, with puri^le flowers, and probably some othei
BiJecies possess similar medicinal virtues.
DOCK (RuMEX Crispus).
Medicinal Part. I'he root.
Description. — There are four varieties of Dock which may be used in
82
TUE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
medicine : the Rumcx Aquaticvs (Great Water Dock) ; liumeo! Bntan-
?«Va (Water Dock); Rumex Abtusifolins (Blnnt-leaved Dock); and the
R. Crispvs, or Yellow Dock. They all possess simi-
lar medicinal qualities, but the Yellow Dock is the
only one entitled to extensive consideration. It has
a deep, spindle-shaped yellow root, with a stem
two or three feet high. The leaves are lanceolate,
acute, and of a light green color. The flowers are
numerous, pale green, drooping, and interspersed
with leaves below. The fruit is a nut contracted at
each end.
Ilistori/.- — The Docks are natives of Europe, ex-
cepting the blunt-leaved, which is indigenous, but
they have all been introduced into the United States.
Yellow Dock grows in cultivated grounds, waste
grounds, about rubbish, etc. , flowering in June and
July. The root has scarcely any odor, but an as-
tringent bitter taste, and yields its virtues to water
Dock. ^™<i alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Yellow Dock is an altera-
tive, tonic and detergent, and eminently useful in scorbutic, cutaneou.s,
Bcrofulous, cancerous and syphilitic affections, leprosy, elephahtiasis,
etc. For all impurities of the blood
it has no equal, especially if pro-
perly compounded with appropriate
adjutants and corrigents. The fresh
root bruised in cream, lard, or
butter, forms a good ointment for
various affections. This admirable
alterative is one of the ingredients
of my Blood Purifier isee page 469),
in which it is associated with other
eminent alteratives, making the
compound worthy of the reputation
it has achieved.
DOGWOOD (CoRNus Florida).
Common Names. Boxwood,
Flowering Cornel, Green Ozier.
Medicinal Part. 77ie bark.
Description. — Dogwood is a small
indigenous tree from twelve to thirty feet high, with a very hard ani
compact wood, and covered with a rough and brownish bark. The tree
is of Blow giovvth. The leaves are opposite, smooth, ovate, acute, dark
Dogwood.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 83
green above, paler beneath. The flowers are very small, of a greenish
yeUow color, and constitute the chief beauty of the tree when in bloom.
The fruit is an oval drupe of a glossy scarlet color, containing a nut with
two cells and two seeds.
History. — This tree grows in various parts of the United States ; it
flowers in AprU and May. The fruit matures in autumn. The wood is
used for many purposes. The bark yields its virtues to water and alco-
hol. The chemical qualities are tannic and gallic acids, resin, gum, oil,
wax, Ugnin, Urae, potassa, and iron.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, astringent, and slightly stimulant.
It is an excellent substitute for Peruvian bark, and may be used when
the foreign remedy is not to be obtained, or when it fails, or where it
cannot be administered. The bark should only be used tu its dried state.
Cornine^ its active principle, is much used as a substitute for quinine.
Dogwood, or green ozier, exerts its best vii'tues in the shajie of an
ointment. It is detergent in all inflammatory conditions, destructive to
morbid growths, and at variance with diseased nutrition. It stimulates
granulations, increases the reparative process, induces circulation of
healthy blood to the parts, removes effete matter, vitalizes the tissues,
and speedily removes pain from the diseased parts. It fulfils these
conditions iu my gi'eat healing remedy, the ' ' Herbal Ointment, " see
page 469.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains ; extract, five to ten
grains ; comine, from one to ten grains.
DKAGON ROOT (Arum TRirnvLLUM).
Common Names. Wake Robin.^ Indian Turnip.^ Jack in the Pulpit., etc.
Medicinal Part. The cormus or root.
Descri2)tion. — This plant has a round, flattened, perennial rhizome;
the upper part is tunicated like an onion. The leaves are generally one
or two, standing on long, sheathing footstalks ; leaflets oval, mostly
entire, acuminate, smooth, and paler on the under side.
History. — It inhabits North and South America, is found in wet loca-
tions, and flowers from May to June. The whole plant is acrid, but the
root is the only part employed. It is of various sizes, turnip-shaped,
dark and corrugated externaUy, and mOk-white within, seldom exceed-
ing two and a half inches in diameter. When first dug it is too fiercely
acrid for internal employment, as it will leave an impression upon the
tongue, lips, and fauces, like that of a severe scald, followed by inflam-
mation and tenderness, which, however, may be somewhat mollified by
milk. It exerts no such influence upon the external skin, except upon
long and continued application. The root loses its acrimony by age,
and should always be used when partially dried. In addition to its
acrid principle, it contains a large i^roportion of starch, with a portion
84 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of gnm, albumen, and saccharine matter. When the acrid matter is
driven oil by heat, the root yields a pui-e, delicate, amylaceous matter,
resembling arrow-.voot, very white and nutiitive.
Properties and Uses. — It is acrid, expectorant, and diaphoretic, used
in asthma, hooping-coug-h, chronic bronchitis, chronic rheumatism, pains
in the chest, colic, low stages of ty]3hus, and general debility ; exter-
nally in scrofulous tumors, scald-head, and various skin diseases.
Dose. — Of the gi'ated root, in syrup or mucilage, ten grains, three or
four times a day.
ELDER (Sambucus Canadensis).
Medicinal Parts. The flowers and berries.
Description. — This is a common, weU-kuown native American plant,
from five to twelve feet high, with a shruljby stem, filled with a light
and porous pith, especially when young. The bark is rather scabrous
and cinereous. The leaves are nearly bipinnate, antiposed. The flowers
are numerous, white, in very large level-topped, five-parted cymes, and
have a heavy odor. The European Elder, though larger than the Ameri-
can kind, is similar in its general characteristics and properties.
History. — It is an indigenous shmb, growing in all parts of the United
States, in low, damp grounds, thickets, and waste places, flowering in
June and July, and matuiing its berries in September and Odtober.
The officinal parts are the flowers, the berries, and the inner bark.
Projieriies and Uses. — In warm infusion the flowers are diaphoretic
and gently stimulant. In cold infusion they are diuretic, alterative,
and cooling, and may be used in all diseases requiring such action, as in
hepatic derangements of children, erysipelas, erysipelatous diseases, etc.
In infusion with Maiden-hair and Beech-drops, they will be found very
valuable in all erysipelatous diseases. TJie e.vpresscdjmce of the berries,
evaporated to the consistence of a syrup, is a valuable aperient and
alterative ; one ounce of it will purge. An infusion of the young leaf-
buds is likewise purgative^ and sometimes acts with violence. The
flowers and expressed juice of the berries have been beneficially em-
ployed in scrofula, cutaneous diseases, syphilis, rheumatism, etc. The
inner green bark is cathartic ; an infusion of it in wine, or the expressed
juice, wiU purge moderately in doses from half a fluid ounce to a fluid
ounce. Large doses j)roduce cmesis or vomiting. In small doses it pro-
duces an efficacious deobstrucnt, promoting aU the fluid secretions, and
is much used in dropsy, especially that following scarlatina and other
febrfle and exanthematous complaints, as well as in many chronic dis-
eases. Beaten up with lard or cream, it fonns an excellent discutient
ointment, of much value in burns, scalds, and some cutaneous diseases.
The juice of the root in half-ormce doses, taken daily, acts as a hydra-
goguo cathartic, and stimulating diuretic, and wiU be found valuable in all
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 85
dropsical affections. The icucr barli of Elder is hydragogue and emetico-
cathartic. Has been successfnlly used in epilepsy, by taking it from
branches one or two years old, scraping off the gray outer bark, and
steepiug two ounces of it in five ounces of cold or hot water for forty-
eight hours. Strain and give a wineglassful every fifteen minutes when
the fit is threateniag : the patient fasting. Resume it every six or eight
days.
ELECAMPANE (Inula Helenium).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Descri/pUon. — This plant has a thick, top-shaped, aromatic, and pe-
rennial root, with a thick, leafy, round, solid stem, from four to six feet
high. The leaves are large, ovate, dark green above, downy and hoary
beneath, with a fleshy mid-rib. The flowers are of a bright yellow color,
and the fruit an achenium.
History. — Elecampane is common in Europe, and cultivated in the
United States. It grows in pastures and along road-sides, blossoming
from July to September. The root is the part used, and should bo
gathered iu the second year of its development, and during the fall
months. It yields its properties to water and alcohol, more especially
to the former.
Properties and Uses. — It is aromatic, stimulant, tonic, emmenagogue,
diuretic, and diaphoretic. It is much used in chronic pulmonary affec-
tions, weakness of the digestive organs, hepatic toiT^or, dyspepsia, etc.
Dose. — Of the powder, from one scruple to one drachm ; of the infu-
sion, one to two fluid ounces.
ERGOT (Secale Cornutum).
Common Names. Spurred or Smut Bye.
Medicinal Part. The degenerated seeds.
Description. — Ergot is the name given to the fungoid, degenerated
seeds of the common rye, which is the result of a parasitic plant called
Oidium Abortifadens.
HisUn'y. — Ergot consists of grains, varying in length, of a violet-black
color ; odor fishy, peculiar, and nauseous. Their taste is not very marked,
but is disagreeable and slightly acrid. They should be gathered previous
to harvest. •
Properties and Uses. — Ergot has a remarkable effect upon the human
system, and when persisted ui for a length of time as an article of food
manifests certain symptoms termed ergotism. Its chief use as a medicine
is to promote uterine contractions in slow, natural labors. It is also
useful in checking menorrhagia, uterine hemon-hages, and to expel
polypi. It is also employed in gonorrhoea, amenorrhoea, paraplegia,
paralysis of the bladder, fever and ague.
S6 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
This is a valuable remedy to the obstetrician and midwife, but its use
should not be jiersisted in too long, as it often produces dangerous
symptoms.
Dose. — Of the powder, five, ten, or fifteen gr-aius ; fluid extract, thirty
drops.
ERYNGO (Eryngium Aquaticum).
Common Names. Buttyrisnake Root, Rattlesnake^ Master, etc.
Medicinal Part. TJie root.
Description. — This indigenous, perennial herb has a simple stem from
one to five feet high. The root is a tuber ; the leaves are one or two
feet long, half an inch to an inch wide, and taper-pointed. The flowers
are white or pale, and inconspicuous.
History. — This plant is indigenous, growing in swamjis and low, wet
lands from Virginia to Texas, especially on i^rairie lands, blossoming in
August. The root is the officinal part. Water or alcohol extracts its
properties.
Properties and Uses. — It is ai^hrodisiac, exciting venereal desires and
strengthening the procreative organs. It is also diuretic, stimulant,
diaphoretic, expectorant, and, in large doses, emetic. Very Useful in
dropsy, nephritic and calculous affections, also in scrofula and svphilis.
It is valuable as a diaphoretic and expectorant in pulmonary affections.
It is a good substitute for Setiega. The pulverized root, iu doses of two
or three grains, is very effectual in hemorrhoids and prolapsus ani. Two
ounces of the pulverized root, added to one pint of good Holland gin, is
effectual in obstinate cases of gonorrhoea and gleet, to be admiui.stered
in doses of one or two fluid drachms, three or four times a day. Ey
some practitioners the root is employed as a specific in gonorrhoea, gleet,
and leucorrhoea ; used internally in syrup, decoction, or tincture — and
the decoction applied locally by injection. Used externally and inter-
nally, it cures the bites of snakes and insects.
Dose. — Of the powder, from twenty to forty grains ; of the decoction,
which is principally used, from two to four fluid ounces, several times »
day.
EYE-BRIGHT (Euphrasia Officinalis).
Medicinal Part. T?ie leaves.
Description. — This is an elegant httle annual plant, with a square,
downy, leafy stem, from one to five inches in height. The leaves are
entirely opposite, ovate or cordate, and downy ; the flowers very abun-
dant, inodorous, with a brilliant variety of colors. The fruit is an ob-
long pod, fiUed with numerous seeds.
Ilislvry. — This plant is indigenous to Europe aud America, bearing
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 87
red or white flowers in July. The leaves are commonly employed;
they are inodorous, but of a bitter, astringent taste. Water extracts
their virtues.
Properties and Virtues. — Slightly tonic and astringent. Useful in
form of infusion or poultice, in catarrhal ophthalmia ; also of service in
all mucous diseases attended with increased discharges ; also, in cough,
hoarseness, ear-ache, and head-ache, which have supervened upon catar-
rhal affections. Four fluid ounces of the infusion taken every morning
upon an empty stomach, and also every night at bed-time, has been
found successful in helping epilepsy.
FERNS (FiLiCES).
Royal FLOWERme Fern. Osmunda Regalis.
Common Name. Buckhorn Brake.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This Fern has a hard, scaly, tuberous root, quite fibrous,
and a whitish core in the centre. The fronds are three or four feet
high, bright green, and doubly pinnate. The numerous leaflets are
sessile and oblong, some of the upper ones cut.
History. — This beautiful Fern is found in meadows, and low, moist
grounds, throughout the United States, blossoming in June. The main
root or caudex is the officinal part ; it is about two inches long, and has
the shai^e of a buck's horn. It contains an abundance of mucilage, which
is extracted by boiling water. The roots should be collected in August,
or about the latter part of May, and dried with great care, as they are
apt to become mouldy.
The Osmunda Ginnamomea., or cinnamon-colored Fern, is inferior to
the preceding, but is frequently used for the same medical purposes.
Properties and Uses. — Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic. Used in
coughs, diarrhoea, and dysentery ; also used as a tonic during conva-
lescence from exhausting diseases. One root, infused in a pint of hot
water for half an hour, will convert the whole into a thick jeUy, very
valuable in leucorrhoea and other female weaknesses. The mucilage
mixed with brandy is a popular remedy as an external application for
subluxations and debility of the muscles of the back. For internal use
the roots may be infused in hot water, sweetened, and ginger, cinnamon,
brandy, etc. , added, if not contra-indicated.
FEMALE FERN (Polypodium Vulgare).
Common Names. Rock Polypod, Brake Root., Common Polypody.
Medicinal Parts. The root and tops.
Description. — This perennial has a creeping, irregular, brown root.
The fronds are from six to twelve inches high, green, smooth, and
88
THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.
deeply pinnatified. The fruit on the lower surface of the fronds is in
large golden dots or capsules.
Jlistori/.— This iem is common on shady rocks in woods and moun-
tains throughout the United States. The root has a peculiar and rather
unpleasant odor, and somewhat sickening taste. Water extracts its
properties.
Properties and Uses. — This plant is pectoral, demulcent, purgative,
and anthelmintic. A decoction of sjTup has been found very valuable
in pulmonaiy and hepatic diseases. A strong decoction is a good purga-
tive, and will exptl tenia and other worms. Dose of the powdered
plant, from one to four drachms. Of the decoction or syrup, from one
to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.
JIALE FERN (Aspidioi Filix Mas).
Medicinal Part. The rhizome.
Description.— Mcie Fern has a large, perennial, tufted, scaly rhizome,
sending forth yeai'ly several leaves, three or four feet high, erect, oval,
lanceolaifce, acute,
pinna t-«, bright
green, and"^, leafy
nearly to tl^ bot-
tom ; their stalks
and midribs having
tough, brown, and
transparent scales
throughout. Leaf-
lets numerous,
crowded, oblong, ob-
tuse, and crenate
throughout.
Hi St or y. — Male
Fern grows in all
parts of the United
States and Europe.
The root has a dark
brown epiderm, is
almost inodorous,
and a nauseous swest
It contains a green fat oil, gum, resin, lignia, tannic acid,
pectin, albumen, etc. It should be gathered from June to September.
After gathering, it should be carefully prepared, as on the preparation
its virtues depend. It loses its virtues in two years if not properly
preserved.
Male Feim.
taste.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 89
Properties and Uses. — It is used for the exiiulsion of worms, especially
tape- worms. It was used as such by Pliny, Dioscorides, Theophrastus,
and Galen. It was the celebrated secret remedy of Madame NoufCer. the
widow of a Swiss surgeon, who sold her secret to Louis XVI. for 18,000
francs. It is, in fact, a royal anthelmintic, and worthy of all the high
commendations it has received from ages past up to the present time.
It is one of the ingredients of my " Male Fern Vermifuge." See page
4G9.
FEVERFEW (Pyrethrum PARxnENiuM).
Medicikal Part. The herb.
Description. — Feverfew is a perennial herbaceous plant, with a taper-
ing root, and an erect, round, and leafy stem about two feet high. The
leaves are alternate, petiolate, hoary green, with leaflets inclining to
ovate and dentate. The flowers are white and compound, and the fruit
a wingless, angular, and uniform achenium.
Ilistoi'y. —The lalant is a native of Europe, but common in the United
States ; found occasionally in a wild state, but generally cultivated in
gardens, and blossoms in June and July. It imparts its virtues to water,
but much better to alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, vermi-
fuge, and stimulant. The warm infusion is an excellent remedy in
recent colds, flatulency, worms, irregular menstruation, hysteria, sup-
pression of urine, and in some febrile diseases. In hysteria or flatulency,
one teaspoonful of the compound spirits of lavender forms a valuable
addition to the dose of the infusion, which is from two to four fluid
ounces. The cold infusion or extract makes a valuable tonic. The
leaves, in poultice, are an excellent local application in severe pain or
swelling of the bowels, etc. Bees are said to dislike this plant very
much, and a handful of the flower-heads carried where they are \Till
cause them to keep at a distance.
FIGWORT (ScROPHULARiA Nodosa).
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and root.
Description. — Figwort has a perennial, whitish, and fibrous root, with
a leafy, erect, smooth stem from two to four feet high. The leaves
are opposite, ovate ; the upper lanceolate, acute, of deep green color,
and from three to seven inches in length. The flowers are small, and
dark purple in color. The fruit is an ovate-oblon-g capsule.
History. — This plant is a native of Europe, but is found growing in
different parts of the United States, in woods, hedges, damp copses,
and banks, blossoming from July to October. The plants known by
the names of Carpenter'" s Square., Heal All, Square Stalk, etc. {8. Mari-
90 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
landica and S. Lanceolata), are all mere vaiieties of Figiport, possess-
ing similar medicinal properties. The leaves and root are the officinal
parts, and yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The leaves have
an offensive odor, and a bitter, unpleasant taste ; the root is shghtly
acrid.
Projyerties and Uses. — It is alterative, diuretic, and anodyne ; highly
beneficial in hepatic or liver diseases, dropsy, and as a general deob-
Btruent to the glandvilar system when used in infusion or syrup. Ex-
ternally, in the form of fomentation or ointment, it is valuable in
bruises, inflammation of the mammae, ringworm, piles, painful swell-
ings, itch, and cutaneous eruptions of a vesicular character. The root,
in decoction and drunk freely, will restore the lochial discharge when
suppressed, and relieve the pains attending difficult menstruation. This
plant possesses many valuable and active mediciaal properties.
Dose. — Of the iofusion or syrup, from a wineglassful to a teacupfuL
riEEWEED (Erecthites Hieractifolius).
MEDicrNAL Parts. The root and Tierl.
Descriiition. — This plant has an annual, herbaceous, thick, fleshy,
branching, and roughish stem, from one to five feet high. The leaves
are simple, alternate, large, lanceolate or oblong, acute, deeply dentate,
BessUe, and light green. The flowers are whitish, and the fniit an
achenium, oblong and hairy.
Hist/yiy. — This indigenous rank weed grows in fields throughout the
United States, in moist woods, in recent clearings, and is especially
abundant in such as have been burned over. It flowers from July to
October, and somewhat resembles the Sowthistle. The whole plant
yields its virtues to water or alcohol. It has a peculiar, aromatic, and
somewhat fetid odor, and a slightly pungent, bitter, and disagreeable
taste.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, tonic, astringent, and
alterative. The latter three qualities are the most valuable. It is an
unrivalled medicine in diseases of the mucous tissues. The spirituous
extract which I use in my practice is most excellent, in cholera and
dysentery, promptly arresting the discharges, relieving the pain, and
effecting a speedy cure. It is invariably successful in summer com-
plaints of children, even in cases where other means have failed.
FROST-WEED (HEiiiANTiiEMtm Canadense).
Common Names. Rock Rose, Frost Plant, etc.
Medjcfnal Part. The Jierb.
Description. — Rock Roso is a pereunial herb, with a simple, ascending
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
91
downy stem, about a foot high. The leaves are alternate, from eight to
twelve inches long, about one-fourth as wide;
oblong, acute, lanceolate, erect, and entire. The
flowers are large and bright yellow, some with
petals, and some without petals. The flowers
open ia sunshine and cast their petals next day.
History. — It is indigenous to aU parts of the
United States, growing in dry, sandy> soils, and
blossoming from May to July. The leaves and
stems are covered with a white down, hence its
name. The whole plant is officinal, having a bit-
terish, astringent, slightly aromatic taste, and
yields its properties to hot water. Prof. Eaton,
in his work on botany, records this curious fact of
the plant : "In November and December of 181(i
I saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad,
thin, curved ice crystals, about an inch in breadth
from near the roots. These were melted away by
day, and renewed every morning for more than
twenty-five days in succession."
Fro-perties and Uses. — This plant has long been
used as a valuable remedy for scrofula, in which disease it performs some
astonishing cures. It is used in f onn of decoction, syrup, or fluid extract,
but had better be used in combination with other remedies. In combi-
nation with CorydaUs Formosa and StUUngla it forms a most valuable re-
medy. It is tonic and astringent, as well as antiscrof ulcus. It can be used
with advantage in dian-hcea, as a gargle in scarlatina and aphthous ulcer-
ations, and as a wash in scrofulous ophthalmia. Externally, a poultice of
the leaves is applied to scrofulous tumors and ulcers. An oil has been
procured from the plant which is said to be highly valuable in cancerous
affections.
The Helianihemuvi Corynibosum., or Frost-weed, growing in the pine
barrens and sterile lands of the Southern and Jliddle States, possesses
similar quahties, and may be employed if the former frost-weed is not
to be had. This excellent alterative is a constituent of that happy com-
bination of alteratives composing my "Blood Purifier," see page 469.
FUMITORY (FuMARiA Officinalis).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — Fumitory is an annual, glaucous plant, with a sub-erect,
much branched, spreading, leafy and angular stem, growing from ten to
fifteen inches high. The leaves are mostly alternate. Culpepper, who
knew the plant which is now used, better than anybody else, said that
" at the top of the branches stand many small flowers, as it were in a long
92 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
spike oue above another, made like little birds, of a reddish puiple
color, with whitish bellies, after which come small round husks, contain-
ing small black seeds. The root is small, yellow, and not very long, and
full of juice when it is young." The fruit, or nut, is ovoid or globose,
one-seeded or valveless. The seeds are crestless.
History. — Fumitory is found growing in cultivated soils in Europe
and America, and flowers in May, June, and July. The leaves are the
parts used. Culpepper recomm#nded the whole plant, but the modem
decision is to use the leaves, gathered at the proper times, alone. They
have no odor, but taste bitter under all circumstances. They are to be
used when fresh, and possess the same qualities as Culpepper affixes to
the fresh root, viz. : malate of lime and bitter extractive princiijles.
Projyerties and Uses. — Its virtues are chiefly tonic, and those who suf-
fer from diseases of the stomach know too well that a tonic, if properly
defined, is, simple as it may be, one of the most important remedies
for human ailments nature has provided. Its chief value is found
in its action upon the liver. It is used, in combination, with excel-
lent effect in cutaneous diseases, liver complaints, such as jaundice,
costiveness, scui-vj', and in debility of the stomach. An infusion of the
leaves is usually given in a \vineglass (full) every four hours. The flow-
ers and tops have been applied, macerated in wine, to dyspepsid* with
partial good effect.
GAMBIR PLANT (Uncaria Gambir).
Medicinal Part. EHrnct of the leaves and young slioofs.
Description. — Gambir is a stout climbing shrub with round branches.
Leaves ovate, lanceolate, acute, smooth, and have short petioles. Flow-
ers in loose heads, green and pink ; calyx short, corolla funnel-shaped ;
Btamens five, and the fruit a two-ceUed capsule.
History. — It is an inhabitant of the East Indian Archipelago, where it
is extensively cultivated. On the island of Bingtang alone there are
GO, 000 Gambir plantations. It affords what is known as pale catechu.
It is chiefly imported from Singapore. It is found in cubes which float
on water, externally brown, internally pale brick red, breaking easily.
Taste bitter, very astiingent, and mucilaginous. Boiling water almost
completely dissolves it. It is used in the arts for tanning.
Properties and Uses. — It is employed as an astringent. In various
affections of the mouth it is an efficacious astringent. It is also excel-
lent as a stomachic in dyspeptic complaints, especially when accom-
panied with pyrosis. It should be used just before taking food. It is
an excellent astringent in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery.
Dose. — From ten to forty graina
THE completp: herbalist.
93
GELSEMIN (Gelsemintjm Sempervirens),
Common Names. Tellmo Jessamine, Woodbine, Wild Jessamine.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a twining, smooth, glabrous stem, with
opposite, perennial, lanceolate, entire leaves, which are dark green
above and pale beneath. The flowers are yellow, and have an agreeable
odor. Calyx is very small, with five sepals, corolla funnel-shaped, sta-
mens five, pistils two, and the fniit a two-celled capsule.
History. — Yellow jessamine abounds throughout the Southern States,
growing luxuriantly, and climbing from tree to tree, forming an agree-
able shade. It is cultivated as an ornamental vine, and flowers from
March to May. The root yields its virtues to water and alcohol. GeUe-
min is its active principle. It also contains a fixed oil, acrid resin, yel-
low coloring matter, a heavj' volatile oil, a crystalline substance, and
salts of potassa, lime, magnesia, ii'on, and silica.
Pro-perties and Uses. — It is an uniivalled febrifuge, possessing relaxing
and antispasmodic properties. It is efficacioxis in nervous and bilious
headache, colds, pneumonia, hemorrhages, leucorrhoea, ague-cake, but
especially in all kinds of fevers, quieting all nei-vous irritability and
excitement, equalizing the circulation, promoting perspiration, and rec-
tifj-ing the various secretions, without causing nausea, vomiting, and
purging, and is adapted to any stage of the disease. It may follow any
preceding treatment with safety. Its efl:"ects are clouded vision, double-
sightedness, or even complete prostration, and inability to open the
eyes. These, however, pass completely off in a few hours, leaving the
patient refreshed, and completely restored. When the effects are in-
duced no more of the remedy
is required. It is also of great
service in various cardiac dis-
eases, spermatorrhoea, and other
genital diseases ; but its use
should be confined entii-ely to
the advice of the physician.
Dose. — The tincture is the
fonn in which it is employed.
The dose is from ten to fifty
drops in a wineglass half full
of water ; to be repeated every
two hours, as long as required.
GENTIAN (Gentiana Lutea).
Gentian.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a long, thick, cylindrical, wrinkled,
ringed, forked, perennial root, browoi externally, and yellow within,
94 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
with a Btem three or four feet high, hollow, stout, and erect ; leaves
ovate-oblong, five-veined, pale, bright green ; the blossoms are large, of
a bright yellow, in many-flowered whorls ; and the fruit is a capsule,
stalked, oblong, and two-valved.
History. — This plant is common in Central and Southern Europe, es-
pecially on the Pyrenees and Alps, being found from 3,000 to 5,000 feet
above the level of the sea. The root affords the medicinal portion, and
is brought to America chiefly from Havre and Marseilles. It has a
feeble aromatic odor, and a taste at first faintly sweetish, and then
purely, intensely, and penuanently bitter. It imparts its virtues readily
to cold or hot water, alcohol, wine, spirits, or suljjhuric ether.
Properties and Uses. — Is a powerful tonic, improves the appetite,
strengthens digestion, gives force to the circulation, and slightly elevates
the heat of the body. Very useful in debility, exhaustion, dyspepsia,
gout, amenorrhoea, hysteria, scrofula, intermittentSj worms, and di-
arrhoea.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the extract, one to ten
grains ; of the infusion, a tablespoonf ul to a wineglassful ; of the tinc-
ture, one or two teaspoonfuls.
Uncrystallized gentianin is a most valuable substitute for quinia,
acting as readily and efficaciously on the spleen, in doses of from ^fteen
to thirty grains, twice a day.
Gentiana Catesbei, or the Blue, or American Gentian, has a
perennial, branching, somewhat fleshy root, with a simple, erect, rough
stem, eight or ten inches in height, and bears large blue flowers. It
grows in the grassy swamps and meadows of North and South Carolina,
blossoming from September to December. The root is little inferior to
the foreign gentian, and may be used as a suljstitute for it in all cases,
in the same doses and preparations.
Gentiana Quinqueflora, or Five -flower eel Gentian, sometimes
called Gall-weed, on account of its intense bitterness, is very useful in
headache, hver complaint, jaundice, etc. The plant is found from
Vermont to Pennsylvania, and a variety of it is common throughout
the Western States. It grows in woods and pastures, and flowers in
September and October. It may be regarded as a valuable tonic and
cholagogue, and deserves further investigation of its therapeutic pro-
perties.
There is another kind of gentian {Gentiana Ocliroleuca), known by
the names of Marsh Gentian, Yellowish-white Gentian, Straw-colored
Gentian, and Sampson Snake-weed. It has a stout, smoothish, ascend-
ing stem, one or two inches in height, its leaves two to foiu" inches long,
and three-fourths to an inch and a half in width, ■with straw-colored
flowers two inches long by three-quarters thick, disposed m a dense,
terminal cyme, and often in axillaiy cymes. It is found in Canada
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 95
and the Southern and Western States, though rarely in the latter, bloa-
Bomhig in September and October ; the root is the officinal part, although
the tojDS are often employed. They are bitter, tonic, anthelmiatic, and
astringent. Used in dyspepsia, intermittents, dysentery, and all diseases
of periodicity.
To two ounces of the tops and roots pour on a pint and a half of bod-
ing water, and when nearly cold add a half -pint of brandy. Dose, from
one to three tablespoonfuls every half -hour, gradually uicreasiug as the
stomach can bear it, lengthening the intervals between the doses. It is
also used for bites of snakes, etc.
GILLENIA (GiLLENiA Tripoliata).
Common Name. Indian Physic.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — Gdlenia is an indigenous, perennial herb, with an irre-
gular, brownish, somewhat tuberous root, having many long, knotted,
Btringy fibres. The several stems are from the same root, about two or
three feet high, erect, slender, smooth, and of a reddish or brownish
color. The leaves are alternate, subsessile ; leaflets lanceolate, acumi-
nate, sharply dentated ; flowers are white, with a reddish tinge ; and
the fruit a two-valved, one-celled capsule. Seeds are oblong, brown,
and bitter.
History. — This species is found scattered over the United States from
Canada to Florida, on the eastern side of the Alleghanies, occurring in
open hilly woods, in light gravelly soU. The period of flowering is in
May, and the fmit is matured in August. The root yields its virtues to
boiling water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant,
and tonic. It resembles ipecac in action. It is useful in amenorrhoea,
rheumatism, dropsy, costiveness, dysjjepsia, worms, and intermittent
fever. It may be used in all fevers where emetics are required.
Dose. — As an emetic, twenty to thirty-five grains of the powder, as
often as required ; as a tonic, two to four grains ; as a diaphoretic, six
grains in cold water, and repeated at intervals of two or three hours.
GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM.
Common Name. Cotton.
Medicinal Part. The inner iark of the root.
Description. — Cotton is a biennial or triennial herb, with a fusiform
root, with a round pubescent branching stem about five feet high. The
leaves are hoary, palmate, with five sub-lanceolate, rather acute lobes ;
flowers are yellow ; calyx cup-shaped, petals five, deciduous, with a
purple spot near the base ; stigmas, three or five ; and the fruit a three
or five-celled capsule, with three or five seeds involved in cotton.
96 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
History. — It is a native of Asia ; but is cultivated extensively in many
parts of the world, and in the Southern portions of America more suc-
cessfully than anywhere else. The inner bark of the recent root is the
part chiettj' used in medicine. Its active principle, which is that admin-
istered by all educated herbal physicians, is called Gossyjiiin.
Proj^ertk'H and Uses. — The preparation Gossypiui is most excellent for
diseases of the utero-genital organs. In these diseases it evinces its sole
and only virtues, and it ought, on every occasion where it can be pro-
cured in its purity, to be used in the stead of ergot, or smut rye, in
cases of difficult labor. The latter will produce uterine inflammation,
and puerperal fever, while gossypiin will achieve the beneficial effects
for which ergot is usually administered, and leave the system perfectly
free from any prejudicial after-results. The active piinciple of fresh cot-
ton root forms a most wonderful uterine tonic, ard, if correctly prepared,
will be found invaluable in sterdity, vaginitis, whites, menstrual irregu-
larities, gi-een sickness, etc. I do not recommend the use of the decoc-
tion of the root by inexperienced persons. The seeds are said to possess
superior anti-periodic properties.
GLOBE FLOWER, (CEPHALANTnus Occidentalis).
Common Names. Button Bush., Pond Dogwood, etc.
Medicinal Part. — The bark. *
Description. — This is a handsome shrub, growing from six to twelve
or more feet high, with a rough bark on the stem, but smooth on the
branches. The leaves are opposite, oval, acuminate, in whorls of three,
from three to five inches long by two to three wide. The flowers are
white, and resemble those of the sycamore, and the fruit a hard and dry
capsule.
History. — This plant is indigenous, and found in damp places, along
the margins of rivers, ponds, etc., flowering from Jvme to September.
The bark is very bitter, and yields its viiiues to water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Tonic, febrifuge, aperient, and diuretic. It ia
used with much success in intermittent and remittent fevers. The inner
bark of the root forms an agreeable bitter, and is employed in coughs and
gravel. It deserves more notice than it receives, for my experienco with
it teaches me that it is a valuable medicinal plant.
GOLDEN SEAL (Hydrastis Canadensis).
Common Names. Yellow Puccoon, Ground Iias2^berry, Turmerie
lioot, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description.— This indigenous plant has a perennial root or rhizome,
which is tortuous, knotty, creeping, internally of a bright yellow color,
with long fibres. The stem is erect, eimple, herbaceous, rounded, from
THE COMPLETE HERBAUST.
97
fax. to twelve inches high, bearing two unequal terminal leaves. The
two leaves are alternate, palmate, having from three to five lobes, hairy,
dark-green, cordate at base, from four to nine inches wide when full
grown. The flower is a solitary one, small, white or rose-colored, aud
the fruit resembles a raspberry, is red, and consists of many two-seeded
diupes.
UlMory. — Golden seal is found growing in shady woods, in rich soils,
and damp meadows in different parts of the United States and Canada,
but is more abimdant west of the Alleghanies. It flowers in May and
June. The root is the officinal part. Its virtues are imparted to water
or alcohol. The root is of a beautiful yel-
low color, and when fresh is juicy, and used
by the Indians to color their clothing, etc.
Properties and Uses. — The root is a pow-
erful tonic, at the same time exerting an
especial influence upon the mucous surfaces
and tissues, with which it comes in contact.
Internally, it is successfully administered in
dyspepsia, chronic affections of the mucous
coats of the stomach, erysipelas ; remittent,
intermittent, and typhoid fevers ; toi-por of
the liver, and wherever tonics are required.
In some instances it proves laxative, but
without any astringency, and seems to rank
in therapeutical action between rhubarb and
blood-root.
A strong decoction of two parts of Golden
Seal and one part of Geranium or Cranebill,
is very valuable in gleet, chronic gonorrhoea,
and leucorrhoea, used in injection. It is likewise of much benefit in in-
cipient stricture., spennatorrhoia., and inflammation and ulceration of the
internal coat of the bladder. Ulceration of the internal coat of the
bladder may be cured by the decoction of Golden Seal alone. It must
be injected into the bladder, and held there as long as the patient can
conveniently retain it. To be repeated three or four times a day, im-
mediately after emptying the bladder.
Dose. — Of the jiowder, from ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, from
one to two fluid drachms.
GOLD THREAD (Coptis Trifolia).
Common Name. Mouth-root.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a small, creeping, perennial root, of a
bright yellow color ; the stems are round, slender, and at the base are
98 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
invested with ovate, acuminate, yellowisli scales. The leaves are ever-
green, on long, slender petioles ; leaflets roundish, acute at base, small
and smooth, and veiny and sessile. The flower is a small starry white
one, and the fruit an oblong capsule, containing many small black
seeds.
History. — Goldthread is found growing in dark swamps and sphagnous
woods in the northern parts of the United States, and in Canada,
Greenland, Iceland, and Siberia. It flowers early in the spring to July.
The root is the medicinal part, and autumn is the season for collect-
ing it.
Properties and Uses. — It is a pure and powerful bitter tonic, some-
what like quassia, gentian, and columbo, without any astringency. It
may be beneficially used in all cases where a bitter tonic is required, and
is decidedly efficacious as a wash or gargle, when a decoction, in various
ulcerations of the mouth. In dyspepsia, and in chronic inflammation
of the stomach, equal parts of goldthread and golden seal, made into
a decoction, with elixir vitriol added in proper quantity, will not only
prove effectual, but in loany instances will permanently destroy the
appetite for alcoholic beverages.
Dose. — Of the powder or tincture, from half a drachm to a drachm ;
of the decoction, the dose is from one wineglassfid to a teacupful. The
tincture, made by adding an ounce of the powdered root to a pint of
diluted alcohol, is preferable to the powder. The dose is from twenty
drops to a teaspoonful, three times a day.
GUAIAC (GuAiACTJM Officinale).
Common Name. Ligmim Vitce.
JIedicinal Parts. The wood and resin.
Beseription. — This is a tree of slow growth, attaining a height of from
thirty to forty feet ; stem commonly crooked ; bark fun-owed ; wood
veiy hard, heavy, the fibres crossing each other diagonally. Leaves
bijugate ; leaflets obovate or oval, obtuse, and evergreen. Flowers light
blue, and the fruit an obcordate capsule.
History. —This tree is an inhabitant of the West Indian Islands, and
on the neighboring part of the continent. The wood is used by turners
for making block-sheaves, pestles, etc. , and is very hard and dm-able.
Both the wood and resin are used in medicine. Alcohol is the best
solvent.
Properties and Uses.— The wood or resin, taken internally, commonly
excites a warmth in the stomach, a dryness of mouth, or thirst. It is
an acrid stimulant, and increases the heat of the body and accelerates
the circulation. If the body bo kept warm while iising the decoction, it
is diaphoretic ; if cool, it is diuretic.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 99
It is used in chronic rheumatism, cutaneous diseases, scrofula, and
Byphilitic diseases.
Dose. — Decoction of the wood, two to four ounces ; of powdered resin.
five to twenty grains ; tincture, one to four fluid drachms.
HAZEL (Witch) (Hama^ielis Virginica).
Common Names. Winterbloom, Snajrping-liazelnut^ Spotted Alder.
Medicinal Parts. The bark and leaves.
Description. — This indigenous shrub consists of several crooked,
branching stems, from the same root, from four to six inches in diame-
ter and ten to twelve feet high, covered with a smooth gray bark. The
leaves are on short petioles, alternate, oval or obovate ; flowers yeUow ;
calyx small, petals four, and the fruit a nut-like capsule or pod.
Histoi'y. — It grows in damp woods, in nearly all parts of the United
States, flowering from September to November, when the leaves are
falling, and maturing its seeds the next summer. The barks and leaves
are the parts used in medicine. They possess a degree of fragrance,
and when chewed are at first somewhat bitter, very sensibly astringent,
and then leave a pungent sweetish taste, which remains for a considera-
ble time. Water extracts their virtues. The shoots are used as divining
rods to discover water and metals ixnder ground by certain adepts in
the occult arts.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, astringent, and sedative. A decoc-
tion of the bark is very useful in hemoptysis, hematemesis, and
other hemorrhages or bleedings, as well as in diarrhoea, dysenteiy,
and excessive mucous discharges. It is employed ^vith great advantage
in incipient phthisis or consumption, in which it is supposed to unite
anodyne influences with its others.
The Indians use it in the form of poultice, in external inflammations,
swellings, and all tumors of a painful character.
The decoction may be advantageously used as a wash or injection
for sore mouth, painful tumors, external inflammations, bowel com-
plaints, prolapsus ani and uteri, leucorrhoea, gleet, and ophthalmia.
An Ointment made with lard, and a decoction of white-oak bark,
apple-tree bark, and witch-hazel, is a very valuable remedy for hemor-
rhoids or piles.
The following forms a useful preparation : Take equal parts of witch-
hazel bark, golden seal, and lobelia leaves, the two first made into a
strong decoction, after which add the lobelia to the hot liquid, and
cover ; when cold, strain. This decoction, as a collyrium, will fre-
quently and speedily cure the most obstinate and long-standing cases of
ophthalmia.
Dose of the witch-hazel decoction alone, from a wineglassful to a tea-
cupful, three or four times a day.
100
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
HELLEBORE (American) (Veratrum Yiride).
Common Names. Swamp Hdlebore., Indian Poke, Itch-weed.
Medicinal Part. The rhizome.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, thick, and fleshy rhizome,
tunicated at the upper part, sending off a multitude of large whitish
roots. The stem is from three to five feet high ; lower leaves from six
inches to a foot long, oval, acuminate ; upper leaves
gradually narrower, linear, lanceolate, and all alter-
nate. The flowers are numerous and green, part
of them barren.
Ilistoi'y. — American Hellebore is native to the
United States, growing in swamps, low grounds,
and moist meadows, blossoming in June and July.
The roots should be gathered in autumn, and as it
rapidly loses its virtues, it should be gathered an-
nually and kept in well-closed vessels. When
fresh, it has a very strong, unpleasant odor, but
when dried is inodorous. It has a sweetish-bitter
taste, succeeded by a persistent acridity.
Properties and Uses. — It has many very'^ valua-
ble properties. It is slightly acrid, confiniug this
action to the mouth and fauces. It is unsurpassed
by any article as an expectorant. As a diaphoretic,
it is one of the most certain of the whole materia
medica, often exciting great coolness and coldness
of the surface. In suitable doses it can be relied
upon to bring the pulse down from a hundred and
fifty beats in a minute to forty, or even to thirty.
Sometimes it renders the skin merely soft and moist, and at others
produces free and abundant perspiration. In fevers, in some diseases
of the heart, acute rheumatism, and in many other conditions which in-
volve an excited state of the circulation, it is of exceeding great value.
As a deobstruent or alterative, it far surpasses iodine, and therefore
used with great advantage in the treatment of cancer, scrofula, and con-
sumption. It is nervine, and never narcotic, which property renders
it of great value in all painfid diseases, or such as are accompanied
with spasmodic action, convulsions, morbid irritability and irritative
mobility, as in chorea, epilepsy or fits, pneumonia, puerperal fever,
neuralgia, etc., producing these effects without stupefying and torpify-
ing the system, as opium is known to do. As an emetic, it is slow, but
certain and efficient, rousing the liver to action, and vomits without
occasioning prostration or exhaustion like other emetics, being the
more valuable in not being cathartic. It is peculiarly adapted as an
THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.
101
emetic in whooping-cough, croup, asthma, scarlet fever, and in all cases
where there is much febrile or inflammatory action. As an arterial
sedative it stands unparalleled and unequalled, while in small doses it
creates and promotes appetite beyond any agent known to medical men.
It has recently come into use, and may be justly regarded as one of
the most valuable contributions to the Hst. of medicines in a himdred
years.
Dose. — Veratrum is usually given in the form of a tincture, the for-
mula being of the dried root, eight ounces to sixteen oiinces diluted
.835 alcohol, macerating for two weeks, then to be expressed and fil-
tered. To an adult eight drops are given, which should be repealed
every three hoTirs, increasing the dose one or two drops every time
nntU nausea or vomiting, or rediiction of the pulse to sixty-five or sev-
enty, ensue, then reduce to one-half in all cases. Females and persons
from fourteen to eighteen should commence with six drops and increase
as above. For children, from two to five years, begin with two drops,
and increase one drop only. Below two years of age, one drop is suf-
ficient. If taken in so large a dose as
to produce vomiting or too much de-
pression, a full dose of morphine or
opium, in a little brandy or ginger, is
a complete antidote. In pneumonia,
typhoid fever, and many other diseases,
it must be continued from three to
seven days after the symptoms have
subsided. In typhoid fever, while
using the veratrum, quinia is absolutely
inadmissible. It is administered in a
little sweetened water, and its employ-
ment in moderate doses, or short of
nausea, may be continued indefinitely
without the least inconvenience.
The Helleborus Niger, Black Hel-
lebore., inhabiting the subalpine and
southern parts of Europe, was formerly
much used in palsy, insanity, apoplexy,
dropsy, epilepsy, etc. , but is now more
or less discarded. It has diuretic and emmenagogue properties, but
as it is very toxical in effects, its use is not to be advised in domestic
practice.
HENBANE (Hyoscyamus Niger).
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds.
Descriptimi. — Henbane is a biennial plant. It has a long, thick, spin-
dle-shaped, corrugated root, which is of a brown color externally, but
HeUeboniB Niger.
102 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
whitish internally. The stem sometimes reaches the height of two
feet, but often stops at an altitude of six inches. The leaves are large,
oblong, acute, alternate, and of a pale, dull green color. They have
long, glandular hairs upon the midrib. The flowers are funnel-shaped,
of a dull yellow color, with puri^le veins and orifice. The seeds are
many, small, obovate, and brownish.
History. — Henbane is original with Europe, but has been naturalized
in America. It grows in waste groimds, and flowers from July to Sep-
tember. The leaves and seeds are the parts medicinally used. The
leaves are collected in the second year, when the plant is in flower ; the
Beeds are gathered when perfectly ripe. It grows more plentifully than
elsewhere in America, in the waste grounds of old settlements, in grave-
yards, and around the foundations of ruined houses. Bruise the recent
leaves, and they emit a strong narcotic odor, like tobacco. Dry them,
and they have little smell or taste. Their virtues are completely ex-
tracted by diluted alcohol. The active principle of Henbane is called
Syosciamia., but all the recognized preparations are now known by the
general name of Hyoseyamus.
Properties and Uses. — Henbane is a powerful narcotic, but, unless im-
properly and injudiciously xised, it is not "dangerously" poisonous, as
we learn from King. All narcotics are ' ' dangerously " poisonous if dan-
gerously administered. Nature grows wild her most potent medicinal
herbs, and those which, if used by persons who understand them, are
curative of the very worst afllictions of the human race, are also de-
structive to a small extent if applied and administered by parties who
have not thoroughly studied their properties. Medicinally used. Hen-
bane is calmative, hypnotic, anodyne, and antispasmodic. It is much
better than opium, as it does not produce constipation. It is always
given, where opium does not agree, with the very best effects. I use it
principally to cause sleep, and remove irregular nervous action. Com-
bined with other preparations mentioned in many parts of this volume,
it is most excellent for gout, rheumatism, asthma, chronic cough, neu-
ralgia, irritations of the urinary organs, etc. The leaves make fine ex-
ternal preparations for glandular swellings or ixlcers, etc. I instruct my
patients never to use it, under any circumstances, without the advice of
a good herbal physician.
HOARHOUND (Marrubium Vulgare).
Medicinal Part. Theherh.
Description. — This well-known herb has a fibrous, perennial root and
numerous annual, bushy stems, leaf^-, and branching from the bottom
to one or two feet in height. The leaves are roundish-ovate, rough and
veiny above, woolly on the under sui-face, one or two inches in diam-
eter ; the flowers small and white.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 103
Eistorp.—Hoarhoxmd is a native of Europe, but has been naturalized
in the United States, where it is very common. It grows on dry sandy
fields, waste gi-ounds, and road-sides, flowering from June to September,
The entire plant has a white or hoary appearance ; the whole herb is
medicinal, and should be gathered before its efflorescence. It has a
peculiar, rather agreeable, vinous, balsamic odor, and a very bitter aro-
matic, somewhat acrid and persistent taste. Its virtues are imparted to
alcohol or water.
Properties and Uses. — A stimulant, tonic, expectorant, and diuretic.
It is used in the form of syrup, in coughs, colds, chronic catarrh,
asthma, and all pulmonary affections. The tcarrn infusion will produce
perspiration and flow of urine, and is used with great benefit in jaun-
dice, asthma, hoarseness, amenorrhoea, and hysteria. The cold infusion is
an excellent tonic in some forms of dyspepsia. It Avill expel worms and
act as a purgative in large doses. It enters into the composition of
several syrups and candies.
Dose. — Of the powder, one drachm ; of the infusion or syrup, from
half to a teacupfuL
HOUND'S TONGUE (Cynoglossum Officinale).
Medicestal, Pakts. The leaves and root.
Desci'iption. — This biennial plant has an erect stem one or two feet
high. The leaves are hoary, with soft down on both sides, acute, lan-
ceolate, radical ones petiolate, cauline ones sessUe, with cordate bases.
The flowers are in clusters, calyx do\vny, corolla reddish puiple, and
fruit a depressed achenium.
History. — Cynoglossum Officinale grows on the road-sides and waste
places of both Europe and America. The leaves and the root are the
parts used in medicine ; but the j^ref erence I give to the root. This,
upon being gathered, emits an unpleasant and somewhat heavy odor,
which vanishes when it is dried. Its taste is bitter and mawkish. The
fresh root is spoken of by several herbalists as being better than the
desiccated or dried, but this probably arises fTom the fact that the roots
they used had not been gathered at the proper time, dried in the cor-
rect way, or kept in a skilful manner. The dried root is quite as active
as the fresh, if prepared by a person who knows its qualities.
Properties and Uses.— It is chiefly valuable for coughs, catarrhs,
bleeding from the lungs, and other disorganizations of the respiratory
apparatus. The leaves and root are both applied, with great benefit,
as a poultice to old ulcers, scrofulous tumors, bums, goitre, and recent
bruises and abrasions. In my several remedies the values of many
of the plants described at length in these pages are most thoroughly
embraced. The object in giving such plants a descriptive space each
is to enable the reader, iu extraordinary emergencies, to be Ais own
104 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
physician until he can get a better one, and to show him that what
he treads on may, without his knowledge, contain the germs of his
rejuvenation.
Cynoglosstjm Morrisoni, or Virginin Mouse-ear^ Begrjars' Lice,
Dysentery Weed, etc., is an annual weed with an erect hairy, leafy
stem, two to four feet high. Leaves three to four inches long, oblong,
lanceolate ; flowers very small, white, or pale blue. It grows in rocky
grounds and among rubbish. The whole j^lant has an unpleasant odor.
The root is the medicinal part. It is very eiHcacious in diarrhoea and
dysentery. The root may be chewed or given in powder or infusion ad
libitum.
HOPS (HuMULtrs Lupulxjs).
Medicinal Part. The strobiles or cones.
Description. — This well-known twining plant has a perennial root,
with manj' annual angular stems. The leaves are opposite, deep green,
serrated, venated, and very rough. The flowers are numerous and of a
greenish color. Fruit a strobile.
History. — This plant is found in China, the Canary Islands, all parts
of Europe, and in many places in the United States. It is largely .Culti-
vated in England and the United States for its cones or strobiles, 'vfrhich
are used medicinally, and in the manufacture of beer, ale. and porter.
The odor of hops is peculiar and somewhat agi-eeable, their taste slightly
astringent and exceedingly bitter. They yield their virtues to boiling
water, but a better solvent than water is diluted alcohol. Lupulin is
the yellow powder procured by beating or rubbing the strobiles, and
then sifting out the grains, which form about one-seventh part of the
Hops. Lupulin is in globose kidney-shaped grains, golden yellow and
somewhat transparent, and preferable to the Hops itself. LvpuUtc is
the bitter principle of Hops, and is obtained by making an aqueous
solution of Lupulin.
Pnyjicrties and Uses. — Hops are tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic,
and anthelmintic. They are principally used for their sedative or hyp-
notic action — producing sleep, removing restlessne.>^s, and abating pain,
but sometimes failing to do so. A piUow stuffed with Hops is a favorite
way for obtaining sleep. The lujmlin or its tincture is used in delirium
tremens, nervous irritation, anxiety, exhaustion, and does not disorder
the stomach, nor cause constipation, as with opium. It is also useful in
after-pains, to prevent chordee, suppress venereal desires, etc. Exter-
nally, in the form of a fomentation alone, or combined with Boneset or
other bitter herbs, it has proved beneficial in pneumonia, pleurisy, gas-
tritis, enteritis, and as an application to painful swellings and tumors.
An ointment, made by boiling two parts of Stramonium leaves and one
of Hops in lard, is an excellent application in salt rhemn, ulcers, and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 105
painful tumors. It is a powerful antaphrodisiac, composing the genital
organs, quieting painful erections in gonorrhoea, etc.
Dose. — Fluid extract, half a drachm to a drachm ; solid extract, five
to twenty grains ; tincture (two and a half ounces of hops to one pint of
alcohol), three to six drachms ; infusion (four drachms to one pint of
hot water), a wineglass to a cupful of LupiMn.^ the dose six to ten
grains ; tinct. of Lupulin (two ounces of Lupulin to one pint of alcohol),
one to two teaspoonfuls in sweetened water. Fifteen to twenty grains
well rubbed up with white sugar in a mortar is very efficacious in pria-
pism, chordee, and spermatorrhoea.
HOUSE-LEEK (Sempervivum Tectorum).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — House-leek has a fibrous root, with several tufts of ob-
long, acute, extremely succulent leaves. The stem from the centre of
these tufts is about a foot high, erect, round, and downy ; flowers large,
pale rose-colored, and scentless. Offsets spreading.
History. — This perennial plant is a native of Europe, and is so succu-
lent that it will grow on dry walls, roofs of houses, etc. It flowers in
August. It is much cultivated in some places. The leaves contain
super-malate of lime.
Properties and Uses. — The fresh leaves are iiseful as a refrigerant
when bruised, and applied as a poultice in erysipelatous affections, birrns,
stings of insects, and other inflammatory conditions of the skin. The
leaves, sliced in two, and the inner surface applied to warts is a positive
cure for them. It can be used for many skin diseases. The leaves also
possess an astringent property, serviceable in many cases.
HYSSOP (Hyssopus Officinalis).
Medicinal Parts. The tops and leaves.
Description. — Hyssop is a perennial herb, with square stems, woody
at the base, and a foot or two in height, with rod-like branches. The
leaves are opposite, sessile, linear, and lanceolate, green on each side ;
flowers, bluish-purple, seldom white ; stamens four.
HiHtory. — It is an inhabitant of Europe and this country, being raised
principally in gardens, and flowers in July. The taste of the leaves is
hot, spicy, and somewhat bitter, and yield their virtues to water and
alcohol. They contain yellow oil and sulphur.
Properties and Uses. — Stimrdant, aromatic, carminative, and tonic.
Generally used in quinsy and other sore-throats, as a gargle with sage.
As an expectorant it is beneficial in asthma, coughs, etc. The leaves
applied to bruises speedily relieve the pain and remove the discolora-
tion.
5*
106 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
IBERIS AMAEA,
Common Name. Bitter Candy Tuft.
Mkdicinal Part. The seeds.
Description. — This plant has a herbaceous stem, about a foot in
height, wath acute, toothed leaves, and bright white flowers.
Ilintory. — The leaves, stem, root, and seeds are used ; the seeds espe-
cially. The plant is an annual, carefully cultivated in Eui-ope, but
grows wild also. It flowers in June and July.
PropertieH and Uses. — The ancients employed it in gout, rheumatism,
and diseases of a kindred nature. We use it, compounded v.'ith other
herbal preparations, for such diseases in their worst forms, and we also
use it by itself, in certain proportions, to allay excited action of the
heart, particrdarly where the heart is enlarged. In asthma, bronchitis,
and dropsy it is now considered one of the most excellent ingredients of
certain cures for those afflictions. The dose is from one to five grains of
the powdered seeds.
ICELAND MOSS (Cetraria Islandica).
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description and History. — Iceland Moss is a perennial, foliaceov^s plant
from two to four inches high ; a native of Britain and the northern
countries of Europe, particularly Iceland. It is diversified in its color,
being brownish or grajish- white in some parts, and of a reddish hue in
others. It is ^vithout odor, with a mucilaginous, bitter, somewhat
astringent taste, and when dry the lichen is crisp, cartilaginous, and cori-
aceous, and is convertible into a grayish-white powder. It sweUs up m
water, absorbing more than its own weight of that fluid, and communica-
ting a portion of its bitterness to it, as well as a little mucilage ; when
long chewed it is converted into a mucUaginous pulp, and when boiled
in water the decoction becomes a firm jelly on cooling.
Projierties and Uses. — It is demulcent, tonic, and nutritious. Used
as a demulcent in chronic catarrh, chronic dyscnteiy, and diarrhoea, and
as a tonic in dyspepsia, convalescence, and exhausting diseases. Boiled
with milk it forms an excellent nutritive and tonic in phthisis and gen-
eral debility. Its tonic virtues depend upon its cetrarin^ which, if re-
moved, renders the lichen merely nutritious.
IRON WEED (Vernonia Fasciculata).
Medicinal Part. The root.
De.script'on. — This is an indigenous, perennial, coarse, purplish-greeu
weed, with a stem from three to ten feet high. The leaves are from
four to eight inches long, one or two broad, lanceolate, tapering to each
end. Corolla showy, and dark purple.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 107
History. — This is a very common plant to the Western States, growing
in woods and prairies, and along rivers and streams, flowering from Jvdy
to September. The root is bitter, and imparts its virtues to water and
alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is a bitter tonic, deobstruent, and alterative.
In powder or decoction the root is beneficial in amenorrhoea, dysmenor-
rhcea, leucorrhoea, and menorrhagia. It is useful in scrofula and some
cutaneous diseases.
Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; of the tincture, one
or two fluid drachms. The leaves or powdered root make an excellent
discutient application to tumors.
IVY (American) (Ampelopsis Quinqijefolia).
Common Names. Woodbine, Virginia Creeper., Five Leaves, False
Grape, Wild icood-vine.
Medicinal Parts. The bark and twigs.
Description. — This is a woody vine, with a creeping stem, digitate
leaves ; leaflets acuminate, petiolate, dentate, and smooth ; flowers in-
conspicuous, greenish, or white ; and the fruit a beriy, acid, dark blue,
and small.
History. — The Ameiican Ivy is a common, familiar, shrubby vine,
climbing extensively, and, by means of its radiating tendrils, supporting
itself fii-mly on trees, stone walls, churches, etc., and ascending to the
height of from fifty to a hundred feet. The bark and the twigs are the
parts usually used. Its taste is acrid and persistent, though not un-
pleasant, and its decoction is mucilaginous. The bark should be col-
lected after the berries have ripened. It is like the ivy of England and
other countries.
Properties and Uses. — Alterative, tonic, astiingent, and expectorant.
It is used principally in form of syrup in scrofula, dropsy, bronchitis,
and other pulmonary complaints. An old author affirms that there is a
very great antipathy between wine and ivy, and therefore it is a remedy
to preserve against drunkenness, and to relieve or cure intoxication by
drinking a draught of wine in which a handful of bruised ivy leaves
have been boiled.
Dose. — Of the decoction of syrup, from one to four tablespoonfuls,
three times a day.
JALAP (Ipomcea Jalapa).
Medicinal Part. Tlieroot.
Description. — Jalap has a fleshy, tuberous root, with numerous round-
ish tubercles. It has several stems, which are smooth, browmish, slightly
rough, with a tendency to twine. The leaves are on long petioles, the
108
THE COMPLETE HERBAXIST.
Jalap.
first hastate, succeeding ones cordate, acuminate, and mucronate. The
calyx has no bracts ; corolla funnel-shaped,
purple, and long. Fruit a capsule.
Ilistory. — This plant grows ia Mexico,
at an elevation of nearly six thousand feet
above the level of the sea, near Chicanquiaco
and Xalapa, from which it is exported, and
from which last-named place it also receives
its name. It is generally imported in bags,
containing one or two hundred pounds. The
worm-eaten root is the most energetic, aa
the active part is untouched by them. It ia
soluble Lq water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Jalap is irritant
and cathartic, operating energetically, and
produces liquid stools. It is chietiy em-
ployed when it is desired to produce an
energetic influence on the bowels, or to
obtain large evacuations. In intestinal in-
flammations it should not be used.
Dose. — Powder, ten gi-arns.
JAMESTOWN WEED (Datura Stramonium).
CoM^ioN Names. Thorn-Apple, Stinkweed, Apple-pei'u, etc.
MEDicmAi. Parts. The leaves and seeds.
Description. — This plant is a bushy, smooth, fetid, annual plant, two
or three feet in height, and in rich soil even more. The root is rather
large, of a whitish color, giving off many fibres. The stem is much
branched, forked, spreading, leafy, of a yellowish-green color. The
leaves are large and smooth, from the forks of the stem, and are uneven
at the base. The flowers are about three inches long, erect, large, and
white. The fruit is a large, dry, prickly capsule, with four valves and
numerous black reniform seeds. There is the Datura Tatiila, or purple
Stramonium, which differs from the above in having a deep purple stem,
etc.
History. — Stramonium is a well-known poisonous weed, growing upon
waste grounds and road-sides, in all parts of the United States. It is
found in very many parts of the world. The whole plant has a fetid,
narcotic odor, which diminishes as it dries. Almost every part of the
plant is possessed of medicinal properties, but the ofRciaal parts are the
leaves and seeds. The leaves should be gathered when the flowers are
fxdl-blowTi, and carefully dried in the shade. They impart their proper-
ties to water, alcohol, and the fixed oils. The seeds are small, reniform,
compressed, roughish, dark brown or black when ripe, grayish-browa
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 109
when unripe. They yield what is called Daiuria^ which may be obtained
by exhausting the bruised seeds with boiling rectified alcohol, and
then proceeding as for the active principle of other seeds of a similar
character.
Proj)erties and Uses. — In large doses it is an energetic narcotic poison.
The victims of this poison suffer the most intense agonies, and die in
maniacal delirium. In medicinal doses it is an anodyne, antispasmodic,
and is often used as a substitute for opium. It is used with fair effect
in cases of mania, epilepsy, gastritis, delirium tremens, and enteritis ;
also in neuralgia, rheumatism, and all periodic pains. The dried and
smoked leaves are useful in spasmodic asthma, but as there are other
means much more certain to cure, and less dangerous, I, and other her-
balists, seldom or never recommend them. Daturia is seldom employed
in medicine, being a very active and powerful poison. I should advise
my readers never to employ it, vmless they be physicians ; but I deemed
proper to give it a place in this work, as its medicinal qualities are quite
important, if its use is intrusted to proper and educated persons.
JUNIPER (JuNiPERUS Communis).
Medicinal Part. The berties.
DeserijMon. — This is a small evergreen shrub, never attaining the
height of a tree, with many very close branches. The leaves are
attached to the stem in threes. The fruit is fleshy, of dark-purplish
color, ripening the second year from the flower.
Hvitory. — Juniper grows in diy woods and hills, and flowers in May.
The American berries contain less virtue than those imported from
Europe. The oil is contained in the spirituous liquor called Holland
gin. The berries yield their properties to hot water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — The berries and oil are stimulating, carmina-
tive, and diuretic. It is especially useful in averting mucous discharges,
especially from the \irethra.
Dose^ — Of the berries, from one to two drachms ; of the oil, from four
to twenty minims.
KINO (Pterocabpus Marsupium).
Medicinal Part. Concrete juice.
JJescription. — Kino is a leafy tree, with the outer coat of the bark
brown, and the inner red, fibrous, and astringent. Branches smooth,
leaves alternate ; leaflets, from five to seven, alternate, elliptical, and
rather emarginate ; flowers very numerous, white, with a tinge of yel-
low ; fruit a legume on a long petiole.
lliatory. — Kino is the juice of the tree, obtained by making longitu-
dinal incisions in the bark. It flows freely, is of a red color, and by
drying it in the sun it cracks into irregular angular masses. The frag-
110 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ments are reddish, black, translucent, and ruby-red on the edges, in-
odorous, and very astringent. "When chewed it tinges the saliva blood-
red. Alcohol dissolves about two-thirds of it. It is chieliy imported
from Malabar. It inhabits the Ciicur mountains and forests of the
Malabar coast.
Properties and Uses. — Employed in medicine as an energetic astrin-
gent only, principally in obstinate chronic diarrhoea. It is also adminis-
tered as an astilngent in leucon'hoea and sanguineous exudations. As a
topical remedy, it is applied to llabby ulcers, and used as a gargle, in-
jection, and wash.
Dose. — Of the powder, from ten to thirty grains.
KIDNEY LIYER-LEAF (Hepatica Americ.\na).
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This is a perennial plant, the root of which consists of
numerous strong fibres. The leaves are all radical, on long, hairy pe-
tioles, smooth, evergreen, cordate at base, the new ones appearing later
than the flowers. The flowers appear almost as soon as the snow leaves
the ground in the spruig. Fruit an ovate achenium.
Hepatica Actjtaloba, or Heart Liver -leaf., which possesses the^same
medicinal qualities, differs from the above in having the leaves with three
ovate, pointed lobes, or sometimeie five-lobcd. They both bear white,
blue, or purplish flowers, which api:iear late in March or early in April.
History. — These plants are common to the United States, growing in
woods and upon elevated situations — the former, which is the most com-
mon, being found on sides of hills, exposed to the north, and the latter
on the southern aspect. The plants yield their virtues to water.
Properties and Uses. — It is a mild, mucilaginous astringent, and is
freely used in infusion, in fevers, di^ases of the liver ; and for bleed-
ing from the lungs, coughs, etc., it is a most valuable curative.
Dose. — Infusion taken ad libitum.
KOUSSO (Brayera Anthelmintica).
Medicinal Tart. The leaves.
Dcscri]iti"n . — This is a tree, growing about twenty feet high, with
round rusty branches. The leaves are crowded, alternate ; leatleta
oblong, acute, and sen-ate ; flowers small, gi-eeni.sh, and becoming pur-
ple ; the fruit so far unknown.
History. — This tree gi-ows upon the tabh -lands of Northeastern Abys-
sinia, at an elevation of several thou.sand feet. The flowers are the
parts u.sed. They are gathered when in full bloom, and are used in
their fresh state, but are equally valuable when properly dried. After
drying th(^y are powdered, and in this forni they are mixed with warm
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Ill
water and administered. The value of this medicine has been known
for a long time, having been introduced in the French practice over
forty years ago. It is quite
difficult to procure even the
adulterated or spurious ar-
ticle in America or England ;
the genuine is not to be ob-
tained at any price in the
drug-stores. In the stores,
however, can be obtained, at
great cost, an active resinous
principle, extracted from the
flowers, and sometimes the
unripe fruit, to which the
names of Tcerdin and Kous-
»in have been given. The
dose of this is set down at
twenty grains.
Pr<yperUes and Uses. — In
large doses it wUl produce
heat of the stomach, nausea,
and sometimes vomiting, Kousso.
and occasionally will act
powerfully on the bowels ; but this is only when injudiciously taken.
Its chief property is developed in the destruction and expulsion of worms,
especially the tape-icm'm. It is the surest of all remedies for that dis-
tressing affliction, when compounded with other ingredients which I
have mentioned elsewhere. Taken in the proper dose, it seems to have
no general effect, but operates wholly and solely upon the worms. The
dose of the jDowdered flowers in infusion is half an ounce to half a pint
of warm water. It must be reduced for children. If the medicine does
not operate in four hours, use castor-oil. It is one of the ingi-edients of
my Male Fern Vermifuge. (See page 469.)
LADIES' SLIPPER (Cypripedium Pubescens).
Common Names. American Valerian., Zfmhcl, Nerce-root, Telbto-
Moccasiii flower, Noah\$ Ark.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, fibrous, fleshy
root, from which arise several round leafy stems, from twelve to eighteen
inches high. The leaves are from three to six inches long, by two or
three broad, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, pubescent, alternate, gene-
rally the same number on each side. Flowers large and very showy,
and pale yeUow.
113 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
History. — This plant grows here in rich woods and meadows, and
flowers in May and June. There are several varieties of it, but as they
all possess the same medicinal properties, a description of each is not
requisite or desirable.
Projxrties and Uses. — The fibrous roots are the parts used in medi-
cine, and they should be gathered and carefully cleansed in August or
September. The properties and uses are various. The preparations
made from these roots are tonic and stimulant, diaphoretic, and anti-
spasmodic, and are considered to be unequalled in remedying hysteria,
chorea, nervous headache, and all cases of nervous irritability. Com-
bined with a certain foreign plant of a mucilaginous character, and
gi-owing near the sea-shore, it is an unfailing cure of fever and ague.
The preparation has, however, to be skilfully compounded. Any one
afflicted by fever and ague may write to me for particulars and I will
gladly and promptly furnish them. They are also used for delirium,
neuralgia, and hypochondria. The form of preparation is an alcoholic
extract.
Dose. — From ten to twenty grains ; tincture, from one to three fluid
drachms ; infusion, from one to four fluid ounces. When made into
powder, one drachm in warm water is a dose, and may be repeated, in
season, as often as may be required.
LAECH (Abies Larix).
Medicinal Part. Besinous exudation.
Description. — Larch is a very lofty and graceful tree, with wide-
spreading branches. The buds are alternate, perennial, cup-shaped,
scaly, producing annually a pencil-like tuft. Male flowers drooping,
about half an inch long, yellow ; female flowers erect, larger than the
male flowers, and variegated with green and pink ; cones erect, ovate,
about an inch long, purple when young, reddish-brown when ripe.
History. — The Larch grows in the mountainous regions of Europe,
and yields the article of use and commerce known as Venice turpentine.
The bark contains a large amount of tannic acid.
Properties and Uses. — The medicinal properties are those known to be
confined to turpentine.
LARGE FLO^M^RING SPURGE (Euphorbia Corollata).
Common Names. Blooming Spurge^ Milk-weed, Bowman''s Boot,
etc.
Medicinal Part. T/ie bark of the root.
Descrij}tion. — This is a perennial plant with a round, slender, erect
stem, one or two feet high, with a yellowish, large, and branching root.
The leaves are scattered, sessile, oblong-obovate, smooth in some plants.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 113
very hairy in others, and from one to two inches in length. Flowers
white and showy, and fruit a three-celled capsule.
History. — This plant grows plentifully in Canada and the United
States, in dry fields and \voods, and flowers from June to September.
The bark of the root is the part used. The plant is readily detected by
a milky fluid which exudes from the stem, when that is broken. This
fluid, if applied to warts or wens, is of great benefit, in most cases ban-
ishing the offensive excrescences.
Properties and Uses. — It is emetic, diaphoretic, expectorant, andepis-
pastic. As an emetic the powdered bark of the root (say from fifteen to
twenty grains) is mild, pleasant, and efficacious.
Dose.- — As an expectorant it is administered three grains at a time,
mixed with honey, molasses, or sugar ; as a cathartic, from four to ten
grains are required. It is regarded, in doses of fifteen or twenty grains,
as one of the very best remedies ever discovered for the dropsy. It
has cured hydrothorax and ascites when aU other means have failed.
LARKSPUR (Delphinum Consolida).
MEDiCESfAL Pakts. The root and seeds.
Description. —Larkspur is an annual herb, with a simple slender root,
a leafy stem, from a foot and a half to two feet high, with alternate
spreading branches. The leaves are sessile ; flowers bright blue and
purple.
Delphenum SxAPniSAGRiA, or Stavesacre., which possesses the same
properties as Larkspur, but to a greater degree, is an elegant upright
herb, about the same height as Larkspur. Leaves broad, palmate, and
petioled. Flowers bluish-gray. Fruit a capsule.
History. — Larlcspur is a native of Europe, but has become naturalized
in the United States, growing in woods and fields. Stavesacre is native
to Europe, growing in waste places.
Properties and Uses. — In medicinal doses emetic, cathartic, and nar-
cotic. It has also vermifuge properties. The whole plant contains
an acid principle which is sure death to all kinds of domestic vermia.
The flowers and leaves were extensively used in the United States army
during the rebeUion, to kill Uce, and it is pretty well authenticated that
the same substance forms the basis of the many preparations offered for
the destruction of all noxious insects whose room is better than their
company. The flowers are emmenagogue, diuretic, and vermifuge.
A tincture of the seeds, it is said, will cure asthma and dropsy. Also a
specific for cholera morbus.
Dose. — Two ounces of the seed added to one quart of diluted alcohol
makes the tincture, of which ten drops may be given three times a daj.
This, however, should be used only in extreme cases.
114 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
LAVENDEE (Lavandula Vera anb Lavandula SriCA).
MEDicmAL Part. The flowers.
Description. — Lavandula Vera is a small shrub from one to two feet
high, but sometimes attaining six feet. The leaves are oblong-linear
or lanceolate, entire, opposite, and sessile. The flowers are of lilac
color, small and in whorls.
Lavandula Spica is more dwarfish and more hoary than the last.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate. This plant is not used in medicine, but fur-
nishes the oil of spike., much used in the preparation of artistical var-
nishes and by porcelain painters.
//i»to/'2/.— Lavandula Vera grows in the dry soils of Southern Europe,
and flowers in July and August. It is largely cultivated in this country.
The whole plant is aromatic, but the flowers are the parts used, and
should be gathered shortly after their appearance, and carefully dried.
The disease to which this plant is subject can only be prevented by not
allowing them to grow too closely together.
Froperties and Uses. — It is a tonic, stimulant, and carminative, useful
mostly in diseases of the nervous system.
LEVER-WOOD (Astrya Virginica). *
CoM^iON Names. Iron-wood.^ Jlop-liornheam.
Medicinal Part. The inner wood.
Description. — This small tree of from twenty-five to thirty feet in
height is remarkable for its fine, naiTow, brownish bark. The wood ia
white, hard, and strong ; leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, and
Bomewhat downy. Flowers, fertile and sterile, green, and appear with
the leaves.
History. — The inner wood and bark are the parts in which reside the
curative virtues, and the latter, which are immense, readily yield to
water. The tree flowers in April and May, and is common to the Uni-
ted States. The bark and wood should be gathered in August or Sep-
tember.
Properties and Uses. — Lever-wood is anti-periodic, tonic, and altera-
tive. It is very good in cases of intermittent fever, neuralgia, nervous
debihty, scrofula, and dyspepsia. It is sometimes administered, with
fair success, as a remedy for fever and ague.
i^ose.— Decoction, one or two fluid ounces, three or four times a day.
LIFE-ROOT (Senecio Aureus).
Common Names. Squaw-weed, Ragwort, False Valerian, Golden
Senecio, and Female Regulatm:
Medicinal Parts. The root and herb.
Description.— Li£e-ioot has an erect, smoothish stem, one or two feet
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 115
high. Radical leaves are simple and rounded, mostly cordate and
long petioled, lower cawluie leaves lyrate, upper ones few, dentate and
eessile. Flowers golden-yeUow.
History. — The plant is perennial and indigenous, growing on low
marshy grounds, and on the banks of creeks. The northern and west-
em parts of Europe are where it is mostly found, and the flowers culmi-
nate in May and June. The root and herb are the parts employed for
medical purposes. There are several varieties of this plant, but as aJl
possess the same medicinal properties, it is unnecessary to specify them.
The whole herb is used of aU the varieties.
Properties and Uses. — It is diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, and tonic,
and exerts a very powerful and peculiar influence upon the reproductive
organs of females. This has given it the name of Feumle Regulator.
Combined with the Lily, and other native and foreign plants, it is one
of the most certain cures in the world for aggravated cases of leucor-
rhcea ; also in cases of menstrual suppression. It will operate exceUently
in gravel, and other urinary affections.
Dose. — Ordinary decoction, four ounces.
LILT (Meadow) (Lilixjm Candidum).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Bescriiitlon. — The thick stem of this plant is from three to four feet
high, and arises from a perennial bulb or root. Leaves scattered, lan-
ceolate, and narrowed at the base. Flowers are large, snow-white, and
smooth inside.
History. — The Meadow LUy is an exotic. It is a native of Syria and
Asia Minor. The flowers are regarded as being very beautiful, but are
not used for medical purposes. The plant is principally cultivated for
the flowers. The bulb is the part used for its curative properties.
Water extracts its virtues.
Froperties and Uses. — It is mucilaginous, demulcent, tonic, and
astringent. It is chosen by some of our best botanical practitioners as a
certain remedy for leucorrhoea and falling of the womb, and for those
affections, when combined with Life-Root and other herbal preparations,
is without an equal. Sometimes the recent root is used to advantage
in dropsy. Boiled in milk, it is also useful for ulcers, inflammations,
fever-sores, etc. I use it in combination with other indicated plants as
an injection in leucorrhoea, with very gratifying success.
LION'S FOOT (Nabulus Albus).
CoMiioN Names. WJtite Lettuce., Rattle-snake Root.
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This indigenous perennial herb has a smooth stem, stout
116
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and purplish, from two to four feet high. Radical leaves angular-
hastate, caiiline ones lanceolate, and all irregularly dentate.
History. — This jilant grows plentifully in moist woods and in rich soils,
from New England to Iowa, and from Canada to Carolina. The root,
leaves, and juice of the jslant are employed.
Properties and Uses.— A decoction of the root taken internally will
operate most favorably in cases of dysentery. The milky juice of the
plant is taken internally, while the leaves, steeped in water, are applied
as a poultice (and frequently changed) for the bite of a serpent.
LOBELIA (Lobelia Inplata).
Common Names. Indian Tobacco, Wild 'Tobacco.
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and seeds
Description. — Lobelia is an annual or biennial indigenous plant, with
a fibrous root, and an erect, angular, very hairy stem, from six inches to
three feet in height. The leaves are alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, serrate, veiny, and hairy ; flow-
ers small, niimerous, pale-blue ; fruit a two-celled
ovoid cajisule, containing numerous small- brown
seeds.
History. — Lobelia flowers from July to Novem-
ber, and grows in nearly all parts of the United
States, in fields, woods, and meadows. The whole
plant is active, and the stalks are used indiscrimi-
nately with the leaves by those who are best ac-
quainted with its properties. The root is sup-
posed to be more energ-etic, medicinally, than any
other part of the plant. The proper time for
gathering is from the last of JiUy to the middle
of October. The plant should be dried in the
shade, and then be preserved in packages or cov-
ered vessels, more especially if it be reduced to
powder. It was used in domestic practice by the
people of New England long before the time of
Samuel Thompson, its assumed discoverer.
Properties and Uses. — Administered internally it is emetic, nauseant,
expectorant, relaxant, sedative, anti-spasmodic, and secondarily cathar-
tic, diaphoretic, and astringent. It is extensively used to subdue
epasms, and will give relief in epilepsy, tetanus, cramps, hysteria, cho-
rea, and convulsions ; but it is merely a temporary relief when admin-
istered internally, and if not used with great skill and caution in that
way, may do as much harm as good. Applied externally, in the form
of an ointment, combined with healing and soothing barks and roots, it
is decidedly the best counter-irritant known to mankind. In this shape
Lobelia.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 117
its equal has never been discovered, and probably never will be. Tliia
is one of the ingredients of the "Herbal Ointment," a full desciiption
of which will be found on page 469 of this work. There are any num-
ber of ofEcinal preparations of LobeUa, but it is the opinion of the au-
thor that its chief value consists in being made into an ointment, with
other rare and potent ingredients. There is nothing in nature that can
favorably compare with it in this form. In other shapes it may be use-
ful ; but it is also dangerous unless given with care.
LOTJSEWORT (Gerardia Pedicularia).
Common Names. Fever-weed^ American Foxgloiie, etc.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Descriptwn. — The stem of this plant is bushy, tail, two or three feet
in height. The leaves are numerous, opposite, ovate-lanceolate ; flow-
ers large, yellow, and trumpet-shaped ; calyx five-cleft, corolla yellow,
and fruit a two-celled capsule.
History. — This most elegant plant grows in dry copses, pine ridges,
and barren woods and mouutauis, from Canada to Georgia, flower-
ing in August and Sei^tember. "Water or alcohol extracts its virtues.
Properties aud Uses. — It is diaphoretic, antiseptic, and sedative.
Used principally in febrile and inflammatory diseases ; a warm infusion
produces a free and copious perspiration in a short time. Very valuable
in ephemeral fever.
Dose. — Of the infusion, from one to three fluid ounces.
LinSTGWORT (PuLMONARiA Officinalis).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This rough plant has a stem about one foot high. The
radical leaves ovate, cordate ; cauline one, ovate and sessile. Flowers,
blue ; calyx, five-angled ; corolla, f unnel-shai3ed ; stigma, emarginate ;
and the fruit a roundish, obtuse achenium. (See Illustration, page 16.)
History. — Lungwort is a herbaceous perennial, growing in Europe and
this country in northern latitudes. In Europe it is a rough-leaved
plant, but in this country the entire plant is smooth, which exhibits the
pecuhar cUmatic influence. It is showy, and freely cultivated. It
flowers in May. The leaves are used for medical purposes. They are
vrithout any particular odor. Water extracts their properties.
Properties and Uses. — It is demulcent and mucilaginous, and in de-
coction very useful in bleeding from the lungs, and bronchial and catar-
rhal affections, and other disorders of the respiratory organs. Its virtues
seem to be entirely expended upon the lungs, and it is certainly an effica-
cious remedial agent for all morbid conditions of those organs. It ia an
ingredient in the " Acacian Balsam," see page 469.
118 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
JIADDER (RUBIA TiNCTORUM).
Medichstal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, long, cylindrical root, about
the thickness of a quill, and deep reddish-brown. It has several herba-
ceous, brittle stems. The leaves are from four to six in a whorl, lanceo-
late, mucronate, two or three inches long, and about one-third as wide.
Flowers small and yellow.
History. — Madder is a native of the Mediterranean and Southern
European countries. The drug is chiefly imported from Holland and
France. The root is collected in the third year of the plant, when it is
freed from its outer coveiing and dried. It is valued as a dye-stuff for
its red and purple.
Properties and Uses. — It is sometimes used to promote the menstrual
and ui-inary discharges, but is not in very great favor. Combined in a
preparation with other ingredients, it is of some considerable remedial
value.
Dose. — Thirty grains, three or four times a day. If used frequently,
it will color the bones red.
MAD-DOG WEED (Alisma Plaj^tago).
Common Name. Water Plantain. *
Medicinal Part. The leaoes.
DescHption. — This perennial herb has all radical, oval, oblong, or
lanceolate leaves, from four to six inches in length, on long radical
petioles. The flowers are small and white, and the fruit a three-cor-
nered achenium.
Ilistory. — It inhabits the North American continent as well as Europe,
grows in watery places, and flowers in July.
Properties and Uses. — It was once considered a cajjital remedy for
hydrophobia, hence its name ; but experience has demonstrated that aa
a cure for this horrible infliction it is impotent. In urinary diseases
and alfections, an infusion of the leaves, which must be dried and pow-.
dered, is very efficacious.
Dose. — Of the infusion above mentioned, from four to six fluid ounces,
three or four times a day. The fresh leaves, when bruised, form a very
good but mild counter-irritant.
MAIDENHAIR (Adi^vntum Pedatum).
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — This is a most delicate and graceful fern, growing from
twelve to fifteen inches high, with a slender, poUshed stalk. Frond
pedate, wdth pinnate branches.
Ilistory. — Maidenhair is perennial, and grows throughout the United
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. Hy
States in deep woods, on moist, rich soil. The leaves are bitterish and
somewhat aromatic, and part with their virtues upon being immersed in
boUing water.
Properties and Uses. — It is refrigerant, expectorant, tonic, and sub-
astringent. A decoction of the plant is most gratefully cooling in f ebrUe
diseases, and it is a great benefit ia coughs, catarrh, hoarseness, iufluenza,
asthma, pleurisy, etc. The decoction, or syrup, can be used freely.
MAGNOLIA (Magnolia Glauca).
Common NAMEa WJdte Bay, Beaver-tree, Sweet Magnolia, Swamp
Sassafras, etc.
Medicestal Part. TJie bark.
Description. — This tree varies in height from six to thirty feet, being
taller in the South than in the North. The leaves are alternate, petioled,
entire, and of elliptical shape. The flowers are large and solitary'-, and
of grateftd odor. The fruit is a cone.
History .—'Y.\iQ therapeutical virtues of these trees are found in the
bark and fruit. The bark of both the trunk and the root is employed.
The odor is aromatic, and the taste bitterish, warm, and pungent. It is
gathered during the sirring and summer. It has smooth and ash-colored
bark, elegant, odoriferous, cream-colored flowers, and can be found in
morasses from Massachusetts to the Gulf of Mexico. It flowers from
May to August. There are other varieties which do not require especial
mention or description.
Properties and Uses. — The bark is an aromatic, tonic bitter, and is
also anti-periodic. It is used much in the stead of cinchona, and will
remedy the intermittent fevers when cinchona has failed. It is used
frequently as a substitute for Peruvian Bark, as it can be continued for
a longer time and with more safety. Properly prepared it may be used
as a substitute for tobacco, and will break the habit of tobacco-chewing.
Dose. — In powder, half -drachm or drachm doses, five or six times a
day. The infusion is taken in wineglassful doses, five or six times a
day. The tincture, made by adding two ounces of the cones to a pint
of brandy, will be found beneficial in dyspejisia and chronic rheumatism.
MALLOW (Common) (Malva Stlvestris).
Common Name. High-mallow.
Medicinal Part. The Herb.
Descnption. — This plant is a perennial, and has a round stem two or
three feet high, and a tapering, branching, whitish root. The leaves
are alternate, deep green, soft, and downy. The flowers are large,
numerous, and of purple color ; calyx five-cleft ; petals five ; stamens
indefinite ; poUen large, whitish.
History. — The mallow is a native of Europe, but is naturalized in this
120
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
country. It grows abundantly in fields, waysides, and waste places, and
flowers from May to October. The whole plant, especially the root,
abounds in mucilage.
Pnypcrties and Uses. — It possesses the properties common to mucila-
ginous herbs, and an infusion thereof forms an excellent demulcent in
coughs, irritations of the air-passages, flux, affections of the kidney and
bladder, etc. In iaflanimatoiy conditions of the external parts, the
bruised herb forms an excellent application, making, as it does, a natural
emollient cataplasm.
Malva Eotundifolta, or Low-mallow, called by children, who are
fond of eatiQg the fruit, cheeses, possesses similar qualities.
MAIiifDRAKE (PoDOPnYLLUM Peltatum).
CosfMON Names. May-Apple, Wild Lemon, Raccoon-berry, Wild
Mandrake.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant, which is illustrated by a cut, is an iadigenous
perennial herb, with a jointed, dark-brown root, about half the size of
the finger, very fibrous, and internally
yellow. The stem is simple, r»und,
smooth, erect, about a foot high, di-
viding at the top into two petioles,
from three to six inches long, each
supporting a leaf. The leaves are large,
palmate, oftener cordate, smooth, yel-
lo\Hsh-gTeen on top, paler beneath.
The flower is solitary in the fork of
the stem, large, white, and somewhat
fragrant. The fruit is fleshy, of a
lemon color, and in flavor resembles
the strawberry.
There is another plant called man-
drake, but which is the Atrapa Man-
dragoim, a plant belonging to the
night-shade I'amUy. The cut I give
of this plant is quite tnithfial. It is
not used in medicine. It inhabits the
shores of the Mediterranean, and found
lurking in dark woods, in the gloomy thickets on the banks of sluggish
rivers. It is fetid, poisonous, and repulsive. Even its golden fruit has
this nauseous odor. How, then, came it ever to usurp its dominion over
men ? Its strong narcotic powers may have had some influence ; but
the peculiar form of its root, in which the resemblance of the human
Mandrake.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
121
shape, as will be observed, is quite apparent, probably led to its use in
magic.
In popular belief, it became invested with half -human attributes ; and
cries and groans attested its pain when torn from the ground. Gathered
w^th peculiar rites under the
shadow of a gallows, it caused
money to multiply, but death
overtook the daririg searcher for
mandrake who committed an
error in the ritual. There is
nothing new under the sun, and
as no small number of the old-
time magical effects are renewed
imder new names, our book may
reach some spot where the man-
drake has been brought forward
by some new schemer, and play
its part in deluding the sUIy.
History. — The Mandrake is
foimd throughout the United
States, in low, shady situations,
rich woods, and fields, and flow-
ers in May and June. The fruit
matures in September and Octo-
ber. It is scarcer in New England than elsewhere. The Indians were
well acquainted with the virtues of this plant. The proper time for
collecting the root is in the latter part of October or early part of
November, soon after the fruit has ripened. Its active principle is
Podophyllin, which acts upon the liver in the same manner, but far
superior to mercury, and with intelligent physicians it has dethroned
that noxious mineral as a cholagogue.
Properties and Uses. — Mandrake is cathartic, emetic, alterative, an-
thelmintic, hydragogne, and sialagogue. It is an active and certain
cathartic. As a deobstruent it has no superior, acting through and upon
all the tissues of the system, and its action continues for a long time.
In bilious and tyjihoid febrile diseases it is very valuable as an emeto-
cathartic, break ng up the disease quickly. In chronic liver diseases it
has no equal in the whole range of medicine. It can also be used as an
alterative. In constipation it acts upon the bowels without disposing
them to subsequent costiveness. It is also very beneficial in uterine
diseases, and its oflfice as a great remedj' is extensive. It is one of the
ingredients of my ' ' Renovating Pill. " See page 469.
JJose. — Of the powdered root, as a cathartic, from ten to thirty grains ;
of the tincture, from ten to forty drops.
6
Atropa Mandragora.
122
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
MATICO (Piper Angustifolitjm).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a tall shrub, presenting a singular appearance
from its pointed stem and branches. The leaves are harsh, short-
stalked, oblong -lanceolate, and acuminate. Flowers her-
maphrodite.
History. — This plant grows at Huanaco and elsewhere
in Peru. The dried leaves are the parts used, and have a
strong fragrant odor, and a warm, aromatic taste. They
contain a dark-green resin, chlorophyll, brown and yellow
coloring matter, gum, nitrate of potassa, maticine, a vola-
tile oil, salts, and lignin. The plant has long been used
by the Indians of Peru in venereal diseases, but mostly
for diseases of the mucous membranes, over which it has
a complete mastery. Having been emijloyed as a me-
chanical agent to stanch blood by a soldier, it has received
the name of Soldiers' Herb.
Properties and Uses.- — Matico is an aromatic stimulant.
It is extremely useful to arrest discharges from m-ucous
surfaces, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea, and catarrh of the blad-
der. As a topical agent for stanching blood it is excel-
lent, and is used by surgeons to arrest venous hemorrhage.
For the above affections Matico serves its office well, but its greatest use
and efficacy is exhibited in nasal catarrh. It is an absolute specific for
this disease. I have long employed it — even before it was admitted in
the various pharmacopoeias — in my special treatment for catarrh, and I
liave yet to find a case in which it failed. I use it both internally and
topically, and combine it with such other remedial agents as are sug-
gested by the character of each individual case. Catarrh (see page 362)
has long been regarded by the profession as incurable, but in this
remedy the incontrovertible aphorism that " every disease has its speci-
fic " is still further exemplified, and human progress will ere long com-
plete the analogy, if they but investigate the majestic tree, the lowly
shrub, or creeping herb.
Matico Leaf.
MECHAMECK (Convolvulus Panduratus).
Common Names. WildJalwp.^ Man-in-the- Earth, Man-in-the- Ground,
Wild Potato.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This has a perennial, very large tapering root, from
wliich arise several long, round, slender, purjilish stems, from four to
eight feet high. The leaves are cordate at base, alternate, and acumi-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 123
nate, and about two or three inches long. Flowers large and white,
opening ia the forenoon ; fruit an oblong, two-celled capsule.
History. — Mechameck belongs to the United States, and grows in
light, sandy soils. It flowers from June to August, but is rarely found
in northern latitudes. The root is the officinal part. Its best solvent ia
alcohol or spirits. Water will extract its active properties.
Properties and Uses. — It is a cathartic if powdered and taken in doses
of from forty to sixty grains. The infusion, taken in wineglassful doses
every hour, is useful in dropsy, stranguiy, and calculous affections. It
seems to exert an influence over the lungs, liver, and kidneys, without
excessive diuresis or catharsis. The milky juice of the root is said to
be a protection against the bite of the rattlesnake.
MEADOW SAFFRON (CoLcnicuM Auttjmnale).
Medicinal Parts. The cormus and seeds.
Description. — The connus of this plant is large, ovate, and fleshy.
The leaves are dark-green, very smooth, obtuse, above a foot long, an
inch and a half broad, keeled, produced in the spring along with the
capsules. Flowers several, bright-purple, with a white tube appearing
in the autumn without the leaves. Fruit a capsule, seeds whitish and
polished.
History. — It grows in meadows and low, rich soils in many parts of
Europe, and is common in England. The plant is annual or perennial,
according to the manner in which it is propagated. The root resem-
bles that of the tulip, and contains a white acrid juice. The bulb should
be gathered about the beginning of July, and the seeds early in August.
ColcMcia is the active principle.
Pi'oj)e7'ties and Uses. — It is sedative, cathartic, diuretic, and emetic.
Used in gout and gouty rheumatism, dropsy, palpitation of the heart ;
care should be used in its employment. The tincture is the best form
of administration, of which the dose is from twenty to sixty drops.
MONKSHOOD (Aconitum Napellus).
Common Name. Wolfs-bane.
Medicinal Parts. Leaves and root.
Description. — This plant has a small napiform root, and simple,
straight, erect stems, about five feet high. The leaves are alternate,
petioled, dark-green above, paler beneath. The flowers are large, deep
bluish-purple, sometimes white, and hairy ; fruit a capsule.
History. — This perennial herb is a native of most parts of Europe,
growing in wooded hills and plains, and is much cultivated in gardens.
It flowers in May and June. All parts of the plant contain powerfully
poisonous properties ; but the root is the part most generally employed
for medical purposes. It yields Aconitina.
124 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Properties and Uses. — Although Aconite in the hands of the intelli-
gent physician is of great service, it should not be used in domestic
practice. In improper doses all preparations of aconite act as an
energetic acro-narcotic poison. As a sedative and anodyne, it is useful
in all febrile and inflammatory diseases, and, indeed, in all affections in
which there is an increase of nervous, vascular, or muscular action. In
acute rheumatism, pneumonia, peritonitis, gastritis, and many other
acute disorders, it has been used with the most decided advantage.
Its action is more especially displayed in the highest grades of fever
and inflammation.
Dose. — The best preparation is the alcoholic extract, formed by evapo-
rating a tincture made of a pound of aconite and a quart of alcohol.
The dose of this is one-eighth of a grain.
MOSS (CORSICAN), (FUCUS HELMESTTniCORTON).
Medicfnal Part. I'he tcliole plant.
Description. — This marine plant has a cartilaginous, tufted, dnta,ngled
frond, with branches marked indistinctly with transverse streaks. The
lower part is dirty -yellow, the branches more or less purple. *
History. — It is found growing on the Mediterranean coast, and es-
pecially on the Island of Corsica. It is cartilaginous in consistence, is
of a dull and reddish-brown color, has a bitter, salt, and nauseous taste,
but its odor is rather pleasant. Water dissolves its active principles.
Pro])crties and Uses. — It is an excellent anthelmintic. The influence
it exercises upon the economy is entirely inappreciable, but it acts
very powerfully on intestinal worms. Dr. Johnson says : "It destroys
any worms domiciliating in the bowels as effectually as choke -dam2)3
would destroy the life of a miner." This excellent vermifuge plant is
one of the ingredients of my Male Fern Vermifuge, see page 4r>9.
Dose. — From ten to sixty grains, mixed with molasses or syrup, or in
infusion.
The Fucus Vesiculosis, Sea-wrack., or Bladder Fucus, possesses an-
alogovis properties.
MOTHERWORT (Leonurus Cardiaca).
Medicinal Parts. The tojis and leaves.
Description. — This perennial plant has stems from two to live feet in
height. The leaves are opposite, dark-green, rough, and downy. The
flowers are purplish or whitish-red ; calyx, rigid and bristly ; corolla,
purplish ; anthers in pairs, and fruit an oblong achenium.
History. — Motherwort is an exotic plant, but extensively introduced
into the United States, growing in fields iuid pastures, and flowering
from May to September. It has a peculiar, aromatic, not disagreeable
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 125
odor, and a slightly aromatic bitter taste. It yields its properties to
water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is antispasmodic, emmenagogue, nervine, and
laxative. In amenorrhoea from colds it is excellent, if given in warm
infusion. It is very useful in hysteria, nervous complaints, pains pecu-
liar to females, delirium tremens, wakefulness, liver affections, etc., etc.
It is a very valuable remedy for many purposes, and deserves greater
attention than it receives.
JJose. — Decoction, two to four ounces ; extract, three to six graios.
MULLEIN (Verbascum Thapsus).
Medicinal Parts. The leaves and flowers.
Description. — This biennial plant has a straight, tall, stout, woolly,
Bimple stem. The leaves are alternate, oblong, acute, and rough on both
Bides. The flowers are of a golden-yellow color ; calyx, five-parted ;
corolla, five-lobed ; stamens, five ; and fruit, a capsule or pod.
History. — Mullein is common in the United States, but was undoubt-
edly introduced from Europe. It grows in recent clearings, slovenly
fields, and along the side of roads, flowering from June to August.
The leaves and the flowers are the parts used. They have a faint,
rather pleasant odor, and a somewhat bitterish, albuminous taste, and
yield their virtues to boiling water.
Properties and Uses.- — It is demtdcent, diuretic, anodyne, and anti-
Bpasmodic, the infusion being usefiU in coughs, catarrh, bleeding from
the mouth or lungs, diarrhoea, dysentery, and piles. It may be boiled in
milk, sweetened, and rendered more palatable by aromatics, for internal
use, especially bowel complaints. A fomentation of the leaves in hot
vinegar and water forms an excellent local application for inflamed
piles, ulcers, and tumors, mumps, acute inflammation of the tonsils,
malignant sore throat, etc. A handful of them may be also placed in
an old teapot, with hot water, and the steam be inhaled through the
spout, in the same complaints.
MYERH (Balsamodendron Myrrha).
Medicinal Part. T7ie resinous exudation.
Description. — This plant has a shrubby, arborescent stem, epinescent
branches, a very pale gray bark, and yellowish-white wood. The leaves
are temate, on short petioles ; leaflets, obovate ; flowers, unknown.
History. — The Myrrh-tree grows in Arabia, and in the regions between
Abyssinia and the Red Sea. The juice flows naturally, like cherry-tree
gum, upon the bark. At first it is soft and pale yeUow. but by drying
becomes hard, darker and redder, and forms the medicinal Gum Myrrli.
It is readily powdered, and has a peculiar, agreeable, balsamic odor,
azid a bitter, aromatic, not unpleasant taste.
126
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Properties and VseJi. — It is a stimulant of the mucous tissues, and
used to promote exijectoration, as well as menstruation ; and is highly
useful in enfeebled conditions of the body, excessive mucous secretion,
chronic catarrh, leucorrhoca, etc. Also in larj'ngitis, bronchitis, humoral
asthma, and other diseases of the air-tubes, accompanied with profuse
secretion, but expelled with difficulty. It is valuable in suppressed
menses and cases of anajmia ; also as a local application to indolent
sores, gangrenous ulcers, aphthous or sloughy sore throat, spongy and
ulcerated condition of the gum, caries of the teeth, etc.
Dose. — In powder and j^Ul, ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, from
half to two teasijoonfuls.
NAEROW LEAF VIRGINIA THTME (PYCAi^TnEMUM Virginicum).
Common Name. Prairie Hyssop.
Medicinal Part. The plant.
Description. — This pubescent plant has a simple stem, gro-v^ong from
one to two feet high. The leaves are sessile, entire, and linear ; flow-
ers are white, and fruit an achenium.
History. — It is found in low grounds, dry hUls, and plains, from Ohio
and Illinois extending southward, and llowering in July and Aiigust.
The whole plant is used, and has the taste and odor peculiar to the*mint
family.
Properties and Uses. — It is diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic,
carminative, and tonic. A warm infusion is very useful in puerperal,
remittent, and other forms of fever, coughs, colds, catarrhs, etc. , and is
also of much benefit in spasmodic diseases, especially colic, cramp of the
stomach, and spasms of infants. The cold infusion is a good tonic and
stimulant during convalescence from exhausting diseases. It forms a
most certain remedy for catarrh when combined with other native and
foreign herbs and roots.
Dose. — From one to four fluid ounces of the warm or cold infusion,
several times a day.
The P. Pilosvm, P. Aristatum or Wild Basil, and P. Incanum, have
similar properties.
NETTLE (Urtica Dioca).
Common Name. Great Stinging JVettle.
MEDiciNAii Parts. Tfie root and leaves.
Description. — This is a i)erennial, herbaceous, dull-green plant, armed
with small prickles, which emit an acrid fluid when pressed. The stem
is from two to four feet high ; root creeping and branching. The leaves
are opposite, cordate, hxnce-ovato, and conspicuously acuminate. Flow-
ers are small and green.
History . — The Common Nettle is well known both in America and in
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 127
Europe, and grows in waste places, beside hedges and in gardens, flow-
ering from June to September. The leaves and root are the parts iised.
The prickles of the Common Nettle contain Formic Acid. The youji»
shoots have been boiled and eaten as a remedy for scurA'j-.
Projyerties and Uses. — It is astringent, tonic, and diuretic. In decoc-
tion they are valuable in diarrhoea, dysentery, and piles ; also in hemor-
rhages, scorbutic and febrile affections, gi-avel, and other nephritic com-
plaints. The leaves of the fresh Common Nettle stimulate, inflame,
and raise blisters upon those portions of the skin to which they may be
applied, and they have, as a natural consequence, often been used as a
powerfid rubefacient. They are also an excellent styjitic, checking the
flow of blood from surfaces almost immediately upon their application.
The seeds and flowers are given in wine for agues.
Dose. — Of the poivdered root or leaves, from twenty to forty grains ;
of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces.
Urtica Urens, or Dioarf Nettle., possesses similar qualities, and is
very efficacious in uterine hemorrhage.
Urtica Pamila, Cool-weed, Rich-weed, or Stingless Nettle, has also
active properties. It gives reUef in inflammations, painful sweUings,
erysipelas, and the topical poison of rhus.
NET LEAF PLANTAIN (Goodyera Pubescens).
Common Names. Scrofula-weed, Addefs Violet, Rattle-snake Leaf,
etc.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
DescHption. — The scape or stem of this plant is from eight to twelve
inches high, springing from a perennial root. The leaves are radical,
ovate, and dark green. The flowers are white, numerous, and pubes
cent.
History. — This herb grows in various parts of the United States, in
rich woods and under evergreens, and is commoner southward than
northward, although there is a variety ( Ooodyera Repens) which is plen-
tiful in colder regions of America. It bears yellowish-white flowers in
July and August. The leaves are the parts employed, and yield their
virtues to boiling water.
Properties and Uses.— It is anti-scrofulous, and is kno^^m to have cured
severe cases of scrofula. The fresh leaves are steeped in milk and ap-
I^lied to scrofulous iilcers as a poultice, or the bruised leaves may be laid
on them, and in either case they must be removed every three hoiu-s ;
at the same time an infusion must be taken as freely as the stomach wfll
aUow. It is also good as a wash in scrofiUous ophthalmia. In my opin-
ion scrofula is one of the most obstinate and many-shaped afflictions
to which the human race is subjected, but in the production of this and
128 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
other native and foreign plants, nature lias shown her great charity
and kindness towards us.
NIGHTSHADE (Garden) (Solanum NrGRu>i).
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a fetid, narcotic, bushy herb, with a fibrous
root, and an erect, branching, thornless stem, one or two feet high.
Leaves are ovate, dentated, smooth, and the margins have the appear-
ance as if gnawed by insects. Flowers white or pale-violet ; fruit, a
berry.
History. — This plant is also called Deadly Nightshade, but is not to
be confounded with Belladonna. It is found growing along old walls,
fences, and in gardens, in various jtarts of the United States, flowering
in July and August. The leaves yield their virtues to water and alcohol.
Praperticx and Uses. — It is a narcotic and sedative, producing, when
given in large doses, sickness and vertigo. One to three grains of the
leaves, infused in water, will produce a copious perspiration and purge
on the day following. They have been freely used in cancer, scurvy,
and scrofulous affections, in the form of an ointment. Very small
doses are taken internally. These should always be prescribed^ and
their efiEects watched by a physician. It is better to use the plant only
in the form of an ointment. The berries are poisonous, and will pro-
duce torpor, insensibility, and death.
NORWAY PINE (Abies Excelsa).
Medicinal Part. The concrete juice.
Dtscriptiou. — This is a large tree, often having a diameter exceeding
four feet, and attaining an altitude of one hundred and forty feet.
Leaves are short, scattered, mucronate, dark-green, and glossy above.
Jli.stor//. — It is an inhabitant of Germany, Russia, and Norway, and
other northern parts of Europe, as well as of Asia. It affords the Frank-
incense of commerce, which, when boiled in water and strained, forms
the officinal Buryundy Pitch.
PrvpertieK and Uses. — Burgundy Pitch is generally used externally
to produce a redness of the surface, with a slight serous exhalation. It
is employed as a counter- irritant in chronic diseases of the lungs,
stomach, intestines, etc , and is regarded with favor as a local applica-
tion in rheumatic affections.
NUX VOMICA (Stuyciinos Nux Vomica).
Medicinal Part. The seeds.
Descnption. — This is a moderate-sized tree, with a short and pretty
THE COMPLETE HERRALIST.
129
Nux Vomica.
thick trunk. The wood is white, hard, and bitter. The leaves are op-
posite, oval, and smooth on both sides.
Flowers small, greenish-white, funnel-
shaped, and have a disagreeable odor.
The fruit is a berry, round, and about
the size of a large apple, enclosing five
whitish seeds.
History. — It is an inhabitant of Cor-
omandel, Ceylon, and other parts of
the East Indies. The active princi-
ples of the seeds are strychnine and
hrucia.
Properties and Uses. — It is an ener-
getic poison, exerting its influence
chiefly upon the cerebro-spinal system. It is supposed to affect the
spuial cord principally. It is a favorite medicine for paralysis and ner-
vous debility generally. If a poisonous dose is given it will produce
spasms like tetanus or lock-jaw. It is tonic, and increases the action
of various excretory organs. Where want of nervous energy exists it is
an admirable remedy. Its range of service is quite extensive, and valu-
able for many indications ; but as great caution is required in its ad-
ministration, it should only be employed by the educated physician.
OAK — White, Red, and Black (Quercus Alba, Rubra, and
TlNCTORIA).
Medicestal Part. The bark.
Descri'pti<jn. — These forest-trees vary in size, according to the climate
and soil. In diameter they are from three to six feet ; in height, from
sixty to a hundred feet. They are too well known to require any botan-
ical description.
History. — Quercus is a very extensive and valuable genus, consisting
of many species, a large proportion of which grow in the United States.
Their usual character is that of astrmgent, and the three above described
are those which have been more particularly employed in medicine. The
bark of the tree is the portion used. White oak bark is the one chiefly
used in medicine. It is of a pale brownish color, faintly odorous, very
astringent, with a slight bitterness, tough, breaking with a stringy or
fibrous fracture, and not readily powdered. It contains a very large
proportion of tannic acid. Black oak bark is also used as an astringent
externally, but is rarely employed internally, as it is liable to derange
the bowels. It is also used in tanning and for dyeing. Red oak bark
also contains considerable tannin, and is chiefly applied extemafly m the
treatment of cancers, indolent ulcers, etc.
Propertici, and Uses. — The bark is slightly tonic, powerfully astrin-
0' I
130 ■ THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
gent, and antiseptic. It is useful internally in chronic diarrhoea, chronic
mucous discharges, passive hemorrhages, and wherever an internal as-
tringent is required. In colliquative sweats the decoction is usually
combined with lime-water. The gargle and injection are extensively
used for sore throat, whites, piles, etc. A bath of the decoction is often
advantageous in cutaneous diseases, but should only be used when or-
dered by a physician.
Dose. — Of the decoction, one or two fluid ounces ; of the extract, from
five to twenty grains.
QUERCUS INFECTORIA, or Dyers' Oak, is a small shrub, which fur-
nishes the morbid excrescences, Galls, which, or the gallic acid obtained
from them, may be used wherever an astringent is called for.
OLD MAN'S BEAED (CnioNANTuus Virginica).
Common Names. Fringe Tree, Poison Ash.
Medicinal Part. Bark of the root.
Description. — This is a shrub or small tree, growing from eight to
twenty-five feet high. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, veiny, and
smooth ; flowers are in dense panicles ; calyx very small ; corolla snow-
white, consisting of four petals ; and fruit a fleshy, oval, purple dinipe.
History. — This plant is very ornamental, and is much cultivated in
gardens, from Pennsylvania to Tennessee. It grows on river-banks and
on elevated places, presenting clusters of snow-white flowers in May
and June. The bark of the root, which imparts its properties to water
or alcohol, is the part used.
Projierties and Uses.— The bark is aperient, alterative, and diuretic,
with some narcotic properties. An infusion is recommended for bilious,
typhoid, and intermittent fevers. To convalescents who are suflfering
from the effects of exhaustive diseases it is an excellent tonic and re-
storative. It can be used to advantage as a poultice for ulcers, wounds,
and external inflammations.
Dose. — Of the infusion, from the half a fluid ounce to two fluid oimces,
repeated several times through the day, according to the influence it ex-
erts upon the system.
OLD FIELD BALSAM (Gnaphalium Polycepiialum).
Common Names. Indian Posy, Sweet-scented Life Everlasting,
White Balsam, etc.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Descrijition.— This, indigenous herbaceous aunud has an erect, whitish,
woolly, and much branched stem, one or two feet high. The leaves are al-
temato, sessile, lanceolate, acute, and entire ; flowers tubular and yellow.
Ilistory.— Old Field Balsam is foimd in Canada and various parts of
the United States, growing in old fields and on dry barren lands, flower-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 131
ing' in Jtdy and Augnst. The leaves have a pleasant, aromatic smell,
and are the parts used. They readily yield their properties to water.
Properties and Uses. — It is an astringent. Ulcerations of the mouth
and throat are relieved by chewing the leaves and blossoms. In fevers
a warm infusion is found to be very serviceable ; also in quinsy, and
pulmonary and bronchial complaints. It is also valuable, in infusion,
for diseases of the bowels and hemorrhages ; and the leaves, applied to
bruises, indolent tumors, and other local affections, are very eflBcacious.
Antemaria Margabitacea, or Pearl-floicered Life Everlasting, a
perennial, possesses similar medicinal qualities.
OPIUM (Papaver Somnifertjm).
Common Name, Popjiy.
Medicinal Part. Concrete juice of unripe capside.
Deso'iption. — An annixal herb, with an erect, rovmd, green, smooth
stem, from two to four feet high. Leaves large, oblong, green ; margins
wavy, incised, and toothed ; teeth sometimes tipped with a rigid hair.
Flowers large, calyx smooth, and the fruit a large, smooth, globose cap-
sule. There are two varieties, the black and lohite.
History. — A native of Asia and Egypt. It grows apparently wild in
some parts of Europe and in England, but has escaped the gardens.
Cultivated in Asia Minor, EgyjDt, Persia, and India, for the opium ob-
tained from it. The white variety is cultivated on the plains of India,
and the black in the Himalayas. Its virtues have been known to the
ancients ; for Homer speaks of the poppy gi'owing in gardens. Poppy
capsules contain a small quantity of the principles found in opium, and
the effect is similar, but much weaker than it possesses. They are used
medicinally ; but opium is almost universally used.
Properties and Uses. — Opium is a narcotic and stimulant, acting
under various circumstances as a sedative, antispasmodic, febrifuge,
and diaphoretic. It is anodyne, and extensively used for that purpose.
It contains many active principles, morphia and codeia being, however,
the most important. There is no herbal medicine more extensively
used, as well as abused, than Opium, and though a valuable remedy, its
indiscriminate use is pernicious, as it is capable of doing great harm.
Laudanum and paregoric are the forms mostly used in domestic prac-
tice, but the "soothing syrups" and "carminatives" found in every
nursery and household all contain Cpium in some form, and work a
great deal of mischief.
Dose. — Opium, one grain; laudanum, twenty drops ; paregoric, a tea-
spoonful.
132 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
PAPOOSE ROOT (Caulophyllum TnALiCTROiDEs).
Common Navies. Blue Cohosh, Squaio Root, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a smooth, glaucous plant, pui-ple when young',
with a high, round stem, one to three feet hij;h. Leaves bitemate or
tritemate, leaflets oval, petiolate, pale beneath, and from two to three
inches long. The flowers appear in May or June.
History.- — It is a handsome perennial plant, growing in all parts of
the United States, near running streams, and in low, moist, rich
grounds ; also in swamps and on islands. The seeds, which ripen in
August, make a decoction which closely resembles coffee. The berries
are dry and rather mawkish. Its active principle is Ca ulopthyllin.
Properties and Uses. — It is principally used as an enimenagogue,
parturient, and antispasmodic. It also possesses diuretic, diaphoretic,
and anthelmintic properties. It is employed in rheumatism, colic,
cramiis, hiccough, epilep.sy, hysteria, uterine inflammation, etc. It is a
valuable remedy in all chronic uterine diseases, but should be given in
combination with such other remedies as the case requires.
Dose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or four
times a day.
PAREIRA BRAVA (Cissampelos Pareira).
Common Names. Velcct Leaf, Ice Vine.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Descriftion. — This jjlant is a shrub, with a round woody root and
smooth stems. Leaves roundish, peltate, subcordate, and smooth
above when full grown. Flowers sfeaU, and the fruit a scarlet, round,
reniform, shi-ivelled berry.
History. — This is a native of the West India Islands and the Spanish
Main. It is sometimes imported under the name of abut a or butua
root. It comes in cylindrical pieces, sometimes flattened, and some as
thick as a child's arm, and a foot or more in length. The alkaloid
obtained from it has been called Cissampelin, or Pelosin.
Properties and Uses. — Tonic, diuretic, and aperient. Used in chronic
inflammation of the bladder, and various disorders of the urinary
organs. It is also serviceable in leucorrhoca and gonorrhoea. It ia
highly beneficial in calculous affections, rheumatism, and jaundice.
Z'ose.— Of the infusion, one to four ounces; extract, ten to twenty
grains.
PARSLEY (Petroselinum Sativum).
Medicinai- P.vrt. The root.
Description. — This biennial plant has a fleshy, spindle-shaped root
THK COMPLETE IIEKBALIST. 133
and an erect, smooth, branching stem. The radical leaves are biter-
nate, bright green, and on long petioles ; leaflets wedge-shaped. Flow-
ers white or greenish, and petals rounded and barely emargtnate.
History. — Although Parsley is reared in all parts of the civilized
world as a culinary vegetable, it is a native of Europe. The root is the
officinal part. From the seeds French chemists have succeeded ia ob-
taining an essential oU, named Apiol^ which has proved to be a good
substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers, and for ergot as a partu-
rient.
Projxrties and Uses. — It is diuretic, and very excellent in dropsy,
especially that following scarlatina and other exanthematous diseases.
It is also frequently used to remedy retention of urine, strangury, and
gonorrhoea. The seeds are sometimes used as carminatives. They kill
vermin in the head. The leaves, bruised, are a good application for
contusions, swelled breasts, and enlarged glands. The bruised leaves
applied to the breasts are iised by wet-nurses to " dry up " the milk.
Dose. — Of the oil, for diuretic purposes, three or four drops a day ; of
the infusion, two to four fluid ounces, three or four times a day.
PARTRIDGE BERRY (Mitchella Repens).
Common Names. One Berry, Checkerberry, Winter Clover, Deer-
herry, Sgiiaw-vine, etc.
Medicinal Part. The vine.
Description.- — This indigenous evergreen herb has a perennial root,
from which arises a smooth and creeping stem. The leaves are ovate,
slightly cordate, opposite, flat and dark-green ; flowers are white, often
tinged with red, in pairs, very fragrant, and have united ovaries. Calyx
four-parted ; corolla funnel-shaped ; stamens four, inserted on the co-
rolla. The fruit is a dry berry-like double drupe.
History. — Partridge Berry is indigenous to the United States. It
grows both in dry woods and swampy places, and flowers in June and
Jtdy. The berry is bright scarlet and edible, but nearly tasteless. The
leaves, which look something like clover, remain green throughout the
winter. The whole plant is used, readily imparting its virtues to alcohol
or boiling water.
Properties and Uses. — Partridge Berry is parturient (producing or
promoting child-birth, or labor), diuretic, and astringent. In all uterine
diseases it is highly beneficial. The Indian women use it for weeks
before confinement, in order to render parturition safe and easy. Ladies
who wish to use it for that purpose, however, should consult an herbal
physician of experience for a proper, safe, and effectual preparation.
The remedy is exclusively American, not being used, or even noticed, by
European practitioners.
Dose. — Of a strong decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or
134 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
four times a day. The berries are good for dysentery. They are also
highly spoken of as a cure for sore nipples. The application for the
nipples is made by boiling a strong decoction of the leaves down to a
thick liquid, and then adding cream to it. It is not. however, equal to
the Herbal Ointment, for an account of which see page 4G9.
PENNYROYAL (Hedeoma Pulegioides).
Common Names. Tickweed, Squmc7nmt, etc.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Desenption. — This is an indigenous annvial plant, with a fibrous, yel-
lowish root, and an erect, branching stem, from six to twelve inches
high. The leaves are half an inch or more long, opposite, oblong, and
on short petioles ; floral leaves similar. The flowers are quite smaU and
light-blue in color.
Hutory. — This plant should not be confounded with the Mentha pule-
gioides^ or European Pennyroyal. It grows in barren woods and dry
fields, and particiilarly in limestone countries, flowering from June to
September and October, rendering the air fragrant to some distance
around it. It is common to nearly all parts of the United States. It is
said to be very obnoxious to fleas. «
Properties and Uses. — It is stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and
carminative. The warm infusion, used freely, will promote perspira-
tion, restore suppressed lochia or after-flow, and excite the menstrual
discharge when recently checked. It is very much used by females for
this last purpose — a large draught being taken at bedtime, the feet being
previously bathed in hot water.
PEONY (P^oNiA Officinalis).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — Peony has many thick, long-spreading, perennial roots,
running deep into the groimd, with an erect, herbaceous, large, green,
and branching stem, about two or three feet high. The leaves are large ;
leaflets ovate-lanceolate and smooth. The flowers are large, red, and
solitary ; and fruit a many-seeded, fleshy follicle.
History. — This plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, and is culti-
vated in gardens in the United States and elsewhere, on account of the
elegance of its large flowers, which appear from May to August. The
root is the officinal part. This, with the seeds and flowers, yields its
virtues to diluted spirits.
Proj^ei'ties and [fseji. — It is antispasmodic and tonic, and can be ad-
vantageously employed in chorea, epilepsy, spasias, and various nervous
affections. An infusion of value is made by adding an ounce of the root,
in coarse powder, to a i)int of a boiling liquid, composed of one part of
good gin and two parts of water.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
135
l)ose.-
day.
-Two or three fluid otmces (sweetened), three or four times a
PERUVIAN BALSAJVI (Mykospermum Pertiiferttm).
Medicinal Part. The bakamic exudation.
Description. — The tree from which this is procured is large, with ,i
thick, straight, smooth tnuxk, and a coarse, gray, compact, heavy, gran-
ulated bark. The bark is of a pale straw color, filled with resin, which,
according to its quantity, changes the color to citron, yellow, red, or dark
chestnut ; smeU and taste grateful, balsamic, and aromatic. The leaves
are pinnate ; leaflets alternate, oblong or ovate, acuminate, and emar-
ginate. The flowers are in axillaiy racemes, and the fruit is a pendu-
lous, straw-colored samara.
Ilist(yry. — The tree is common to the forests of Peru, and flowers
from July to October. The natives call it Quinquino. It contains a
large amount of balsamic juice, which yields copiously when the bark is
incised. Balsam of Peru, in thin layers, has a dark, reddish-brown
color ; in bulk it is black, or of the color of molasses. The natives steep
the fruit in rum, caU the liquid balsamito^ and use it largely for medical
purposes.
Properties and Uses. — It is expectorant and stimulant, acting especially
on mucous tissues. Its reparative action on the lungs in consumption is
decided, removing the secretions, healing the ulcers, and expelling the
tuberculous matter. In all chronic diseases of the lungs and bronchial
tubes it is without a superior. Externally it can be applied to old ulcers,
wounds, ringworm, etc.
This valuable remedy is one of the ingredients of my
" Acacian Balsam," wherein it is properly combined
with many other valuable associates.
PINEHOOT (Sptgelia Marilandica).
Common Names. Carolina Pink or Worm Grass.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This herbaceous, indigenous plant has
a perennial, very fibrous, yellow root, which sends up
several erect, smooth stems of purplish color, from six
to twenty inches high. The leaves are opposite, ses-
sile, ovate-lanceolate, acute, or acuminate, entire, and
smooth. Flowers few in number and club-shaped.
Fruit a double capsule.
History. — It inhabits the Southern States, and is
seldom found north of the Potomac. It was used by
the Indians as an anthelmintic before the discoveiy of
America, and was formerly collected for the market by the Creeks and
Pinkroot.
136
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Cherokees in the northern part of Georgia, but since their removal the
supply comes from the far Southwest.
Properties and Uses. — It is an active and certain vermifuge, especially
among children. Given alone it is very apt to produce various unpleas-
ant symptoms, increased action of the heart, dizziness, etc. I extract
from the root a resinous principle, to which I have given the name of
Spigeliin, which has all of the virtues of the root, but does not produce
any derangement. I employ the Spigeliin in my " Male Fern Vernu-
fuge." See page 469.
PIPSISSEWA (CniMAPHiLA TJmbellata).
Common Names. Wintergreen, Princess Pine, Ground HoUy, etc.
Medicinal Part. The wlwle plant.
Dencription. — This is a small evergreen, nearly herbaceous, perennial
herb, with a creeping rhizome, from which spring several erect stems,
woody at their base, and from four to
eight inches high. The leaves are from
two to three inches long, on short petioles,
and of dark green-color, paler below.
The flowers are of light-purple color,
and exhale a fragrant odor. The pbllen
is white, and the fruit is an erect five-
celled capsule.
History. — This plant is indigenous to
the north temperate regions of both
hemispheres, and is met with in dry,
shady woods, flowering from May to
August. The leaves have no odor when
dried, but when fresh and rubbed they
are rather fragrant. Boiling water or
alcohol extracts their virtues. They con-
tain resin, gum, lignin, and saline sub-
stances.
Properties and Uses. — ^It is diuretic, tonic, alterative, and astringent.
It is rspecially useful in scrofula and chronic rheumatism. In diseases
of the kidneys and dropsy it exerts a decided cvirative power. In uri-
nary diseases it is preferable to uva ursi, on account of being less obnox-
ious to the stomach. In dropsy it cannot be so well depended upou
without the use of Bome more active measures in combination with it.
Pipsitsewa.
PLEURISY ROOT (Asclepias Tuuerosa).
Co.MMON Names. Butterfly-iceed, Wind-root, Tubei'-root.
Medicinal Part. The root.
J)e»eripti<m. — This plant has a perennial, large, fleshy, white, fusiform
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
137
Pleurisy Root.
root, from which numerous stems arise, growing from one to three feet
high, which are more or less erect, round, hairy, green or red, and grow-
ing in bimches from the root. The leaves are alternate, lanceolate,
hairy, dark green above, and paler beneath.
The flowers are numerous, erect, and of a
beautifully bright orange color. The fruit
is a long, narrow, green follicle. Seeds are
ovate, and terminate in long silken hairs.
History.— It is a native of the United
States, more particularly of the Southern
States, inhabiting gravelly and sandy soils,
and flowering in July and August. The
root is the medicinal part. When fresh
it has a disagreeable, slightly acrimonious
taste, but when dried the taste is slightly
bitter. Boiling water extracts its virtues.
Asdepin is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. — Pleurisy Root is much used in decoction or
infusion, for the purpose of promoting perspiration and expectoration
in diseases of the respiratory organs, especially pleurisy, inflamma-
tion of the lungs, catarrhal affections, consumption, etc. It is like-
wise carminative, tonic, diuretic, and antispasmodic, but does not
stimulate. Acute rheumatism, fever, dysentery, etc., are benefited
by a free use of the warm infusion. It is also highly efiBcacious in
some cases of dyspepsia. In uterine difficulties it has also been
found of great value. Its chief use, however, is in bronchial and
pulmonary complaints, and it serves its indications in these com-
plaints most admirably. It is one of the ingredients of my Acacian
Balsam. See page 469.
Dose. — Of the powder, twenty to sixty grains, three or four times a
day. Of a strong tincture, one or two wineglasses full four or five
times a day, until perspiration is produced.
POKE (Phytolacca Decandra).
Common Names. Pigeon-berry^ Oarget., Scoke., Coakum, etc.
Medicinal Parts. The root., leaves, and berries.
Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial root of large
size, frequently exceeding a man's leg in diameter, fleshy, fibrous, easily
cut or broken, and covered with a thin brownish bark. The stems are
annual, about an inch in diameter, round, smooth, when young green,
and grow from five to nine feet in height. The leaves are scattered,
petiolate, smooth on both sides, and about five inches loug and three
broad. The flowers are numerous, small, and greenish-white in oolor ;
and the berries are round, dark-purple, and in long clusters.
138
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
History. — This plant is common in many parts of the country, grow-
ing in dry fields, hillsides, and roadsides, and flowering in July and
August. It is also found in Europe and northern parts of Africa. The
leaves should be gathered just previous to the ripening of the berries.
The berries are collected when fidly matured. Phytolacciii is its active
principle.
Properties and Uses. — Poke is emetic, cathartic, alterative, and shghtly
narcotic. The root excites the whole glandular system, and is very use-
ful in syphilitic, scrofixlous, rheumatic, and cutaneous diseases. It is
an excellent remedy for the removal of mercurio-syphilitic affections.
Very few, if any, of the alteratives have superior power to Poke, if it
is properly gathered and prepared for medicinal use. It is an ingre-
dient in my " Blood Purifier," which will be found fully described on
page 469.
POMEGRANATE (PuNiCA Granatibi).
MEDicrNAL Parts. The rind of the fruit, and bark of the root.
Description. — This is a small tree or shrub. The leaves are opposite,
entire, smooth, and two or three inches long. The flowers are large,
red, two or three, and nearly sessile. Calyx five-cleft, corolla consists
of five much crumpled petals. The fruit is a large pericarp,* quite
pleasant in flavor, and quite watery.
Jlistory. — The Pomegranate is Asiatic, but has been naturalized in
the West Indies and the Southern States.
Properties and Uses. — The flowers and rind of
the fruit are astringent, and are used for the ar-
rest of mucous discharges, hemorrhages, night-
sweats, and diarrhoea accompanying consumption.
They are also very good for intermittent fever and
tape-worm. The bark of the root is used as a
sijecific for tape-worm, but its chief virtues are
healing and balsamic, if taken for ulcerations of
the lungs.
Dose. — The dose of the rind or flowers in powder
is from one to two scruples, and in decoction from
one to three fluid ounces.
PRICKLY ASH (Xanthoxylum Fraxineum).
Common Names. Yellow-wood, Toothache-buf<h,
etc.
Medicinal Parts. The bark and berrien.
Description. — This indigenous shrub has a stem
ten or twelve feet high, with alternate branches, which are armed
with strong conical prickles. The leaves are alternate and pinnate,
Prickly Anh.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 139
leaflets ovate and acute. The flowers are small, greenish, and appear
before the leaves. The fruit is an oval capsule, varying from green
to red in color.
IIMory. — It is a native of North America, growing from Canada to
Virginia, and west to the Mississippi, in woods, thickets, and on river
banks, and flowering in April and May. The medicinal parts render
their virtues to water and alcohol. Xanthoxyline is its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — Prickly Ash is stimulant, tonic, alterative,
and sialagogTie. It is used as a stimulant in languid states of the
system, and as a sialagogue in paralysis of the tongue and mouth.
It is highly beneficial in chronic rheumatism, colic, syphilis, hepatic
derangements, and wherever a stimulating alterative is required.
Dose of the powder, from ten to thirty grains, three times a day. The
berries are stimulant, carminative, and antispasmodic, acting especially
on the mucous tissues.
The Aralia Spinosa., or Southern Prickly Ash, differs from Xanthoxy-
lum, both iu botanical character and medicinal virtues.
PRIVET (LiGUSTRUM VULGARE).
Common Names. Privy, Prim, etc.
Medicinal Part. The leaves.
Description. — This is a smooth shrub, growing five or six feet high.
The leaves are dark-green, one or two inches iu length, about half as
wide, entire, smooth, lanceolate, and on short petioles. The flowers
are smaU, white, and numerous, and fruit a spherical black berry. In
England the Privet is earned up with many slender branches to a rea-
sonable height and breadth, to cover arbors, bowers, and banqueting
houses, and brought or wrought into many fantastic forms, as birds,
men, horses.
History. — It is supposed to have been introduced into 1 irica from
England, but it is indigenous to Missouri, and found growing in wild
woods and thickets from New England to Virginia and Ohio. It is also
cultivated in American gardens. The leaves are used for medicinal
purjioses. They have but little odor, and an agreeable bitterish and
astringent taste. They yield their virtues to water or alcohol. The
berries are reputed cathartic, and the bark is said to be as effectual as
the leaves, as it contams sugar, mannite, starch, bitter resin, bitter
extractive, albumen, salts, and a peculiar substance called Lignstrin.
Properties and Uses. — The leaves are astringent. A decoction of
them is valuable in chronic bowel complaints, ulcerations of stomach
and bowels, or as a gargle for ulcers of mouth and throat. It is also
good as an injection for ulcerated ears with ofl:ensive discharges, leu-
corrhffia, etc. This ingredient I use in a wash for leucorrhoea, which
never fails to cure.
140 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
DoM. — Of the powdered leaves thirty io sixty grains, three times a
day ; of the decoction two to four teacupfuls.
QUASSIA (PlCK^ENIA EXCELSA).
Common Names. Bitter-wood^ Bitter-ash.
Medicinal Part. The icood.
I)escrij)tion. — This is a tree growing from fifty to one hundred feet
high, with an erect stem, three or more feet in diameter at the stem.
The bark is grayish and smooth. The leaves are alternate, unequally
pinnate ; leaflets opposite, oblong, acuminate, and unequal at the
base. Flowers are small, pale or yellowish-green. Fruit three drupes,
about the size of a pea. The Quassia Ataara, or bitter quassia, is a
shrub, or moderately-sized branching tree, having a grayish bark.
History. — Quassia Amara inhabits Surinam, Guiana, Colombia, Pan-
ama, and the West India Islands. It flowers in November and Decem-
ber. The bark, wood, and root, which are intensely bitter, are used
to the greatest advantage in malignant fevers. For the medicinal parts
of this tree, as they seldom reach England or America, we get as a
substitute the Picrwna Excelsa of Jamaica and other neighbor^hg isl-
ands, which flowers in October and November, and in the two siicceed-
ing months matures its fruit.
Properties and Uses. — Quassia is tonic, febrifuge, and anthelmintic.
Cups made of the wood have been used for many years by persons re-
quiring a powerful tonic. Any Hquid standing in one of these vessels
a few moments will become thoroughly impregnated by its peculiar
medicinal qualities. Wherever a bitter tonic is required, Quassia is an
excellent remedy.
Dose. — Of the powder, thirty grains ; of the infusion, from one to
three fluid ounces ; of the tincture, one or two fluid drachms, and of
the extract, from two to ten grains.
QUEEN OF THE MEADOW (Ecpatorium PuRruiiEUM).
Common Names. Gravel-root, Joe-jne, Trumpet-iceed.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This is a herbaceous plant, with a perennial, woody
root, with many long dark-brown fibres, sendmg up one or more solid
green, sometimes purplish, stems, five or six feet in height. The leaves
are oblong-ovate or lanceolate, coarselj' serrate, and from three to six
in a whorl. The flowers arc tubular, purple, often varying to whitish.
History. — Queen of the Meadow grows in low places, dry woods or
meadows, in the Northern, Western, and Middle States of the American
Union, and flowers in August and September. The root is the officinal
part. It has a smell resembling old hay, and a slightly bitter, aromatic
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 141
taste, which is faintly astringent but not unpleasant. It j-ielda its
properties to water by decoction or spirits.
Properties and Uses. — It is diiiretic, stimulant, astringent, and tonic.
It is used in aU chronic urinary disorders, as well as in hematuria, gout,
and rheumatism, with moderate good effect.
Dose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or four
timee a day.
RAGGED CUP (Silphium Perfoliatum).
Common Name. Indian Cwp-iilant.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Uescription. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, pitted rhizome,
and a large smooth herbaceous stem, from four to seven feet high. The
leaves are opposite, ovate, from eight to fourteen inches long by four
to seven wide. The flowers are yellowish, and the fruit a broadly
ovate winged achenium.
History. — This plant is common to the Western States, and is found
growing in rich bottoms, bearing numerous yellow flowers, which are
perfected in August. It has a large, long, and crooked root, which is
the part used medicinally, and which readily imparts its properties to
alcohol or water. It wiU yield a bitterish gum, somewhat simUar to
frankincense, which is frequently used to sweeten the breath.
Properties and Uses. — It is tonic, diaphoretic, and alterative. A
strong infusion of the root, made by long steejjing, or an extract, ls
said to be one of the best remedies for the removal of ague-cake, or en-
larged spleen. It is also useful in intermittent and remittent fevers,
internal bruises, debility, ulcers, liver affections, and as a general alter-
ative restorative. The gum is said to be stimulant and antispasmodic.
The spleen is an organ whose functions the very best of the old-school
physicians cannot define ; but that it is the seat of very many most dis-
tressing diseases is a fact which not one of them will pretend to deny.
It is, as nearly as can be ascertained by the most laborious research, a
dependent of the hver and stomach, and what deranges it deranges
both the stomach and the liver.
SiLPHiUM Gummiperum, or Rosin-weed, and Silphium Lacini-
atum, or Compass-weed, are used in intermittent fever, and are bene-
ficial in dry, obstinate coughs. They often cure the heaves in horses.
RATTLE BUSH (Baptisia Tinctoria).
Common Names. Wild Indigo, Horsefly Weed.
Medicinal Part. T7u- bark of the root and leaves.
Description. — The blackish and wood root of this perennial plant
sends up a stem which is very much branched, round, smooth, and from
two to three feet high. The leaves are small and alternate, leaflets
142 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
rounded at their extremity ; calyx four- cleft, and fruit a sliort> bluish-
black legume.
Histary. — This small shrub grows in dry places in many parts of the
United States, and bears bright yellow flowers ia July and August.
The fruit is of a bluish-black color in the form of an oblong pod, and
contains iadigo, tannin, an acid, and baptisin. Any portion of the
plant, when dried, yields a blue dye, which is, however, not equal in
value to iadigo. If the shoots are used after they acquire a green color
they will cause drastic purgation. Alcohol or water wUl take up the
active properties of this plant. Medicinally, both the root and the
leaves are valuable, and deserve to be better known than they are at
present as remedial agents. The virtues of the root reside chiefly in
the bark.
Properties and Uses. — It is purgative, emetic, astringent, and anti-
septic. For its antiseptic qualities or properties it is more highly
esteemed than for any other. A decoction of the bark of the root is
eflBcacious ia the cure of all kinds of external sores and ulcerations. It
is used in decoction or syrup, for scarlatiaa, typhus, and aU oases where
there is a tendency to putrescency. As a fomentation it is very, useful
in ulcers, tumors, sore nipples, etc. , and may be so used if you tcannot
get a superior remedy, as the Herbal Ointment.
Done. — Of the decoction, one tablespoonful every two or four hours,
as required. The decoction is made by boiling one oimce of the pow-
dered bark ia two pints of water until they are reduced to one pint.
RED RASPBERRY (Rubus Strigosus.)
Medicenal Parts. TJie bark of the root, and leaves.
Description. — This is a shrubby, strongly hispid plant, about four feet
high. Leaves, pinnate ; leaflets, oblong-ovate. Flowers, white ; co-
rolla, cup-shaped ; and fruit, a red berry, of a rich deUcious flavor.
History. — The Red Raspberry grows wild, and is common to Canada
and the Northern and Jliddle United States. It grows in hedges and
thickets, and upon neglected fields. It flowers in May, and its fruit
ripens from June to August. The leaves and bark of the root are the
parts used medicinally. They impart their properties to water, giving
to the infusion an odor and flavor somewhat similar to black tea.
Properties and Uses. — It is very useful as an astringent. An infusion
or decoction of the leaves has been found an excellent remedy in diar-
rhoea, dysentery, and cholera infantum, and all diseases of a kindred
nature. It is somewhat freely used as a wash and injection for leucor-
rhcea, gleet, gonorrhcea, and prolapsus uteri and ani. The decoction of
the leaves combined with cream will suppress nausea and vomiting. It
is sometimes used as an aid in labor, and has been efficacious in promot-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 143
ing uterine contractions when ergot has failed. This plant is one of tho
ingredients of my prepared remedy for the above diseases.
Dose. — Of the decoction, from one to f oiu- fluid ounces, several times
a day. Of the pulverized root bark, which is sometimes used, from
twenty to thirty grains.
The liubvs Tncialij^, or Dcirberry, and Rubiis ViUosus, or Blackberry,
contain similar medical qualities, and may be used instead.
RED ROOT (Ceanothus Americanus).
Common N.\3ies. Nmo Joi-scy Tea, VTild Snow-baM.
Medicenal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This plant has a large root ^vith a red or brownish bark,
tolerably thick, and body of dai'k-red color. The stems are from two
to four feet high, slender, with many reddish, round, smooth branches.
The leaves are ovate or oblong-ovate, serrate, acuminate, rather smooth
above, and cordate at the base. The flowers are minute and white, and
fruit a dry capsule.
History. — This plant is very abundant in the United States, especially
in the western portions thereof. It grows in dry woodlands, bowers,
etc. , and flowers from June to Augrist. The leaves are sometimes used
as a substitute for Chinese tea, which, when dried, they much resemble.
The root, which is officinal, contains a large amount of Prussic acid.
Ceanothine is the name that has been given to its active principle.
Properties and Uses. — Red Root is astringent, expectorant, sedative,
anti-spasmodic, and anti-sj-philitic. It is used %vith great good efifect in
dysentery, asthma, chronic bronchitis, whooping-cough, and consump-
tion. It is also successfully used as a gargle in aphthse of children,
Bore mouth subsequent to fevers, and sore throats.
Dose. — Of decoction, one tablespoonful three times a day.
RHATANY (Krameria Triaxdri.\).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — The root of this jilant is horizontal, very long, with a
thick bark. The stem is round and procumbent, branches two or three
feet long ; when young, white and silky ; when old, dark and naked.
The leaves are alternate, sessile, oblong and obovate, hoary and entire.
The flowers are red on short stalks. Calyx has four sepals, and corolla
four petals. The fruit is a dry, hairy drupe.
JLstory. — Rhatany flowers all the year round, and grows upon the
sandy, diy, and gravelly hills of Peru. The root is the officui.al part,
and is dug up iu lai-ge quantities after the rains. It was made officinal
in 1780 by Ruiz, but long before that the natives had used it as a strong
144 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
astringent for various diseases, afflictions, maladies, and complaints
In Portugal, to which the Peruvians send the bulk of the roots gathered,
it is used to adulterate red wines. The best method of extracting the
medicinal qualities of the root, is to put it powdered in a displacer and
pass water through. This will bring a brick-red aqueous solution,
which will embrace all the medicinal virtues. There is a false Rhatany,
the source of which is unknown.
Properties and Uses. — It is a powerful astringent, and sUghtly tonic.
It is beneficial wherever powerful astringents are required, and may be
used to advantage, if properly prepared, for all diseases which call fot
the application of a decided astringent.
RHEUaiATISM ROOT (Jeffeksonia Dephylla).
Common Names. Twin-leaf, Ground-Sqtdrrel Pea.
MEDicrNAL Part. The root.
Descriptio?!. — This plant is perennial, and has a horizontal rhizoma or
fleshy root, with matted fibrous radicles. The stem is simple, naked,
one-flowered, and from eight to fourteen inches in height. The leaves
are in pairs, broader than long, ending in an obtuse point, smooth and
petioled ; flowers, large and white ; and fruit an obovate capsule.
History. — This plant is found from New York to Maryland and Vir-
ginia, and in many parts of the Western States. It grows chiefly in
limestone soU, but also is found in woods and near rivers, irrespective of
limestone, and flowers in April and May. The root is the part used,
and its virtues are extracted by water or alcohol. A chemical analysis
of this plant showed it to contain tannic acid, gum, starch, pectin, fatty
resin, bitter matter, similar to polygalic acid, carbonate and sulphate of
potassa, lime, iron, magnesia, silica, etc.
Projierties and Uses. — It is diuretic, alterative, antispasmodic, and a
stimulating diaphoretic. It is successfully used in chronic rheumatism,
secondary or mercurio-syphilis, dropsy, in many nervous affections,
spasms, cramps, nervous excitability, etc. As a gargle it is useful in
diseases of the throat.
Dose. — Of the decoction, from two to four fluid ounces, three or foui
times a day. Of the saturated tincture, from one to three fluid drachms,
three times a day.
RHUBARB (RiiEtJM Palmattim).
MEnicraAL Paut. The root.
JJcici'iption. — The scientific world happens to be in much argument
as to the exact plant or plants from which Rhubarb is produced. It is,
THE COJtPLETE IIERBALISI
145
Rheum Palmatum.
however, well kno-rni to all instructed herbalists that Rhubarb is the
root of a Rheum, and that the plant
from which the drnjj of the shops is
obtained chiefly inhabits Chinese Tar-
tary, and grows wild on the mountains
and highlands of that section of the
globe. Tliat the truth of its botanical
identity is not elicited is owing- to a
severe prohibition of the Chinese gov-
ernment. Every sacrifice to obtain the
true plant or the seed has been in vain.
History. — There are several varieties
met with in commerce termed the Rus-
sian, Chinese, English, and French Rhubarb, among which the Russian
is considered the best. The names are given, not that they are pro-
duced in indicated countries, but of the channels by which they are
thrown upon the market. Rhubarb has a peculiar aromatic odor, bit-
ter, faintly astringent taste, and when chewed tinges the saliva yeUow.
It contains oxalate of lime in abundance.
Properties and Uses. — Rhubarb is cathartic, astringent, and tonic ; as
a cathartic it acts by increasing the muscular action of the bowels
rather than augmenting their secretions. It is much used as a laxative
for infants, its mildness and tonic qualities making it peculiarly appli-
cable. It is a valuable medicine.
Dose. — Of the powder, as a purgative, from ten to thirty grains. As
a laxative, from five to ten grains. As a tonic, from one to five grains.
Of the tincture or syrup, one to two fluid drachms.
ROSEMARY (Rosmakinus Officinalis).
MEDicnsTAL Part. The tops.
Description. — Rosemary is an erect, perennial, evergreen shrub, two
to four feet high, with numerous branches of an ash color, and densely
leafy. The leaves are sessile, opposite, and linear, over an inch m
length, dark-green and shining above, and downy. The flowers are
few, bright blue or white. Calyx purplish.
History. — Rosemary is a native of the countries surrounding the
Mediterranean, and is cultivated in nearly every garden for ite fra-
grance and beauty. It flowers in April and May. The parts used m
medicine are the flowering tops.
Proj)erties and Uses.— li is, stimulant, antispasmodic, and emmena-
gogue. The oil is principally employed as a perfume for ointments, lini-
ments, and embrocations.
Dose. — Of the oil, internally, from three to six drops.
7 K
146 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
PYROLA (EouND-LEAVED) (Pyrola Rotundifolia),
Common Names. False Wmtergreen, tSJiin-kaf, Canker- Lettuce^
Pear-leaf Wintergreen, etc.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
DescHptio-n. — This is alow, perennial, evergreen herb. The leaves axe
radical, ovate, nearly two inches in diameter, smooth, shining-, and
thick. The petioles are much longer than the leaf. The flowers are
many, large, fragi'ant, white, and droopmg. The fruit is a five-celled,
many-seeded capsule.
History. — This plant is common in damp and shady woods in various
parts of the United States, flowering in June and Jiily. The whole plant
is used, and imparts its medicinal properties to water.
Properties and Ut!e.i. — It is astringent, diuretic, tonic, and antispas-
modic. The decoction is much used in all skin diseases, and is good to
eradicate a scrofulous taint from the system. It is used in injection for
whites and various diseases of the womb. The herb is applied with
profit as a poultice to ulcers, swellings, boils, felons, and inflammations.
The decoction will be found beneficial as a gargle for sore throat and
mouth, and as a wash for sore or ophthalmic eyes. Administer ii inter-
nally for gravel, ulceration of the bladder, bloody urine, and other
urinary diseases ; also, for epilepsy and other nervous affections.
Pose. — Of the decoction, one fluid ounce, three times a day; of the
extract, two to four grains.
SAFFRON (Dyers') (Carthamus Tlnctorius).
Common Names. Safflowei\ Bastard Saffron.
Medicinal Part. Thejlowers.
Pescription. — This annual plant has a smooth, striate stem, from one
to two feet high, and branching at the top. The leaves are alternate,
ovate-lanceolate, sessile, smooth, and shining. The flowers arc numer-
ous, long, slender, and orange-colored. Corolla five-cleft.
Uistory. — This plant is cultivated in England and America, although
it is a native of Egypt and the coimtries surrounding the Mediteminean.
The orange-red florets are the ofiicinal parts. The cultivated Saftlower
is usually sold in the shops, and contains two coloring matters : the first
of which is yellow and soluble in water ; the second a beautiful red,
and readily soluble in alkaline solutions only.
Pnq>ertics and Uses. — It will restore the menstrual discharge when
the latter has been recently suppressed by cold, if used in warm infu-
sion. It will also, when taken in the same form, produce an action of
the bowels. In measles, scarlet fever, and other eruptive maladies, it is
also considered an excellent diaphoretic. The seeds are sometimes used
aa purgative and emmenagoguc, but, in my opinion, are of no great
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 147
value. The infusion is made by iDoiling a drachm or two of the flowers
in water, and may be taken tolerably freely.
SAGE (Salvia Officinalis).
Common Name. Garden Sage.
Medicinal Part. TJie leaves.
Description. — Sage is a plant with a pubescent stem, erect branches,
hoary with down, leafy at the base, about a foot or foot and a half
long. The leaves are opposite, entire, petioled, ovate-lanceolate, the
lowermost white, with wool beneath. The flowers are blue and in
whorls.
Jlistory. — Sage is a native of Southern Europe, and has been natural-
ized for very many years in this country as a garden plant. The leaves
and tops should be carefully gathered and dried during its flowering
season, which is in June and July. They have a peculiar, strong, aro-
matic, camphorous odor, and a sharp, wann, shghtly bitter taste, which
properties are owing to its volatile oil, which may be obtained by distill-
ing the plant with water. It imparts its virtues to boiling water in infu-
sion, but more especially to alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is feebly tonic, and astringent, expectorant,
diaphoretic, and having properties common to aromatics. The infusion
is much valued in cases of gastric debility, checking flatulency with
speed and certainty.
The warm infusion will cause active diuresis by checking its diapho-
retic tendency. It is called by some a most capital remedy for sperma-
torrhoea, and for excessive venereal desire, and I am one of those who
know from experience in my practice that it is grand for what is termed
sexual debility when its use is indicated. The infusion is much used
as a gargle for inflammation and ulceration of the throat and relaxed
uvula, either alone or combined with vinegar, honey, or sumach.
ST. IGNATIUS' BEAN (Ignatius Amara).
Description. — The Ignatius Amara is a branching tree with long, ta-
per, smooth, scrambling branches. The leaves are veiny, smooth, and
a span long. The flowers are long, nodding, and white, and smell Uke
jasmine. The fruit is small and pear-shaped, and the seeds number
about twenty, are angular, and are imbedded in a soft pulp.
History. — The tree is indigenous to the Philippine Islands, and the
seeds thereof are the St. Ignatius' Bean of the drug-shops. The bean
yields its properties best to alcohol, but wiU also yield them to water.
It contains about one-third more strychnia than nux-vomica, but is sel-
dom used for the production of strychnia on account of its extreme
scarcity.
Properties and Uses. — Very similar to nux-vomica seeds, but more en-
148 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
crgetic. It is used in nervous debility, amenorrhcBa, chlorosis, epilepsy,
worms, etc., with partial good effect, but is a dangerous article however
well prepared, and should be used only by the advice of a professional
gentleman, upon whose truth and ability you may place the utmost con-
fidence. It should not be employed in domestic practice.
Uom. — Of the powdered seed, one grain ; of the alcoholic extract, one-
eighth of a grain.
ST. JOHN'S "SVORT (Hypericum Perforatum).
Medicinal Parts. The tops and flowers.
Description. — This is a beautiful shrub, and is a great ornament to
our meadows. It has a hard and woody root, which abides in the
groiind many years, shooting anew every year. The stalks nin up about
two feet high, spreading many branches-, having deep-green, ovate, ob-
tuse, and opposite leaves, which are full of small holes, which are
plainly seen when the leaf is held up to the light. At the tops of the
stalks and branches stand yellow flowers of five leaves apiece, with
many yellow threads in the middle, which, being bruised, yield a red-
di.sh juice, like blood, after which come small, round heads, whe^-ein is
contained small blackish seed, smelling like resin. The fruit is a three-
celled capsule.
History. — This plant grows abundantly in this country and Europe,
and proves exceedingly annoying to farmers. It flowers from June to
August. It has a peculiar terebinthine odor, and a balsamic, bitterish
taste. It yields its properties to water, alcohol, and ether.
Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, sedative, and diuretic. It
suppresses the urine, and is very applicable in chronic urinary affec-
tions, diarrhoea, dj-sentery, jaundice, monorrhagia, hysteria, nervous
affections, hemoptysis, and other hemorrhages. Externally, in fomen-
tation, or used as an ointment, it is serviceable in dispeUing hard tumors,
caked breasts, bruises, etc.
Dose. — Of the powder, from half a drachm to two drachms ; infusion,
one to two oimces.
SANICLE (Sanicula Marilandica).
Common Name. Blnck-snake Boot.
Medicinai^ Part. The root.
Description. — Sanicle is an indigenous, perennial herb, with a smooth,
furrowed stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are digitate,
mostly radical, and on petioles from six to twelve inches long. Cau-
line leaves few, and nearly sessile. The flowers are mostly barren,
white, sometimes yellowish, feilile ones sessile.
Histortf.—\\, is common to the United States and Canada, and ia
found Lu low woods and thickets, flowering in June. The fibrous '•oot
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 149
is aromatic in taste and odor. It imparts its virtues to water and
alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — In its action upon the system it resembles
valerian very much, possessing nervine and anodyne properties. Do-
mestically, it is used with advantage in intermittent fevers, sore-throat,
erysipelas, and cutaneous affections. It is very efficacious in chorea,
and is very beneficially employed in various nervous affections.
Dose. — Powder, one drachm ; decoction, from one to four ounces.
SARSAPARILLA (Smilax OFFicraALis).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — The stem of this plant is twining, angular, and prickly,
the young shoots being unarmed. The leaves are ovate-oblong, acute,
cordate, smooth, and about a foot long. The petioles are an inch long,
bearing tendrils above the base. Botanically, nothing is known of the
flowers. This plant grows in New Granada,, on the banks of the Magda-
line, near Bajorque. Great quantities are sent to Mompox and Cartha-
gena, and from thence to Jamaica and Cadiz.
The Smilax Syphilitica^ S. Papyracea, S. Medica^ S. China, and S.
Sarsaparilla are all members of the same family of plants ; their medi-
cinal qualities are similar, and they form the Sarsaparilla of commerce,
with the exception of the S. Sarsaparilla, which is native to the Uni-
ted States, flowering from May to August. The American plant is re-
garded by some as inert, but why so I do not know. The plant exten-
sively known in the South as Bamboo Brier, which is but a species of
Sarsaparilla, certainly possesses medicinal qualities equal, if not superior,
to commercial Sarsaparilla. Professionally, I employ the Honduras
Sarsaparilla, which I regard as the best.
History. — The Sarsaparilla of commerce consists of veiy long roots,
having a thick bark of a grayish or brownish color. They have scarcely
any odor, but possess a mucilaginous taste. Those roots that have a
deep orange tint are the best, and the stronger the acrid and nauseous
qualities, the better are the properties of the root. Water and alcohol
extract its medicinal qualities. By chemical analysis it contains sal.'ie-
parin, a coloring matter, starch, chloride of potassium, an essential oil,
bassorin, albumen, pectic and acetic acid, and the several salts of lime,
potassa, magnesia, and oxide of iron.
Properties and Use^s. — An alterative. When properly prepared it ex-
erts a favorable change over the system. It has great repute in syphi-
litic diseases. In several chronic diseases, as of the skin, rheumatic af-
fections, passive dropsy, etc., it is of service. Its chief use, however,
is an adjuvant to other alteratives ; its individual properties being too
feeble to answer all the conditions required of an alterative.
Dose. —Of the powder, thirty grains ; of the inf itsiou or syrup, four
fluid ounces.
150 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
SASSAFRAS (Laurus Sassafras).
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This is a small tree, varj'ing in height from ten to forty
feet. The bark is rough and grayish, that of the twigs smooth and
green. The leaves are alternate, pctiolate, bright green, very variable
in form, smooth above and downy beneath. The flowers appear before
the leaves, are small, greenish-yellow ; fruit an oval succulent drupe.
History.— Indigenous to North America, and common to the woods
from Canada to Florida, and flowering in the latter part of April or
eaxly in May. The bark has an aromatic, agreeable taste, and similar
odor. It yields its properties to hot water by infusion, and to alcohol.
Proj^erties and Uses. — It is a warm, aromatic stimulant, alterative,
diaphoretic, and diuretic. It is much used in alterative compounds as a
flavoring adjuvant. In domestic practice it enjoys a wid-^ field of appli-
cation and use, especially as a so-called spring-renovator of the blood.
SAVORY (Summer) (Satureja Hortensis).
Medicinal Part. TJie leaves,
Descrij)tion. — This annual plant has a branching, bushy Btem,»about
eighteen inches in height, woody at the base, frequently changing to
purple. The leaves are numerous, small, entire, and acute at the end.
The flowers ai'e pink-colored. Calyx tubular, corolla bilabiate, sta-
mens diverging.
History. — It is a native of the south of France. It is extensively cul-
tivated for culinary purposes in Europe and America, and flowers in
July and August. The leaves are the part employed. They have an
aromatic odor and taste analogous to those of thyme.
Properties and Uses. — It is a stiniulant, carminative, and emmena-
gogue. A warm infusion is beneficial in colds, menstrual suppression,
and wind colic, for which it is a specific. The oil iuserted into the
<!arious teeth will often relieve the tooth-ache.
Satureja Montan.\, or Winter Savory.^ possesses similar qualities.
Dose. — From two to four ounces of the infusion, several times a day.
SCULL-CAP (Scutellaria Lateriflora).
Common Names. Blue Scxdl-Cap., Side- Flowering Scidl-Cap, Mad-
Dorjireed, and Hood-ioort.
Medicinal Part. The irhole plant.
DeMription. — Scull-cap has a small, fibrous, yellow, perennial root,
with an erect and verj' branching stem, from one to three feet iu height.
The loaves are on petioles about .an inch long, opposite, thin, subcordato
on the stem, ovate on branches, acuminate, acute, and coarsely serrate.
The flowers are sir all. and of a pale-bluo color.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 151
History. — It is an indigenous herb, growing in damp places, meadows,
ditches, and by the side of ponds, flowering in July and August. The
whole plant is medicinal, and should be gathered while in flower, dried
in the shade, and kept in well-closed tin vessels. Chemically it contains
an essential ofl, a yellowish-green fixed oil, chlorophyU, a volatile mat-
ter, albumen, an astringent principle, lignin, chloride of soda, salts of
iron, silica, etc.
Properties and Uses. — It is a valuable nervine, tonic, and antispasmodic,
used in chorea, convulsions, fits, delirium tremens, and all nervous af-
fections, supporting the nerves, quieting and strengthening the system.
In delirium tremens an infusion drunk freely mil soon produce a calm
sleep. In aU cases of nervous excitabUity, restlessness, or wakefulness,
etc. , it exerts beneficial results.
Dose. — Of the fluid extract, from half to a teaspoonful; of the tinc-
ture (four ounces scull-cap to a pint oi dUuted alcohol), one to two tea-
Bpoonfuls ; of the infusion, a wineglassful, three times a day.
SENEKA (PoLYGALA Senega).
Common Name. Seneca Snake-Soot.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This indigenous plant has a perennial, fii-m, hard, branch-
ing root, with a thick bark, and sends up several annual stems, which
are erect, smooth, from eight to fourteen inches high, occasionaUy tinged
with red. The leaves are alternate, nearly sessile, lanceolate, with a
sharpish point, smooth ; flowers white ; calyx consists of five sepals,
corolla of three petals ; and capsules are smaU, two-ceUed and two-
valved.
Histoid . — It is found in various jDarts of the United States, in rocky
woods and on hUl-sides, flowering in July. It is more abundant in the
West and South than in the East. The officinal root varies in size from
two to four or five lines in diameter, crooked, and a carinate line ex-
tends the whole length of it. Its chemical constituents are polygalic,
virgineic, pectic, and tannic acids, coloring matter, an oil, cerin, gum,
albumen, salts of alumina, silica, magnesia, and iron.
Properties and Uses. — In large doses emetic and cathartic; in ordi-
nary doses it stimulates the secretions, acting particularly as a siala-
gogue, expectorant, diuretic, diaphoretic, and emmenagogue. In active
Inflammatory diseases it should not be employed. In protracted pneu-
monia, commencing stages of croup, humoral asthma, etc. , it is a good
expectorant.
Dose. — Powder, five to twenty grains ; infusion or syrup, half an ounce
to two ounces ; polygalic acid, one-fourth to oae-half grain.
152
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Skunk Cabbage.
SKUNK CABBAGE (Symplocarpus Fcetidus).
Common Names. Skunk-weed, Pole-cat weed, Meadow Cabbage.
Medicinal Parts, llie rooU and seeds.
Description. — This plant has been a troublesome one for botanists to
classify ; but the term Si/mplocarpus is now
generally preferred. It is perennial, having a
large, abrupt root, or tuber, with numerous
crowded, lleshy fibres, which extend some dis-
tance into the ground. The spa the appears
before the leaves, is ovate, spotted, and striped,
puiple and yellowish-green, the edges folded
taward, and at length coalescing. The flowers
are numerous, of a dull purple within the
spathe, on a short, oval spadix. Calyx consists
of four fleshy, wedge-shaped sepals ; coroUa,
none ; stamens, four ; seeds round and fleshy,
and about as large as a pea.
History. — Skunk Cabbage is a native of the
United States, growing in moist grotmds, flow-
ering iu March and April, and maturing its*Eruit
in August and September, forming a rough-
ened, globular mass, two or three inches ia
diameter, and shedding its bullet-like fruit, one-third to half an inch in
diameter, which are filled with a singular solid, fleshy embrj^o. The
parts used are the seeds and roots, which have an extremely disagree-
able odor, AVater or alcohol extracts their virtues. Chemically it con-
tains a fixed oil, wax, starch, volatile oil and fat, salts of lime, sUica,
iron, and manganese.
Pri/perties and Uses. — Internally it is a stimulant, exerting expecto-
rant, antispasmodic, wdth slightly narcotic influences. It is successfully
•used in asthma, whooping-coiigh, nervous irritability, hjsteria, fits, epi-
lepsy, convulsions, chronic catarrh, pulmonary and bronchial affections.
Externally, La the form of an omtment, it aids reparative processes,
discusses tumors, stimulates granulations, eases pain, etc. It is an in-
gredient in my world-renowned " Herbal Ointment." (See page 469,)
Done. — Fluid extract, twenty to eighty drops ; tincture (three ounces
of root or seed to a pint of alcohol), half a teaspoonful ; syrup (two
ounces of fluid extract to eight ounces of simple syrup), two or three
tea.-;poonfuls.
SOAP -WORT (Saponaria Officinalis).
Common N.^me. Bouncing Bet.
Mkdicinal Parts. The root and leaceJt.
Description. — This is a stout perennial, herbaceouB plant, with a stem
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 153
from one to two feet in height. The leaves are lanceolate, smooth :
flowers are many, large, flesh-colored, or pale-pmk, and often double ;
fruit an oblong one -celled capsule.
Ilustory. — This plant grows in roadsides and waste places in Europe
and the United States. It flowers in the early part of July in Europe,
but in America in the early part of August. The leaves and root are the
parts used medicinally. They have a sweet and bitter taste combined,
' ' with a subsequent persistent pungency and a benumbing sensation. "
When the root end leaves are subjected to the extractive powers of
water they yield a residue something like soap-suds. Their active pro-
perties are brought out by either water or alcohol — by the latter particu-
larly. The root gives a principle called Supmin^ which is very valuable.
PnyperUes and Uses. — It is largely and valuably employed in the
treatment of diseases of the liver, scrofulous, syphilitic, and cutaneous
afliictions of a severe character ; also catarrh, rheumatism, gonorrhoea,
whites, and green sickness. Saponin can be prepared only by a com-
petent herbal chemist. In its absence use decoctions of the leaves and
roots. Dose of tne decoction, from one to two fluid ounces, three times
a day. I employ the saponaceous qualities of this plant, which I ex-
tract from the root by chemical processes in my laboratory, as a con'
Btituent of my " Renovating Pill." (See page 469.)
SOLOMON'S SEAL (Convallaria Multiflora).
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — The stem of this plant is smooth, from one to four feet-
high, and growdng from a perennial root. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, smooth, and glossy above, paler and pubescent beneath;
flowers greenish-white, and fruit a dark-blue or blackish beiTy. There
is another variety, the Convallaria Racemosn., the root of which posses-
ses similar qualities to that of Solomon's Seal.
History. — Both plants are to be found throughout the United States
and Canada. They flower from May to August. The root, which is
the part used, is inodorous, but has a sweetish mucilaginous taste, which
is followed by a slight sense of bitterness.
Properties and Uses. — The root is tonic, mucilaginous, and astringent.
The decoction is successfully used in whites, pectoral affections, meuor-
rhagia, female debility, inflammation of the stomach and intestines
erysipelas, neuralgia, itch, local inflammations, etc. Dose of the decoc-
tion, one to tliree ounces, three times a day.
SORPtEL (Wood) (Oxalis Acetosella).
Medicinal Part. The wJtole herh.
De^scription. — This is a smaU perennial herb, with a creeping and
scaly-toothed root-stock. The leaves are numerous, radical, and on
7*
154
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
long, weak, hairy stalks ; leaflets broadly obcordate, and of yeUowish-
gxeen color. Flowers white, yellowish at the base, and scentless. Fruit
a five-lobed, oblong capsule.
History. — It is indigenous to Eiirope and this country, growing in
woody and shady places, and flowering from April to J\ine. It is in-
odorous, and has a pleasantly acid taste. The acidity is due to oxalic
acid, which, in combination with jwtassa, forms the binoxolate of that
alkali. The '■'■Salts of Sorrel" formerly so much used to remove tnk-
epots and iron-marks from linen, is merely this salt separated from the
plant.
Properties and Uses. — Cooling and diuretic ; useful in febrile diseases,
hemorrhages, gonorrhoea, chronic catarrh, urinary affections, scurvy,
etc. Care is to be obseiwed in its use.
RuMEX AcETOSA, or Garden Sorrel^ RujfEX Acetosella, or She&p
Soi'rd, and Rumex Vesicarius possess similar qualities.
SQUIRTING CUCUIMBER (Momordica Elaterium).
Medicinal Part. 71ie feculence of the juice of tiie fruit.
Description. — This hispid and glaucous plant has several stems grow-
ing from the same root. The leaves are cordate, .Some-
what lobed, and on long stalks. Flowers monoecious and
yellow. Fruit oblong, obtuse at each end, separating from
its sialk with violence, and expelling its seeds and mucus
with considerable force, in consequence of the sudden con-
traction of the sides.
History. — This plant is indigenous to the south of Eu-
rope, growing in poor soils, in waste places, and flowering
in Jidy. The jitice around the seeds is the officinal part,
and which, when properly prepared, forms the Elaterium
of commerce. It must be collected a little before the
period of ripening.
Prf/jiertie^s and Uses. — It is an energetic hj^lragogue
cathai'tic, operating with great violence in doses of a few
grains, and very apt to cause diffuse inflammation of the
stomach and bowels, characteiized by vomitiug, gripiug
pain, and profuse diarrhoea. It is used chiefly in obstin.ate
dropsy, and as a revulsive in cerebral affections, or wher-
ever a revcllent effect is desired. Owing to its active
cathartic properties, it is always best to commence with
veiy smaU doses, from the uncertainty of tlie preparatioix.
Dose. — From one-eighth to one-half a giaiii.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 155
STAK-GRASS (Aletris Farinosa),
Common Names. Colic-root^ Ague-root^ Crow-corn^ Unicorn root, etc.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial root, with radical leaves,
sessile, lying flat on the ground, ribbed, broad, lanceolate, smooth, the
large ones being about four inches long. The flower-stem is from one
to three feet high, erect and simple, bearing a bell-shaped flower, which,
as it grows old, has a wrinkled, mealy appearance. The fruit is a tri-
angular capsule.
History. — It is indigenous to North America, growing in low groiLuds,
Bandy soils, and at the edges of woods. Its flowers are white, and ap-
pear from May to August. The root is the part used. Alcohol is the
best solvent.
Properties and Uses. — Its root, when thoroughly dried, is an intensely
bitter tonic, and in decoction or tincture is of great utility in dyspep-
sia, general or local debility, flatulent colic, hysteria, etc. It greatly
strengthens the female generative organs, affording protection against
miscaiTiage ; and in chlorosis, amenorrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, engorged
condition of the uterus, prolapsus of that organ, is a very superior vege-
table agent.
Dose. — Of the powdered root, from five to ten grains, three times a
day; of the saturated tincture, five to fifteen drops.
STILLINGIA (Stillingia Sylvatica).
Common Names. Queen^s Boot, Queen's Delight, Tawroot, and
Sikcr-leaf.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This perennial herb has a glabrous, somewhat angled
stem, from two to four feet high, which, when broken, gives out a milky
sap. The leavcH are sessile, somewhat leathery, and tapering at the
base. The flowers are yellow, and arranged on a temiiaal spike. Fruit
a three-grained ca^Dsule.
History. Queen's Root grows in sandy soils, and is a native of the
southern jjart of the United States. The root is the part used. It
should be used as soon after being gathered as possible, as age impairs
its properties. The latter yield to water, but are better extracted by
diluted alcohol. Its properties appear to be owing to a very acrid oil,
known as the Oil of Stillingia.
Froperties and Uses. — In large doses stillingia vomits and purges, ac-
companied wnth more or less prostration of the system. In less doses
it is an alterative, exerting an influence over the secretory functions
vmsui-passed hj any other known alterative. It is very extensively used in
all the varioiis forms of primary and secondary syphilitic affections ; also
in scrofulous, heimtic, and cutaneous affections ; also, with combinations
156 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of anise or caraway, for laryngitis and bronchitis. The oil, unless well
mcorporated with some mucilaginous or saccharine substance, should
never be used iaternally. This great alterative is one of the principal
"sonstituents in my " Blood Puritier." See page 460.
Dose. — Tincture, half a drachm to a drachm ; decoction, one or two
ounces.
STONEROOT (Collinsonia Canadensis).
Common Names. Hardhack^ Uorscweed., Jleal-aU^ Richweed, Ox-
balm, etc.
Medicinal Part. Thejilant.
Description. — This jilant has a knobby root, and a four-sided stem,
from one to four feet in height. The leaves are thin, broadly ovate,
acuminate, coarsely serrate, from six to eight inches long, and from two
to four broad. Flowers large, corolla greenish-yellow ; stamens two,
aaid very long ; seeds four, of which two or three are sterile.
History. — This plant grows in moist woods from Canada to Carolina,
and flowers from July to September. The whole plant has a strong
odor and a pungent and spicy taste. The odor of the fresh root is
slightly disagreeable. The whole plant is generally used, and ha$ its
value. The chief virtues of the plant are, however, concentrated in* the
root, which 'should always be used when fresh. Its active principle is
CoUiiisonin, which name is derived from its discoverer, Peter Colliason.
Properties and Uses. — It is used with good effect in chronic catarrh
of the bladder (as are other plants mentioned elsewhere), whites, and
weak stomach. It exerts a strong influence over all the mucous tissues.
It is a very fair stimulant, and a gentle tonic and diuretic. The prepa-
ration caUed CoUinsonin is very valuable as a remedy for hemoiThoids,
and all other diseases of the rectum, and for such aftlictions I recom-
mend it highly. It is chiefly used in inveterate and chronic cases. The
largest dose is five grains ; the average dose two grams. The iofusion
or decoction of the plant may be moderately used without additional
remedies, and in some instances so may the ColUnsonin ; but in about
every case a skilful combination of the latter with other standard prepa-
rations is necessary to insure easy and speedy restoration to good health.
Stoneroot is used externally — the leaves particularly — in fomentation
and poultice, and bruises, wounds, blows, sprains, contusions, cuts, ul-
cers, sores, etc. I cjmnot call the attention of the reader too strongly to
the effect the preparation called CoUinsonin has ujion all affections of the
urinary organs. It should be combined with other indicated remedies.
SUMACH (Rnus Glabrum).
Medicinal Parts. The bark and fruit.
Descriptian. — Sumach is a shrub, from six to fifteen feet high, con-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 157
Bisting of many straggling' brandies, covered with a pale-gray bark, hav-
ing occasionally a reddish tint. The leaves are alternate, consist of from
six to fifteen leaflets, which are lanceolate, acuminate, acutely serrate,
shining and green above, whitish beneath, becoming red in the fall.
The flowers are greenish red, and fruit a small red drupe, hanging in
clusters, with a crimson down, extremely soiu* to the taste, which is due
to malate of lime.
History. — Sumach grows in the thickets and waste grounds of Canada
and the United States. It flowers in June and July, but matures its
fruit in September and October. The bark and berries are officinal.
The berri< s should be gathered before rains have washed away the acid
properties which reside in their external, downy efllorescence. Both
the bark and berries yield their active influence to water. Great care
is to be taken in the selection of several species of Rhus, as many of
them are highly poisonous.
Properties and Uses. — The berries are refrigerant and diuretic; the
bark is tonic, astringent, and antiseptic. The bark of the root has
sometimes been used with success in decoction or syrup as a palliative
of gonorrhoea, leucorrhoea, diarrhoea, hectic fever, dysentery, and scrof-
ula. Combined with the barks of white pine and slippery elm, in cer-
tain particular doses of decoction, it will, with other very simple treat-
ment, cure syphilis.
Dose. — From one to three fluid ounces of the decoction of bark. Of
the infusion of berries, from one to four fluid ounces.
SWAMP BEGGARS' TICK (Bidens Connata).
Medicinal Parts. The root and seeds.
Description. — This herb has a smooth stem, from one to three feet
high. The leaves are lanceolate, opposite, serrate, acuminate, and de-
current on the petiole. Flowers, terminal ; florets, yeUow ; and fruit,
a wedge-formed achcnium.
Ilistoi'y. —This is a common weed, f oiind in wet grounds, rich fields,
swamps, and ditches, from New England to Missouri. It flowers in Au-
gust. The root and seeds are employed medicinally, and may be used
in decoction, infusion, or tincture.
Pro])erties and Uses. — The root and seeds are emmenagogue and ex-
pectorant ; the seeds, in powder or tincture, have been used in ame-
norrhoea, dysmenorrhoea, and some other uterine derangements, and an
infusion of the root has proved beneficial in severe cough. It has been
used wdth great success for palpitation of the heart, and for croup. For
this latter aflliction a strong infusion of the leaves, sweetened with
honey, and administered in tablespoonful doses every fifteen minutes
until vomiting is produced, is regarded a cure. The leaves heated to
the form of a poultice and laid upon the throat and chest in cases of
158 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
bronchial and laryngeal attacks from exposure to cold, etc., are very
beneficial.
BiDENS BiPiNNATA, or Sjm7m7i JVeedles, and Bidens Frondosa, or
Beggar Tick, can be employed, medically, the same.
SWEET GUM (LiQuiDAMBAR Styraciflua).
Medicinal Part. The concrete juice.
Bescnption. — The Sweet Gum tree grows to the height of from fifty
to sixty feet. Its bark is gray and deeply furrowed, and there are corky
ridges on the branches ; the leaves are palmate, rounded, smooth, and
shining, fragrant when bruised, and turn a deep red in the fall. Fruit,
a kind of strobUe.
History. — This tree is very abundant in the Southern and Middle
States, and can be found in the moist woods of nearly all parts of the
Union. From incisions made in the tree a gum exudes which is resin-
ous and adhesive, and somewhat like white tiu'pentLne in appearance.
Properties and Uses. — As a remedy for catarrhs, coughs, and pulmo-
naiy affections generally, it is without an equal, although physicians g^en-
erally do not use it in their practice. It is also very valuable for fever-
sores, fistula, scrofula, etc. , when made into an ointment. *
Dose. — The dose internally is from ten to twenty grains, according to
circumstances.
TACAIVIAHAC (Popultts Balsamipera).
Common Name. Balsam Po^ilar.
Medicinal Part. The buds.
Bescription. — This tree, also called Tacamahac Poplar, attains the
height of from fifty to seventy feet, with a trunk about eighteen inches
in diameter. The branches are smooth, round, and deep brown. The
leaves arc ovate, gradually tapering, and pointed, deep-green above, and
smooth on both sides.
History. — This tree is found in Siberia, and in the northern parts of
the United States and Canada. In America it is in blossom in AprU.
The leaf-buds are the officinal part. They should be collected in the
spring, in order that the fragrant resinoiis matter with which they are
covered may be properly separated in boiling water, for upon this their
virtues depend. They have an agreeable, inccnse-like odor, and an un-
pleasant, bitteri.sh taste. The balsamic juice is collected in Canada in
shells, and sent to Europe under the name of Tacamahaca. Alcohol, or
spirits, is the proper solvent. The Poptdiis Balsamifera is generally
confounded with the Populus Candicaiis, from whose buds we get the
virtues known as the Balm of Gilcad ; but it is much the superior tree
Jor medical purposes.
Properties a/ui Uses. — The buds are stimulant, tonic, diuretic, and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 159
anti-scorbutic. In tincture they have been beneficially employed in
affections of the stomach and kidneys, and in scurvy and rheumatism.
Sometimes they are applied in. that form as a remedy for affections of
the chest. The bark is known to be tonic and cathartic, and wiU prove
of seivice in gout and rheumatism.
Dose. — Of a tiucture of the buds, from one to four fluid drachms ; of
an extract of the bark, five to fifteen grains, three times a day.
PoPULUS Tremuloides, W/iite Poplar^ or Aspen, the well-known
tree, furnishes us with Populiii and Salaciii ; and is tonic and febrifuge,
useful in intemiittents. It has also good diuretic properties, and is
beneficial in urinary affections, gonorrhoea, gleet, etc.
TANSY (Tanacetum Vulgare).
MEDicrNAL Part. The herb.
Description. — Tansy has a perennial creeping root, and an erect herba-
ceous stem, one to three feet high. The leaves are smoothish, dark-
green ; flowers, golden-yellow ; fruit, an achenium.
nistory. — Indigenous to Europe, but has been introduced iuto this
country and cultivated by many ; but grows also spontaneously in old
grounds, along roads, flowering in the latter part of summer. Drying
impairs much of the activity of the plant. It contains volatile oil, wax,
stearine, chlorophyll, bitter resin, yellow coloring matter, tannin with
gaUic acid, bitter extractive gum, and tanacetic acid, which is crystaUi-
zable and precipitates Hme, baiyta, and oxide of lead.
Projierties and Uses. — It is tonic, emmenagogue, and diaphoretic. In
small doses, the cold infusion will be found useful in convalescence from
exhausting diseases, dyspepsia, hysteria, and jaundice. The warm in-
fusion is diaphoretic and emmenagogue. It bears a good reputation in
Buppressed menstruation, but should be used only when the suppression
is due to morbid causes.
THYME (Thymus Vulgaris;.
Medicnal Part. The herb.
Description. — Thyme is a small undershrub, with numerous erect
stems, procumbent at base, and from six to ten inches in height. The
leaves are oblong-ovate, lanceolate, and numerous. The flowers are
bluish-purple, small, and arranged on leafy whorled spikes.
History. — A native of Europe, but introduced into this country, and
extensively cultivated in gardens for culinary purposes. It blossoms in
the summer, when it should be collected and carefully dried. It has a
strong, pungent, spicy taste and odor, both of which are retained by care-
ful drying. The herb yields its properties to boiling water and alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — Tonic, carminative, emmenagogue, and anti-
epasmodic. The cold infusion is beneficial in dyspepsia with weak and
IGO THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
irritable stomach. The warm infusion is useful as a parturient, also in
hysteria, dysmenorrhcEa, flatulence, colic, and to promote perspiration.
The leaves are used externally in fomentation.
The Thymus Serpyllus, Wild Tliijmc or Mother of Thyme, has simi-
lar virtues to the above.
TOLU (Myrospermum Toluiferum).
Medicinal Part. The haUnmic exudation.
DeacHption. — A full botanical description of this tree has not yet been
given, but it is supposed that it is similar to the Balsam of Peru tree,
differing only in the leaflets, which in this tree are thin, membranous,
obovate, taper-pointed ; the terminal ones larger than the others.
History. — It is a tree which gi-ows throughout the forests of South
America, especially on the elevated parts near Carthagena, Tolu, and
in the ]\Iagdaleua provinces of Columbia. The balsam is obtained by
makmg incisions into the tree, and which flows into wax vessels. It
is exported from Carthagena in tin, earthen, and other vessels. It has
a pale, yellowish-red or brown color, solid and brittle, an agreeable
vanilla-like odor, and a sweetish aromatic taste. It is soluble in alco-
hol, ether, and essential oils. ♦
Projwrties and Uses. — It is, like Balsam of Pcni, a stimulant, tonic,
and expectorant, and cannot be equalled for its curative effects in cases
of consumption, catarrh, bronchitis, asthma, and all inflammatory, ulcer-
ated, spasmodic, or other morbid conditions of the resijiratory organs
and their adjuncts. The balsam dissolved in ether, and the vapor
therefrom inhaled, is reported beneficial in coughs and bronchial affec-
tions of long standing, and I have no doubt it is so, as its virtues in such
complaints are very wonderful.
TUEKEY CORN (Corydalis Formosa).
Common Names. Wild Turkey-fea, Stagger-weed, Clwice Didytra.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Description. — This indigenous perennial plant has a tuberous root,
and a stem from six to ten inches in height. The leaves are radical,
rising from ten to fifteen inches high, and somewhat triteiiiate. The
scape is naked, eight to twelve inches high, and bearing from six to ten
reddi.sh-i)ur])le nodding flowers. The fruit is a i)od-shaped, many-
Beeded capsule.
IIi.st'>ry. — This beautiful little plant flowers veiy early in the si)rLag,
and the root should only be gathered while the phuit is in flower. It
grows in rich soil, on hills, among rocks, and old decayed timber, and is
found westward and south of New York to North Carolina. The alka-
loid, Corydalia, is the active priuci])le.
Froperties and Uses. — Tonic, diuretic, and alterative. In all sj-'phi*
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 161
Utic, scrofulous, and cachectic conditions it is one of tlie best remedies.
Its tonic properties render it valuable as an alterative in all enfeebled
conditions. Its tonic properties are similar to Gentian, Columbo, and
other pure bitters. Its magical properties as an alterative renders it
one of the most valuable remedies in the whole range of medicine. Cory-
dalia may be substituted for the herb. It is one of the ingredients in
my " Blood Purifier." (See page 469.)
Dose. — Of the infusion, one to four ounces ; saturated tincture, half to
two drachms ; corydalia, one-half to a grain.
VALERIAN (Valeriana Officinalis).
Common Name. Great ^Ylld Valerian.
Medicinal Part. The root.
Descnj)tion. — This is a large herb, with a perennial, tuberous, fetid
root, most aromatic when growing in dry pastures, and a smooth, hohow,
furrowed stem, about four feet in height. The leaves are pinnate, oppo-
site ; leaflets, from seven to ten pairs, lanceolate, coarsely serrated, and
on long foot-stalks. The tlowers are flesh-colored, small, and fragrant.
Jlifttory. — Valerian is a European plant, growing in wet places, or even
in dry pastures, flowering in June and July. Several varieties grow in
America, and are used, but the English Valerian is by all odds the best.
The ofRcinal part is the root. The taste of the root is warm, camphora-
ceous, slightly bitter, somewhat acrid, and nauseous. The odor is not
considerable ; it is fetid, characteristic, and highly attractive to cats,
and, it is said, to rats also. Besides valerianic acid the root contains
starch, albumen, valerianin, yellow extractive matter, balsamic resin,
mucilage, valerianate of potassa, malates of potassa and lime, and phos-
phate of lime and silica.
Proj)e)'ties and Uses. — Valerian excites the cerebro-spinal system. In
large doses it causes headaches, mental excitement, visual illusions, gid-
diness, restlessness, agitation, and even spasmodic movements. In
medicinal doses it acts as a stimulating tonic, anti-spasmodic, and cal-
mative. It is temporarily beneficial in all cases where a nervous stim-
ulant is required. The extract is worthless. The infusion and fluid ex-
tract contain all the virtues of the plant.
Dose.— Of the infusion, one or two fluid ounces, as often as may be
prescribed by a physician.
VANILLA (Vanilla Aromatica).
Medicinal Part. TJie fruit or pods.
Descrifition. — Vanilla Aromatica is a shrubby, climbing, aerial para-
site, growing in the clefts of rocks, or attaching itself to the trunks of
trees. It suspends itself to contiguous objects, and is truly an aerial
plant. The stem is round, about as thick as the finger, from twenty to
162 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
thirty feet in length, and oftener thicker at the summit than at the base.
The leaves are alternate, oblong, entire, on short petioles, green, fleshy,
and pointed by a species of abortive tendril. The flowers are yellowish
white. The fniit is a species of bean, yellow or bu£E color, of an agreea-
ble aromatic odor ; the beans must be dried with care or they will loBe
their properties.
History. — Vanilla grows in Mexico and other parts of tropical South
America. There are several species which are supposed to furnish the
Vanilla of commerce. It yields its virtues to water or alcohol.
Properties and Uses. — It is an aromatic stimulant, and is used, in in-
fusion, in hysteria, rheumatism, and low forms of fever. It is also
called an aphrodisiac, powerfully exciting the generative system. Va-
nilla is said to exhilarate the brain, jDrevent sleep, increase muscular en-
ergj^, and stimulate the sexual propensities.
WAFER-ASH (Ptelea Trifoliata).
CoirMON Names. Wing-seed., Shrubby Trefoil, Swamp Dogwood, etc.
Medicinal Part. The bark of the root.
Description. — This is a shrub from six to eight feet in height, wiih the
leaves trifoliate, and marked with pellucid dots ; the leaflets are sessile,
ovate, shortly acuminate, downy beneath when young. The flowers are
polygamous, greenish-white, nearly half an inch in diameter, and of
disagreeable odor. Stamens, mostly four ; style short, and fruit a two-
celled samara.
History. — Wafer- Ash, or Ptelea, is a shrub common to America, grow-
ing raost abundantly west of the AUeghanies, in shady, moist places
and edges of woods, and also in rocky places. It flowers in June. The
bark of the root is officinal, and yields its virtues to boiling water.
Alcohol, however, is its best solvent. Ptelein is its active principle.
Propen'ties and Uses. — It is especially tonic and unirritating. It is
said to be very useful as a promoter of the appetite, and as a remedy for
general debUity. It wfll be tolerated by the stomach when other tonics
are rejected. Some think it equal, in cases of fever (intennittent), to
quinia. In convalescence from fever it serves an admirable pur|>ose.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to thirty grains ; of the tincture, one or two
drachms ; of the extract, live to ten grains ; ptelein, one or two grains.
WALNUT (WuiTE), (JUGL.VNS Cinerea).
Common Names. Butternut, Oil Nut, etc.
Medic rN.\L Parts. Inner bark of the root, and leaves.
Description. — This indigenous tree attains a height of from thirty to
fifty feet, with a trunk about four feet in diameter ; the ljranch(!s are
wide-spreading, and covered with a smooth gray bark. The leaves are
alternate, twelve to twenty inches long, and consist of seven or eight
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
163
pairs of leaflets, which are oblong-lanceolate, and finely serrate. Male
and female flowers distinct upon the same tree. Fruit a dark-colored
hard nut, kernel oily, pleasant-flavored, and edible.
JtJGL AN s Nigra, ox Black Walnut, a well-kno^vn tree, is also medicinal.
History. — Butternut is found throughout the New England, Middle,
and Western States, on cold, uneven, rooky soils, flowering in April and
May, and maturing its fruit at or about the middle of autumn. Its
officinal parts are its leaves and the inner bark of the root. The latter
should be gathered from April to July. It contains resin, fixed oil, sac-
charine matter, lime, potassa, a peculiar principle, and tannic acid. The
Black Wulmit flowers and ripens its fruit at the same time with the But-
ternut. Juglandin is the active principle.
Properties and Uses. — Butternut is a gentle and agreeable cathartic,
and does not induce constipation after its action. In cases of habitual
constipation or other intestinal diseases, it has considerable value. Tt
is used in decoction in cases of fever, and in the murrain of cattle. The
juice of the rind of the Black Walnut wUl cure herpes, eczema, porrigO;
etc., and a decoction of it has been used to remove worms. The Euro
pean walnut has been found to be efficacious in cases of scrofula.
WATER PEPPER (Polygonum Punctatum).
Common Name. Smartweed.
Medicinal Part. The wJiole herb.
Description. — This is an annual plant,
with a smooth stem, branched, often de-
cumbent at the base, of reddish or green-
ish-brown color, and growing from one to
two feet high. The leaves are alternate,
lanceolate, petiolate, with pellucid dots,
wavy, and scabrous on the margin. The
flowers .are small, greenish-white or pui-ple,
and are disposed in loose, slender, drooping,
but finally erect spikes.
History. — It is a well-known plant, grow-
ing in England and America, in ditches, low
grounds, among rubbish, and about brooks
and water-courses. It flowers in August
and September. The whole plant is offici-
nal. It has a biting, pungent, acrid taste,
and imparts its virtues to alcohol or water.
It should be collected and made into a tinc-
ture while fresh. When it is old it is almost
worthless. The English variety of this plant possesses the same properties.
Properties ami Uses. — It is stimulant, diuretic, emmenagogue, anti-
Water Pepper.
164 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
septic, diaphoretic, etc. The infusion in cold water has been found
serviceable in gravel, colds and coughs, and in milk sicloiess. In cholera,
the patients wrapped in a sheet moistened with a hot decoction have
recovered.
It is used as a wash in chronic erysipelatous inflammations. The
fresh leaves bruised with the leaves of May-weed, and moistened with
the oil of turpentine, and applied to the skin, will speedily vesicate.
The infusion in cold water forms an exceUeut local application in the
sore mouth of nursing women, and in mercurial ptyaUsm or salivation.
The decoction or infusion in hot water is not so active as when prepared
in cold or warm water. It has very many virtues ; and its office in my
"Restorative Assimilant" (see page 469) it performs well.
Done. — Of the infusion, from a wineglassful to a teacupful, three or
four times a day.
VVORMSEED (Chenopodium ANTHELMmxicuM).
Common Name. Jerusalem Oak.
Medicinal Part. The seeds.
Descri'ption. — This plant has a perennial branched root, with an, erect,
herbaceous stem, from one to three feet high. The leaves are alter-
nate, ol)long-lanceolate, of yeUowish-green color, and marked be*ieath
with small resinous particles. The numerous flowers are of the same
color as the leaves. Seeds solitary and lenticular.
Jlintory. — This plant grows in waste places in almost all parts of the
United States, flowering from July to September, and ripening its seeds
throughout the fall, at which time they should be collected. The whole
plant has a disagreeable odor, and the seeds partake of the same odor.
Properties and Uses. — Anthelmintic and antispasmodic. ExceUent t>
expel the lumbrici from children. The oil is the best form of adminis
tration, which may be given in doses of four to eight drops on sugar.
The infusion with milk is also given often in wineglassful doses.
WORMWOOD (Artemisia Absinthium).
Medicinal Parts. T7ie taps and leaves.
Description. — This is a perennial plant, with a woody root, branched
at the crown, and ha\ang numerous fibres below. The whole herb ia
covered with close, silky hoarincss ; the stems are numerous, bushy,
and from one to two feet in height. Their lower part exists for some
years, from which young shoots spring forth every year, decaying in
cold weather. The leaves are alternate, broadi.sh, and blunted, the
lower ones on long peticlcs, upper ones on shorter, broader, and some-
what winged ones.
History. — Wormwood grows nearly all over the world, from the
United States to Siberia. It flowers from June to September. The
THE COMPLETE HEKFALIST. 165
tops and leaves are the parts used. The dried herb, with the flowers,
has a whitish gray appearance, a strong, aromatic odor, and is extreme-
ly bitter to the taste. Alcohol or water takes up its active principles.
It yields what is known to druggists as AbsintJuiie.
Propei'ties and Uses. — It is anthelmintic, tonic, and narcotic. It is
used for many diseases, among which may be enunaerated intermittent
fever, jaundice, worms, want of appetite, amenorrhoea, chronic leucor-
rhoea, obstinate diarrhoja, etc. It is also used externally in country
places as a fomentation for sprains, bruises, and local iatlammations.
Taken too often, or in large quantities, it will irritate the stomach, and
dangerously increase the action of the heart and arteries.
Dose. — Of the powder, ten to twenty grains ; infusion, one or two
ounces.
Santonin^ a well-known antheliarntic, is the peculiar princiiile ob-
tained from the Artemisia Sautonica.
Dose. — Three or four gi'ains, twice a day.
YAM (WILD), (DiORCOREA Villosa).
Common Name. CoUg root.
IIedicinal Part. The root
Description. — This is a delicate twining vine, with a perennial root.
From this root proceeds a smooth, woolly, reddish-brown stem, the sixth
of an inch in diameter, and from five to fifteen or eighteen feet long.
The leaves average two to four inches in length, and about three-quar-
ters of their length in width. They are glabrous on the upper surface,
with soft hairs on the lower. The flowers are of a pale greenish yellow
color, and are very small. The seeds are one or two in each ceU, and flat.
History. — There are several species of yam-root which gi-ow in the
West Indies, and which the natives eat as we do potatoes, but these are
not medicinally like the Dioscorea Villosa, which I have described
above, and which is a slender vine growing wild in the United States
and Canada, and found running over bushes and fences, and twining
about the growths in thickets and hedges. The farther south we go the
more prolific it is. It flowers in June and July. The root, which is
the part used, is long, branched, crooked, and woody. From this is
made a i)reparation called Dioscorein., or Dioscorin, which contains all its
active qualities.
Pro2)erties and Uses. — Antispasmodic. Half a pint of the decoction
has been used, in almost innumerable cases of bilious colic, with great
good effect ; the same is also employed for spasm of the bowels, and to
allay violent nausea ; esj)ecially, however, the unaccountable nausea of
pregnant women. Dioscorein possesses the properties of the crude root
in a marvellous degree. I use it mainly for bilious colic ; it is the very
best relief and promptest cure now known. I also give it in some forma
166 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of uterine disease (always, however, combined with other material of a
similarly excellent character), but my use of it is chiefly for bilious
colic, and for this I commend it to the public.
Done. — Of the decoction, two to four ounces; tincture, twenty to
sixty drops ; Dioscoreia, one to four grains.
YARROW (AcniLLEA Millefolium).
Common Names. Milfoil, TJiousand Seal, Nose-bleed.
Medicinal Part. The herb.
Description. — ^ Yarrow, also called TJionsand Seal, is from ten to twenty
inches high, with a simple stem, branching at the top, and many long,
crowded, alternate and dentate leaves spread upon the ground, finely
cut, and divided into many parts. The flowers are white or rose-col-
ored, and arrayed in knots upon divers green stalks, which arise from
among the leaves. Fruit an oblong, flattened achenium.
History. —Yarrow inhabits Europe and North America ; it is found in
pastures, meadows, and along road-sides, flowering from May to Octo-
ber. The jDlant possesses a faint, pleasant, peculiar fragrance, and a
rather sharp, rough, astringent taste, which properties are due to tannic
and achiUeic acid, essential oil, and bitter extractive, alcohol or water
being its proper menstruum.
Properties and Uses. — It is astringent, alterative, and diuretic, in de-
coction. It is efficacious in bleeding from the lungs and other hemor-
rhages, incontinence of urine, piles, and dysentery. It is valuable in
amenorrhoea, or suppressed or restrained menses, flatulency, and spas-
modic diseases. It forms a useful injection in leucorrhoea or whites,
also in msnorrhagia, or profuse or too long continued menstruation. An
ointment cures wounds, ulcers, fistulas, and the head bathed in a decoc-
tion prevents the falling out of the hair ; while the leaves chewed in
the mouth will frequently ease the tooth-ache. Achilles is supposed
to be the first that left the virtues of this herb to jjosterity, hence the
active principle of this plant is called Aclulleine, which is much used as a
substitute for quinia in intermittent fevers in the South of Eiu-ope.
Dose. —The infusion of Yarrow is given in doses of from a wineglass-
ful to a teacupful, three or four times a day ; the essential oil from five
to twenty drops. In menon'hagia or profuse menstruation, a table-
spoonful of the saturated tincture may be given three or four times a
day.
Acldllea Ptarrnica, or Sneeze-wort, has leaves entirely different from
the Yarrow, and should not be mistaken one for the other. The whole
of this plant is pungent, exciting an increased flow of saliva ; and the
powder of the dried leaves, when snuffed into the nostrils, produces
sneezing, which is supposed to be owing to their Email, sharp, and mai-
ginal teeth.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
167
YELLOW PARILLA (Menispermtjm Canadense).
Common Names. Vine-majjle, Moonseed.
Medicinal Part. Tlie root.
Description. — This plant has a perennial, horizontal, very long woody
root, of a beautiful yellow color. The stem is round and climbing, and
about a foot in length. The leaves are roundish, cordate, peltate,
smooth, glaucous green above, paler
below, entire, and four or five inches
in diamete*:. The flowers are in clus-
ters, and are small and yellow. The
fruit, a drupe, is about the third of
an inch in diameter, and one-seeded.
History. — Yellow Parilla grows in
moist woods and hedges, and near
streams, from Canada to Carolina,
and west to the Mississippi. It flow-
ers in July. The root, which is the
part used, has a bitter, lasting, but
not unpleasant acrid taste, and yields
its virtues to water and alcohol. It is
caUed, not without justice, American
Sarsaparilla, and its active piinciple,
known as menispermin, shows that it
might have received a name less ex-
pressive of its merits.
Properties and Uses. — The authors
of herbalist disi^ensatories have set
dowTi Yellow Parilla as ' ' tonic, laxa-
tive, alterative, and diuretic," and it seems to possess all these qualities.
Every plant of medicinal value, however, possesses one virtue which is
paramount to aU others. Yellow Parilla is essentially and particularly
anti-syphilitic, anti-scrofulous, anti-scorbutic, and anti-mercurial. As
a purifier of the blood, it is equal to the imi^orted sarsapariUa as we
get the latter, and its active principle, menhpermin.i may be itsed with
great good effect in all diseases arising from either hereditary or ac-
quired impurities of the system. It exerts its influence principally on
the gastric and salivary glands, and is found expressly beneficial in
cases of adhesive inflammation, and where it is found necessary to
break u^) organized deposits, and hasten disintegration of tissue. I use
it principally for those diseases arising from a vitiated condition of the
blood, but sometimes apply it to dyspepsia. A decoction of the plant
may be used to advantage as an embrocation in gouty, rheumatic, and
cutaneous affections. The dose of the meimjyermin is from one to four
grains. When it produces vomiting reduce the dose.
Tello-sv Parilla.
168 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
FLA- INT TS
THEIR COI.1.ECTION AND PKESEK VATION .
A Physician who would cure diseases, or seek to assist Nature to throw
off all morbid accumulations from the bodj', should have a single eye to
the perfection, purity, or quality of the remedial agents he may feel called
upon to employ. Plants should be gathered at a proper period, and under
correct climatic influences, and always chosen from those in a wild or un-
cultivated state.
The roots of an annual plant will yield their most active medical
properties just before the liowering season, whereas this class of roots are
erroneously gathered after the flowering season ; in consequence, they are
less active, and do not retain their qualities for any reliable time. The
roots of the biennial plants are most energetic if gathered when the leaves
have fallen from the plant, in the autumu of the first j'ear ; while the
roots of perennial plants are most active when gathered between the decay
of the flowers and leaves and the renewal of verdure of the following
Spring. Bulbs are to be collected as soon as matured, or soon after the
loss of the foliage, in order to secure their most active principles.
Herbaceous stems shoiild be collected after the foliage, but beford the
blossoms have developed themselves, while ligneous or woody stems
should be collected after the decay of the leaves and previous to the vege-
tation of the succeeding Spring.
Barks are to be gathered in the Spring previous to flowering, or in
Autumn after the foliage has disappeared. Spring is the best time to
gather resinous barks, and Autumn for the others.
Leaves are best when gathered between the period of flowering and
maturation of the fi-uit or seeds. Biennial plants, however, do not perfect
themselves the first year, consequently their leaves should be gathered
only during the second year of the growtli of the plant.
Flowers are to be collected when about to open, or immediately after
they have expanded, although I prefer the buds. Flowers, buds, and leaves,
are to be gathered in dry weather, after the dew is oS from them, or in
the evening before it falls, and freed from all impurities. Aromatics
should be collected after the flower-buds are formed, while stalks and
twigs are best if trathered soon after the decay of the flowers. Berries, suc-
culent fruits, and seeds are to be collected only when ripe, except in some
few cases where the medicinal virtue is contained in the unripe article.
Roots are to be well wa&hed, rejecting all worm-eaten or decayed portions.
Bulbs are cleaned and dried as roots. Barks, stems, twigs, and Avoods are
best dried iu a moderate sun-l)eat, and sliould be taken every night into a
well-ventilated room, where the dew or rain will not touch them, and laid
upon sticks, slats, or boards which are some few inches apart, so that the
air may be well circulated through. The best method of drying leaves is
to strip them from the stem, lay them loosely upon a flooring Avhere the
sun shines moderately and the air circulates sutliciently to avoid mould —
keep them well stirred. The custom of steaming or moistening leaves in
order to pack them moie solidly after having been dried, is exceedingly
improper, as the articles become thereby much deteriorated in quality
and soon get musty.
Seeds are dried in the same manner as stems and leaves. Aromatic herbs
and annual plants are dried as advised for leaves similarly prepared.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
169
MECHANICAL ARTICLES.
The followiu? articles, so necessary in mauy instances, will be sent, prepaid
by mail, secmclj' packed from observation. We offer them to our parrons ije-
cau.-e of their bein^ in many respects superior to others offered for sale at double
the price we ask for them.
EAR TRUMPETS.
The conversation tube suits the most
obstinate cases of deafness, and is particu-
larly convenient at the dinner-table and
in company, as private conversation can
be carried on without attracting the atten-
tion of others.
Conversation Tubes.— Worsted, Silk, German Silver $3. Nickle Plated,
Ivory Mounts, $3, $3, $10. Nickle Plated $5. $5.00.
There are thousands of persons with one or both ears supposed lo be perfectly
useless, who in many cases might hear very well were tUe sonorous undulations con-
veyed to them by arrificial Ear Trumpets, thus drawing blood t,o the parts .and re-
storing healthy action. The hearing will thus t)c greatly improved, if not
altogether cured.
URINALS.
We have taken great pains to have the urinals offered below, light, soft, durable
and of a fine finish. They are manufactured from the finest quality of vulcanized
rubber.
Fig. 91 represents
a Day and Night
Urinal. The long
tube connecting the
scrotal and penis
portion to the reser-
voir will allow the
wearer to move and
turn in bed without
changing the po.si-
tion of the reservoir.
This tube can be re-
moved and the other
portions joined to-
gelher, which per-
mits it to be worn
during the day while
attending to busi-
ness. Fig. 94 has a
perfect scrotal sup-
port attached.
Ctiildren's Urinals,
with reservoir, $4 ;
without reservoir, $3
170
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
HARD RUBBER SYRINGE.
The above syringi? is very durable, being made of hard rubber. By Insertin" the
appropriate tubes (furnished with it), it can be used as a rectum, vaijinal or urethra
syrinee. Thi8
is the best
article of the
kind made,
and we will
send it by
maU to any
part of the
country, packed securely from injury or observation in a nice paper box, on the
receipt of price, $2.50. Price with only one tube, straight, male or female , as de-
sired $2 00
HARD RUBBER VAGINAL SYRINGES.
Every lady suflfering from leacorrhoea, or female weakness, should possess one
of these syringes. Various excellent decoctions, composed of healing herbal in-
ik, ffr^ - _ — _ .. "redients are given in these pages, which
^^^^■|n^^-- 1 — -;f^~ jif injected according to directions (fol-
W ~ =^=g=^s= =^^ lowing at the same time my hygienic
directions) will in the generality of cases effect a cure. Those desiring farther in-
formation may write a brief description of their case, and I will give farther
advice by return mail. Price, prepaid by mail, $L25.
MALE SYRINGE.
To parties desiring such an article, we ofTerf
this sj'ringe as being the best in market.
Price by mail, prepaid. 60 cents. We pack the
above sj'ringes securely in a nice box, entirely
secure from observation.
EAR SYRINGE.
Those desiring an ear syringe will find this '
an excellent one — made of hard rubber it is
easily cleansed and does not get out of order.
BREAST PUMP.
Price, prepnid by mail, $1.25.
This pump is of hard rubber— cannot break easily or
Bed Frinal,
get out of order. Easily used and a superior article.
Price, prepaid by mail, $.3.00.
HARD RUBBER BED URINAL,No. 9.
This urinal can be used without inconvenience by the
invalid in bed, without the assistance of a nurse. First
having the end of the rubber tube placed in the vessel
under the bed, the urine will be conducted therein,
Suitable for either sex.
RUBBER AIR CUSHIONS. The air cushion is
rOne of the greatest
luxuries of the age.
greatly contributii g
to the comfort of in-
valids. Those of-
fered are of the best
quality and most de-
sirable styles. Chair cushions (reeded), square or rounded
{f:ee cut),'$6. Cluiir eu.-hioiis ueeded) with back, $12.
Carriage cushions, $8. Hospital cushions, $8.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 171
ESSAYS OInT HTGIEJ^E, ETC.
Food and Drinks.
Man is an omnivorous creature, partaking of the nature both of the
carnivorous and herbiverous animal. Hence, it is reasonable to suppose
that man should subsist on a mixed diet, consisting both of animal and
vegetable substances. To settle this matter, we must appeal to man's
organization. His structure will tell us something we need not mistake.
AH the works of the Creator show design. Everything he has made has
a use, and is so contrived as to be adapted to that use. Lions, tigers,
and other animals, for example, which feed on flesh alone, have a short
alimentary canal — it being only about three times the length of an animal's
body. Animals which eat no flesh — a sheep for example — have very long
second stomachs ; while the duodenum, or second stomach of the human
being, is of a medium capacity ; which fact, in connection with the pe-
culiar formation of his teeth and his erect or upright position, prove con ■
clusively that man was destined to adapt himself to any clime, and to
partake of any kind of food, animal or vegetable, as may be naturally
suppUed for his subsistence by the hand of Providence. For instance,
the inhabitants of the Polar regions subsist principally on animal sub-
stances, and that, too, of the most oleaginous or fatty sorts.
Those tribes of men, laborers, hunters, etc., living in cold climates,
who subsist almost wholly on flesh, fish, or fowl, devour on an average
about seven pounds per diem. In fact, the quantity of animal food con-
sumed by some human beings, who are flesh-eaters in' practice, seems
almost incredible. Captain Parry relates the case of an Esquimaux lad,
who at a meal, which lasted twenty hours, consumed four pounds of raw
as well as four pounds of broiled sea-horse flesh, one and a half pints of
gravy, besides one and three-quarter jjounds of bread, three glasses of
raw spirits, one tumbler of strong grog, and nine pints of water. Cap-
tain Cochrane states, in a " Narrative of Travels through Siberian Tar-
tary" that he has repeatedly seen a Yakut or Largouse eat forty pounds
of meat in a day ; and it is stated that the men in the Hudson's Bay
Company are allowed a ration of seven or eight pounds of ordinary flesh
meat per diem.
Charles Francis Hall, in his work called " Arctic Researches and Life
among the Esquimaux,'''' relates his strange experiences among the tribes
of the country, with whom he became, as it were, naturalized. Speak-
ing of the kinds of food they used, and the enormous quantity con-
172 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
eumed, Captain Hall remarks : — " The skin of the Mysticetus (Greenland
whale) is a great treat to the Esquimaux, who eat it raw. The ' black
skin ' is three-fourths of an inch thick, and looks like india-rubber. It
is good eating in a raw state, even for a white man, as I know from ex-
perience ; but when boiled and soused in vinegar it is most excellent."
The Captain afterwards saw the natives cutting up the Icrang (meat) of
the whale into such huge slices as their wives could carry ; and as they
worked they kejDt on eating, until boat-load after boat-load was sent
over the ice to be deposited in the villages of the vicinity. All day long
were they eating, which led the Cajjtain to exclaim : '' ^Vhat enormous
stomachs these Esquimaux have ! " He came to the conclusion, how-
ever, that the Esquimaux practice of eating their food raw is a good one
— at least, for the better preservation of their health. To one educated
othei'wise, as we civilized whites are, the Esquimaux custom of feeding
on uncooked meats is highly repulsive ; but eating meats raw or cooked
is entirely a matter of education. ' ' God has made of one blood all na-
tions of men to dwell on the whole face of the earth, and has determined
the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habitations." Take
the Esquimaux away from the Arctic regions, and they would sooA dis-
appear from the face of the earth.
The Esquimaux are a hardy and happy people ; are comparatively free
from diseases, and are never kno\vn to die of scrofula or consumption, as
one of the consequences of eating so enormously of oleaginous or greasy
animal substances.
On other hand, in contrast to the gormandizing propensities of the Es-
quimaux, there are many examples of people living in cold climates sub-
sisting on coarse bread, not exceeding the average amount of one jjound
of wheat, rye, or corn, daily ; but such persons, unless exceedingly ac-
tive in their habits, seldom escape from the penalties of scrofula and con-
sumption, for the simple reason that they soon fail to supply themselves
with the meats or fatty animal substances necessary for the heat and life
of the body. The Canadian teamsters live almost exclusively upon bread
and fat, which, in a temperate climate, would produce nausea and skin
eruptions.
In warm climates, as in China, Hindoostan, Africa, and the trojiics, the
food of the natives is principally composed of vegetables and fruits — rice
being the general diet, with only animal or other food enough to amount
to a condiment or seasoning. Though the amount of food consumed by
some of the nations is very small, and their habits very temperate, we do
not find that even they are any the less Uable to many of the diseases
which attlict those who eat largely of a mixed diet. It is reasonable to
suppose, however, that less food and lighter clothing are required in
warm or hot climates than iu those of the temperate and fi-igid.
The negroes on the plantations of filississippi and Alabama grow sleek
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 173
and live to an advanced age by subsisting largely on fat pork and homi-
ny, com bread, sweet potatoes, rice, etc. In tlie pampas of Brazil and
Buenos Ayres, where immense herds of wild cattle are found, the hunt-
ers catch these bovines, strip them of their hides and horns, and, if hun-
gry, wlU cut out a huge chunk of beef, half roast it, and eat it without
salt or bread. In some parts of Brazil the natives feed on a flour made
from the roots of a certain plant or tree, moistening the same with the
juice of the orange or lemon. Others fuid support in the yam, the ba-
nana, or plantain, etc., while they are hugely addicted to drinking a spe-
cies of whiskey called aguardiente.
In Asia and Africa many of the natives derive their staple nutrition
from gum acacia, and among us many an invalid has derived healthy
nourishment from i^reparations containing gum acacia, when his stomach
would neither bear nor digest any other article in the shape of food. In
Peru the Indians will subsist for a month at a time by chewing a plant
called erythroxylLu coca, and in the mean time perform journeys of hun-
dreds ox miles. The Hindoos live principally on rice, and are considered
a long-lived and a very docile people. On the other hand, many of the
Indian tribes of North America, who live on roots, barks, berries, etc.,
are very savage and warlike in their habits. The Chinese drink strong
tea, and the Tui-ks coffee equally as strong, without apparent detriment
to their general health. The laboring Scotch thiive partially on oatmeal
porridge, without using a particle of meat. The Irish want nothing bet-
ter than plenty of potatoes, cabbage, and buttermilk. The English,
French, German, Italian, Spanish, and other civilized people of Europe
live upon mixed diet, though each have their peculiar likes and dislikes
in the shape of dishes, and the average health of each nation is about the
same. So in America they eat everythiug and anything, without particu-
lar injury to the constitution, except when eating too fast and too much
at a time, which is a proverbial national error.
People are liable to eat what they have been taught or educated to eat,
without stopping to inquire concerning any physiological laws on the
subject. Scrofula is the most prevalent of all diseases, — this fact being
justly attributed not to pork or food of any kind, but to the manner in
which the people are lodged, livuig in small or unventilated apartments,
crowded together and breathing foul air and the pestiferous etliuvias of
their own bodies.
There can be no doubt that many of the maladies tacident to the hu-
man race are i^roduced through the agency of improper food, over-feed-
ing, etc., on the internal organs ; yet it can be readily shown that a fai"
greater a.mount of maladies are induced through the medium of atmos-
jjheric impressions and vicissitudes on the external surface of the body.
More diseases arise from breathing foul air, or from lack of the natural
atmospheric air, than from the worst or poorest kind of food. Disease,
174 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
therefore, is not so much a result of the kind of food we eat, as it is in
the quantity and quality. What may be excellent for one man may be
very injurious for another ; custom, habits, idiosyncrasies, tempera-
ments, etc., having a great deal to do in the digestion of food, and con-
vertiug it into wholesome or nutritious blood, capable of supi^lyiag all the
tissues of the body with their natural needs or stimuli. Very few people
Beem to know what their stomachs were intended for, or even know
where they are situated. All sorts of deleterious substances are
crammed into the stomach by thousands of people. When any article
of food is repulsive to any of the senses, it had better be avoided as an
article of diet. This antipathy is so intense iu some as to amount to ac-
tual idiosyncrasy. The sympathy and antipathy displayed by some per-
sons with regard to alimentary food or drinks are extremely curious.
Some notable instances are on record. Boyle fainted when he heard
the splashing of water or liquids. SCALIGER turned pale at the sight of
water-cresses ; Erasmus became feverish when he saw a fish. Zimmer-
man tells us of a lady who shuddered when touching the velvety skin of
a peach. There are whole families who entertain a horror of cheese? ; on
the other hand, there was a physician, Dr. Starke, of Edinburgh,' who
lost his life by subsisting almost entirely upon it. Some people iiave
been unable to take mutton even when administered in the microscopic
form of pills. There is a case of a man falling down at the smell of
mutton, as if bereaved of life, and in strong convulsions. Sir J.\MEa
Eyre, in his well-known little book, mentions three curious instances of
idiosyncrasy : the case of a gentleman who could not eat a single straw-
berry with imijunity ; the case of another, whose head would become
frightfully swollen if he touched the smallest particle of hare ; the case
of a third, who would inevitably have an attack of gout a few hours
after eating fish. We ourselves know of a lady in Connecticut who will
turn pale and faint at the smell of an apple. She could certainly claim
innocence with reference to tempting any Adam.
This ignorance of the uses of the stomach, or rather abuse of the func-
tions, is sometimes the source of much suffering and disease. Besides
the gastric tubes which supply the stomach with the gastric juice, which
is necessary to dissolve the food before it can be converted into blood, it
is extensively covered with a net-work of nerves and blood-vessels, ren-
dering the stomach very sensitive and very hable to inflammation. This
inflammation sometimes becomes very active, producing vomiting, pain,
fever, etc. , all caused by imprudence in diet. It is a warning. If the
warning be not heeded, this inflammation becomes chronic ; the nerves
lose their sensibility ; the stomach becomes inactive, and that most dis-
tressing of all diseases, dyspepsia (and often epilepsy or fits), takes up its
abode as a permanent guest. Most frequently it comes on more slowly
and without apparent warning.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 175
The food we eat has to be properly digested. People are apt to sup-
pose that digestion is performed in the stomach only. This is a mistake
The stomach performs the greater part of the work, but it is greatly as-
sisted by other organs besides. Digestion really begins in the mouth.
Besides the teeth, which are the true organs of digestion, there are situ-
ated in the cavity of the mouth three small bodies called saUvary glands,
which pour out a fluid called saliva (or spittle), which is just as necessary
to the proper digestion of food as the gastric juice itself. The more
thorouglily the food is mixed with saliva, the more perfect will be di-
gestion. This should teach us to eat slowly, and to chew so well that
every mouthful of food may contain a proper amount of it. It shoidd
also teach us that this saliva is too valuable a substance to be contami-
nated with tobacco-juice, or wasted in expectoration from smoking, es-
pecially where the temperament is nervous. Saliva is constantly being
poured into the cavity of the mouth, whether we are asleep or awake.
As a general thing, in a healthy person, about five wine-glasses full of sa-
liva are secreted in a day.
We eat that the body may be supported with blood, for our food, be-
fore it can become a part of the body, must first be converted into blood.
A full-grown, healthy working-man consumes in one year about twelve
hvmdred pounds of victuals and drink — that is, about eight times his own
weight ; yet, if he should weigh himself at the end of the year, he would
find that he weighs very little more or less than he did at the beginning.
Now what has become of the t ./elve hundred pounds he has eaten ? It
has been wasted away. With every motion, every breath, 3very opera-
tion of the mind, the body has been wasted, and food has been required
to support the waste.
The one great cause of the wasting of the body, and of the con.stant
demand for food, is action. If the muscles could be kept from moving,
our lungs from breathing, and our minds from thinldng, then we might
not require food, for there would be no waste. This condition of things,
of course, could never exist without death speedily following.
Exercising violently excites hunger, since it makes us breathe faster,
and therefore causes vis to inhale more air. A man of sedentary habits
does not require so much food as a laboring man, because he does not
waste away as fast. Much of the wasted material of the body is carried
off by the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid. The skin, too, does its
share of the work. It not only assists in breathing, but it also carries
out of the system a large portion of its dead particles.
Children require more food in proportion than adults, because they are
growing, and therefore, so to speak, need more to build up their bodies.
After we have attained our growth, we neither gain nor lose our weight,
provided we are in health, for we consume as much food as the body
wastes. This is called a state of equilibrium. As old age comes on the
176 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
body begins to decline in weight, and then we waste more than we con-
6ume.
Food may be distinguished into two kinds, viz. , nitrogenized and non-
nitrogenized. The first class is called the plastic elements of nutrition,
and is designed solely to make blood and to form the substance of the
tissues ui the general structure of man ; while the non-nitrogenized kind
is necessary to keep up the animal heat, by yielding hydrogen and car-
bon, to be exhibited ia the lungs. The elements of human nutrition and
recuperation are vegetable fibrtae, albumen, caseine, and animal flesh
and blood ; while the elements of respiration are fat, starch, gum, cane
sugar, grape sugar, sugar of milk, wine, beer, and spirits. The elemen-
tary prtaciples or proximate elements of food consist in water, gum, su-
gar, starch, lignin, jeUy, fat, fibrine, albumen, caseine, gluten, gelatine,
acids, salts, alcohol, etc. All these elements are found ia sufficient
abundance in either the vegetable or animal kiagdoms, and are to be
used according to the natural wants of man, or the supply of the waste.
No precise rules, therefore, can be laid down to suit every particular
state of either disease or health. Every one, accordingly, should eat and
drink only those things which he may find by experience, habits, orv'pecu-
liarities to best agree with his condition, and reject aU substances -Vhich
he may find injurious to his health and general well-bemg. It is the
provocative variety, or the over-stimulation of the palate, that does the
greater mischief to health. The plainer the food and the fewer the
dishes, the greater will be the immunity from disease. Whether the
diet be vegetable or animal substances, the result wiU be the same in rel-
ative proportion to the nutriment yielded. Fish, for scrofulous and con-
sumptive persons, is a most excellent diet, containing a principle called
iodine.
Meats contain the most nitrogen, the nitrogenous portions of our food
make flesh, and go to supply the wear and tear and wastes of the body ;
these are ultimately passed from the system in the urine. If more ni-
trogenous food is eaten than is needed to supply these wastes. Nature
converts it more rapidly into living tissues, which are, with correspond-
ing rapidity, broken down and converted into urine. This is when the
food is digested ; but when so much is eaten that it cannot be digested.
Nature takes alarm as it were, and endeavors to remedy the trouble in
one of three ways. The stomach rebels and casts it off by vomiting, it
is worked out of the system by attacks of diarrhoea, or the human crea-
ttire is made uncomfortable generally, and is restless both by day and
by night ; as a further punishment his appetite is more or less destroyed
for several meals afterwards. Little or no nitrogen is poured off with
the perspiration, breathing, or fseces.
Whatever diet we use, whether animal or vegetable, the secret of ita
utility lies not only in the quantity and quality, but in the manner in
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 177
which either kind is cooked, when so prepared for food. Much ignorance
prevails everywhere in this matter of cooking the substances that are
requisite for the sustenance of our bodies. Let any person, unable to
eat broccoli or greens cooked in a quart of water, try the effect of having
them cooked in a gallon of water, or of having the quart of water changed
three or four times during the process of cookiag, and he will soon dis-
cover the difference. If good potatoes are "• watery," it is because they
are ill-cooked. Fried dishes, rich gravies, and pastry should be avoided
because of their tendency to develop fatty acids in the stomach.
We may reasonably suppose that the physiology of digestion is yet too
imperfectly understood to enable us to lay down any i^recise laws as to
what to eat, drink, and avoid. With a little vigUance, however, each
person can ascertain for himself what foods do and do not agree with
him. As before intimated, the peculiarities in this respect are remark-
able. Some cannot eadure fat ; others cannot get along without it.
Some cannot touch mutton ; others are made ill by eggs. Let each find
out his own antipathy. Suppose the case of a healthy man — so healthy
that he cannot be healthier. We wiU say the quantity of blood in his
body IS thirty pounds, and that he loses one pound of this in every
twenty-four hours. Is it not plain enough that he must eat as much
food in the same time as will supply the waste of blood he has lost ? But
if he should eat as much as will furnish a pound and a half of blood, he
will have half a pound of blood too much in his system. Should he go
on adding an extra half pound of blood daily more than is required to
supply the tissues, what then will be the consequences ? Bursting of the
blood-vessels. But good Dame Nature has measurably guarded against
any such plethoric catastrophe ; for, after having supplied the waste of
the body, the undue quantity of blood is converted into fat or adipose
matter, thus restoring the blood's volume to a due standard. But this
quasi fat is of no use to the body. It does not give it strength ; on the
contrary, it is an encumbrance to the machinery, and, in more ways than
one, is an evil. He, therefore, who eats too much, even though he di-
gests or assimilates what he eats, and should be fortunate enough to
escape apoplexy, or some other disease, does not add a single particle to
his strength. He only accumulates fat, and incurs the evils thereunto
appertaining — one among many of which I will mention— I mean the ac-
cumulation of fat about the heart, and interfering, to a most dangerous
degree, with the heart's action. A man's strength resides in his arte-
rial blood — in his muscles and bones and tendons and ligatures — in his
brawn and sinew ; and liis degree of strength depends upon the vigor,
size, and substance of these ; and if he were to eat without ceasing, he
could not add to their size and substance one atom, nor alter their origi-
nal healthy dimensions. Therefore it is a most miscliievous fallacy to
suppose that the more a man eats the stronger he grows.
8* M
i78 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
The quantity of food taken daily should just be sufficient to restore to
the blood what the blood has lost in restoring the waste of the body, and
that should always be proportioned to the degree of bodily exertion un-
dergone. But how are we to know the exact amount of the waste that is
daUy going on in our sj^stem, in order to apportion the quantity of food
thereto ? Nature tells us not only when, but how much we ought to eat
and drink.
For instance, when you are excessively thirsty, and when you are in
the act of quenching your thirst with a draught of cold water, you know
when you have drunlc enough by the cessation of thirst ; but there is
another token, which not only informs you when you have drunk enough,
but which also prevents you from drhikhig more, that is, if you drink
water only. While you are in the act of drinking, and before your thii-st
has been allayed, how rich, how sweet, how delicious is the draught,
though it be but water ! But no sooner has thirst been quenched, than
behold, in an instant all its deUciousness has vanished ! It is now dis-
tasteful to the palate. To him, then, who requires drink, water is de-
licious ; for him who does not require drink, water not only has no relish,
but impresses the palate disagreeably. To a man laboring undejr the
very last degree of thirst, even foul ditch water would be a delkiooa
draught ; but his thirst having beep quenched, he would turn from it
with disgust. In this instance <jt water-drinking, then, it is clear that
the relish depends not on any flavor residiug in the water, but on some
certain condition of the body. It is absurd to say that you cannot drink
water because you do not like it, for this only proves that you do not
want it ; since the rehsh with which you enjoy drink depends upon the
fact of your requiring di'iak, and not at all upon the nature of the drink
itself.
Now apply this to eating instead of drinldng. Place before a hungry
workman stale bread and fat pork, flanked by a jug of cold water.
While his hunger remains imappeased, he will eat and drink with an ea-
ger relish ; but when his hunger has been appeased, the bread and meat
and water have lost what he supposed to be their delicious flavor.
If we ate only simple and natural food, plainly cooked, there would be
no danger of eating too much — the loss of relish and the feeling of dis-
gust, consequent upon satisfied hunger, would make it impossible. In-
deed, this sense of satiety is as much and as truly a natural token,
intended to warn us that we have eaten enough, as the sense of hunger
is a token that we require food.
As hunger instructs us when to eat, so disrelish teaches us when we
should desist. It would seem that the very ne phis ultra of the cook's
art is to destroy the sensation of disreUsh, which is almost as necessary
to our health as himger itself. Thus it appears the object of modern
cookery is to make the stomach bear a large quantity of food without
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 179
nausea — to cram into the stomach as much as it can possibly hold with-
out being sick.
The rule which should regulate the quantity of food to be used is
found ia that sensation of disrelish which invariably succeeds to satisfied
appetites. If you be content to live plainly and temperately, you will
never eat too much, but you wdl always eat enough ; but if you would
rather incur the penalty of disease than forego the pleasure of diaing
daintily, all I can say is, you are welcome to do so — but do not plead
ignorance — blame only yourself.
I have stated already that certain people have been known to eat
from seven to forty pounds of meat or food in a single day. On the
other hand, persons have lived on twelve ounces of food a day, and
were actually exempt from disease. Dr. Franldin, in his younger days,
confined himself solely to ten pounds of bread a week, drinking water
only in the mean time. Rev. John Wesley lived to a great age on six-
teen ounces a day, although he led a very active life as a preacher of
the gospel ; and a celebrated Italian nobleman, who led a dissipated
life till near fifty years of age, suddenly reformed his habits, and lived
on twelve ounces a day with a single glass of wine, until he had reached
the hundredth year of his age. Was the wine one of the means by which
he prolonged his life ? It no doubt served to cheer his spirits. And
this leads me to consider somewhat the nature of stimulants. By
stimulants I mean ardent spirits, wines, and strong ales. Are they
necessary as articles of diet ? They are not always, but have their
uses. They are pernicious to the general organism, if too freely in-
dulged in. Liquids which contain or make solids are better than
wines, etc., yet both have their uses. Milk, the moment it reaches the
stomach, is converted into curds and whey. The whey passes off by
the kidneys — the solid curd nourishes the body. Now, if we evaporate
a glass of wine on a shallow plate, whatever solid matter it contains
will be left dry upon the plate, and this wUl be found to amount to
about as much as may be laid on the extreme point of a penknife blade ;
and a portion, by no means all — but a portion of this solid matter I wHl
readily concede is capable of nourishing the body- — and this portion is
only equal to one-third of the flour contained in a single grain of wheat !
If we want nourishment merely, why not eat a grain of wheat instead
of drinking a glass of wine ? Yet wine has its uses as an exhilarant to
the mind and body.
Once placed beyond the reach of the seductions of the palate, the
simple rule of drink what you want and as much as you want will of
itself suggest the needful limitation. Physiology tells us plainly
enough, not only why liquids are necessary, but how all superfluous
quantities are rapidly got rid of.
An interdict has been placed against hot drinks, which, if directed
180 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
against tea and coffee so hot as to scald the mucous membrane, is ra-
tional enough, but is simply absurd when directed against hot in favor
of cold drinks ; the aroma of tea and coffee is produced by heat, conse-
quently the pleasant, stimulating effect is considerably diminished when
they are allowed to get cold.
Great diversity prevails as to the kinds of drinks which should be
used. Some interdict tea, others only green tea ; some will not hear
of coffee ; others allow mild beer, but jarotest against the bitter. "WTio-
ever very closely examines the evidence wiU probably admit that the
excessive variations in the conclusions prove that no unexceptionable
evidence has yet been offered. By this I mean that the evil effects
severally attributed to the various liquids were no direct consequences
of the action of such liquids, but were due to some other condition.
We often lay the blame of a restless night on the tea or coffee, which
would have been quite inoffensive taken after a simpler dinner, or at
another hour.
When a man uniformly finds a cup of tea produce discomfort, no
matter what his dinner may have been, nor at what hour he drinks it,
he is justified in the inference that tea disagrees with him ; if he finds
that the same effect follow whether he take milk or sugar with hi*, tea,
then he has a strong case against the tea itself, and his experience is
evidence as far as it goes. But we should require a great deal of evi-
dence as i^recise as this, before imjiugning the wide and massive in-
duction in favor of tea, which is drawn from the practice of millions.
Had tea in itself been injurious, had it been other than positively
beneficial, the discovery would long ago have been made on a grand scale.
The same may be said of coffee. Both tea and coffee may be hurt-
ful when taken at improper times, or by bilious persons ; and a little
vigilance will enable each person to decide for himself when he can,
and when he cannot, take them with benefit.
I may briefly state my opinion that the great objection against wines
is its pleasantness, which is apt to lure us into drinking more than is
needful. Wine is quite unnecessary for robust men living under healthy
conditions ; but to them it is also, when moderately taken, quite harm-
less. For many delicate men and women, living under certain un-
healthy conditions, it is often indispensable. The physician must
decide in aU such cases.
Many think they cannot do vrithout something to drink at regular
meals. Cold milk at meals has the disadvantage, if used freely, of
engendering constipation, biliousness, and the long train of minor symp-
toms which inevitably follow these conditions.
Warm drinks arc preferable in moderate quantities. Field hands on
cotton and sugar plantations find a wholesome drink in a mixture of
molasses, ginger, and water. This is a safe drink for harvesters, as ai^e
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 181
many other temperate household preparations. A recipe for many of
these will be found in the proper department of this work.
Whatever we eat or whatever we drink, let it be only enough barely
to appease the instincts of hunger and thirst. If we rigidly do this, we
shall seldom or never be afflicted with dyspepsia, liver complaints, heart
disease, and the thousand ills to which flesh is heir, but will continue
to enjoy unceasing rubicund health and vigorous old age.
Clothing.
Clothing must be adapted to the climate in which a person lives.
Warm or heavy clothing is rendered imperative in a northern cUmate,
while the lightest and thinnest can only be tolerated in the torrid zones.
It is, however, a physiological fact that the more the whole surface of
the body is exposed to the external air, within certain limits, the more
vigorously is its functional action performed, and the better is it enabled
to preserve its own proper temperature, as well as to resist all unwhole-
some impressions from vicissitudes of weather, or the extremes of heat
and cold. It should always be as light and loose as possible without
bodUy discomfort.
The substances principally employed for clothing are linen, cotton,
Bilk, wool, hair, or down. Woollens or flannels, being bad conductors
of heat, afford the greatest immediate protection from cold ; and for
the same reason are less debilitating to the cutaneous function than is
generally supposed. The most healthy clothing for a cold climate, es-
pecially the year round, is undoubtedly that made of wool. If worn
next to the skin by all classes in summer and winter, an incalculable
amount of coughs, colds, diarrhoeas, dysenteries, and fevers would be
prevented, as also many sudden and premature deaths from croup,
diphtheria, and inflammation of the lungs and bladder. Of course, the
clothing should be regulated in amount according to the degree of the
heat of the weather at the time prevaUing. In a very hot day, for in-
stance, a single garment might be sufficient, but on a colder day an
additional garment should be added, and in this way keep the equi-
librium of the temperature of the body uniform as possible day by day,
the year round. Winter maladies would be prevented by the ability of
a woollen garment to keep the natural heat about the body, instead of
conveying it away as fast as generated, as is done by linen, flaxen,
cotton, and silken garments. Indeed, the laboring classes, or those com-
pelled to toil in the sun, would enjoy better health by wearing light
woollen clothing, than by wearing linen or cotton fabrics. Among the
Irish emigrants and others who arrive in the United States during the
summer season, we find many clothed entirely in woollen garments,
frequently wearing heavy cloaks or coats, and actually feeling less dis-
comfort from the heat than those of our native-bom citizens who are in
182 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
the habit of wearing linen or cotton next to their skin, and similar fab-
rics over these for outer clothing. It is more healthful to wear woollen
next to the skin, esp'^.cially in summer, for the reason that woollen
textures absorb the moisture of perspiration so rapidly as to keep the
skin measurably dry all the time. It is curious to notice that the water
is conveyed by a woollen garment from the surface of the body to the
outer side of the garment, where the microscope shows it condensed in
milhons of pearly drops ; while it is in the experience of all observant
people, that if a linen shirt becomes damp by perspkation, it remains
cold and clammy for a long time afterwards, and, unless removed at
once, will certainly cause some bodily ailment, as palsy, rheumatism,
etc. To sit down, or remain inactive with a linen or cotton shirt wet
with perspiration, will speedily cause a chill to the whole body, leading
not unfrequently to some sudden and fatal disease. In the night-sweats
of consumption, especially, or of any debilitated condition of the sys-
tem a woollen or flannel night-dress (light for warm weather) is im-
measurably more comfortable than cotton or linen, because it prevents
that sepulchral dampness and chilliness of feeling which are otherwise
inevitable. The British government make it imperative that every
sailor in the navy shall wear flannel shii-ts in the hottest dlimates, a rule
that should be adoi^ted by all persons everywhere exposed to variable
weather, to extreme heats and colds, merely regulating the amoimt of
woollen garments worn to suit the variable temperatures of climates and
seasons. In saying all this, however, we must remember that comfort
is very much a matter of habit ; and therefore we should make due
discrimination between .the natural sensation of health and the morbid
sensitiveness produced by false customs. For instance, some keep their
Vhole bodies constantly covered by many layers of wooUen garments,
and yet go into a shivering fit at every unusual breath of cold air. The
reason is, they never adapt their habiliments gradually to the degree of the
heat or cold of the season. If it be deemed advisable to wear wooUen
clothing all the year round, whether summer or winter, it does not
follow that we are to wear more than one or two extra folds of clothing
in addition to the under garments. The true rule is not to cover all
parts of the body equally with the same amount of clothing. The fleshy
parts require the least clothing, and the limbs and feet, or less muscular
parts, the most. Yet we often wear, in addition to under clothing, a
thick vest, coat, and overcoat ; and to these will add heavy scarfs of fur
or wool to the neck, etc. , while the legs and feet are seldom clad in
more than a single additional garment to the drawers and stockings.
These parts require more clothing, especially in the winter season, than
any other parts of the body. Furs are worn in the United States more
for ornament than benefit. They are the warmest clothing materials
known j yet are not adapted for general wear, iuasmuch as they are
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 183
apt to overheat the body, and thus render it keenly susceptible to colds
and other afflictions. By consequence, fur neck cloths, caps, etc., are
very pernicious for the head and throat, inducing catarrhs, quinsy sore
throat, and similar afflictions. On the contrary, a Hght woollen waist-
coat worn constantly over the breast, summer and winter, would gnard
against these and other evils, and insure vigorous strength to the lungs
or respiratoiy apparatus, and thus should not be dispensed with even in
dog-days. The simple rule is to keep the head cool and the feet warm
at all seasons of the year. Cheap and pretty silks, of which there are
many varieties, are materials which are admirable for ladies' evening,
dinner, or walking dresses, and cost less in the end than other fabrics.
While I contend that woollen or flannel clothing is the most suitable
for the colder or even the more temperate climates, it is not for me to
object to the use of linen or cotton clothing for those living in the toiTid
or tropical climes. Indeed, cotton and linen would seem best adapted
to such climes. In the north, many persons cannot wear flannel next
to the skin, on account of inducing some pecxiliar cutaneous affection ;
while others prefer such fabrics from choice, although exposed to all
vicissitudes, never experiencing any evil effects from such a course.
Such persons usually lead an active, out-door life, or are accustomed to
exposing their bodies frequently, especially their chests, to atmospherio
influences.
In a strictly hygienic regulation of dress, however, the color of the
clothing is not to be disregarded. White color reflects the rays of the
sun ; black absorbs them. Light colored clothuig is, therefore, more
comfortable and sanitary in warm weather than dark colored, because
the former repels the heat, while it is readily received and retained by
the latter. The heat-reflecting or heat-retaining property of different
fabrics varies exactly with their lighter or darker shades of color. This
difference, however, is much greater in the luminous rays of light than
in the non-luminous. When, therefore, we are not exposed to the sun,
the subject of color is of very little importance. The absorbing power
of dark surfaces renders the skins of dark-colored animals, as well as
the darker persons or races of the human family, less liable to be
scorched or blistered by the direct rays of the sun than are those of a
lighter color.
As to the cut or fashion of garments, that is a matter to be decided
by the taste or habits of the wearer. Fashion, however, is very arbi-
trary, and seldom consults hygiene in matters of dress. Of late years
she has really much improved, as to the regulation of attire with regard
to both health and elegance. The hooped skirt, which at the outset of
its career was so mercilessly ridiculed, has proved to be a great blessing
to the ladies, as it enables them to dispense with a heavy drag of solid
skirts, and gives their lower limba free and easy play and motion. The
184 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
hats or head-coverings now worn by both sexes are, in a sanitary point
of view, far superior to those worn by our immediate ancestors, being
very light, and affording free ventilation, which is indispensable for the
avoidance of headaches, rushing of blood to the head, and many other
afflictions.
I can therefore only say tlirit the first physiological rule for dress is
to have all garments as light in texture and as loose in fashion as is
consistent with bodily comfort, or such as will admit of the most perfect
freedom in the exercise of every muscle in the body. Inequality of
clothing, as before remarked, is a far more frequent cause of colds than
deficient clothing. For instance, if a person exposes a part of the body
usually protected by clothing to a strong current of cold air, lie will take
cold sooner than by an equal exiDOsure of the whole body. A great
safeguard against disease is to regulate the texture and quantity of
clothing according to the temperature of the climate in which a person
lives, avoiding extreme colds or extreme heats '; keeping the clothing
always fresh and clean (especially that of the feet), and wearing a dif-
ferent garment at night from that worn during the day, not omitting
the cleanliness of the whole body in the general hygiene of wearing
apparel. \
Sleep.
Sleep is as much a necessity to the existence of all animal organiza-
tions as light, air, or any other element incident to their maintenance
and healthful development. The constitutional relation of man to the
changes of the seasons, and the succession of days and nights^ implies
the necessity of sleep. Natural or functional sleep is a complete cessa-
tion of the operations of the brain and sensory nervous ganglia, and
is, therefore, attended with entire unconsciousness. Thoroughly heal-
thy people, it is believed, never dream. Dreaming implies imperfect
rest — some disturbing cause, usually gastric irritation, exciting the brain
to feeble and disordered functional action. Individuals of very studious
habits, and those whose labors are disproportionately intellectual,
require more sleep than those whose duties or pursuits require more
manual and less mental exertion. The waste of nervous influence in
the brain of literary or studious persons requires a lo'jger time to be
repaired or supplied than in those even who endure the largest amount
of physical toil, without particular necessity for active thought while
engaged in their daily manual pursuits. But no avocation or habit
affects this qvaestion so much as the quality of the inge.eta. Those who
subsist principally upon a vegetable diet, it is said, require less sleep
than those who subsist on both animal and vegetable food. It seems
certain that herbivorous animals sleep less than the carnivorous ; while
the oninivora require more sleep than the herbivora and less than the
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 185
camivora. Man, therefore, partaking- most of the omnivorous, living
on a mixed diet of animal and vegetable food, requires more sleep than
the ox, the horse, or the sheep, but much less than the lion, the tiger,
or the bear.
Physiologists are not well agreed respecting the natural duration of
sleep. Indeed, no positive rule can be laid down on this subject ; the
statute of Nature, however, appears to read : Retire soon after dark,
and arise with the first rays of morning light ; and this is equally
applicable to all climates and all seasons, at least in all parts of the
globe proper for human habitations, for in the cold season, when the
nights are longer, more sleep is required.
Histoiy shows that those who have hved the longest were the longest
sleepers, the average duration of sleep being about eight hovirs. The
time of sleep of each individual must depend on his temperament, man-
ner of life, and dietetic habits. For instance, John Wesley, with an
active nervous temperament and a rigidly plain vegetable diet, and who
performed an immense amount of mental and bodily labor, slept but
four or five hours out of the twenty-four ; while Daniel Webster, with a
more powerful frame but less active organization, and living on a mixed
diet, had a "talent for sleeping" eight or nine hours. Benjamin Frank-
lin used to say that seven hours sleep was enough for any man, eight
hoiirs for a woman, and nine hours for a fool ! Nevertheless, the inva-
riable rule for all whose habits are correct, is to retire early in the even-
ing, and sleep as long as the slumber is quiet, be the time six, seven,
eight, or nine hours. Those who indulge in late suppers, or eat heartily
before retiring, are usually troubled with unpleasant dreams, nightmare,
and are oftentimes found dead in the morning. Restless dozing in the
morning is exceedingly debilitating to the constitution. Persons ad-
dicted to spirituous liquors and tobacco, in connection with high-seasoned
food, are in danger of oversleeping even to the extent of very consider-
ably increasing the stupidity and imbecility of mind, and indolence and
debility of body naturally and necessarily consequent upon those habits.
Sleejiing in the daytime, or after meals, is not a natural law of the phy-
siology of man. No one requires to sleep after a meal unless he has
eaten more food than his system required. Sleep may be indulged in
during the day when sufficient sleep is not had at night ; but this sleep-
lessness at night need seldom occur were our habits made conformable
to the general hygienic requirements of Nature. Children may sleep all
they are inclined to. The position of the body is of some importance.
It should be perfectly flat or horizontal with the head, a little varied by
a small pillow. Sleeping with the head elevated by two or three pillows
or bolsters is certainly a bad habit. The neck is bent, the chest is com-
pressed, ajid the body unnaturally crooked. Children are made round-
shouldered from their heads being placed on high piUows. The beda
186 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
should be made of straw, com-husks, hair, various palms and grasses,
never of feathers, which can only be mentioned in reprehension. The
bed-clothing should always be kept scrupulously clean, and adapted to
the season of the year, while the bed-rooms should always be sufficiently
large and airy as best conducive to sound sleep and general vigorous
health.
BATnrNG.
Were all to follow the natural laws of their organization in respect to
eating, drinking, clothing, exercise, and temperature, an occasional bath
or washing would be sufficient ; but as the laws of life and health are
transgressed in a thousand ways, the sum total of all the unphysiologi-
cal habits of civilized life is a condition of body characterized by deficient
external circulation, capillary obstruction, and internal congestion or en-
gorgement. To counteract t'his morbid condition of the system, bathing
of the whole body, on regular occasions, cannot, or should not, be
omitted. For hygienic purposes, the particular process is merely a
matter of convenience. You may bathe in a river if you like, or may
employ the shower-bath ; but these modes are no more beneficial ^than
the towel or sponge-bath. After the ablution, in whatever manner per-
formed, care should be taken to thoroughly rub the body mth a crash
towel. The best time for such purification of the body is on rising from
bed in the naoming. The temperature of the water should be adapted
to suit different circumstances of constitutional health and disease.
Cold or cool baths are best for those in robust health ; but those who are
deficient in blood, or have a low \atality, should use tepid water.
Extremely feeble persons should commence with warm water, and grad-
ually reduce the temperature as reaction improves. Sponging the body
with spirits or vinegar may prove highly beneficial in many cases of
debility, where water would be injurious. Excessive bathing tends to
make the skin harsh and scaly by diluting the secretions of the sebaceous
glands, the oil of which is intended to be regularly and naturally poured
out to the surface of the skin in order to keep it smooth, glossy, and
soft. Bathe as often as may be necessary to keep the skin clean, and
you will then have fulfilled the requu-ements of hygienic bathing.
Exercise.— I'liYsiCAL and Mental DEVELorjiENT.
Everything tends to prove that man was destined to lead a life of
bodily action. His formation — his physical structure generally, and
that of his joints particularly his great capacity for sjjeed and laborious
exertion — the Divine injunction, that " he shall live by the sweat of his
t^row" — the bodily imbecility and enfeebled health invariably conse-
quent upon sedentary habit — all go to prove that he was destined to
lead a life of physical activity. Most people are apt to detipise many of
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 187
tLe aids to health, because of their very simplicity. A sensible Dervish,
in the Eastern aMegoiy, well aware of this weakness of human nature
to despise simple things, and venerate those they do not understand,
when called to the Sultan to cure him of a disease, did not dare to
simply advise him to take exercise ; but he said to him : — " Here is a
ball which I have stuffed with certain rare and precious medicines.
And here is a bat, the handle of which I have also stuffed with similar
medicines. Your Higness must take this ' bat and with it beat about
this ball, untQ you perspire very freely. You must do this every day."
His Highness did so ; and, in a short time the exercise of playing at bat
and ball with the Dervish cured the Sultan's malady. But it should be
remembered that there are a great many cases where medicines must
be given to assist nature, besides the employment of exercise to facili-
tate the recovery of the patient.
Nevertheless, exercise is one of the chief aids of all others I must re-
commend to be adopted as eminently essential for the remedying of bad
health, and of preserving that which is already good. It is impossible
for a healthy adult to be otherwise than active in body or mind, or both ;
while it may be asserted, with abundant reason, that laziness is actually
a disease, dependent on some abnormal condition of the organism. A
variety of social circumstances may operate to i^roduce an iudolent dis-
position of mind and inactive habit of body, but these also produce a pri-
mary condition of ill-health.
The function of respiration, by which the blood is vitalized, and the
nutrition of the muscular structure, on which depend all the motive
power or strength of the system, are intimately connected with the cir-
culation of the blood, and this with active exercise. Without this, there
must be unhealthy accumulation somewhere ; and, as the larger arteries
are not permanently dUatable, while the veins and capillary arteries are
Bo, this accumulation or congestion must take place in the veins and ca-
pillary or hair-like arteries.
When the circulation is feeble from lack of bodily exercise, or other
cause, the blood creeps sluggishly along the minute vessels composing the
elementary tissue of the body ; these veins and capillaries become
gorged, which engorgement operates as a stiU further impediment to the
free flow of the blood. The blood, when not circulated with due energy
through the ultimate tissues, becomes deteriorated in quality, and so, ia
turn, fails to supply that proper nutintion upon which, according to its
degree of purity, all the tissues and fvmctions of the body depend. If
the propelling power arising from breathing pure air and using active
bodily exercise is not sufficiently energetic, the circulation through the
elementary tissue is so slow that the blood loses its healthful arterial hue
before it has reached the extremities of the hair-like arteries ; and thua
that part of the tissue which ought to be filled with arterial blood is
188 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
gorged only with black venous blood, from which the proper secretion
necessary to the nutrition of the body, cannot be separated, either in due
abundance or of a healthy quality. Hence, if this state of congestion be
permitted to exist from lack of active exercise and consequent free res-
piration, so as to vitalize the blood, there must needs be a sjjeedy wast-
ing of flesh, and all the other phenomena of consumption or any other
disease. The strength of the system is intimately connected with the
circulation of the blood, as stimulated in its flow by means of active
bodily exercise and pure air.
This principle is well illustrated in the effects of gymnastics and train-
ing, by which the muscles of any part of the body are remarkably invig-
orated by regular systematic exercise. People of all trades and occupa-
tions find those parts of the muscular system which are habitually the
most exercised to be the most i^owerful.
For healthful purposes all that is necessary is, any way, to exercise all
parts of the body to a degree of fatigue without exhaustion ; that is, to
a degree which will insure an energetic circulation of the blood through-
out the entire economy. All exercises, however, to secure their full
benefit, should be couj^ed either with some object of utility or amuse-
ment, otherwise the mind is apt to labor adversely to the body. <
Whea I say that exercise is what is wanted to restore to health the
weak and languid, I mean that it is not so much exercise that is wanted
as the exhilarating effect which the enjoyment of exercise produces. A
man who exercises half an hour unwillingly in his wood-shed, is not bene-
fited in the degree one is who takes an hour's walk for pleasure through
a beautiful country.
It is the enjoyment of exercise in which consists its chief est excellence.
It is the diversion of the mind from the ailments of the body. The in-
valid is by this drawn away from himself.
What can better accompUsh this object than amusement? Laughter
and Uvely talk may be said to be a species of exercise — mental exercise
— which is very often as beneficial to an invalid as physical exercise.
Anything that will induce a fit of laughtei must have an influence in
promoting an active circulation of blood, and, as we have seen, it is ne-
cessary to health that the blood should be duly aerated and How with en-
ergy through the system. Whatever means may be employed to give
rapid circulation to the blood must be conducive to health. I beUeve,
then, most fully in vising all proper means of amusement which will cheer
the invalid, and thus be a mental stimulus or avixiliary to the preservation
and restoration of health.
So, not only are amusements which afford exercise to the mental f acul^
ties useful, but occupation — some useful business pursuit, which requires,
and hence secures, atteutior. and labor during several hours of each day
— is absolutely essential to the high sanitary condition of the body, for
THE COMPLETR HERBALIST. 189
nothing else will insure so constant, regular, and equally divided exer-
cise for both mmd and body.
Walking, running, leaping, hopping, dancing, rowing boats, etc., are
physiologically adapted to strengthen the whole muscular system. Even
boxing and fencing are to be advised when properly regulated. Wres-
tling is a dangerous method of developing muscular power. Ten-pins,
billiards, etc., are excellent exercises, but useful employment is better.
Singing, declaiming, reading, etc., are admirable methods of cultivat-
ing the vocal powers, and increasing the capacity of the respiratory ap-
paratus. Riding on horseback, hunting, fishing, etc. , are all more or less
beneficial in the prevention of disease and i^romotLag good health. Ri-
ding in easy carriages, sailing in boats, swinging, and other passive exer-
cises, are all to be duly considered as remedial expedients for invalids.
Amid the many vicissitudes of fortune and the moral crosses to which
female life is doomed, I recommend healthful exercise of the body, in
order that the material fabric may be fortified against the thousand
causes of disease continually assailing the sex.
Woman comes earlier to maturity by several years than man. The
tree of hfe blossoms and bears fruit sooner in the one sex than in the
other. It also sooner withers and sheds its leaves, — but does not sooner
die. Female life at any period is fully as good, — perhaps a little better
in respect to probable duration, — than that of the male. It is during the
period of from fourteen to twenty-one years that the seeds of female
diseases are chiefly sown — or, at least, that the soil is specially prepared
for their reception and growth. The predisposition to infirmities and
disorders of various kinds is affected by acts of omission and commis-
sion. In the first class need I mention the deficiency of healthy exer-
cise of the body in the open air, and of intellectual exercise in judicious
studies. The hoop and the skip-rope, even in city homes, might useful- •
ly supersede the piano, the harp, and guitar, for one hour in the day, at
least. In schools and seminaries there is no excuse — and, indeed, in
many of them this salutary, pomt of hygiene is well attended to. In
others, however, gymnastic exercises have been hastily thrown aside—
partly because some enthusiasts have carried them to excess — paHly be-
cause they were supposed to be inimical to the effeminacy of shape and
features so much 'prized by parents and progeny, — but chiefly, I suspect,
from that languor and disinclination to exertion which characterize the
higher and even the middle classes of female youth. This deficiency of
exercise in the open air may be considered the parent of one-half of fe-
male disorders. The pallid complexions, the languid movements, the
torpid secretions, the flaccid muscles and disordered functions (including
glandular swellings), and consumption itself, attest the truth of this as-
sertion.
The exercises of email children consist in giving them the largest lib-
190 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
erty and plenty of room. The cradle is 'a most pernicious method of
exercising a child to sleep, and shoiild be discarded from every family.
For the ordinary or wakeful exercises of a child, the modem "baby
jumper" will be found a preferable contrivance. Among the poorer
classes, the children, for want of room, to stir in, are apt to become
sickly, puny, peevish, and often idiotic.
The best time for exercise is in the morning, an hour or so before
breakfast, when the stomach is partially empty. If it should happen to
be entirely empty, or nearly so, it should be fortified with a cracker or
two, or some other light aliment. Vigorous evening exercises may also
be employed by persons of sedentary habits with great advantage.
" Night work," when mental or physical, is at once a \iolation of the
natural order of things.
Thus, if you would preserve your health, you must take exercise, but
not exercise exceeding your strength. Remember, the body must be
induced to throw off its waste by action before it can be nourished.
Nevertheless, it should also be remembered, that exercises of extreme
severity are never required in ordinary cases of health, while in disease
it must be incompatible with the strength and circumstances which
Burround the patient. With plentiful bodily exercise you can scarlpely
be ill, — without bodily exertion you cannot possibly be well. By ' ' well,"
I mean the enjojTuent of as much strength as may be consistent with
yoiir natural physique.
Exercise should be taken to the extent of quickened breathing and
sensible persi)iration. If in health, walk, when possible, at least from
one to two miles every morning before breakfast. The invalid should
go out into the open air, and ramble to the degree of strength he may
possess, avoiding fatigue.
Exercise gives health, vigor, and cheerfulness, sound sleep and a keen
appetite. Indeed, the effects of sedentary thoughtfulness are diseases
that embitter and shorten life — interrupt rest — give tasteless meals,
perpetual languor, and ceaseless anxiety.
Cheerfid exercise, when at all practicable to be taken, whether active
or passive, is absolutely an indispensable means to prevent or guard
against disease, and to assist in the recuperative action of medicine
when the body has become diseased. ♦
Air and Sunshine.
As air may be said to be the very pabulum of life, it is highly essen-
tial that it should be pure, — inasmuch as any deterioration of it never
faUs to render the blood impure, and thus ultimately to affect both
mind and body.
Air covers the entire globe, pressing alike upon laud and water, hav-
ing a depth of about forty -five miles. This vast ocean of air we call an
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 191
atmosphere, from two Greek words, signifying- vapor and space, — it being
an immense fluid sphere or globe. This atmosphere presses upon man,
and upon every object on the surface of the earth, with a force equal to
fifteen pounds to every square inch. A man of average size has a sur-
face of two thousand five hundred square inches ; accordingly, the air in
which he lives presses upon him with a weight of eighteen tons. This
would of course crush every bone in his body, but for the fluids within
him, which establish an equiKbrium, and leave him unoppressed.
Pure air contains seventy-nine parts of nitrogen and twenty-one
parts of oxygen. If we add a single part more of oxygen to the air, it
would no longer be atmospheric air, but aqua fortis, an element capable
of destroying everything coming beneath its terrible jaower.
The quantity of air consumed by a man of average size at each inspi-
ration, is from fifteen to forty cubic inches, according to the capacity of
the lungs. Thus, in about an hour, a person consumes about six thou-
sand and sixty -six pints, or two hogsheads of air. This air meets in the
lirngs in one hour, about one half of that amount of blood, or twenty-
four in twenty-four hours. In other words, the quantity of blood which
circulates through the system is estimated to be about one-eighth of
the weight of the body. So that a man weighing one hundred and
fifty pounds will have in his circulation about eighteen and three-
quarter pounds of blood. The whole of this large quantity of blood has
been proved, by carefiol experiment, to circulate through the blood-
vessels in the almost incredible brief period of sixty-five and seventy-
six one-hundredths seconds of time, and that is veiy little over one
minute ! This indeed seems wonderful, when we consider the vast ex-
tent of vessels it has to travel through ; the arteries, the veins, and the
minute capillaries through which it must be urged with no little force.
The physiology of the respiratory f iinctions explains the relation of an
abundant supply of air to the maintenance of health and the attainmeufc
of longevity. Fresh air in the lungs is so immediately essential to life,
that most animals in less than one minute, when deprived of it, suffo-
cate, become unconscious, and appear to be dead, — real death occurring
in a few minutes if air is not supplied.
There are at least three objects to be accomplished by breathing,
namely : the renewal of the blood and the taking of imjiurities out of it ;
the warming of the body ; and the finishing up of the process of diges-
tion, and the change of chyle into nutritive blood. That carbonic acid
and water are borne out of the lungs with every breath may be easily
proved. If we breathe into lime-water, it will become white. This is
owing to the carbonic acid in the breath uniting with the lime, and pro-
ducing carbonate of lime. Then if we breathe upon a piece of glass, it
becomes wet, showing that there is watery vapor in the breath. That
fche blood receives oxygen from the air we breathe, is proved by the fact
193 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
that the in-going breath has one-fourth more oxygen in it than the out-
going. The lungs, then, take out of all the air we breathe one-fourth
of its oxygen. If we breathe it over a second, a third, or a fourth time,
it not only has less oxygen each tiiue, and is less useful for the purposes
of respiration, but it becomes positively more hurtful by reason of the
poisonous carbonic acid which, at every out-goiug breath, it carries with
it from the lungs.
Equal in importance with the quantity of air we breathe is its purity.
The supply of air for an ordinary man to breathe each minute, is from
seven to ten cubic feet. Now, suppose a himdred persons to be con-
fined in a room thirty feet in length, breadth, and height, the room
containing nearly thirty thousand cubic feet, it follows that the whole
air of the room would be rendered unfit for respiration on account of the
vast volume of carbonic acid thrown out of the lungs and skin of the
one hundred persons thus crowded together. This proves the import-
ance of always having an abundant sujjply of pure atmospheric air
always kept in circulation in crowded assemblies, chui'ches, school-
rooms, theatres, factories, workshops, and dwellings.
Consider the effect of sleeping in a small room, seven feet by liine,
not furnished with the means of ventilation. If a person sleeps eight
hours in such a room, he will spoil during the time one thousand nine
hundred and twenty cubic feet of air, rendering the air of the room
positively dangerous to breathe. Every disease is aggravated by the
breathing of bad air ! Yet it is common to close aU the doors and
windows where sick persons are confined, lest the patients should take
cold. This is a bad practice. The sick should have plenty of fresh
air. Their comfort is promoted by it, and their recovery hastened. It
it utterly impossible for the lungs to be expanded in an impure atmos-
phere, because the air-passages, imtated by the extraneous particles,
spasmodically contract to keep them out. The consequence of this is,
those persons who reside permanently in an atmosphere charged with
foreign ingredients or miasms, find their lungs continually contract-
ing.
All sedentary habits weaken the abdominal muscles, and thereby
lessen the activity of the breathing process. Intense mental applica-
tion, if long continued, powerfully diminishes the respiratory functions.
Per.sons habitually in deep thought, with the brain laboring at its utmost
capacity, do not breathe deep and free, and are consequently short-
lived. All crooked or constrained bodily positions affect respiration
injuriously. Reading, writing, sitting, standing, speaking, or laboring,
with the trunk of the body bent forward, is extremely hurtful. In all
mechanical or manual labor, the body should be bent or lean on the
hip joints. The trunlv s'.iould always be kept straight. Dispense with
bed-CLulains, if you can. In sleep the head should never be raised
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 193
very high, as that position oppresses the hmgs ; nor should the slee^jer
iooline toward the face with the shoulders thrown forward.
Grates and fire-places secure much better ventilation than stovea
No stove, especially furnaces, should be used without the means of the
free admission of external air into the room. Lamps, candles, gas-burn-
ers, etc., are so many methods of consuming oxygen and rendering the
air irrespirable. Smoking lamps are a veiy common source of vitiated
ail'. The bad air of steamboats, railroad cars, stages, omnibuses, etc. ,
are a source of constant suffering to many. I may here remark that
the general misapprehension of the theoiy of catching cold frequently
produces the evil sought to be avoided. More colds are taken in over-
heated than in too cold places, and still more are owing to vitiated
or foul air. In sleeping and other apartments, where thorough ventila-
tion is impossible, the air may be rapidly changed and materially fresh-
ened, by opening all the doors and windows, and then swinging one
door violently forward and backward. The rules of ventilation apply to
all rooms and apartments alike, whether in dwelling-houses or travelling
vehicles. There is no necessity for breathing air which has lost a part
of its oxygen and acquired a portion of carbonic acid. The supply of
good air is amjile.
In connection with a full supply of atmospheric air to every human
being, the importance of plenty of sunshine is not to be overlooked.
Pure air for the kmgs and bright sunlight for the eyes, is a physiological
maxim which should never be forgotten. The nutritive process is ma-
terially checked in aU vegetable and animal life when deprived of light
for a considerable time. In the case of vegetables, they become etio-
lated or blanched. Almost the entire population of our large cities
who occupy back rooms and rear buildings where the sun never shines,
and cellars and vaults below the level of the ground, on the .shaded
side of narrow streets, is more or less diseased. Of those who do not
die of acute diseases a majority exhibit unmistakable marks of imper-
fect development and deficient vitality. During the prevalence of epi-
demics, as the cholera, the shaded side of a narrow street invariably
exhibits the greatest ratio of fatal cases. A certain amount of shade
is essential to comfort, but when it reaches the point of eiicluding
svmshine to a large degree, it becomes a positive evil. Let us always
welcome the visits of the healthful air and glowing simshine, and look
out continually for the essential conditions of vigor and cheerfulness.
Old Aoe, or Longevity.
The true jihilosophy of life is to live and enjoy — to use and not abuse
the essentials to human longevity and happiness. As we read in Holy
Writ, in the earlier history of man, when the air was free from infec-
tion, the soil exempt from pollution, and man's food was plain and
194 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
natural, individuals lived on the average four or five hundred years;
the maximum point of longevity recorded — that in the case of Methu-
selah— being nine hundred and sixty-nine years. Without speculating
upon the problem whether the years of the early historians included the
same period of time as the years of our present almanac, it is sufficient
ifor all practical purjioses to know the general law, that human lives
may be lengthened to one or two hundred years, or dwindled to the
" shortest span," by our vokmtary or individual habits. If it can be
proved that any one man has lived one hundred, two hundred, or even
thi'ee hundred years, under favorable hygienic circtunstances, it will be
sufficient evidence of a physiological principle that most men may attain
to similar extreme longevity, by a mere simple obedience to the natural
laws of his being.
The examples of extreme longevity are too numerous to be detailed
even in a book of many pages, but a few examples may be cited on this
point. Haller, the celebrated English physician, during his time col-
lected more than one thousand cases of persons in Europe who attained
the ages of from one hundred to one hundred and seventy years. In
Baker's " Curse of England," we find a list of one hundred individuals
whose ages ranged from ninety-five to three hundred and seventy !
Twenty-two of these reached the age of one hundred and fifty and up-
wards, and thirty exceeded one hundred and twenty years. Modem
statistics exhibit numerous examples of persons in the United States
and all i^arts of the world attaining more than one hundred years. In-
deed, it was common to the American Indians, previous to the introduc-
tion of ' ' fire-water " among them, to hve to one hundred years of age ;
although, as a general rule, the duration of life among savage races is
much shorter than among the civilized and cultivated people of the
globe.
In our present artificial state of society, it is not prol)able that one in
a thousand iiersons dies a natural death. Alas ! disease and violence
sweep, vsdth few exceptions, the cntii^e human fan^ily to an untimely
grave. Even the celebrated Thomas Parr, who died at one hundi-ed
and fifty-two years of age, came to an vmnatural death by eating too
heartily at a feast given in his honor by an English king ; while Richard
Lloyd, who was in full health and vigor at one hundred and thirty-two
years, died soon after from being persuaded to eat tlesh meat and drink
malt liquor, to which he had never been accustomed in all his life before.
On physiological principles, natural death results from a gradual con-
Bolidation of the structures of the body. In infancy the fluids are in
much larger proportion than the solids, but as we grow older the fluids*
decrease and the solids increase — thus gradually changing the flexibility
and elasticity of youth to the stiffness and immobility of age. Thus
in a perfectly normal condition of the organism, all the fimctions,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 195
powers and senses decline in the same harmonious relations in which
thej were developed. As the process of condensation goes on equally
and imperceptibly, the motive powers grow torjoid, the nvxtritive func-
tions are enfeebled, the sensibility becomes dull, the external senses are
obtunded, and lastly, the mental raanifestations disappear — ^death occurs
without a struggle or a groan.
Certain pohtical and social economists have attempted to prove that
old age and a vast population are not desirable things, on the groixnd
that, while population increases geometrically, the alimentary produc-
tions of the earth only increase arithmetically ; hence, that some scheme
of death or destniction is requisite or indisiiensable to kill off, or clear
the ground of existing human beings as fast as the coming generations
demand their places. In other words, that it is necessary that disease,
violence, pestilence, murder, wars, and death should prevail, because of
the earth's incai^acity to produce suflBcient food for the whole race of
human beings, were all permitted to hve out their natural lives and die
a natural death. A small amount of rational investigation will show
the fallacies of all such theories. Indeed, under existing governments
and social arrangements, more than three-fourths of all the lands and
all the labor, so far as the production of the means of human sustenance
is concerned, is literally wasted, or worse than wasted ; while a large
extent of the earth's surface has never yet been brought under cultiva-
tion, and that part v^hich is cultivated the best admits of vast improve-
ment.
Casting all speculation aside, it will not be denied that this earth was
made the residence of man, and that God exj^ressly enjoined upon him
lo be fruitful, and to occupy and replenish the earth, giving him at the
same time dominion over all the vegetable and animal kingdoms, as a
means for subsistence and happiness, while progressing through the
gradual stages of his natural or terrestrial existence. Hence, the Crea-
tor did not bring man into existence without first furnishing him with
the means of an abundant supply of all the elements requisite for a long
life of health and joy. Man, however, has grossly violated the laws of
nature, and blundered on in his perversity, till life has actually become
a grievous burden, and extreme old age a great and moral curse instead
of a divine and special blessing.
Were it necessary, a thousand reasons might be given for believing
that the earth now has, and always will have, room and food enough
for all the population that cin be produced by human beings who Uvo
agreeably to the laws of their natural organisTQ. Indeed, it is a philo-
sophical maxim that "intensive life cannot be extensive." The races
of man have now a hurried, stimulated, forced and disorderly exist-
ence, marrying at too early an age, bringing myriads of children into
the world, ' ' scarce half made up," only to perish by thousands in tho
196 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
earliest infancy, or to drawl out a miserable and unhealthy existence, if
their lives are prolonged to manhood's estate, and sink at last, even
then, into premature graves, from, continued and perverse abuses of the
hygienic and dietetic rules of life.
As already said, if the body develops itself slowly and healthfully
(as it always will in its natural state), it is only reasonable to suppose
that the periods of infancy, childhood, and adolescence or maturity
would be greatly prolonged by the more simple conformity to the ori-
ginal laws of our being ; the period of youth might and would be
extended to what we now call " old age," say " threescore and ten,"
and "'threescore and ten" would be but the beginning of vigorous
manhood to be indefinitely prolonged, reaching on to a hundred, or even
two hundred years !
The special means to insure sound health and a long life are to avoid
all errors in diet and personal habits. As the fluids and solids of the
human organism are formed from the materials taken into the stomach
as food and drink, it follows that we all ought to abstain more than we
do from concentrated materials of aliment, and live more on fruits and
vegetable substances, and fret ourselves less with the cares of.' the
world ; so all individuals would be able to maintain the juices o^ the
body, and reduce, in a large degree, the solid elements which induce
rigidity of muscles, thickening of membrane, contraction of organs, all
leading to disease, premature debility, old age, and death.
Let us all then strive to return to the elementary i)rinciples of organic
or human life. Let our diet be plain, simple, and of a juicy nature.
Let us refrain from excesses of all kinds, whether connected with our
mental or physical powers, and thereby secure a long lease on life, at-
tended with a thousand blessings unknown to those who lead ' ' fast
lives." eat and drink immoderately, and indulge in the various forms of
intemperate or luxurious habits. It is never too late to commence a
reform in all these things. The oldest person now living might prolong
his life to an indefinite period, by avoiding the errors named, and sub-
mitting himself to the prior-ordeal mandates of nature. To assist
Nature in her work of regeneration and recuperation of the human or-
ganism, my "Renovating Pills" will be found of most wonderful effi-
cacy in connection with the hygienic and dietetic requirements already
indicated. They will thus prolong the period of youth to vigorous
manhood, and "vigorous manhood to the extremest limit of life ever yet
vouchsafed to the human being. The already " old and feeble," so
called, may be sure of having their lives greatly prolonged, and finally,
in the inevitable ordinances of Heaven, or the law.s of gradual progress
and decay, passing away with cheerful resignation and peace to that
xnysterioiis bourne frgro which UQ mortal traveller ever has returned.
the complete herbalist. 197
Life, Health, and Disease.
What is life ? In general terms life may be said to be a subtle ema-
nation of Deity — a principle that pervades all the works of creation,
whether organic or inorganic. It is a sort of Entity, whose nature is
as mysterious and unfathomable as that of Divinity himself. Many
scientific men have contended that life is electricity^ and arguments and
experiments have been adduced to show that such is the fact. For
instance, a scientific body of France pulverized stone, and by the use of
electricity produced from the atoms Living insects. But this and similar
experiments are accepted as evidence that electricity is not life, but is a
leading phenomenon of its actuality. Life is something neither physical
nor spiritual. It is allied to both, but is neither. It is not soul, for
soul is something infinitely higher than life — a something of which life
itself is but an inadequate, visible manifestation.
Health is perhaps a subtle thing, yet most importantly palpable to
our senses and perceptions. It is that state of the human body in which
the structure of all the x^arts is sound, and then- functions regularly and
actively performed, rendering the individual fit for all the duties and
enjoyments of life. Or, in other words, it is that condition of the ani-
mal economy when the functions of all the organs, beginning with the
heart and lungs, act in natural and harmonious relation, the one with the
other, and the whole together, rendering existence not only a state of
completeness, but a pleasure, a beauty, and a charm, and therefore the
chiefest cause and leading feature of aU from which the human being
derives that phase of joy caUed bliss. In the various temperaments the
phenomena of health are somewhat different ; hence, what would at once
preserve it in one, might not jireserve it in or restore it to another, until
some reasonable period of time had elapsed. Health varies much in
people of the many occupations which necessity and circumstances
compel them to adopt for a livelihood or for pleasure, and the acute-
ness of the senses which would be necessaiy in some recreative or pro-
ductive occupations, would be morbid in persons otherwise engaged.
But the general symptoms of health are, in all temperaments, a spark-
ling eye, a clean skin, a white and rose-blended complexion (unless
where the temperament naturally prescribes a rich and glowing olive),
ruby lips, pearly teeth, untainted breath, glossy hair, expanded chest,
elastic spine, muscular limbs, symmetrical waist, well built and firm
pelvis, fleshy thighs and calves, and a buoyant grace of the whole body.
Added to these we have a rich and melodious voice (wherever the
slightest hoarseness or discordance of tone is noticed look for dan-
ger), and a calm and cultivated spirit in the old, a joyous spirit in the
young. What munificent gifts are these, and who should fail, by every
means in his power, to secure them ? Disease is the opposite of health,
198 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and means any departure from the normal condition of the general
organism, or any impairment or derangement of any fmiction by which
the regular action of any other one or of the whole are made or forced
to work in an irregular or imuatural manner^ — producing and entailing
disorder, pain, miserj', and death ! We see disease in the lustreless and
phrenzied eye, in the pallid and sunken cheeks, in the parched lips, in
the jaundiced or yellow skin, in the contracted chest, in the difficult
respiration, in the racking cough, in the expectoration of tubercles and
sputa from the lungs, in the palpitating heart, in the scrofulous sores
and ulcers, in the bloated or attenuated abdomen, in the disabled legs
and arms, in decayed teeth and toothless jaws, in fetid breath, in
crooked spine, in the deformed pelvis, in aU derangements of the sexual
organs, in baldness, in disordered stomach and bowels, in neuralgias,
rheumatisms, leprosies, spasms, epilepsies, palsies, loss of the senses of
Bight, hearing, smelling, taste and touch, hyiiochondrias, manias, drunk-
enness, pains, aches, wounds, bruises, maimings, and in innumerable
other agonies ! With the simple methods by which health can be pre-
served by those who were born to health, how astonishing it is tha£ dis-
ease and misery are the general rule, and health and pleasure the
exception ! Who of aU the human race may now say, " I have health !
I am actually living in a state of nature, or in that perfect mental and
physical condition in which I was or ought to have been bom. " Not
one, is my reply. We may therefore regard life as a negative rather
than a positive quality of existence. Occasionally there may be freedom
from the slightest degree of actual suffering, and yet that pleasurable
condition which would be natural to the regular co-oijerative work of all
the organs of the body will be wanting.
In health our moments fly on lightning wing, and we are scarcely
conscious of their rapid exit ; in sickness, on the contrary, our moments
are clogged with leaden heels, and pass in that lingering manner as to
render our sufferings seemingly the more acute by reason of the slow
or tardy march of time. To the sick, time does not pass lightly, but
with the heavy tread of a giant.
How inestunable is that state of being comprehended imder the name
of health ! — yet how few are ever led to consider its iiriceless value and
importance. Health, perfect health, is not to be found in oui- present
age among the races of men ; yet even in its negative aspect, its most
deteriorated quality, what were all the joys, aU the riches, all the ad-
vantages of this world without its possession ? Unless all, from the
highest to the lowest, from the king to the beggar, learn to prize health
and avoid disease, — death, who is no respecter of persons, will continue
to reap his rich harvests among them all. Ca'sar could not escape, nor
could the renowTi of a thousand victories diffuse an auodynic or soporific
influence over the pfilow of the great Napoleon, nor save the laurels of
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 19'J
Mareng-0 from the blighting mists of St. Helena ! Intellectual cultiva-
tion oftentimes sows the seeds of physical deterioration. When we see
that the prince is equally liable to the same physical and mental mis-
eries as the vagrant, it becomes everybody to bear in remembrance the
axiom that a sound body is the natural basis of a sound mind, and vice
versa, and that every rational method should be adopted to preserve
them. I have shown brielly that there is no condition or state of man
that is exempt from disease and death. It may now be asked, Are
there no means of preventing the ravages of the one, and postponing
the sad triumph of the other ? No means of restoring lost health, or of
rendering sickness compatible with contentment, or even happiness
itself ? Yes. The severest diseases are and may be prevented ; and
are curable and cured — even consumption itself when judicious treat-
ment is applied. All right-thinking persons will admit that sickness
may be ob-sdated, disease mitigated, and even death robbed of his prey
for years, by ajjproved remedies ritrhtly employed.
Regulating the Passions.
It has been truly said that we may religiously observe all the laws of.
hygiene in relation to air, light, drink, food, temperature, exercise,
clothing, sleep, bathing, and the excretions, and yet lack one thing— one
grand essential to human health and happiness. Yes, if our passions
are our masters and not our slaves, tney will nUe and ruin us instead of
obeying and serving our behests. There is, therefore, no single hygienic
influence more conducive to health, happiness, and long life, than a
cheerful, equitable temper of mind ; and there is nothing that will more
surely disorder the bodily functions, exhaust the vital energies, and
Btamp premature infirmities on the constitution, and hurry us on to an
early grave, than an uneven, ii-ritable, fretful, or passionate mental
habit.
Medical men, at least, well know that a violent fit of passion will sud-
denly arrest, alter, or modify the various organic secretions. Excessive
mental emotion will deprave and \'itiate the secretions as readily as a
deadly poison taken into the stomach. A paroxj'sm of anger will render
the bile as acid and irritating as a full dose of calomel ; excessive fear
wiU relax the bowels equal to a strong infusion of tobacco ; intense grief
will arrest the secretions of gastric juice as effectually as belladonna ;
and violent rage will inake the Siiliva as poisonous as will a mercurial
salivation. There are many persons whose rage, either thoroughly real
or exaggerated, is so violent that they froth at the mouth, and are
thrown into spasms or violent convulsions. These fits of anger are often
assumed, however, by designing parties for the purpose of frightening
stem parents and guardians and others into the support of their own
views and wishes. Such persons, finding their displays copied from
200 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
nature of no avail, will suddenly become tame as lambs, but the effect
upon their general health is found in the appearance of many nervous
disorg-anizations, which, if the cause be often repeated, become per-
manent.
Thousands of facts of the above kind could be mentioned, but enough
has been presented to demonstrate the law that a sound body cannot
exist unless connected with a well-balanced mind. A vigorous exercise
of the higher mental powers, a lively cultivation of the intellectual
faculties and the moral affections, will never fail to sustain and elevate
the human character, while, on the other hand, the violent indulgence
of the animal propensities and the lower order of the passions, will wear
out the mental machinery and enervate all the physiological powers.
Will not the inspiration of love exalt the soul to the realms of " bliss,
exquisite bliss ? " "Will not the influence of hatred depress the soul,
and sink it to the nethermost depth of misery and despair ? Contrast
the emotions of benevolence, or gratitude, or veneration, or conscien-
tiousness, or mirthfulness, or faith, or hope, ^\ath that of envy, revenge,
jealousy, fear, grief, remorse, or despair ! The first are as refreshing
,to the soul as the gentle dews of morn to the tender blades of grass ;
the other as withering as the fiery blasts of a crater to the verdant vjfles.
The one energizes the mind and reanimates the body — the other sinks,
chills, and enfeebles both ; one manufactures, creates as it were, vital
power — the other wastes and destroys body and soul.
Those who would maintain permanent and uniform health and live
to an old age, will perceive the necessity for cultivating all the nobler
impulses of our nature with unremitting care and judgment. A\Ticn we
"nourish wrath to keep it warm," we only add to the venom of a
malicious heart. That anger which "dwells only in the bosom of
fools," should have no inheritance in the bosom of the wise and
thoughtful of our race. The "evils of life," whatever they may be,
are often "blessings in disguise," and therefore should be met with a
brave fortitude and courage, in.stcad of wailing, complaining and lamen-
tation. Fretting, scolding, and fault-finding, not only aggravate all
the necessary evils of life, but greatly multiply them. Wlien we in-
dulge in these faults, we but sow the dragon's teeth to reap a harvest of
greater sorrows. More than this, we dissipate un\\'isely our best talents
and energies, and render life a curse instead of a blessing. The grand
essential, therefore, of a cheerful mind is self-control. This is the great
law of mental hygiene. Before any one can acquire self-government,
he must learn to govern the animal propensities, and make them sub-
servient to the intellectual faculties and moral sentiments. It may
require long, patient, and thorough discijjline ; it may cost much self-
denial, and appear to demand great teini)orary sacrifices, but it is worth
all it may cost. Occasionally it is acquired through long years of bitter
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 201
experience ; and sometimes the greater part of a life is spent in suffer-
ing disappointments, troubles, and crosses, ere the mind is found at
peace with itself, and in right relations to all surrounding nature.
Happy are they who can, even in such expensive schools, learn the art
of adapting themselves to the invariable laws of the viniverse, which
they cannot successfully oppose or in any respect alter ! Indeed,
the only guarantee a man can have for a long life of health and happi-
ness is to constantly cherish and maintain an even, cheerful, and hope-
ful spirit.
Things for the Sick-Room.
Barley Water. — Pearl barley, two ounces ; boiling water, two
quarts. Boil to one quart and strain. If desirable, a little lemon-juice
and sugar may be added. This may be taken freely in aU inflammatory
and eruptive diseases : Measles, Scarlet Fever, Small-Pox, etc.
Rice Water. — Rice, two ounces; water, two quarts. Boil one hour
and a half, and add sugar and nutmeg to suit the taste. When milk is
added to this it makes a very excellent diet for children. Should the
bowels be too loose, boil the milk before adding.
Sage Tea. — Dried leaves of Sage, half an ounce ; boiling water, one
quart. Infuse for half an hour and strain ; may add sugar if desired.
Balm, Peppermint, Spearmint, and other teas are made in the same
manner.
A Refreshing Drink in Fevers. — Boil an ounce and a half of
tamarinds, two ounces of stoned raisins, and three ounces of cranber-
ries in three pints of water until two pints remain. Strain, and add
a small piece of fresh lemon-peel, which must be removed in half an
hour.
Arrow Root Jelly. — Stir a tablespoonful of arrow root powder
into half a cupful of cold water, pour in a pint of boUing water, let it
stand five or ten minutes, and then sweeten and flavor it to suit the
taste.
Irish Moss Jelly. — Irish Moss, half an ounce ; fresh milk, one and
a half pints. Boil down to a pint. Strain and add sugar and lemon-
juice suiEcient to give it an agreeable flavor.
Isinglass Jelly. — Isinglass, two ounces ; water, two pints. Boil
to one point. Strain, and add one pint milk and one ounce of white
sugar. This is excellent for persons recovering from sickness, and for
children who have bowel complaints.
Tapioca Jelly.— Tapioca, two large spoonfuls ; water, one pint.
Boil gently for an hour, or until it appears like a jelly ; add sugar, wine,
and nutmeg, with lemon-juice to flavor.
Rice Jelly. — Mix a quarter of a pound of rice, picked and washed,
with half a pound of loaf sugar, and just sufficient water to cover it.
202 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Boil until it assumes a jelly-like appearance. Strain, and season to suit
the taste and condition of the patient.
Grapes. — In all cases of fever, very ripe grapes of any kind are a
beneficial article of diet, acting as both food and drink, and possessing
cooUng and soothing properties. They are also extremely grateful to
evers' plate.
Toast. — To make a most excellent toast for a reduced or convalescent
patient, take bread twenty-four or thirty-six hours old, which has been
made of a mixture of fine wheat flour and Indian meal, and a pure yeast
batter mixed with eggs. Toast it until of a delicate brown, and then
(if the patient be not inclined to fever) immerse it in boiled milk and
butter. If the patient be feverish, spread it hghtly with cranberry jam
or calves'-foot jelly.
Rice. — In all cases where a light and nice diet for parties who have
been or are afflicted with diarrhoea or dysentery is required, rice, in
almost any cooked form, is most agreeable and advantageous. It may
be given with benefit to dyspeptics, unless costiveness accompanies the
dyspepsia. To make rice-pudding, take a teacupful of rice, and as
much sugar, two quarts of milk, and a teaspoonful of salt. Bake, vSvith
a moderate heat, for two hours. Rice flour made in a batter,* and
baked upon a griddle, makes a superb cake ; and rice-flour gmel, seasoned
to the taste, is most excellent for the sick-room.
Bkead Jelly. — Boil a quart of water and let it cool. Take one-
third of a common loaf of wheat bread, slice it, pare off the crust, and
toast it to a light browTi. Put it in the water in a covered vessel, and
boU gently, till you find, on putting some in a spoon to cool, the liquid
has become a jelly. Strain and cool. "When used, warm, a cupful,
sweeten with sugar, and add a little grated lemon-peel.
Rice Guuel. — Ground rice, one heaping table-spoonful; water, one
quart. Boil gently for twenty minutes, adding, a few minutes before it
is done, one table -spoonful of ground cinnamon. Strain and sweeten.
Wine may be added when the case demands it.
Wateu Gkuel. — Oat or com meal, two table-spoonfuls ; water, one
quart. Boil for ten minutes, and strain, adding salt and sugar if de-
sired by the patient.
Sago Gruel. — Sago, two table-spoonfuls ; water, one pint. Boil
gently until it thickens ; stir frequently. May add wine, sugar, and
nutmeg, according to circumstances.
Arrow-Root Grukl. — Arrow root, one table-spoonful ; sweet mOk
and boiling water, each one half pint. Sweeten with loaf-sugar. This
is verj' good for children whose bowels are irritable.
Decoction oe Bran. — New wheat bran, one pint; water, three
quarts. Boil down to two quarts, strain off the li(iuor, and add sugar,
honey or molasses, according to the taste of the patient.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 203
Tapioca. — Tapioca is a very delightful food for invalids. Make an
ordinary pudding of it, and improve the flavor agreeably to the desire
of the patient or convalescent, by adding raisins, sugar, prunee, lemon-
jiaice, wine, spices, etc.
Beep Liquid. — When the stomach is very weak, take fresh lean
beef, cut it into strips, and place the strips into a bottle, wath a little
salt. Place into a kettle of boiling water and let it remain one hour.
Pour off the liquid and add some water. Begin with a small quantity,
and use in the same manner and under similar circumstances as beef
tea. This is even more nourishing than beef tea.
Beep Tea. — Cut one pound of lean beef into shreds, and boil for
twenty minutes in one quart of water, being particular to remove the
scum as often as any rises. When it is cool, strain. This is very nour-
ishing and palatable, and is of great value in all cases of extreme
debility where no inflammatory action exists, or after the inflammation
is subdued. In very low cases, a small tea-spoonful may be adminis-
tered every fifteen or twenty minutes, gradually increasing the amount
given as the powers of life return. In cases of complete prostration,
after the cessation of long exhausting fever, it may be used as directed
above, either alone or in conjunction with a little wine.
P.\NADO. — Put a little water on the fire with a glass of wine, some
sugar, and a little grated nutmeg ; boil all together a few seconds, and
add pounded crackers or crumbs of bread ; and again boil for a few
minutes.
FRENCn Milk Porridge. — Stir some oatmeal and water together,
let the mixture stand to clear, and pour off the water. Then put more
water to the meal, stir it well, and let it stand till the next day. Strain
through a fine sieve, and boil the water, adding milk while so doing.
The proportion of water must be small. With toast this is admirable.
Common Milk Porridge will be foimd very palatable in ordinary
cases. Everybody knows how to make it.
Buttermilk Pap. — Fresh buttermilk, four parts ; water, one part ;
mix, boil, and thicken with Indian meal. Eat with butter, sugar, or
molasses.
Coffee MiLK.^Put a dessert-spoonful of ground coffee into a pint
of milk ; boil it a quarter of an hour with a shaving or two of isinglass ;
let it stand ten minutes, and then pour off.
Restorative Jelly. — Take a leg of well-fed pork, just as cut up,
beat it, and break the bone. Set it over a gentle fire, with three gal-
lons of water, and simmer to one. Let half an ounce of mace and the
same of nutmegs stew in it. Strain through a fine sieve. When cold,
take off the fat. Give a chocolate-cup the first and last thing, and at
noon, adding salt to suit the taste. This is very valuable in all cases
ot debility where animal food is admissible.
204 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Drink in Dysentery. — Sheep's suet, two ounces; milk, one pint;
starch, half an ounce. Boil gently for thirty minutes. Use as a com-
mon drink. This is excellent for sustaining' the strength in bad cases
of dj'seutery.
Crust Coffee. — Toast slowly a thick piece of bread cut from the
outside of a loaf, until it is well browned, but not blackened. Then
turn upon it boUing water of a sufficient quantity, and keep it from half
an hour to an hour before using. Be sure that the liqtiid is of a rich
brown color before you use it. It is a most excellent drink in all cases
of sickness and convalescence.
Cranberry Water. — Put a tea-spoonful of cranberries into a cup of
water and mash them. In the mean time boil two quarts of water with
one large spoonful of com or oatmeal, and a bit of lemon-peel ; then add
the cranberries and as much fine sugar as will leave a smart flavor of the
fruit- -also a wine-glassful of sherry. Boil the whole gently for a quar-
ter of an hour, then strain.
Wine Whey. — Heat a pint of new mUk until it boils, at which mo-
ment pour in as much good wine as wiU curdle and clarify it. Boil and
set it aside until the curd subsides. Do not stir it, but pour the whey off
carefully, and add two pints of boiling water, with loaf-sugar. \
Orange Whey. — Milk, one pint ; the juice of an orange, with a por-
tion of the peel. Boil the milk, then pnt the orange to it, and let stand
till it coagulates. Strain.
Mustard Wiiey. — Bruised mustard seed, two table-spoonfuls ; milk,
one quart. Boil together for a few minutes until it coagulates, and
strain to separate the curd. This is a very useful drink in dropsy. A
tea-cupful may be taken at a dose, three times a day.
Sippets. — On an extremely hot plate put two or three slices of bread,
and pour over them some of the juices of boUed beef, mutton, or veal.
If there be no butter in the dish, sprinkle over them a little salt.
Chicken Broth. — Take half a chicken, divested of all fat, and break
the bones ; add to this half a gallon of water, and boil for half an hour.
Season with salt.
Vegetarle Soup. — Take one potato, one turnip and one onion, with
a Httle celery or celery seed. Slice and boil for an hour in one quart of
water. Salt to the taste, and pour the whole upon a piece of dry toast.
This f onns a good substitute for animal food, and may be used when the
latter would be improper.
Calves'-Foot Jelly. —Boil two calves' feet in one gallon of water,
until reduced to one quart. Strain, and when cool, skim carefully.
Add the white of six or eight eggs, well beaten, a pint of wine, half pound
of loaf sugar, and the juice of four lemons. Mix them well, boil for a
few minutes, stirring constantly, and pass through a Ilaunel strainer. In
some cases the wine should be omitted.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 205
Slippery Elm Jelly. — Tako of the flour of slippery elm one or two
tea-spoonfuls ; cold water, one pint. Stir, untU a jelly is formed.
Sweeten with loaf sugar or honey. This is excellent for aU diseases of
the throat, chest, and lungs, coughs, colds, bronchitis, inflammation of
lungs, etc. It is very nutritious and soothing.
Nutritive Fluids. — Below will be found directions for preparing
three nutritious fluids, which are of great value in all diseases, either
acute or chronic, that are attended or followed by prostration, — debility,
whether general, or of certain organs only, derangement of the digest-
ive organs, weak stomach, indigestion, heartburn, or sour stomach, con-
stipated bowels, torpidity or want of activity of the liver, thin or poor
blood. They are highly nutritious, supplying to the blood in such a form
that they are most easily assirailated, the various elements which are
needed to enrich it, and thus enable it to reproduce the various tissues
of the body that have been wasted by disease. In cases where the stom-
ach has become so weakened and sensitive that the hghtest food or
drinks cannot be taken without causing much uneasiness and distress,
these fluids are invaluable. They strengthen the stomach and neutralize
all undue acidity, while, at the same time, they soothe the irritation by
their bland and demulcent quahties. When carefully and properly pre-
pared, according to the direction following, they very nearly resemble
rich new milk in color and consistency, while their taste is remarkably
pleasant. Care should be taken that all the ingredients are of the best
quality. Soft water must be used in aU cases. Fresh rain-water is to
be preferred, but spring water may be used if perfectly soft. Hard
water will cause the fluids to be of a yeUow color, and if the milk is
old, they are apt to separate.
Fluid No. 1. — Put one pint of new milk (the fresher the better) and
two pints of soft water in a vessel perfectly free from all greasy matter,
over a slow fire. Rub two even tea-spoonfuls of superfine wheat flour
and two tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, together with a little
milk, into a soft batter, free from lumps ; add this to the milk and water
as soon as they begin to boil. Boil gently for five minutes— /i« longer,
stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen or glass dish to cool, adding,
at the same time, two tea-spoonfuls of loaf sugar, and one tea spoonful
each of saleratus and table salt, rubbed fine ; stir until cold. The fluid
must not be allowed to remain in a metaUic vessel of any kind, and it
must be kept in a cool place.
Fluid No. 2. — Put one pint of fresh mflk and two pints of soft water
in a vessel over a slow fire. Rub together with a little fresh cream into
a soft batter, free from lumps, one table-spoonful each of good sweet
rye flour, ground rice, and pure starch — which add to the milk and
M'ater as soon as they begin to boil. Boil for five minutes, stirring con-
206 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Btantly. Remove from the fire, and add three tea-spoonfuls of loaf su-
gar and one tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt. Observe the
same precautions as in No. 1 .
Fluid No. 8. — Put in a vessel, over a slow fire, one pint of fresh
milk and two pints of soft water. When they begin to boil, add one
table-sjioonful of wheat flour, two table-spoonfuls pure starch, and two
tea-spoonfuls of carbonate of magnesia, rubbed together with a little
milli into a soft batter, free from lumps. Boil gently for five minutes,
stirring constantly. Pour into an earthen vessel to cool, and add one
tea-spoonful of the best gum arabic, dissolved in a little warm water, one
tea-spoonful each of saleratus and table salt, and one table -spoonful of
pure strained honey. Stir untU cold. The same precaution must be
observed as in prej^aring No. 1.
Directions. — One half pint or less of these fluids may be taken at a
dose, and at least three pints should be taken during the day, and the
amount gradually increased to two or three quarts. Commence with
No. 1, and use two weeks : then use No. 2 for the same length of time,
after which No. 3 is to be used for two weeks. Continue their use as
long as necessary, taking each for two weeks before changing. In all the
diseases enumerated above, the use of these fluids, in connection with
proper herbal remedies, will ensure a speedy restoration to health. ,
Gum Acacia Restorative. — Take two ounces of pure white gum
Arabic,- — procure the lump, the powdered is very apt to be adulterated,
— pulverize it weU, and dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat in a gill of
water, stirring constantly. When it is entirely dissolved, add three
table-spoonfuls of pure strained honey. Let it remain over the fire until
it becomes of the consistency of a jelly. The heat must be very gentle,
it must not boil. If desirable, flavor with lemon or vanilla. This will
be found a very pleasant article of diet for delicate stomachs. When
the articles used are pure it will be transparent and of a light golden
color. This will be borne by the weakest stomach, when everything else
is rejected. It is hirjldy nutritious.
Malt Infusion. — Infuse one pint of ground malt, for two hours, in
three pints of scalding water. The water should not be brought quite to
the boiling point. Strain, add sugar, if desired ; flavor with lemon-
juice. This is an excellent drink in inflammatory fevers, acute rheuma-
tism, etc.
Peas. — Take young and fresh shelled green peas, wash them clean,
put them into fresh water, just enough to cover them, and boil them till
they take up nearly all the water. Season with salt, pepper, and but-
ter. This dish, if prepared according to directions, and eaten wai-m, wiU
not harm any invaUd — not even one suffering from diarrhoea.
Milk. — In some cases where a milk diet is advisable, owing to the
peculiar condition of the patient's stomach, it will cause distress. This
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 207
is frequently the case when there is undue acidity. In such cases let it
be prepared in the following manner, and it will be found to set well : — ■
Take a tea-cupful of fresh mUk, heat nearly to boiling ; dissolve in it a
tea-spoonful of loaf sugar ; pour into a large-sized tumbler, and add
sufficient plain soda-water to fill it. Prepared in the above directed
manner it will be perfectly free from all unpleasant effects.
Soups for the Convalescent. — To extract the strength from
meat, long and slow boiling is necessary ; but care must be taken that
the pot is never off the boil. All soups should be made the day before
they are used, and they should then be strained into earthen jjans.
When soup has jellied in the pan, it should not be removed into another.
When in danger of not keeping, it should be boiled up.
Eggs. — In cases of extreme debility, eggs are most excellent. They
should never be boiled hard. The best way to prepare them is to beat
them well with railk and sugar. Where it will be appropriate to the
case, add some fine pale sherry wine.
Milk for Infants. — Fresh cow's milk, one part ; water, two parts ;
sweeten with a very little loaf sugar. When children are raised by hand,
it is always necessary to dilute the milk. As the child advances in age,
the proportion of water stated above may be gradually lessened.
Water Gruel.— Com or oatmeal, two table-spoonfixls ; water, on«
quart. Boil ten or fiteen minutes, and strain. Add salt and sugar to
suit the taste of the i^atient. This should be used freely, during and
after the operation of cathartic medicines.
HOW TO ASSIST THE DOCTOR
The Sick-Room.
If there is a choice of rooms, the patient's welfare demands that he
should be placed in the one aftording to a greater degree light, pure air,
warmth, etc. The patient should not be put into the room which i.s
dark and gloomy, but let it be one that is light and cheerful, and with a
fire-place in it, if possible.
If the illness be fever, an ophthalmic affection, brain disease, or other
disease requiring quiet, a back room away from the family should be se-
lected, as quiet is absolutely necessary, and the patient will not care to
look at anything or to speak much. If, however, he be suffering from an
accident, he will be more contented and cheerful if he is placed near to
the rest of the family, where he can assist in the conversation, watch
your movements, and see you at your labors. It will greatly tend to
208 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
make him forget to a greater extent his misfortune, and it will also save
time in waiting upon him.
The room should be free from all unpleasant odors, and should not be
exposed to disagi-eeable effluvia from water-closets, sinks, etc. The fur-
niture of the room should be but very simple and plain, and, in infectious
diseases, but very little should be placed in the room. If you have ever
been in a hospital, you may have noticed the bare floors, the iron bed-
steads, the absence of woollen bed-clothing, and the plaui tables, and
most probably pitied the inmates for their lack of comforts, and involun
tarUy the thought may have arisen in your mind that fortune is more
propitious to you when sick, for your sick-room wouldhave at least a good
carpet, upholstered furniture, and your bed an easy one to repose upon,
and plentifully supplied with woollen blankets, etc. But pan and many
more are also deluded in this respect. If you will bear in mind that
woollen fabrics retain smells much longer than cotton and linen, and are
therefore less sanitary, you would probably not consider them so advan-
tageous. The room should have no upholstered chairs or sofas, cane-
bottomed or plain wood are preferable, and it would be better if no car-
pet was on the floor, except perhaps a narrow strip for you to walk upon
to prevent noise, but a clean boarded floor, kept clean and sweet by
Bcrubbing and " elbow-grease " is infinitely better. It is better to |iave
no curtains ; but if the room looks too cheerlees without them, use light
muslin or something which wiU easily wash.
The position of the bed is also very important. In case of accident
the bed should be placed where the patient feels most comfortable, only
it should be placed where there is a good light to see and dress the
wound ; but in fever and small-pox the bed should occupy the position
between the door and fire-place. The reason for this is, that as fire can-
not bum without air, there must be a draft to feed it ; as this becomes
heated and escapes up the chimney, it is replaced by a fresh supply
drawn in througli the door and window. This prevents a spread of the
disease, as the chimney acts as a ventilating shaft, carrying away the
impurities of the room. A stove will also do this, but to a much less
extent. It is very apparent, therefore, that if a person stands between
the bed and the fire-place, he must breathe air laden with the effluvia
from the patient, whereas, on the other side, that is, between the bed
and door, he inhales air that has not yet come m contact with the pa-
tient. If, from the form of the room, the bed cannot be placed in this
position, the space between the window and the bed should always be
Bufn.cient to stand in.
The room should always be fully prepared before the patient is placed
in it, as the setting it to rights is not only annoying, but may do positive
harm to the patient. The fire, if any is wanted, should particularly be
previously built, for very often the chimney refuses to draw well, and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 209
tlie poor patient is choked with the smoke. He may suffer from a chest
complaint, and his difficulty of breathing be so aggravated as to put him
in a miserable plight. The windows should not be so fastened that you
cannot open them, especially from the top. An equable temperature
should be kept up, neither too hot nor too cold, and extremes avoided.
The bed itself is very worthy of consideration. Unqualifiedly, the best
is a hair mattrass, but, as this is so expensive, it cannot be expected to
be found in every house, but, unless obliged, use no feather bed. It is
too soft, and the patient sinks into holes, so that, in case of wounds or
bums, you cannot get at them properly, and besides, if the feathers
get wet, you cannot easily put them right again. Good clean straw or
chaff, evenly packed, is far superior. It costs but little, to begin with, is
more comfortable, far superior in a sanitary point of view, and has this
advantage : that in case of being spoiled, it can be emptied, the cover
washed, and rclilled without loss of time, and at a very trifling expense.
The bed should not be too wide, for if the i^atient needs help, the at-
tendant is obhged to move him kneeling on the bed, or at arms' length,
should he be lying in the middle.
It is often a matter of much concern how to change the bed-clothing
in case of fracture or low states of disease, where the patient cannot be
moved from the bed. The following method should be pursued : — roU
up the clothes to be changed tightly to the middle, lengthwise, not across
the bed ; put on the clean things with half the width rolled up close to
the other roU, lift the patient on the newly made part, slip off the soiled
clothes, unroll the clean ones, and the bed is made.
Before the patient is put to bed scour the floor right well, and wash it
with hot water with a few pennies' worth of chloride of lime, or, if you
cannot get this, use a little quicklime, and rub it well into cracks and
comers. The whole of the lime need not be removed, as the little par-
ticles left sticking in the cracks and pores of the wood will prevent in-
sects, give a clean, sweet smell to the place, and tend to keep away in-
fection. After the room is thoroughly dried, it is ready for the sick oc-
cupant.
If aU this is done, you will have the hedlthieHt sick-chamber possible,
and rob the disease of its exciting causes. He must then be well nursed,
and as this is so important, the author will next consider
Nurses and NoRsiNa.
Next to the physician, the nurse has responsibilities that must be faith-
fully discharged, as the life of the patient is not alone dependent upon
the skill of the physician, but in a great measure also upon careful nurs-
ing. Eveiy physician will tell you that he recollects cases in his practice
where all his skill would have been unavailing had it not been for the
. excellent nursing that the patient received.
o
210 ' THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Tt i» a common opinion that women only can nurse. Tins is erroneous,
as men are frequently met with, especially husbands and brothers, who
are quite as gentle in their touch, quite as considerate about little wants,
and far more tender and thoughtful than almost any woman. A male
nurse has, moreover, one great advantage — his strength. Ask that wife
■who requires lifting from the bed, and she will teU. how safe she feels in
her husband's strong arms, and what a comfort it is to be lifted by him.
It is a dreadful feeling for a patient not to have full confidencs in the
power of the person assisting, and the nervous shock induced by the fear
of being let fall, may take days to recover from. It is, therefore, not to
be thought that nursing is peculiarly woman's work, but that men are
just as capable.
A nurse should have five qualifications — sobriety, cleanliness, firmness,
gentleness, and pntience.
Sobriety.— The drunken nurse should not be allowed to cross the door-
BiU of the sick-room. It is no place for her, — she cannot be trusted.
Human life is too precious to be entrusted to the care of one who cannot
resist the temptation to indulge in intoxicating drinks.
Cleanliness. — The nurse should not only keep the room clean, but
always be clean herself. A very little thing will spoil the appetite of a
Bick person, and nothing offensive, as dressings from woimds or burns,
Bhould be allowed to remain in the room. All necessary vessels should
be emptied as soon as done with, well washed out, and left in the open
air. It should be remembered that bad air is just as poisonous to a per-
son as bad food, and hence it should be frequently changed by opening
the window. The dreaded draft wiU do no harm, but bears upon its
wings the elements conducive to the health of both patient and attend-
ants. The fever-poison is weakened by admixture with pure air just in
the same proportion as spirits are weakened by the addition of water.
The food that the patient cannot eat should not be left in the room — it
will breed distaste for it if always in the sight of the patient. The
drinking-water should be frequently changed, as it absorbs all the gasea
in the room, so that if the patient is allowed to drink it, it actually puts
back into his stomach what his body exhaled. Always give him fresh
water, then, when he wants to drink.
Firmness.— The lesson that firmness is not rudeness should be learned
first. It is not to be expected that a suffering person knows as well
what is best for him a-s those whose brains are clear. If, therefore, a
certain thing is best to be done, do it, do it kindly, but do it, and the
patient will thank you afterwards.
Gentleness.— It should never be forgotten that gentleness is an abso-
lute requirement of a nurse. If the poor patient suffers from rheuma-
tism or a broken liml), iuid the bed-clothes nuist be changed, it should
be done gently, and all needless Buffering avoided. If his position in
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 211
bed requires change, do not torture him, but gently move him, and
avoid all jerks and knocks with great care.
Patience. — Need a word be said to the effect that of all beings nurses
should especially be patient '? It should never be forgotten that the dif-
ference is a great one between the nurse and the person under his or her
care, and it should be remembered that in their own experiences they
have been cross and irritable even when they were well, that they were
easily put out, and so peevish and fretful from the slightest causes.
They should then consider how it must be vnth the person taken sud-
denly from active life and compelled to lie still in one position, or with
one whose whole body is racked with pain. The one, therefore, who
loses patience, however sorely tried, and who cannot bear with these
trials for a while, should stay away from the sick-room in the capacity
of nurse.
Nursing, in a great measure, is a natural gift either in man or woman,
just as much as mixsic, painting, and other things are. It is not every
one, therefore, who is fit for a nurse, not because they wilfully do
wrong, but they are not adapted for it. There are many good-hearted
yet thoughtless people who would never make good, handy nurses with
all the training in the world.
The awkward nurse is a queer creature, and she is everlastingly get-
ting into some trouble. If she is going up stairs with her hands full,
she is sure to step on the bottom of her dress, and either drops what
she is carrying or falls herself. If the fire wants coal, she throws on a
whole scuttleful, a good part of which falls upon the fender, and the
poor patient is so terrified that he cannot rest for hours. If she has a
hole in her dress, or a bit of braid is loose, it will be sure to catch a
chair or the fire-irons, bringing them down with a rattle. If of matronly
age and wears caps, she will have strings so long that when she stoops
over to catch the patient's whisper, the ends wiU tickle his nose or other
parts of his face. At least one of her fingers is sure to be enveloped in
a rag tied on with black cotton. If the patient wants a little bread and
butter, the knife that has been used for cutting cheese or peeling onions
is unen-ingly used. If she is cooking cabbage or frying bacon in the
next room, she always forgets to close the door leading to the patient's
room, fills it with a strong smell which sickens him, and then says that
it is too bad that the patient cannot eat a morsel of food. If the patient
thirsts, she wiU fill the glass full to the brim, put her hand under his
head, bend his neck till his chin touches his breast, then puts the glass
to his lips, spills a good i^art of it on his clothes, and thinks he is very
awkward to choke over a mouthful of water. If a candle is to be
lighted, she sticks it in between the bars of the grate, which soon fills
the room with the rank smeU of burning tallow, and when she finally
succeeds in lighting it, she finds she has a wick several inches long,
212 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
gained at the expense of the melted tallow ; or if it bo gas, she takes a
ehort bit of paper, turns the gas full on, makes a sudden blaze like a
flash of lightning, forgets the bit of paper in her hand while she is regu-
lating the blaze, bums her fingers, throws the lighted paper on th'^
floor, and puts her foot on it. All this doec not escape the patient's
notice, and he gets so nervous and frightened that he loses his night's
rest. If the patient is so far convalescent as to be able to sit up in bed
to take his food, she will, of course, put the tray on his knees, then
assist him into the sitting posture, and ten chances to one the things
are upset all over the counteii^ane.
Then there is the /«*-v// nurse, and there are many of this sort. Hei
zeal to benefit the patient is so great, that she sadly overdoes it : she
bustles in and out of the room every few minutes, wearies the patient
by persistently asking him if he cannot eat something, which she would
willingly walk miles to get if wanted, raising him up, tucking in the
bed clothes, drawing up and lowering the blinds ; one, in fact, who is
perfectly miserable if she is not constantly ou the move. The fussy
nurse is generally a kind-hearted, loving creature, and it is her very
goodness which makes her weary the patient, who congratulates him-
(self on the relief gained whenever she vacates the room.
Then we have the carelens, slocenly nurse. Doctors are always sus-
picious of this person ; they can never feel sure that their patients reblly
Lad the right quantity of medicine ; if she happened to remember it
they would get it, but if not, she would make up for it by giving a
double dose next time. There is no clean glass or cup when wanted.
Food is taken to the patient, and if he cannot eat it, it is left there for
hours. There are so many crumbs of bread in the bed that it feels to
the patient like lying on a gravel walk. Cinders cover the hearth all
over, and the fire is black. The slops, which should have been removed
in the evening, are hid under the bed, filling the room with bad smells.
Those bits of meat, crumbs of bread, and other matters which have
fallen on the floor are left there ; the consequence is, that being winter,
the mice and perhaps rats finding a warm room and something to eat,
think it a comfortable place, and use it accordingly. No one can im-
agine the degree of comfort these scampering animals afford to the
helpless creature in bed.
Next we have the cruel nurse, who does her duty, but not from love ;
she carries out the doctor's orders exactly. In matter of duty she is
inflexible ; if the medicine has to be taken at a certain time, she brings
it to the minute, and worries the patient into taking it on the instant.
Her law in all things is like that of the Modes and Persians, which
altereth not. She may be perfectly honest in her dealings, but the
utter absence of tenderness and compassion makes her an undesirable
nurse.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 213
And lastly, we have what I tnist is a very rare character, the dislionest
nurse. She drinks all the wine, and partakes pretty freely of the food
intended for the patient, and tells the doctor that the patient ought to
get better according to the quantity of nourishment he gets through.
She is also dishonest in another way : she finds it a great deal of trouble
to make the patient take his medicine, so she just empties it away, a
regular dose at a time, so that when the doctor calls, he may see that
the bottle is gradually emptying.
All these characters are to be met with, and doctors find one or more
of them in various sick-rooms every day. Now, it is not well to be too
exacting in such matters, but as a good nurse is, next to a good physician,
necessary to properly combat disease, it is weU to object to what are
positive faults.
A good nurse should be tender and compassionate, and ought to have
all her five senses in a healthy, active condition. Sight, that she may
be able to read directions, or read aloud to the patient, and watch the
change of countenance. A quick-sighted nurse will not need to wait
for the sufferer to make his demands ; she will see in a moment what is
wanted from the motion of the eye, or the lips, or a finger. Hearing.,
that she may be able to catch the faintest whisper, and not oblige a
weak patient to exert the voice or repeat liis requests. Feeling, that
she may readily detect the temperature of the skin of the patient, and
not use any application which will either scald with heat or chill with
oold. Smell, that all impurities in the atmosphere of the room may be
readily detected. Taste, that she may not offer food unfit to be used,
or improperly cooked if good in itself.
She need not be highly educated, but she should be able to read
writing, so that she can fully understand the directi<5us on the labels.
She ought to have a knowledge of common and every-day affairs, and
possess the qualification of ' ' common sense. " But she must not place
too high a valuation on her own opinion or skill, as that may cause her
to use either in opposition to the wishes of the doctor. She must dc
everytliing for the patient that she can, and deal with the doctor fairly.
214 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
PAET II.
DISEASES.
The ^eat difficvilty of treating disease, by those who are not physicianfi,
Js the liability to mistake the character of the affection, being unable
through obscurity of the symptoms to ascertain the organ or tissue af-
fected. Without entering minutely into diagnosis, the author will en-
deavor to simplify the study of morbid conditions of the human body,
60 that the unscientific may more readily ascertain the disease and apply
the ajipropriate remedy or treatment.
1. General condition pertaining to :
a. Temperature and dryness of skin.
b. Condition of pulse— full and quick, or slow and weak,
c. Appearance of tongue. v
d. State of bowels and kidneys. " ^
e. Desire for food and drink. • ^
2. The general appearance of the patient.
a. Size — emaciation or increase, general or local.
h. Aspect of face or expression,
c. Changes of color of skin.
3. The position or posture.
a. In bed — the manner of Ij'ing, on the back or either side, quiet,
restless, etc.
b Out of bed — posture, gait, stiffness, loss of power of limbs, etc.
4. The sensations of the patient.
Whenever any of these conditions are at variance with the normal
state, the presumption, or rather certainty, is that some organ or tissue
is assailed by disease. Some of the genend indications of the patient
in many cases often make known the character of the affection, when
not suggested by other symptoms. For mstance, the skin is remarka-
bly moist and soft in delirium tremens ; the perspiration profuse and
sour in acute rheumatism ; exhausting sweats in the latter stages of
consumption or profuse suppuration ; the crackling feeling of emphy-
sema, .and the pitting uuder pressure in dropsy.
The pulse is hard and wiry in abdominal inflammations ; in acute
hydrocephalus its frequency is very great, slow and labored in brain dis-
eases, irregular in disease of the heart, almost imperceptible in cholera
or iu the latter titugeu of the low fevers.
THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 215
The tongue covered with a thm white layer is indicative of disorder
of the stomach ; when patchy, the stomach is considerably irritated ,
when yellow, the patient is bilious ; when shining, glazed, and chapped,
it indicates long-continued intlammation or ulceration of the bowels;
aphthous patches indicate imperfect nutrition, etc.
In cholera the stools resemble rice-water ; when clay-colored, it de-
notes a deficiency of bUe ; when yeast-like, fermentation takes place in-
stead of digestion.
The urine is dark-colored in fevers, very limpid and abundant in
hysteria, scanty hi dropsies, acid in rheumatism.
The aspect is often very significant. In scrofula the comers of the
nose and lips are swollen, in chlorosis a waxy pallor is observed, in
malignant diseases a sallow hue, in heart-diseases a blue color of the
lips, in pneumonia a dusky flush, in phthisis a hectic flush. When the
expression is anxious, it indicates disease of the heart and dyspnoea ;
when i^inched and contracted, there is much suffering, as in the low
forms of fever ; the skin is white in anosmia, yellow in jaundice and
malignant cases ; it has a muddy hue in splenic diseases, blue in cholera,
and livid in commencing mortification.
If the patient's head is elevated by choice in bed, it denotes heart-dis-
ease ; when he is very feeble he lies on his back ; in peritonitis the knees
are drawn up ; in cramps or pain of the abdomen, he Ues on his side.
In order that the reader may not have a confused idea of what is
meant by inflammation, I will describe it insomuch as to give its
phenomena. These are redness, heat, swelling, and jjam. When all
these are present it constitutes inflammation. When a fever or disease
partakes of this character, it is inflammatoiy. Chronic inflammation is
characterized by all the essential conditions of the acute form, differing,
however, in this, by being preceded through all its changes with symp-
toms so mild that it is only after a certain time that the patient is much
inconvenienced constitutionally. Inflammation always denotes increase
of activity of the vascular system. When of a localized character, the in-
crease is noticed La the capillary circulation ; when general, as m fevers,
or of some important organ, the whole circulatory apparatus is abnor-
mally active
Miasmatic Fevers.
These, as signified by name, owe their origin to, or are caused by, a pe-
culiar principle to which the name of malaria or miasm has been given.
Of the chemical nature of miasm we literally know nothing ; but we
have abundant evidence that it is a specific cause of disease. There are,
practically, two kinds of malaria : First, koino-miasmata, the product
of vegetable decomposition, or terrestrial emanations ; second, Idio-mias-
mata,, the deleterous etfluvia originatiug from the decomposition of
216 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
matter derived from the human body. Both of these :ire prolific causes
of disease, jOo the profession, ovmig to the siibtile nature of the miasms,
are in a great degree ignorant as to the manner of operation. These
two causes may act separately, and produce their different symptoms,
or they may operate together, causing a confusion of morbid phe-
nomena.
'•Marsh gas," or the product of vegetable decomposition, owing to
its diversification, is of course the greater cause of disease. Two re-
quisites, heat and moist lu-e, are necessary for its production ; and
hence, where these abound in any quantity, so proportionably is tlie
miasm evolved. For this reason, low, marshy lands are at certain sea-
sons veiy unhealthy, while those regions at a greater elevation are pecu-
liarly healthy in this respect. Wherever vegetation is profuse, and to
which abundant heat and moisture are contributed, there we may
reasonably expect a plentiful product of miasm and consequent disease.
Experiments have proved that in decomposition of vegetable matter,
animal matter— infusoria— is produced in very rapid succession, having
an exceedingly short-lived existence. These infusoria are inhaled at
every breath, as the air contains swaiins of them, but which are imper-
ceptible to any of the senses. It is reasonable to suppose that they, in
a great measure, contribute largely to periodic fevers. The jliseases
generally classed as Malaiial are Intermittent, Remittent, Yellow,' b.iid
Tyiihus Fevers. ^
Intermittent Fever.
This is commonly called Fever arid Ague, or ChiUs and Fever. As
the name implies, the fever is not constant, as in the continual fevers,
but inteimits, so that in its career there are well-marked jieriods of ab-
sence of febrile symptoms. It is a fever characterized by a succession
of attacks, with equal mtervals and intermissions, that are complete,
but irregular, owing to the paroxysms being of uncertain duration. By
iiitcrval is meant the time from the beginning of one paroxysm to the
beginning of the next, and by intermission the period of time between
the close of one paroxysm to the beginning of the next. The length of
the interval determines the variety of ague. When the interval ia
twenty-four hours, it is called qiwtidian; thirty-six hours, tertian; and
when seventy-two hours, it is called quartan. These varieties dupli-
cate, and are then called double quotidian, etc.
The disease is announced by a paroxysm which has three stages,
the cold, the hot, and the sweating. The cold stage is well marked ;
the i)atient yawns, has a feeling of weakness, stretches, no apj)ctit(>,
and no inclination to move. Paleness is observed in the face and ex-
tremities ; the patient shakes, the teeth chatter, and the skin shrinks,
causing horripikUiua or "goose-flesh."
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 217
When this stage declines, the hot stage comes on, which is character-
ized by a high fever. This is followed by the sweating stage, which
increases from a mere moisture at first to a profuse iierspiration. After
this the body returns to its natural temperature, and apparent health
returns.
Duiiag the cold stage the circulation is thrown upon the internal or-
gans, the spleen becomes congested, which organ is enlarged, causing
what is known as the ague cake.
A quotidian begins generally in the morning, a tertian at noon, and a
quartan in the afternoon. The cold stage is shortest ia the quotidian,
and longest in the quartan. Intermittent fever is more common in the
spring and autumn than at other seasons of the year, and ia fall more
severe and dangerous.
Treatment. —Commence treatment with a cathartic, as senna or the
Renovating PUl. In the cold stage give hot drinks, and even stimulants
may be of service. Induce warmth and comfort by extra covering,
foot-baths, bottles filled with hot water applied to the surface, etc. In
the hot stage, cooling drinks and anything that mollifies febrile action.
When an intermission ensues, administer Peruvian bark, or, prefera-
bly, one of its active principles, quinine. This can be given in a large
dose, or smaller doses repeated. Fifteen grains may be given at once or
in successive doses. It may be taken in pills or in solution with elixir
of vitriol. Quinine is a specific in this disease, and it rarely ever fails
in curing every case, if the patient be placed under its influence. Pecu-
liar head symptoms and buzzing in the ears denote the influence of this
admirable remedy. My experience has not taught me that there is
much danger in an overdose, and I consider it more or less harmless ;
yet, like every other remedy, it must be judicioiisly and intelhgently
administered. The web of the black spider rolled up in five-grain pills,
and taken, one pill at a time every two hours, is a valuable domestic
remedy. Decoctions of dogwood bark are successful in many cases j so
also of the bark of the tulip tree.
Remittent Fever.
This is commonly called BlUovs Fever. It is a disease whose attack
is generally sudden and well marked, without prominent premonitory
symptoms, if any, at all times. There is sense of languor and debility
for a few days previous to the onset ; slight headache, lack of appetite,
furred tongue, bitter taste in the mouth in the morning, pain in the
joints, and a feeling of uneasiness.
The first onset is announced by a rigor or chill, distinct in character,
though generally brief and sometimes slight, but at times severe and
prolonged. Sometimes the chill is first felt in the feet ; at other times
commences at the shoulder-blades, or in the back, running from thence
10
218 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
through the whole body. Us^^ally there is but one well-marked chill ;
the paroxysms of fever returning subsequently, and seldom preceded by
a cold stage.
The symptoms of this disease intensify at certain periods of the day ;
preceded occasionally, but not generally, by a chill. Between this
period of severity in the febrile symptoms and a simUar period follow-
ing there is generally a decrease in the violence of the symptoms, dur-
ing which the fever moderates, but does not, as in intermittent fever,
totally disappear. It remits in severity, and hence the name. The
pulse in the hot stage ranges from one hundred to one hundred and
thirty. The jiaius in the head, back, and limbs are almost insufferable.
The covering of the tongue is yellowish or dirty white, aud in severe
cases, in the advanced stage, the tongue is parched, brown or nearly
black in the centre, and red at the edges. Food is distasteful, and
nausea and vomiting ensue, with frequently paiu, upon pressure, in the
epigastrium. The bowels are at iirst costive, but become loose, and the
fcBces are dark and offensive.
Treatment. — Give an emetic or cathartic in the formative stage.
When the disease is fully developed, sponge the body aU over several
times a day with cold or tepid water, whichever is most grateful to the
patient, and give cooling driuks, as the effervesciag draught. \Vhen
the fever is high, moderate it with tiacture or fluid extract of ^een
hellebore, in doses of from three to ten drops. Dover's powder should
be given as a diaphoretic. Ice-water can be dmnk at pleasure. A
mustard poultice should be placed over the pit of the stomach when-
ever tenderness exists.
Quinine is the great remedy in this disease also, and should be admin-
istered in the same manner as advised in fever aud ague. It is to be
given in a remission. "Whenever the fever has been subdued by large
doses of quinine, its administration should not be abruptly ceased, but
be continued in smaller or tonic doses for several weeks afterward.
There is a form of fever called Congestive. It is also called pernicious
fever. It is not essentially remittent, but may also be intermittent in
character. The congestion may only operate upon one of the internal
organs, or upon all of them. Congestion may ensue in the earlier or
later stage of the disease. There is usually congestion of the brain,
and profound stupor follows. It assumes all types of periodic fevers,
but is more frequently quotidian or tertian. The first attack generally
simulates a simple attack of intermittent, and excites but little atten- ■
tion. The second attack is severe, producing great coldness, and the
patient has a deathlike hue of face and extremities. As the disease
advances, the heat of the skin becomes pungent. The skin also be-
comes dry, husky, and parched, followed, after a time, hy a cold,
clammy Bcuaatiou. The eyes are dull aud watery, and at times glassy ,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 219
the countenance dull, sleepy, and distressed ; the tongue trembles upon
protrusion, indicating weakness, and is at first covered with whitish fur,
which changes to either brown or black ; the breathing is difficult, and
inspirations often thirty to the minute. Pressure over the liver, stom-
ach, or bowels occasions pain ; and the mind is often disturbed, and falls
into lethargy and stupor, or is delirious.
The treatment is the same as in remittent fever. Quinine and the
other remedies are of the some signal service. In stupor friction is
to be made along the course of the spine with spirits of turpentine or
ammonia.
In convalescence the diet must be light and nutritious, and as strength
returns may be increased. Exercise out of doors should be encouraged.
If recovery be slow, it should be hastened by wine, ale, or brandy, and
the usual vegetable tonics.
Any person who is suffering from almost a continuity of the disease,
or the so-called chronic form of malarial fever, desirous of correspond-
ing with me on the subject, I should be most happy to reply to, for in
the vast and beneficent domaiu of Herbalism there are many remedies
that can be advised as curative, to mention which would occu]iy too
much space in a volume of this size. We can be eclectic in Nature's
laboratory.
Yellow-Fever.
The first symptoms of this fever seem identical with remittent, often
well marked by periodicity, but finally reaction occurs, and it assumes
a typhoid character. The disease is ushered in generally with a chUl,
severe at times, though usually moderate, of short duration, and rarely
repeated. The chill is followed by slight fever, with increased heat of
surface ; but this rarely rises to any considerable height, and continues
only for two or three days, when, in cases likely to prove fatal, it is suc-
ceeded by coldness of surface, etc. Sweating exists in many cases.
The pulse is singular in character, but rarely rises above a hundred ;
the tongue is moist and white for the first few days, but as the disease
advances it becomes red, smooth, shining, and dry, having a black
streak in the middle. The most prominent symptoms are nausea and
vomiting. In fatal cases the vomiting is persistent, and towards the
termination the green bihary matter thrown up changes to a thin black
fluid, having a sediment like the grounds of coft'ee. This is the terrible
black vomit (vomita-nigra) of yellow-fever. The bowels are generally
costive, and the abdomen tender upon pressure. Severe headache
generally exists, and the countenance bears a singular expression, in
which a smile seems to play upon the lips, but the rest of the face bears
a wild or sad look. Restlessness is common to this disease night and
day. Blood often escapes from the uose, gums, ears, stomach, bo-wels,
220 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and urinary passages. The skin bears a tinged color similar to that in
jaundice. The disease appears both endemicaUy and epidemically. At
first the disease is hard to recognize, presenting but the usual symp-
toms of fevers in their incipient stage, with no symptoms to distinguish
the disease, or, if any, very obscure ; but when the severe pain in the
back and loins exists, the conjunctiva injected, and a red flush of the
face and forehead is present, the identity of the disease is no longer in
doubt, especially when extraneous circumstances, calculated to suggest
the probabiHty of an attack of yellow-fever, are also present.
Tkeatment.— In the early stage of the attack it should be treated,
as regards medicines, the same as a case of malarial fever. If any de-
rangement of the stomach exists, a gentle emetic is proper ; this rouses
the nervous system from its lethargy, promotes the action of the liver,
and, by determining the blood to the surface, restores the capillary cir-
culation. The best emetic for this puriwse is lobelia combined with
boneset. The febrile stage requires a thorough bath with tepid water
and whiskey over the entire surface, with friction by rubbing with a
towel or the hand. Large mustard-poultices should be placed over the
spine and abdomen. Immediately upon the decline of fever if the
symptoms denote urgency, administer the antiperiodic remedies advised
in intermittent and remittent fever. The sulphate of quiuia may be
combined with tannin, because the astringent properties of the tatmin
have a beneficial eft'ect in subduing inflammatory action of the mucous
membranes. This remedy should not be delayed a moment if the pa-
tient is in a period of prostration, and its retention by the stomach
should be favored by anodynes, carmmatives, or stimulants, as the case
may require. Oil of turpentine and Cayenne pepper can also be com-
bined with advantage in this disease. The strength of the patient must
be supported by every means that can be employed— gruel and weak
animal broths, bread-water, my nutritive fluids, milk and water, etc
are important means for this object. The revulsive influence of a
blister over the stomach is of great service in this stage. If reaction ia
induced and convalescence established, the remaining strength of the
patient must be carefully husbanded by proper tonics and wholesome
and digestible diet, increasing the. quantity as the patient gahis strength.
All exposed to yellow-fever should avoid the night-air and sudden
changes of temperature ; they should sleep in the highest part of the
house ; be moderate in taking exercise ; they should take nutritious but
not stimulating food, and never expose themselves to infected air with
empty stomachs or when fatigued.
Typhus Feveu.
This is also called Ilosjutitl, Jail, Camp, Putrid, and Sfuji Fever. It
is usually preceded by lassitude, debility, and loss of appetite, and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 221
ushered in by rigors and chills, and characterized by frequent exacerba-
tions and declines during its progress. It generally presents itself as
an epidemic, and runs a uniform course. From the third to the seventh
day of the fever the peculiar iietecliial eruption occurs. It is of a florid,
reddish, or reddish-pink color, disappearing on pressure, which distin-
guishes it from the petechia; of typhoid. The breathing is hurried, the
skin dry and hot, the tongue thickly coated, and the thirst urgent.
There Ls great distress about the head, which often results in delirium.
This stage of excitement continues generally, with little increase or
abatement in the symptoms, for some time. The fever is greatest
towards evening, least in the morning. The bowels are generally cos-
tive, and if it continues for some time, all the secretions become vitiated,
the body exhaling a nauseous odor, and the tongue, gums, and teeth
become coated with a dark-brown slime. Collapse generally follows,
voluntary powers depressed, surface relaxed, and diminished in temper-
ature, often covered with a clammy sweat ; pulse small and tremulous.
The tongue becomes black and dry, voice faint, breathing short, feeble,
and very anxious. The mental functions become greatly disordered,
the patient is restless and fearful, his delirium is low-muttering, and he
lies in a state of stupor from which he can be scarcely aroused. Often
an in'itating cough is present, coming on as if in convidsive paroxysms.
In this stage of collapse the patient is disposed to lie on his back, with
his feet drawn up, and there is a great tendency in his body to slide
towards the foot of the bed. As the disease progresses, all the symp ■
toms of prostration increase. A convulsive motion of the tendons, as
as in typhoid, is observed ; his stupor becomes fixed ; hiccough, in-
voluntary discharges from the bowels, a cadaverous smeU of the body,
generally occur towards the close of the disease. Death, in violent
cases, is generally preceded by extreme prostration, cold, clammy
sweats, involuntary fecal discharges, and a discharge of grumous blood
from the mouth, nose, and anus ; or by convulsions.
This is a contagious disease, and emphatically one of ijoverty and low
life.
Treatment. — Place the patient in a well-ventilated apartment, wash
the body with soap and water, and give an emetic and cathartic, if the
patient's condition requires it. Then give quinine in two or three grain
doses every two or three hours, until its effects are observable. Con-
trol the fever with veratmm, as advised in typhoid cases. If great
prostration is present, add capsicum or prickly-ash to the quinine, which
should be continued in regular doses throughout the greater j^art of the
course of the disease. A decoction of ladies' -slipjier, or, jireferably, cy-
pripedin, in two or three grain doses every two hours, should be given
in delirium or tendinous convulsions. Support the strength with iced-
milk, chicken-broth, beef-tea, milk-punch, etc. The bladder should re-
222 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST.
ceive attention, and, if distended, should be evacuated by the influence
of a sitz-bath, or by a catheter. In cases of cerebro-spinal congestions,
make counter-irritations along the course of the spine, apply cold water
to the head, and bottles of hot water to the feet. Convalescence is to
be aided by the proper tonics, as golden-seal, columbo, etc., and com-
plete repose should be allowed to the convalescent.
ERUPTIVE OR EXANTHEjMATOUS FEVERS.
These are all characterized by fever and the usual constitutional dis-
turbances, together with an eruption or exanthem distinguishing each
variety. They owe their origin to animal or vegetable malaria, or both
combined, and the peculiarities of this class are, that they, when once
affecting the system, render the patient comparatively exemjot from any
future attack of the disease.
Typhoid Fever.
This is a very insidious disease, its commencement being scarcely per-
ceptible. The patient has a sense of indisposition, but is unable to de-
scribe his condition. He feels slight debility, a dull and hea\'y feeling
in the head, which increases and terminates in \'iolent frontal headache.
At full development of the disease, the limbs are weak, accompanied by
lameness, and sometimes rheumatic pain. The bowels may at fi^st be
constipated, but in a few days the tendency is to diarrhoea. The ^ulse
is quickened, a creeping, chilly sensation is felt, and the skin is dry and
warm. The tongue is but slightly coated, and the appetite often
remains until the disease is fully developed. After the full develop-
ment, a number of small vesicles, called sudumince, may be observed on
the abdomen. They are small, and may escape notice unless carefully
observed. On the fifth day after the occiurence of these, another erup-
tion occurs, which consists of small red or purple spots, resembling tlea-
bites. These spots are called peteohiw. If these are observed, the dis-
ease is unmistakably typhoid fever. When the abdomen is percussed,
it yields a drum-like resonance, and a gurgling may be heard on the
right side, a little below the navel. Nervous symptoms arise, frequently
delirium, great pain in different parts of the body, stupor, and a buzzmg
noise in the head are often complained of. The tongue becomes red,
and is protruded with much difficulty, pulse increases, eyes have a
watery appearance, and remain partly open when asleep. The breath-
ing becomes difficult, mouth half open, and a black substance (sordes)
collects on the teeth. The urine becomes nearly suppressed, and has a
dark-red appearance. The bowels bloat, and evacuations of fi-othy and
watery excrement are frequent. If the disease is about to terminate unf a-
voral)ly, the patient becomes stupid, with low, muttering delirium, hia
muscles jerk, hiccoughs, picks at bcd-clothee, and labora under profound
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 223
coma. The anatomical character of this disease is ulceration of certain
glands, called Peyerian, of the intestines, which are sometimes perforat-
ed by the process, when, of course, death inevitably follows. The course
of the disease is from 11 to 21 days.
Treatment. — If the disease is suspected, the patient should be placed
in bed, and his bowels evacuated by warm-water injections, if costive.
If indigestible food is contained in his stomach, an emetic of lobelia
should be administered. Rice-gruel should then be given. The tinc-
tiu'e of American Hellebore should, on the approach of the febrile parox-
ysm, be given until the pulse becomes less frequent, and per.spiration
ensues. Lye and slipperj'-elm poultices should be applied to the abdo-
raen as long as bowel symptoms prove troublesome. Quinine and Hy-
drastin should be exhibited, with a view to overcome the periodicity of
the fever. At the same time a cold infusion of marsh mallow, acacia,
and flax-seed, should be taken. Apply cold water to the head, and keep
the feet warm. Control the fever throughout its whole course with the
veratrum or aconite. If the patient is restless and unable to sleep, give
a little morphine in a decoction of Ladies' -slipper. If the diarrhoea is
persistent, let the patient take a decoction of rhus and cranes-bill.
When the red tongue is noticed, administer the spirits of turpentine, in
from six to ten drop doses, three or four times a day. Beef-tea, brandy,
etc., should be given to support the strength through the course of the
disease. During convalescence care should be taken that the patient
does not eat hearty food. Convalescence should be assisted by golden-
seal and other tonics. The danger in the treatment of this disease is
over-medication, and hence only such agents as are chemically called
for should be given, and the patient's strength well supported through-
out the course of the fever.
Diphtheria.
Diphtheria is scarcely more than a modification of scarlet fever. The
patient first complains of lassitude, headache, loss of appetite, has
rigors and chills, active and quick pulse, a light furred tongue, red-
ness of the back of mouth, enlargement of the glands about the neck,
a hot, dry, and pungent skin, and in most cases an exiidation upon the
mucous surfaces of the upper air-passages. This soon becomes or-
ganized into a tough, white membrane, covering the soft palate and
tonsils. These sometimes degenerate into ulcers. The breathing in
consequence of this membrane becomes hurried and difficult, pulse
quick, and frequently the asphyxia ensuing ends in death ; it generally
reigns as an epidemic and is regarded as contagious.
Treatment. — The first step in the treatment should be a thorough
emetic and an active cathartic ; free perspiration should be produced
by aconite or veratrum, and the kidneys should be kept in vigorous
224 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
operation. Flannel cloths, wet with the compound tincture of capsi-
cum, mjrrh, and lobelia, should be apjDlied to the neck, changed every
half hour, and applied as hot as the patient can bear it. Jugs of hot
water should be applied to the feet. The intlanimation of the throat
should be subdued by a gargle of a hot decoction of golden-seal. If
the disea.se assumes an unfavorable aspect, give a powder containing
one grain of quinine, one-half grain of capsicum, and one grain of hy-
drastin every two hours. If the patches ulcerate, use a gargle of su-
mach and wild indigo. For the difBculty of breathing give sanguinaria
and lobelia in emetic doses for the purpose of dislodging the membrane.
The .secretions should be increased even to ptyalism by irisin, the effecf,
of which will be to overcome the atlhesiveness of the membrane. The
" Herbal Ointment " used for this inirpose, and also to subdue the local
inrtammation, acts .specifically and should be used in all cases.
Diu-ing convalescence the diet should be nutritious, and baths, fresh
air, and a liberal amount of fresh fruits ordered.
Small-Pox (Variola).
The .symptoms are divided into four pcriod.s. The period of invasion oc-
cupies about three days, and is marked by languor, lassitude, restlessness,
stretching, gaping, petulance, sullen mood ; these are followed by 'chills
and rigors. Towards evening the skin becomes hot and dry, pain at^cks
the head, loss of appetite, nau.sea, and frequently lumbago. On the
third day, heat, fever, Hushed face, headache, and in chililren some-
times convulsions. The period of eiiiption commences on the fourth day
(often on the third), with the appearance of a series of small red circular
points (papulae). They do not rise above the surface then, but can be
seen in it, and felt by the finger. They are situated in the substance
of the skin, and roll about uuder the finger, the size that of a small pin's
head. These gradually enlarge, the patient in the mean time sufEermg
severely, untD the period of suppuration arrives. The fever is now
great, the hands, feet, and face swell, and salivation is profuse and con-
stant. There is hoar.sencss and pain, and the saliva emits a most dis-
agreeable odor. Then comes the period of recovery. The pustules
scab, the fever and other unpleasant symptoms gradually disappear,
and. if all goes right, the danger is over from the twelfth to the fif-
teenth day after the eruption.
What is known as on fluent small-pox is when the pustulus are very
numerous and running together ; and when all the symptoms are very
severe, the disease is known as m<iJi(jaaat. Variola patients emit a
peculiar fetid odor, which is characteristic, and distinguishes it from
Varioloid.
TiiK.VT.MKNT. — An active purge .should be given at the outset. For
this i)uii)o.se a couibuiation like the " Ileyuvatiug Pills" .should be
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 225
selected, as the catharsis produced is thoroufrh and unattended with
subsequent debility or costiveness. Diaphoretics should be given to
promote early appearance of the eruption. The patient should be
placed ia a cool and well-ventilated room, and frequently sponged with
tepid water. Not much treatment of a medicinal character is required.
The fever should be controlled by aconite or veratrum, as in all active
fevers. If complicated with pneumonia, pleurisy, etc., the treatment
nece.ssary is such as is advised in those diseases. Pitting to a great
extent may be avoided by sweet-oil applied to hands and face.
Varioloid is but modified smaU-pox. It has aU the essential charac-
teristics of the disease except its virulence. The treatment is the same
as advised for small pox.
The utility of vacciuation is a mooted question. It has unquestion-
ably done gi-eat harm, as in many cases scrofulous and syphilitic taints
have been implanted. Aside from this, however, it has been the means
of almost banishing the dreadful plague from existence, and its practice
should be encouraged. Great care, however, should be exercised in
the selection of the vaccine virus, so that its purity is unquestionably
established before being used as an agent of prevention.
Chicken Pox {Varicella).
This is a very mild eruptive disease, characterized by a slight fever
of short duration, aud followed by vesicles which desquamate about the
fifth or sixth day. The fever is sometimes ushered in by slight rigors,
though there is seldom any chill. There is often headache, and vomit-
ing occasionally. The erujition appears in one or two days after the
inauguration of the fever. It consists of red spots at first, which
quickly become vesicular, and are frequently attended with itching.
Treatment. — Very little treatment ia required, except incases of
feeble vitality, when the disease often assumes a severe character. In
such cases the stomach and bowels should be well cleansed, the surface
sponged with hot water, and the fever controlled with arterial sedatives.
Tonics should be given if the patient is enfeebled. The diet should be
nutritious, but comi^osed of easily digested articles.
Measles (Rubeola).
This is an acute inflammation of the entire skin, of an infectious and
contagious nature. It is ushered in with chills, followed by heat, drow-
suiess, para in head, back, and limbs, sore throat, dry cough, and other
symptoms common to febrile action, growing hx violence until the fourth
day. Then the eruption appears, producing heat and itching. The
breaking out appears in patches of half-moon shape, which distiiigiiishes
this disease from the other eruptive diseases. They reach their height
at the fifth day on the face and neck, and on the legs about the seventh
10* P
fl26 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
day. Their decline is in the same order as appearance, disappearing^
about the tenth day, when the scarfskin peals off in the shape of scurf.
Treatment. — If the attack be a mild one, all the treatment neces-
sary consists in light diet, acid and demulcent drinks, as flaxseed-tea
decoction of slippeiy-elm, etc. Sponging with tepid water is very
grateful to the sufferer in all cases. If during the first stage the
eruption should be tai'dy in its coming, it should be hastened by a
warm bath, and sweating drinks made from saffron, muUeiu, penny-
royal, summer savory, etc. If tardy on account of excessive fever, give
tincture of green hellebore, ipecac, lobelia, snake-root, etc. In en-
feebled constitutions stimulants are necessary.
Scarlet Fever {Scarlatina).
Also a contagious disease. The eruption is in the shape of pimples
of a scarlet hue, displayed in patches over the whole surface. The
fever is usually more intense than in measles, and accompanied by sore
throat, swollen face, and coated tongue. The greatest degree of red-
ness is attained at the third or fourth day. The decline is the same as
in measles. Scarlet fever is distinguished from other diseases by the
swollen condition of the flesh, which spreads out the fingers peculiarly.
The throat becomes ulcerated, and swaUowiug is attended with pain
and difficulty. There is no cough, which also distinguishes it^from
measles.
The foUowing will show the difference between scarlet fever and
measles : —
In Scarlet Fever. In Measles.
The eruption is bright scarlet. The eniption is dai-k-red color.
It appears on the second day. Does not appear till the fourth day.
Is quitu smooth to the touch. Is raised.
Is in small round spots. Is larger and crescent-shaped.
Disappears on pressure. Doss not disappear.
The face is quite dry. Face swelled ; running from the eyes and
and nose.
Treatment. — This should be cooling in its nature, cooling drinks,
sponging with cold water, etc. In ordinary cases little more is required,
excepting a few drops of tincture of belladonna may be given several
times per day. When high fever exists, give the remedies advised in
measles. Hot foot-baths are advisable. As this is a prostrative disease,
oeef-tea and the ordinary stimulants should be given from the first.
What is called malignant scarlet fever is only a severer form than the
above. Gargles of sage and Cayenne pepper are used to allay the throat
affections. The abscesses in the region of the ear, and consequent deaf-
ness, can be obviated by subduing the inllammatiou of that part by the
usual methods.
the complete herbalist. 227
Nettle Rash.
This commences with fever, lusting two or three days ; then itching
pimples, diversified in shape, appear, which go off during the day and
come again at night. Teething causes it sometimes, while at other
times it is due to improper diet.
Treatment. — This is indicated by thecaiise. If due to indigestible
food, the stomach must be unloaded by an emetic of blood-root or
ipecacuanha. A lotion of vinegar and water is of service. Tonics and
simple diet wiU complete the cure.
Erysipelas.
This disease commences with languor, aching or soreness of the
limbs, chilliness, alternating with flushes of heat. The pulse is quick,
skin hot, tongue foul, appetite gone, thirst, nausea sometimes; vom-
iting, headache, restlessness, sore throat, swelling and tenderness of
the glands of the neck, armi-pits, or groin, according to the seat of the
cutaneous inflammation. The eruption usually makes its appearance,
about the third day of the fever, in the form of a small reddish spot,
somewhat elevated, painful or tender to the touch. This occurs most
frequently upon the face, especially on the side of the nose, cheek, or
rim of the ear. In some instances the inflammation advances slowly,
in others it spreads quickly over large portions of the body, accom-
panied by tumefaction, and a burning and stinging pain in aU cases.
About the third day of the inflammation smaU blisters, filled with yel-
low serum, appear, which break about three days afterward. On the
fifth or sixth day they begin to dry, and on the seventh or eighth form
crusts or scabs, which desquamate, and a new skin forms. In phlegmon-
ous erysipelas the inflammation involves not only the skin, but the sub-
cutaneous tissues also, and the symptoms are aU severer. It often
assumes a very malignant type, and is then a disease of a most fatal
character. It is liable to attack wounds ; and those who are nursing
patients suffering with erysipelas should never wait upon a woman who
has been but recently confined, as she wiU be very liable to contract
puerjjeral peritonitis, a very fatal disease.
Treatment. — Give a lobelia emetic, a mild purge, and a hot bath
at the commencement. In the mild form cover the inflamed patch
with collodion, and renew every two or three hours. The emetic and
piirge should be followed with quinine in two or three grain doses every
three hours. The inflamed surface should also be washed with a de^
coction of the bark, or a solution of quinine. Bruised cranberries are a
good application. Cloths wrung out of a hot decoction of white -oak
bark and golden-seal should be applied to the inflamed part to pre-
vent spreading. In wounds apply lint saturated with compound tinc-
ture of myrrh and capsicum. If the fever is violent, treat it as in all
228 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
other febrile cases. A nutritive diet should follow medical treatment
as soon as the disease has passed its active career.
Rose Rash (Roseola).
This is an eruptive disease of little importance. The febrile symp-
toms are shght, more or less attended with gastric derangement, which
continues two or three days before the rash appears and subsides with
it. The eruption generally commences upon the face, is of uniform
redness, and causes itching or tingling. The rash continues from one
to five days, and is followed by a slight scaling off of the skin. It ia
often the accompaniment of dentition and is not contagious.
Treatment. — Little more is necessary than a warm bath and a few
drops of veratnim. If the eruption is troublesome, two or three drops
of tincture of Belladonna should be added to a tumbler of water, and a
teaspoonful given occasionally.
Ekythema.
The eruption of this disease is of superficial redness, generally in ir-
regular patches, slightly elevated, and attended with heat, tingling, and
sometimes slight pain. It may be local or owing to constitutional dis-
turbance. It may be caused by friction of contiguous surfaces, as in the
groin and arm-pits, in fat infants, particularly when not frequently
washed. When owing to constitutional causes, it usiially appeal's on.
the face, breast or limbs. It lasts from a few days to a week or longer.
Treatment. — If the cause can be ascertained, it should be removed
by the proper remedies. Anoint the affected part with a little lime-
water and sweet-oil, or bathe with a strong decoction of golden-seal.
Glycerine may also be applied, but if you can procure the "Herbal
Ointment" (see page469> I ad\dse its application, as it is a specific for
this and kindred affections.
Glanders.
This may be contracted from the horse, and is a very malignant dis-
ease. It is characterized by a purulent and sometimes bloody discharge
from the nose, a peculiar pustular eruption, and by tumors in different
parts of the body. Its initial stage is the same as in all eruptive fevers,
attended with neuralgic pains in the limbs. In the course of four or
five days the eruption makes its appearance in different parts of the
body, usually most abimdant upon the face and limbs. The discharge
from the nose ensues in the course of a week or ten days, being at first
yellowish, afterwards bloody, and very offensive. The body finally ex-
hales a fetid odor, the mind wanders, delirium and coma follow, and
by the end of the second week, or during the third, it generally proves
fatal, if not arrcsied sooner in its course. It is fortunately very rare ;
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 229
and attendants upon a horse affected with glanders should be very care-
ful that they do not come in contact with the virus. The affected
horse should be shot, as the disease is very seldom cured.
Tkeatment.— Support the strength of the patient, and stimidate the
emunctories. This can be best achieved by a thorough alcoholic vapor
bath, followed by an active lobelia emetic and a brisk cathartic. After
this give quinine, three grains, and baptisin, two grains, every two or
three hours, for a day or two. The nostrils should be syringed with
warm water, to which a few drops of creosote has been added, three or
four times a day. The throat may be gargled with the same prepara-
tion. Support the strength with chicken-broth, rice-gruel, cream,
punch, porter, ale, etc. If this course is not effectual, repeat every
thi'ee or four days.
Dandy Fever {Dengue).
This disease occasionally prevails as an epidemic in the southern sea-
coast towns. There is pain, stiffness of the neck, back, and loins, and
swelling of the muscles of the limbs and joints. Intolerance of light,
restlessness, chilliness, fever, headache, a full and quick pulse, red
eyes, a hot and dry skin, and an intense thirst prevail. The fever
usually lasts from one to two days, when a gradual remission occurs,
and the patient feels quite comfortable. After an interval of two or
three days the fever returns, the pains are increased, the tongue is
thickly coated, the stomach irritable, and the patient becomes dejected
and fretful. Nausea is a prominent symptom, but seldom any vomiting
occurs. About the sixth or seventh day an eruption, resemljling scar-
latina, appears, and gives relief to the distressing symptoms. It dis-
appears after two or three days, the color of the sldn gradually fading,
with slight desquamation. The duration of the disease is about eight
days. The causes are evidently miasmatic poison, in concert with epi-
demic influence.
Treatment. — Essentially the same as in scarlatina, accompanied
with such remedies as advised in rheumatism. Quinine, in antiperiodic
doses, should also be administered, and the anodynes should be given
if the pains are severe. Tonics may be required in some cases ; and in
convalescence, frequent baths, a generous diet, and out-door exercises
should be prescribed.
Purpura.
This affection is characterized by a greater or lesser number of livid
spots on the skin, from extravasated blood. In simple cases the effu-
sion is confined to the skin and cellular tissues, mostly occurring on the
arms, legs, and breasts. The spots at first are small, and resemble flea-
bites. The countenance is pale, and the patient complains of debility,
230 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
loss of appetite, irreg-ularity of the bowels, and periodic fever. If al-
lowed to progress, it will assume a form known as purpura hemorrhagica,
in which the spots are longer, and resemble whip-marks or violent bruises.
They are bright red at first, but become purple or .livid. A great
variety of symptoms are presented by each case, and the disease is a
very singular one.
Treatment. — In the simple form a very liberal diet of fresh vege-
tables, out-door exercise, and some simple tonic, are all that is neces-
sary. In the hemorrhagic character, quinine, in one or two grain doses,
should be given every three hours. Diet should consist of green vege-
tables, salt meats, eggs, and the free use of lemonade. A liniment of
camphor, whiskey, and turpentine should be externally applied. If in-
ternal hemorrhage occurs, give oil of erigeron, in five -drop doses, every
half hour ; or matico, in from five to ten grain doses, may be adminis-
tered every twenty minutes until it ceases.
ANATOMY OF THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION.
Mouth. — The mouth is separated from the nose by the hard and soft
palate, and communicates. It is bounded in front by the lips, and its
sides by the cheeks. The space between the hps and teeth is called the
vestibule. The mouth is lined by a mucous membrane, which is covered
by numerous glands, some being mucous and some salivary. The toouth
contains a double row of teeth, thirty-two in the aggregate, perfopning
the first process in digestion, the ina^ticatwn of food.
Tongue. — The tongue is an oblong, flattened, muscular body, which
varies in size and shape ; it is the organ of taste, and also of importance
in speech and mastication. Its posterior extremity or root is attached
to a bone, called the hi/oid, by yellow filtrous tissue. Its anterior ex-
tremity is called the tip ; its intervening portion its body. The mucous
covering of the tongue is very thick ui^on its upper surface, and very
thin upon its under siirface. Upon its upper surface are a number of
projections, of various sizes and shapes, called pa/pill^. The largest are
eight or nine in number, called papilhe mnximm, and are situated at the
posterior portion of the tongue, in two convergent lines. The smallest
papillae are fine and pointed, and are found near the middle of the
tongue, and are termed filiform. The intermediate papilla3 are most
abvmdant, some oi ys,'h.\ch. are conical, otlieYs, fungiform. The tongue
assists in the process of deglutition.
Palate. — The palate separates the back portion of the nose from
the mouth, and is divided into two parts. The hard palate, of a bony
base, covered by mucous memVjrane, which is continuous with that
of the mouth ; the soft palate is the membranous separation between
the back portion of the mouth and nose. From the middle the
umiUi projects, about three-quarters of an inch in length; from each
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
231
Bide of the UTula there are two divergent crescentic folds of mncous
membrane, which are called lateral half-arches ; the space between
which constitutes the fauces.
Between the anterior and posterior arches of each side is the
toiisil gland. The tonsils are about the size of an almond, and consist
of a collection of large mucous foUicles.
Salivary Glands. — The salivary glands are of light pink color, and
their secretion is of great sei"vice in mastication and digestion. These
are three in number — the parotid, submaxillary, and sublLugual. The
parotid is the largest ; it Ues on the side of the face in front of the
ear, and beneath the sliin. The submaxillary lies in a depression on
the internal face of the lower jaw-bone. The sublingual is the small-
est of the three ; it is situated under the tongue.
PhaiTjnx. — The pharynx is a muscular and membranous sac, com-
municating with the mouth, nose, oesophagus, larynx, and the tube
(Eustachian) leading to the ear. Its length is about five inches, al-
though this varies by extension and contraction. Its uses are for deglu-
tition, respiration, and modulation of the voice.
(Esophagus. — This is the canal that conveys the food from the pharynx
to the stomach. Its length is about nine or ten inches, and its dia-
meter is not uniform, gradually increasing (as it descends). Its upper
portion is the narrowest part of the alimentary canal ; and hence
foreign bodies which are too large to pass through the alimentary
canal are generally arrested in the neck. It never contains air. Deglu-
tition is performed by the contraction of the longitudinal fibres of the
oesophagus, which shor-
ten the passage, and by
contraction of its circu-
lar fibres successively
from above downward.
Stomach. — The stom-
ach is a conoidal sac,
somewhat bent or curv-
ed, and situated below
the breast-bone or in
the epigastric region.
The left* extremity is
much the larger, and
terminates in a rounded
sac ; at the upper por-
tions of this extremity
is the cardiac orifice^
where the oesophagus is
continued into the stomach, immediately below the diaphragm.
The Stomach.
The
232 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
right extremity is continuous with the intestines, and its orifice is
called the pyhric. The structure of the pylorus is much thicker than
that of anj' other portion. The stomach is held in its position by the
oesophagus' and the duodenum,'" as well as by reflexions of the perito-
neum. The upper and lower curvatures of the stomach are called the
greater and lesser cuvatures. ° ^ Near the pyloric extremity of the stom-
ach is a small dilatation' called the antrum pylori. The dimensions of
the stomach are variable, depending upon the mode of life. It has four
coats ; the peritoneal, muscular, cellular and mucous.
In the stomach the food receives the admixtiu'e of the gastric jxiice,
which is the solvent agent of digestion. The fluids taken into the
stomach are for the most part absorbed from it ; the solids, with the
exception of the insoluble parts, are by the action of the gastric juice
reduced to a substance called chyme., which in general is grayish, semi-
fluid, homogeneous, with a slightly acid taste and smell. The chyme is
then poTired into the duodenum through the pyloric oriiice for the
subsequent action of the intestines.
Intestines. — The intestinal canal is from thirty to thirty-five feet in
length, and is divided into large and sm.all intestines. The small intes-
tine is four-fifths of the length of the M'hole canal, reaching from the
pylorus to the large intestine ; it is cylindrical, and about one inch in
diameter; there is a gradual diminution in calibre as it descends. ' | Its
coats are the same as those of the stomach. The mucous coat is Very
vascular, and its absorbents are very numerous. The glands are the
crypts or follicles of Lieberkiihn, the glands of Peyer, the solitary
glands, and Brunner's glands.
The small intestine is divided into duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
The Duodenum commences at the pylorus, and is about twelve inches
long. The common duct formed by the junction of the bile and gall
ducts opens into it about four or five inches from the pylorus. The
Jejunum (from jejunus, empty) constitutes the upper two-fifths of tha
small intestine, and the ileum the remaining three-fifths.
The large intestine reaches from the ileum to the anus, and is one-
fifth in length of the whole canal; it differs miich from the small
intestine, and has a sacculated appearance. It likewise has four coats.
It is divided into cascum, colon, and rectum.
The Cacum is a cul-de-sac or blind sac, and the commencement of
the large intestine, and hence often called the caput coli. At the
uiferior portion is a worm-like process called the appendix vermiformis.
On the side of the ctecum is the ileo-ccvcal valve, an elliptical opening
whereby the small intestine empties into the large.
The (John is the largest portion of the large intestine ; gradually
diminishes in diameter until it terminates in the sigmoid or S-like
flexure on the left side. It ascends on the right side, and forming an
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 233
arch transversely, descends upon the left side. The Rectum is the ter-
minating portion of the large intestine, and reaches from the sigmoid
llexure to the amis. It is somewhat barrel-shaped, being larger in the
middle than at either end.
DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS.
Stomatitis.
This is characterized by inflammation of the mouth. It may involve
the whole membrane, or be confined to isolated portions. The first
prominent symptom is a loss of taste, and a sensation similar to that
produced by scalding liquids. The surface is red, very tender, and
painful. The inflammation may extend to the fauces, nasal passages,
and Eustachian tube. The stomach often becomes irritable, bowels loose,
and the patient debilitated and emaciated. When caused by vitiated
secretions, produced by the disturbed condition of the lymphatics while
suckling, it is known as '■'•■nursing sore-mouth,^'' or technically, follicular
sti/matitis. It may then extend to the stomach and bowels, causing
ulceration, diarrhoea, dyspepsia, dysentery, and great prostration of the
nervous system ; and if not arrested, the mucous membranes of the air
passages are involved, producing cough, expectoration, tuberculous de-
generation and death. The teeth may fall out, and the gums be ab-
sorbed.
AphthoB or Thrush is another form of stomatitis. It is generally cha-
racterized by small vdcers scattered over the surface, or in patches of
white exudation, which may become thick and absorbed, and leave a
raw-looking surface, or a foul spot. Children are very liable to it, and it
is generally caused by acidity of the stomach, or general derangement
of that organ by imjiroper diet or unhealthy milk.
Treatment. — This depends upon the cause, which, if ascertained,
should be removed. If due to carious teeth, they should be removed,
and if owing to dyspepsia, the i^roper remedies should be given. The
mouth should be frequently washed with a warm decoction of golden
seal. The system should be supported with tonics, a generous diet, and
a liberal use of fresh succulent vegetables, as grapes, etc., should be
prescribed. Sage-tea gargles are very useful. The mother should also
pay attention to her diet, so as not to supply the babe with improper
milk. If due to acidity of the stomach, the necessary absorbents
should be administered.
Glossitis.
This is inflammation of the substance of the tongue, involving its
muscular structure. It usually commences with a throbbing pain in the
tongue, followed soon after mth redness and swelling. In the course
234
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of a few hours the tongue enlarg-es so much as to fill the whole mouth,
forces open the jaws, and protrudes from the mouth. Some fever usu-
ally accompanies it. Swallowing- is usually almost impossible, speech
gone, abscesses may form, and the tongue may even become mortified.
Treatment.— If due to a disordered state of the stomach, an active
lobeUa emetic should be given, and followed with an anti-bilious purge,
like the Renovating Pill. If due to scalds or bums, the mouth should be
washed with mucUage of flaxseed and slippery elm. If due to merouiy,
vai)or baths should be taken, a free use of the syrup of stillingia resorted
to, and equal parts of charcoal and yeast used as a gargle.
Quinsy {Tonsillitis).
This consists of inflammation of the tonsils, which may in many
cases extend to the adjacent tissues. It usually commences with a slight
chill, followed by much febrile excitement, uneasy feeling in the throat,
and difficulty of swallowing, which increases in severity very rapidly
imtil at last deglutition becomes almost impossible. There is a constant
disposition to swallow, in order to free the fauces from a tenacious,
colorless mucus which adheres to that part. The respiration is not
much affected unless in bad cases. From the commencement there ia
fever, severe headache, imd a rapid pulse. The tennination is usually
an abscess, which at length opens, and a discharge of very fetid pus en-
sues, which affords relief. The duration of the disease is usually about
a week, and is scarcely ever fatal.
Treatment.— Administer a free lobeha emetic, and anoint the throat
thoroughly with the Herbal Ointment. In ordmary fonns this will be
sufficient. If an abscess, however, forms, it should be evacuated by
an incision. In malarial districts, quinine in anti-periodic doses may be
necessary, and if the fever is severe, veratrum should be given. The
throat should be gargled with a decoction of golden seal, and to prevent
termination into induration and permanent enlargement, alteratives
should be given, especially in strumous habits.
Pharyngitis.
This is characterized either by acute, sub-acute, or chronic inflamma-
tion of the pharj-nx. There is slight pain upon pressure, or in the act
of swallowing. It is seldom attended with fever, but in severe cases
abscesses may form, causiiig great difficulty in swallowing and breath-
ing. In the acute form the inflammation is usually limited to the
mucous membrane, and simply constitutes an erythematic affection.
The chronic form is known as " dcrcjymaii'ssore throat,'''' and is attended
with a dry, hacking cough, hoarseness, and a sense of fatigue of the
vocal organs after a slight exercise.
Treatjnient. — The treatment of simple pharyngitis is but little moie
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 235
than merely to regulate the stomach and bowels, the external applica-
tion of cold packs, and a few days' resj;. In the chronic form an in-
vigorating and tonic course of treatment should be pursued, in connec-
tion with rest, baths, and pure air. To relieve the local difficulty, one
grain of stillLngia may be mixed with a drachm of sugar, divided into ten
powders, of which one should be taken every two hours. The inhala-
tion of hot vapor from bitter herbs is to be recommended. Blood-root
■ in connection ^vith constitutional treatment is highly beneficial. Patients
will find that my "Acacian Balsam" in the chronic form is a virtual
specific ; the Herbal Ointment should also be outwardly appUed. If
owing to a comi^licated constitutional disorder, or if it exists in associa-
tion with catarrh, it constitutes an affection requiring the most skilful
treatment, and those who may wish my advice in such cases may refer
to page 390 for general directions for consultation.
Parotitis {Mumps).
Mumps is an inflammatory affection of the salivary glands, especially
the parotids. It generally commences with slight fever, stiffness of the
jaws, and a slight pain or swelling in one jr both parotid glands. The
parts are hot, painful, and very tender upon pressure. Mastication and
swallowing become painful, which causes considerable nervous irrita-
bility. Metastasis to the breasts of the female and to testicles of the
male is liable to occur, especially if the patient is subjected to undue
exposure. Inflammation of the brain may occur in some cases. It
reaches its height in about four days, disappeaiing entirely about the
seventh.
Treatment. — Keep the patient qixiet, and give a mild purge. For
external application a liniment of goose-fat and can^phor is very bene-
ficial. If there be much fever, resort to the usual anti-febrile treat-
ment. If inflammation of the brain should ensue, resort to active
cathartics, and give small doses of macrotin and quinine. The " Herbal
Ointment " will be found a superior remedy, see page 4G9.
ffiSOPHAGITIS.
This is an inflammation of the oesophagus, or that portion of the
alimentary canal which conveys the food from the pharynx to the
stomach. Heat and pain, increased by swallowing, at some point along
the tube, are the earliest symptoms. Occasionally there is pain between
the shoulders, and, perhaps, tenderness on pressure, with more or less
difficulty in swallowing. Hiccough, an eructation of glairy muciis, and
vomiting, are sometimes present. There is also more or less constitu-
tional disturbance. Ulcers and abscesses may form. It may become
chronic, and stricture of the canal at any part of its passage may result,
236 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
which may so effectually prevent deglutition as to cause death by
starvation.
Treatment. — In the acute forna, the stomach should be cleansed by
a lobelia emetic, and the bowels opened by a purge. The surface
should be sponged with hot water, and sufficient tincture of veratrum
given to maintain a gentle diaphoi'esis. In the chronic form the altera-
tives are to be administered, and the bowels occasionally purged. The
patient should be confined mostly to a vegetable diet of fluid character.
Frequent sips from a decoction of golden seal and slippery elm should
be taken. Stricture of the oesophagus should only be treated by a
competent phitsiciau, as the means employed for its cure might do more
harm in improper hands than any possible good.
Inflammation op the Stomach {Gastritis).
This usually commences in the acute form with violent vomiting and
a burning pain in the region of the stomach. Swallowing becomes diffi-
cult, thirst is intense, tongue is dry and smooth, headache often violent,
delirium and prostration are present. If the stomach only is inflamed,
there is constipation ; but if the bowels also are affected, there is
diaiThoea. The attendant fever is as common, and the disease may
assume such a gravity that death inevitably ensues, especially in per-
foration of the stomach. Chronic gastritis is a common disorder. It is
generally of a mild character, unless of long continuance, when it niay
occasion considerable organic disorder. Its approach is gradual, present-
ing a variety of symptoms, but may be known from dyspepsia in there
being more pain at some particular point, and more frequent vomiting
after taking food.
Treatment. — Give an emetic, and cleanse the stomach by means of
large draughts of warm water. Counter-irritation should be resorted to
over the stomach. The vomiting may be checked by opium, and the
tincture of crawley may be given to control the fever. If produced by
a con'osive poison, the necessary antidotes will, of course, be required.
All solid foods should be withheld, and the drinks should bs mucilagi-
nous, as marshmallow, slippery elm, gum-water, etc.
The trc;itment of chronic gastritis is not so easily stated. It depends
greatly upon associated conditions and complications. Diet is an import-
ant element in the treatment. My '* Restorative AssimUant" internally,
and "Herbal Ointment" exteraally, generally cure each case; but
some cases are of such a serious character that a cure can only be
effected by special symptomatic treatment. Those desiring to consult
me are referred to questions, page 390.
Cancer op the Stomach.
The early .symptoms of cancer of the stomach are usually similar to
chronic gastritis. The appetite is impaired, and frequent nausea and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 237
vomiting supervene. The pain in the stomach is of a lancinating char-
acter. The gastric functions are impaired, and the mucous discharges
become sour and purulent, finally bloody, and if subjected to micro-
scopical examination, cancer cells are found. The complexion has a
yellowish -white, waxen appearance, which distinguishes cancer from
other diseases of the stomach.
Treatment. — The treatment consists chiefly in combating the
symptoms as they occur. Cundurango should be given a fair tiial in all
cases. If the disease has reached a certain stage, no remedy will pro-
duce a radical impression ; but I have the assurance that I have cured
many cases of well-defined cancer of the stomach, in more or less
advanced stages of the disease, by the employment of consistent and
energetic chemical treatment.
Heart-Burn {Oastral(jia).
Two forms of heart-bum are commonly observed : one, attended by
acid eructations, causing irritation of the throat and fauces; and
in the other, the ejections from the stomach are rancid and alkaline,
and connected with a gnawing pain and distention of the stomach. It
pruicipally occurs during digestion, and may be of every grade of sever-
ity. It is caused by excess of acid, or an accumulation of gas, in the
stomach.
Treatment. — This depends upon the cause. If acid, administer
pulverized charcoal, with a little magnesia, or, what is just as good,
compound spirits of lavender. If alkaline, give lemon-juice as often as
required.
Gastralgia, or Gastrodynia.
This is a neuralgic affection of the stomach, and is often a symptom
of dyspepsia. The appetite is generally impaired, though sometimes
remains good. There is a gnawing pain in the stomach, and a strong
disposition to vomit. The tongue is usually foul, the skin cool, and
pulse quite disturbed.
Treatment. — If owing to long-continued use of indigestible or im-
proper food, abandon it, and change to other articles. Take quinine,
and a little cherry laurel water, to subdue the neuralgic affection, and
tonics to restore the tonicity of the stomach.
Spasm of the Stomach.
This consists of a sense of paiu, stricture, or contraction, occurring
in paroxysms. The stomach feels as if rolled into a ball, or drawn
towards the back. It assumes different degrees of violence, being often
exceedingly painfid.
Treatment. — It is instantly relieved by a dose of some preparation
238 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of wild gnm, in combination with a fourth of a grain of gelsemin.
External application of the "Herbal Ointment" acts equally as specifi-
cally.
Water-Brash {Pyrosis).
This also occurs generally in paroxysms. The pain is intense, and of
a burning character. An eructation of a thin, insipid, watery liquid
occurs, and, when discharged, affords momentary relief.
Treatment. — Quinine and the general tonics will remove this diffi-
culty. Certain habits, as inebriety, anxiety of mind, etc., are to be
overcome, and a generous diet indulged in.
Dyspepsia, or Indigestion.
This is one of the most common affections in the whole catalogue of
diseases. Scarcely a human being lives that has not or will not be a
victim to this harassing disease. In simple indigestion, the symptoms
vary much in nature and severity. One may suffer severely, while
another has merely slight depression of spirits. Loss of appetite, nausea,
vomiting, constipation alternating with diarrhoea, furred tongue, foul-
ness of breath, palpitation of the heart, pains in various parts, dull
headache, hjiiochondriasis, etc., are present in all cases. The patient's
appetite may at one time be wholly lost ; at other times it is morbid
and ravenoiis, which, if indulged in, will only add to his misery. There
is seldom any healthy feeling of hunger, but, in place pf this, the
patient has a most miserable sensation of hollowness or sinking at the
region of the stomach. Nausea and vomiting are the most distressing
symptoms of dyspepsia ; the former may occur soon after the food is
swallowed, or it may be deferred for an hour or two. The matter
ejected is most frequently sour, and mixed with bile, often having the
flavor of rotten eggs, which is due to a gas kno\vn as sulphuretted
hydrogen. This gas, in ascending, often brings the solid food into the
throat and mouth, making the patient almost a ruminant animal. Suf-
fering is experienced when the stomach is full or empty, though it differs
in various cases. Sometimes not much uneasiness is felt until several
hours after eating, when all its attendant horrors are manifested. This
is due to fermentation of the food. Water-brash, gastralgia, spasm of
the stomach, etc., are constant companions of the dyspeptic, and his
days are most miserably spent, whQe his nights are not much better,
because his sleep is not refreshing; the body is not reposed, and he is
the frequent victim of honnble nightmares. A dyspejjtic patient suffers
from every variety of indisposition, and it is easy to learn from his
dejected countenance and woe-begone look that he yearns for that com-
fortable human existence that only a healthy digestive apparatus
affords to man. He is fretful and peevish, dissatisfied with others and
THK COMPLETE HERBALIST. 239
with himself ; has individually no comfort, and allows but little to those
around him ; everything that was formerly bright and cheerful now
bears a gloomy aspect; his smiles are derisive, his opioions cynical ; and
everything that is bright, cheerful, and lovable has gone with the
enjoyment of good health. The disease is in fact a maladj' that em-
braces in its symptoms and consequences nearly every physical and
mental torture known to mankind.
Treatment. — WTien it arises from inertia of the stomach, it may be re-
moved by stomachics. If produced by bad habits, it can only be cor-
rected by strict adherence to the physiological laws controlling the
digestive functions. When it occurs from softening of the mucous mem-
branes and a deficiency of the gastric secretion, alnuin is a good reme-
dy ; and chelonin acts well in chronic inflammation of the organ.
When dependent upon nervous debihty, herbal phosphorus and cypre-
pedin act weU. Constipation should be reheved by leptandrin and simi-
lar cathartics. Diet and hygiene form a very important part in the treat-
ment, and these should receive very careful attention. Fresh air,
baths, friction, out-door exercise, careful avoidance of overloading the
stomach, are indispensable adjuncts to all treatment. It is but just to
myself, and eminently due to my readers, to acquaiat them with my
mode of treating dysjjepsia, and which, I confidently assert, is attended
with as specific results as can be expected from any medicinal agents. It
is my sincere beUef that failure is impos.sible if the remedies are taken
faithfully, for a reasonable length of time. I advise in all cases and in
all forms of the disease, my "Restorative AssimUant," "Renovating
Pills," and " Herbal Ointiuent." The Assimilant is taken internally, in
prescribed doses, three times a day ; the pUls are taken as occasion re-
quires, to keep bowels regular, and the Herbal Ointment is rubbed exter-
nally, once or twice a day, over the region of the stomach and bowels.
The philosophy of this treatment is obvious ; the Assimilant restores the
tonicity of the digestive organs, increases secretion of gastric juice, pro-
motes chymification, stimulates the accessory organs of digestion, and,
by its assimilative properties, increases the functional action of the
absorbents, and restores the chemical process of digestion to its healthy
state. The pills increase the peristaltic motion of the bowels, augment
biliary discharges, stimulate the mesenterio glands, while, at the same
time, they give tonic power to the whole alimentary canal. The oint-
ment, by its discutient properties, removes aU inflammation, localizes
healthy blood to the organs and tissues, and prevents centralization of
morbific agents.
These remedies at once assert their value, and gain complete mastery
over the disease in a short time ; and should any of my dyspeptic read-
ers, though faithless in medicinal relief from repeated failures, be
pleased to give them a ti-ial, the author is confident that the medicines
240
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
will cure them and restore them to vigorous health, so that they rnay
once more enjoy the boon of healthy digestive organs. (See page 469.)
ANATOMY OF THE LIVER.
The liver is the largest glandular organ in the body ; its office is to
secrete bile. It is oblong and ovaJ in shape, and occupies the position
on the right side, under the lower ribs. It weighs from four to five
pounds ; it measures from ten to twelve inches transversely, and from
six to seven antero-posteriorly ; its greatest thickness is from four to five
inches. On the upper surface it is convex, and on the lower concave.
Its color is of a reddish-brown, with occasional spots of black.
The under surface of the liver presents a deep fissure, called umbdical
or longitudinal, reaching from the anterior'" to the posterior" notch,
containing the r e-
mains of the umbili-
cal vein of foetal life.
Sometimes this fis-
sure is converted into
a foramen,' or open-
ing, the right and left
lobes being connect-
ed. At right angles
to this fissure is Mo-
ther, called the trans-
verse^'^ fissure, con-
tauiing the portal
vein, hepatic artery,
and hepatic duct,
bound together by the capsule of Glisson^ a membrane of cellular tissue.
The ffall-bl-adiler^" lies in a deep depression upon the under siu'face of the
right lobe of the liver. The lobulus guadratus' is that portion of the liver
included between the depression occupied by the gall-bladder and the
longitudinal and transverse fissures. At the posterior and inferior por-
tion of the liver is a triangular lobe called the lobulus Spigelii^ The elon-
gated ridge lomniug from the lobulus Spigelii outwardly is the lobulus
caudatui'.'' These lobules are, however, all contained in the two lobes of
the liver. The tiyht labe^ is the largest and thickest, and the lefP ter-
minates in a thin cutting edge. The structure of the liver may be seen
by tearing the liver of any animal. This will show a granulated an-ange-
nient, and each of these granules is usually called an acinus. These aci-
ni consist of a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery, to-
gether with the incipiwit radicles of the hepatic duct and hepatic vein,
and in the capillary network thus constituted are numerous cells, which
Betirete the bile.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 241
The liver is liable to a variety of disorders, and, when affected, exerts
a marked influence on the organs and tissues of the body. The func-
tions of the organ are so important that impairment arising from any or-
ganic cause quickly distm-bs the harmony and health of the whole econ-
my. Its office Ls to eliminate the superfluous carbon from the blood.
This carbon enters into chemical combination with other substances,
forming the compound known as bUe, and which is poured iuto the duo-
denum, or upper bowel, where it assists greatly in the process of diges-
tion.
DISEASES OF THE LIVER.
Hepatitis.
Inflammation may he confined to its outside covering, or involve the
entire substance of the liver. It usually makes its appearance with
sympathetic fever, jiain, a sense of tension on the right side, inability
to lie on the left side, difficulty of breathing, a dry cough, vomiting,
and a troublesome cough. As the morbid action increases, high fever,
with hot skia, thirst, and scanty urine is observed. The pain is acute
and lanciaating. and is apt to run up to the right collar-bone, and to
the top of the shoidder. The pain is increased by coughing, breath
tng, and lying on the left side. A soreness is felt by pressing over the
liver, and usually, when enlarged, is readily recognized by the touch.
The puLse is full and hard, bowels costive, stools clay-colored, and
the tongue is covered with a dark-brown, or even black coat, and there
is a bitter taste in the mouth.
Treatment. — Evacuate the stomach and bowels, and apply tiot
packs, rubefacients, or even vesicants iu some cases, to the region of the
liver. The purges should be such that will thoroughly evacuate the
bowels with watery discharges, as jalap, elaterium, etc. Promote
perspiration by a spirit vapor bath, or by American hellebore, or- other
diaphoretics. When the urine is red and scanty, an infusion of marsh-
mallow, pumpkin-seeds, or trailing arbutus should be given. Quimne,
gelsemin, and irisin may be necessary in some cases. .
CHRONIC HEPATITIS.
Chronic inflammation of the liver usually involves the entire organ,
and may be the result of the acute form, although it exists independ-
ently of it. It is a disease veiy common in the South and West, and
Ls evidently owing to malarial poison, ui connection with heat and at-
mospheric vicissitudes. It is a very insidious disease, and the whole
organ may assume a pathological condition before attracting any spe-
cial attention. The most common symptoms are a disordered stomach,
occasional vomiting, a sense of fulness and weight in tlie rijjbt side, ir
11 Q
242 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
regular bowels, pains in one or both shoulders, unhealthy stools, yel-
lowness of skin, eyes, and urine, a short dry cough, disturbed appetite,
febrile exacerbations towards night, and general emaciation. The pa-
tient is generally despondent, his temper is imtable and peevish, and
he is frequently the prey to the dread of some impending evil. The
exercise of his mental faculties is often impossible in a literary or argu-
mentative direction, and the loss of the cherished attribute of manhood
is most frequently added to his misery. If the patient be a female,
sexual congress becomes to her a revolting union, and her husband's
approaches create in her only a feeling of disgust and scorn.
Treatment. — The diet should be regulated, outdoor exercise should
be taken, baths liberally used, and chafing liniments applied over the
liver ; keep the bowels open with leiitandrin, or decoction of the plant,
and give one-tenth of a grain of gelsemin with two gi-ains of quintue,
every three or four hours, until about twenty doses have been taken.
This may be followed by dandelion and blackroot in small doses four or
five times a day. An alterative like irisin may also be given. I also most
strongly advise my "Restorative Assimilant," "Herbal Ointment,"
and "Renovating Pnis ;" to be used about the same as ordered in dys-
pepsia. The pOls, esjiecially, exercise specific control over morMd con-
ditions of the liver, and frequently cure the disease, unaided b;;^ other
remedies. ^
It is frequently the case that chronic inflammation of the liver is so
complicated that it will not respond to any ordinary treatment. In such
cases a careful analysis of the symptoms and general condition of the
patient must be made, and the treatment so modified and varied as to
suit all the conditions of the case. In these cases it is difficult to desig-
nate the required treatment, as each individual case is characterized by
its owm pathological jihenomena, and requires essentially particular
treatment. My success in the treatment of these stubborn cases has ex-
ceeded even my cwn anticipations in many instances, and I now like to
combat the "bilious" foe with my herbal weapons — and success usu-
ally crowns my efforts. Those who wish to consult me are referred
to page 390.
CIRRHOSIS.
The result of chronic inflammation of the areolar tissue of the entire
organ is often induration or cirrhosis of the liver. The tissues become
so firm, and ultimately so constricted, as to diminish the caliber of the
portal vein, hepatic artery, and duct, resulting in the wasting away or
atrophy of the lobular striicture, and the hepatic cells become studded
with fat. This condition sadly interferes with the circulation of the
blood through the portal vein, producing inflammation of gastric and in-
testinal linings. It is the /tob-nailed liver of some writers. The usual
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 243
symptoms are constipation, a dry skin, hig-li-colored urine, fickle appe-
tite, and derangement of the nervous ■ system. The spleen often be-
comes enlarged, while the liver diminishes in size, the pain becomes more
intense, and frequently the kidneys are also involved. Digestion is
feeble, chiUs, hectic fever, and night-sweats are often present, and fre-
quently a dropsical condition of the lower Mmbs and abdomen is ob-
served.
Treatment. — All alcoholic stimulants should be avoided, and the
action of the Hver aroused by jirickly ash, leptandrin, dandelion, emetics,
etc. The tonics should be given, and Indian hemp should be administered
in sufficient quantities to maintain a gentle influence upon the bowels
and kidneys The alteratives, if indicated, should be exhibited, and
continued as long as required.
This disease is certainly an unfavorable one for treatment in its
advanced stages, but my treatment in well-defined cases has been
attended with the most favorable results, and I hope ere long that the
result of my investigations into the morbid character of the disease in
aU its phases, that I have made for many years, will enable me to still
more rob the disease of its formidable nature.
Gall-Stones.
These concretions are generally oval or pear-shaped, and formed
in the gall-bladder or hepatic ducts. They vary in size, from that of a
small pea to a fowl's egg, and ia chemical composition present choles-
terine, coloring matter, and the salts of lime, magnesia, etc. They
occur oftener in females than in males, from the fact that their inactive
life is more conducive to their formation. They give rise to a dull,
heavy pain in the region of the liver, and more or less febrile excitement.
In their passage through the duct they cause the most excruciating pain,
which is accordingly intensified in proportion to the size of the stone.
Impaction of the cystic duct, vidth complete obstruction and taflamma-
tion, ulceration, and perforation of the duct and bladder may occur,
givmg rise to great difficulties.
Treatment. — To reduce the spasm, Dover's powder, or other ano-
dynes, should be given, and hot packs or fomentations should be
applied externally. A vapor bath and lobelia emetic often afford great
relief. Belladonna plasters should be applied over the region of the
liver, as they dilate the cystic duct, and alleviate the pains. Thorough-
wort is a good remedy, and should be freely taken. If the stones can
be found in the alvtne discharges, their chemical character should be
definitely ascertained, and the proper chemical treatment resorted to in
order to prevent their re-formation. Those who may desire my services
in this respect can forward to me the stones, and on receipt I will care-
fully analyze them, and suggest the proper treatment.
244 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Jaundice {Icterus).
The most prominent symptoms are yellowness of the skin, eyes, and
urine, owing to the deiJosit of the coloring matter of the bile in the
blood. The api^etite is impaired, the food is loathed, an uncomfortable
feeling of a load at the pit of the stomach is felt. The stomach is sour,
sometimes there is sickness and vomiting, a bitter taste in the mouth, a
dull pain at the right side, sleepiness, and an uncomfortable feeling of
lassitude at all times distresses the patient. The ui-ine is heavily tinged
w'ilh bile, and the stools clay colored. It is usually idiopathic, but may
be a concomitant of other diseases. Torpidity of the liver is the chief
cause, yet any functional disorder of the organs may cause it.
Tkeatment. — If caused by inactivity of the liver, the organ should
be aroused by a lobelia emetic and active antibilious purges. I can
certainly advise no better cathartic for this purpose than my Renovating
Pill. The liver should be further stimulated to action by the applica-
tion of an irritating plaster over the region of the Uver. Tonics, like
quinine, poplar, and liriodeudron, may be necessary in some cases. The
diet should consist of fre.sh vegetables, and as much out-door exercise
should be taken as the patient can bear.
The liver is the seat of many other diseases, but as they are more or less
rare, of difficult detection, and treatment difficult, I deemed it prudent not
to enter upon any consideration of them. The organ may hypertroj)hy or
atrophy, its blood-ve.ssels may become diseased, it may be affected bj' syph-
ilitic taint, it may become fatty, it may degenerate into a waxy or albumi-
nous mass ; disease may change it into a pigment or nutmeg liver ; it may
be the seat of hydatids or parasites, tumors or cancer may assail it. and
finally it may be the seat of tuberculous matter of a miliary character.
The symptoms produced by these morbid conditions are so obscure, and
many of them the common property of all, that none but a skilful
physician is capable of recognizing the identity of the affection ; and I
advise all patients who are suffering from any liver disease that presents
phenomena, not recognizable in the simj^ler affections of the organ, to
intrust his case to a competent physician.
I have devoted nearly a lifetime to the study of liver diseases, and I
am ready to maintain that my success in their treatment is greater than
by any other system of medication. I am daily consulted with refer-
ence to some chronic disease of the liver, both in person or by letter, and
patients under treatment are scattered in all sections of the coimtry.
Constant coramiinication by correspondence enables me to ti*eat such
cases as satisfactorily as by personal interview, as is attested by the
gratifying success achieved iu all cases. (See page 390.)
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
245
ANATOMY OF THE SPLEEN.
The org'an ' ' ', occupying the right of the following cut, is the
Bpleen. It is a soft vascular organ, of a purplish color. It is not a
true gland, as it has no duct.
The shape of the spleen is irregular and variable, but it is generally
the section of an ovoid, with a convex suii'ace resting against the dia-
Ppleeii and Pancreas.
phragm, opposite the ninth, tenth, and eleventh ribs, and a convex sur-
face directed towards the stomach.
It varies in size more than any other organ in the body. It is gene-
rally five inches long and three wide, and weighs from five to seven
ounces. The proper substance of the spleen is a soft, pulpy mass, of a
reddish -brown color, resembling grumous blood. Its office in the econo-
my is not well understood, but is evidently concerned in the blood-
depurating process. It is numerously supplied with lymphatics. The
long and flat gland lying between the spleen and duodenum, in the left
of the cut, is the Pancreas^ or sweet-hread. It is of a light-pink color,
and is about seven inches long. Its right extremity ", or head is much
the thickest part, and is often called the lesser pancreas. Its left
extremity gi-adually diminishes in. breadth until it touches the spleen
''•'"'. The superior edge has a groove for the passage of the splenic
artery. Its structure is conglomerate. Its excretory duct is called
the duct of Wirsungtvs.
Its -secretion is somewhat similar to saliva, hence it is often called the
abdominal salivary gland. Its secretion contains a larger amount of
solid matter than the saliva, and assists in the process of digestion.
Splenitis.
The functions of the spleen have formerly been the cause of miich
controversy, nor are they better understood at the present day ; but the
organ is evidently concerned somewhat in the blood-making process
246 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
buc that it performs a very important part is doubtful, as the whole
organ has been removed without affecting the health in the least.
In some countries, the practice of removing the spleen in pigs, for the
purpose of facilitating the fattening practice, has been resorted to,
which fact has suggested to some over-confident analogists the propriety
of removing the spleen in the human subject as a remedy for debility.
Splenitis prevails most in malarious districts, and is a frequent result
of chills and fever. A feeling of weight, tightness, sometimes pain in
the left side, which is increased by pressure, or an attempt to lie on the
left side, are the earliest symijtoms. The organ enlarges— sometimes
so much that it can readUy be felt by the hand. It is known by the
name of "ague-cake," and causes numbness and weakness of the legs,
difficulty of breathing, palpitation of the heart, obstinate constipation,
vomiting of food, piles, dry skin, and occasionally dropsical affections.
Tkeatment. — This does not differ much with the treatment advised
for acute and chronic inflammation of the liver. Quinine, in oombina-
tion mth leptandrin and irisin, is indicated in all cases. Counter-irx'ica-
tion should also be made over the splenic region, and, when compUcated
with dropsy, the required directions should be administered. My
"Restorative Assimilant," " Herbal Ointment," and " Renovating Pills"
cure every case, if taken for a reasonable length of time. ^ ,-v
The spleen may also be affected with drojisy, or become studded with
tuberculous matter. In such events the treatment is the saind as for
dropsy and tubercular depositions of any other internal organ.
Diseases op the Pancreas.
The pancreas is rarely the seat of disease. The symptoms of its
morbid conditions are usually obscure. It may be affected by inflam-
mation, passive or acute. In typhoid, typhus, and puerperal fevers, it
occasionally becomes involved in inflammatiorf! The symptoms of dis-
ease of this gland are usually pain in the epigastrium, enlargement and
tenderness, a sensation of heat and constriction, salivation, nausea and
vomiting, diarrhoea, loss of appetite, despondency, chills, alternated
with flushes of heat, and debility, with great emaciation. The vomiting
in some instances is very obstinate ; the matters ejected are thin, ropy,
and of a sour or saltish taste. Jaundice is often observed.
TUE.VTMENT. — Control the disease by equalizing the circulation with
hot i^acks, veratrum, aconite, mild purges, etc. In the chronic form,
administer mandrake, l>lue flag, and poke-root, as these remedies are
known to increase the functions of this gland. Lobelia and capsicum, ia
some cases of chronic congestion and inflammation, act with decided
benefit. In all diseases of this gland it would be well, however, to
intrust the treatment to a competent herbal physician.
the complete herbalist. 247
Diseases op the Bowels.
The intestinal tube is very seldom affected throughout its whole
extent, but inflammation may iavolve any portion of it at one time. If
the duodenum is affected it is called Duodenitis, if the ctecum or bUnd
gut is inflamed, it receives the name of Typhilitis, if it involves the
small intestine, it is called Enteritis. These diseases are very rare,
however, and their consideration as separate affections is of not much im-
portance, except to the nosolog-ist. The treatment is upon general prin-
ciples and corresi^onds withthat given in all inflammatory affections of
the intestinal mucous membrane. Dysentery is a typical case of enteric
inflammation, hence we will commence with the consideration of it.
Dysenteky {Colitis).
This is also known as bloody flux, and consists of an inflammation of
the membrane of the colon and rectum, and characterized by small
mucous or bloody evacuations, griping, and straining. The disease
comes on with loss of appetite, costiveness, lassitude, shivering, heat of
skin and quick pulse. These are followed by griping pain in the bowels
and a constant desire to go to stool. The passages are mostly small in
quantity, and comj)osed of mucus mixed with blood. These passages
are attended with severe griping and straining, technically known as
tormina and tenesmus. Nausea and vomiting sometimes attend the
early stages. When the natural faeces pass off, they are usually formed
in round compact balls, called scybala. Fever is commonly present, with
a feeble, almost thread-like pulse. The discharges have but little odor
at first, but become exceedingly offensive as the disease advances. The
chronic form is characterized by frequent small evacuations, consisting
mostly of mucus, but sometimes mixed with pus, bUe, fteces and blood.
The symptoms are the same, but less intense than in the aciite form.
Emaciation, debUity, dropsy, and consumption result, if not arrested.
When the liver and stomach become disordered at the commencement,
it is called bilious dysentery. Various forms of the disease are known
as adynamic, intermittent and remittent, typhous, rheumatic and epi-
demic dysentery ; but it is not necessary to classify the disease under
these heads.
Treatment. — A free lobelia emetic may be given at the outset, and
the bowels evacuated by a purge ; castor-oil with laudanum is the best
for this purpose. After the purge, take twenty grains of quinine and
one drachm of leptandrin, divide into six powders and take one every
hour until all are taken. The tenesmus should be relieved by injecting
into the rectum five or six ounces of starch water, containing about
twenty drops of laudanum, as often as is necessaiy. Ipecacuanha is a
superior remedy. Gelsemin may be given afterwards, and if required
the fever should be coutroUed by veratram. The patient should lie
248 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
quietly in bed, and his diet should consist of grapes, baked apples, flour
porridge, bread, rice, coffee, beef -tea and ripe fruit. The astringents are
of course necessary, and for this purpose tannic and gallic acids, kino,
rhatany, opium, capsicum, cranesbill, etc. , can be given. Tonics should
be combined when the patient is weak, and if the debility is very great
the alcoholic stimulants should be administered. I can with safety
recommend my ' ' Restorative Assimilant " as a sure cure for both acute
and chronic dysentery, as well as for all bowel complaints. The Herbal
Ointment should be rubbed externally on the whole abdomen to relieve
the inflammation. In the chronic form, the astringents, with such other
remedies as may be indicated by the symptoms, are all that is necsssary.
Dl.\RKnCEA.
This common disorder is characterized by frequent and urgent de-
mands to evacuate the bowels. It is usually preceded by a sense
of indigestion, fulness of stomach, flatulency, and more or less echo
pains. The pain generally subsides after an evacuation, and re-
turns as an indication' of another discharge. The discharges may be
thick, consisting of ingesta, or they may be serous, or of a rice-water
appearance. Sometimes they consist of disintegrated mucous mem-
branes, blood, and bile. There is usually a disagreeable sinkin^^ sen-
sation in the abdomen along with the discharge, with exhaustion, a
cool skin, and a feeble irregular pulse. It may bo attended with fiver,
indicating extensive imtation of the mucous coat. The urine is usiially
scanty. When the discharges are composed of senim, and highly
colored with either yellow or green bile, it is called blUous diarrhoea ;
when composed principally of mucus, it is known as mucous diarrhoea,
and when of a thin, watery character, the name of serous diarrhoea is
given to it. The disease may become chronic.
TiiEATMENT. — If it occurs in children, a little paregonc, or essence of
peppermint or spearmint, usually cures in a short time. Opium in com-
bination with ipecac, as in the Dover's powder, is an excellent remedy.
The astringents are all indicated. Starch injections, as advised in dysen-
tery', should also be resorted to, and counter-iiiitation of the abdomen
is also serviceable. In the chronic form the tonics should be combined
with the astringents. I cannot recommend my ' ' Restorative Assimilant "
(see page 4G9) too strongly. It is certainly an admirable remedy for
this complaint, relieving it most instantly.
Chr(mic diarrhoea may often be so dependent upon a vitiated con-
dition of the system that it becomes quite difficult to cure. In such
cases the most careful treatment is necessary to overcome the disease.
During the war, and also afterwards, the author was considted for thia
nlftjctiori by those who contracted it in the army in thousands of cases;
but under proper treatment all recovered.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 249
CONSTirATION.
By this is understood a collection of excrementitious matters in some
pai-t of the intestinal tube. It is mai-ked by unfreqnency of stool, and
by the recun-ence of fulness and tension ia parts of the abdomen. It
occurs in patients of a lax and weak habit of body, or it may arise
from rigidity of the muscles. It may also be due to imperfect func-
tional action of the stomach, liver, pancreas, etc., in which case the in-
tellectual faculties are dull, the complexion is sallow, the skin dry, luine
scanty, acidity of the stomach, and headache. Sometimes the accumu-
lation of faical matter is so great that the masses can be felt through
the abdominal walls. It is frequently caused by an atonic condition of
the muscular structure of the intestines, and in very many cases it re-
stdts from neglect to attend to the calls of nature. These calls should
be imperative, and whenever the desire arises they should not be disre-
garded, but obeyed as quickly as opportunity allows. I once knew a
sea-captain who only evacuated his bowels when in port, and who re-
marked to me that when he " battened dowTi the hatches of his vessel,
he also battened down the hatches of his body, and no matter how long
the voyages, no stools are made. " The consequences were, that when-
ever he came to port he had a hard time to be relieved of his fsecal ac-
ciimulations. In many other cases no movement of the bowels was
observed for ten or twelve weeks. Constipation is attended with vari-
ous sympathetic afEections, and finally deranges the blood, impairs the
health, tone, and vigor of the whole system. It is frequently the cause
of pUes, strangury, dysmenorrhoea, amenorrhoea, leucorrhoea, ajioplexy,
epilepsy, dyspepsia, insanity, etc.
Treatjient. — The cause of the difficulty should be carefully studied,
and the proper treatment resorted to. The diet should be composed of
laxative articles of food, as fresh fruits, unbolted-llour bread, etc. If
dependent upon a lax state of the muscular fibres, golden seal, in com-
bination with mandrake and blackroot are the ijroper remedies, and
when due to vitiated secretions of the stomach, liver, etc. , the American
Columbo should be given. In atony of the bowels, nux vomica shoiild be
carefully administered with the cathartics. Cathartics and enemas are of
course indicated for present relief in aU cases, and those should be se-
lected which operate sufficiently, without causing irritation of the mu-
cous membranes. Kneading the bowels often overcomes habitual consti-
pation. There exists no better remedy than my " Renovating Pills," they
cure every case of habitual constipation. The bowels may become ob-
structed from other causes. Intussusception, or invagination of the
bowels, or when one part of the bowel is drawn into another portion,
produces coini)lete closure of the canal. The bowels also become
twisted. Those conditions mav be known by the vomiting of stercora-
11*
200 THE t:OMPLETE HERBALIST.
ceous or faecal matter, and when this is observed, instant medical aid
should be called for, as the condition is one of great danger, and re-
quires intelligent treatment.
Intestinal. Worms.
Every animal seems to be a nest for other animals, and man is no
exception to the rule. There are five varieties of intestinal worms, all
more or less familiar to every one of my readers.
1. Ascaris lumhrkmdc^. — This worm resembles the common earth-
worm, and is supposed to belong to the same species. It varies in size
from four to eighteen inches in length ; it also varies in color, having in
some instances a whitish pink hue, and in others a dull, dirty -yellow
color. It feeds on the chyme found in the intestines, upon absori^tion
from which the growth of the hiiman system depends. They are gene-
rally found in the smaller intestines.
2. Ascaris vermiculuris. — This worm is sometimes improperly called
the thread-worm, for there is another variety more like a thi-ead than
this. It is commonly called the maw-worm, and is the smallest known.
The male is exceedingly small, but the female is about half an inch
long. It is very slender, and about the size of small sewing-thread.
From the fact that it inhabits the rectum chiefly, it is often called the
scat-worm. This is the animal so troublesome and annoying to children,
but is occasionally also found in adults. The child infested with thsm
runs about during the day apparently well, but when night comes it com-
plains of itching in the rectum, which is sometimes excessively annoying.
3. Tricocephalus dispar. — This is the long thread-worm, from one to
two inches in length, but sometimes reaches a length of four inches. It
Is like a small thread, except at the posterior extremity, where it is
enlarged. It is not so often found as the others. It is of light color.
The male is smaller than the female, and differs little in shape. It is
common to aU parts of the intestinal canal.
4. Ttiuia solium or vulffaris. — This is the common tape-worm. Of
this family there is but one variety in the United States, though there
is another peculiar to other i)arts of the world. It varies greatly in
length and size. The ordinary length is from seven to fifteen feet, but
it sometimes arrives at the enormous length of one hundred feet. It is
of a Hat, ribbon-hke shape, about one-quarter of an inch in breadth in
the largest places, and tapers to almost a mere thread at the caudal
extremity. Its color is whitish or yellowish ; and it is made up of nu-
merous segments or joints, which are most distinct and perfect at a dis-
tance from the head. These segments resemble a gourd-seed, and are
iour-oided. The head is smaller than most of the body, with a small
point in the centre with o])oi!ings. It is supposed that this animal can
exist or reproduce itself if but a single joint exists, but this is doubtful
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
251
unless the head exists. Wlien the head is evacuated the remainder will
decay and be also expelled. This animal is hermaphrodite, and im-
pregnates itself. It inhabits the small intestines. Persons affected
with this worm frequently pass joints, but it often remains in the body
for a long time without its presence being thus revealed.
5. Taiiia lata, or hothrioecphnlus latus. — This is the broad taj^e-
worm, and does not exist in this country unless imported. It is found
in Central and Western Eui-ope. It is much broader, and the joints are
shorter than in the common long tape-worm. The joints are more per-
Sections of the Tape \\ orni.
feet, well developed, and thrown oil' in connected rows, and by a cavity
in the centre, and not in the border of the joint. It varies in length
from one to twenty feet.
Almost every variety of symptoms is found to result from the irrita-
tion that worms produce in the human system. The symjotoms, however,
occur mostly in children, and are generally produced by the long, round,
or common worms. The abdomen is prominent, full or bloated ; the
ai)petite variable and cai^ricious ; sometimes deficient and sometimes vo-
racious. The breath is usually offensive, the tongue has a white-coated
appearance, and often the upper lip will be much swollen. The eye-
lids also swell often, sometimes so much that the child can barely see ;
and occasionally swollen iDatches will present themselves iu other parts
of the body. Children troubled with worms are apt to pass restless
nights, and frequently start in their sleep. Paleness around the mouth,
extending up the sides of the nose, is another common symptom. Itch-
ing of the anus is the most common and only particular effect produced
by the small worms. St. Vitus' dance and epilepsy often result from
verminous iiTitation, but the latter is usually harmless when jiroperly
treated. A dry, choking cough is a symptom peculiar of worms. Itch-
ing of the nose is a common symptom, and the child is almost inces-
santly rubbing that member.
252 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
The symptoms of tape-worm are somewhat peculiar, and deserve a
brief notice. Tersons of all ages are subject to them, but they are most
common to middle age. The distui-bance they occasion is that of great
uneasiness and distress, which often, sooner or later, destroys the gene-
ral health. Uneasiness in the head, sometimes pain, slight giddiness
and ringing in the ears, are the symptoms most complained of. The
countenance changes frequently from a flushed to a pale condition;
twitching of the muscles, especially those at the mouth, and a pinched,
contracted appearance of the nostrils, accompanied with itching, are
peculiar symptoms of tape-worm. The appetite is variable, the eyelids
swollen, the breath offensive, etc., and other symptoms common to
other worms are present also in tape-wonn. Nausea occurs at times,
A\ith ejections of frothy mucus. The patient gTits his teeth in sleep ;
and the abdomen seems fuU, with contraction of the navel. After a
night's sleep there is a sensation of an animal moving about in the
bowels, accompanied by darting pains, which subside after eating. The
patient becomes weak and nervous, and finally, worn out with excite-
ment, gets hyi^ochondriacal and even deranged. Of course, the most
unequivocal symptom is a discharge of joints of the worm.
Treatment. —This varies with the symptoms of each case. If con-
vulsions exist, the first step should be to subdue these by brisk frictiop
and warm applications along the spine and abdomen. Anti-spasmodiAs
In these cases should be given ; also sweating drinks. If these symp-
toms are relieved, the compound powder of senna and jalap may be
given with pink and wormwood in sufficient doses to produce free
evacuations of the bowels. This is to be repeated for two or three days,
and is usually successful. It is equally reliable in the treatment of the
long thread-worm. The powder is composed of three drachms each of
the above herbs decocted in a pint of water ; dose, a tablespoonful. It
produces sometimes alarming symptoms, but these, however, are harm-
less and of short duration. Pinkroot and wormwood are good remedies,
however, given in any form. The melia azedarach, or the Pride of
China, given in decoction, is a favorite remedy ; so also is the burr of
the red cedar, the efficacy depending upon the turpentine it contains.
Santonine in doses of three or five grains is efficacious, and very service-
able because it is tasteless, and therefore readily administered. Blue ver-
vain is a good remedy, and for this reason my ' ' Restorative Assimilant "
is so efficient for the expulsion of worms. .Seat, or maw-worms, are
best expelled by injections of moderately strong salt and water, or soap-
suds. Turpentine in emulsion also makes an efficient injection.
For tape- worm various remedies are used. Kousso, pumpkin-seeds,
and tur))entine have each a good reputation. Male Fern, however, ia
the most specific remedy that can be used. It is certain to dislodge the
distressing enemy.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 253
My "Male Fern Vermifuge" is withoiit doubt the best vermifuge
ever compounded and offered to the public. It instantly expels the
minor worms, and the tape-worm is quickly dislodged by it. It is com
posed of such articles as make it applicable to every variety of worms,
and it is veritably infallible in its effect. (See page '469.)
I admonish all persons to avoid eating pork that is not well cooked,
for it is an estabUshed and indisputable fact that tape-worm is caused
by eating raw pork, provided that it is not in a healthy condition. That
which is commonly kno^vn as "measly pork" contains the germs of
tape-worm, and should not be eaten unless thoroughly cooked. Tape-
worm is most prevalent among the peasants of Central Europe, being
they subsist largely on raw pork.
Peritonitis.
This is an inflammation of the serous membrane lining the^abdominal
cavity, and investing the viscera, and may be either acute or chronic.
During the early stages of the disease there is a feeling of lassitude, pain
in the back and limbs, chills alternating with flushes of heat, headache
and a feeling of uneasiness about the abdomen. As soon as the febrile
action is established, the pain becomes sharp and severe. The abdomen
is very tender, the slightest pressure by the hand causing most intense
pain. The patient lies on his back, with his knees drawn up and shoul-
ders elevated, finding that this relaxes the abdominal muscles, and pre-
vents pressure by the bedclothes. Nausea, vomiting, thirst, constipation
and suppression of urine, are frequent symptoms. The face is pale and
contracted, respiration is oppressed, each inspiration aggravates the
pain ; pulse is frequent and small, tongue moist, and the patient is
generally wakeful. The abdomen becomes tympanitic, and when a fatal
termmation is approached it becomes very much distended. The pulse
also becomes feeble and quick, and the countenance assumes a ghastly
appearance. It is very rapid in its course, death sometimes occurring
within twenty-four hours. Puerperal peritonitis is only another variety
of this disease, and attacks women in child-bed. It may arise idiopathi-
cally, or it may be caused by vvovmds, blows, falls, etc.
Treatment. — The stomach and bowels should be evacuated by an
emetic and purge. If associated with malarial influence quinine should
be given. The fever should be controlled by veratrum. A large mustard
plaster or turpentine stupe should be applied to the abdomen. Large
doses of opium to allay the pain are also indicated. The patient should
drink freely of marsh-mallow or flaxseed tea, and be supported by tonics,
beef-tea, etc.
Summer Complaint {Cholera Infantum).
This is a complaint which usually attacks children between the ages of
two months and three years ; it occurs in the warm season, and is chiefly
254 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
coniined to cities. It is very fatal. It commences with a profuse diar-
rhcea, stools thin and variously colored. The stomach becomes irritable,
and rejects everything. Loss of flesh, languor, and prostration follow,
and stools become colorless and odorless, skin is dry and harsh, head ;ind
belly hot, thirst is great, and fever at night-fall. Delirium is present iu
many cases, indicated by violent tossing of the head, etc.
Treatment. — The child should be removed to a vicinity abounding in
pure air, if possible ; otherwise, in a large and airy room, and may even
be taken into the open air occasionally. Its food should consist of the
farinaceous articles of diet, if weaned ; otherwise, of its mother's milk ;
mucilaginous drinlvs can also be given. If the vomiting be obstinate,
give camphor, or a little opium, or combined, as in paregoric. The
astringents, as turmeric and cranesbill, must be given to check the diar-
rhoea. Rhubarb is a good remedy, also leptandrin, prepared chalk, etc.
Lime-water is grateful, and should be given. Charcoal is the proper
remedy when the stools are very offensive.
Cholera Morbus.
This is characterized by violent purging and vomiting of bilious matter,
attended with griping, sickness and a constant desire to go to stool. The
attack is usiially abrupt, but it is sometimes preceded by loss of api')jQ-
tite, nausea, headache, chilliness, colicky pains, etc. It occurs genej^-
ally at night, and the vomiting and purging occur in quick successioir.
The evacuations are usually copious, consisting of the ingesta first, but
afterwards of a sour, acrid, serous liquid, causing a scalding sensation in
the throat ; there is slight tenderness over the abdomen, hiccough, anxie-
ty, restlessness and exhaustion. The pulse is quick, small and feeble,
the skin cool and moist, or bathed in clammy perspiration. It is quite
a serious disease and runs a rapid course — death often occurring within
twenty-four hours.
Treatment. — If the stomach is overloaded with indigestible food a lo-
belia emetic should be given in connection with warm ginger tea. Hot
packs or mustard plasters should be placed on the abdomen, and bottles
of hot water to the feet. Lumps of ice should be placed in the mouth to
allay the patient's thirst. Oi)ium is a very good remedy, and may be
given by mouth or by injection. A tea made of chamomile flowers or
columbo often succeeds weU. Where great exhaustion is felt, a brandy
toddy should be given.
Asiatic Cholera.
This is an endemic disease of India, and visits other lands by travel-
ling in what is called the cholera cycle. The Hindoos caU it jiurrhee
morlii (rapid death) ; the Mahometans, cuncrum vaiuU (diaiThoea and
vonxitLug) ; and the Arabs, d houwah (hurricane). It is evidently
THE COMrLETE HERBALIST. 255
caused by a noxious malaria arising from human or animal decomposi-
tion. It is characterized by three stages. The first is marked by
derangement of the digestive organs, rumbling in the bowels, pain in
the loins or knees, twitching of the calves of the legs, impaired appetite,
thirst, and especially a slight diarrhoea. These .symptoms continue from
a few hours to several days. The pulse is frequently very slow, the
tongue is furred, and a sense of great debility is present in all cases. In
the second stage vomiting occurs, and the characteristic rice-water stools
make their appearance. These stools are thin and watery, and have a
peculiar spermatic odor. The cramps become excessively severe, draw-
ing the muscles into knots. The tongue is pale and moist, pulse feeble,
the breathing hurried, with distress about the heart, great thirst, and
the secretion of urine nearly stopped. The thin, colorless fluid dis-
charged by vomiting and purging is the watery portion of the blood, and
when so much has been discharged that the blood cannot circulate
freely, the patient smks into the third, or stage of colld'pse. This is
characterized by great prostration, the pulse being hardly perceptible,
skin cold and clammy, face blue or purple, eyes much sunken, hands
dark-colored, looking like a washerwoman's, breathing short and
laborious, a sense of great heat in the stomach, intense thirst, inanition,
and death. Recoveries from the third stage seldom occur.
Treatment.— In the first place the diarrhoea should receive prompt
attention. The patient should lie in bed, and from five to ten drops of
laudanum every two or three hours should be given. The astringents
should also be administered. Morphine can also be given. The diet
should be carefully regvdated, and every symptom promptly met with
an appropriate remedj'. In the second stage the treatment should be
energetic, quinine should be given, and the sinking powers sustained with
tonics, beef -tea, etc. ApiU containing opium, camphor, and cayenne pep-
per should also be administered. Brandy may also be given freely. I
also advise my " Restorative Assimilant " as a good remedy ; it should
be taken in full doses. Its success has been very gratifying wherever it
has been used.
In the thud stage the above remedies are to be pursued with increased
energy, especially the stimulants, and every effort should be made to
promote the warmth of the body.
Prolapsus op the Rectum.
This is more common to children than to adults, and is frequently
a sequel to protracted diarrhoea, the falling caused by the debOity occa-
sioned thereby. It is also associated with disease of the digestive
organs, and is peculiar to persons of feeble habit, or of a scrofulous or
tuberculous diathesis. It causes pain in the lumbar region, constipation,
Bometimes diarrhoea, cardiac irritation, and general prostration.
256 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Treatment. — The bowels should be replaced as soon as possible tc
prevent inflammation, that would naturally follow. The bowel can be
replaced with the finger, well greased with sweet oil, gently pressing the
tumor within the fundament. Cold water should be applied to the
parts, and a decoction of white oak bark should be injected. A T-
bandage should be applied to restrain the bowel from protrusion.
An.\l Fistula.
This consists of an abscess occurring in some portion of the cellular
tissue around tlie anus. As suppuration occurs the pus can be detected
by the touch, and which sooner or later makes its way to the surface,
and is discharged. While the abscess is forming the patient is consider-
ably feverish, and feels a tenderness about the anal region. At first the
discharge is a bloody pus, which in time becomes watery and acrid, or
sanious. The channel through which it passes is called the fistula. If
it communicates with the rectum, the fistula is said to be complete ; but
if it does not perforate the mucous membrane, it is said to be incomplete
or blind. Fistula is more liable to occur in scrofulous and consumptive
persons than in others, though it may be caused by piles, habitual con-
stipation, or the presence of foreign bodies in the rectum.
Treatment. — During the active inflammatory state the bowels
should be evacuated by a mild purge, and if the pain is severe, an opiiite
may be given. Flaxseed poultices, or hot fomentations, should be applied,
and as soon as fluctuation is quite e\adent, an incision should be made,
and the pus evacuated. A weak decoction of white oak bark may then
be injected, and the parts dravni together by adhesive straps. The
poultices should be continued as long as there is any hope to prevent a
fistulous opening. If the fi.stula does occur, it gives great annoyance,
and is quite difficult to cure. The surgical treatment consists in intro-
ducing a ligature through the fistulous opening into the bowels and out
the anus, securing it to a small piece of cork, and twisting it once
or twice a day until it cuts through, or by dividing the septum by
a knife, and healing it from the bottom. Others cauterize the fistula, and
attempt to stimulate adhesive granulations in that way. I grant that
success attends aU these surgical operations, but T do not see the pro-
priety of subjecting the patient to all the attendant pain and confine-
ment to bed when a cure can be as radically effected in as short a space
of time by purely medicinal treatment. I have cured very many cases,
and in no instance have resorted to cantei'ization or the knife. Cou-
Bultation, either in person or by letter, is free with reference to such
cases. (See page 390).
Pii,ES {Hemoi-rhoids).
By these arc understood the existence of small excrescences within
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 257
the rectum and around the anus, which are characterized by a varicose
condition of the hemorrhoidal veins. They may be situated either
internally or externally, and when blood is discharged they are called
bleeding piles, if not, blind piles. The tumors vary in size from a pea
to a hen's egg. Thej* are more common in women than men, owing to
the sedentary habits of the former. They are caused by olisbructiou of
the portal circulation, drastic purgatives, habitual constipation, preg-
nancy, uterine misplacement, etc.
Treatment. — If costiveness exists, give some mild purgative, as
Benna and leptandrin, or the " Renovating Pill," and keep bowels gently
open, so as to secure one passage a day. Thoroughwort, in decoction,
is also very useful. A compound decoction, or an ointment made of
witch-hazel, white oak bark, and sweet-apple tree, applied to the
tumors, very often cures them. In congestion of the liver, or derange-
ment of the portal circulation, resort to the treatment advised in chronic
hepatitis. If there is much inflammation, apply a slippery elm, stramo-
nium, or poke-leaf poultice. Daily injections of cold water are also
very useful. The diet should be regulated, and fatigue should be
avoided. As a remedy for either internal or external piles, I can recom-
mend nothing better than my "Herbal Ointment." If thoroughly
applied to the tumors about twice a day, it gives instant relief, and
cures them in a short time.
DISEASES OF THE ABSORBENT SYSTEM.
These are diseases affecting the lymphatic glands. The lymphatic
system is that particular system of organs inservient to the formation
and circulation of lymph, and consists of glands and vessels. When any
of these glands become inflamed, the affection is lymjihangeitis, angeio-
leiicitis, or lympJiadenitis.
Scrofula.
This is commonly known as " King's Evil," and derives its name from
the Latin scrofa, a sow, because it was supposed that it also affects
swine. It is most apt to occur in persons of sanguine temperament,
with thick upper lip. When fully developed, it gives rise to a deposit
of tuberculous matter. It is characterized by a morbid state of the
system, manifested by glandular swellings, chiefly in the neck, suppu-
rating slowly, and healing with difficulty. At first there appear small,
hard, movable kernels about the neck, just under the skin. These are
the affected lymphatic glands. No redness or soreness is perceptible at
first, but when in course of time they reach the size from a filbert to a
hen's egg, or even larger, they come to a head and break, discharging a
watery fluid, or a mixture like whey and curd. No great pain is seldom
if ever felt. WTien the ulcers heal, they are apt to leave a puckered
258 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
condition of the skin, and ugly scars. There is scarcely any tissne or
organ in the body that scrofula does not assail, and it forms the basis,
in many cases of disease, of all their virulence and stubbornness.
Strumous habits are very common, being mostly hereditary ; biit they
may also be contracted by bad habits, or be the sequel to low vitality or
prostrating diseases. The taint is apt to become universal if in marriage
the health of either party is not considered of equal importance with
affection, etc., etc. It impairs the functions of all the organs; it
renders the mental faculties more or less imbecile ; it gives to the
I>atient a heavy, sullen, and forbidding appearance, and is destructive
of all beauty of form or sprightliness of character. It is so serious a
disease that no one affected with the taint, however slight it may be,
should defer such rational treatment as will cure him of one of the
greatest enemies of mankind.
Treatment. — How lamentable it is that we have no Kings now a
days, whose "sacred toiach" will cure the prevalent scrofula. In olden
times persons believed that if the scrofulous patient could get into the
presence of the King, and be touched by his royal hand, his disease
would vanish in nothingness. Hence the name of "King's Evil."
This folly reached its height in the reign of Charles II. and after the
Restoration ; the number who flocked to the royal palaces to receive the
"touch" is said to have been immense— no less than ninety-two Ihou-
sand in twelve years. If Kings are no longer divine, and whose sacred
touch no longer cures, we are not left hopeless, for the products made
by a divine hand as manifested in the herbal world afford us abun-
dant agents of cure, if we but have the wisdom not to ignore them, and
the inteUigence to use them properly.
Rational treatment should be preventive and curative. The pre-
ventive treatment consists in regulating the diet and to supply aU the
chemical material lacking in the histogenic character of the tissues.
The habits should be conformed to well-established hygienic laws, and
the digestive and assimilative organs should especially be elevated in
tonicity and healthfulness. Exercise and bathing are very important,
and must not be neglected. ^Vhen it manifests itself by its characteris-
tic features, tumors, ulcers, etc., the herbal alteratives alone will effect
the cure. The best of these are rock- rose, stillingia, corydalis for-
mosa, yellow-dock, fig-wort, sarsapariUa, etc. If the system is debili-
tated the tonics should also be given to give tone to the various organs
of the body. The ulcers should be treated as all chronic indolent
ulcers— the best application to them being my " Herbal Ointment." My
"Blood Purifier" (see page 469) is composed of the choicest alteratives
known, and acts specifically in the cure of this disease, and ever since it
has been given to the pul)lic, its success was asserted in every case in
which it received a comj)eteut trial.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 259
Certain cases of scrofula, in which nearly all the tissues and organs are
involved, and where the vitality of the system is at a low poiat, energetic
special treatment is necessary. In such cases the author can be con-
sulted, according to directions given on page 390.
Tabes Mesenterica.
This consists of an engorgement and tubercular degeneration of the
mesenteric glands, followed by emaciation and general disorder of the
nutritive functions. It occurs particularly in chUdren of a scrofulous
diathesis, and in those who are weaned too soon, or fed on indigestible
substances. The disease is often owing to irritation in iuflammation
of the lining membrane of the intestines, giving occasion to enlarg-
ment of the glands of the mesentery, or duplicature of the peritoneum.
Diarrhoea, emaciation, loss of appetite, or sometimes immoderate appe-
tite, hardness and swelling of the abdomen, and toward the end hectic
fever, are the chief symptoms of this disease. Recovery is seldom from
this disease, if it has attained such a stage in which the glands have
become extensively disorganized.
Treatment. — Dige.stible f ood, fresh air, etc. must be provided for
the i^ationt, and the bowels should be kept soluble. The treatment
advised in scrofula should be resorted to in this disease. The patient's
strength is especially to be well supported by good food, tonics and sti-
mulants. This disease is commonly known as ' ' opneme " in certain
localities, which literally means taldnrj of or wasting away, and per-
sons can yet be found who ascribe the miserable condition of the child
to the power of witchcraft, and the celebrated ' ' witch doctors " do
vet find employment and supply their amulets or engage in heathenish
incantations. I advise every mother when the first symptoms of this
disease are recognized to at once engage skilful medical aid, and her child
may oftentimes be saved.
ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.
Larynx.
The larynx is a canal formed of cartilages, whose various movementa
regulate the voice. It is situated in the median hue in the upper and
anterior part of the neck. It can readily be felt from the exterior, and
is commonly called ' ' Adam's Apple. ' ' It forms the commencement of
the wind-pipe, and in shape is cylindrical below and prismatic above.
It is larger in males than in females, which accounts in a measure for
the different quality of the voice between the sexes.
It is composed of five cartilages ; viz., thjToid, cricoid, two arytenoid,
and epiglottis. The thyroid is the largest ; it occupies the upper anterior
portion of the larynx. The cricoid is next in size, and situated at the
base of the larynx. Its form is that of a laterally-compressed thick
260 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ring. The arytenoid cnrtilnges are two in number, pyramidal in shape,
and situated at the upper and back portion of the larynx. The eiyiglottis
is a thin, oval, cartilaginous plate, behiad the root of the tongue, and
attached to the angle of the larynx ; it resembles a leai ia shape, and
is perforated with numerous foramina or holes. During deglutition it
is pressed over the rima glottidis^ thus preventing either solids or liquids
from entering the respiratory tract.
Within the larynx are two ligaments on either side. The inferior liga-
ments are usually called the total cJiords, though they are more properly
ligaments. The space between them is called the rima glottidis, and the
space between the superior ligaments is the glottis. The larynx is lined
with mucous membrane, inflammation of which constitutes laryngitis.
Trachea.
The trachea ' (see figure) is a cylindrical tube, four or five inches long,
reaching from the larynx to the point of division into the bronchial tubes.
It is formed of from sixteen to twenty cartilaginous rings, united by
elastic ligamentous tissue. It is lined vidth mucous membrane contin-
uous with that of the larjTix, which is extremely vascular, and covered
with numerous follicles.
The hroncld " ' or bronchial tubes are essentially of the same stKuc-
ture and arrangement as the trachea ; the right bronchus is shorter and
of larger diameter than the left. The bronchial tubes ramify into
numerous sub-divisions, which finally terminate in the lobules of the
lungs.
In front of the first two lings of the trachea and upon the sides of
the larjTix is the thyroid gland. It is sometimes much enlarged, consti-
tuting goitre.
The Lungs.
The lungs are the organs of respiration properly ; they are two in num-
ber, and situated in the chest, placed side by side, being separated from
the abdomen by the diaphragm.
The size varies with the capacity and condition of the chest, age, in-
spiration, expiration, and disease. They are conical in shape, are longer
posteriorly than anteriorly, and have concave bases. The color of the lungs
is of a pinkish gray, mottled with black ; these black spots are more nu-
merous in adult life than in infancy. The vight lung is shorter but larger
than the left, whose transverse diameter is somewhat diminished by the
position of the heart. It has three lobes, the left having but two.
The structure of the lungs is spongy, and its compression between
the fingers produces a crackling sound called crepitntion. It consists
of air-vesicles"", held together by cellular tissue, called parenchyma.,
through which blood-vessels and air-vessels are ramified. A certain
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
261
number of air-cells communicate with each other, and with a single
branch of the bronchial tube ; these are separated from neighboring cella
by partitions of parenchyma, and thus are formed the lobules in which
the aeration of the blood is performed.
The Lungs.
Pleura.
The pleura is a serous membrane investing each lung, and then reflected
upon the walls of the chest. That portion in contact with the chest ia
called the pleura costalis ; that covering the lungs, the pleura j)uImoiialis.
DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY AND CIRCULATORY SYS-
TEMS.
CORYZA.
This is the " running at the nose " or " cold in the head," so frequently
contracted. It consists of acute inflammation of the Schneiderian or
mucous membrane of the nose, and the sinuses connecting with it. It
causes considerable annoyance, and often creates some constitutional dia-
262 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
turbance. It is caused by the partial application of cold, as to the back
of the head or neck, to the feet, etc. , and the effect is especially apt to
be produced after perspiration from heat or exertion. When it reigns
epidemically it is called influenza.
TiiEATiMENT. — It will Usually subside without any treatment, but the
subsidence can be greatly hastened by hot baths, a draught of ginger
tea upon retiring, and the inhalation of some hot aromatic vapors, such
as of balm, water -pepper, etc.
OZCENA.
This consists of chronic inflammation of the nostrils, with an uneasy
feeling, heat, and stiffness of the nose, swelling of the mucous mem-
brane, and an offensive discharge. The nostrils are sometimes closed,
owing to the thickness of the membrane. The discharge is often quite
purulent, of a j'ellowish or greenish color, or sanious, and tinged with
blood. It is very frequently associated with ulceration, and caries or ne-
crosis of the bone. The breath is usually extremely offensive, and the
sense of smell is occasionally lost. It is frequently the result of scrofu-
lous, scorbutic, or syphilitic taint, and is a serious and disgusting disease.
Treatment. — The constitutional symptoms should receive special at-
tention, and if owing to or connected with scrofulous or syphilitic taint
the general treatment for those diseases should be given. The storri^ch
and bowels should receive careful attention, the digestion being in-^g-
orated by alnuin, vibumin, etc. A salt water bath should be taken
every morning to stiinulate the emimctories. The vapors of tar, naph-
tha, astringent and narcotic herbs are very beneficial ; an inhaling of
mecca oil through an atomizer is successful and necessary in obstinate
cases. Tonics, as quinine, etc., are necessary in some cases. Those
persons who may wish the treatment to be directed by a competent
physician, and who desire prompt relief and cure, may consult me, as I
have given special attention to this disease, and have cured the most
obstinate cases.
Catarrh.
We now come to a disease that is a bane to the existence of many a
person. The catarrhal patient is never happy, for he knows that he is
inseparably connected with a disease that is excessively annoying to
himself and no less disagreeable to those with whom he comes in con-
tact. It consists of inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the
nose and sinuses or cavities connecting with it. It is a very common
affection, arising from repeated colds, damp a])artments, wet feet, in-
sufBcient clothing, hot roon\s, a sudden check of perspiration, and a
rheumatic or scrofulous disposition predisposes to an attack. The
symptoms are weariness, pains in the back and limbs, frontal headache,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 263
increased discharge from the nose, hoarseness, sore throat, impaired
vision, fever, constant hawking-, cough, and, if the disease continues,
partial or complete deafness. By the constant dropping of the secre-
tions into the throat, the catarrhal intlammation is made to extend to the
mucous membrane of the throat and larynx, causing gastritis, tonsillitis,
laryngitis, pharyngitis, and bronchitis. Consumption is not an unfre-
quent sequel to catarrh, and it may so undermine the vitality of the
system that the most energetic and rational treatment wLU only re-
establish it. A case that illustrates the ravages of catarrh in its ordi-
nary severe forms is given in the following letter : —
Washington, D. C, April 3, 1871.
Dr. O. Phelps Brown.
Respected Sir : — My catarrh, which had almost destroyed
my power of speech, had nearly lost me the senses of smell and taste,
and was rapidly extending to the lungs, by dropping down, has dis-
appeared. I owe this great blessing to your course of treatment. I
applied to you by advice of acquaintances, with many doubts ; but a
"drowning man catches at a straw," and I wrote you a full description
of my sufferings. I cannot be too grateful to Providence for having
directed me to do this. Use my name in any way you please for the
benefit of others afflicted as I was, etc.
S. Brown Mills.
This patient describes the effect of nasal catarrh, as developed ia
himself, but partially. He has omitted to say that his breath was so
offensive that people could not sit in the room with him; that the
matter was discharged so copiously that it descended into the stomach,
causing vomiting, reducing him in strength and flesh to a comparative
skeleton ; that he had inflammation and elongation of the soft palate
(uvula) ; had lost his appetite, and was troubled with hectic fever.
He was subject to the usual despondency and hopelessness of patients
suffering from long-standing catarrh, and it required every effort to
arouse his drooping spirits to anything like natural vivacity. In fact,
the symptomatic hopelessness and great depression of the spirits in
catarrhal patients is often a greater barrier to speedy cure than the
pathological condition of the disease itself.
Treatment. — It is only in the chronic form that catarrh presents diffi-
culties requiring the most patient and skillful treatment.
It is not merely a local disease, but dependent upon a vitiated con-
dition of the blood ; hence, merely local treatment will prove ineffec-
tual : therefore the only successful method of treating this disease, is in
combining proper local treatment with appropriate constitutional medi-
cation,
For years this complaint baffled the skill of physicians universally,
and I myself, came to the conclusion, that to really eradicate the disease
264
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
from the system, a combination of remedies were required : a remedy to
cleanse the blood ; a remedy for local application ; a remedy to circulate
the bloood, thus arousing the system to action and a medicine to stimu-
late the liver, to aid the system in throwing off the disease. The follow-
ing treatment meets all these requirements and has proved effectual in
curing many thousands of individuals — many of whom represented
cases of long standing in the most advanced stages of this really
dangerous complaint :
Accident first brought to my notice Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure, and I
tested it with perfect success in many instances, in conjunction with my
Blood Purifier, Herbal Ointment, and Renovating Pills.
The following treatment is what I advise in cases of catarrh : A
course of the Blood Purifier, consisting of six bottles, taken inter-
nally to^cleanse the blood. The Herbal Ointment well rubbed in at
least once a day across the small of the back, sparingly over the stomach
and bowels, and about the forehead and between the eyes to arouse
action, assist digestion, soothe the nervous system, and remove irri-
tation. The Renovating Pills taken only often enough to keep the bowels
soluble and regulated to one passage per day. They arouse the liver to
action and thus aid in throwing off disease. . \
Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure may be snuffed up the nostrils from the paljn
of the hand ; or, a small syringe may be used ; or the Nasal Douche,
which is preferable to any other
contrivance for the purpose (see
illustration) of conveying the ca-
tarrh cure gently but thoroughly
to the afflicted membranes. The
price of the " Nasal Douche " is
seventy-five cents and ten cents
extra for postage. The catarrh
cure should be diluted with warm^
soft water, in preference to
cold, as the latter has a tenden-
cy to produce irritation, or spas-
modic action. Those prefering
the douche will find it of very
great convenience and efficiency,
as all parts of the inflamed
surface can be reached by its
aid.
Catarrh can be mastered by
the above treatment, and I know
of no other that will thoroughly
Dr. O. Phelps Brown's
Kasal Duuuhc .'\i>pumtu8.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 265
and permanently cure it. Rational treatment will succeed in this, as in
other diseases, and those suffering from its presence should act promptly
in arresting its progress.
We consider the following medicine sufficient to cure the generality
of cases : a course of Blood Purifier consisting of six bottles, the price
of which is five dollars ; two bottles of Dr. Lane's Catarrh Cure of
double strength, one dollar and fifty cents each, three dollars ; one large
pot of Herbal Ointment, fifty cents, and a small box of Renovating
Pills, twenty-five cents : total, eight dollars and seventy-five cents.
Those desiring to send for my course of treatment for catarrh, may
send the money by post office order, or registered letter at my risk, and
I will promptly forward the medicine on the receipt of the same by ex-
press with full directions for use. Sufferers should not fail to possess
the Nasal Apparatus, illustrated above, as by its use the nasal cavities
can be thoroughly cleaned and medicated.
I have spoken thus confidently regarding the above treatment, know-
ing how successful ii has proved in thousands of cases of catarrh.
I am willing to give my advice, or opinion when desired to do so, in
any case, free of charge, either at my office or by letter. Address Dr.
O. Phelps Brown, 21 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J.
Laryngitis.
This consists of an inflammation of the parts composing the larynx,
especially the mucous membranes, and may be either acute or chronic.
When it is known that in the larynx are situated the vocal organs,
and that the aperture for the air to reach the lungs is situated at the
apex, it can readily be conceived why inflammation impairs the voice
or impedes the respiration. In the acute form there is hoarseness, a
pain about the larynx or "Adam's apple," cough, and difficulty of
swallowing. If the inflammation is violent the patient's life is in im-
minent danger from strangrdation, caused by closure of the rima
ghtticUs. The voice is often completely lost. In bad cases the patient
starts up suddenly in bed begging for air ; his lips assume a livid or
purplish color, the surface becomes cold, the pulse frequent and feeble,
the countenance ghastly, perspiration clammy, and finally death occurs
from insufficient aeration of the blood. The chronic form is more com-
mon than the acute, and is generally associated with induration or
ulceration of the mucous membrane. It causes great debility, emaci-
ation, night-sweats, loss of appetite, vomiting and diarrhoea, and the
patient often dies in a state of hectic exhaustion.
Trk.\tment. — Control the circulation with veratrum, administer an
emetic and purge, and apply hot packs to the throat. Hot water
should be used frequently as a gargle. The inhalation of hot vapors,
aa that of belladonna, lobelia, stramonium, mullein, sweet fern, etc.,
12
266 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
gives great relief. Some practitioners use ice-bags in place of hot packa
to the throat. They seem to answer the same purpose. In case of
impending strangulation, no objection should be made to laryngotomy,
if in the opinion of the physician or surgeon it is deemed necessary.
In the chronic form the disease demands the same treatment, though
modified to suit the conditions of the case. A gargle of golden seal,
and a syrup of Ceanothus Americanus, or frost-wort, taken internally,
are very beneficial. Mecca oil is also used with great advantage.
Tonics and stimulants become necessary if the strength is failing. I
can offer to the patient an almost sure cure in my " Acacian Balsam,"
which is to be taken internally, and my "Herbal Ointment," applied
externally.
If complicated, or owing to syphilitic contamination, special treatment
(see page 390) is advised.
Bronchitis.
Inflammation of the bronchial mucous membrane is of common
occurrence. Its severity is proportionate to the size of the tube in-
volved. The disease may exist independently, but is often associated
with limg diseases. It may exist either in the acute or chronic form.
Iq the former variety, affecting the large and middle-sized tubes,
coryza, sore throat, hoarseness, and slight chills are the first symptoms ;
lassitude and pain in the limbs are also present, and as the disease pro-
gresses there is a sensation of heat, soreness, and rawness of the
bronchial surface, oppressed breathing, and a sijasmodic cough and pain.
The cough in the early stage is followed by a clear, frothy expectoration,
with a saline taste, which changes to yellowish or greeuish sputa, or it
may be streaked with blood. If the small tubes are involved, the pulse
is extremely frequent, great difl&culty of breathing, blue appearance of
the countenance, coldness of surface, and a tendency to asphyxia is
noted. As soon as the disease becomes chronic the febrile symptoms
disappear, but the pulse remains frequent, and the cough and dyspnoea
are persistent, though to some extent relieved by free expectoration.
The sleep is irregular, and night-sweats frequent, occasioning great
debility. The cough becomes croupy, and diarrhoea often attests ap-
proaching dissolution.
Treatment. — A hot bath, hot packs, and veratrum will often termi-
nate the career of the acute form at the outset. In the more screre forma
an emetic should be given, and the hot packs or chafing liniments to
the chest and throat frequently renewed. Blood-root and other expec-
torants should be given, and quinine should be administered if the dis-
ease is associated with malarial influence. The tonics may become neces-
sary to sustain the strength. The vapors of mecca oil, goose-grease,
and bitter herbs are beneficial. In the chronic form the treatment
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 267
varies with the cause. If owing- to syphilitic taint the treatment for
that disease should be given, and if rheumatic in origin, colchicum, in
connection with tonics, is the treatment indicated. The inhalation of
the various vapors before alluded to should also be instituted, and the
strength of the patient carefully husbanded by tonics, beef-tea, wine
whey, etc. A remedy that combines both tonic and expectorant quali-
ties is found in my " Acacian Balsam," which generally cures the worst
cases very quickly. The " Herbal Ointment " should at the same time
be thoroughly rubbed upon the chest, throat, and back. Consultations,
either in person or by letter, will receive carefxd and prompt attention.
Croup.
Croup is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and
trachea, or windpipe. It is one of the scourges of childhood. False
membranous croup is owiag to an oozing of a peculiar fluid, which
thickens into apparent membranes, and adheres to the surface of the
windpipe. In membranous croup, there is much greater danger than in
the simpler form.
The symptoms are, difficult breathing, hoarseness, loud and shrill
cough, with fever. When the symptoms are violent at first, the disease
will be in all probability not fatal, as the membranous croup comes on
insidiously, and is scarcely ever ushered in by high inflammation.
Treatment.— An early and effective emetic is indicated in all cases.
Some mechanical emetic, as ipecacuanha, alum, etc. , should be preferred.
Flaxseed poultices, my "Herbal Ointment," and irritating liniments
Bhould be applied to the neck. The Dover's powder should be given to
promote perspiration and rest. Inhalation of vaijor from hot water and
mullein leaves is of great service. The bowels should be kept regular.
In membranous croup, if the membrane cannot be dislodged by emetics,
and suffocation is imminent, tracheotomy becomes necessary. Croup
may often be prevented by tying a bag containing powdered rosin,
which is electro-negative, around the throat at night.
Pneumonia.
This is commonly called lung fever. It is characterized by inflamma-
tion of the parenchyma or texture of the lungs. The patient is gener-
ally found lying on his back, complains of pain in his side, has more or
less difficulty of breathing, a cough at first dry, but soon accompanied
by bloody phlegm. As the disease becomes severe, the phlegm becomes
very tenacious, so that it will adhere to the spit-cup if turned upside
down. Three characteristic stages are observed in this disease, viz.,
congestum.^ he-patization^ and softening. In the iirst stage the lungs be-
come engorged with blood or congested, and if the lungs are percussed a
dull sound is elicited, and if the ears are applied to the chest a nxinute
268 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
crackling sound is heard, similar to thab produced by rubbing fine hair
between the fingers and thumb. It is only heard during inspiration, and
is caused by the air breaking up the mucous adhesions. The urine ia
scanty and high colored. In the second stage the lungs become solid,
or hepatized, resembling the liver. Some writers call it red softening.
The dulness becomes more distinct upon percussion, and a whistling
sound is heard if the ear is placed to the chest. The cough is more or
less dry, but the fever is aggravated. There is great prostration, rest-
lessness, complete loss of appetite, constipation, a loaded brown tongue,
and the respiration is hurried and imperfect. In the third stage the
lung softens and becomes filled mth matter, and portions of the lung
are apt to give way. The cavities may be detected by increased reso-
nance at some parts by percussion, and the cavernous breathing by aus-
cultation. There is also a metallic tinkling heard, and the sputum be-
comes more liquid, looking like prune-juice, and the general condition
of the patient worse in every respect. If the disease advances into this
stage, recovery is not very probable.
Pneumonia may be double or single ; the right lung sufPers, however,
more frequently than the left. If pleurisy is associated with it, it is
called j)leuro-p7heumonia. When characterized by great debility .and
prostration, and is of a low type, it is called typhaid pneumonia. 'Jhe
pneumonia of children is called lobular^ as it is generally confinec^ to
one or two lobes of the lung.
Treatment. — Bleeding formerly was done in each case, and is again
receiving attention by some physicians, but I deem it injudicious, as a
general thing, though it may be of benefit in some plethoric cases. The
treatment should be commenced with a mUd cathartic, and the fever
should be controlled with veratrum. The expectorants should be ad-
ministered, and in cases of great prostration, beef-tea and alcoholic
stimulants must be given. The chest should be blistered, and a cloth
smeared with lard should be placed on the raw surface. Sleep should
be promoted Vjy lujiulin or the opiates, and if great difficulty of breath-
ing exists, turjientine should be poured on hot water, and the patient
allowed to breathe the vapor. Fresh air, quietude, and rest, with
frequent sponging of the body with tepid water, should not be neglected.
Asthma.
This is characterized by diflicult breathing, occurring in paroxysms,
accompanied by a wheezing sovind, a great desire for fresh air, and un-
attended by fever or organic disease of the lungs or heart. It is evi-
dently caused by an irritable condition of the ccrebro-spinal system or
medulla-oblongata, which deranges the nervous influence through the
cervical and pneumogastric nerves. It is also called Phthmc. The attack
generally comes on suddenly, but in some cases for a few days befoi-e
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 269
the onset there is loss of appetite, flattilence, belching of wind, langTior,
chilliness, and drowsiness. The attack generally occurs at night, when
the nervous system is at its lowest ebb. At iirst a sense of tightness,
with a feeling of constriction about the chest, is felt, which inten-
sifies into a fearful struggle for breath. The patient assumes various
postures to facilitate in emptying and filling the lungs, and the feeling
that he must have fresh air, induces him to rush to the window and put
his head far out to catch the stirring breeze. The hands and feet are
cold, the expression haggard and anxious, the body wet with perspira-
tion, and the pulse irregular. The paroxysms usually last for some hours,
when breathing becomes more easy. If the symptoms subside without
expectoration it is called dry asthma^ but when any phlegm is raised it
is known as Jmmoi'al asthma. The paroxysms may recur every night,
remitting gradually in severity, before a final subsidence takes place.
The veiy troublesome complaint, which seems to combine the peculiari-
ties of asthma and coryza, occurring in some persons during hay -mak-
ing, or even later, is called hay adhma. This complaint is often a dis-
tressing one.
Treatment. — During the paroxysm the inhalation of vapor of hot
water, or that arising from a decoction of anti-spasmodic herbs, such as
conium, belladonna, etc. , lessens the severity of the spasm. The follow-
ing preparation is a veiy good remedy : Ethereal Tincture of Lobelia § ij ;
Tincture of assaf cstida, 3 i ; laudanum, 3 ss ; fluid extract of stillingia,
§ ij ; simple syrup, 3 iv ; mix, and take a tablespoonf ul every two hours.
Electro-magnetism, smoldng stramoniuna leaves, inhaling the smoke
from burning paper, dipped in a solution of saltpetre, are all beneficial.
The anti-spasmodics, especially cherry-laurel water, should be taken to
prevent the occurrence of frequent attacks. In hay asthma, changes
of locality will often save the patient from an attack. The tincture of
lobelia is a very good remedy. Quinine and nux vomica carefully ad-
ministered are good remedies. Chloride of lime placed in a saucer in
the sleeping-room often gives relief. My " Acacian Balsam" internally,
and the " Herbal Ointment" rubbed externally on the chest, and up and
down the spine, have cured many cases. Many interesting cases have
come under my notice and treatment, but space forbids any allusion to
thein. By si^ecial treatment I think every case can be cured.
Pleurisy.
This is characterized by inflammation of the pleura or serous mem-
brane enclosing the lungs. The disease usually commences with a chill,
which is succeeded by a sharp, lancinating pain in the side ; cough,
short and quick breathing, and fever. The pain is usually called a stitch
in the side, and is felt somewhere hi the mammary region. It is in-
creased by inspu-ation, cough, and motion, lying on the affected side, d
270 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
by pressure. As the pain subsides, the effusion of a serous liquid occurs
into the pleural cavity. The cough is usually short and dry, though a
little frothy mucus may be expectorated. Severe pairi often attends,
and the patient tries to suppress the cough as much as possible. The
breathing is more or less difficult in most cases, and the patient is said
to have a catch in his breath. When the effusion is both sudden and
copious, the function of one lung may be more or less suspended. The
fever is usually considerable, and presents the usual phenomena of
febrile affections. At some stages the patient's voice is said to be cego-
•phoTums^ or similar to a goat's.
Tre.\tment. — Commence with a mild cathartic, and though opposed
to bleeding, yet if there is a human ailment requiring bleeding it is
pleurisy, as it often gives prompt relief from pain. Sweating should
be encouraged at the outset, and for this purpose the tincture of
Virginia snake-root, in teaspoonful doses, every half-hour, is the best.
It may be given in an infusion of catnip, balm, or pleurisy root. The
affected side may be fomented with hops, tansy, wormwood, etc.,
applied very hot, or it may be blistered. The fever is to be con-
trolled and the perspiration kept up with full doses of veratrum.
Dover's powder may be given to procure sleep. The diet should be^ of
the very lightest kind. The alteratives may be given if the effusio^ is
not absorbed, and should these fad, the surgeon may perform paraeen-
toiis, or tapping of the side.
APNCEA, OR ASPHYXIA.
Literally the word asphyxia means pulseless, and was for a long time
only used in that sense, but is now applied generally to all cases of sus-
pended atdmation. It is produced by the non-conversion of venous or
blue blood of the lungs into arterial, or red blood. Death is caused in all
cases from want of oxygenized blood, and the stagnation that results
in the pulmonary capillaries. There are several varieties of asphyxia ;
and as life can in many cases be revived, I shall state the procedure
of resuscitation in each case.
Asphyxia by Extreme Cold.
When a person is subjected to extreme cold, the first .symptoms are
painful feelings, followed by sensations similar to those produced by
inhalation of carbonic acid gas. He becomes benumbed, indifferent to the
danger of his situation ; the muscular system becomes enervated, step
grows tottering, speech imperfect ; and as these intluences increase, the
breathing becomes irregular and slow, the muscular powers fail, and
he sinks into a state of insensibility and death.
Treatment. — Rub the person with snow if practicable, or the whole
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 271
body may be submerged in cold water for a short time. These applica-
tions should be gradually increased in temperature until the surface
approaches a natural state, or the muscles and joints are sufficiently
relaxed to admit of free motion. Then resort to artificial respiration
as in drowning.
Asphyxia by Inhalation of Gases.
Some gases cause death by spasmodic closure of the glottis, others
by want of oxygen. Carbonic acid gas is the most common noxious
gas.
Treatment.— Place the patient ia a region where pure air abounds,
and then practise artificial respiration.
Asphyxia by Submersion, Drowning.
Death in this case is not caused by the stomach and air passages
being filled with water, but ensues ia consequence of the person being
plunged in a medium unfit for respiration. In no case where the body
is recovered immediately after drowning, should the means of resusci-
tation be left unemployed. Life has been revived even ia cases that
were submerged half an hour.
Treatment. — 1st. Treat the patient instantly, on the spot, in the
open air, freely esposiag the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except
in severe weather.
2d. Send for the nearest medical aid, and for clothiag, blankets, etc.
3d. Place the patient gently on the face, the forehead resting on
his wrist. This empties the mouth of fluids, and allows the tongue to
fall forward, which leaves the entrance to the pipe free.
4th. Turn the patient slightly on his side, and apply ammonia, snuff,
or other ti-ritating substances, to the nostrils ; then dash cold water on
the face, previously rubbed briskly until it is warm. If there be no
success, iastantly —
5th. Replace the patient on his face, and turn the body gently, but
completely, on the side and a little beyond, and then on the face,
alternately ; repeating these measures with deliberation, efficiency, and
perseverance, fifteen times to the minute. When the patient reposes
on the chest, this cavity is compressed and expiration takes place ; the
pressure is removed when turned on the side, and inspiration occurs.
6th. When ia the prone position, niake equable but efficient press^ire
along the spine, augment expiration, and remove it before rotation on
the side, to facilitate iaspiration.
7th. Induce circulation and warmth, while contiauing these measures,
by rubbing the limbs upward with. Jirtn pressure and with energy, using
handkerchiefs, etc.
8th. lleplace the patient's wet clothing by such other covering as
272 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
can be instantly procured, each bystander furnishing a coat or waist-
coat. Meantime, and from time to time, let the surface of the body be
slapped freely with the hand, or let cold water be dashed brisMi, over
the surface, previously rubbed dry and warm.
Let the patient often inhale diluted pure hartshorn, as this stimulates
the respiratory organs.
Consumption (Phthisis).
This is a constitutional affection manifesting itself in most essential
changes in the tissue of the lungs. It may be acute or chronic. The
acute form, or galloping consumption, commences with chills, fever,
rapid pulse, cough, pain and diflBculty of breathing, which are soon fol-
lowed by night-sweats, hectic fever, great emaciation, exhaustion, and
if its course is not arrested, death. The chronic variety is, however,
that which we usually meet with.
For the sake of convenience, I will class the symptoms of consump-
tion into four general stages, viz. , the Incipient stage ; the Solidification
stage; the Maturation or Softening stage ; and the U her ation and Sup-
puration stage.
The first stage of Tubercular Phthisis is generally stated to be that to
which the physical signs indicate a deposit in the lungs. Evideni;ly,
however, there is, and must be, an antecedent state of disordered health
before the most skilful observer can detect the sound which indicates
the least shade or degree of solidification of the lungs, whether by
means of the stethoscope, or other methods usually resorted to by the
profession for such purpose. When the physical signs are observed, the
use of the stethoscope, etc. , may be regarded as little more than profes-
sional display, without a particle of advantage, except as developing in
some degree the actual amotrnt of lesion or injury then sustained by the
tissues of the lungs. There must be a causative agent that originates
the predisposition or tendency to the deposit of tubercles in the tis-
sues, or which elaborates or prepares the material in the system, from
which only tubercle is formed. But we should not wait to see tlie
physical signs developed if we would expect uniform and Jiapeful treatment
of tubercular confiumjition.
From my own long experience in the specialty of thoracic diseases, I
do not hesitate to say that the actual first set of symptoms of consump-
tion consists simply in the wasting of flesh, particularly if this is attended
with, or by, a low scale of health and strength. Such loss of muscle,
plumpness, as well as juices and fat, is first noticed in three princip;U
places. The first region of flesh-consuming is usually the face ; the
second, the hands ; the third, over the sacral or hip bones. The saci'al
region, where it first gives out, is lame and sore. The hands look poor
and ' ' Bcrawny ; " the muscles of the arms and legs are soft and flabby.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 273
If the face shows it first, the eyes stare; the brow, temples, and
scalp look lean ; the muscular tissues of all the limbs soon waste, and
the pectoral muscles, as also all the chest muscles, waste away, and
then the breathing is already become imperfect and weak.
The diminished respiration is soon attended with cough ; then pains
are felt through the breast or thorax.
The patient next is sensible of something WTrong, and is conscious of
a sense of general debihty. The fact is, nutrition is lost. The vital
powers are flagging, for the wasting of tlie hody^ in sjyilc of eating^ is
more rapid than the repair.
Then comes a state of Kpirit depression — not the cauM of consump-
tion, but caused by the already deficient \dtaUty, and all the more
helping on the grand catastrophe ; for it is a law oi our being, that
where nerve structure is not itself nourished, it, too, will fail in its
work, just as surely as muscle fibre fails of power fi<j»n the same cause.
To recapitulate : —
1. — Incipient sta.ge. This may present itself at a very early age, or
may appear in middle age, and the first indications are, generally, a
subdued and saddened feeling, the former buoyancy of spirits subsides,
and the person becomes languid. The face begins to assume a sickly
- hue, and, to a practised eye, tells a sad tale. The skin becomes whiter,
and a nervousness and sometimes irritable disposition of mind appears ;
and if any hint be given about consumption threatening, the person
rebels against it, and will not tolerate such an idea. The appetite and
digestion frequently become impaired, and may manifest itself ia
capricious fancies for certain sorts of food. A sUght cold or any ex-
citement will bring on diarrhoea. The breath is short, and the breath-
ing hurried ; running or walking up an incline, or ascending a flight of
stairs, is unpleasant, and attended by a fluttering and palpitation of the
heart. The strength and weight of the body diminish, but this varies.
The sleep is disturbed, the skin becomes hot, there are burnings of the
palms of the hands, and cold feet ; a short, dry, teasing cough, or
tickling, or hawking up of mucus from the throat appears. There is
also a feeling of fecerishncss and uneasiness after meals, which are
unfavorable symptoms, indicating the first w^/i'^assimilation of the food,
which, if not rectified, will inevitably deposit the germ of tubercles,
and hence no time should now be lost in opposing the disease, before
it lays siege to the citadel of the body.
2. — SoUdificatimi. The cough, which at first appeared very trifling,
now begins to assume an anxious aspect, and becomes troublesome. It
may not as yet be attended with expectoration, and if it be, the matter
expectorated is of a ropy and viscid nature. The breathing becomes
more impeded; hectic fever sets in, with chills and heats, while the
weakness of lioth body and mind increases, although the intellect ia
12* S
274 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
sometimes extremely bright or sound to the very last. Pains, like
those of pleurisy, are felt about the chest, and are indications of those
iiijlttmmatory effusions and adhesions which attest the jirogress of the
disease, and the infraction of the lung structure, and the impeding of
the access of air to the ceils of the lungs. The blocking up of the air-
cells constitutes the stage of Solidification, and thus interferes with the
due motives or functions of the chest, and, if not arrested, creates an
afflux of fluid to the parts, thus promoting congestion and fresh de-
posits in the lungs.
^.—Maturation and S»ftening. In this stage, all the former symp-
toms are aggravated, and consumption is now confirmed. Fresh de-
posits in the lungs occur, and hasten the maturation and softening.
These local lesions in their turn re-act on the system at large, aggravat-
ing the general infection and depressing the vital powers. Hence the
advancing inertia of aU the vital powers— the universal languor, loss of
flesh, and strength, and weight. The cheeks and lips become blanched
— painfully contrasting with the circumscribed hectic patch of the for-
mer. The expectoration is changed, and becomes more copious, opaque,
and viscid, more massive, and frequently streaked with blood, ^or mixed
with flocculent, wool-like, or curdy particles. It is most troublesoriie in
the mornings, and when going to bed. The feverishness and general
exhaustion increase ; restless nights, with perspirations, hurried breath-
ing, change in voice, and emaciation also increases. The appetite fails
—either constipation or diarrhoea, more frequently the latter, comes on,
with great increase of cough and vomiting after meals. If the disease
advance to this stage, it will require much vigilance and judgment to
arrest its progress, as the mischief in the lungs is now very great, and
ulcers, rapidly forming, constitute what is called tubercles.
4. — Ulceration and Suppuration. The disease now assumes a totally
different aspect, and becomes exceeding formidable in its nature and
results. The cough becomes more severe, and the expectoration green-
ish, yeUow, or even sometimes like tufts of wood chewed, appearing,
when viewed in water, like jagged round balls. Hemorrhage, or bleed-
ing from the lungs, is likely to come on, and the difficulty of breathing
is very great. The patient can scarcely lie down ; many times he must
be kept with his head bolstered up in a chair, or in his bed, when sleep
is desired. Sometimes the voice is reduced to a mere whisper, while in
others it remains quite strong to the last. The perspiration, or night-
sweats, are very coj)ious, and very exhaustive of the vitality of the
organism. The ulcers or tubercles in the lungs increase, causing large
excavations, from which issue copious expectorations, sapping and un-
dermining the foundation of the entire system.
The most unpractised eye can now at once detect the ravages of this
disease in the altered appearance of the whole frame ; the body ia
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 275
reduced to a mere skeleton ; the eyes are suiiken ; cheek bones promi-
nent, with sunken cheeks ; the head bends forward ; the chest is wasted,
and the breathing becomes distressingly painful. The mental faculties
generally become impaired ; yet a gracious God. amid all this suffering,
frequently permits the faculties to remain intact until the last ember
bums out.
Treatment. — This resolves itself into such a management of the
case as will tend to prevent the development of the disease, or its
removal when it exists. It will be seen that consumption has its origin
in a vitiated and defective condition of the general organism. This
may occur as the result of hereditary predisposition, or from defective
nutrition, oi from imperfect development of either a part or the whole of
the organic structure, and general disobedience to the physiological law
of the general organism. Whenever this predisposition exists, the de-
fective organization, as far as practicable, should be remedied by a
faithful adherence to the laws of physiology and dietetics. Children
possessing this organization should not be confined too closely in schools
or to study, but should be reared in the country, and be exposed to
fresh air and out-door exercise. Both boys and girls should be allowed
to ramble through the fields, and indulge in those gymnastic exercises
which tend to give strength and vigor to the system generally, such as
jumping the rope, rolling the hoop, flying the kite, hoeing, wheeling,
riding on horseback, etc. , and not be studiously confined in-doors, be-
cause it is a "delicate child." Tidy mothers should not be horrified
if they find their child of fraU organization making mud-pies, or that
he has torn his frock in climbing an apple-tree. Their diet should be
plain and nutritious, consisting of bread and mUk, oatmeal porridge,
baked apples and milk, vegetables, and a liberal amoimt of meat once
or twice a day. Their sleeping apartments should be well ventilated,
and they should be warmly clad in aU seasons. Misses, upon the
approach of the catamenial flow, should be well instructed that the feet
should be kept warm and diy, that washing and bathing in cold water
should be avoided, and all exposure to cold and moisture is hurtful.
The medicinal trca'.ment of consumption has been extensive, and to
enumerate aU that has been tried and recommended would fill a volume.
Some recommend inhalations ; these answer their purpose well for tem-
porary relief. The disease must be treated upon general principles.
The cough should be allayed by appropriate remedies, the occasional
diarrhoea checked by the astringents, the debility removed by tonics,
and vitality stimulated by alcoholic liquors. It is beyond question, that
spirit-drinkirg has been beneficial in a. number of cases, if taken rgug-
larly and moderately. Phosphorus is a good remedy, especially if given
in a form as it exists in erytlirqxylon coca. External irritants, as Croton
oil to the chest, answer very welL The blood of the consumptive con-
276 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
tains too much oxygen, and too little caibon ; hence to supply this defi-
ciency cod-liver oil, which is a highly carbonaceous food, is excellent.
It gives warmth to the body, and supplies the disease with material for
destruction, without expense to the body. The chalybeates may also be
given to give strength and enrich the blood in its red particles. Change
of climate is rarely beneficial. The diet must be highly nutritious ; fresh
air, occasional baths, and plenty of friction, should not be neglected.
"While investigatiag the best means of treating this disease, I deemed
that if a combiiiation could be made that would prove remedial to all
the morbid characters of consumption, that would antagonize each
pathological condition as they arose, thus holding the disease in abey-
ance, and allow the forces of reparation and recuperation to mend the
ravages of the disease, that such a combination would most surely cure
the disease. After various experiments, I, finally, by intimate know-
ledge of the chemical elements of plants and the pathology of the dis-
ease, was led to compoimd the " Acacian Balsam," which has stood the
test for years, and the thousands of testimonials of the permanent cure
of many bad cases of consumption attest its virtues.
It is a superior exhilartmt. It purifies all the fluids and secretions in
the shortest reasonable period. It nourishes the patient who is too
much reduced to partake of ordinar^^ food. It will supply the place of
food for a month at a time. It strengthens, braces, and vitahze^ the
brain. It heals all internal sores, tubercles, ulcers, and inflammations.
It stimulates, but is not followed by reaction. It at once obviates ema-
ciation, building up wasted flesh and muscle, as the rain vivifies and
enhances the growth of the grass. It is without a rival as a tonic, and
it immediately supplies electricity or magnetic force (as if it were a bat-
tery) to every part of the enfeebled and prostrate body. In conjimc-
tion with the balsam, I also advise external application of the " Herbal
Ointment" (which answers all the purposes of counter-irritants) to the
chest, throat and back, and the bowels regulated with the "Renovat-
ing Pill" (see page 469).
ANATOMY OF THE HEART.
The heart is a hollow muscular organ, surrounded by a membranous
sac called tlie pericardium. It lies between the two pleuraj of the
lungs, aud rests upon the cord-like tendon of the midrift", in the cavity
of the chest.
Its sliajie is conoidal, though it is somewhat flattened upon that side
that rests upon the tendon of the diaphragm. Its apex inclines to the
left side, touching the walls of the thorax between the fifth and sixth
ribs. It meaHureti about five inches and a half from its apex to its baise,
three and a half inches in the diameter of its base, aiul wcirjIiH about si:^
or eight ounces. It contains four caoities, which perform two functions :
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
277
that of receiAnng the blood and emptying the blood into the lungs, and
that of receiving it again after it has been oxygenated, and distributing
it throughout the vascular system. The receptacles are inirides, and
the ventricles propel the blood to the lungs and through the body.
The auricle and ventricle of the right side receive and propel the
venous blood mto the lungs. The auricle and ventricle of the left side
receive and propel the arterial blood throughout the system.
The blood circulntes as follows : The ascending and descending vena
cavse empty the blood (venous) into the right auricle ; from here it
passes to the right ventricle, through an opemng protected by a valve,
downwards ; from the right ventricle it is propelled through the pul-
monary artery, which divides into two branches, to the limgs ; in the
lungs it is oxygenated by the inspired air ; it is then brought from the
lungs, by four pulmonary veins, into the left auricle. The left auricle
has an opening communicating with the left ventricle, protected by
a valve opening do «ti wards, and from the left ventricle it passes into
the aorta, thence to be distributed throughout the body.
The right auricle is a cavity of irregular shape, somewhat oblong, and
like a cube ; anteriorly it has a convexity
which is called its sinus ; superiorly there is
an elongated jDrocess resembling the ear of an
animal, whence the term auricle. Its walls
are thin, and composed of muscular fibres,
which are called musculi 2')ectinati, on account
of their parallel arrangeiuent, resembling the
teeth of a comb. The superior ^, and in-
ferior vena cavse enter the auricle from be-
hind. The elevation between the orifices is
called the tuberculiim Loweri. The coronary
veins oj^en into this cavity, and their orifices
are protected by the valves of Thebesius.
The opening to the ventricle is circular, and
surrounded by a dense white line. '^^'^ Heart.
The right ventricle^, is a triangular cavity, with thick walls, and of
greater capacity than any other cavity of the heart. Its muscular
structure is in the form of large fleshy bundles, called colum/ice carnece,
from which proceed thin, white cords, called cli&rdm tendinece, which are
attached to the edge of the tricuspid valve. This valve is circular,
having at its lower edge thi-ee spear-jiointed processes, whence its name.
It closes downwards, and prevents the blood from returning into the
auricle, and, therefore, it passes out by the puhnonary artery '' . The
valves protecting the orifice of the pulmonary artery open outwards, and
are called the semi-lunar valves. They are formed by three half-moon-
ehaped folds of the lining membranes, and their use is to prevent th*
278 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
blood returning from the artery to the ventricle, when it dilates.
Behind each valve is a pouch or dilatation, called the Sinus of VaUalva,
into which the blood Hows by its reflux tendency upon the dilatation of
the ventricle, and thus these valves are closed. The pulmonary artery
is of the same diameter as the aorta, but its walls are thumer. After its
origin it curves upwards and backwards, and divides into two branches,
the right of which is larger than the left ', and passes under the arch of
the aorta.
The lift auricle ^, is more concealed from its natural position than the
right. The four pulmonary veins enter into it, which give it a quad-
rangular shape. Its walls are muscular and somewhat thicker than
those of the right auricle. The partition between the auricles is not
always perfect even in adult life.
The left ventricle *, forms by its cavity the apex of the heart ; it is
like a cone in shape. Its walls are thick, and its columns cnrnece nume-
rous, strong and jirojecting ; the chordcz tendinca are well developed, and
attached to the bicuspid or mitral valve. This valve consists of two
leaflets, one of which is much larger than the other. The contraction of
the ventricle closes the valve, and the blood passes out by th« aorta °.
The heart is supplied with blood by the right and left coronary . arte-
ries" '^; the veLus which accompany them empty by a common trunk
into the right auricle.
It will thus be scon what a complex piece of machinery the human
heart is, and how vital the organ must be. It will be apparent to every
reader that the least interruption or derangement of its functional ac-
tion is sure to be manifested upon the integrity of the general system.
Any valvular derangement or breaking down of the septum between the
auricles and ventricles will allow the commingling of arterial with ve-
nous blood, threatening death with asphyxia. Atrophy and hypertrophy
interfere with the muscular action of the walls of the heart, and, in
fact, it vdW be ob^aous from the complex character of the structural
anatomy and the importance of the functional actions of the heart, that
any disease assailing the organ is attended with danger.
In circvdation the contraction of all the cavities is followed by their
dilatation. The contraction is called the systole ; the dilatation, the
diastole. What is called the imjndse of the heart occurs during the
diastole. The heart's impulse is the shock communicated by its apex to
the walls of the thorax, in the neighborhood of the fifth and sixth
ribs. The imjmlse is not the .same as the arterial pulse. The heart
emits two sounds, first and second, followed by an interval. The first
are the longest. The following table shows the connection of the
Bounds of the heart with its movements : —
First Sound. — Second sta^re of ventricultir diastole. Ventricular svstole, and auricu-
lar diastole. Impulse iigaiuat the cUufit. l;>ui;>ti iu tlxo urtuiies.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 279
Second Sound. — First stage of ventricular diastole.
Interval.— ?>hoTt repose, then auricular systole, and second stage of ventricular dias-
tole, etc.
Each cavity of the heart will hold about two fluid ounces, but it is
probable that the ventricles do not entirely empty themselves at each
stroke ; they will therefore discharge about one and one-half ounces at
each pulsation. Reckoning 75 pulsations to the minute, there will pass
through the heart in this time 113 ounces or 7 lbs. of blood. The whole
quantity of blood in the human body is equal to about one-fifth of its
weight, or 28 lbs. in a person weighing 140 lbs. This quantity would
therefore pass through the heart once in four minutes, or about fifteen
or twenty times an hour. It is very probable that circulation is much
more rapid than this estimate. The number of contractions of the
heart in a minute is about 70 or 75. The frequency of its action gradu-
ally diminishes from the commencement to the end of life. Just after
birth it ranges from 140 to loO, in old age 05 to 50. Age, sex, muscular
exertion, emotions, and temperament exert a controlling influence over
the heart's action. In persons of sanguine temperament the heart beats
more frequently than in those of the phlegmatic, and in the female
sex more frequently than in the male. Its action is also increased after
a meal, and by rising from a recumbent to a sitting or standing posture.
The time of day also affects it ; the jjulse is more frequent in the morn-
ing, and becomes gradually slower as the day advances.
The pulse is always a sure index of health or disease. In inflamma-
tion and fevers the pulse is much more frequent than during health.
"WTien the vital powers decline it becomes frequent and feeble. In ner-
vous affections with more oppression than exhaustion of the forces, the
pulse is often remarkably slow.
The membrane lining the interior of the heart is called the endocar-
dhun, and the enveloping membrane on the exterior the peiHcardium.
DISEASES OF THE HEART AI\"D CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
Palpitation.
This is the most common disease of the heart, and may be connected
with various structural changes of the organ, yet it frequently exists
independently of any organic lesion, and is often sympathetically de-
pendent upon dyspepsia, hypochondria, hysterics, mental agitation,
venereal excesses, mastvu'bation, etc. It may also be due to a low and
deficient state of the blood, or anmmia. The impulse is weak, flutter-
ing, or ttimultuous, generally increased by trifling causes. The beats
are increased in frequency, sometimes marked by intermission, and oc-
casionally accompanied by a bellows murmur. The comijlexion is gen-
erally pallid and bloodless, the lips and inside of mouth also pale, the
280 THE COMPLKTE HERBALIST.
pulse quick and jerking, and the pcatient complains of breathlessnesa
and fainting. He dislikes animal food, but relishes acids. In females
the deficiency of menstrual flow is superseded by the whites, or some-
times the flow becomes very profuse.
Treatment. — During the paroxysm a compound of yellow jessamine,
Bcull-cap, and ladies'-slipper should be given, in sufficient doses every
hour, until relieved. The feet should be bathed in warm water and
the patient avoid all exertion or excitement. If due to anemia, the
proper remedies as well as nourishing diet should be prescribed. If co-
existent with dyspepsia, hypochondria, etc., the proper treatment for
those affections should be instituted.
Angina Pectoris.
This disease presents rather difficult pathological features. By some
writers it is called neuralgia of the heart. The principal symptoms are,
violent pain about the breast bone, extending towards the arms, anxiety,
difficulty of breathing, and sense of sufEocation. The paroxysm may
be brought on by fast wallcing, over-eating, or violent exercise, but they
may also come on when the i3atient lies quietly in bed. If connected with
ossification, or other morbid conditions, it is an affection of great danger.
Treatment. — During the paroxysm the most powerful stimulating
and narcotic anti-spasmodics are required. The feet should be placed
in warm water, a large mustard plaster should be applied over the car-
diac region, and one drop of the tincture of aconite may be given every
minute or two, until the spasm is relieved. If it is associated ^vith any
organic disease of the heart, the proper treatment for such disease
should be instituted, and if due to a neuralgic affection of the organ,
the proper remedies for neuralgia should be given. Patients suffering
from this dangerous disease should lose no time in consulting some well-
skilled physician.
Pericarditis.
This consists of inflammation of the sac in which the heart is con-
tained. It does not essentially differ from other serous inflammations,
as there may be exudation and liquid effusion, the quantity varying
from a few ounces to a few pints. The disease is usually ushered in
with a slight chill, followed with fever, or it may commence with faint-
ing. Pain, oppression, weight, palpitation, cough, hurried and difficult
respiration, frequent and irregular pulse, inability to lie on the left side,
headache, delirium, faintuess, anxiety, debility, restlessness, and great
nervous irritability usually attend the attack. The face and extrenu-
ties are swollen, and the urine scanty and high-colored. The essential
conditions of fever are always present, the jmlse sometimes attaining
120 to the uiJnutc. If the acute form advances for eeveral weeks it
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 281
becomes chronic, or may by insidious advances be chronic from tb .
first. The symptoms are nearly the same as in the acute form.
Treatment. — The treatment should be commenced by a lobclr
emetic, an active purge, and the application of hot packs to the chest.
The tincture of veratrum should be given in sufficient quantities to con
trol the inflammation and lessen the action of the heart. Usually, from
two to five drops every half hour is sufficient. If associated with rheu-
matism, colchicum, cannabis sativa, or macrotys racemosa, should be
given. In malarial districts, qivinine becomes necessary. Blistering or
local depletion may be necessary in some cases.
Endocarditis.
This is an inflammation of the internal liniag of the heart. There is
at fii'st pain about the heart, whose disordered action may be violent,
or else feeble, in-egular, and intermitting. There is more or less diffi-
culty of breathing, and the organ gives forth some abnormal sounds,
such as the bellows murmur, the rasping and sawing murmur, arising
from thickening of, or deposit on, some of the valves. One or more of
the above symptoms occurring during the course of acute rheumatism,
may be considered a sign of endocarditis. The patient generally lies on
his back, and his pain may sometimes be so slight as scarcely to be no-
ticed, but in dangerous cases there is extreme anguish, liable to be
followed by orthopnoea, or necessity of being in the erect posture
to be able to breathe, followed by restlessness, delirium, and death.
The murmurs may occur at any stage of the disease, from the very
beginning towards the close.
Treatment. — The treatment is essentially the same as for pericar-
ditis in the commencement of the attack, with the exception that it
may be necessary to administer stimulants in some cases. Leeches may
be applied to the cardiac region, and between the shoulders. Digitalis
and veratrum should be cautiovisly administered to control the heart's
action. If associated with rheumatism, colchicum should be given.
Mustard poultices, blisters or hot packs may be applied to the chest to
hasten the absoi^jtion of the dej)Osit of lymph.
If myocarditis, or inflammation of the entire substance of the heart,
complicates either pericarditis or endocarditis, the active treatment ad-
vised in the latter diseases will remove it.
Chronic Valvular Disease of the Heart.
Tliis frequently results from chronic endocarditis. They may either
be contracted or distorted, preventing accurate closure, or ulceration
may occur through the valves. Vegetations and a jieculiar deposit may
take jjlace under the tissue of the valves, and occasioujilly there is a
deposition of cartilaginous or osseous matter, and in rheumatic or gouty
282 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
subjects, of the urate of soda, or the valves may become atrophied or
wasted away. The effects in slight cases may occasion but little diffi-
culty, but in severe it is apt to produce hypertrophy and dilatation,
dropsy, local inllammations, and ultimately death. These results are
owing to an impediment in the forward movement of the blood, and to
the regurgitation of the same, producing an accumulation behind. This
is plainly illustrated in an affection of the mitral valve. If its orifice is
contracted by deposits, the blood accumulates in the left auricle by the
impediment, and distends it ; congestion of the pulmonary veins is the
consequence ; the lungs share in the congestion, and pulmonary apo
plexy may be the result. This of course occasions an insufficient supply
of blood to the general system, which the heart is willing to relieve,
and, therefore, makes greater efforts, but becomes hypertrophied or en-
larged in so doing. Again, suppose some insufficiency in the mitral
valve, owing to ulceration, for example, the blood will regurgitate into
the left auricle at each pulsation, it produces the same effects. If the
sernilunar valves are contracted, a less supply of blood is sent to the gen-
eral system, but congestion of the heart and consequent enlargement
and dilatation of the left ventricle may occur. The general symptoms of
valvular disease is difficulty of breathing, increased by muscular efforts' -or
emotion, palpitations, the pulse intermittent or jerky. Distinctive miir-
murs accompany these affections ; in mitral deficiency we hear a prolong-
ed munuur in a low key, like whispering the word ''who;" in contrac-
tion of the aortic valves we have a comparatively superficial sound like
whispering the letter " z ; " in regurgitations we hear squashing sounds.
Treatment. — The mitigation of the urgent symptoms may be accom-
plished by ladies'-slipper, hops, or henbane. In violent action of the
heart cherry laurel water may be given with the henbane. Hot foot-
baths and mustard plasters may also be necessary. In sudden palpita-
tion and difficulty of breathing, the compound spirits of lavender should
be given. Collinsonia is the proper remedy if hypertrophy of the valves
is suspected. In valviilar insufficiency the tonics and a liberal diet
should be prescribed. Conium, belladonna, digitalis, irisin, veratrum,
stramonium, and cannabis sativa, are also extensively used in various
combination, if they are indicated.
Atrophy op the Heart.
This may result from various causes. When it exists, greater reso-
nance accompanies percussion, and the two sounds of the heart will be
more feeble, but more distinctly heard. The symptoms are pallor, cold-
ness and dropsy of the extremities, cough, irregular respiration, palpita-
tion, oppression ; in females, irregularity or vicarious menstruation. It
may occur with the exhausting diseases, as cancer, consumption, dia-
betes, etc.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283
Treatment. — The patient should avoid all excesses in mental and
bodily exercise. The diet should consist of rich animal broth, with a
liberal amount of fats and sugar, cod-liver oil, and the tonics should be
administered.
Hypertrophy and Dilatation op the Heart
As these are generally coexistent, they should be considered together.
The dimensions of the heart may be increased either by augmentation
of its muscular walls, or enlargement of its cavities. The former is
hypertrophy, the latter dilatation. The most prominent symptom is
difficulty of breathing, produced by any exertion; also palpitations,
which are sometimes so violent as to shake the whole body. The
secondary signs are violent headache, vertigo, buzzing in the ears, flashes
of light, pulmonary congestion, pneumonia, apoplexy of the lungs, con-
gestion of the liver, bilious disorders, and general and local dropsy.
The patient's sufEering is often extreme, and, unable to lie in bed, he Ls
forced to assume constantly a sitting posture, with the body bent for-
ward. Death usually occurs suddenly in syncope or fainting. Valvular
disease is the most frequent cause, though they may be caused by rheu-
matic irritation, excessive exertion of the organs from any cause, as
violent exercise, jilaying on wind instruments, violent passions, intem-
perance, etc.
Treatment. — The exciting cause should be removed, especially valvu-
lar disease. The patient's habits of life and occupation sliould be regu-
lated, and his diet moderated. Mild cathartics should occasionally be
given and passive exercise engaged in. Digitalis is the special medicine ;
cherry laurel water is also used for the same purjiose. These should be
carefully administered. The tincture of aconite and colchicura should
be given where it has resulted from rheumatism. In dilatation the
tonics, cod-liver oil, and animal food should be prescribed. Digitalis is
also specially required. Wild cheny bark is an excellent tonic, and as
nervous symptoms are very apt to be present in females, opium, bella-
donna, valerian, etc. , may be given with advantage. Every etf ort should
be made to enrich the blood.
Cyanosis, or Blue Disease.
In this disease the skin bears a leaden or puiple tinge over the whole
body. There is a reduction of warmth, and labored breathing. It is
due to the admixture of blue or venous blood with arterial or red blood,
and caused by the right and left sides of the heart remaining open after
birth, or by obstruction of the pulmonary artery, thereby withholding
the blood from the lungs and preventing arterialization. It is a disease
confined to infants, and is almost necessarily fatal.
Tbeatment. — The circulation must be sedated by allowing the child
284 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
complete rest, or by the careful administration of veratrum ; good food,
fresh air, and protection from extremes of heat and cold are necessary.
Apply friction to the head and body by some soft cloth. If syncope
occurs, the child should be placed in a warm bath, and camphor applied
to its nostrUs.
The heart is liable to be assailed by other diseases. Softening of the
heart may take place without inflammation ; it may result in rupture of
the heart. Various indurations of the heart may occur, as of the
fibrous, cartilaginous and osseous character. Fatty degeneration is a
rare disease. Tubercle^ cancer^ and polypi are also noticed.
The heart is the most important organ in the body ; hence its diseases
to the physician are full of interest. Nothing gives to a person greater
anxiety than the suspicion or knowledge that he is affected with heart
disease. The dread of sudden death is universal, and so it generally
occurs in cardiac diseases. The most important requisite in the treat-
ment is its early application, as most of the diseases can be cured if
treatment is bestowed in time, and hence it behooves every one who
feels some abnormal action or uneasiness about the heart to engage
treatment, or seek competent medical aid as soon as possible. Those
who desire to consult me are referred to page 390. My experience i^n
the treatment of heart diseases has been in extent second to none in this
country, and the success has been most gratifying. ^
DISEASES OP THE BLOOD-VESSELS.
Arteritis.
Inflammation of the arteries is rare in the acute form. The symp-
toms are pain and tenderness along the course of the vessel, attended
with a thrill or throbbing. Lymph is effused within the vessel, often
producing a complete arrest of the circulation, and resultiug ia gan-
grene. It is highly probable that ia spontaneous senile gangrene the
cause is arteritis. Chronic arteritis is more common, but difficult to
discover. Deposits occur in the arteries, exciting ulceration, or ossifica-
tion may occur in old age.
TuEATMKNT. — Give a mild purge, a hot bath, and sufficient veratrum
to control the circulation. The inflamed part should be fomented, blis-
tered, or stimulating liniments and counter-irritation may be appUed.
The alteratives are always indicated.
Aneurism.
This is a pulsating sac, filled with blood, which communicates with
an artery. True aneurism consists of a sac formed by one or more of
the arterial coats. False aneurism is owing to a complete division of
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 285
the arfcerla^ coats, either from a wound or external ulceration ; the sac
formed of cellular tissue. Every artery may be affected with any
aneurism, Lat the aorta, carotids, axUlary, brachial, iliacs, femorals,
and popliteals are the arteries most commonly affected. The tumor at
finst is small, gradually increasing-, soft and quite compressible, being
filled only with Huid blood. It pulsates synchronously with the heart,
and is increased by jiressure on the side furthest from the heart. A
peculiar thrill is imparted to the hand, and which can be heard if the
ear is applied. The strength of the part is much impaired as the tiimor
enlarges, and the circulation in the extremity weaker. During the
progress of the tumor the adjacent parts are displaced and absorbed,
even bone is rendered carious and absorbed by constant pressure of the
aneurism. The pain and numbness increase, and the general health
fails, and at length the tumor may burst, oi^ening upon the skin or some
internal cavity, and i^rovQ fatal.
Tkeatment. — Complete rest, and the frequent application of hot-
packs to the tumor should at first be jirescribed. A stimulating lini-
ment may be rubbed over the part. One composed of the compound
tincture of myrrh and the oil of origanum answers the purpose well.
The " Herbal Ointment" is an excellent application. The gentle appli-
cation of electro-galvanism should be resorted to if the above treatment
does not suffice. Pressure by well-secured pads, or by the thumbs and
fingers, continued for a long time, is often tried and successful in some
cases. If the above treatment fails, some competent surgeon should be
consulted, who wiU in laracticable cases ligate the artery. Valsalva had
a curious plan of treatment for aneurism. It consisted of repeated blood-
letting, with food enough merely to support life. A cure worse than
the disease.
Phlebitis and Varicose Veins.
This is an inflammation of the veins. The signs are pain and tender-
ness in the course of the vessel, which soon becomes cord-like and
knotted, by which it may be distinguished from arteritis. There are
swelling and redness of the adjacent parts, the redness being in streaks.
The limb below the part is swollen, from obstruction of the circulation
and effusion of serum. Pus is a frequent production of phlebitis, in
which case perfect occlusion of the vein above occurs, with the forma-
tion of an abscess, or the pus passes into the heart and produces
excessive prostration. Varicose veins are the sequel generally to
phlebitis.
Treatsient. — The treatment consists in fomentations, leeching, and
occasional purging. The alteratives should also be given. The topical
application of tinctures of lobelia and arnica are also useful. Rest is
enioined. The abscesses and consequent ulceration should be treated
286
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
upon general principles. If the veins become varicosed, astringent
applications, and careful baudaginj^, shoiUd be resorted to.
The best method of curing varicose veins, however, is by elastic
stocking's. These give an equable pressure, which can be so regulated
as to afford any compression desired, on every part of the leg where
the varicose veins exist. If the veins are varicosed throughout the
whole length of the limb, the full-length stocking should be worn ; if
confined only to the leg, the stocking represented on the right-hand
side of the cut is alone necessary, and in some cases the knee-caps and
anklets are only required, depending upon the situation of the varicose
veins. These elastic
contrivances are not
only radical cures,
but patients suffering
from varicose veins
have no idea what
ease and comfort
they afford. They
give a very agreeable
support to the limb,
prevent varicose uj-
cers, besides quickly
reducing the enlarged
Elastic Storkincrs, Knee-Caps and Anklets. veins tO natural size.
Measurement :— Size of aukle, calf and knee. They are made of the
best silk, are very durable, and not so expensive as not to be afforded by
the poorest sufferer. All those desiring these admirable contrivances
are requested to correspond with the author ; — preliminary correspond-
ence as to size, measurement, etc., is in all cases essential to secure
that perfect adaptation which is indisi:)ensably necessary in order to
afford relief and cure. Great harm is done if the elastic appliance is
not eligible in every respect, and therefore patients should hesitate
before purchasing those inferior, half cotton articles, which are pur-
chasable everywhere ; they do not fulfil the conditions reciuired of
them, and are capable of doing great injury, owing to the unequal
compression they afford. Prices as above.
Milk Leo (Phlegmasia Dolens).
This is caused by inflammation of the crural veins, hence called
crural phlehitis. The inflammation is owing to the pressure of the
gravid womb. The popular idea that in this disease the woman's milk
has fallen into her leg, and which has inflamed, is absurd. The disease
begins h\ from two to seven weeks after delivery, with ))ain in the lower
bowel, groin, or thigh. In several days the pain dimmishes, and the
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 287
limb bepiins to swell, in the calf first most frequently, and from thence
extending upward. The skin becomes entirely white, smooth, and
glossy, does not pit when pressed, is painful to the touch, and is hotter
than the skin of the other limb. Fever is always present.
Tkkatment. — The patient should lie upon her back, with the swelled
limb placed upon pillows, or a bolster, raised so that the foot shall be
a little higher than the hip, and she should by no means endeavor to
walk until the leg is nearly well. A narrow blister can be applied along
the course of the vein, and digitalis may be carefully administered.
Take an old flannel petticoat, with the hem cut off, and the gathers let
out, and dip it in vinegar and hot water, equal parts, wring it out, and
cover the whole limb with it. A blanket or oiled silk may be placed
underneath to keep it from wetting the bed. Repeat this and keep it
up for six hours, and when it becomes tedious to the patient, it should
be removed, and the limb bathed with warm sweet oil, two parts, and
laudanum, one part, and then covered with flannel. In two or three
hours return to the hot water and vinegar, keep up for five or six hours,
then resume the warm sweet oil and laudanum, and in this way alter-
nate until the inflammation is subdued, or until the calf of the iimb can
be shaken. The bowels should be gently moved, and the diuretics
administered, and in cases whei'e the inflammation lasts, and the fever
is considerable, veratrum should be given. If recovery does not take
place after the active inflammation has subsided, the limb should be
entirely enveloped by a spiral bandage, or, what is much better, the
full-length elastic stocking represented on the foregoing page should be
worn. This gives immediate relief, reduces the leg to natural size, and
permits the patient to exercise without any injurious results following.
Those desiring this indispensable article are requested to correspond
with the author.
DISEASES OF THE BLOOD.
ScuuvY (Scorbutus).
This disease was known to the ancients. The first distinct account
of scurvy is contained m the history of the Crusades of Louis IX.
against the Saracens of Egypt, during which the French army suffered
greatly from it. Lord Anson's voyage, in which more than eighty of
every hundred of the original crews perished from the disease, is fami-
liar to every reader of history. This disease illustrates the importance
of vegetable food to the human being, as it is a direct result of a diet
free from vegetable substances. It used to be very prevalent in the
English and American navies, but is now obviated by the ration of lime-
juico in th« former, and fresh or desiccated vegetables in the latter. It
288 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
commences with a feeling of langTior, or general debility and mental
despondeixcy ; a sense of fatigue is experienced on the slightest exer-
tion ; the face is either pale or sallow, and presents an appearance of
puffiness ; the gums are swollen, soft, and of a purplish color, and
bleed easily ; the breath becomes offensive, and an eruption appears on
the body. The mucous surfaces frequently bleed, the feet become
swollen and hard and painful, and a disposition is e\nnced to inflam-
mation of a low grade of the \iscera, and also to hemoiThagic efEusions.
The tongue and appetite remain unaffected, and death is produced
either by debiiity or hemon-hage— the intellect remaining sound to the
last.
Treatment. — Nothing will avail in the absence of fresh vegetable
food, and hence the chief treatment consists in giving vegetable food, or
the vegetable acid, as citric acid or lemon-juice. Cabbage and potatoes
are excellent, aud milk is a good article of diet. If fresh vegetables
cannot be obtained, dried fmits should be substituted. If the disease
has advanced, and there is sponginess of the gums, myricin, rhusin,
and hydrastin may be given in combination with capsicum and cream.
If active hemorrhage occurs, the oils of turijentine, solidago, and mecca
oil may be used to advantage. If chronic blood derangement folld^vs,
as is often the case, the alteratives should be given, of which ^py
" Blood Purifier " (see page 409) is the best.
HEMOERHAGES.
Bleedestg from the Nose (Epistaxis).
There is no part of the body more disposed to hemorrhage than the
mucous membrane of the nose. The blood effused through this mem-
brane escapes generally through the nostrils, but may enter the mouth
through the i^osterior nares. It is often symptomatic of diseases of the
liver, spleen, and other organs, aud generally attends the last stages of
malignant and low fevers. It may be slight or dangerously profuse.
In plethoric or robust patients it constitutes often a means of relief to
the vascular system.
Treatment. — When it becomes necessary to check the hemorrhage,
the patient should be placed in a cool room, the head elevated or held
upright, and the feet plunged in warm water containing mustard.
The neck should be bared, and cold water aspersed over it and the face.
Lemonade and cooling drinks may also be given. When it becomes
habitual, or periodic, and especially if it be vicarious of menstruation,
it may be anticipated by local depletiou on the nape of the nock. In
the passive states of the disease, the astringents should be injected
into the nose. Tannin, matico, Monsers solution, etc., are the best.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 283
If it will not stop, the nostrils should be plugged both anteriorly and
posteriorly.
HEMOPTYSIS.
This is a hemorrhage from the respiratory organs. The blood that
is expectorated comes from three different sources. It may come from
the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, from a vessel ulcerated
in a tuberculous cavity as in consumption, and from an aneurism of the
aorta, or from the large trunks arising from it, in which case it soon
proves fatal. Some cases depend on suppression of the menses, and
are habitual and not dangerous, but in the majority of cases it is caused
by disease of the heart, or consequent to irritation of tubercles. It
may be simple, the blood being all spit up, or it may be attended by an
infiltration of blood into the minute tubes and air cells, rendering a
portion of the lung solid. The symptoms are some degree of pain or
oppression at the chest, with cough, which brings up mouthfuls of
blood, fluid or clotted. The quantity may vary from a tea-spoonful to
several pints, so that the patient may be suffocated by the abundance
of the blood.
Treatment. — A free current of air should be allowed to pass over the
patient, his covering should be light, and a mild purge should be given
to him. The feet should be placed in hot water. If dependent upon
derangement of the menses, the sitz-bath (hot) should be ordered, and
matico or other astringents be given. Or it may be arrested by putting
one drachm of the oil of origanum in a pint bottle, and allow the patient
to inhale the vapor. If matico, tannin, or other vegetable astringents
are not at hand, common salt, acetate of lead, sulphuric acid, and alum
may be used in case of emergency. Small doses of digitalis should be
given to control the circulation.
H.'EMATEMESIS.
This is hemorrhage from the stomach. Whatever irritates the mucous
surface of the stomach, or iuterrupts the return of blood from that
organ is liable to cause this disease. Blows and injuries received by the
abdomen, violent concussions of the trunk, pressure, intemperance,
worms, powerfiil emetics, suppression of menstrual discharge, appli-
cation of cold, or of cold and moisture to the lower extremities
during perspiration, or the catamenial flow, prolonged constipation and
pregnancy, are all liable to cause it. The blood is usually vomited
profusely, is sometimes mixed with food, and generally of dark color.
The jjremonitory symptoms are pain or tension about the stomach,
.with faiutness or a sense of sinking, or of anxiety at this region, flatu-
lent or acrid eructations, lassitude with irregular chills and flushes ot
heat.
13 T
290 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Treatmenj. — Apply ice to the region of the stomach, and orive a full
dose of the oil of turpentine conjoined with castor oil, to be repeated
if rejected. Administer the astringents, ia all cases the vegetable, but
if not at hand, acetate of lead, creasote, tincture of iron, alum whey,
sulphuric acid, etc., can be given. During the discharge total absti-
nence is to be observed, but afterwards, mild mucilaginous drinks and
farinaceous food in small quantity may be given, and the transition tn
solid and more nutritious food should be carefully conducted.
HiEMATURIA.
The source of the blood voided through the urethra may be either
from the kidney, bladder, or urethra. When it proceeds from the
kidneys, it is attended with a sense o.f heat and pain in the loins, and
sometimes with coldness of the extremities, and the blood is intimately
mixed with the urine. "WTien the disease is in the ureters, there is a
sense of pain in their course, and fibrous shreds having the shape of the
ureters are voided. When the hemorrhage is from the bladder, it is
usually preceded by heaviness and tension in that region, extending to
the perineum, groins, and small of back ; the urine is passed with diffi-
culty ; the blood is little, if at all, combined with the urine. If ":^rom
the urethra, the blood is red, liquid and i^ure, and comes away generally
droji by drop.
Treatment. — This depends upon its seat and cause. If from the
kidneys, the oils of origanum, copaiba, cubebs and turpentine should be
administered, and hot packs applied externally. If the urine is alkaline,
as in typhus fever and scurvy, the acids should be given. If from the
bladder or urethra, matico or other vegetable astringents should be
injected. The avoidance of stimulants and absolute rest should be
insisted on in every case.
Dropsies.
If in man a large venous trunk is compressed or obliterated, so that
the blood no longer circulates through it, while the collateral vessels
can relieve but imperfectly, dropsical effusion is sure to t;ike place.
The effusion is proportionate to the size and importance of the vein
obliterated. If, for instance, in the vena cava, or large vein in the
abdomen, an obstacle should prevent the return of the blood, the two
lower extremities and the scrotum will become filled with serum. If
the trunk of the portal vein is more or less obUterated, the serous col-
lection takes place in the abdomen. If the obstruction occurs at the
very centre of circulation, namely the heart, and the return of blood
everywhere embaiTassed. the drojjsy becomes general ; hence dropsy is
one of the most common symptoms of heart diseases. Dropsy is often
caused by cold, applied in such a manner as to check the sccrctiorw of
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 291
the skin ; is often connected with eruptive diseases, as scarlatina ; it
may result from granular degeneration of the kidneys, debility, exhaus-
tion from loss of blood, etc. ; or from obstruction to the return of
venous blood, owing to tumors, hypertrophy of the liver, glandular
enlargements, etc.
Bright's Disease of the Kidney.
This is a dropsy owing to a disease of the kidneys. Dr. Bright, of
England, first pointed out, 1827, the frequent connection which exists
between dropsy and what has since been called granular degeneration
of the kidneys, or " Bright's Disease." This state of the kidneys is not
an inflammation, but a slow degeneration of its structure, commencing
by an abnormal deposit of fat in the cells lining the httle tubes iu the
kidneys. It is a degeneration similar to the tubercular deposit, or the
fatty liver common in consumjition, and may properly receive the name
of fatty kidney. It is a slow, insidious disease, beginning generally
much further back than the patient is aware of. By degrees the tubes
of the kidneys become blocked up with excessive fatty dejiosits ; the
result of this is, that the tubes become dilated, so as to press on the
network of the portal veins which surroimd them. The veins being
thus compressed, the capillaries which open into them are unable to
discharge their contents, and so become distended with blood, and
either aUow serum to exude from their walls, or else bui-st and admit
the escape of red particles and fibrine. This may be illustrated in a
familiar way. If the mouth of all the little brooklets that flow into a
brook be effectively dammed up, bo that the brook received none of
their supply, the brooklets by constant accession would naturally over-
flow their banks and inundate the adjacent land, and the brook go dry.
So as the accumulation of the fat goes on, the portal networks of veins
and the uriniferous tubes waste away or become atrophied, and hence
shrinking of the Iddney and deficiency of the kidney ensue. Albumen
is always present in the urine in this disease This can be discovered
by boiling the urine in a small tube, the albumen becoming like the
white of an egg boiled. Urea, a natural constituent of the urine, is
deficient.
The syinptoms in the first stage are weakness and dyspepsia, and the
blood loses its red particles very rapidly, but there is little to call
attention to the kidneys. In the second stage the symptoms are a
pallid, pasty complexion, a dry hard skin, drowsiness, weakness, indi-
gestion, and fi'equent nausea, often retching the first thing in the morn-
ing, and palpitation of the heart. A most characteristic symptom is
that the patient is awakened several times in the night with desire to
make water. In the third .stage, if the patient is exposed to cold, the
kidney becomes congested ; anasai'ca or general diopsy with perhaps
292 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ascites, makes its appearance ; debility increases, the urinary secretion
becomes more inefficient, urea and other excrementitious matter accu-
mulate in the blood ; a drowsiness and coma, signs of effusion of blood,
are sure precursors of death. It is caused by intemperance, privation
of air and light, and neglect of proper exercise ; frequent exposure to
cold, and the other causes of scrofula and consumption.
Treatment. — This is one of those harassing complaints which phy-
sicians in family practice seldom have the patience to investigate and
manage with sufficient care.
The condition of the stomach, bowels and skin should receive especial
attention. Free action of the skin should be maintained, as in thia
way the kidneys are relieved and the blood purified. Stimulating
diuretics should not be used. Mecca oU, tonic teas, etc. , may be given.
There is no better specific agent than helonin, from three to ten grains
a day. Eupurpurin and popului may also be given with good effect.
Vapor baths are beneficial, and counter-irritation should be made over
the region of the kidneys.
It is my confident belief that this grave disease can be cured in
nearly every instance if not too far advanced. I am induced to such
a belief by the success that attends my treatment. I should be h^ppy
to correspond with any one of my readers who may suspect this affec-
tion, and shall cheerfully analyze any iirine that may be sent to me for
that purpose, as in my laboratory there are all conveniences for that pur-
pose. (See page 390). For those under my treatment the analyses are
gratuitously made, but to others a fee of $5 must in all instances be
remitted.
Ascites.
This is a collection of water in the belly, though sometimes the fluid
is outside of the peritoneum and next to the muscles. There is a sense
of distension and weight, especially on the side on which the patient lies.
When the collection is large, the breathing becomes short and difficult,
and the swelling is uniform over the whole abdomen. In some instances
the fluctuation may be heard when the patient moves about. This
sound distinguishes this complaint from pregnancy or peritonitis. There
arc generally loss of appetite, dry skin, costiveness, scanty urine, ojspres-
Hion of the chest, cough, colic pains, and variable pulse. A frequent
cause of this complauit is chronic inflamm.-ition of the peritoneum ; it
is also produced by scarlet fever, hob-nailed liver, and other diseases of
that organ — in short, whatever obstnicts the portal circulation.
Treatment.— The remedies for this disease are mainly diuretics
and purgatives. Digitalis is an excellent remedy, but sliould be cau-
tiously administered. The patient should have as a constant drink an
infusion of two parts of hair-cap moss, and one each of juniper berries
and dwarf -elder bark ; also an infusion of queen of the meadow. The
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 293
purgatives that produce watery stools, such as elaterium, should be
given. The compound infusion of parsley is about the best agent to
promote the absorption of the fluid. The skin should be kept well
open, and the strictest temperance both in eating and drinking must
also be observed. If aU medicinal treatment fails, the surgeon should
be called, who will perform jmracentesis abdominis^ or tapping the
abdomen ; but this should be deferred until all other means have failed.
Hydrothorax.
This is a dropsy of the pleura, rarely existing as an independent
affection, but generally associated with a general dropsical condition of
the system. It is particularly liable to be connected with organic heart
disease. When the effusion is slight, only a slight uneasiness is felt in
the lower part of the chest, but as it increases, the patient suffer.s
uneasiness in assuming the recumbent posture, a cough and difficulty of
breathing being the result. The latter often becomes very severe, the
face swells, the cheeks assume a purple and the lips a livid hue, the
skin is dry, urine scanty, bowels constipated, thirst, and more or less
mental excitement ensues.
Treatment. — If owing to heart disease, that affection should receive
special attention. The fluid may be evacuated by means of small doses
of elaterium and podophyllum, followed by a free use of chimaphila,
galium aparine, and aralia hispida. Other diuretics may also be used,
and the general rules of treatment observed as advised in Ascites.
Dropsy op the Heart.
This consists of a collection of fluid within the pericardium. There
is a feeling of uneasiness, or pressure in the cardiac region, a slight
cough, diflBcult and irregular respiration, faintness, disinclination to lie
down, a feeble pulse, capricious appetite, disturbed sleeji and delirium.
If there is stupor, cold extremities, the perspiration clammy, and the
action of the heart very much disordered, it usually proves fatal.
Treatment. — Same as for Hydrothorax. Tapping may become
necessary in both cases.
Dropsy op the Ovaries.
This consists of an accumulation of fluid in one or more cells within
the ovary, or in a serous cyst connected with the uterine appendages.
The ovary loses its original form and structure, and frequently attains
an immense size, containing several gallons of water. The effusion
sadly interferes with respiration, and it causes exhaustion and often
peritonitis. The serum may exist within the cavity of the abdomen,
or be confined within the cystic tumor. As the tumor enlarges, it
ascends the pelvis and occupies more and more of the abdominal cavity,
294 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and may float loosely in the fluid within it, and form adhesions to the
peritoneum, omentum, or neighboring viscera.
Treatment. Galvanism is often very successful. The current
should be passed through the tumor, and be as sti-ong as the patient
can bear it, and should be passed in all directions for half an hour
several times a day. The hydragogue cathartics and diuretics should
also be given, and the alteratives administered. The strength of the
patient should be weU supported.
This disease is curable by medicinal treatment alone in its early
stages if propei'ly treated, but may become so far advanced under
improper management, that tapping becomes necessary, or, if the
patient's strength will allow, the removal of the whole tumor.
The author would be pleased to correspond with any lady suffering
from this serious disease.
Dkopsy of the Scrotum (Hydrocele).
This is a collection of water in the membrane which surrounds the
testicles. It is often caused by rheumatism, gout, scrofula, €tc. In
some cases the accumulation is very large. It may be distuigui's)ied
from scrotal hernia by pressing the tumor towards the anus ; i| it
bounds rapidly forward it is hydrocele.
Treatment. — The following is excellent. Take queen of the
meadow, one ounce ; colt's foot, one-fourth pound ; yellow parilla,
one-fourth pound. Make one quart of decoction or syrup, and take one
table-spoonful three times a day. A suspensory bandage should be
worn. These can be had from me at reasonable prices. In some cases
the scrotum must be tapped, and the vinous tincture of hemlock bark in-
jected to prevent the return of the effusions.
I have under my treatment at all times many dropsical patients, and
if received under my care at a reasonable early stage, no necessity for
tapping arises, and th3 patient is cured by medicinal treatment alone.
Any one desirous of consulting me, may refer to page 390 for the neces-
sary question to be answered.
ANATOMY OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
Kidneys.
The kidneys are two hard glands for the secretion of urine, placed in
each lumbar region, just above the hips; they are outside of the perito-
neum, or lining membrane of the abdomen, and surrounded with an
abundance of fat. The right kidney is rather lower than the left, on.
account of the superposition of the liver. The length is about four in-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
295
ches, and the breadth two inches. The shape is oval, resembling a
bean ; the position upright, and the fissure (or Mlum) is directed to the
spinal column. The upper end of the kidney is rather larger than the
lower. It is covered by a strong fihvoii^ capsule. The color is a reddish
brown. Upon making a longitudinal sec-
tion of the kidney, as represented in cut,
two different structures are presented. The
internal is of a darker color, and consists of
about fifteen of what are called the cones
of Malfdghi^^ which are arranged in three
rows, the apex of each converging towards
the hilum. This constitutes the medullary
portion of the kidneys. ■ The external
structure is of lighter color usually, is ex-
tremely vascular, and of a granulated ar-
rangement ; it constitutes the cortical por-
tion. The urine is formed in the tortuous
tubes of the cortical substance,^ between
whose walls are a number of small bodies
called corpuscles of MalpigJii. At the apex
of each cone is the papilla renalis, and iu the
centre of each papilla is a slight depression,
called foveola. Each papilla is surrounded
by a small membranous cup, called infimdibulum* into which the urine
is first received as it oozes from the orifices of the papillas. Four or
five of these infundibula join to form a common trunk, called calyx,^ and
the junction of about three calyces forms a common cavity, called the
pelvis,^ which is conoidal in shape, and from which proceeds the ureter,'
the excretory tube of the kidney, which conveys the urine to the blad-
der. The ureter is a cylindrical tube of the size of a quUl, with thin,
extensible walls. It enters the inferior fundus of the bladder very
obliquely, and opens by a very small orifice.
Just above the kidney, and reposmg on its upper extremity, placed
one on each side, are two small bodies, varying much in size, called the
supra-renal caj)sules} They have no secretion, consequently no duct,
but evidently perform important functions in foetal life, when they aro
much larger.
The Kidney.
Bladder.
The bladder is a musculo-membranous sac for the reception of urine.
It is situated in the cavity of the pelvis, behind the pubic bones, and in
front of the rectum in the male, but in the female the uterus and vagina
are between the rectum and bladder. In shape the bladder is oval, the
larger end being downwards ; in women it is more spheroidal ; in chil-
296 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
dren it is pear-shaped. It is divided into a superior and valeTioT fundus,
a body, and neck.
Its dimensions vary with health and disease. Ordinarily it will hold
about a pint. At the neck of the bladder is a circular muscle, called
the sjihincter, which, in a state of contraction, retains the urine in the
bladder imtil the necessity to voiding it arises. The urethra is described
under anatomy of the sexual organs.
DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS.
Nephkitis.
This is inflammation of the kidneys, and which may occur either in its
Bubstance, its lining membrane, or in its capsule. The symptoms are
deep-seated pain in the small of the back, extending down the groins in
one or both sides, increased by pressure ; urination either increased or
diminished, urine scanty and high-colored, and mixed with blood or
gravelly matters. If both kidneys are affected the urine may be sup-
pressed, and comatose symptoms present themselves. Chills, fever,, de-
ranged stomach, and constipation nearly always attend it. The testicle
is retracted, which distinguishes this disease from lumbago, etc. It
runs very rapidly into suppuration, the sign of which is the appearance
of pios in the urine.
Treatment. — The disease should be controlled by the use of hot
packs, vapor baths, lobelia emetics, mild purges, and the internal admin-
istration of aconite and veratrum. The mucilaginous drinks should be
drunk, and the opiates given if the pain is very severe. In chronic
nephritis, where there is debility of the organ, the best remedies are
turpentine, copaiba, buchu, uva ursi, pareira brava, and pipsissewa.
Diuresis.
This is the diabetes insipidus of some writers. By this term is under-
stood the excessive secretion of pale, Mmpid urine, without sugar.
The principal symptoms are insatiable thirst and the elimination of a
large quantity of urine. These symptoms are usually preceded "by a
variable appetite, constipation, and derangement of the functions of the
skin. The copious flow of urine may only be occasional, following over-
mental or physical excitement. It may be distinguished from diabetes
incUitu^ by the absence of sugar in the urine.
Treat.ment. — The skin should receive special attention, and excess
of drinking should be avoided. The constitutional debihty should be
overcome with baths, and the general tonics ; apocynin, from one-eighth
to one-fourth of a grain, four or five times a day, is a specific for this
disease.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 297
DiABETKS MeLLITTJS.
This is characterized by increase of urine, containing eugax. The
first indications of this disease are languor, dry, and harsh skin, intense
thirst, pain in the small of back, constipation, with alternate chill and
fever. After a time the general health gives way, and there are muscu-
lar weakness, loss of sexual power, pain in the loins, coldness of extrem-
ities, a burning sensation in the hands and feet, loss of weight, and a
chloroform odor of breath. The gums become spongy, the teeth decay,
the mind becomes depressed and irritable, and the appetite voracious.
Consumption is often a sequel to this disease. The urine has a sweetish
taste, due to the presence of sugar, which can readily be discovered by
adding yeast to the urine, which gives rise to various fermentation.
Treatment. — A healthy state of the general system should be main-
tained by fresh air, frequent baths, and a generous diet. No saccharine
or starchy articles of food should be eaten. The bowels and liver should
be gently stimulated by small doses of leptandrin and leontodin. Great
success is obtained by the use of unicorn root. Mecca oil has also been
successfully employed in this disease.
Diabetic patients who may desire the author to treat them, may con-
sult him as directed on page 310.
Gravel (Lithiasis).
This disorder consists in the deposition from the urine, within the
body, of an insoluble sand-like matter. In health the urine carries off
the results of the waste and disintegration of the tissues in a soluble
state, but when these matters are in excess the urine frequently deposits
them after being voided, on cooling. This often occurs after irregulari-
ties of diet, without actually being a morbid condition, but when the
accumulation is excessive it causes a serious disease. The graveLs are
chemically either urates, lithates, phosphates, or oxalates, according to
the diathesis of the patient. The passage of gravel or renal calculi from
the kidneys to the bladder through the ureters, causes the most excruci-
ating pain. When anything in the bladder, as a mucous shred or a large
gravel, acts as a nucleus, the constant accessions to this nucleus form
what is known as stone in the bladder, which may be of various sizes.
In gravel the patient has a dull aching pain in the back, attended with
urgent and frequent desire to urinate, preceded by cutting or scalding
pains in the urethra, neck of bladder, or in the course of the ureters.
In stone we have the same symptoms, but the sudden stoppage of the
stream during micturition is always suggestive of its presence in the
bladder, and the patient has a constant desire to relieve the pain by pull-
ing at the end of his penis.
Treatment. — Diluents should be freely used, and a strict attentiou
13*
298 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
paid to diet. Animal food should be sparingly eaten, and alcoholic
drinks totally avoided. The chemical nature of the grayel should be
ascertained, and when this is done the chemical opposites administered.
No treatment will avaU, if not in chemical opposition to the diathesis of
the patient. If medicinal treatment is ineffectual after a stone has been
formed, the surgeon should be consulted, who will remove it by an oper-
ation caUed lithotritij or another termed Utlwiitripsy.
Unless the stone be too large, my experience is that solvent treatment
will prove effectual in nearly every case. The solvent treatment consists,
of course, of such herbal agents as are chemically opposed to the nature
of the calculus. By such a course of medication my success has been
most gratifying.
Ischuria, or Suppression of IJRmE.
This frequently attends inflammatory diseases, especially acute
nephritis. It may either arise from an irritation of the kidney beyond
the point of secretion, or from a torpor or paralysis of the kidneys. It
is important to distinguish it from retention of mine. It is sometimes
very dangerous, being attended with vomiting, drowsiness, coma a^d
convulsions. A vicarious secretion from the skin, bowels, etc. , is also
often established. It is evidently due to a sort of paralysis of the nerve
centres.
Treatment. — Leeches may be placed over the loins, and digitalis or
squill administered. The demulcent drinks shoxild be freely used. If
uric acid is in excess, some carbonate may be given. If dependent
upon torpor, the stimulating diuretics, as turpentine, should be used.
Frequent hot sitz -baths are also beneficial.
Incontinence op Urine (Enuresis).
This is often associated with some constitutional weakness. The
bladder may be exclusively irritated and not be able to hold the urine,
or the little circular muscle at the neck of the bladder may be debili-
tated or paralyzed, o\\'ing to acridity of the urine. In some cases it may
be owing to debUity of the kidneys.
Treatment. — A course of tonics, sea-bathing, cold baths, warm
clothing, etc. , together with astringents and stimulating diuretics, wUl
usually cure it. Small doses of the extract of belladona will also afford
relief. In case of paralysis of the bladder, nux vomica, electricity, coun-
ter-irritant application to the spine, and local irritants are necessary.
Cystitis.
This is an inflammation of the bladder. The symptoms are pain
above the pubcs, tenderness on pressure, the pain extending into the
penis, scrotum, and perineum, producing straiuing and pain in urination ;
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 299
sometimes pain over the abdomen, which is swollen, or the inflamma-
tion may extend to the peritoneum, causing peritonitis. It may termi-
nate in suppviration, the pus appearing in the urine, or, if the ^abscess
occurs in the coats of the bladder, it may open suddenly. It is caused
by direct irritation as by a catheter ; also by gonorrhoea, difficult labor,
turpentine, cantharides, etc. When the inflammation becomes chronic
it is called " Catarrh of the Bladder.''''
Treatment. — Mucilaginous drinks should be freely used, such as de-
coctions of marsh-mallow, uva ursi, etc. Dover's powder may be given
to relieve the pain. About three graias of populin and one-fourth of a
grain of gelsemium given three or four times a day, exerts a marked bene-
ficial influence in this disease ; linseed oil and esaential tincture of
hydrangea are also remedies of great value. The chronic form will
require special treatment, in accordance to condition and nature of each
case.
ANATOiVrY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
The principal divisions of the nervous system are the brain, spinal
marrow, and nerves. The tissue of this system is included in mem-
branes or sheaths, and consists of two differently colored pulpy materials,
one of which is white or medullary.^ and the other gray., cortical., or
ciiieritimis. The sheath of the nerves is called the neurilemma., and the
internal material ncurine. All ganglia and nervous centres consist of a
mixture of white fibres and gray globules.
An anastomosis is the interchange of fasciculi between two trunks,
each fasciculus remaining unaltered, although in contact with another.
A combination of anastomoses into a network is called a 2)lexus.
Spinal Marrow.
The spinal marrow is the medullary column included within the bones
or vertebraj of the spinal column. It has three coverings : 1st, The
dura mater., which is a white fibrous membrane, and forms the external ;
2d, The arachnoid., a serous membrane, forming the middle covering.
It is extremely thin and transparent ; 3d, The pia mater., a cellular mem-
brane, forming the immediate covering. It is very vascular, consisting
almost entirely of vessels.
The Brain.
The brain consists of four principal parts : medulla oblongata, pons
varolii, cerebrum, and cerebellum. Like the spinal marrow it also has
three coverings bearing the same names. The dura mater adheres very
firmly to the bones of the cranium, and consists of two laminae, which
are divided into folds called falx cerebri^ tentorium., and falx corebdli.
300 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
The medulla oblongata is the upper part of the spinal cord ; it is coni-
cal in shape, and extends from the first bone of the spinal column to the
pons varolii. Its divisions are the corpon pyramidale^ oUvare and resti-
forme.
The pons varolii is cuboidal in shape, and situated just in front of the
medulla.
The cerebrum is the largest mass composing the brain. It is oval in
shape, and weighs from three to four i^ounds. It is divided into two
hemispheres, each hemisphere consisting of an anterior, middle, and
posterior lobe. The surface presents a number of convolutions, or gyi%
each separated by deep fissures, or sulci. The interior of each hemi-
sphere is medullary in character, and the surface of each convolution is
cineritious for the depth of about one-sixth of an inch.
The ventricles of the brain are five in number : they are called the
right and left lateral, the third, fourth, and fifth ventricles.
The more minute anatomy of the cerebmm is exceeding complex, and
not of special imiiortance in a popular work of this kind.
The cerebellum constitutes about one-sixth of the brain, and"^ is con-
tained between the occiput and tentorium. It is oblong and flattened
in shape, and composed of white and gray substances. ^
Cranial Nerves.
These are nine in number, and all emerge from the foramina, or
opening at the base of the brain. They are designated by their tf unc-
tion as well as numerically, viz. : 1st, olfactory ; 2d, optic ; od, motor
oculi ; 4th, patheticus ; 5th, trifacial ; 6th, motor externus ; 7th, facial
and auditory ; 8th, pneumogastric, glosso-pharyngeal, and spinal acces-
sory ; 9th, hypoglossal.
According to function the cranial nerves may be divided into three
classes, viz. : nerves of special sense, including the 1st, 2d, and the audi-
tory branch of the 7th ; nerves of motion, including the 3d, 4th, Gth,
facial branch of the 7th and 9th ; compound nerves, comprising the 8th
and 5th.
The principal nerve of the arm is the hrachial ; of the foreami, the
ulnar and radial ; of the thigh, the great sciutic, which divides, about
©ne-third above the knee, into two large branches, the peroneal and
poj)liteal ; further on the popliteal is called the posterior tibial. In the
pelvis there are ih.B pudic, gluteal, and lesser ischiatic.
The sympathetic nerve is distributed with all the other nerves of the
body, and by means of plcjxuses supplies all the internal organs.
The nervous system is a complex piece of machinery, and its anatomy
requires much study before any competent familiarity with it can be
gained. The physician, who has an iuade(juate knowledge of the ana-
tomy of the nervous system, and philosophy of nervous phenomena, at
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 301
the physiology pertaining thereto, cannot hope to treat diseases assailing
the system with any material success. Competence in this respect is the
reward only of a long devotion, and practical experience.
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM.
INPLA3IMATI0N OF THE BrAIN (CeREBRITIS).
This consists of inflammation of the cerebral substance, and due to
long exposui-e to a vertical sun, the inordinate use of ardent spirits,
cold, fright, external injury, the sudden disappearance of an old dis-
charge, and it sometimes occurs as a consequent on small-pox, or erysi-
pelas of the face and scalp, and fevers. The symptoms are violent in-
flammatory fever, hot and dry skin, flushed countenance, suffused eyes,
quick and hard pulse, the arteries of the neck throb, and delirium. The
senses are morbidly acute, there being intolerance of light and sound.
The person is extremely restless, the muscles of the face are spasmodi-
cally contracted, the upper eye-lids hang down, and as the disease pro-
gresses, blindness and deafness ensue. The countenance is vacant or
idiotic, the eye loses its lustre, the pupils become dilated, and the eyes
often squint. In the still more advanced stage, the discharges pass off
involuntarily, the countenance becomes pale and sunken, the pulse
weak and in-egular, the coma more profound, and death soon closes the
scene. It is commonly called " Brain Fever."
Treatment. — This should be most energetic. Bleeding to fainting
has been the practice of many physicians, but I deem it unnecessary, as
revulsion can be made by other means. Leeches may, however, be ap-
plied to the scalp. The hair shoidd be closely shaved from the head,
and ice, alcohol or ether, with water, applied to the head. The decoc-
tion of ladies' -slipper should be given internally. At the outset purga-
tives should be given. Those that act thoroughly, such as gamboge,
colocynth, etc. , are the best. The bladder should be emptied every
day. In the stage of coUapse, stimulants may be given.
Apoplexy.
This is a condition in which all the functions of animal life are sud-
denly stopped, except the pulse and the breathing. There is neither
thought nor feeling, nor voluntary motion ; and the patient suddenly
falls down, and lies as if in a deep sleep. The disease assaUs in three
different ways. The first form of attack is a sudden falling do\vn into
a state of insensibility and apparently deep sleejo, the face being gener-
ally flushed, the breathing stertorous, or snoring, the pulse full and not
frequent, with occasional convulsions. From this mode of attack death
often occiu's immediately, but in some cases recovery occurs, with the
302 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST
exception of paralysis of one side, or the loss of speech, or some of the
senses. The second mode of attack begins with sudden pain in the
head, and the patient becomes pale, faint, sick, and vomits. His
pulse is feeble, has a cold sldn, and occasionally some convulsions. He
may fall down, or be only a little confused, but soon recovers from all
the symptoms, except the headache ; this will continue, and the patient
will sooner or later become heavy, forgetful, unable to connect ideas,
and finally sink into insensibility from which he never rises. This mode
of invasion, though not so frightful as the first, is of much more serious
import.
The third fonn of attack is where consciousness is retained, but
power on one side of the body is suddenly lost. The patient retains
his mind, and answers questions rationally, either by signs or words.
He may either die soon, or live for years, with imperfect speech, or a
leg dragging after him, or an arm hanging uselessly by his side.
Those persons who have large heads, red faces, short and thick necks,
and a short, stout, square biuld, are more predisposed to this disease,
than thin, pale and tall persons. Literary men, especially editors, lawyers,
doctors, etc., are subject to this disease, owing to mental overwork.
The symptoms preceding an apoplectic attack are headache, vertigo,
double vision, faltering speech, inability to remember certain words,
sometimes forgetfulness of one's one name, a frequent losing of a train
of ideas, and occasionally an unaccountable dread. It is caused by
whatever hurries the circulation as strong bodily exercise, emotional ex-
citement, exposure to the sun or severe cold, tight cravats, etc.
Treatment. — If the face is turgescent and red, and the temporal
arteries throb, and the pulse full and hard, the patient should be placed
m a semi-recumbent position, with his head raised, his clothes loosened,
particularly his neck-band and shirt coUar, and then quickly as possible,
cold water or ice should be api^lied to the head, leeches to the nape of
the neck, and mustard plasters to the calves of the leg. Tight Ugatures
may also be tied around the thighs, sufficiently tight to arrest the
venous circulation ; they should be removed gradually as consciousness
returns. Administer a stimulating purgative, as a few drops of croton oil.
Injections may also be given. If the patient is old, and the pulse feeble,
the ice applications, ligature, etc., may be omitted, and instead apply
warm flannels and warm bricks to the body, and administer camphor.
To prevent future attacks, gentle tonics should be given, and the skin
kept healthy by daDy bathing and friction. The bowels must not be
permitted to become costive. The diet should bo well regulated. The
mind .should 1)C kept cheerful and hopeful, and free from all excitement.
Intoxicating drinks should be totally avoided, and sexual congress should
be of rare occurrence. In fact every thing that might provoke an at
tack should be avoided.
the complete herbalist. 303
Congestion of the Brain.
This consists of an accumulation of blood in the cerebral vessels. The
countenance is flushed, the eyes sufEused, light becomes intolerable, and
there is singhig in the ears, vertigo, momentary loss of speech, and
sometimes delirium. Simple congestion is merely a functional affection,
and in a slight or moderate degree involves no immediate danger. It
may, however, produce apoplexy and sudden death. It is caused by
any mechanical impediment to the return of blood from the head, as tu-
mor of the neck, heart disease, etc. It is a concomitant to nearly every
inflammatory cerebral affection.
Treatment. — The treatment consists in diverting the blood from
the head by hot mustard foot baths, and an active cathartic. Ice or
cold water may also be applied to the head, and the circulation reduced
by veratrum. The treatment is the same as advised in apoplexy, in all
essential particulars.
Sunstroke.
The injury done to the brain in this case is the same as in apoplexy,
with the exception of the clot. It is essentially congestion of the brain.
Persons who are exposed by necessity of pursuit to the extreme heat of
the sun, should be protected by a wet cloth or cabbage-leaves placed on
the head and under a light hat. The symptoms are first dizziness, fol-
lowed by intense headache. Thirst becomes excessive, the pulse indis-
tinct at the wrist, violent throbbing of the carotid and temporal arteries,
and insensibility ensues by a convulsive shivering of the body.
Treatment. — Place the patient immediately in a cool and shady place,
and instantly apply, copiously, cold water, or, what is better, pounded
ice in a bag, to the head. Make friction over his legs to reUeve the
congested state of the brain. Application of tuiiDentine by friction on
the spine is also of service. Inhalation of ammonia or hartshorn is bene-
ficial, and a small quantity of the carbonate of that substance may be
given internally. Continue this treatment until the patient is out of
danger, or until death ensues. In plethoric patients, bleeding from the
arm is required, and in this instance only is bleeding advisable. After
the patient becomes conscious and apparently out of danger, he is to be
removed to his home, and a brisk cathartic administered, to effect re-
vulsion. In no case should he be allowed again to expose himself to
sun during the first four or five days after the occurrence of the sun-
stroke. The application of water or ice to the head should be abandon-
ed by gradual increase of temperature, to prevent any reaction
Ins.\nity.
This is an unsound manifestation of intellectual power. The indica-
tions which should excite alarm are headache, vertigo, mental confusion.
304 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
fretful temper, inaptitude for usual occupations, defective articulations,
dimness of vision, and flightiness of manner. The patient is also avfare
that he is not right, he shuns his old friends, has frightful dreams, ii
tortured with vdcked thoughts. If it exists with general paralysis it is
frequently incurable. Derangement is manifested in various ways,
viz: —
1st Maina.—Thia is characterized by general delirium, in which tho
reasoning faculty is disturbed and confused, if not lost, ideas absurd,
wandering, or erroneous ; conduct violent, excited, and extremely mis-
chievous. The maniac's hair is crisped, he neglects his family and busi-
ness, suspects his friends, dislikes the light, and certain colors horrify
him, his ears are sometimes very red, noise excites and disturbs him,
and he has frequent fits of anger and melancholy, without any cause.
His delirium extends to all subjects, and the entire intellect, affections
and will are in a chaotic wreck.
In pverpernl mania occurring after delivery, the delirium is frequently
extreme, there being a tendency to suicide or child-murder. Maniacs
in general have a disposition to murder or suicide.
2d. Monomania. This is characterized by mental aberratibn o^ one
subject. The patient seizes upon a false principle, and draws from it
injurious conclusions, which modify and change his whole life and char-
acter. In other cases the intellect is sound, but the affections and dis-
position being perverted, their acts are strange and inconsistent. At-
tempt is made to justify their hallucinations by plausible reasoning.
M. Dementia. This is a condition in which the weakness of intellect
is induced by accident or old age. The ideas are numerous, but vague,
confused and wandering; the memory is impaired, and the manners
childish, siUy and undecided.
ith. Moral 3Iania. Moral insanity is a condition in which there is a
perversion of the natural feelings, affections, temper, habits, and moral
dispositions. The conduct is eccentric, and an uncontrolable destruc-
tive tendency, or a propensity to every species of mischief, are frequently
the leading features. A slight insanity is popularly called "a kink in
the head;" in Scotland, "a bee in the bonnet."
If insanity is characterized by fear, moroseness and prolonged sadness,
it is called hjpemania or mdancli/>lia. If religion is the theme of deli-
rium, it is termed theomania. If amatory delusions rule, it is called
erotomania. If the suicidal tendency is strong, it is designated a.utopha-
mania, and if characterized by aversion to man and society, it is called
misanthrojda. If the tendency is to stealing, it constitutes kleptomania.
Close confinement, and low diet, such conveniences as prisons afford, are
the best cures for this species of mania.
It is a pitiful sight to see the thousand fancies in regard to themselves
of the insane. One Imagines himself as an inspired individual, and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 30b
charged with the conversion of the world, while another sincerely be-
lieves that the devil has entered into him, and he curses God, himself
and the universe. Still another believes that he controls the world, and
directs the movements of the planets. One believes that all the wisdom
is concentrated in him, and offers to teach the wisest. Another imag-
ines himself some grand king, is proud, withdraws from his fellows, and
will allow no one to come in his presence without proper acts of homage.
Yet another is Napoleon, or some other great general, and he fights his
battles anew, and majestically marshals his imaginary army. Idioci/ is
owing to a congenital deficiency of mind, and in consequence the idiot
may oiten be a deaf-mute, and be governed by insane passions.
The cause of insanity is hereditaiy predisposition, constant revolution
in the mind of some painful thought, injured feelings which cannot be
resented, mortified pride, perplexity in business, disappoiated affections
or ambition, political or religious excitement, loss of friends or property,
and in general, whatever worries the mind or creates a deep distress.
Another prolific cause is masturbation.
Treatment. — The real character of the malady should be ascertained,
and, if possible, the pathological condition giving rise to the disorder cor-
rected. Out-door exercise, lively amusements, fresh air and daily bath-
ing, contribute largely to establish a cure. The exciting cause should
be removed. The stomach and bowels should receive due attention.
The tonics should be given to improve the general health of the patient.
Ladies'-slipper, scuUcap, cannabis indica, gelsemium, aconite, veratrum,
belladonna, quinine, opium and lupul in, stand in good repute for this dis-
order. The moral treatment should be such as is best adapted to the con-
dition of the patient. It is probably best, when practicable, to place the
patient in some well-conducted insane asylum, where he will have pro-
jicr attendance and treatment. If this is not feasible, the physician should
make such arrangements as wUl best seciire the patient, if of vicious dis-
position, from harming himself or others, but in no case should vinneces-
sary restraint be placed uxjon the patient.
I have conducted the treatment in many cases of insanity, many of
whom I had never seen, and wherever my instructions were faithfully
can-ied out, a cure was generally effected. If any of my readers have
relatives or friends who may have become insane, and who may desire to
know my opinion of the case, or its chances for cure, and will describe
the case to me fuhy, I will cheerfully state them. (See page 390 for
address.)
Delirium Tremens.
This is also called mania apotu^ and in common parlance it is the ' ' hor-
rors" or "jim-jams." It is caused by the sudden withdrawal from the
habitual or prolonged use of alcoholic stimulation. Its most prominent
306 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
characteristics are delirious hallucinations, fear, muscular tremors, weak-
ness, watchfulness, and the want of sleep. The symptoms are incessant
talking, fidgeting with the hands, trembling of the limbs, a rapid pulse,
profuse sweating, and a mingling of the real with the imaginary. The
patient's face is pale and sallow, his eye is rolling, quick and expressive,
and is busy day and night, and can scarcely be confined to his room. He
is unwilling to admit that anything ails him, answers questions ration-
ally, and does whatever he is bidden at the time. Then he begins to
wander again, the expression becomes wild, the eyes vacant or staring,
and becomes the victim of pitiful and ludicrous illusions of senses, phan-
tasms and hallucinations of every kind ; he sees imaginary objects, such
as rats, mice, lice, dogs, cats, snakes, and hears and miagines the most
extraordinary and absurd delusions. In favorable cases, sleep ends the
crisis about the third or fourth day ; where death occurs, the delirium is
active until sudden suspension of breath ensues.
Treatment. — Sleep is the cure for this disease, and opium and its
preparations are the sovereign remedies. Give one-third or one-half of a
grain of morphia ; if this does not produce sleep, give thirty drops of
laudanum every two hours till sleep is prodiiced. A draught or two of
the patient's accustomed drink may also be given, and large ^oses of
ojiium may be dispensed with if cold ai)plications are made to the head,
and the use of a tepid bath, prolonged for ,i. few houi^s. Lupulin^is also
a good remedy.
Headache (Cephalalgia).
This, in its widest acceptation, includes all uneasy sensations of the
head. It may be confined to one spot, or embrace one side, as in hemi-
crania ; or it may be diffused, and of indefinite extent. It may be felt
in the depths of the brain, or only in the scalp and cranium, and con-
tinue for an instant, or last for days and weeks. It is usually paroxysmal,
and the pain may be simple or very Adolent. It is a constant attendant
to the different forms of inflammation of the brain. It is caused by
various conditions; decayed teeth may cause it. Wlien confined to one
side, the pain is of a lancinating character ; when due to a disordered
stomach, it occurs in the forehead and temples ; when it occurs from a
congestive state of the brain, it is of a dull, heavy, aching character ;
when due to spinal irritation, there is a protracted jiain in the top or
back j)art of the head ; and when it is accompanied by nausea and vomit-
ing, it is called '■'■ sick-hedddche.'"
TKEAT>rENT. — Immediate relief may frequently be obtained by
thoroughly evacuating the stomach, and drinking hot tea or coffee,
followed by adding ten drops of tincture of belladonna to a tumblerful of
water, and takLiig one tea-spoonful everj' ten or fifteen minutes. A hot
foot-bath and bathing the head in stimiUating linimentB also afford relief
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 307
in some cases. If it is due to a full habit, the diet must be regulated.
In some bad cases cold applications to the head, leeches to the temples,
and hot sinapisms to the spine may be required. Rubbing my ' ' Herbal
Ointment " on the forehead, temples, and nape of neck gives instant relief.
Hypochondria.
Among the causes of this distressing complaint are disappointment,
misfortunes of a heavy character, care, masturbation, excessive mental
labor, undue anxiety, costiveness, neglect of cleanluiess, indigestion,
sedentary occupations, living in close and gloomy apartments, or wet
and marshy localities, excessive indulgence in sexual pleasures, or any-
thing which tends to weaken and disturb the nervous system, or over-
stimulate the brain. The mental symptoms are countless. The chief one
is a constant dread of some unexplainable evil ; the patient fears that his
wife, if he has one, is unfaithful, or hates him, or that his business is
going to ruin, and he will be redixced to beggary, or that his friends
despise him, or that he will be charged with the commission of some
monstrous crime, or that he has all, or a majority of the worst physical
diseases that surgeon or physician was ever summoned to treat. These
are the lightest symptoms, and if not immediately attended to, will be-
come aggravated, and go on increasing in violence and extent until the
sufferer dies naturally from exhaustion and misery, gets hopelessly in-
sane, or perhaps commits suicide. The organs of sense are more or less
deranged, and external sensations are magnified and corrupted even as
those of the mind are. Thus, the eye appears to see aU sorts of forms
which it dnes not see; the smell detects odors which do not exist; the
touch demonstrates to the brain objects with which it does not come
in contact ; the taste is perverted and disordered to an extent which
seems, to an uninterested observer, impossible ; and the ears convey
imaginary sounds of the most perplexing and terrific character. The
queer fancies of the hypochondriac are often of such a character as to
obliterate pity for the unhappy individual, and provoke both disgust and
laughter. Cases have been known where the victim imagined that he
was a teapot, or had glass legs which would break upon the lightest
exertion, or was made of jelly, and could not move without dissolving
into an undistinguishable mass of gelatinous matter, or was as large as
an elephant, or as small as a pipe-stem ; or had horns growing from the
head, or a bottle attached to the end of the nose, or was covered with
creeping and venomous insects. Hypochondria is also productive of
fainting spells, cold surface of the body, an eye either glassy and un-
naturally brilliant, or without any lustre, palpitations, pains in the
stomach, pale and livid countenance, and occasional paroxysms of fever.
Treatment. — A cure may be effected by the employment of such medi-
cines as wUl restore tone to the stomach and nervous system, and also by
*308 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
removing, as far as is possible, all the causes which lead to the origin and
l)eri)etuation of the malady. Whern it is within the scope of the patient's,
means he should be kept continually on the move (without fatigue), a con-
stant change of scene being one of the most desirable of self-acting reme-
dies. All allusions to his real or fancied miseries should be avoided, or, if
found necessary, of the kiudcst and most consoling description. It is
always the case that the hypochondriac wUl be the harshest, the most
suspicious, and the most vmgenerous in every way, towards his best
friends. This is an unfailing tjq:ie of the disease. The friends must bear
these annoyances patiently and self-denyingly. To lose one's temper
with such a sufferer is to commit a great crime ; out-of-door exercise
must be as constant as is consistent with the weather and the jjatient's
circumstances. Leave the hj'pochondriac alone as little as possible.
Let him eat and drink but moderately of nourishing but easily-digested
food, and above all things keep him from the use of stimulating drinks
and tobacco. Music has been found highly beneficial in these cases —
anything is good, in fact, which affords lively amusement. A cold or
tepid sponge bath shoidd be taken morning and evening, and the itile of
" early to bed and early to rise," should never be violated. The bowels
must always be kept open- — a good passage every twenty -four Ijours
being required— and where the patient is extremely weak, a good *sub-
stantial tonic, such as " Restorative Assimilant," should be administered
three times a day. When the patient has a fainting smell, and thinks
he is dying, give him motherwort tea, with spirits of camphor in it, if
no other assistance happens to be at hand. This is only general treat-
ment for temporary benefit. To eradicate the disease thoroughly it is
necessary to know all about the individual case, and the chief causes of
its origin and development. Nature's remedies may then be applied
without fear of failure.
Neuralgia.
This disease affects one tissvie only — the nervous, and pain is the only
symptom. The pain is of every degree of intensity. It may affect
every nerve, but is more commonly confined to the most important. The
tearing pain comes on sitddenly and in paroxysms. It may be so agoniz
ing as to cause a temporary loss of reason.
AVhen the fifth pair of nerves is affected it is called tic doideiireux ;
and face ache when confined to the facial nerve and branches. It is
called sciatica when the pain begins at the hip and follows the course of
the sciatic nerve. It may also occur in the female breasts, the womb,
in the stomach and bowels, hands and feet, etc.
Treatment. — This is palliative and radical. The palliative treat-
ment consists in the administration of aconite, hyoscyamus, ladios'-
slipner, belladomia, opium, morphine, lupulin, cicuta, etc. These can
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 309
either be applied locally, or taken internally. Morphine and aconitin
should be injected pubcutaneously, and immediate relief follows. In
sciatica, blistering along the course of the nerve often cures. Ten grains
each of aconitin and extract of belladonna and one drachm of lard,
form an excellent ointment for external application. The ' ' Herbal Oint-
ment " (page 469) arrests the pain almost instantly. The radical treat-
ment consists in removing the cause. If due to malarial influence,
quinine should be given. If associated with kidney disease, that organ
should receive attention. The alteratives are serviceable in many
cases.
Bilious Colic.
This is neuralgia of the mesenteric net-work of nerves, or rather
hy])era3sthesia of the plexus. By hyperoesthesia is meant excessive
sensibility or passability. It is characterized by shai-ji twisting pain ex-
tending from the navel to the lower portion of the abdomen. It occurs
in itaroxysms, and is of <a most excruciating character. The patient is
restless, hands, feet and cheeks are cold, and the pulse is small and
hard. The abdomen is tense and distended ; obstinate constipation,
and usually nausea and vomiting occur. The fits usually last from a
few moments to several hours. The matter vomited up is generally
bilious matter.
Treatment. — Administer an active purgative injection immediately,
and give internally wild yam, camphor, etc. , every fifteen minutes until
the pain is relieved. A strong decoction of wild yam root is a specific
cure for this affection. Scull-cap and high-cranberry bark are also good.
The latter is called cramp bark on accoujit of its excellence in spasmodic
affections. The vomiting may be checked by laudanum. Hot bathe,
fomentations, etc. , are also usef uL
Hiccough.
This consists in spasmodic contraction of the midriff, and a certain
degree of constriction, which arrests the air in the wind-pipe, thus pro-
ducing sudden, short, convulsive inspirations, attended by slight sound,
and followed immediately by expiration. It is often a symptom of low
forms of fever and inflammatory diseases, or caused by the excessive
use of alcohol or tobacco.
Treatment. — When purely nervous, suddenly attracting the mind
will cure it. Hence the common advice to the hiccoughing patient,
" think of your sweetheart" is so often effectual, because the fond ob-
ject absorbs the whole mind. When dependent upon a disordered state
of the stomach, an emetic will relieve it. In fevers it denotes debUity,
indicating the need of stimulants.
310 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
WnoopiNG Coucn (Pertussis").
This is a hypersesthesia of the pneumo-gastric nerve, and not due
to inflammation, as may be supposed. It is a contag-ious disease. It
consists of a convulsive cough, attended by hissing and rattling in the
WTndpipe, and ineffectual efforts to expel the breath. This is repeated
until a quantity of thick, tenacious mucus is expectorated, when the
breathing again becomes free. The paroxysms apparently threaten
suffocation, and the agitation affects the whole body. Blood is some-
times started from the nostrils, but, not^vithstanding the violence of the
symptoms, it is rarely ever dangerous.
Treatment. — An emetic may be given at first. Liniments of olive
oil or the " Herbal Ointment" should be applied to the spine. The anti-
spasmodics are or course indicated, such as belladonna, a decoction of
bitter almond, or of cherry seed, etc. Lobelia is a good remedy, as is
also skunk cabbage ; daily vapor inhalations are also serviceable ; cochi-
neal has a good reputation ; it should be used with stillingia.
Spasm op the Glottis. -v
This is also called the crowing disease ox faUe crouj). It is comnjon to
children, and rarely occurs in adults. It is a spasmodic disease, and
distinguishable from croup by the absence of fever. The child is sud-
denly taken with an impossibility of taking breath, and struggles
convulsively for a time, its head thrown back, face pale, legs and arms
stiff, and when it begins to breathe it is of a crowing character.
Treatment. — In the paroxysm set the child in an upright position,
exposed to a fuU draught of cool and fresh air, and sprinkle cold water
in its face. Loosen all its clothes around Ihe neck, slap it shghtly on
the back, and apply friction along the spine. If not successful, place it
in a warm bath, and then sprinkle cold water in its face. If due to
teething, use the proper remedies, and give some gentle physic.
Epilepsy.
This is characterized by the sudden loss of consciousness and .sensi-
bility, accompanied with spasms and convulsions. It comes on sud-
denly, and epileptics, by the sudden attacks, are at all times in danger.
They may be taken while descending a flight of stairs, while traversing
the bank of a precipice, while crossmg a street crowded with vehicles
drawn at fnll speed, or while in a throng of people whose feet would
trample them to death, esiiecially in case of an alarm of fire, a great pubhc
meeting or pageant, or other sudden danger. But all those afllictcd in
this terrible way are actually aUve to the dangers of which they are the
constant expectants. Epilepsy, in its severer forms, is a terrible disease
to witness. It is productive of great distress juid misery, and liable to
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 311
terminate in -n-orse than deatli, as it is apt, in many cases, to end in fa-
tuity or insanity, and so carrying perpetual anxiety and dismay into all
of tliose families which it has once visited.
The leading symptoms of Epilepsy are, a temporary susjiension of con-
sciousness, with clonic sjjasms, recurring at intervals ; but so various are
its forms, and so numerous its modifications, that no general description
of the disease can be given. I will first describe the most ordinary type
of the disease, and then note some of the several variations which occur
from the standard type.
A man in the apparent enjoyment of perfect health suddenly utters a
loud cry, and falls instantly to the ground, senseless and convulsed. He
strains and struggles violently. His breathing is embarrassed and sus-
pended ; his face is turgid and livid ; he foams at the mouth ; a choking
sound is heard in his wind-pipe, and he appears to be at the point of
death from apnoea, or suspension of breath. By degrees, however,
these alarming phenomena diminish, and finally cease, leaving the
patient exhausted, heavy, stupid, comatose, or in a death-like condition.
His life, however, is no longer threatened, and soon, to all appearances,
he is perfectly well. The same train of morbid jihenomena recur, again
and again, at different, and mostly at irregular intervals, perhaps
through a long course of years, notwithstanding the best medical science
has been exercised to prevent and cure the distressing malady. This is
the most ordinary form of Epilepsy.
The suddenness of the attack is remarkable : in an instant, wheu it is
least expected by himself, or by those around him, in the luiddk, of a
sentence or of a gesture, the change takes place, and the unfortunate
sufferer is stretched f oammg, struggling, and insensible on the earth.
In this country, Epilepsy is commonly called the '■^ Falliny Skkiiens,''''
or more vaguely, " Fits." The cry, which is frequently, but not always
uttered, is a piercing and teiTifying scream. Women have often been
thrown into hysterics upon hearing it, and frequently it has caused preg-
nant females to miscarry. Even the lower animals are often startled,
and appalled by a scream so harsh and lumatural, and parrots and other
birds have been known to drop from their perch, apparently frightened
to death by the appalling sound.
In most of the cases of fits, which have come under my notice and
treatment, the first effect of the spasms has been a twisting of the neck,
the chin being raised and brought round by a succession- of jerks towards
the shoulder, while one side of the body is usually more strongly agi-
tated than the other. The features are greatly distorted, the brows
knit, the eyes sometimes quiver and roll about, sometimes are fixed -and
staring, and sometimes are trrnied up beneath the lids, so that the cornea
cannot be seen, but leaving visible the white sclerotica alone ; at; the
Bame time the mouth is twisted awry, the tongue thrust between the
812 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
teeth, and, caught by the violent closure of the jaws, is often severely
bitten, reddening by blood the foam which issues from the mouth. The
hands are firmly clenched and the thumbs bent inwards on the pahns,
the amis are generally thrown about, striking the chest of the patient
with great force. Sometimes he will bruise himself against surrounding
objects, or inflict hard Icnocks on the friends and neighbors who have
hastened to his assistance. It frequently happens that the urine and
excrements are expelled during the violence of the spasms, and sen;inal
emissions sometimes take place. The spasmodic contraction of the
muscles is occasionally so powerful as to dislocate the bones to which
they are attached. The teeth have thus been fractured, and the joints
of the jaw and of the shoulder put out or dislocated.
This is the most severe^ yet the most common form in which an epi-
leptic attack occurs. Fortunately, there is a largo class of cases in which
the symptoms are milder. Sometimes there is no convulsion at all, or, at
least, is very slight and transient ; no turgescence of the face ; no foam-
ing of the mouth ; no ciy ; but a sudden suspension of consciousness, a
short period of insen.sibility, a fixed gaze, a totter, perhaps, ^a look of
confusion, but the patient does not fall. This is but momentary.^ Pre-
sently consciousness returns, and the patient resumes the action in
which he had been previously engaged, A^dthout always being aware that
it has been interrupted.
Between these two extremes of epilepsy there are many links or
grades. Sometimes the sufferer sinlis or slides down quietly without
noise ; is pale ; is not convulsed ; but is insensible, much like one in a
state of syncope, or fainting.
As it is impossible to give any single description of epilepsy Mdiich will
inchide all its varieties, of course it is still more difficult to offer a strict
definition of the disease. We can only say it is a malady that causes a
sudden loss of sensation and consciousness, with spasmodic contraction
of the voluntary muscles, quickly passing into violent convulsive distor-
tions, attended and followed by stupor or sleep, recurring in paroxysms,
often more or less rcgiilar. Yet all these circumstances may in turn be
wantmg. There may be no convulsion, no interruption of conscious-
ness, no subsequent coma or stupor, or even a recurrence of the
attack.
The duration of the attacks is variable. They seldom continue longer
than half an hour ; the average duration may be said to be from five to
ten minutes. Attacks that spread over three or four hours generally
consist of a succession of paroxysms, with indistinct intervals of coma-
tose exhaustion. In the long-continued fits, or in the protracted suc-
cession of fits, the patient often dies.
The periods at which the i)aroxysms return are extremely variable.
Most commonly they visit the sufferer at irregular periods of a few
THE COMPLETE HERRALTST. 313
months or weeks ; sometimes are repeated at intervals of a few days ;
sometimes every day or every night, and very frequently many times
in the twenty-four hours.
The epileptic attack may come on for the first time at any age. It may
beg-in in infancy during the first dentition, or teething ; more commonly
about the age of seven or eight years, during the time of the second
dentition ; more frequently still, from fourteen to sixteen, shortly before
the age of puberty. It is apt to occur for a few years siibsequently to
this. The first fit may not occur till between thirty and forty ; or it may
occur at sixty, or even at a later period of life.
Treatment. — There is perhaps no disease where a greater diversity
of medical treatment has been instituted than in Epilepsy. The whole
pharmacopoeia has been exhausted, and each remedy extolled for its
virtues. One medical man says he cures the disease by trephining;
another thinks the oil of turpentine the best remedy ; still another recom-
mends the vapor of chloroform. This doctor applies ice, the other cau-
terizes the back with a hot iron, and yet another speaks highly of a
compound of camphor, valerian, assafoetida, naphtha, and oil of cajeput.
Unless rational treatment is employed, the disease cannot be cured.
If occurring in infants, it should be ascertained if it is not due to teeth-
ing or worms, and the proper treatment instituted, if so caused. If
connected with derangement of the catamenia, masturbation, or sperma-
torrhoea, the treatment for these complaints is necessary. The anti-
Bpasmodics are indicated in every case, the best of which is blue vervian,
although valerian, belladonna, scuUcap, etc., are also good. The general
condition of the system should receive strict attention.
On page 469 I have given a remedy which will prove in eight cases
out of ten a simple and certain cure. I make no secret of its com-
position. I have sent the prescription to many thousands gratuitously.
A fair trial will convince every one that it is one of the most potent
remedies ever discovered for the cure of epilepsy, falling sickness, or
fits. When this medicine is taken, the spasms gradually grow lightei
and lighter, and finally disappear altogether, restoring the patient to the
most perfect normal health. Its effect is truly wonderful. The time
to accomplish a cure is usually from two to three months.
Hysterics.
This is a nervous condition confined to females, though well marked
cases of hysteria are occasionally met with in males. The invasion of
the disease is sudden and irregular, but in many cases decidedly period-
ical. The princi])al characteristics consist in alternate fits of weeping and
laughing, with a sensation as if a ball was rolling towards the stomach,
chest, and neck, producing a sense of strangulation. Consciousness is
lost in violent cases, but it remains clear as a general thing, which dis-
14
314 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
tinguishes it from (ipilepsy. It is dependent upon irregularity of nervous
distribution in very impressible persons.
Treatment. — During the paroxysms, the feet should be placed in
warm water, and a hot mustard plaster applied to the lower jiart of the
abdomen. A decoction of equal parts of ladies' -slipper and scullcap
should be given until the spasm subsides. A tea made of ginger and
bayberry, the tincture of castor, and assafoetida, are also good. The
state of the womb should receive attention, and if dependent upon in-
digestion and constipation, tonics and laxatives are the i^roper remedies.
I have never met with the annoyance or difficulty in the treatment of
this disease that so many practitioners speak of, but regard the disease
US easy of cure.
Catalepsy.
This IB an affliction of rare occurrence, and appears to be constitu-
tional, or dependent uiion some derangement of the nervous and mus-
cular system which baffles inquiry. The sufferer is suddenly seized by
it, and, although powerless to move, or speak, and to all appearance
dead, is partially sensible of all that is going on around. In some cases,
however, the senses are suspended. The body and limbs are not gen-
erally rigid, but will remain in the positions in which the bystand-
ers may place them. Many years ago, when the light of science was not
60 bright, or shed so extensively as it is now, men and women were buried
alive while cataleptic. The catalepsy, or trance, often lasts for weeks,
the sufferer, in the meantime, pai'taking of no novu-ishment whatever.
" Absence of mind " is a slight form of catalepsy.
Treatment. —During the paroxy.sms the head should be showered
wath cold water, followed by hot foot-baths and stimulating liniments,
with friction to the abdomen and spine. Some aromatic stimulant, as
peppermint sling or compound spirits of lavender, should also be ad-
ministered. For the toning of the nervous system and preventing
rccun-ence of the trance, the "Restorative Assimilant" answers all
purposes admirably.
St. Vitus's Dance (Chorea).
This is characterized by iiTcgiilar contractions of the voluntary mus-
cles, especially of the face and limbs, there being incomplete subserviency
of these muscles to the will. It is a disease which usually occurs beforo
puberty, and is generallj' connected with torpor of the system and of the
digestive organs in particular. The spasms do not continue during sleep,
and often, by a strong effort of the will, they can in a measure be con-
trolled. Its duration is long, but usually devoid of danger, unless it
merges into organic disease of the nervous centres, or of the heart, or
into epilepsy.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 315
Treatment. — The general system should be strengthened, and the
intestinal canal stimulated. Purgatives once or twice a week, with ap-
propriate regimen, will fulfil these. A mild purgative, like the "' Reno-
vating Pih," should be used. The decoction of scuUcap and ladies'-
slipper is very beneficial. It is cured in a short time by my " Restora-
tive Assimilant."
Locked-Jaw (Tetanus).
This is a disease of the true spinal system, and is manifested by spasm
and rigidity of the voluntary muscles. When the muscles of the neck
and face are affected, it is termed Trismus, or locked-jaw ; when the
muscles in front, Einprosthotoiios : when the muscles of the back, Opis-
thototios ; and when bending to either side, Pleurosthotonos.
Tetanus may be either acute or chronic ; the former is the most fre-
quent and most formidable ; the latter, apt to be partial, mUder, and
more subject to treatment.
It is called traiunatic when it follows a wound or injury, and idiopathic
when of spontaneous origin.
Acute traumatic tetanus is more common in hot climates, and in mili-
tary practice, and may follow a slight bruise or puncture, especially if
some nerve has been injured. The symptoms may appear in a few houi's,
or in many days ; at first, there is a stiffness and soreness about the
neck and face, the contraction of the muscles causing a ghastly smUe ;
chewing and swallowing are difficult, the forehead is wrinkled, eyeballs
are distorted, nostrils dilated, and the grinnuig countenance is expres-
sive of horror. Respiration is rapid, the tongue protrudes, and the
saliva dribbles. The mind is clear until just before death, which gener-
ally takes place in a few days.
Treatment. — The indications are to remove all sources of irritation
and diminish the spasm. The wound is to be cleansed from aU foreign
bodies, pus to be discharged by a free incision, if necessary, and warm
anodyne poultices and fomentations are to be applied. Excision of the
wound, or division of the nerve leading to it, may be done by the sur-
geon. Nutrition and opium are indispensable ; the latter may be used
either externally or internally. A lobelia emetic, if it can be adminis-
tered, should be given, and a brisk pm-gative should be given. Tobacco,
either by the mouth, or in enema, is an excellent relaxant. Camphor,
assafoetida, etc., may also be used as antispasmodics. Cannabis indica
internally, and ice to the spine, have been used advantageously in some
cases. If, in opinion of the attending physician, it is necessary, chloro-
foim or ether may be used as an anaesthetic.
Paralysis (Palsy).
The most characteristic symptom of cerebral hemorrhage is paralysis.
316 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Very slight efEusion produces this effect, and, in general, its intensity is
in direct ratio of the extent of the effusion. It also arises from disease
of the brain or its niembranes, injuries of the brain and spinal cord,
diseases of the cord or its membranes, or any injury of the large nervous
networks, the action of lead, etc. The nerves of motion as weD as those
of sensation may be paralyzed, and when it exists on one side of the body
it is called hemiplegid, and when confined to the lower limbs, paraplegia.
\Mien the muscles of the mouth or of an extremity are affected, it is
called ^wr^jai paralj'sis, and when both sides, whether in their extent or
in some of their parts, are deprived of motion, it is termed general
paralysis.
At the verj^ moment of the effusion it acquires all at once its highest
degree of intensity, then remains stationary or begins to diminish.
Sometimes the paralyzed part has not previously experienced any
disturbance with respect to either sensation or motion; sometimes,
however, the patient has experienced in these parts pricking sensations,
numbness, permanent or transient, an unusual feeling of cold, a sense
of weight, and a certain degree of debility. The part paralyzed suggests
the locality of the effusion or injury, but these are only of interest tp the
pathologist. When the affected muscles degenerate or atrophy,^it is
called loastiiig palny, and when characterized by slow progress, and
tremulousne.ss increases to such extent that the agitation prevents sleep,
all locomotion, difficulty of chewmg and swallowing, etc., it is called
paralysis agitans.
Treatment. — If dependent upon cerebral hemorrhage, the treatment
of apoplexy should be instituted, and afterwards the use of derivatives
such as purgatives, alteratives, diuretics, etc., and the use of local stim-
ulants. The patient should be restricted in his diet, and all causes of
cerebral excitement, whether physical or moral, should be avoided.
The bowels should be well acted upon, and the condition of the bladder
attended to. When the organic disease is removed, and all symptoms
of vascular excitement have subsided, recourse should be had to nux
vomica, or strychnine, tonics, and galvanism. In giving .strychnine, the
lowest dose should be given at first, and cautiously increased. Macrotin,
viburnin, xanthoxylin, and rhusin are also good remedies. The local
treatment consists in stimulatmg liniments, blisters to the spine, etc.
Those who may desire my counsel and opmion of their cases, as to
nature and curableness, will please write as directed on page 390.
Hydrophobia.
This is caused by the bite of a mad dog or other hydrophobic animals.
The human subject is not as liabh: to hydrophobia as the lower animals,
and it is consoling to know that only about one-tenth of those bitten are
attacked by hydrophobia.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 317
The interval of the bite and appearance of the disease varies from
twelve days to two months. The wound heals like any other bite, but
on approach of the disease the scar begins to have sharp pains, and the
part feels cold, stiff, or numb. The j^atieut feels a strange anxiety, is
depressed in spirit, has an occasional chill, disturbed sleep, and spas-
modic twitches. The appetite is lost, and, as the disease progresses,
thirst appears, and he attempts to drink ; but, the moment the water
approaches his mouth, a spasmodic shudder comes over him, he pushes
it back with horror, and the awful fact of his condition is known to him,
and pitiful expressions escape him. His throat becomes full of glain,
viscid mucus, which he continually tries to clear away. He strives to
bite his attendants, suffers great depression of spirits, and finally dies
from exhaustion, or in a horrible spasm.
Treatment. — The wound should be cut out, cups or suction applied
to it, or thoroughly cauterized, and the patient should be kept quiet.
Copious draughts of whiskey have been advised by some.
The red chickweed or scarlet pimpernel is said to be an absolute re-
medy. Four ounces of this should be boiled in two quarts of water un-
til reduced to one quart, and a wine-glassful taken twice a day. The
■wound should also be bathed by the same. The common rose-beetle
(ceta)iiaamata)^ found so commonly on rose-bushes, is an effectual remedy.
I desire in this connection to draw attention to a most absurd, ridicu-
lous superstition which prevails ; that is, if a person be bitten by a dog
which is in perfect health, but afterwards goes mad, the person also will
be affected, so they Insist upon the dog being destroyed, for fear it
should go mad at any fu.ture period. Instead of this the dog should be
carefully taken care of. Patients would then have the satisfaction of
knowing that there was nothing wrong with it, and their minds would
be at rest.
DISEASES OF THE SKIN.
Humid Tetter (Eczema).
This consists in the appearance of minute shining vesicles, not larger
than the head of a small pin, on different portions of the body. They
are usually clustered together, and surrounded by a red ring. The
fluid in the vesicles becomes opaque in a few days, and finally forms
light, thin scales, which fall off. In most cases a fresh crop appears aa
soon as the first crop is matui'ed, in which case yellow crusts form over
the diseased patch, and chronic tetter exists for weeks or mouths. The
red eczema is the worst form of this disease.
Treatment. — Low dii^t, cooling diinks, gentle purgatives and warm
bathe should be prescribed. The acetic tinctiu'e of blood-root should be
318
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
externally applied. It speedily cures all cases.
elm poultices, etc. , are also useful.
Celandine, tar, slippery-
Tetter, Shingles (Herpes).
Tetter is a transient non-contagious eruption, consisting of circum-
scribed red patches, upon each of which are situated clusters of vesicles,
about the size of a pea. After a few days the vesicles break, pour out a
thin fluid, and form brown or yeUow crusts, which fall ofE about the
tenth day, leaving the surface red and irritable. The eiiiption is attend-
ed with heat, tingling, fever, and restlessness, especially at night.
Ringworm is a curious form of tetter, the mflamed patches being ring-
like in form.
Treatment. — Light diet, and gentle laxatives. If the patient is old
the tonics should be given. The elder- flower ointment is an excellent
external ai)plication. The acetic tincture of lobelia is also good. No-
thing better, however, can be used than the " Herbal Ointment," men-
tioned on page 469.
iTcn (Scabies). ^ ^
This annoying disease is caused by minute white insects, the acarus
scdbei or sarcoptis /loiyiinis, which insinuate themselves beneath the
Bkin. It is said that these insects travel in pairs, male and female, hus-
band and wife evidently, and that the female is very much the smaller.
Under the microscope the animal appears as in the cut, which gives a
The Itch Insect.
front, back and side view of it. The elegance of the animal is beyond
question, mid his mode of burrowing under the skin is sagacious. ^\^Ien
placed upon the skin he proceeds to make a hole through it, which he
does by hia head and fure-ieet. Into this he insinuates his whole body.
THE COMrLETE HERBALIST. 319
Like the mole, he makes a channel many times his own length, at the
end excavating a chamber, where he takes his siesta, and from whence
he saunters forth in quest of provender. As age aj^proaches, tired of
the home of his youth, he digs onward, scoops out another, in which he
ends his days, beloved and respected by all his neighbors.
Itch is characterized by a vesicular eruption, and makes its appear-
ance between the fingers and in other soft portions of the skin. If the
pimples are scratched a watery fluid is poured out which forms small
scabs, and if th§ disease is not cured, extensive sores occur. It is more
common among the poor, but James I. of England said that it was only
fitted for kings, so excellent is the enjoyment of scratching. It may be
a royal luxury, but I am quite sure that persons having the itch would
consent for it to be entirely monopolized by kings. A siniilar disease
is caused by the aoarus saechari, an insect very common in brown
sugar.
Treatment. — -Whatever kills the Little animal will cure the itch. This
Is best achieved by suljihur. It should be made into an ointment with
lard, and thoroughly rubbed into the skin before the fire, morning and
evening for a few days. This will put an end to the "squatter sove-
reignty '' of whole colonies. An ointment made from veratrum also does
well. Another method is equally if not more efficacious. Rub the en-
tire surface of the body over with soft soap for half an hour — then a
warm bath for half an hoiir, washing it thoroughly ofP, and exciting the
fikin to active circulation. Then an ointment, prepared as follows,
should be rubbed over the entire surface : Take eight ounces of lard
and into it thoroughly rub two ounces of flour of sulphur, and one ounce
of carbonate of potash, making an even and uniform mixture, and it ia
leady for use. This, after it has remained on the skin for three hours,
may be well washed off, and the disease is entirely annihilated. In per-
bons of tender skin, or where considerable inflammation has been set
up by continued scratching, it may be necessary to anoint with hard
Boap instead of soft, for it does not contain as much alkali, and leave
out the carbonate of potash in the ointment — for reason of its being too
stimulating. In these instances, it will take longer to cure the disease,
but it is just as certain in its results. This mode of treating this dis-
ease is an entirely successful one — and no one need " to scratch " if
these simple directions be attended to.
Watery Blebs (Pemphigus).
This is characterized by loss of appetite, febrile symptoms, at first, fol-
lowed by a bright red eruption of a smarting or burning sensation. In
the centre of this eruption, minute vesicles appear, which gradually en-
large in blisters in the shape of bubbles and contain a wateiy fluid. They
vary in size from a split pea to that of a hen's egg, and rise very rapidly.
820 THE COMPLETE nCHDALIST.
and break in a few days, leaving a raw surface, which soon becomea
covered with a crust.
Treatment. — The surface of the body should be bathed, and the
bowels opened by a gentle purge. The inllamed surface should be cov-
ered by a slippery-elm poultice, and be kept moist with tincture of
lobelia. When the constitution is feeble, quinine, alnuin, etc., should
be given. The diet should receive especial attention, and out-door ex-
ercise enjoyed.
RUPIA,
This is a small blister, or vesicle, about the size of a chestnut, which
at first contains a darkish fluid, which dries into a crust, falls off, and
leaves an indolent ulcer. It is always connected with a vitiated consti-
tution, and is dependent frequently upon imperfect diet, although
chronic disease, such as syphilis, phthisis, dyspepsia, and poisonous
mineral medicines, not unfrequently produce it.
Tre.\tment. — The digestive organs should be corrected, and the
blood nourished and eniiched by wholesome diet and tonics. The local
applications should consist of emollient poultices, and kept constantly
moist with the tincture of hydrastin, baptisin, or myrrh. A poultice
of equal parts of baybeny, white pond -lily and slippeiy-elm is very bene-
ficial. The cause, however, is always to be ascertained before the treat-
ment is interjjosed.
Crusted Tetter (Impetigo).
The eruption in this disease consists, at first, in slightly elevated pus-
tules or pimples, closely collected together, with an inllamed edge.
These break, and the surface becomes red, excoriated, shining, and fuU
of pores, through which a thin, unhealthy fluid is poured out, which
gradually hardens into dark, yellowish-green scabs. These scabs some-
times look like honey dried upon the skin, and hence the name of
"honey disease." It is very common on the ears and lips of children.
It is also called the milk crv-st, when it covers the whole face.
Treatment. — Give a purgative, and let the patient take a hot bath.
As a local application equal parts of blood-root and white pond-lily, say
one ounce, and cider vinegar, six ounces, mix, and let stand twenty -four
hours, and apply as a wash with a sponge four or five times a day. The
oxide of zinc ointment is also good, but the best and speediest cure is
the " Herbal Ointment," described on page 469.
Papulous Scale (Ecthyma).
This consists of mattery pimples developed on a highly inflamed
ekin, appearing chiefly on the extremities and rarely met with in chil-
dren in the acute form. It is either acute or chronic. The cruptiuo i»
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 32 J
the acute foim is preceded by a slight fever, and m about thirty-sis
hours red spots appear ou the skin, accompanied by heat and tingling-.
On the second day, the centres of these spots are raised by the pus con-
tained, to which the name of pldyzaeious pufitnle is given. This stage
is accompanied by much pain. Maturation occurs from the fourth tc
the sixth day, and the disease usually terminates in two weeks. The
chronic form is more common, and afflicts young children oftener than
adults.
Treatment. — For the acute form, low diet, gentle laxatives, and
the application of oxide of zinc ointment. The pustulated surface
should also be covered with slippery-elm poultices, and kept constantly
moist with tincture of lobelia. In the chronic form, in addition to the
above, the tonics should be given, and the blood should be enriched by
proper medication and nutritious diet.
Leprosy.
The eruption in this disease makes its appearance as a small red spot,
elevated a little above the general skin, usually occurring first on the
limbs. The scales occurring on these patches occur in layers, one above
the other, and have a bright silvery lustre. This is the lepra alphoides.
The Hebrew leprosy was a variety of this form. What was known as
the Leuce was generally not scaly, but consisted of smooth, shining
patches, on which the hair turned white and silky, and was totally in-
curable. When leprosy is of dark livid color, it is called Icpm nigricans^
and when copper-colored, it is due to syphilis, and is termed lepi'a syplii-
litica. The lepro.sy of the Arabs is what is known as El£p)]ianHasis^ and
the Greek leprosy includes the varieties met with at the present day.
Leprosy is endemic in Egypt, in Java, and certain parts of Norway and
Sweden.
Treatment. — The means best adapted for its removal, are, a mild, un-
iiTitating diet, emollient fomentations, sulphui-eous baths, fumigations,
etc. , but often all treatment is ineffectual. A warm solution of the ses-
quicarbonate of potash is effectual in some cases. An ointment of glyce-
rine and hydrastin, and the acetic tincture of blood-root, are also service-
able, but as a topical remedy, nothing could be superior to my "Herbal
Ointment."
Dry Tetter (Psoriasis).
This differs from leprosy in the eruption being more irregular. The
spots sometimes come out in thick clusters, and blend in various ways.
The eruption is not circular as in leprosy, but consists of irregular
patches of every extent, and the surface is more tender and irritable
than in leprosy. There are many varieties of this disease. The
323 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
" Baker's Itch," "Grocer's Itch," and "■Washerwoman's Scall," are only
different varieties of psoriasis.
TiiEATMENT. — The acetic tincture of blood-root or oxide of zinc
ointment, may be applied to the eruption, and the skin should be kept
clean, and the pores open. The inflammations may be lessened by
emollient and soothing applications. Sea bathing- is very good. The
general health should be attended to in all cases, and the tonics given in
necessary cases.
Pityriasis.
This name is from the Greek pityron^ signifying bran. It is charac-
terized by patches of yellowish, or reddish yellow color, covered with
fine branny scales, accompanied by smarting, itching, and burning. It
may occur at any part of the body, under three or four varieties of
form.
Treatment. — The treatment advised in psoriasis will answer in this
disease
Lupus. "" ,,^
This is the "Jacob's Ulcer" of common parlance, and from itsj rapa-
city it is named Lupus^ which is the Latin name for tcolf. It re also
called "noli me tangere," toucJi mc not. It occurs in a variety of forms,
generally upon the face. It commences by slight thickening and eleva-
tion of the skin, usually not larger than a wheat grain. A thin, hard,
brownish scab appears on its svu-face. The disease extends, usually
slowly, but sometimes very rapidly, and cases have occurred where the
whole nose has been destroyed in a mouth. It is very rapacious, destroy-
ing even the bones in its progress.
Treatment. — When it first makes its appearance it should be tho-
roughly destroyed with caustics, and healed by zinc ointment. At the
same time, the alteratives should be given. My ' ' Blood Purifier " (see
page 469) is excellent for this purpose. Early institution of treatment
will only prevent destruction of tissue.
Elephantiasis.
This is characterized by the development of tumors upon the skin,
varying in size from the head of a pea to that of an apple, or even
larger. Eventually these tumors ulcerate, and discharge an unhealthy
pus, ta some cases affecting the bone, and resulting in mortification and
death. It is endemic ia Lisbon. At first there is a discoloration of the
skin of the face, the lobes of the car lengthen, and the wings of the nose
spread out ; then the face becomes tuberculous, the features are puffed
out, the lips thicken, the whiskers, eyebrows, and eyelashes fall out.
The tubercles ulcerate after some years, there is ozoena, the fingers and
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 323
boes mortify, and the body exhales a most loathsome odor. This is the
leprosy of the ancient Egyptians.
Treatment. — The parts should be thoroughly bathed with a strong
solution of the scsquicarbonate of potash, and stillingia and other
alteratives administered. Where the parts become swoUen, painting
with the tincture of iron, followed by astringent poultices, has been
found very beneficial. When confijied to the extremities, amputation
may become necessary.
Acne.
This is a small pimple or tubercle which appears on various parts of
the face. The disease leads to no particular evil results, save that it is
unpleasant, slightly painful, and disfiguring. It commonly afflicts the
young and robust of both sexes, and generally indicates strong passions,
and too great an indulgence in animal food, or neglect of ablutions and
out-of-door exercise. It is sometimes, in its more severe forms, the
consequence of solitary practices. The common form of the disease is
an eruption of hard, distinct, inflamed tubercles which remain un-
changed for a long time, or else slowly advance to partial suppura-
tion. They are to be seen on the forehead, cheeks, and chm, and
sometimes on the nose. It is commonly known as the brandy face or
rum blots.
Treatment. — Attention to the general health becomes necessary.
It is not well to drive them in by lotions, as they are then liable to
break out in some internal organ. Attention to diet, plenty of ex-
ercise, a pure imagination, and a clean body, together with open and
regular bowels, wUl soon effect the disappearance of this troublesome
enemy of good looks.
Warts and Corns.
Warts consist of collections of hypertrophied cutaneous papillae, or
loops of veins, arteries and nerves. These loops, frequently, without
any apparent cause, take on a disposition to grow, and by extending
themselves upward, they carry the scarf-skin along with them, which
thickens, and the whole forms the wart.
Corns consist in excrescences confined mostly to the toes and soles of
the feet, resulting from wearing tight shoes. They occasionally form
on the elbows and knees, or on the extremities of the fingers. When
occurring between the toes, they are called soft corns.
Bunions consist of an enlargement, tliickening, and inflammation of
the mucous bursa at the side of the ball of the great toe. Occasionally
the bursa suppurates, and a fistulous oi^ening left after the pus has
evacuated.
Treatment. — Corns may be ciu'ed by shaving them closely and
324 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
applying nitro-muriatic acid or chromic acid ointment. For soft corns
acetic acid is better. Warts should be clipped off with the scissors, and
chromic acid applied, or any other cauterizing agent will answer. The
tincture of thuja is also excellent. Bunions are cured by bathing them
frequently in the oil of erigeron.
Pruritis.
This is dependent upon an altered condition of the nerves of the skin,
and consists in a painful sensation of itching. There is no perceptible
alteration in the appearance of the skin, and the itching is generally the
result of sympathy, through the nerves, with some diseased condition of
a distant part. It more frequently affects the fundament, the scrotum,
or the vulva of females.
Treatment. — The following is usually all the treatment that is re-
quired : — Take oleo-resin of lobelia, grs. xx ; aconitin, grs. iij ; sul-
phate of sanguinaria, grs. x ; glycerine, 3 ij. Mix. Apply the omtment
to the part three or four times a day. Lead-water and opium are
also beneficial.
.\
Macule, or Spots.
This affection, which is characterized by an increased hue of tfee pig-
ment of the skin, consists of freckles and moles. EpheUs lenticular is,
or common freckles, appears in small 3'ellowish, brownish, or greenish-
yellow, irregular, rounded spots, caused particularly by the influence
of the sun's rays upon the parts. It occurs generally in females,
owing to their fine skin. EpheUs hepatiai is observed in females
during pregnancy. EpheUs violacea is caused by the long use of
nitrate of silver. Moles are dark colored patches, usually covered
with hair. Need or motker^s marks are called aneurisms by anas-
tomosis, or an inter-connection and enlargement of the arterioles of
the skin. Leuc<:>])athia, or Albinif<m, consists of a diminution of the
coloring matter of the skin. It is found in all races, but is most strik-
ing in the black.
Treatment. — Freckles may be removed by keeping out of the sun,
and frequently washing the face in a solution of lactic acid. Fresh
buttermilk answers the same purpose. The best remedy, however,
is to be found in my "Floral Bloom." It quickly removes freckles,
moth patches, etc., and makes the skin clear and transparent. Moles
and mother's marks belong to surgery, and may in many instances be
removed. Albinism is incurable.
Scalleu Head (Tinea Favosa).
This is caused by an insect by the name of achorioii Sehi'nileinii. The
eruption tijvcs the shape of large flattened pustules, which have an
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 325
irregular edge, and are surrotmded by inflammation. Sometimes they
appear first behind the ears, and at other times upon the face, spread-
ing thence to the scalp. The face is usually involved to some extent
wherever the eruption may originally show itself. Scalled head ia
mostly confined among children. In the outset of the disease the pus-
tules on the scalp are generally distinct ; — on the face they rise in
iiregular clusters. They are attended by much itching, and the efforts
to relieve this torment hasten their breaking. When broken they
discharge a viscid matter and run together, gradually forming sores of a
vicious character. These sores are covered by yellowish-greenish scabs
which present a revolting appearance.
Treatment. — The hair should be shaved close to the scalp, and the
head thoroughly washed with soap and water, after which the zinc oint-
ment should be applied in the morning and the tar ointment in the even-
ing. Alteratives should also be given. This course, if persisted in, wiU
remove the disease.
Tinea Sycosis.
This is commonly known as "Barber's Itch," and is confined to the
face, especially to that portion covered by the beard. It is character-
ized by inflammation of the hair follicles, causing an eruption of small
pustules forming incrustations eventually. It may be consoling to those
who suffer with it to know that it is caused by a parasite with the humble
name of microHporon mentagrapliytes.
Treatment. — Shave the beard, and paint the part with a strong tinc-
ture of iodine for a few days. Follow this with a poultice, composed of
equal parts of lobelia, blood-root, myrrh, and slippery-elm. Depilation,
or pulling out the beard, may be necessary in some cases to effect the
cure.
Baldness (ALorECiA).
This may be partial or general, temporary or permanent, and occur at
any period of life. Senile baldness usually takes jalace gradually, the
hair first becoming thin on the crown, or on the temples and forehead.
It is owing generally to the general loss of the nutritive functions of the
hair, and of the follicular apparatus. Loss of color of the hair (canities)
may depend upon advanced age, disease, or deep mental emotion. It
usually occurs gradually, after the age of forty. Cases are recorded in
which the loss of color was complete in eight days, while in others the
hair was almost completely blanched in a single night.
Treatment. — If the hair f oUicles are not destroyed, baldness may be
cured. The tincture of cantharides, lac sulphur, shampooing, etc., are
each to be recommended. Tonics and strict cleanliness also promotes
the growth of the hair. In my ' ' Woodland Balm " (page 469) the bald
326 THE COMPLETE HERRALIST.
or graj -will find a remedy which has no supeiior for restoring the hair
to a healthy growth and natural color.
Entozoa.
These grow in the body without forming attachments to its structures,
have an independent life of their own, and possess the power of repro-
duction and generation. Several species infest the human body, some
appearing always in the same organ and some in a particular tissue, and
appearing oftenest where that tissue is plentiful. Scarcely any portion
of the body is exempt from such growths. Their origin is a subject for
two suppositions — that of generative reproduction, and of accidental or
spontaneous development of germs that take on modes of life and devel-
opment characterizing them afterwards. The first supposition is more
philosophical, comports more with analogy, and is unquestionably the
true theory. The interest attached to these growths, however, is their
effect upon the system and cause of disease. Their presence in the sys-
tem causes morbid phenomena, disordered functional action, and loss of
health. The mischief they do in the system depends upon their number,
size, rapidity of growth, and species. When numerous or iarge they
imbibe so much nutriment as to rob the system of its necessary susten-
ance. Their habitation is generally a seat of irritation or intlamiiiition,
and more particularly when their location is in a cavity, and when they
possess power of motion.
Psychodiara.—IIi/datids.— These are organized bemgs, consisting of a
globe-like bag of albuminous matter ; the texture divided in layers, and
containing a limpid, colorless fluid richer in gelatin than albumen. They
live by imbibition, have no sensibility or power of motion, and appear
more like a vegetable than an animal in their modes of life and repro-
duction. There are two kinds of hydatids, the acephidocyst, or cyst
without a head, and the echiiiococciis, which is not different from the
other in form but in containing minute animals (vermiculi echinococci)
■within it. The former is common to the human body, and generated be-
tween layers of membrane. The usual abode of hydatids is in the lungs,
liver, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, etc. The hydatids occuiTing in the womb
are often mistaken upon expulsion for products of conception, and their
presence in that organ often produces similar signs as in pregnancy.
SterdmintJin. — These consist of solid porous texture, perforated by
canals or cavities, which serve the purposes of digestion. These animals
ure hermaphrodite, i. e., having both sexual organs on one individual.
The varieties of tapeworm belong to this class. So also the cystlcercm,
which occurs in the muscular structure and in the wateiy portion of the
eye. The Hver-fluke— f/i.s'M«a hepatieum — also belongs to this class
but which rarely occurs in man, but is supposed to cause the well-knowa
" rot " in sheep.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 327
CcelelmintM.— This class has a higher organic development than the
preceding. It embraces several species of worms having hollow cylin-
drical bodies, distinct alimentary canals, with a mouth at one extremity
and an anus at the other, a nervous system, and the sexual organs
on different animals. The common intestinal worms belong to this
class ; so also the tnchina spiralis— causing the disease described below
which is an animal which exists within the minute, white, ovate cysts
imbedded in the muscles. The guinea-worm {filaria medimnsis), so
common to Africa and Asia, but unknown in this coimtry, is a hair-like
worm developed beneath the skm, especially in the scrotum and lower
extremities It can be withdrawn when a pustule ensues, by care and
patience, wrapping it around a stick until the end appears.
The strongulus (jlgas is an animal that locates itself exclusively in the
kidney, and sometimes attains an enormous size. Its body is round,
but tapers toward both ends. It sometimes attains a length of three
feet, and a thickness of half an inch. It causes impau-ment of func-
tions, waste of the renal structure, and sometimes inflammation, with
pain and bloody urine. It is sometimes expelled through the water
passages.
Treatment. — The treatment of parasites is indicated by their char-
acter or place of abode. If they exist in the alimentary canal, such
remedies as are known to expel them should be employed. Anything is
a good remedy that is harmless to the system but destructive of life to
them. Various agents are poisonous, such as cherry-laurel water, cam-
phor, oil of cubebs, oil of turpentine, copaiba, etc., but these must be
employed at proper seasons and in such quantities that they will not
harm the general system.
TRICIirNIASIS.
This is a disease caused by the tricliina spiralis which infests various
animals, especially swine. If the meat of the hog affected is eaten raw
or insufBciently cooked, it is most lilcely to cause this dangerous disease.
Thorough cooking destroys the parasites. The symptoms are extensive
gastric disturbance, with nausea and a tendency to vomit ; associated
with rheumatic pains, stiffness of the muscles, irregular pulse, intermit-
tent fever, which is violently aggravated iu paroxysms, thirst, restless-
ness, j^ervous excitement, and utter wakefulness. The face generally
swells, great prostration ensues, and the patient generally dies in a para-
lyzed condition.
Treatment. — In the early stage an active lobelia emetic should be
given, and followed by a full dose of castor oil or spirits of turjientine.
An alcoholic vapor bath shotdd be taken, and sufficient veratrum to
control the fever. If sleeplessness prevails, opium should be given.
The above treatment may be repeated if not at first successful.
328 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
THE PROPER CARE OF CHILDREN.
The first requisite of an infant is plenty of pure and fresh air. It
should be kept in open air as much as possible, and when in-doors in
weU-ventilated rooms. When carried in the open air, their heads
Bhould not be enveloped in blankets, and when sleeping, their faces
should not be covered with the bed-clothes. The infant needs and
should have all the oxygen a pure air affords, which is so essential to
its proper growth.
The Skin. — The skin of infants sho^^ld be kept clean, to render them
less liable to cutaneous diseases. The unctuous covering of a new-bom
child should be removed as soon as possible. This can readily be done
by smearing it with pure lard, and then washing with white Castile
soap and water. Do not use the brown Castile soap, as it contains
oxides of iron, which are iiTitating substances. Infants should be
washed eveiy day with warm water, to be followed in course of timo
with tepid water, then temperate, and finally, at an age of some
months, with cold water. ^
Clothing. — The young child should be amply clothed, care being
taken that they are sufficiently loose, to admit free motion in all direc-
tions. Flannels should be placed next to the skin in winter, and cotton
in summer.
Food. — Proper regimen is of the utmost importance to the health of
the young. Until the fii'st teething, the proper and natural food is the
mother's milk. If the mother is unable to nurse her child, a wet-nurse
should be procvired. If the mother's milk is insufficient, cow's milk,
sufficiently diluted with water and sweetened with loaf sugar, should
be taken in addition. This should be taken from a sucking-bottle,
which, when not in use, should be kept in water, to prevent becoming
sour. A nursing woman should pay the greatest attention to her
health also, and, for obvious reasons, a scrofulous or consumptive
mother should never suckle her offspring ; she should also place a check
upon her passions, as violent passion, grief, envy, hatred, fear, jealousy,
etc. , tend to derange the character of the milk, and often superinduce
disorder of the infant's stomach, and throw it into convulsions. The
diet of the mother should receive strict attention. Her drink should
be simply water, or weak black tea, and her food plain and wholesome.
Pastry and the richer articles of food should not be eaten. She should
take daily moderate exercise to induce better assimilation of aliments.
When her milk is scanty, a sufficiency can frequently be induced by
placing a bread and milk poultice, over which a moderate quantity of
mustard is sprinkled, on the breasts.
Weaning. — The child should be weaned after the appearance of ita
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 329
first teeth. Nature then designs it to have different food. Spring and
fall are the proper seasons for weaning ; no child should be taken from
the breast in the midst of summer. The weaning shoiUd be a gradual
process, and the food to be given should be of the character of milk.
Bread and milk, boiled rice and milk, soda-crackers and milk, soft boiled
eggs, roasted potatoes and milk, preparations of sago, arrowroot,
tapioca, oatmeal gruel, rice pudding, and similar substances are all
indicated. My nutritive fluids, given on page 205, can also be given
with good service. From these, in course of time, more solid articles
of food can be given them. Sugar in moderate quantities is whole-
some. Excessive eating shovdd not be suffered. Water is the best
drink.
Sleep. — A child should always sleep in a loose gown, to prevent restless-
ness. Nature should govern its sleep, and which should never be induced
by opiates. It should be allowed to sleep to a natural awakening, and
should not be aroused for any avoidable purpose. Its covering should be
warm but Uyht.^ thus avoiding pressure upon its tender limbs ; the infant
should lie on its side, alternating at times from right to left, to prevent
distortion of the spine. The body should be placed with the head to the
north, and this rule applies to all, as the action of electric currents is to
the north, thus allowing greater repose to the brain. Strong sunlight
or moonshine should be excluded from their sleeping apartments. What
I have thus far written is not only preservative of good health, but
preventive of many species of illness to which infants are liable. Chil-
dren are very liable to disease, necessitating great precaution in a
variety of matters, the most important of which are the foregoing.
When it is known that death destroys about one half of humanity before
the age of five years, the physical life of ch'^dren is of the utmost
importance. While young, the moral, intellectual, and religious facul-
ties should be shaped, as the child often indicates the man.
The baby exhibits indisposition by cries, struggles, etc., and if
these are carefully noted, every mother may know what ails the
baby.
A baby suffering from stomach-ache sheds tears copiously., and utters
long and loud cries. As stomach-ache is paroxysmal in character, so will
its cries remit, and enjoy repose, to be followed by movements up and
down of the legs and the peculiar cry.
To cry in inflammation of the organs of the chest is painful ; it there-
fore does not cry or shed tears, but utters a muttering cry, abruptly
completed, and coughs after long breaths.
In diseases of the brain, the child shrieks piercingly, followed by
moaning and wailing. In extensive congestion, there is quiet dozing
and probably snoring.
Loss of appetite, fretfulness, restlessness, thirst, great heat of skin.
330 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
are all indications of disease, and require that solicitude and treatment
that every fond mother should know how to bestow.
Teething.
Many children are lost from teething. The process of dentition often
occasions fits. Its symptoms are, swollen and inflamed gnms, fever,
pain, and heat in the head, sore mouth, etc. Scarification of the gums
is often resorted to ; but if proper attention be paid to the case iu its
inception, no such barbarous and injurious method of palliation need
be embraced. Bathing the head with dUuted spirits, and the feet with
warm mustard water; keeping the bowels free and regular by the
simplest of herbal laxatives ; and placing a plaster (composed of two-
thirds flour mustard, one-third flour, and sufficient vinegar to produce
the requisite moisture) between the shoulders, will generally obviate all
danger and mitigate the pain and suffering. "When the speckled sore
mouth incidental to teething makes its appearance, treat the child as
above, but wash the mouth with a mild solution of borax, and use for
diet (if the child be weaned) gum-arabic water, and barley or rice
water. If the stomach is acid, and the bowels are gi-iping, admpister
mild doses of magnesia. Warm baths are always beneficial to children
who are teething ; but great care should be taken that the littlei ones
do not catch cold after the baths.
The teeth should appear about the sixth month, though it is often
later. The two incisors of the lower jaw are generally the first, and
then those of the upper jaw follow. Between the twelfth and sixteenth
months the grinders come, and next the eye teeth. The others soon
follow, so that by the age of two years, the child has its full set of
mUk teeth, twenty in number. There are instances of children being
bom with full sets of teeth, as is recorded of Richard III. and Louis
XIY.
GENERAL DISEASES.
Gout.
This is duo to the presence of lithic or uric acid in the blood. The
attack usually makes its appearance in the night. The i^atient is first
awakened by an intensely burning and wrenchuig pain in the ball of the
gi-eat toe, or some other small joint. This pain continues for about
twenty-four hours, and is accompanied by fever. It then remits, and
the patient may get sleep, though for several successive days he
fcuffcrs from the attacks. A similar visitation will likely result after a
considerable interval. Recovery from the first attack may be complete
—the skin peeling off from the red and swollen joint, !uid leaving it strong
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 331
and snpple as ever ; but, after several repetitions of the attacks, the joint
becomes stiff, owing to the deposit of lithic acid concretions or chnlk
ktones. It is a disease entirely local in its character. It vitiates the
blood, affects the general system, and the attack is generally preceded
by general symptoms, irritability of temper, unpleasant sensations in the
stomach and head, and uncomfortable feelings of body and mind are
premonitory symptoms of this disorder. The paki is most excruciating.
The stomach, heart, lungs, head, eyes, etc. , may also be subject to gouty
inflammation. It is caused by luxury and indolence, in the plurality of
cases.
Treatment. —During the paroxysm the anodynes should be given
and apphed ; subcutaneous injection of morphine is best. The constitu-
tional treatment should be composed of chimaphilin and apocynin in
combination ; colchicum is also a very good remedy ; chloroform liniment
may also be externally appUed. The patient's habits must be regulated,
and his diet simplified, to prevent recurrence of the disease.
Those who may desire consultation with the author, in regard to this
disease, are referred to page 390. Consultations, either in person or by
letter, from those who may desire treatment, are carefully and gratui-
tously attended to.
Rheumatism:.
This very painful affection is most frequently brought on by exposure
to wet and cold after violent and fatiguing exercise of the muscles. The
acute form is characterized by high fever, with a full bounding pulse,
furred tongue, and a profuse sweat which has a sour smell. The urine
is scanty and high colored ; the joints swell and are slightly red and very
tender. The pain is agonizing when the patient attempts to move. If
the aif ection changes from one part to another it is called metastatic^
and is very dangerous, as it may suddenly seize the lining membrane of
the heart, and prove fatal.
The chronic form may follow the acute form, but is more often an in-
dependent disease. It differs from the acute form in the absence of
fever. The fingers and limbs may frequently be rendered useless by
rheumatism, by the great distortion ensuing. It is due to the presence
of lactic acid in the blood.
Treatment. — The bowels should be evacuated by a purgative, and
the tinctures of black cohosh and veratrum given until free perspiration
is produced. The tincture of black cohosh, two parts, and tincture of
colchicum, one part, in doses of from twenty to forty drops, is also a very
valuable remedy. For articular rheumatism the alteratives should be
given. My " Blood Purifier" is a sure and efficient cure, and the pain is
almost instantly relieved by the apiilication of the ' ' Herbal Ointment "
(see page 469).
332 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Electricity may be resorted to in the chronic form. The treatment
does not materially differ from that advised in the acute.
Fomentations of hops and cicuta, or stramonium leaves, placed upon
the inflamed and swollen joints, will materially relieve the pain.
Rheumatism in the chronic form is often a very difficult disease to
cure ; but if properly treated, hy purely chemical medication, the acid
condition of the blood will be negatived, and the patient relieved of his
painful malady. Of the thousands of cases that have been under my
care, I do not recall one failure.
Hip Disease (Morbus Coxarius).
This is a disease of the hip-joint, and common to scrofulous children.
At first there is slight pain, commonly felt in the knee, lameness, and
stumbling in walking, tenderness in the gi"oin, and pain is produced by
pressing the head of the bone suddenly against the socket. The limb is
longer than the other, which is owing to a depression of the pelvis on
the diseased side, the weight of the body being supported on the oppo-
Bite limb. If the disease is not ai-rested, destruction of the head of the
bone and socket results, and the thigh-bone is drawn up, constituting a
spontaneous dislocation. Often an abscess forms and opens exterijally.
The toes may be turned inward or outwai'd. *
This disease may be positively ascertained in the follo^\'ing way : —
Remove the clothing of the patient and place him on any flat surface, as
a bench, or table ; if he is placed so that the spine everj'where touches
the table, the i^atient's knee on the affected side will be drawn up, the
weight of the leg resting on the heel. If now his knee will be pressed
down, the spine will be bent inwards, so that it no longer touches the
table. This is an unerring diagnosis.
Treatment. — At the commencement of the disease a large irritating
plaster should be placed over the entire hip, and caused to remain until
a thorough counter-irritation is effected, and a discharge ensues. Per-
fect rest is necessary, and the limb should be confined in a caiwcd splint.
Iodine may also be externally api)lied, and the general health improved
by tonics, alteratives, and nutritioTis food. Counter-extension as advised
in cases of fracture is advisable in all cases. A competent siirgeon should
direct the treatment.
WniTE Swelling (Hydrarthrus).
This disease occurs most frcqiiently about the middle period of life,
but is, however, very often seen in children. It will never appear before
the age of puberty without a deviation from health, but not always so
when it makes its appearance in after-life. It is a disease of the knee-
joint characterized by swelling and white color, owing to the tension of
the skin. It is of two varieties ; both, however, destroy the sjmovial or
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 333
articular membrane of the joint. One begins with a trifling stiffness,
slight swelling, and in effect reduces the membrane to a pulpy, degen-
erate mass. The swelling increases gradual!}', and when the part is
touched, it reveals the presence of fluid. Finally the cartilages ulcerate,
and the disease assumes such characters that amputation becomes abso-
lutely necessary. The other form begins with pain in the joint, which
is severe at one point, and attains its height in a week. It is character-
ized by inflammation of the syno'S'ial membrane, and in a few days the
joint becomes swollen from a collection of water.
Treatment.— At the commencement bathe the jjarts with the follow
ing liniment : — oil of hemlock, 3 iv. ; dissolve as much cami^hor in it as
it will take up, and add twelve drops of croton oil, and three drachms of
tincture of iodine. Bathe the limb thoroughly, after which apply hot
cloths wrung from a strong infusion of arnica flowers and lobelia, and
change as often as they grow cool ; with each change apply the liniment.
This wall arrest the disease if applied at the onset. The patient shoidd
be purged, and the compound sjTup of chimaphila be administered to
him. If the disease is farther advanced, and openings exist, they should
be enlarged, and ointments and poultices applied, and the constitution
supported by tonics and antiseptics. Sphnts and entire rest may be
necessary in some cases, and when connected with a scrofulous diathesis,
my ' ' Blood Purifier " should be taken internally, and the ' ' Herbal Oint-
ment " applied externally. These will quickly eradicate the disease.
Hectic Fever.
Hectic fever is remittent, dependent upon local irritation, and rarely,
if ever, idiopathic. It is attended by great and increasing debility, a
weak, quick pulse, hurried respiration on any exertion, and increased
heat of the skin. The febrile exacerbations are preceded by a slight
chfll, are slight at first, but soon become more evident, especiaUy in the
evening. The skin is at first dry, and the increased heat is more evident
in the hands and face. The fever terminates in a free, profuse perspira-
tion. The bowels are at first costive, but soon become relaxed, and an
exhausting diarrhoea comes on ; the urine is various, generally it is pale,
and does not deposit ; while there is generally a pallor of the surface,
the cheeks present what is aptly termed the '' hectic blush." As the
disease advances, the whole frame becomes emaciated, the eyes sink in
their orbits, but are brilliant and expressive ; the ankles and legs some-
times swell, and the sleep is feverish and disturbed. Finally the debility
becomes so great that the jjatient expii'es while making some slight
exertion.
Hectic fever accompanies nearly all forms of disease connected with
great debility, especially scrofula and consumption. It may also be met
with in surgical practice in disease or injury of the joints.
334 THE COMPLETK HERBALIST.
Treatment. — This depends much upon the cause or causes which
give rise to it. If the digestive mucous membrane is diseased, the
treatment consists in strict attention to diet, and in the administration
of tonics, diaphoretics, and diuretics. The antiseptics should be given.
Strychnine in doses of one-eighth of a grain is decidedly the best agent
for this piu-pose. CheiTy-laurel water should also be given. The fever
is controlled, like other fevers, with veratrum. If associated with con-
eumption, the " Acacian Balsam " (page 4G9) will cure it. Stimulants are
very serviceable to counteract the debility. Generous diet and clean-
liness are not to be neglected.
Curvature of the Spine.
Curvature of the spine is due to caries or destruction of the bodies
of the vertebrae. There are several varieties of curvature ; what is known
as lateral curvature consists in the distortion of the spinal column either
to the one side or the other. In this case there may be no caries of the
spine. It consists in depression of one shoulder, the body being thrown
out of its axis, by the curvature. This affection is caused by occupa-
tions which keep the body in a laterally distorted position, and tak one
side of the body more than the other. It is produced in childrea who
study their lessons at school, with one elbow resting on a high desk,
etc. In PotVs Curvature of the Spine, the angular curvature is produced
by caries of the vertebrae, or ulceration of the substance between the
vertebrae, followed by more or less loss of power over the lower ex-
tremity. In examining the spine, one or more of the spinous processes
is found to project beyond the others. Hump-backs are usually caused
by curvatures of the spine, but they may also be caused by projection of
the sternum, or deviation of the ribs.
Treatment. — If associated with scrofula, the treatment for that dis-
ease should be instituted. In lateral distortion, calisthenic exercises
should be engaged. In Pott's disease extensive counter-irritation should
be made over the diseased part, and vigorous tonics given.
The treatment, however, best adapted to obviate all curvatures of the
spine, is purely mechanical, and consists of braces, supporters, etc.
Nothing else will achieve any satisfactory results. By mechanical ap-
pliances the spine is rendered straight, and compelled to maintain that
position until a cure is effected. These mechanical appliances should
be applied early, and be accurately adjusted and well fitted.
I am constantly applying such appliances in my office, and the results
are excellent in nearly all cases. Those who cannot avail themselves of
a personal consultation, may send age of patient, nature of curvature,
height, and measure around the waist, and a suitable appliance will be
sent. Preliminaiy correspondence free.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
385
Imperfections OF the Human Form.
These embrace those only which are of shghter degree, and of idio-
pathic origin. They are usually acquired more or less early in life.
Not unfrequently they result from bad management of the infant, hav-
ing its head always too highly bolstered up, and the chest compressed
by tight clothing. The school-room, however, is the arena where the
human form is robbed the most of its symmetry. It is gratifying to
know that greater attention is now paid to this evil, but still to a great
extent the seats and desks provided for the pupils are perfect outrages
upon their physical natures. The seats are invariably too high and the
desks too low, obliging the piq^il, for five or six hours, to sit with his
head down, his spine curved backwards, and his feet dangling in space.
This unnatural position soon causes a loss of erect carriage, and induces
stooped shoulders, and incapacious chests. It is but rarely that we see
persons having an erect posture in standing or walking, and but few
have that prominent chest, so necessary to the perfection and elegance
of the human form, and to the full breathing capacity for the lungs .
The shoulders should be in the perfect form thrown backwards, and the
body erect, the only curve in the spine being the natural inward one in
the lumbar portion.
Treatment. — Elegance and symmetry of form can only be gained
by proper gymnastic and calisthenic exercises. These should be of such
a character as to be best adapted to overcome the particular deformity.
Liidy's Shoulder Brace Applied.
Gentleman's Shoulder Brace .^.pplied.
In all cases suitable braces should be worn. These gently force back
the shoulders, thereby increasing the volume and capacity of the chest,
336 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and enable the wearer to maintain the erect posture without fatiguing
effort. In all pulmonary diseases, or where there exists an insufficient
capacity of the chest, these braces should be worn. In the male they
take the place of suspenders, and in the female they can be made to
serve the purpose of sustaiumg the weight of the skirts. Nothing could
be more conducive to health than these appliances ; they often prevent
the onset of consumption in those predisposed hereditarily to that dis-
ease. It is a well-known fact that the man or woman having an erect
form and expanded chest is much less liable to disease, and at aU events
possesses greater vigor of health. The reason of this is obvious.
It is particularly advisable that every person having a defective form
should wear a shoulder brace. The braces represented in the above
cuts are of the author's own invention, and he does not hesitate to claim
for them a decided superiority over all other braces for this purpose.
They are worn with great comfort, gently obliging the wearer to main-
tain the erect posture, and enabling him to thorouglily inflate his lungs,
which in course of time will lead to permanence of the upright stature
with an expanded chest.
AU persons desiring these superior braces can obtain them hy aj^dress-
ing the author. Price two dollars. '
Abscess.
An abscess is a collection of pus or matter in the substance of some
part of the body. "When the matter is poured out from some part, the
process is called su]ipuratwn, when it collects in a tissue, it is an abscess.
It commences with all the symptoms of inflammation, fever, pain, red-
ness, and swelling. The centre is firm, with swelling surroundmg it.
The formation of pus is indicated by rigors, an abatement of fever, and
a feeling of weight, tension, and throbbing The centre softens, which
is tei-med pointing, mid Jluctuatiou is felt. There is a natural tendency
to discharge the pus, which is more apt to be towards the skin. It is
less apt to open into serous than into mucous tissues. The abscesses that
form in scrofulous cases are called cold, because the conditions of in-
flammation are absent. They heal, after the discharge of pus, by a pro-
cess called granulation.
Tkeatment.— The indication to be fulfilled in the treatment of ab-
scess is to prevent the formation of pus, to evacuate it when formed,
and to heal the parts so as to prevent further secretions. To prevent
its formation cold applications and leeches should be applied to the part,
the patient purged, and restricted to a low diet. When matter is form-
ed warm fomentations and poultices should be applied, to hasten the
progress of the pus to the surface. If abscesses distinctly ?)Oi«t they
need not be opened, but allowed to burst themselves, but if they occur
in loose cellular tissue, under hard Ekin, and show a tendency to bur-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 337
row, tliey should be evacuated by a free incision. After evacuation the
poultices should be continued, or the parts be dressed with stimulating
ointments, of which the "Herbal Ointment," page 469, Ls the best.
Felon (PARONYcniA).
This is also called icMtlow, and is an abscess of the fingers, of which
there are three kinds, the first situated upon the surface of the skin,
the second under the skin, the third within the sheath containing the
tendons of the fingers, and sometimes involving the covering of the bone.
The latter form is the most terrible, and begins with redness, swelling,
and a deep-seated and throbbing pain, which becomes so excruciating as
to banish all sleep, and nearly drive the patient to distraction. Relief
is only secured by discharge of pus.
TuEATMENT. — Carry the hand in a sling and use poultices. A poul-
tice made of equal parts of slippery-elm, poke-root, flaxseed meal, and
lobelia seeds, mixed with hot lye, and changed twice a day, is an admir-
able application. When the pain becomes great, the abscess should be
laid open with a knife, cutting down to the bone. Nothing will insure
loss of bone but a thorough and deep incision. This is most painful,
but will give instant relief. After the evacuation, the treatment ia to
be followed as in ordinary abscess.
Ulcers.
Ulcers are breaches of continuity of surface, being caused by disease
or unrepaired injury. A simple or healtJty ulcer has its surface covered
with a thick, creamy, yellow pus, not too profuse, and modorous. The
granulations are small, florid, pointed, sensitive, and vascular. Ascrofii-
loris ulcer is one occuniug in debilitated constitutions, most frequently
upon the neck and joints. They originate in the cellular tissue, beneath
the skin, exist generally in clusters, and are characterized by imperfect
and slow suppuration. An iiuhlent ulcer occurs most frequently in the
lower extremities of old persons, and is the most conunon of all ulcers.
It is owing most frequently to a sore having been neglected or badly
treated. Its surface is smooth, glassy, concave and pale. The dis-
charge is thin and serous, and the surrounding tissue is swollen, hard,
and of a dusky-red color. It is painless, and the patient is ai)t to let it go
unnoticed, unless it by accident, exposure, or over exertion, it inflames
and becomes painful. An irritable ulcer is one havmg an excess of or-
ganizing action, with a deficiency of organizable material. It is super-
ficial, having an equal surface of a dai-k hue, and often covered with
tenacious fibrin. It occurs most frequently near the ankle. It is very
sensitive, and attended with great pain. A phagedenic ulcer is one of
irregular form, with ragged, abiiipt edges, and uneven brown surface,
looking aa if gnawed by an animal. It is attended with burning pain,
15 w
338 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and great constitutional disturbance. A Tdricose ulcer is dependent upon
a varicose condition of the veins, and usually occurs in the leg just
above the ankle. They are indolent, and mostly moist on the surface.
Treat.ment. — -In the simple ulcer the treatment is simply protective.
Water dressings are the best, as they keep the parts clean and remove
the liquid pus. The " Herbal Ointment " is equally good. If the granula-
tions become too luxuriant, an astringent wash, or slightly cauterizing
them, becomes necessary. In scrofulous ulcers constitutional treatment
must be instituted. The soft infiltrated tissues surrounding the ulcers
should be destroyed by escharotics, and after the slough is removed, the
healthy granulated surface treated as a simple ulcer. In indolent ulcers
the sore should at first be cleansed by povdtices. Healthy granulation
should be aroused by lightly touching the ulcer with nitrate of silver,
sulphate of copper, etc., or the same effect may be produced by strips
of adhesive plaster being placed over the entire surface of the ulcer. In
irritable ulcer the treatment should first be constitutional, and tonics and
stimulants administered. The part should be relaxed, rested, and ele-
vated. This should be followed by a light po\iltice, or. warm-water
dressing, or if there is great pain, fomentations of the-^infusion of
opium, conium, or belladonna should be applied. In the treat'ipent of
phagedenic ulcers, fresh air and good diet are all-important, yhe se-
cretions miist be corrected, and a Dover's powder given at night.
The ulcer should be thoroughly destroyed by escharotics, followed by
warm poultices. In varicose ulcer cold water, rest, regiilar bandaging,
or laced stocking, constitutes the treatment. Strapping with strips of
adhesive plaster, by the support afforded, is excellent in all cases of
ulcers.
My " Herbal Ointment " (page 469) acts most admirably as a local ap-
plication in all cases of ulcer. It causes healthy granulation, relieves
the pain, and speedily causes union of the edges.
Boils (Furunculus).
Boils occur most frequently in the young, and in those of plethoric
habit, in those parts where the skin is thickest. They are usually gre-
garious, and depend upon derangement of the stomach and intestines,
and frequently succeed eruptive diseases. The swelling is of a conical
shajie, having a hard, red, and painful base, and a yellow apex. If left
to itself it bursts and discharges pus, and a core or slough of cellular
tissue ; when completely emptied, the heat and pain subside.
Treatment. — Poultices and warm fonaentations should be applied
early, and as soon as pus has formed, the boil should be opened, after
which the granulated wound should be dressed with basilicon ointment.
If my " Herbal Ointment " is procurable, if may be applied from the first,
as it speedily draws the boil to a head, and quickly heals it after discharge.
the complete herbalist. 339
Carbuncle (Anthrax).
This is a serious disease ; it is a solitary inflammation of the cellnlai
tissue and skin, presenting a flat, spongy swelling of a livid hue, and at-
tended with dull heavy pain. It varies in size, and its progress is slow.
Like the boil, it appears more often upon the neok, the shoulders, the
back, buttocks, and thighs. The constitutional symptoms are low
throughout, and the attendant fever is apt to be typhoid in character ;
prostration and delirium often terminate the case. It most frequently
attacks high livers of an advanced age.
Treatment. — During the formation, apply either fomentations and
poultices, or cold water dressing. An incision in the form of a cross
should be made free and early, which may be followed by caustic appli-
cations, in order that the dying parts may thoroughly be removed.
After this is done, the wound is to receive ordinary treatment.
Chilblain's (Pernio).
This is an affection of the skin, produced by sudden alternations of
cold and heat, most commonly affecting the toes, heels, ears, or fingers.
It is attended with itching, swelling, pain, and slight redness at first ;
it may afterwards become of a livid hue, with vesications and ulcerative
fissures, which are difficult to heal.
Treatment. — Wash the parts thoroughly, and then apply tallow, and
if on the hands, draw on a pair of old gloves, especially at night. The
' ' Herbal Ointment " is a sure and rajjid cure for chilblains.
Burns and Scalds.
There are three principal divisions of these injuries, which may be
produced by hot fluids, vapor, flame, or solids.
1st. Those which produce mere redness and inflammation, termina-
ting in resolution, and perhaps desquamation.
2d. Those causing blisters on the skin, which often dry up and heal ;
but if the true skin has been injured and inflamed, suppuration, and
ulceration vnll result.
od. Those causing the death of the part, in which there is not much
pain, and which are followed by sloughs.
Extensive burns, even if superficial, are very dangerous, and those
upon the trank are more dangerous than those upon the extremities.
The symptoms are paleness and shivering, with a feeble, quick pulse,
often prostration, coma, and death. The greatest danger is during the
first four or five days, from collapse ; subsequently from an affection of
the head, chest, or abdomen, or from prostration.
Treatment. — Bathing the part in cold water will mitigate the pain,
heat, and inflammation. Afterwards it must be protected from the air
340 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
by raw cotton, or some bland unctuous substance. My ' ' Herbal Ointment "
gives instantaneous relief. Glycerine and carbolic acid are used by
some, and linseed oil and lime water, or linseed oil, prepared chalk, and
vinegar, by others. The indication is only to exclude the air. The
blisters should be discharged of their contents, care being- taken that the
skin is not removed. The nervous excitement is to be calmed by
opium, and sinking prevented by stimulants, but care is to be taken
that over-stimulation does not result. The separation of sloughs is to
be promoted by rest, poultices, and fomentations. In joints passive mo-
tion is to be made to prevent stiffness.
Goitre (Bronchocele).
This is an enlargement of the thyroid gland, an organ that if it
performs any functions at all, does so only in foetal life. It generally
commences by moderate increase of the gland, or thickening of the
neck, and advances gradually until a portion or the whole gland be-
comes enormously swollen. It causes dyspnoea, and sometimes obstructs
circulation to the brain, when the tumor acquires considerable mag-
nitude. It is more common to females than males, and generally^ occurs
before puberty. The species of idiocy sometimes associated wittf goitre
is called Cretinism.
Treatment. — Alteratives and discutients. The alteratives, svich as
Btillingia, rock -rose, etc. , are to be preferred, and externally iodine may
may be applied. Those who may desire my counsel m this disease
nxe referred to page 390.
Rupture (Herni.\).
This signifiea a protnasion of the abdominal \'iscera. The predispos-
in"- cause is a weakness of the abdominal walls, at the natural open-
ings. This weakness may be increased by injury, disease, or pregnancy,
or it may also be due to congenital difficulty. The exciting causes
are muscular exertion, jumping, straining, playing on wind instru-
ments, coughing, lifting weights, tight clothes, parturition, straining at
Btool, etc.
Hernia is divided, according to the site of the protusion, into incpdnal,
ventro-iitffiiinal. umbilical, ventral, perineal, vaginal, pudendal, thyroi-
deal, and iwhiatic ; in condition, into reducible, irreducible, and stran-
gulated, and if the contents arc entirely intestinal it is called enterocele,
but if it contains omentum it is termed epiplocele.
The symptoms of hernia are a painful swelling forming at some
part of the abdomen, which is compressible and soft, and can be made
to disaiipear by pressure in the proper direction, and it often disappears
Bpontaneously. An enterocele is smooth, elastic, and globular, retires
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 341
suddenly and with a gairg-ling noise. An epiplocele is more irregular
in form, has a doughy feel, and retires slowly without noise.
Reducible hernia is one in which the contents of the sac can be reduced
with proper manipulation. Irreducible hernia is owing to adhesions,
or from membranous bands stretching across the sac, etc., when the
contents cannot be replaced; and when the contents of the sac are
incarcerated, with intlammation and an interruption to the passage
of fajces, it is called strangulated. The more common forms are the
inguinal and umbilical. Inguinal hernia is called scrotal when the intes-
tine has descended from the groin into the scrotum.
Treatment. — The treatment consists in reduction and retention.
This can only be achieved m the reducible hernia. Reduction is effected
by a manipulation called taxis, the patient being placed in a recumbent
position, and the muscles of the abdomen relaxed ; gentle and steady
pressure is made by the hand in the direction of the descent. Retention
is effected by continued and suitable pressure by means of the pad of a
well-fitting truss. By constant and caref id use of a truss, a radical cure
may be effected. A lobelia emetic, or the patient may be chloroformed,
to relax the muscles, may be resorted to, if replacement cannot be per-
formed without them. In irreducible hernia, the treatment consists in
carefidly regvdatmg the bowels, avoiding great exertions, and wearing a
suitable truss to prevent further protrusion. Strangulated hernia, if it
cannot be reduced by taxis, becomes a subject for the surgeon. Radi-
cal cures may also be performed by the surgeon.
I have constantly manufactured for my patients a most excellent
truss, which effects many cures. It is a light appliance, and occasions
no pain or inconvenience to the wearer. It is the most comfortable
truss that can be worn, is
cleanly and durable, and
easily adjusted. It is called
the " Champion Truss" —
a distinction to which it is
clearly entitled. It is the
greatest triumph of skill
and genius ever attained
in this or any other coun-
try for the retention and radical cure of hernia or rupture. Its quali-
ties may be briefly stated, as follows, viz. : —
It is worn with perfect ease and safety.
It keej)s its place under all circu7mtances.
It never gets out of order.
/te pressure is equalized a-nd gentle.
It makes no pressure on the sjdiie.
It is a/ppUaxble to single or ihublc rupture.
Dr. O Phelps Brown's Champion Truss.
342
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
These qualities are all that are required of a truss, either for reten-
tion or cure, aud any trass lacking in any of them does not fulful its
purjwse, and is capable of doing great injury. Its perfect adjustment
is weU represented in the following cuts. The most violent paroxysms
Front View. Back View. • '^
of coughing, muscular exertion, falls, etc., will not move it from its
properly applied position. This indispensable quality of retention must
be possessed by every truss, otherwise it is useless.
Patients desu-ing the " Champion Truss," will please send the follow-
ing measurement, viz., around the body where the truss is worn, and
Btate whether right, left, or double. Trusses of the highest mechanical
perfection are also furnished for every other variety of rupture.
The price of the "Champion Truss," with medical advice pertaining
thereto, is twelve dollars.
DISEASES OF THE EYE AND EAR.
The eye is one of the most delicate as well as the most complicated
organs of the body, and its diseases are but very imperfectly understood
by the ordmary practitioner. A great deal of mischief has been done by
improper treatment of diseases of the eye, and I may also include the
ear, and many persons who now mourn the loss of sight and hearmg,
partially or wholly so, might yet be in enjoyment of those senses if they
but had received the proper treatment. Under this head I shall include
those diseases only which are capable of treatment in domestic practice.
CONJimCTIVITIS.
This is an inflammation of the conjunctiva or mucous membrane of
the eyelids. The sensation is as if particles of sand had insinuated
themselves beneath the Uds, accompanied by heat, paiu, and increased
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 343
lafihrymal secretion, also intolerance of light. In severe cases, head-
ache, nausea, constipation, loss of appetite, etc., are present. The
causes of this form of inflammation are mostly local, as particles of
sand, dust, insects, etc.
Treatment. — Remove the cause. If due to foreign particles in the
eye, they should be removed. Bathe the eye thoroughly in water, rub-
bing towards the nose. If iron or steel is suspected, a vial cork, rubbed
smooth with flannel, should be touched to all parts of the eye, which
will remove the particles. WTien the eye is relieved, a mQd purgative
may be given, and cold water applications made to the eye. In severer
cases, lotions of nitrate of sUver, sulphate of zinc, etc. , become neces-
sary.
Catarrhal Ophthalmia.
This is due to exposure to cold. The white of the eye becomes in-
flamed and very red, and generally there is a thin mucous discharge, which
in severe cases becomes thick and purulent. This condition of the eye
is accompanied by chilliness, aching of the bones, and some degree of
fever.
Treatment. — Apply cold soft water to the eyes with little muslin
packs, and give a purgative. If this will not relieve the inflammation,
cold slippery-elm ijoultices, or the domestic practice of applying ' ' smear
case " to the eyes, may be resorted to. In obstinate or chronic cases a
solution of four grains of sulphate of zinc to the ounce of water may be
applied two or three times a day with a small brush. The eye should
also be bathed with a decoction of golden seal. My ' ' Herbal Ointment "
(page 469) is excellent in all ophthalmic diseases.
Purulent Ophthalmia.
The symptoms of this disease peculiar to children are similar to the
Catarrhal Ophthalmia of adults. The eyes are kept constantly closed,
the lids are red and swollen, and glued together by thick purulent mat-
ter becoming dry. The skin is dry and the bowels irregular. It is
generally due to exposure to damp and cold, injuries in washing the
child, acrid matter, or to a scrofulous con.stitution.
Treatment.— In the treatment of this affection the eyes should be
thoroughly washed in a cold, weak solution of hydrastin, four or five
times a day. Saturate packs with cold water, containing a little tinc-
ture of lobelia, and apply to the eyes and change when they grow warm.
The bowels should be kept open with gentle laxatives. Some cases may
need a solution of vegetable caustic, sulphate of zinc, or nitrate of
silver. If caused by a scrofulous condition, use alteratives, of which
the " Compound extract of Rock-rose and Stillingia " is the best (see page
•409).
344 THE COAirLETE HERBALIST.
Scrofulous OrnTnALMiA.
This disease is chiefly confined to children. The child scarcely can
bear the light, the lids are spasmodically closed, and the head constantly
turned away from the light. The eye is not very red, but a few of the
large vessels are considerable injected. It is very liable to recur, and
may jirove obstinate, and cause ulceration of the cornea.
Treatment.— In this disease it is very important that the general
health should be looked after. The local treatment before advised
should be resorted to, and the constitutional treatment should be veiy
active and energetic.
Stye (Hordeolum).
This is a small painful pustide on the margin of the eyelid, having its
origin in ciliary follicles.
Treatment. — It may usually be cured by applying spirits of harts-
horn by means of a small steel needle, puncturing the tumor slightly.
If this does not remove the inflammation, slippeiy-elm poultices should
be applied, and tonics and alteratives given.
Amaurosis.
This complaint is due to anaesthesia of the optic nerve. The patient
sees objects indistinctly, even when they are lit up by a bright light ;
they appear surrounded with a fog or mist, and no effort nor the em-
ployment of artificial means increase the distinctness. The outlines
of objects appear not only indistinct, but also broken, and thus dis-
figured, the faculty of distinguishing colors is frequently lost, and
double vision is not infrequent. This condition, as above described, is
more properly amhly(/pi<-(-, it is only called amaurosis when the vision is
entirely lost.
Treatment. — Electro-galvanism is one of the most promising reme-
dies. Powdered bay-berry root, taken as snuff, is occasionally useful.
Blisters behind the ear often afl;ord relief. Nux vomica should also be
given. The disease is often very obstinate, but I have cured some of
the most unpromising cases.
Foreign Bodies in the Eyes.
These should be sought for by inverting the lids, and having the
patient turn the eyes in every direction. If it be found to adhere
to the mucous membrane of the cornea or conjunctiva, it can usually be
removed by a silk handkerchief wrapped aroivnd a probe. If lime,
mortar, or lye should get into the eye, it should be removed, and the eye
washed with a weak solution of vinegar aud water. The en.suiug
inflammation Khould receive usual treatment. If the forei^jn bodies
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 345
enter tbe interior chamber of the eye, the surgeon should only re-
move it.
Foreign Substances in the Ear.
Children frequently put peas, beans, kernels of com, etc., into the
ear, which, if allowed to remain, will produce active inflammation.
Foreign bodies may also enter the ear by accident. These should
all be quickly removed. It should be done by syringing the ear with
warm water, or by means of forceps. Excessive accumulation of wax
is to be removed by syringing with warm water frequently, and not
by ear-scoops.
Ear Ache (Otalgia).
This is a neuralgic affection, and is caused by local inflammation,
cold and exposure, and carious teeth.
Treatment. ^ — If caused by inflammation, a warm poultice of slip-
pery-elm, moistened with laudanum, should be appUed, and frequently
changed. If caused by carious teeth they should be removed ; sweet
oil and laudanum dropped in the ear often gives relief, and the common
practice of blowing hot tobacco smoke into the ear is also usefiU.
Many of the eye and ear diseases are surgical in their character, such
as strabismus, a few cases of cataract, etc. , but a great many of them
are amenable to medical treatment. Even cataract, which heretofore
was considered eminently surgical, may in many cases be entirely cured
by medicinal treatment alone. I have cured a case, in which there was
total bhndness for ten years, in the short space of two months. The
patient ever since is in the full enjojonent of sight. My treatment has
also been equally successful in cases of deafness. I regard all cases
subject to relief or cure in which the tympanum or drum of the ear is
not destroyed. If persons suffering from chronic diseases of the eye or
ear wall write and state their cases fully to me, I will cheerfully give
my oiDinion by return mail.
MALIGNANT AND VENEREAL DISEASES.
Cancer (Carcinoma).
This is a malignant tumor. In the first stage it is hard, in the second
stage it ulcerates. The seat of cancer is in the female breast, the skin,
the tongue, the stomach, the womb, the lips, etc. It rarely occurs in
subjects under thirty years of age. It is at first a small hard tumor,
movable, but eventually it forms deep and superficial attachments. It
grows in general slowly, is irregular in shape, and painful. The pain is
mostly sharp, lancinating, and is much increased on pressure. In the
15*
346 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
course of time tbe tissiie beneath the skin is absorbed, and becomes
attached to it, and it presents a bluish, nodulated appearance. Ulcer-
ation usually takes place by absorption of the skin, and as sloughing
proceeds, the edges become ragged and everted, having a bluish puiple
color, and discharges a fetid, sanious jius.
There are five varieties of cancer, though microscopically they are
essentially the same.
Scir}'/iiis is hard, firm, and transparent, and of a grayish color, occur-
ring most frequently in the female breast, skin, etc.
UncepJudoid is soft and brainlike in its appearance, and hemorrhagic m
character, frequently met with in the globe of the eye, testes, nares, etc.
Colloid resembles glue or honey ia the comb, and usually occurs in the
internal viscera.
Melanosis, or melanotic cancer, is of a black color, either soft or hard,
and occurs mostly upon serous membranes.
Ejiitheli(d cancer is usually found upon the lips.
These various forms may exist separately, or one variety may beesso-
ciated with or take the place of another.
Treatment. — As long as this disease was regarded as purely local in
character, the only treatment resorted to was extirpation either by cau-
terizing agents or by the knife ; but since the pathology of tlie disease is
better understood, and its constitutional character ascertained, the treat-
ment employed has been considerably modified. I have long ago held
that cancer was a constitutional affection, so instructed my patients, and
based my treatment upon that opinion.
It is well to remove the tumor by the knife or cautery, but the liabil-
ity to recurrence is always great unless constitutional treatment is em-
ployed. The cauterizing agents are blood-root and chloride of zinc
made into a paste, and then applied to the cancer, the skin ha%'ing first
been removed by a blister. This is reapplied until the whole mass is
dead, when in course of time it comes away as a slough. The expressed
juices of poke, laui-el, blood-root, and yellow-dock answer the same pur-
pose.
The constitutional treatment consists in toning up the general system,
abstaining from fatty diet, bathing, and the employment of alterative
treatment. Recently, a plant has been brought into notice by the name
of CunduraiKjo {Equntoiia Garciana, see page 74) which is destined to
revolutionize the treatment of cancer. I have tried it in several cases,
and it answered every exiiectation. I regard it as a virtual specific in
cancer, and shall, notwithstanding its vciy high price, employ it in every
case, thereby hoping to make my success in the treatment of this malig-
nant disease more certain. It is a matter of regret that spurious arti-
cles are in the market, thus bringing the genuine article, which is yec
dilficult to obtain, into disrepute.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 347
SYPniLis.
SypMlis is occasioned by a specific poison which is conveyed by con-
tagion or actual contact. It first shows itself upon the genital organs in
the form of a small yellowish pimple, or pimples, the presence of which
is at first made manifest by itching and slight soreness. The pimples
(called chancres) break, and gradually change into a red, hard-edged
shallow ulcer. This ulcer is circular or oval in form, and is surrounded
by a ragged border. The skin and tissue in the immediate vicinity be-
come inflamed, and, unless proper remedies be immediately applied, the
virus is absorbed into the system, and the consequences are of the most
deplorable character. There are many kinds of chancre, viz : — inflam-
matory, indurated or hard, sloughing or perishing, phagedenic or eat-
ing, and gangrenous or likely to mortify. Next in order, if stringent
curative measures be not adopted, is the bubo^ which is a swelling of the
glands of the groin, caused by the absorption of the poison. The bubo
wUl usually make its appearance in about a fortnight after the sore is
discovered. It advances to suppuration, and also becomes a sore, when
it receives the name of " glandular chancre." Sometimes growths re-
sembling certain vegetables ajipear, in the male, upon the organ and on
the membrane lining of the foreskin. In the female, they will be found
in and at the entrance of the vagina, and sometimes on the neck of the
womb. These are primary symptoms, and, if quickly but radically extir-
pated or cured, will not result in any very serious constitutional derange-
ment ; but if neglected, the virus is absorbed into the blood, and the
infection reaches the entire system. When the disease becomes consti-
tutional, the results are most deplorable. The syiDhilitic ulcer then
appears at various parts of the body, more usually upon the arm and
forearm, f orehetid, shin and chest. These ulcers are quite characteristic,
so that the experienced surgeon at once knows their specific nature upon
sight. The affections of the skin and mucous membrane are called
secondary^ those appearing upon the bones, etc., are tertiary. In these
advanced stages of the disease the gravity is .such as should urge each
affected person to employ comjDetent surgical or medical aid, and not
longer to postpone svich active treatment as is required. Neglect of so
important a duty on the part of the patient will result seriously to him,
as the progress of the disease is unerringly from bad to worse in every
case.
Treatment. — In primary syphUis, the chancre should be destroyed
effectually by nitrate of silver, nitric acid, or caustic potash, and heal
the parts by mUd dressing. If this is effectually done, with projier con-
stitutional treatment, no secondary symptoms wUl supervene.
348' THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
In secondary and tertiary syphilis the treatment is very important,
and must be correct in order to eliminate the disorganizing taint.
The treatment is necessarily alterative and tonic. The following may
each be specifically employed, either singly or judiciously combined : —
Phytolaccin, corj-dalin, chiraaphilin, tincture of kalmia, menispermin,
ceanothus americanus, sarsaparilla, stillingia, and by some iodide of
potassium, but never mercury. Mercury in any form is not a specific,
and in effects most pernicious. When buboes appear, they should be
discussed by a mixture of tincture of iodine, 31].; tincture of arnica,
3 ij. ; tincture of scrophularia, 3 ij- This should be applied by wetting
pads of linen with it and securing them by adhesive strips. If sup-
puration has taken place, the treatment of abscess is to be employed.
During treatment, the patient should abstain from all fat meats,
spirituous liquors, and excesses of every kind.
If any person is conscious that he or she is affected with a syphilitic
taint they should never many, for the offspring will surely be miserable
objects of pity, and conjugal bliss very uncertain. The taint mu*t be
thoroughly eradicated, so that not a vestige remains, before a marriage,
physically pure, can occur.
If rightly treated, sjiihilis is not a formidable disea.se to cure, yet
how many suffer hopelessly on, after having for years been subjected to
mercurial treatment. Purely chemical herbal treatment will only re-
move the serious disorder from the system, as attested by the thousands
of cases under my treatment, in which every trace of the disease has
been obUterated from the economy.
GoXOKRHfEA.
This Ls vulgarily known as dap, so named from the French clajrpe,
a bow-string. It received this name on account of the chordee occurring
in the disease. This is caused by the %'iolcnce of the inflammation,
which abnormally expands the cavernous body of the organ and is pain-
fully drawn dowmwanls, so that the urethra occupies the relative posi-
tion of the string to a bow-gun.
This is a disea.se of the mucous membrane which lines the private
parts of the male and female, and is communicated as is syphilis, by
contagion, or actual contact. It commences with itchiug and uneasi-
ness about the private parts, and a peculiar feeling of soreness in the
urethra, or urinary canal. A scalding sensation is also felt when the
patient makes water. In a day or two a whitish matter makes its ap-
pearance at the orifice of the urethra, and this will soon increase greatly
in quantity, and assume a greenish-yellow color. The parts will be
much inflamed, and the urethra will become thickened and very sore.
The consistency and (luantity of the pus-like discharge vary in different
persons. It usually makes its appearance in from three to five days
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 349
after exposure. It may propagate itself upon other mucous membranes
after inoculation.
Treatment. — A purgative should be taken at first, and at the same
time the parts should be thoroughly packed with cold or hot water.
The following are the remedies mostly employed as internal remedies •.
— Oil of copaiba and cubebs, matico, gelsemin, oil of erigeron, oil of
tui-pentine, etc. These oils should be taken in medium doses, and in em-
ulsion with acacia, etc. The internal injections are vegetable astrin-
gents, sugar of lead, sulphate of zinc, etc. The injections should not be
strong, and be carefully made, otherwise orchitis may follow. Applying
cold water relieves the chordee.
The treatment is not difficult, and, if properly directed, will soon re-
lieve the patient.
Gleet.
This is one of the results of abused or neglected gonorrhoea. It is a
continued discharge of a thin and clear character, after the inflamma-
tory and painful early symptoms have disappeared. It is caused by de-
debility of the parts, or by unhealthy action of the glands in the
tainary passage. It is sometimes, especially in persons of a scrofulous
habit, a fixture for years, and constitutes a drain upon the system, the
effects of which can only be obviated by the most scrupulous care and
attention. The old style of treatment involved the u.se of cauterizing
injections, and the bougie, together with blisters applied to the peri-
noBum. It had the effect of imperfectly remedying, or else of aggravat-
ing the complaint, and rendering it next to impossible of cure.
Treatment.- -Same as for acute gonorrhoea, but it should be more
energetic.
Those who may wish to intrust their cases to my treatment, may
rest assured that they will be quickly cured, and everything held con-
fidential. The fear of exposure docs frequently much mischief, and the
dread of losing caste in society, or a feeling of shame, often tempts the
sufferer to withhold his case from the family physician for treatment, or
he may endure his mental and physical torture in silence as long as he
can, and then finally intrust his case to the ignorance of a companion,
who may know some recipe, or he may employ the treatment of some
incompetent, uneducated physician, found everywhere, especially in
large cities, who also maltreats the case, so that finally the disease, which
at first was readily curable, has become a very serious affection.
The wrong of such a course is obvious, and I advise the reader, who
has or may become unfortunate in this respect, to confide his or her
case to some honorable and competent physician, as soon as the disease
manifests itself.
350 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
DEBILITY OK LOSS OP VITALITY.
This is a couditiou of the org-anism characterized by loss of vitality, or
deterioration and diminution in the quality and tone of the vital forces.
It is one of the chief predisposing causes of disease, and is of itself a
condition characterized by all the elements of ill health. The principal
causes of delnlity are improper nourishment, impure air, excessive
bodUy and mental exercise, want of exercise, long exposure to intense
heat or cold, intemperance, depressing states of the mind, and of course
a prostrative disease. When not a heritage of the organism, it is gen-
erally produced by some flagrant violation of physiological law, deplet-
ing the vital forces by the disorganization of organic functions which
ensues, or by the loss of vital elements through the eliminating organs,
chiefly the kidneys.
That the reader may have a correct understanding of what is meant
by vitality, it may be weU to give its physiological sense. Though derived
from the Latin vita^ life, it has a somewhat different signification from
that which is expressed by the word life. It signifies the constituent
principle or essence of life rather than the entity itself. Hence vitality
is not properly life, but the element conducive to its perfection and pro-
longation. It is that principle that gives to the physical organization its
vigor, elasticity, and tone, to the mental organs, acuteness, vivacity and
sprightliness, and to the whole organisni a high standard of health.
If the habits are not in violation of hygiene or physiology, and the
expenditure of the vital forces not exceeding the production, the normal
condition of the organism would be one of health and vigor, and almost
complete immunity from disease. If the expenditure exceeds the pro-
duction it engenders the condition termed debUity: Improper and sin-
ful habits of life, especially in the young, are alarmingly destructive of
vitality in consequence of engendering diseases characterized by losses
of vital secretions. The intemperate very frequently incur the penalty
of over-indvilgence in intoxicating beverages by inducing structural
diseases of the internal organs, especially Bright's disease of the kidney,
wherein the blood becomes devitalized by loss of its albumen through
the urine. In the male economy at an age often quite immature
there is induced an affection characterized by involuntary expenditure
of a secretion, directly by an improper and sinful life. The element
thus constantly expended, and which occurs invariably without any
exercise of the voluntary powers, is beyond all (piestion the most
highly organized and more intrinsically vital than any other secre-
tion of the organism. This affection, peculiarly ma.sculiue, is one of
the most prolific causes of debility, and is conducive to greater physical
misfortune than any other pathological condition induced by violation
of physiological laws. The chemical nature of the secretion is highly
phoephatic, and as phosphorus is a very important constituent of nerve
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 351
tissue, its constant involuntary escape from the organism, whether in
the urine or otherwise, preys fearfully upon the nerve tissue for phos-
phatic supply, and eventually, and often quite rai)idly, produces atony
of the nerve-centres, and a general intonicity of the nervous system, or
what is more commonly known as nervous debility. Of the various sys-
tems composing the organism the nervous can least afford to lose its
vitality, or to become enfeebled. It is the principal or controlling sys-
tem of the organism, the others being more or less subordinate. If by
any depleting causes its just complement of the vital forces becomes
reduced, its individual integrity is not alone compromised or destroyed,
but muscular action, circulation, digestion, assimilation, and the mental
operations also become enfeebled, hence the vitai standard of the nervous
system is of extreme importance to the general welfare of the whole
organism.
Precisely the same pathological condition results from another cause,
a sedentary habit of life. It is due to such exciting causes that clergy-
men and other persons of sedentary habits suffer so frequently from
nervous or general debility. When the muscular system is permitted
to degenerate from want of proper exercise it gives to the organism
a condition of laxity or intonicity which in the male induces the pre-
viously mentioned loss of a highly vitalized secretion, and in the female
an uncompensated loss of nervo-electric force. Debility is the result
in both cases, though the devitalization is more rapid in the male, pro-
portionally to the physical vigor inherent to the different sexes, than in
the female. This is explained by the fact that in the male economy
a greater loss of the phosphates occurs. In all persons of studious
habits, and where bodOy exercise is insufBcient, the urine is loaded
with phosphates, which is indicative of the breaking down of nerve
tissue. Consequently in the male there is not only the usual phosphoric
loss due to nervous waste, but the sujier-addition of the involuntary
loss of a secretion which, as has been stated, is highly phosphatic in
its chemical nature, makes the depletion of the phosphorus essential to
a vital condition of the organism, doubly great.
In a debilitated condition of the nervous system, or, as it is usually
denominated, nervous debility, from whatever cause the loss of vitality
may ensue, there is in general quite a train of symptoms, as may be sup-
posed when this more important part of the economy has become devi-
talized. This form of debility may usually be recognized hj a marked
facial expression, a characteristic mannerism, and by a peculiar mental
state. The skin of the face is pale and sallow, and usually affected with
acne ; there is a dark circle around the orbits, the pupils are dilated and
sluggish, the eyes become lustreless, and the face has a haggard, trou-
bled furtive expression. These physiognomic characteristics are due to
atony or want of tone in the cerebral nerve-centres, and from the same
352 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
cause the devitalized patient is listless, shy, retiring and easily con-
fused, society loses its charms, and solitude is preferred, but has, how-
ever, no compensating or satisfying influence over the patient. There
is a want of steadiness and decision in his locomotion, his inferior ex-
tremities are deficient in power, and all the movements are suggestive
of a mind ill at ease. The mental operations are confused, speech be-
comes awkward and often without directness ; memory is defective, and
the patient is usually absent-minded and given to reverie. Pains in the
lumbar region, and a sense of weight and aching in the loins are experi-
enced. The appetite is capricious, and digestion feeble. The mind is
deficient in power of attention, the imagination is constantly peiwaded
with vague erotic dreams, the moral sense is blunted and the perceptions
are dull and confused. Pains in the course of the principal nerves and
extreme nervous sensibility are experienced. The patient also can fix
his mind on any subject with difficulty ; his attention wanders, and he
is given to day-dreams and erotic visions.
The urine, of course, contains phosphates, the source of \^hich,
whether nervous or secretional, is easily determined by analyzation or
microscopical examination. Urates are also found in the urine. Those
who suspect such vital loss, may with sufficient certainty for all practi-
cal purposes ascertain the fact by a simple experiment. The morning
urine should be placed in a clean half-pint bottle, and let it stand from
forty-eight to seventy-two hours. If there is then found a remarkably
peculiar or cloudy sediment or deposit at the bottom, the fact is quite
evident that some of the losses alluded to occur, and proper aid should
be sought at once.
Such, briefly, are the e\idences of a devitalized nervous system. The
condition, as is palpable to every one, is fraught with danger to the
general welfare, and even to life, if the process of depletion of the vital
forces continues too long, or if, by special virulence of the exciting
cause, the devitalization is rapid in occurrence. Any loss of vital power
should be regarded with solicitude and deep concern by every one who
places a proper estimation upon vigor of the organism and its special
functions. Careful and judicious treatment must not be neglected,
as by such a course only can revitalization be speedily and adequately
effected. As soon as loss of vital force becomes apparent, so soon
should the services of a competent and experienced physician be en-
gaged. In any stage of devitalization, rehabilitation of the organism
with vitality can again be accomplished, the only requirement being
employment of competent medical aid, and the exhibition of vitalizing
remedies. Revitalization can, however, only be effected by herbal re-
medies, as their organic nature alone affords the elements required for
reiiudowment of the system with vital force. Minerals are lifeless, and
can therefore impart no vital element.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 353
Those desiring to consult the author with reference to debility or
loss of vitality from any cause whatever, may refer to page 385, where
his mode of treatment is described, and to page 300, where the neces
sary questions are asked.
Satyuiasis.
This is a disease characterized by a constant and insatiable desire for
coition, and so called because the satyrs of mythology were greatly ad-
dicted to excesses. The disease is accompanied by a strange power of
frequent congress without exhaustion. It is a nervous disease, depend-
ent upon a disordered state of the cerebellum.
Treatment.— It can be cured by alow diet, frequent shower baths,
physical out-door labor, ice bags to the cerebellum, a hard bed, and
hop pillows.
Stricture of the Urethra.
This is a diminution or contracted condition of the tube, and may be
eithev s^wsnwdie or permnne/it. Spasmodic stricture depends on spasm
of the muscles of the perineum, or upon contraction of the muscukir
portion of the urethra. Exposure to cold and indulgence in drink
favor an attack, which usually occurs after dinner. It generally occurs
in persons with permanent obstruction. The urine is suddenly retained ,
the desire to urinate causes incessant straining, the bladder becomes dis-
tended, the countenance anxious, the pulse quick, the skin hot, and at
last the urine dribbles, or the bladder may burst, and extravasation oc-
curs into the peritoneeum or perinajum. There is another varietj' of this
aifection, termed inflammatory stricture, caTised by abuse of injections,
exposure, or intemperance during acute gonorrhoea.
Fermanen t stricture is a contraction from permanent inflammation,
plastic deposit having taken place in the tissue beneath the mucous
membrane. The occasion of this inflammation m^ay be gonorrhoja, vene-
ry, kicks or blows, riding on horseback, acrid urine, drinking, etc. It
is situated mo.st frequently in the membranous portion of the urethra,
usually a few inches from the meatus. The extent and degree of con-
traction vary. Sometimes the stricture is verj' tight, but limited, as if
a thread had been tied around the urethra ; more frequently it is of
greater extent, containing from a quarter of an inch to several inches.
Several strictures may exist at once. Permanent stricture comes on
gradually, occurring mostly in middle-aged men. Urination is frequent,
tedious, and painful ; the stream is thin, twisted, or forked ; and a few
drops pass after urination, which had collected behind the stricture.
There is pain in the periuajum, thighs, and loins ; erection is often jjainful ;
chill and fever constantly occurrmg as in ague ; the testicles, rectum, and
bowels sympathize, and the general health is greatly impaired. It is a
354 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
disease that causes extreme annoyance, pain, and dLsorder, and should
receive early and competent treatment.
Treatment. — The indication iu spasmodic stricttire is to overcome
the spasm, and relieve the bladder. This is usually effected by warm
hip baths, Dover's powder, laudanum enemata, and cold water upon the
genitals. A favorable mental impression is made by pouring water
from a can, in a small stream, from some height, into a vessel containing
water, in imitation of urination. A few sniffs of ether will usually
relax the spasm, but if these means fail, the urine should be drawn of by
a catheter.
In permanent stricture dilntntwn by means of flexible bougies is the
usual method of cure. Great caution is necessary in the use of these.
Some use caustic applications, and in some cases puncturation is resort-
ed to. In some cases opening the urethra may be necessary, as the stric-
ture is so extensive and complete that no other means ai"e available.
These surgical means may at times be necessary, but I have curbed very
many cases by purely medicinal treatment, and it is very seldor^ that J
employ bougies, but compel absorption of the deposit by alterative
treatment. In some cases, however, I frequently combine dilatation
with medication. Those desiring consultation are referred to page 390.
Pkost-\titis.
This is inflammation of the prostate gland. It usually accompanies
gonorrhoea, but may exist independently. The discharge is similar to
that of urethral inflammation, and when the result of chronic inflam-
mation the discharge is called prostatorrhoea. The gland is frequently
enlarged. Chronic inflammation is commonly brought on by gleet, stric-
ture, horse exercise, etc., and is most frequently met with in advanced
life, and disappears upon the removal of the cause. The gland is also
enlarged in old persons — a hypertrophy independent of inflammation.
The bladder sympathizes, and becomes ii'ritable ; the urine is foetid, mu-
cous, and its stains are often retaiued. It causes mo.^t intense suffering.
Tkeatment. — Leeches, rest, counter-ii-ritation, alteratives, laxatives,
and enemata constitute the usual treatment. In hypertrophy of tho
organ, the usual treatment should be instituted. The medicinal treat-
ment, as in stricture, is important, and should only be intrusted to those
who fully understand the anatomy of the organ, and the pathology of
the disease.
Ouciiitis.
This is the liernia hurrwralis of older writers. Swelled testide is a com-
mon accompaniment of mumps. It is often the result of an injury, but
oftencr of gonorrhrea and its treatment ; exercise, wet and cold often in-
duce it. Tho gland enlarges greatly, fever attends, causing intense pain.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 355
It is usually confined to one of the glands, and mostly the epididymis.
The cord is often swollen and painful.
Treatment. — Low diet and the recumbent position are essential
Th'3 weight of the tumor should be supported by a suspensory bandage.
After the acute symjitoms have subsided, friction with astringent lotions,
and compression by adhesive straps, will be useful. The hardness and
swelling are likely to remain unless discussed by the alteratives.
Varicocele.
This is a varicose condition of the veins of the spermatic cord. The
causes are such as to i^roduce obstruction to the return of blood:
constipation, corpulence, tight belts around the abdomen, and warm
climate. It is usually coexistent with genital weakness. The left
side is more frequently affected than the right, because the left sperma-
tic vein is more likely to be compressed by the fasces in the sigmoid or
S-shaped flexure of the rectum, and because it is longer and not so di-
rect in its course. The swelling is pear-shaped and feels lUce a bunch
of earth-worms.
Treat.ment. — The cause, if ascertained, should be removed, and the
scrotum constantly bathed in cold water, and supported with a suspen-
soiy bandage.
The veins are sometimes obliterated by a surgical operation. It can
usually be overcome by proper medical treatment, however, and the
operation should only be the last resort.
I use for my patients a self -ad justing susi^ensory bandage, which can
be so arranged that any extent of compression can be made, and which
in construction is simi^le and very durable. It is the only perfect sus-
pensory bandage or scrotal supporter luade, and the only one from
which any great benefit can be expected. It is eminently serviceable in
this disease as well as in orchitis, and no one suffering from these dis-
eases should do without them. Sent by mail, postage prepaid, on
receipt of $3.
Diseases op the Female Oroajjs op Gekeration.
The genitalia of the female is the controlling centre of her whole
economy. If the womb and its appendages are in a healthy state, the
female figure preserves its artistic rotundity, her mind its spriglitliness,
and her humanity its benevolence and sympathy. When diseased, she
becomes fretful, peevish, and inconsolable. The province of the phy-
sician, therefore, becomes one of great importance, and it is his duty that
he should not only thoroughly understand the pathology of uteruie dis-
eases, but in his humanity he should combine a fine feeling of compas-
sion, with correct ideas of the treatment required. He should prove
35G THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
worthy of the trust confided to him, in sympathy, considerateness, and
skill. "
No greater trust can fall upon him ; he is not only accountable foi
the physical welfare of the patient, but bears a further resjionsibility.
If his treatment is not judicious and rational, his patient becomes a
victim to a gloomy depression of spirits, and to an irrepressible feeling
of languor and misery, that sternly bid away all brightness of life. He
will but poorly do his duty if he follows but the beaten track of a
routine practice, and, after successive trials, consigns his suffering
patient, by pronouncing her incurable, to a condition but little better
than the grave. Uterine diseases are not incurable, but when properly
treated they yield kindly to medication, as the disposition of all womb
affections is to get well, needing but proper medical assistance to stimu-
late and ennourage the forces of recuperation to overcome the assaults
of disease. (See page 390) .x
Vulvitis. \
This is characterized by redness and slight tumefaction of skin,
covered with mucus, while in neglected cases the parts are found much
excoriated. It generally arises from want of cleanliness, or from the
acrid character of the vaginal and uterine secretions. It may, how-
ever, be produced by excessive marital indulgence or syphilitic taint.
The symptoms consist of great pain and tenderness, a mucous dis-
charge, a smarting in passing urine, and a constant pain about the
ioins and thighs.
Treatment. — This should be treated by hot packs, elm poiiltices,
and a wash of a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or tincture of
myrrh. Quinine, macrotin and leptandrin should be given internally.
The parts should be thoroughly cleansed every day.
Clitoritis.
Inflammation of the clitoris, both acute and chronic, may exist from
want of cleanliness, or be produced by indiscretions. It is accom-
panied with burning, itching, and smarting sensations. Enlargement is
the usual result of either acute or chronic inllammation, in which case
there is extension of the labia, producing irritation, and labial leu-
corrhoea.
Trkatment. — When the parts are inflamed, sitz-baths. hot packs,
and laxatives will usually relieve it. In case of hypertrophy, it may be
painted once or twice a week with a weak tincture of iodine, and tlie
compound syrup of stillingia given internally. When there is extensive
enlargement, amputation .sli )uld be resorted to.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 357
Imperforate Hymen.
This is not likely to be discovered until the commencement of men-
stmation. It may then be suspected, if the female has all the symp-
toms which accompany the menses, without the discharge of the fluid,
and if these symptoms should occur at regular periods, accompanied
with a sense of weight and fulness of the vagina, especially if an
enlargement is perceptible in the lower abdomen, with paia and ten
derness.
The symptoms ameliorate in a few days, but return at each menstrual
period. If by inspection a hemispherical tumor, of a livid or bluish
color, soft and fluctuating, is discovered, the fact is most certain, that
it is caused by an imperforate hymen. In most cases the membrane is
thin, but it is sometimes from one-fourth to three- eighths of an inch
thick.
Treatment. — Press the finger against it gently, and attempt to
lacerate it by the finger-nail. If it will not yield, perforation should
be made by a proper instrument in the hands of a surgeon.
Vaginitis.
This consists of either acute or chronic inflammation of the vagina.
It may be confined entirely to the mucous membrane, or it may extend
to the ceUular tissue beneath. It is attended with pain, swelling,
and redness of the vaginal caual ; the mucous membrane is of a vivid
red color, and the folds are more developed and prominent than is
natural. At the first stage there is an arrest of the secretions, but
after a few days serous exudation occurs, which becomes purulent, and
of a yellowish or greenish color. The disease may arise from cold,
which is the most frequent cause ; from injuries to the vagina by
\'ioleuce, imprudence in the marital association, exertion after delivery,
high living, etc.
TiiKATMENT. — A gentle purgative should be taken, and the vagina
fre(|ueutly injected with warm water, the patient kept quiet, and the
inflammation controlled by veratrum. Astringent injections are also
useful The chronic form should be treated as vagmal leucorrhoea.
Menstru.\tion.
Though this is not a disease but a healthy function, but as, from
various causes, derangement of the function occurs, it is proper that it
should be perfectly understood. Menstruation is the term applied to
the phenomenon that attends the rupture of what is called the Gradjian
follicles of the ovary, and the discharge of an ova, or egg. It is a bloody
discharge from the female genitals — not differing from ordinary blood,
358 THE COMrLETE HERBALIST.
excepting' that it does not coagulate, and in its peciiliar odor. The
blood comes from the capillaries of the womb and vagina.
Menoplidnia, or the first appearance of the menses, is usually prece-
ded by a discharge of a fluid whitish matter from the vagina, by
nervous excitement, and by vague pains and heaviness in the loins and
thighs; numbness of the limbs, and sv/elling and hardness of the
breasts. The first appearance is an evidence of capacity for conception.
It generally appears about the age of fourteen, but varies from nine to
twenty-four years. In warm climates women begin to menstruate
earlier, and cease sooner than in temperate regions ; in the cold climates
the reverse of this holds as a general rule. The manifestations of ap-
proaching puberty are seen in the development of breasts, the expansion
of the hips, the rounded contour of the body and limbs, appearance of
the purely feminine figure, development of the voice, and the child be-
comes reserved, and exchanges her plays for the pursuits of ^voman-
hood. .;
More or less indisposition and irritability also precede each su(fcessive
recurrence of the menstrual flux, such as headache, lassitude, im-
easiness, pain in hack, loins, etc. The periods succeed each other
usually about every twenty-eight days, although it may occur every
twenty-two, twenty, eighteen, fifteen, or thirty-two, thirty-five, and forty
days. The most important element is the regularity of the return. In
temperate climates each menstrual jieriod ordinarily continues from three
to six days, and the quantity lost from four to eight ounces. The menses
continue to flow from the period of puberty till the age of forty-five
or fifty. At the time of its natural cessation, the flow becomes irregu-
lar, and this iiTegularity is accompanied occasionally with symptoms of
dropsy, glandular swellings, etc., constituting the crit teal j)Cfio(l, turn,
or clmiKje, of life ; yet it does not appear that mortality is increased by
it, as vital statistics show that more men die between forty and fifty
than women.
It should be the duty of every mother or female in charge of a child,
in whom age or actual manifestations suggest the approach of puberty,
to acquaint her with the nature of her visitation, and the importance of
her conduct in regard to it. She should be taught that it is perfectly
natural to all females at a certain period, and that its arrival necessi-
tates caution on her part with regard to exposure to wet or cold. The
author has made the acquaintance of the history of many cases of
consumption, and other diseases, which were directly induced by folly
and ignorance at the first menstrual flow. The child is often kept in
extreme ignorance of the liability of womanhood occurring to her at a
certain age, and hence when she observes a flow of blood escaping from
■3 part, the delicacy attached to the locality makes her reticent with re-
gard t^ inquiry or exposure ; she naturally becomes alarmed, and most
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 359
likely attempts to stanch the flow, with bathing or applying cold water
to the part, thus doing incalculable mischief.
This purely feminine physiological function should be well studied
and understood by all females. At least they should know that the
phenomenon is a natural one, liable to disorder, and that the best
interests of their general health demands care and prudence on their
part to maintain regularity, etc. , of the flow. Disregard of such a duty
will surely entail much misery.
Amenorrhcea.
This may occur in three forms. 1st. "Where evacuation has never oc-
curred, or retenti/jn of the meases. 2d. Where there has been no secre-
tion. 3d. Suppression. There are cases where the secretion has been
perfect, but the discharge prevented by occlusion of the vagina, or im-
perforate hymen, etc.; again, secretion may never have occurred, owing
to a congenital deficiency of the ovaries ; and there are cases where
the uterus and ovaries are sound, yet no flow from the vagina.
The most common variety, however, is suppression after they had
once been regularly established. It may cease by degrees, as in con-
sumptive and scrofulous patients, or occurs as the resiilt of cold, which
induces inflammation of the uterus or ovaries. It may also be induced
by excessive venery, wot feet, ice water, insufficient clothing, bathing,
fear, grief, anxiety, emetics, drastic purgatives, falls, copulation during
flow, etc. The symptoms are weight, paiu in the head, loins, and uterine
regions, hot skin, apoplexy and epilepsy in some cases, vicarious hemor-
rhages, palpitation of the heart, constijiation, chills, loss of appetite, etc.
Treatment.— Give a hot foot-bath, if the suppression be recent, and
apply hot mustard poultices to the breasts. Internally give tansy, thyme
or wintergreen tea, keep the patient warm, and allow but gentle exer-
cise. A compound decoction of seneca, cotton root, and Indian hemp
is also very beneficial. In obstinate cases, a hot sitz-bath should be given
during the operation of the medicine, so as to centre the blood in the
pelvis. If this does not succeed, the system should be invigorated by
quinine, blue cohosh, life root, wine, etc., and then the above treatment
repeated. The chronic form of the disease should be treated by sup-
porting and invigorating remedies, such as bayberiy, black cohosh, sitz-
baths, galvanism, tonics, etc.
DvSMENORRnCEA.
Painful menstruation occurs generally in single v/omen, and is produced
by inflammation or ulceration of the mouth of the womb, neuralgia of
the womb during menstruation, indiscretions, constipation, and a ner-
vous irritable temperament. The symptoms are restlessness, heat,
fhished face, weight and heaviness iu the head, pain in tlie back, and
3G0 TTTE COMPLETE nERRALIST.
pelvic regions, sometimes so severe as to cause fainting'. After a time
the pain becomes bearing down, accompanied by a shreddy discharge,
or blood-clots. In yonng and plethoric subjects, but little effect is pro-
duced on the general health, bi\t in nervous persons the health fails,
and, not unfrcquentlj, consumption ensues. Women subject to dysmen-
orrhoea are liable to cancer after the t'lra of life.
Treatment. — When the disease is produced by inflammation or ulce-
ration of the mouth of the womb, hot sitz-baths, with hot vaginal injec-
tions frequently repeated, in connection with ten or fifteen drops of the
tincture of cravvley every two or three hours, will usually relieve it.
Mild purges should also be taken. When due to neuralgia, black co-
hosh should be given, and the treatment of neuralgia instituted. Sene-
cin, gossypiin, and gelsemin, are also valuable. 'WTien prodiiced by an
initable constitution, ladics'-slipper, scullcap, etc., should be given.
Out-door exercises "and a nutritious diet should be prescribed.
MENORKnAGIA. '
This is characterized by profuse, prolonged, or too frequent menstru-
ation, separately or conjoined. It is accompanied by headache, hot
skin, full pulse, weight in the back, hips, loins, pelvis, etc. It is caused
by hot rooms, abortion.s, leucorrhcsa, falls, maiital excesses, long walks,
constipation, etc. The health gives way, the patient becomes bloodless,
and exhaustion ensues upon the least exercise.
Treatment. — This should be treated by wild cherry, gelsemin, uni-
corn root, beth root, and injections of a decoction of golden-seal, ma-
tico, and cinchona. If the hemorrhage is active, a strong decoction of
tannin or cranesbill may be injected, and ten or fifteen grains of cayenne
pepper administered. The oil of erigeron is also useful. Tonics should
be given in relaxed condition of the system.
Vicarious Menstruation.
This is a discharge from some other part than the utcnis, usually oc-
cui-ring in the unmarried. In the married, they are usually barren. The
blood may escape from any part of the skin or mucous membrane, in
the form of bleeding from the nose, lungs, etc.
Tre.\t.mknt.— Ten or fifteen drops of the oil of solidago should be
given four or five times a day, in connection with sitz-baths, tonics, etc.
Life root is especially valuable.
Chlorosis.
This is a disease characterized by chronic anaemia, or bloodlessness,
affecting females about the age of puberty. In some instances it is un-
doubtedly depciidciit upon a nervous affection, but in most instances it
13 connected with disordered menstruation and o^ther causes. The red
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 361
corpuscles of the blood are pale and small, and diminished in numbers.
The countenance assumes a wax-like hue, which is so remarkably cha-
racteristic, that the disease is called by nurses ' ' green sickness. " The
appetite is irregular, with craving for particular kinds of food, the urine
is thick and full of sediment, and there is usually vertigo, headache,
backache, hysterical affections, dysmenorrhcea, and leucorrhcea. The
tongue is flaccid and indented at the edges, the pulse is weak and quick,
and there is a feeling of general languor, with great indisposition to
bodily or mental exercise.
Treatment. — When arising from feeble and imperfect digestion,
give piickly ash, alder, golden-seal, and nux vomica, cautiously. The ani-
mal oils are also very serviceable. The great object in the treatment of
this disease is to restore the general health, and not to force menstruation
by agents having that power. The patient wants strength and blood,
and when that is achieved, menstruation will be natural. Baths, fric-
tion, out-door exercise, and a nutritious diet should not be neglected.
Cessation op the Menses.
We have already stated that this usually occurs between the ages of
forty and iifty, but in some cases it occurs much earlier, in others much
later. The courses become irregular, often staj'ing away two or three
months. Nausea and vomiting, swelling of the abdomen, tenderness of
the breasts, etc. , are the prominent symptoms. Pregnancy may some-
times be suspected, and there are frequently uterine pains, a dragging
sensation in the back and loins, accompanied by violent headache, a
loaded tongue, and .symptoms of indigestion. A sudden return of the
menses mitigates the symptoms, which usually last longer than is natu-
ral, and also more profuse.
Treatment. ^If the symptoms are slight, regulate the bowels and
diet, bathe the surface, and occasionally wear a pack, saturated with
equal parts of whiskey and water, upon the lower bowel. If more severe,
take unicorn root in decoction. Ladies'-slipper, wafer-ash, and black
cohosh, are also very good. The tonics should also be given in debili-
tated subjects. In fact the constitutional symptoms should be met with
such remedies as are indicated, as soon as they manifest themselves.
Leucorrhcea.
This is commonly known as the tchites. It consists of a discharge
from the vagina, or inner cavity of the womb, of a catarrhal character,
varying in color from a light to a yellowish-green, or reddish-brown. It
is usually due to inflammation of the mouth and neck of the womb
[cervicitis)., but it is also caused by congestion and inflammation of the
interior membrane of the organ (endo-cervicitis), in which case it is more
serious, and more diflEicult to cure. There are few females who are not
16
363 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
occasionally subject to moderate leucorrhoea. It may be known by the
dischargfe, but also by the attendant pain and a sense of heaviness in the
loins, abdomen, and tnig-hs, disordered digestive functions, palpitation of
the heart, etc. It causes great impairment of the general health when
long continued.
Treatment. — Wear flannels next to the skin, and pay attention to
the general health. Keep the pores open by the proper medicines. In
acute cases inject cold water, and in chronic, warm water. This will
modify' the inflammation. After this, injections of a strong decoction
of golden-seal, white-oak bark, or cinchona, should be frequently used,
and witch-hazel taken internally. Dog-wood, bayberry, black and blue
cohosh, and gelsemin, are also used for the same purpose The astrin-
gent injections are also serviceable. Rest and quiet are important in
the treatment of the disease. Patients should, however, intrust the
treatment to an intelligent physician, who should ascertain the cause,
when, if the proper treatment is given, the disease will soon be cured.
Ulceration op the Womr.
This is chiefly confined to the neck of the organ, occurring most
frequently in those who have borne children. It is caused by ex-
cesses in married life, imprudence during menstruation, as standing,
walking, lifting, etc. , and very often premature efforts after abortion
or labor. There is always more or less discharge associated with ulcera-
tion, which in quality is mucous, purulent, or starchy, and in color,
milky, greeni.sh, yellowish, or brownish, — often tenacious masses of mu-
cus, like starch, come away. It affects the general health similarly to
leucorrhoea.
Treatment. — Rest should be observed, and marital excesses aban-
doned. The treatment for leucorrhoBa should be instituted. Vaginal
injections of rcd-raspbcrry leaves and golden-seal prove very beneficial
in this disease. The constitutional treatment in this disease is more
important than any local api)lications, and should take precedence.
Falling op the Womb (Prolapsus Uteri).
This is denoted by pain in the back and loins, heat in the vagina,
painful copulation, painful and irregular menstruation, constipation
and diarrhoea in alternation, irritable bladder, etc. The mouth of the
womb can be more readily felt than is natural, feeling spongy and hot,
and very tender on pressure. It may be ulcerated, and bleed upon
the slightest touch. The patient has all the symi)toms of dyspepsia,
hysteria, neuralgia, palpitation, cough, and difficulty of breathing. It is
directly caused by weakness of the broad and lateral ligaments, and
remotely by various causes. It is a disease severe in its effects, causing
much suffering and impaiiineut of healtli.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 363
Treatment. — The patient should observe perfect quietude. The
Inflammation and ulceration of the womb treated as previously described.
The womb should be gently replaced to its normal position, the bowels
kept open by mild laxatives, and the vagina injected with a warm de.
coction of hemlock and white oak bark. Pessaries do more harm than
good, but abdominal supporters to sustain the weight of the bowels
should be worn in aU cases. (See page 370)
Utereste Dropsy (HYDROjrETRA).
This is an accumulation of fluid in the womb, caused by inflamma-
tion and constitutional debility. During the first months the symptoms
resemble those of pregnancy ; but by introducing the finger, so as to
touch the neck of the womb, and pressing the tumor, fluctuation of
fluids is felt. The menses are usually suppressed, and general debility
will appear, if the disease continues. The patient may die from ex-
haustion, or the walls of the womb may be ruptured from the pressure
of the fluid, causing fatal peritonitis.
Treatment. — A tordc and hygienic treatment should be prescribed,
and if you can introduce a catheter into the womb and evacuate the fluid,
it should be done, but it is better to intrust this to an able physician.
Anteversion and Retroversion.
If the womb falls forward upon the bladder, and towards the pubes,
it con-stitutes anteversion. In this case the top or fundus of the womb
is turned forward to the bladder, and the mouth towards the rectum.
When the womb falls over backwards, between the rectum and the vagina,
it is said to be retroverted. In this case the fundus is turned towards
the rectum, and the neck towards the bladder. If the womb is antevert-
ed and turned upon itself, it is a7i(ejlexed, and when retroverted and
turned upon itself it is called retTOJlexion. These displacements may occur
suddenly or gradually, causing great distress. The usual symptoms are
costiveness and straining at stool, frequent urination, painful menstrua-
tion, pain in the lumbar region, and down the limbs, neuralgia, hyster-
ics, and nervous debility. It is a serious affection, and should receive
early attention and proper treatment.
Treatment.— The organ is first to be replaced to its normal position,
and then the treatment for falling of the womb instituted. Such im-
portant diseases should, however, be confided to the care and direction
of a competent physician. Great relief is at all times gained by
wearing abdominal supporters.
Hydatids.
These consist of a formation of small cysts or bladders of water in
Ihe uterus, developed from the inner membrane, and vary in size from
3G4 THE COMPLETE nEKPALIST.
half a pear to a partridge's egg. They are usually oval, vrith a thin
wall, opaque, and contain a thin fluid. They are most frequently in
clusters, and numerous. The symptoms simulate those of early preg-
nancy, such as nausea, vomiting, enlargement of the womb, fulness of
the breasts, suppression of the menses, etc. In a few months, the patient
feels a weight and uneasiness about the abdomen, followed by uterine
pains, hemorrhage, and expulsion of the hydatids.
TuEATMENT. — If the flooding is excessive, control it by injecting
vinegar or astringents and administer ten or fifteen drops of the oil of
erigeron every fifteen minutes. If the pain is not sufficient to expel the
masses, give a warm infusion of blue cohosh or cotton root. Ergot may also
be given. After the expulsion the patient should receive tonic treatment.
PREGNANCY AND ITS ACCIDENTS.
Pregnancy.
The first sign of pregnancy is a cessation of the menstrual flOw. This
will generally be noticed between two and three weeks after conception,
and about the same time the woman will discover her breasts to be eiiarg-
ing, and notice that the rings around the nipple are darker, and cover more
space than usual. She will also, to a greater or lesser degree, experience
nausea in the morning, and often be afilicted by vomiting, while she
will experience dull pains in the "small" of the back, a decided disin-
clination for exertion, and considerable nervousness. As the womb in-
creases in size and weight (which becomes apparent between the second
and third months after conception), it sinks lower into the cavity of the
pelvis (or part of the trunk which bounds the abdomen below), and pro-
duces much suffering, especially when the pehds is small or narrow.
After the fourth month, the womb, finding insufficient accommodation
in the pelvis, mounts higher, and seeks room in the more capacious and
yielding belly. Then the distress in the back, fnd the sickness and
vomiting are somewhat modified, or in some conii)aratively disappear
altogether. When the condition of pregnancy is first discovered, the
woman, no matter how robust, should avoid all over-exertion or excite-
ment, and should bear in mind constantly St. Paul's motto of "modera-
tion in all things." A state of indolence is productive of disastrous, or,
at least, painful conseiiuences. Judicious exercise, and a determination
to be cheerful and contented, will do much towards suppressing the
usual annoyances of pregnancy, while moping and idling will increase
them, and will almost invariably l)ring about a hard labor. Tluis the
poor working woman, providing she does not labor too hard, or expose
herself impnulently to the vicissitudes of the weather, rarely suffers so
much in child-bed as the woman who lives only to be petted and admir-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 365
ed, and who seldom breathes the air of heaven in its delicious ptirity.
Among the many incidental afflictions of pregnacy, are costiveness and
piles. These are produced by the pressure of the enlarging womb upon
the lower bowel. This, becoming filled with hardened matter, in turn
presses upon the womb, and endeavors to crowd it out of the way. The
combined and continual pressure of the womb and bowel upon the
,water-pipe, causes great difficulty in making water, and their unmter-
rupted weight upon the ascending veins produces congestion in the
lower bowel, and hence the appearance of painful and disagreeable
piles. The stomach and bowels should be kept in the best possible
order. To prevent or ameliorate piles, use seidlitz powders every day,
and inject into the bowels half a pint of pure cold water every morning.
With regard to nausea, if it continues after the first three months, eat
nothing but plain, yet nourishing food, and use chamomile flower tea as a
beverage.
The habit of swathing or bandaging during any period of pregnancy is
decidedly injurious, unless the woman be of a very fragile form and de-
bilitated constitution. The child quickens about the end of the fourth
month, when its motions will often produce hysterics and fainting fits,
and the mother (for such she then is) becomes peevish, irritable, thin,
and weak. Great care must be taken to combat this peevishness and
irritabihty by fixing the mind upon pleasant thoiights, and mixing with
lively company, if it be available. It wUl be as well, too, for the woman
to he down a little while, two or three times a day, and not to remain
in an erect position too long without taking a little rest. During the
last three months, the woman will generally sufi'er much uneasiness ' ' all
over," and will experience trouble in the attempt to get a perfect night's
rest. They should not touch opiates under these circumstances. When
varicose swellings of the veins of the legs are produced, a good plan is to
wear a laced stocking over the affected parts, and this should be adjust-
ed so as not to press too tightly upon the limb. It should be arranged
so that the pressure will be equal throughout its length. Sometimes deli-
cate women have convulsive fits hi the last stage of pregnancy. These
are dangerous, and no time should be lost in calling in an experienced
midwife to take charge of the case. However, a two-grain opium pill
administered internally, an injection of warm suds, and mustard plasters
applied to the feet, and between the shoulders, will not fail of giving
speedy relief. Also bathe the feet in warm water. The habitual use of
the warm bath will often prevent these convulsions.
Palpitation of the heart, cramps of the legs and thighs, tooth-ache,
pufl:"y swellings, suppression of urine (use parsley tea for this), lethargy
and headache are always accompaniments of pregnancy. For cramps
and swellings, bathe the parts with warm water and red pepper, or mus-
tard. K the swellings are very troublesome, apply fomentations of bit-
366 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ter herbs. In order to prevent sore nipples (which, if neglected, merge
into caked and broken breasts), bathe them daily several times with
alum-water, or a decoction of white oak l)ark. This bathing should be
commenced about six weeks before confinement. Fox-glove (digitalis)
is recommended by many for palpitation of the heart ; but I discounte-
nance its use. A little compound spirits of lavender, in water, and mod-
erate doses of Turkey rhubarb will alleviate the attacks.
All pregnant women should wear flannel drawers and keep the feet
warm.
All expectant mothers may greatly render a coming labor more easy
and painless, if, at about the eighth month, they thoroughly rub my
''Herbal Ointment" (see page 472) externally on the abdomen once a
day, and continue until labor, and at about the middle of the ninth
month they should lubricate the vagina and womb with the ointment.
This has the effect of making the mouth more dilatable, the soft
parts more yielding, and consequently a safe and comparatively easy
labor.
The time of labor to every expectant mother causes constant Solici^tude,
and scarcely any woman approaches the period fearless of the result, but
very anxious as to the suffermg or safety of life. In the present con-
dition of civilized woman, we well know that the phenomenon of child-
birth is attended with pains of an agonizing character, but that the suf-
fering is mostly owing to habits of life, dress, etc. , now characterizing
woman, is equally certain. It would be an anomaly in nature if a pro-
cess, so natural to females as child-birth, was originally ordained to be
agonizingly painful, and it is quite evident that the pain now character-
izing nearly all cases of labor is an infliction imposed by nature in con-
sequence of violation of some of her laws. We are glad to see intelli-
gent women approaching this subject, and have seen no brighter gleam
of sunshine than Mrs. Stanton's recent address at San Francisco, which
no false delicacy should prevent being reproduced in every paper in the
land. She said, " We must educate our daughters that motherhood is
grand, and that God never cursed it. And the curse, if it be a curse,
may be rolled off, as man has rolled away the curse of labor, as the curse
has been rolled from the descendants of Ham." While saying that her
mission among woman was to preach a new gospel, she tells the women
that, if they suffer, it is not because they are cursed by God, but be-
cause they violate his laws. What an incubus it would take from wo-
man could she be educated to know that the pains of maternity are no
curse upon her kind. We know that among Indians the squaws do not
suffer in child-birth. They will step aside from the ranlvs, even on the
march, and return iu a .short time bearing with them the new-bom
child. What an r.bsurdity, then, to suppose that only culightened Chris-
tian women arc cursed. But Mrs. Stanton saya that one word of tact is
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 367
■worth, a volume of philosophy, and gives her experience as follo-ws : "I
am the mother of seven children. My girlhood was spent mostly in the
open air. I early imbibed the idea that a girl was just as good as a
boy, and I carried it out. I would walk five miles before breakfast, or
ride ten on horseback. After I was married I wore my clothing sensi-
bly. The weight hung alone on my shoulders. I never compressed my
body out of its naturn.l shape. My first four children were bom, and I
suffered but very little. I then made up my mind that it was totally
unnecessary for me to suffer at all ; so I dressed lightly, walked every
day, lived as much as possible in the open air, ate no condiments or
spices, kept quiet, listened to music, looked at pictures, read poetry.
The child was bom without a particle of pain. I bathed it and dressed
it and it weighed ten and one -half pounds. That same day I dined
vdth the family. Everybody said I would die, but I never had a relapse
or a moment's inconvenience from it. I know this is not being delicate
and refined, but if you would be vigorous and healthy in spite of the
diseases of your ancestors and your own disregard of nature's laws, try.''
While we heartily endorse all that Mrs. Stanton has said in this matter,
we could not advise every mother to " dine with the family " on the day
of her labor. It would be an exceedingly dangerous proceeding ; but if
every woman would be willing to practise the same initiatory training,
which is so healthful, because in accordance with physiological laws,
there is probably no doubt but that she would also be able to ' ' wash her
own baby " and " dine with the family," on even as substantial a dish as
pork a^ beans.
PuERPEUAL Fever.
Child-bed fever is a very fatal disease, and frequently follows jiarturi-
tion. Scrofulous women are peculiarly liable to it. The disease mani-
fests itself in every degree of intensity. The usual symptoms are
weight and soreness in the lower part of the abdomen, accompanied by
lassitude and debility, capricious appetite, imperfect after-discharge,
spongy condition of the gums, constipation, and scanty and high-color-
ed urine. These symptoms continue for two or three days after delivery,
when the patient will be seized with chills and rigors. These are soon
followed by a hot and pungent skin, pain in the head, nausea, and
sometimes vomiting. The jmlse becomes hard and quick, respiration
rapid, the secretions are arrested, and the pain centres in the lower part
of the abdomen and becomes very severe. The bowels are bloated, and
very tender, and the lochia or after-discharge is entirely suppressed. In
many cases delirium is present, also agitation and a sense of impending
death. The worst form is when it presents the appearance of malignant
scarlet fever.
Treatment.— The bowels should be freely opened with a purgative,
368 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
after which opium should be administered in tolerably large doses.
Warm slippery-elm emulsions should be frequently injected into the
vagina, with a view to bring on the lochial discharge. The fever is to
be controlled by aconite or veratrum. Tonic stimulants and carmina-
tives should be used, according as the disease shows excitement or de-
pressiou. In the low form, quinine and camphor are indicated. In the
gangrenous form, put charcoal and yeast poultices to the abdomen, and
give a decoction of wild indigo in wine and yeast four or five times a day.
Inversion op the Uterus.
This may be partial or comi^lete. When partial, it may be known by
the absence of the fundus or top of the womb behind the pubic bones,
and the presence of a large solid tumor in the vagina, accompanied by
profuse hemorrhage, intense pain in the pelvis, violent straining, vomit-
ing, fainting, cold clammy sweat, and feeble pul.se. Complete inversion
is recognized by the presence of a reddish li\ad tumor filling the vagina,
and protruding beyond it. It may occur spontaneously in atony of the
womb, or from irregular contractions, or it may be cavtsed -by violence
in extracting the after-birth, shortness of the cord, delivery in the up-
right position, tumors, etc. '^
TREATiiENT. — Watch the tumor carefidly, and at the moment when
there is no contraction, the fundus should be pressed with one finger,
and indented like the bottom of a bottle, and make continued pressure
until reposition is sure. Then control the hemorrhage, if any is present,
with ice to the pelvis, or vinegar injections, and give stiuiulanjU if the
patient is exhausted. •
AIJORTION OR MISCARRIAGE.
Abortion or mi'scirriarre signifies the expulsion of the foetus from the
uterus, before it is sufficiently developed. The causes may be either
natural or violent. Among the most prevalent causes, are mercury,
constitutional syphilis, either in the father or mother, small pox, sudden
and violent excitement of the blood-vessels by surprise, fright, anger,
etc. It may also be caused by disease of the embryo, disease of the
afterbirth, or direct violence to the abdomen. If it occurs Lq the early
stage, the patient feels languid, iinea.sy and despondent, and is troubled
with alternate chills and flashes of heat; there is nausea, palpitation,
pain in the back, and tendemes.s over the abdomen. The breasts
become flabby, and there is more or less hemorrhage. In the more
advanced stages, the pains are more severe, and frequently the hemor-
rhage is so violent that the life of the patient is endangered, unless the
proper remediid agents are employed. If miscai'riage occurs once, it is
liable to recurrence, and hence pregnant women should be very careful.
Tkkatuent. — Those predisposed to abortion, should carefully avoid
THE COMPLETE IIERHALIST. 3G9
purgatives and diuretics, should indulge in no violent exercise, and take
a cold sitz-bath every morning on rising, followed by brisk friction with
a crash towel. Unicorn root and bayberry should also be taken inter-
nally. The pain should be subdued by hyoscyamus, and the hemor-
rhage checked by the oil of erigeron, or cayenne pepper and matico
may be taken. If abortion, however, defies treatment, a strong de-
coction of cotton root, or ergot, should be taken to promote rapid
expulsion of the fcetu.?. After it is expelled, if hemorrhage occurs,
the oil of erigeron should be given, and much care observed, until the
lilacenta is removed. During convalescence the patient's strength
should be maintained to prevent weakness of the womb.
Inflammation and Abscess op the Breasts.
During and after pregnancy the breasts are very liable to become
mtlamed and sore. The patient shivers, has paiu in the head, loss
of appetite, is constipated, and her urine is high-colored, and pulse
quick. The breasts become red, painful, and swollen, and if the in-
flammation is allowed to continue, an abscess is formed, which, sooner or
later, opens and discharges. Cold during nursing, accumulatiou of milk,
injuries, diseases of the womb, scrofula, etc. , are the principixl causes.
TiiEATMENT. — Subdue the inflammation by applying the following : —
Take arnica flowers, 3 j. ; lobelia leaves, 3 ss. ; hops, 3 ij. Make a
strong decoction, and apply cloths wrung from it hot as the patient can
bear, and repeat every fifteen or twenty minutes. A small dose of
aconite may be given internally to control the fever. A mild purgative
should also be taken, and if the patient is debilitated, the general tonics
should be exhibited. If the abscess, however, will occur, it should be
opened, and then poulticed with slippery-elm. For caked breasts, apply
hot packs, and change them frequently, and between each application
bathe the breasts with a liniment composed of equal parts of lime-
water, sweet-oil, spirits of camphor, and oil of horsemiut.
Sore Nipples.
This is one of the most common and troublesome difficulties connected
with the breasts, after child-birth. It is very frequently caused by want
of cleanliness on the part of the mother or child.
Treatment. — Wash with castile soap and warm water after each
nursing of the child, and then sprinkle the nipple with very fine pow-
dered hemlock bark. Or make and use the following ointment : — Take
balsam of fir, 3 j. ; white wax, 3 ij. ; melt together, then add ten grains
each of tannin and powdered bayberry. Apply this as often as neces-
sary, previously washing the breasts. Cover the nipple with folds of
linen during the intervals of nursing. My Herbal Ointment (page469)j
is a speedy cure for this painful affection.
16* ^
370
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Relaxation of the Abdominal Muscles.
One of the most frequent sequels of pregnancy is a permanent relaxa-
tion of the abdominal muscles, more or less in degree. The abdomen
becomes pendulous, occasioning great inconvenience, suffering, and
often inducing malposition of the womb, and other affections.
The only way to remedy this relaxed condition is by artificial support,
which is to be kept lap until the muscles have again attained their full
powers of contraction. Ladies are therefore in the habit of wearing
bandages, though these but inadequately supply the necessary siipport,
owing to the difficulty of proper application, so as to secure the equali-
zation of pressure, and the stability of position, necessary. Mechanical
appliances should only be used for the puii^ose of support. These are
called abdominal supporters. Decidedly the best supporter is the one
represented in the cut, an appliance so arranged
as to supply the firmest support by means of
elastic springs. It gives no uneq,suiess to the
wearer ; on the contrary it affords the most com-
fortable support, enabling the sufferer,' Vho be-
fore could scarcely walk, to do so with the
utmost facility, occasioning no pain or inconve-
nience. Supporters are absolutely necessary in
all cases, as no medicinal treatment will overcome
the relaxation, on account of the constant suj^er-
imposed pressure of the bowels. These sup-
porters should also be worn in all cases of uterine
misplacements, as they afford the greatest relief,
and serve as an almost indispensable adjunct to
the required medicinal treatment.
Another supporter, represented by the ad-
joining cut, is also a meritorious one, having
many excellent qualities. It is especially well
adapted to corpulent females. Equality
of siipport under all circumstances
is gained by au elastic band in the
pad at front. These supporters are
the result of thorough study as to the
requirements of such appliances, and the
author is convinced that they are the
best articles for the purjiose designed.
Their many qualities will at once be ap-
parent both to the professional man or
to the patient.
of the waist.
Dr. O. PhelpK Brow-n's Ab
dominal Supporter. $1
Abdominal Supporter. $3.
The measure required is the size around the lower part
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 371
THE CONDUCT OF A CASE OF LABOR.
This should never be attempted except by a physician or competent
midwife, but, as it may sometimes take place in railroad cars, in
voyages, etc., the duty may fall to the lot of almost any woman or
man, and hence it is important that they should know how to proceed.
These hints may also be useful to perhaps many in the backwoods,
where the population is scarce, and where the nearest doctor lives ' ' a
day's journey " away.
How DO YOU Know that the Patient is in Labor?
This the mother frequently knows herself, but she may sometimes
be deceived by what are spurious pains. If she is in labor, she will
have what is called " C07ne and go " pains, which at first are moderate and
wide apart, but which finally become more intense and succeed each
other at shorter intervals. She will describe those as bearing down
pains, and frequently they are so severe as to cause cries and gestures,
the former being of a mourning or complaining character, the other
twdsting and writhing. She will also have a mucous discha,rge from the
vagina, which is called a ' ' shoic. " She will probably wish to void her
urine often, and to relieve her bowels, which should be encouraged.
During this stage the mouth of the womb is dilating. Now it will be
weU for you to pass your finger well up into the vagina, and you will
most probably find that the mouth of the womb is dilated, and in extent it
depends upon the time at which you may make the examination. When
the pains become " thick and fast," you may again make an examina-
tion, and you will probably find a fluctuating tumor, which is the bag
of waters. If this does not burst itself, you may rupture it with your
finger, but do not allow yourself to be frightened at the forcible rush of
the waters. If you have withdrawn your hand, you may again insert it,
and you will most likely find the head about descending into the vagina.
If it is the head or breech it will be a natural labor (which I hope it
may always bo, for I do not believe I could teach you how to proceed in
what is called a jireternatural labor). If the head is there, all right.
You may give the soon-to-be-mother your hand, or you may tie a sheet
to the bed-post and let her pu.ll at that, or if her husband is present, or
if you are he himself, let her press him around the neck whenever an
expulsive pain occurs. This wdll greatly aid her, and you do not know
how thankful a woman is in such a case, when she observes apparent
assistance on your part. After a few good pains, the head of the child
will be born, and then the worst is over, for usually one pain more will
cause the birth of the whole child.
What will, You do Next ?
As soon as it is bom, you will probably hear the child gasp and cry,
Ol- THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
which is caused by pain ensuing upon sudden expansion of its lungs. If
it does not do this, take the child, and shake it gently, give it a few slaps
on the buttocks, and empty its mouth of any secretions that may be
found there. By doing this, the child may soon cry — when it is all
right. If, however, it should not be so easily resuscitated, sprinkle a
little water on its face, and if it looks blue in the face, cut the cord,
and let it bleed a little ; then put your mouth to that of the baby, and
while holding its nose shut, blow your own breath into it and fill its
lungs, and then press gently on its chest, in imitation of expiration. Do
this as long as there is any hope, and your efforts may often be crowned
with success. We will suppose, however, that the baby is a struggling,
ciying, healthy darling. Then, as soon as you do no longer feel the cord
pulsate, you can separate it from the mother. To do this take a few
Btrands of thread and tie it round the cord, not so tight as to cut
through, about two inches away from the navel. Then take a pair of
scissors and cut the cord through about half an inch away from the li-
gature, not on the side, however, towards the navel ; you can put two
ligatures on the cord, if you like, and cut between thenx Then take
the baby away, but be careful how you do it, or else an accideirf may be-
fall you, and hand it to the proper person to be washed and ':dressed.
The baby is very slippery, so take it up in this way : put its neck
between the thumb and forefinger of your left hand, and put the
palm of the right under its buttocks ; you then have it secure, but
do not be too anxious about its safety, or you might choke it.
What Next ?
You must now pay attention to the exhausted but joyous mother,
rejoiced that she has passed such an agony of pain as you can form no
conception of, such that you have never felt and never can feel, unless
you have been or will be a mother, and yet she will now greet you with
a sweet, smiling countenance. Her anxiety, however, is not over until
she is relieved of the after-birth. By the time that you have got
through with your duty to the baby, you will probably find the after-
birth expelled into the vagina, by the after-pains. If such is the case,
take the cord and pull gently downwards and a little upwards, but by
no means pull so hard as to tear the cord, or invert the womb If it
will not come, wait, and in a short time try again, and you will most
probably find it to come away readDy. If you should find her floodhiff,
take a rag, saturate it with vinegar, or take a lemon, divest it of its
rind, and then pass it into the womb and squeeze it. This causes con-
traction of the organ, and stop.s the hemorrhage. You may also apply
ice to the spine for this puqio.se, and if you have ergot in the house,
give a pretty large do.so of that. After delivery of the after-birth,
take a towel, and pass it around the pelvis of the mother, and bind it
THE COMPLETE IIEliBALIST. 373
pretty tig-htly ; cover her up warmly, and allow her to sleep, and so
recover strength, as you may suppose that she is very much exhausted
by this time.
Tour Work is not Done Yet.
The baby has to be washed. This is a tedious job, unless you know
low to proceed. All babies are covered with more or less unctuouv
matter, and this chould be removed, or else it is liable to get a skin
disease. After you have got your rag (a soft woollen one is the best)
and some pretty warm water, smear the child over with pure, lard or
sweet oil, and then use castile soap and water, and you will soon have it
clean. Be careful, however, not to get soap into its eyes, or else you
will have to treat it in a few days after for sore eyes. Now you have
got it clean, but you must not put on its clothes, until you have dressed
the navel, and put on its belly-band. To dress the navel, take a well-
worn cotton rag, cut it into patches of about four inches in diameter j
take three or four of these and cut a hole through the middle of them.
Cut also a little bandage, half an inch wide, and wrap it round the navel
string, then slip it through the patches, and lay the string pointing to-
wards the left shoulder. Now, put on the woollen belly-band, moder-
ately tight, and secure it with needle and thread, not with pins. You
may think this caution unnecessary, but if you had seen as many torn
limbs and deep scratches in infants as I have, you would not think so.
After this you can put on its whole toilet, and lay it in its proper warm
nest — its mother's arms.
But you may think the baby is hungry, and that it needs some physic ;
so you give it some gruel, and follow this up either with castor oil and
sugar, molasses, or butter and sugar made into a paste, and force them
down the little victim's throat. I say victim, because you could not
easily do more harm, and yet this abomination is done every day. If
the mother has mUk, put it at the breast as soon as you can ; if not, let
it wait until she has, — it won't starve. It needs no purgative, for the
colostrum or lirst of the mUk is by nature designed as a laxative, and if
it gets that, it will soon have the black stools, or discharge of meconium,
as doctors call it. By no means give it soothing syiaips nor spirits,
nor put a cap on it, or wash it with spirits. If you take n\j advice in
this matter, the baby will be the better for it, and there will not be a
necessity, which is so often the case, of the early exchange of its little
dresses for a tiny shroud.
In about twelve hours after delivery the mother may be cleansed, and
her bed changed, and light food given to her. She should remain in bed
for at least ten days, after which, if she feels strong, she may sit m^,
but should avoid exertion. If she has insufficient milk, foUow advice
given on page 328.
374
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
LocniA.
For some time after child -bearing, a discharge takes place from the
womb which is called lochia. It is at first red ; but if all goes well, in a
few days the red appearance subsides and gives place to an effusion of
a greenish color and a peculiar odor. When the womb is reduced to its
original size, the lochia ceases. If it is checked before it should be—
and in some women it ought to continue a month — or if the flow pro-
ceeds with irregularity, great distress and danger are the consequences.
The immoderate flow of the lochia is not so disastrous as the suppression.
The latter may be produced by cold, by chilled drink, by mental excite-
ment, or, in fact, by any undue exertion of either mind or body. The
results of the suppression of the lochia are great fever, restlessness,
heat, pain in the head, back, and loins, delirium, inflammation of the
womb, colic pains, costiveness, nervous excitability, muscular contrac-
tions, and, in fact, general distress. The first and only thing to be done
is to restore the flow. For this purpose, if the patient can bear it, the
warm bath must be used; fomentations should be a^lie(^ to the
abdomen ; large emollient injections should be given in the rectum, and
siidorific medicines (not of a mineral character), assisted bjii copious
diluent drinks, should be administered. The acetate of ammonia will
be found very useful. A profuse and general perspiration is the pre-
cursor of rapid recovery and safety. While the lochia is apparent the
patient must not endeavor to get up, or to undergo any noticeable
degree of exertion, or be exposed either to atmospherical changes, or
imijrudeuce in diet.
THE TREATMENT IN ACCIDENTS.
The treatment of fractures, dislocations, etc., should always be in-
tiTisted to the surgeon, but the emergency of such cases may be so
great in certain instances that a few minutes' delay might prove fatal to
the patient. Hence I will attempt to instruct the reader how to proceed
and what to do before the doctor comes. In all cases where surgical help
can be procured, it should be done as quicldy as possible, but dangerous
accidents may occur where surgical aid is impossible to procure, and,
therefore, the treatment devolves upon others.
Wounds.
In case of wood-choppers, hunters, etc., away in the backwoods, or in
any other case where this precaution is necessarj', they should provide
themselves always with bandages, Monsel's solution, and a roll of ad-
hesive i)lastur, and then they are prepared for nearly all cases of acci-
dents that may befall them.
THE COMrLETE HERBALIST, 375
The worst feature about a wound is the bleediug, unless, as in case of
gun-shot wound, a xital part is injured. We will suppose, however, that
unfortunately one received a woiind, either from sonae sharp instru-
ment, or a gun-shot wound, or some part of his body was lacerated,
contused or punctured from some cause, and that the wound was bleed-
ing freely. Before the wound is dressed the character of the bleeding
is to be noticed. If the blood is dark-colored and flows regularly in a
stream, it is venous blood, and you will be able to control it easily ; but
if it is bright-scarlet, and spurts out in jets, some artery has been
wounded — always a dangerous accident. If the wound is a gun-shot one
and received in the trunk, all you can do on the moment is to herme-
ticaUy seal the wound. Take the adhesive plaster, and cut a piece from
it large enough to cover the wound well, and then apply over the wound
so as to seal it effectually against escape of blood or entrance of air ; or
take a rag and shape it in a pledget, and tie it on the wound firmly with
a bandage or handkerchief. If internal hemorrhage occurs, you cannot
do anything, and the i^atient will probably die.
If the wound is in the arms or legs, then you can always do something.
If the bleeding is venous, you will be able to arrest it by applying cold
water. Elevate the limb, and use compression. If this does not arrest
It, apply some of the Monsel's Solution, which is a solution of the per-
sulphate of iron, which quickly stanches the blood by coagulation.
After the hemorrhage has ceased, apply a bandage. If the blood comes
out in jets, you may know that an artery is wounded, and that no time
is to be lost. No styptics will arrest hemorrhage from any important
artery, but in such cases instantly apply the Spanish windlass, which is
made by tying a handkerchief around the limb, and twisting it with a
stick, until the hemorrhage ceases. This compression is to be main-
tained, until the patient can have the attention of a surgeon. Be careful,
however, to apply the windlass above the wound towards the heart.
If you have to deal with any ordinary wound, cut, etc., draw the
edges together with strijis of adhesive plaster, and put on cold water
dressings.
Fractures.
These accidents often happen where no surgical aid can be con-
veniently procured. Any one can easily detect a broken bone by the
person not being able to raise the limb, by its bending where it ought
not, by pain, and by crepitation, or crackling sound if the parts are
moved. When the bone is merely separated into two parts it is called a
simple fracture ; when an open wound communicates with the fracture
it is called compound ; when the bone is broken into numerous fragments,
it is termed comminuted, and comjdicated when attended with dislocation,
laceration of large vessels, etc.
376 the complete herbalist.
Head.
The bones of the head and face are liable to be broken by blows, falls,
etc. , and need immediate medical attendance. All you can do before the
arrival of the surgeon, is to raise the head, apply cold water, avoid all
noise and excitement, and arrest the bleeding by the means heretofore
advised.
Collar tone.
This bone Ls usually broken by violence upon the shoulder, arm, and
hand. It is generally broken near the middle of the bone, the part is
painful and swollen, and every attempt at motion proGuces pain ; the
shoulder is sunken and drawn towards the breast-bone. The patient
usually is found supporting the arm with his hand, to relieve the pressure
upon the sensitive network of nei-ves in the armpit.
Tkeat.ment. — Push the shoulder backwards, and press on the seat of
fracture, until you get it in its place. Then make a wedge-shaped pad,
and put it in the armpit and secure it there by a bandage, which sur-
rounds the chest. Then bring the elbow to the side, and platee tl^e fore-
arm in a sling ; then take bandages, and secure the whole arm so tight-
ly in that position that it cannot be moved. The surgeon may tjien be
called, or, if the above advice is properly and effectually obeyed, the
ciu"e will be a good one.
Broken Ribs.
This is knoM-n by pain when the patient breathes, or on pressure
where the injury has taken place. Crepitation is also felt when the
hand is placed over the part during respkatiou or coughing, and if the
pleura is injured, the chest swells, or emphysema appears.
Treatment. — If the broken ends project, apply a compress over it ;
if there is a depression, a compress is to be placed at each extremity.
If there is a bruise, apply hot fomentations ; then take a bandage six or
eight inches wide, and draw it tightly around the chest over the injured
part. This gives gi-eat relief, as it prevents exp;xnsion of the chest in
respiration, and holds the broken ends in opposition. Keeping this band-
age firmly applied is all that need be done in the way of treatment.
Fracture op tue Humerus.
This is the bone between the elbow and shoulder. It may be detect-
ed by the ordinary methods.
TjtKATMKNT. — Plac.c the bones in ajiposition, making sure that it is
right, l)y comparing it with the sound arm. Then take four splints, and
put one in front, one behind, and one on each side of the arm. Secure
these with a bandage. This dressing will do, until better attention can
be given to iL by a coni})eteut doctor. Place the arm in a sling.
the complete herbalist. 377
Fkacture op the Bones of the Forearm.
There are two bones here, the radius and ulna. They may both be
fractured, or only one of them. The fracture is easily detected.
Tre.vtment. The difficiilty here is to observe the space between the
bones, which is called the interosseous space. The fracture is readUy
reduced by drawing the arm forwards, and when this is done, press the
muscles into the interosseous space. Now, take two splints, well pad-
ded on the inside, reaching from the elbow beyond the fingers, put one
on the inside and the other on the outside of the forearm, and secure
them with a bandage. The arm should be carried in a sling.
Fracture of the Bones in the Hand, Foot, or Ankle.
These solid bones are almost always wounded by such accidents that
tend to crush them, as machinery, threshing machines, heavy weights
falling on them, etc.
Treatment. — Dress the open wound as any other, then cover the whole
hand in several folds of rag, or handkerchief, dipped in cold water.
Fracture at the Hip-Joint.
This is a very serious accident, and liable to occur in aged people.
One that receives this injury cannot stand or rise from the ground. If
the patient is placed upright the injm-ed limb will be found much
shorter than the other, and the foot turned outwards. What is called
osseous union rarely if ever occurs in this fracture.
Treatment. — In old persons support the limb by pillows and re-
strain all motion. This is all you can do. In other cases, make two
splints, one reaching from the arm-pit to about six inches longer than
the foot, the other from between the legs, extending to the same
length. Pad these well, especially at the upper ends. Apply them
to the inner and outer side of the leg and secure them with a bandage.
Now make a foot-board with two mortised holes in it, through which
the splints can pass. Bore holes in the lower ends of the splints every
half inch. Put on the foot-board, and attach the foot to it firmly,
then pull the foot-board down so as to stretch the leg well, for this
secures what is called extension, which is necessary in these oases. The
splints resting against the arm -pit and perinaium aiiords what is called
counter-extension. See in all cases that you have the leg straight.
Fracture of the Tiiigii-Bone.
Fracture of the shaft of this bone is easily recognized by shortening,
crepitation, etc., and you should treat it just the same as advised in the
fracture of thi-i bone at the hip-joint. If this fracture should occur
away from home, in the fields or elsewhere, get some stiff straw,
or bits of very thin board, or if you have a "stove-pipe" hat take
378 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
that, knock out the crown, take off the rim, and split it up at the
sides. Bind these around the limb rather tightly with suspenders,
handkerchiefs, or tear your shirt up for bandages. Then you can safely re-
move the patient to a place where he may receive the proper treatment.
Fkacture op the Cap of the Knee or Patella.
This may be broken by muscular contractions or direct violence.
Falling on the knee very frequently produces it. There is no crepita-
tion felt in this fracture. The pain is not very severe, but the Umb is
partially bent, and the patient has no power to extend it.
TRE.A.TMENT. — Keep dowTi the swelling with lotions, etc., and then,
by means of strips of adhesive plaster, draw the fragments together and
retain them iirmly in that position. Prevent motion by putting a long
splint on the back of the leg.
Fracture of the Leg.
There are two bones below the knee, the tibia and fibula, and a frac-
ture, occui-ring in one or both of them from a fall or direct- violence, is
a frequent accident, the tibia being most frequently broken. I'he signs
are evident. Crepitation, pain, want of motion, etc. , declare \%
Treatment. — When both bones are broken, or wheu the fibula
alone, or when the upper part of the fibula is fractured, the best and
most simple apparatus is the fracture-box and pUlow. Make a box
considerably wider than the leg, with only one end board, and that
considerably higher than the sides of the box — the box has no lid. Put
a pillow, or little bags of chaff or bran in this ; put the broken leg
into this ; see that it fits well ; then secure the foot to the foot-board,
so as to prevent lateral inclination.
The gi-eat object in the treatment of fractures is to keep the broken
ends well together, or in apposition, and keep them there. Nature
will do the heaUng part. In bandaging limbs, be careful that you get
them smoothly on the parts, and make allowances for the swelling
which occurs. If a bandage is formed too tight, it should be removed,
or else mortification of the limb will ensue.
DISLOCATIONS.
The signs of limbs being out of joint are deformity, swelling, and a
hollow where none should be, shortening or elongation, pain and immo-
bility of the limb.
Broken Neck, or Back.
This is neajly always .accompanied by a fracture. It may be produced
by couvulhioiis, falls, hanging, etc. The chances of life are small, on
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 379
account of injuiy done to the spinal marrow, or the action of the dia-
phragm may be suspended by comiDression of the phrenic nerve.
Treatment. — Lay the person (if in the neck) on his back, plant
your knees on the patient's shoulders, grasp the head firmly, pull gently,
and at the same time put the head into its proper place ; but this must be
properly and gently done, or else you may do great harm. If in the
back, do nothing.
Dislocation of the Jaw.
This is often caused by yawning, by convulsions, or by blows on thai
chin, when the mouth is wide open. The mouth gapes and cannot bet
shut, the saliva trickles, there is great pain, and the patient cannot talk.
Treatment. — Seat the patient on a low stool, stand in front of him,
and then press your thumbs ui3on the last molar or grinding teeth very
firmly. Be careful, however, to have your thumbs well protected with
wrappings, or else you may be severely bitten. By doing this you get
the articular ends of the jaw-bone from their unnatural position, and re-
duction is caused by the normal action of the muscles. When you hear
the snap, you may be sure that the bone is in its proper position. After
reduction, the chin should be confined by a bandage for a week or ten
days.
Dislocation at the Shoulder.
This may be displaced in three directions, viz. : inwards, downwards
and backwards. By comparing the injured with "the sound shoulder,
you may be able to tell that it is a dislocation. Where the head of the
bone ought to be, you will find a depression, and you will most likely
find a tumor, near the breast, in the ann-pit, or towards the back,
according to the manner of dislocation.
Treatment. — Lay the person on his back, and sit down beside him
on the injured side, and put a round pad in the arm-pit. Then take oflE
your boot, put your foot against the pad, grasp the patient's arm, or tie
a towel to it, put it around your neck, and pull in that way. Then
while you pull at the arm and push with your foot, tell the patient to
turn round, or you may carry the arm across his chest. WTiile this is
done, a snap will be heard, and the bone is in its proper place.
Dislocations at the Elbow.
When both radius and ulna are dislocated, the forearm is bent nearly
at a right angle, and is immovable. When the ulna alone is dislocated,
there is a tumor projecting posteriorly, the elbow is bent at right angles,
and the forearm is turned upwards. The radius is dislocated at the
elbow either forwards or backwards. When backwards the head of the
bone forms a prominence behind, the arm is bent and the hand prone.
380 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
When forwards there is a distinct prominence in front, the arm ia
slightly bent, and the hand supine.
Treatment. — When both bones are dislocated, or in case the ulna ia
alone out of joint, make forcible extension of the forearm over your
knee, placed at the elbow, to make counter-extension. Then bend the
forearm while making- extension, and reduction will take place. In
forward dislocation of the radius make forcible extension, and while
doing so, turn the hand from without inwards, called pronation. In
backward dislocation make forcible extension, and turn the hand from
within outward, or supination. In either case you should press the
head of the bone into proper position with your thumb. Then advise
^est, cold applications, and a sling.
Dislocations at the Wkist.
The luxation of both bones of the forearm from the bones of the hand
is rare. AVhen it occurs forward there is a great i)rojection in front, and
the hand is bent backwards ; when backwards, the projection is behind,
and the hand is flexed. If the radius alone is dislocated the Tiand wiU
be somewhat twisted. If the ulna is dislocated, it may be easily ;;lecog-
nized by a projection on the back of the wrist. *
Tkeatment. — The reduction of both bones is effected by making
extension and pressure. If either of the bones are dislocated, the re-
duction is performed in the same manner. Pain, swelling, and stiffness
of the joint may follow, which should be ob\aated by cold applications,
rest, lotions, etc. , and a light splint may be applied to prevent its re-
currence.
Dislocation op the Bones op the Hand.
Displacement of the bones of the carpus or body of the hand rarely
occurs. The bones of the fingers are occasionally dislocated, but more
frequently the thumb is dislocated backwards.
Treatment. — Make extension in a curved line, by means of a nar-
row bandage or tape, firmly applied by a close-hitch upon the finger.
Dislocation of the Uibs.
Dislocation of the ribs from the spinal column may sometimes occur
by severe falls, or blows upon the back, and from the breast bone, by
violent bending of the body backwards. Great pain and difficulty of
breathing follow in either case.
Treat.ment. — Tell the patient to take a deep inspiration, and slightly
bend the body backwardis, and while he does tliis, make some pressure
on the projecting point. After reduction treat the same as for broken
ribs.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 381
Dislocation at the Hip.
In this case the leg is shortened and the foot is tnmed inwards. It
may be dislocated in five different ways ; — upwards and backwards is,
however, the most common dislocation. In all cases you may Icnow that
displacement has occurred, by comparison with the articulated limb.
Treatment. — The accident is so serious that no attempt should be
made at reduction, except by a surgeon, but if it happens when no such
aid can be procured, you may proceed as in dislocation of the shoulder.
If you cannot make sufficient extension in that way, you may attach pul-
leys to a towel fastened above the knee, and make counter-extension by
means of a folded sheet in the perinceum. After full extension is accom-
plished, push the head into the socket, or so manipulate the leg that its
movements will force reduction. After reduction, the patient should be
kept at rest, and walking should not be attempted for several weeks.
Dislocation of the Knee-cap.
This may be dislocated in various directions. It is characterized by
the leg being stretched, and a prominence formed by the patella in an
abnormal situation.
Treatment. — Eaise the patient's leg and rest it upon your shoulder.
While in this iDOsition, force the bone into its place with the hand.
Dislocation at the Ankle.
This may be forwards, backwards, inwards and outwards, and are the
results of severe force. The bones' ends are usually fractured at the same
time. It is a very serious accident, and when it occurs to patients whose
constitutions are bad amputation may often be necessary.
Treatment. — Reduction is effected by bending at the knee, and
while in that position, drawing the foot forwards.
In all cases of dislocations and fracture communicating with joints, the
danger is anchylosis or stiffness of the joints. This is to be obviated by
what is called passive motion, which is to be instituted in all cases, a
few weeks after the accident. It is accomplished by taking hold of the
limb and moving it in natural directions, as far as consistent, and repeat-
ed after sviitable intervals. The patient is to be enjoined, also, when
practicable, to exercise Ids limb at the wounded articulation. There
are many other fractures and dislocations that I have not spoken of, for
the reason that they are all so serious that the treatment should only
be attempted by those having the proper anatomical knowledge and sur-
gical skill.
382 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.
PREVENTION OF EPIDEMIC DISEASES.
The alarming fatality consequent upon an epidemic reign of disease
demands the closest scrutiny upon the part of communities, large or
small, to guard against its approach or prevalence. Medical skill is un-
able to cope with the fearful onslaught of epidemics, and in many cases
epidemic diseases are of so violent a character that the most vigorous
constitutions succumb to the assault, and the profoundest medical skill
and most rational medical treatment are unavailing. It is questionable
if medical science will ever be able to materially decrease the rate of
mortality that usually ensues upon epidemic reign ; the subtle ethereal
poison causing epidemics being of too violent a character to allow
ascendency to be gained by material mediciaal agents. Since it is
questionable that mastery can be gained by medicinal or therapeutic
agents, the jaroper remedy is suggested, not by investigating the best
agents of cure, but in measures of prevention, as the author is quite cer-
tain that by proper knowledge and concerted action the spread of an
epidemic can be limited, and its onset prevented. Epidemic diseases
belong to the class which has been conveniently but inaccurately,,'desig-
nated ' ' zymotic. " They are generated, according to the most lAodem
physiological doctrine, by a specific poison, introduced into the body from
without, which is capable of causing morbid changes in the blood, and
of destroying life. The poisons of various epidemic diseases are distinct
inter se ; the contagion of typhus, for instance, being altogether different
from that of small-pox, and the contagion of cholera from that of
diphtheria, and yet it is plain that they are all somehow related, and
capable of gradual transmutation from one type into another. Some
ancient types have died out — the black-death, the sweating sickness, and
the plague ; but new tyi^es, undescribed by the old physicians, have
arisen. We are able to note remarkable "waves of disease ;" atone
time the great mortality is from typhus, at another from small-pox, at
another from scarlatina. In England they have recently had a succes-
sion of epidemic. The outbreak of cholera in 1866 was followed by
typhoid fever, and as, the latter began to abate in violence, scarlatina
appeared in the most malignant form, and attacked the metropolis. This
di.sease had be^■un a year and a half ago to decline in London, but at
the same time it began to spread through other parts of the kingdom,
where it has since raged destmctively. A little later than the scarlatina,
relapsing fever, which has been rare in these countries since 1849, broke
out with great severity, also attacking London first, and, when it had
epcnt its force there, extending itself into the provincial towns. Lastly,
they have been visited with an ci)idoraic of small-pox more severe than
any outbreak of that disease which has been recorded in England during
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 383
the present generation. And no sooner has the small-pox begun to
abate its violence than they are threatened with a return of cholera.
This periodicity of disease is yet to be explained ; but it is established
that, given the same conditions for the reception and propagation of
contagion, about the same proportion of lives wUl be carried away,
whether the prevailing epidemic be scarlet fever or typhus, or relapsing
fever or small-pox.
The blood-poisoning of the zymotic diseases, which is thus various and
changing in type, is traceable, however, to the same class of causes.
In some epidemics the germs of contagion are far more volatile than in
others, but, in all, we know by experience that, if we can isolate the
patient and submit his immediate surroundings to disinfectant agents,
we check the spread of the disorder.
Pure air and pure water are irreconcilably hostile to contagious dis-
ease. The first duty, therefore, of sanitary administration is the en-
. forcement of effective ventilation, the supply of a fixed quantity of
fresh air to every person in every house. This is an innovation which
wHl of course be resisted both by ignorance and self-interest, but no in-
fraction of real liberty will be committed in preventing ignorant or self-
interested persons from doing mischief to the community by sowing the
seeds of disease broadcast. The next step in the work of prevention is
to insist upon a free and well-distributed system of sewers to carry away
at once from every habitation the impurities which poison the air, and
which, even when they do not directly propagate contagion, insidiously
weaken the constitution of those subjected to their influence and prepare
them for the reception of the germs of disease. Most country villages and
many small towns are almost wholly destitute of systematic drainage,
and cesspools, which are the commonest substitutions, are merely traps
for infection. The enforcement of drainage and the abolition of cess-
pools are reforms which experience has shown will never be carried out
by the local authorities, and is especially an improvement which
ought to be and can be carried by pressure from a strong central ex-
ecutive ofEce. A third precaution is systematic disinfection, not only
of everything connected with and surrounding a person suffering from
contagious disease, but of all i^laces where dirt unavoidably accumu-
lates, and whence at any time eflluvium can be perceived to proceed.
These precautions, however, though valuable in themselves, and also
as tending to effect the further object to which we are now able to
refer, are quite unavailing unless supplemented by securities for a pure
sujjply of water. Cholera, as we have seen, is held to be propagated
almost exclusively through polluted water, and there is scarcely a form
of epidemic that is not to some extent disseminated in the same way.
We have stated that it is doubtful if sanitary reform can ever bo
properly enforced by local authority, and hence advocate that its re-
384 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
quirement should be insisted upon by national statutes. The health
of any country is as much a principle of jjolitical economy as its free-
dom, and just as worthy, if not more so, of vigilance ; and it is to be
hoped that the day is not far distant when legislators in every land
will see the absolute necessity to enact such laws rendering thorough
disinfection and drainage obligatory upon all its citizens. Physicians
have long advocated so desirable a reform, and neglected no opportunity
to teach the people the vu'tue of and benefits to be derived from disin-
fection ; but the absence of any epidemic gives a false sense of security,
and the advices are unheeded until the deathly blast of the epidemic is
ui)on them, when their folly is exposed and the ^visdom of precaution
established.
Of the disinfectants, the following are the best : — Chloride of lime,
Labarraque's solution, carbolic acid, and bromo-chloralum. Chlorine gas
is probably the best, but not so practicable for universal use. Most of
them are comparatively cheap, and no household should be without a
sufficient quantity.
All cesspools, sinks, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected whenever
they become offensive and exhale noxious vapors, and no pools of stag-
nant water or other filthy places should be permitted to remain un-
drained for any space of time. If such a desirable reform could Mecome
of universal operation, the reign of epidemics would be over and be-
come things of the past.
JAPANESE CORN FILE.
This file is the only practical cure for corns. It should always be used
instead of a knife. With a little care the corn can be filed down to a
perfectly smooth, level surface, which result can never be attained by the
use of the knife. After the corn is filed down smoothly and evenly in
vL
every part, my Herbal Ointment should be applied night and morning.
The price of the ointment is 25 cents per pot, and two cents extra for
postage. It IS sold by druggists generally. The price of the Corn File,
prepaid by mail, is 50 cents. No one afflicted with a corn will ever regret
the small sum of money it costs.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 385
TREATMENT OF CHRONIC DISEASES.
THE AUTHOR'S SPECIALTY.
Important to the Suffering Sick, Male or Female.
Chronic Diseases are those that have passed the active or inflam-
matory stage. Strictly speaking, a disease is not curable until it has
passed this stage and become to a -certain extent " chronic." The word
means "time," and any disease that has had time to pass the active
stage, "chronic." The tendency of chronic affections is to recover, and
nine out of ten will recover by proper attention to hygienic laws and the
right medicine. It would be imprudent, in case of a severe attack of
illness, to trust recovery to nature, without availing ourselves of medical
advice; without in fact ascertaining the proper remedy, which is surely to
be found somewhere in the herbal kingdom. In all cases of chronic dis-
ease, a careful diagnosis is absolutely required, as each case is usually
accompanied by a variety of sympathetic disorders ; hence, it requires
the educated and experienced physician to note the variations, detect
the complications and identify the locality and extent of the real dis-
order. Patient and intelligent investigation is absolutely requisite in all
cases, as without such a diagnosis the treatment would not be successful.
My specialty is the treatment of chi-ouic disease. I very rarely
give advice, unless specially and urgently solicited, with reference to
acute affections, and never essay treatment unless the affections be of
specific or scrofulous origin, as private diseases, acute phthisis, etc.
Aside from these exceptional cases, my professional attention and ser-
vices are entirely absorbed in the treatment of chronic diseases, and
these I can justly claim to treat with unvarying success. This assertion
is certainly pardonable when the fact of my success is attested by
thousands of former patients in all parts of the world. Early in my pro-
fessional career it became apparent to me that only as a specialist can
any physician hope for either competence or success. Aware of the folly
of the attempt to become equally skillful in the treatment of both acute
and chronic affections, I made chronic diseases exclusively my study,
and devoted for many years all the energies at command in the endeavor
to acquaint myself with all the varied and multiform manifestations. No
386 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
physician, unless he be a prodigy of science, can with equal success
treat both acute and chronic affections. If he is animated with the
principles of professional integrity, striving to gain absolute competence,
he has no time to investigate the characteristics of chronic diseases,
should he even have the inclination. The "family physician" deals
mostly with acute affections ; hence it is necessary to his professional
success and reputation to devote his sole attention to the study of acute
disorders. It is well known that the highest perfection of mechanism
demands the division of labor into special branches, and so it is with the
practice of medicine — division into specialties secures greater intelli-
gence, competence, and success of treatment.
It is not necessary that I should particnlarlzc each disease for
which my advice may be solicited, or for the treatment of which my ser-
vices may be engaged. I may be consulted with reference to every exist-
ing chronic disorder, claiming the requisite ability to give definite and
conclusive advice, and provide treatment invariably successful in result, if
in my estimation the affection is capable of cure.
Chronic alTections are so numerous that the author will allude to
the more important only, and such as are fearfully prevalent ,^nd de-
structive. .]
In the female economy y\e meet with exceptional disejfses not
observable in the opposite sex. She, too, by many obscure causes, may
sadly destroy her health and capacities of womanhood, and in which con-
dition the same vigilance should be exercised, and the same efficient and
reliable medical counsellor should be appealed to. The physical degen-
eracy is the same, and special treatment no less important than in the
analogous condition of the male. Besides this sad affection she suffers
untold agony with what are termed Uterine Diseases. Vital statisticians
assert that there scarcely exists a female in civilized life who does not
suffer with uterine disorder at some time of her life, and that as a rule
every female is at all times more or less a sufferer from the womb dis-
ease. "Why is woman thus fearfully a sufferer? Is it altogether owing
to injurious modes of dress, habits of life, and other agencies ? Is it not
possible that this prevalence of uterine diseases is partially owing to in-
efficient and irrational treatment ? If treatment were competent, this
load of suffering would certainly be lighter. These diseases have surely
no such pathological character as to render treatment unavailing, and
that all that pliysicians can do is to pronounce them incurable.
Proper inlernal medication in combination with proper hygienic
observance, will effect a cure in nearly, if not all, uterine disorders. The
long continued suffering, so generally the history of all uterine diseases,
is due more to harsh and inappropriate treatment than to any peculiar
severity or stubbornness in the morbid elements of the affections them-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 3S7
selves. Under proper and skillful treatment, Leucorrhoea, Ulceration,
Prolapsus, or Falling of the Womb, the various misplacements of the
organ, menstrua] disorders, etc., yield kindly, and a cure is speedily
effected in all cases.
Diseases aiieeting- the rei»ro(lnctive system in the male sex
are actually the gravest of all, and attended with more sad results than
any in the whole catalogue of human afflictions. Their very apparent
mildness gives to them a twofold capacity for undermining the constitu-
tion and destroying the integrity of the general health, by imperceptible
losses through the water or fluids of the body. Patients, before writing,
will please save a little of this water in a bottle for twenty-four hours.
Write me if there is any sediment, of the color and quantity, as it will
save much loss of time. This disguised or negative feature is always
associated with those diseases depending upon disorders of the generative
organs, many of which are contracted by dissipated or vicious habits in-
dulged in to a greater or less extent, and patients, though long aware of
their indisposition, are not fully conscious of the nature or seriousness of
their disease until health is completely broken, the constitution wrecked,
and the vitality and vigor of the nervous system utterly destroyed. Long
before this one may know that all is not right, but owing to a false deli-
cacy, neglect tc employ competent treatment.
Sterility or Barrenness. I can be consulted on this siibject freely
by all the childless, and shall give my candid opinion promptly by mail,
as to whether they can be successfully treated or not. In nine cases out
ten all impediments can be safely removed in a reasonable length of
time. Some of the most frequent causes of barrenness are, dysmenor-
rhoea (painful menstruation), especially the congestive form of it ; menor-
rhagia (profuse menstruation), especially when it is associated with
menorrhcea, or too frequently recurring periods; induration of the cervix,
or neck of the womb, and the most frequent of all, relaxation of the
vaginal walls to such an extent that the spermatozoa is never retained at
all, but escapes from the vagina immediately after coition.
Chronic Impotenoy is one of tlie most deplorable conditions
with which mankind can possibly be be afflicted.
Now my success in the treatment of conditions of this class, warrants
me in saying that it is just as surely amenable to judicious, well directed
treatment, in accordance with its true pathological character, as any
other curable abnormal condition of the sexual organization. The great
reason wliy this disease has so seldom been successfully treated by the
great mass of the profession is, that its pathology has not been properly
studied or investigated, and consequently not understood.
The sacral plexus of nerves (with one branch from the lumbar), are the
nerves which supply the sexual organization with its vitality.
388 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
The sensory nerves convey from the base of the brain, or cerebellum,
impressions to these nerve centers, and it is through them that nature
asserts its power.
To explain a little more minutely : ^Vhenever a passionate, lascivious
thought, or sight, or impression in any form occurs, the sensory nerves
convey the impression to the sacral ganglia, and if this nerve center is
active and vigorous, natural results will surely follow ; but if it has be-
come atonied, or if it has lost its vitality, of course it cannot act under
the impression conveyed to it by the sensory nerves, and this is what
constitutes Impotency.
Now, of course, specific medicines, or medicines which have a direct
affinity for, or act as a direct stimulus to these nerves, are the only
remedies that can be depended upon to restore this lost vitality. Such
remedies I claim to make use of in conditions of this class, and my suc-
cess has proved them to be reliable whenever my directions and instruc-
tions have been followed, and my treatment pursued for a reasonable length
of time. The specific action of some remedies is too well known to be
disputed : quinine, iron, antiseptics, and many others belong to this class.
Now the great majority of diseases we are obliged to treat onxgeneral
principles, as specifics for all diseases have not yet been discoverM ; but
general treatment would be of no use \vliatever in condition^ of this
class ; positive, specific treatment is the only available course, and this
is what I claim my treatment to be.
It is true, that congenital conditions, or malformations, or organic
diseases of the sexual system, may render some cases incurable by any
method of treatment, but these cases are extremely rare.
Sypllilis, that terrible scourge of our large cities, is another disease
in which the superiority, nay, even the absolute necessity of specific
medication has been clearly established. This formidable disease has
assumed alarming proportions in our country, and at this time it cannot
be said to be confined to our cities only ; for plainly, the rural districts
are not exempt from the foul taint. It is its constitutional, secondary
and tertiary forms that more particularly demand my attention, and which
I am constantly treating with such uniform success. Were this disease
confined to its primary stage, it would not be the hydra-headed monster
that it now is, but unfortunately its ravages are unlimited ; every tissue
of the body becomes involved in rapid succession. The throat becomes
ulcerated, rendering the breath intolerably offensive ; next the glandular
system — the glands of the neck ; then the cartilaginous tissues, especially
of the nose, which soon sinks upon a level with the face, as though it had
been battered with a mallet, and finally the bones themselves become
spongy, and exostoses super\'enes. It would require a large volume to
fully describe the ravages of this disease. The number of generations
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 3S9
through which it is capable of propagating itself by hereditary descent
is unknown — probably unlimited. My specific treatment for the consti-
tutional, secondary and tertiary forms of this disease, may be relied upon
with positive certainty to eliminate every particle of this specific conta-
gion from the system, no matter of how long standing.
Clironic Urinary Diseases. This class of diseases has become
alarmingly prevalent in our country, especially among the laboring or
active business men of middle age, and those far advanced in years.
Diabetes in both its forms, albuminuria, or Bright's disease, ardor
urinre, or irritable bladder ; abnormal deposits in the urine ; and in the
aged, inability to retain the urine ; with frequent desire to void it, which
when voided flows in a dribbling manner; partial paralysis of the bladder,
characterized by inability to evacuate it without considerable effort,
accompanied with frequent and sudden cessations of the flow ; calculous
or gravelly obstructions, etc.
I have made these conditions a special study for years, and I can safely
affinn that there are but few cases of this class of diseases that specific
medication by nature's remedies will fail to relieve ; and I know from
experience that there is no class of diseases in which the superiority of
specific vegetable medicine i« more clearly manifested than in chronic
urinary difficulties of every form and type. I have hundreds of testi-
monials in my possession, conclusively establishing this fact.
Catarrll. This formidable disease is located, primarily, in the
pituitary membrane which lines the nasal fossa, and extends to the
different cavities communicating with the nose. It is composed of two
layers : one fibrous, which is attached to the bones ; the other, free and
secretory — the seat of smell. This membrane lines all the sinuses of the
maxillary, frontal and ethmoidal bones, and its mucous surface is the
primary seat of the catarrhal inflammation, but the fibrous portion is
soon involved, and then the discharge becomes pustular and fetid, while
all the bones to which this fibrous portion of the membrane is attached
become affected, and caries, or slow destruction of the osseous tissues
supervenes ; the breath becomes intolerable, and sooner or later all the
air passages to and within the lungs become involved, so you can readily
see how extensive a disease catarrh is, and how preposterous the idea that a
little of somebody's snuff will remove the specific inflammation from all these
tortuous winding air-passages, which are so extensive as to make the
patient who is badly afilicted with this disease, feel as though his whole
face was fairly rotten with it. Both local and general treatment of a
specific character must positively be resorted to, to remove the septic in-
flammation, and restore all the tissues to a normal condition.
Specific local treatment, by means of my Nasal Douche Apparatus,
and the exhibition of general remedies, which through the circulation and
390 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
absorbent vessels act as specifics to inflamed mucous membranes, is
positively the only reliable treatment for this distressing malady.
My supreme coiilideHce in Iho healing virtues of herbal medi-
cines was gained only by observing their superiority, and not born of
prejudice or antipathy ; for in the first few years devoted to the study of
medicine, I was taught as others are, to regard the employment of
mineral agents as right and advisable. Experience only gave me better
knowledge and fuller understanding, and at the present time, should the
privilege of employing the medicinal properties of plants be taken away
from me, leaving me but the inert and harmful minerals, my professional
knowledge would avail me nothing, and I would stand in the presence
of disease with fettered hands, helpless as a child, and absolutely without
power to mitigate or relieve a single pain or symptom.
I think I can truthfully say that no physician at the present time
is treating so many chronic cases as myself. I have for twenty years
advertised very largely in all the leading newspapers of the country. I
print upwards of three million Shakespearian Almanacs annually for
gratuitous distribution. There has been 450,000 "Complete^Herbalists"
sold within the last twelve years. As I have said before, my specialty
has been chronic diseases. ^
TllOllsaiuls are led to consult me and my associate physicians for
relief, which, owing to our large experience in a certain class of complaints,
we can guarantee to cure in almost every case. I advertise my family
medicines through the druggists, and sell them largely — the sales amount-
ing to nearly half a million yearly. I am obliged to have assocciate
physicians to assist me, owing to my business being so large.
All invalids write us unhesitatingly just as they feel in special cases —
thus giving us a perfect description of their cases, which enables us to be
more successful than we otherwise could be.
Afflicted persons desirous of gaining my advice should give a plain
statement of their afflictions ; when contracted, the present symptoms,
etc. — in fact, everything should be made known to me precisely as would
occur by personal interview. The following questions are intended to
assist invalids in properly presenting their cases. Answers to all the
questions are not necessary.
QUESTIONS FOR REFERENCE.
Dcfigned for those who -wish to Consult mc unth a view to Treatment.
A.. What is your age ? If known, what is your temperament ? Did
you arrive at the age of puberty without having had any serious illness,
or sufficiently so to injure your constitution ?
B. Arc you afflicted with any chronic form of eruptive diseases ? If
so, what are its characteristics ? Is it scaly or jiapular (pimples), or pus-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 391
tular) secreting pus ? If papular, is it attended with any secretion in
the pimples ? If so, is the secretion watery ? If pustular, do scabs
form ? Do the scabs drop off and new ones form immediately, or do the
pustules heal ? What Is the color of these ?
C. Is there any hereditary disease in your family, recent or remote ?
D. Are you very nervous ? if so, can you assign any cause for it ?
Have you overtaxed yourself with study, or with mental or physical ex-
ertion of any kind ? Have you any mental trouble ? Is your memory or
capacity for mental pursuits impaired ? Is your sleep disturbed by
frightful dreams, or dreams of any kind ? If your business through the
day has been perplexing, is your sleep disturbed and unrefreshing in
consequence of it ?
E. Have you any congenital diseases or condition of any kind ? that
is, any diseased or abnormal condition with which you have been
afflicted from birth ?
F. Have you always been temperate in your habits ? Do you in-
dulge or have you indulged in the use of spirituous liquors of any kind
to excess, or of opium in any form, or tobacco ?
G-. Are you subject to severe attacks of headache, or do you fre-
quently have a dull, heavy, oppressed feeling in the head ? If you have
either, at what part of the head is the pain most severe, or what part of
the head is most liable to attacks of pain ? Are you troubled with
dizziness of the head, ringing noises in the ears, or specks before the
eyes ?
H. Have you a disagreeable taste in the mouth, especially in the
morning ? Are the gums healthy, or are they becoming absorbed, leav-
ing the teeth long and naked ? If the latter, do you know whether it is
the result of the use of mercury, or of vitiated secretions ? Is the tongue
coated ? Are its tip and edges very red ?
I Do you have any disease of the throat ? Are the tonsils very
liable to become inflamed and enlarged, causing diflicult deglutition ?
and are you especially liable during cold weather to contract what is
calle'd a sore throat ?
J, Are you afflicted with a chronic cough ? if so, for what length of
time have you been troubled with it ? At what time of the day do you
cough most ? Is coughing attended with pain in any part of the chest ?
if so, what part ? Does it cause pain in any part of the chest to inhale
a full breath ? Have you constant pain in any part of the chest ? Is it
increased by coughing, and is it always confined to one locality ? Do
you expectorate much ? What is the character of the expectoration ? Is
it thick and adherent, or is it of a mucous character ? Does it sink in
w^ter ? Do you have turns of perspiring freely at night ? Do your feet
392
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
and ankles swell ? and is the swelling edematous ?— that is, does it pit
on the removal of pressure of the thumb ?
K. Do you have any pains or fluttering sensations about the heart ?
if so, are they constant, or do they come and go at intervals ? Do you
have palpitation, attended with difficulty of breathing? if so, is it con-
stant or at intervals ? If at intervals, of what length of time generally ?
L. Is your appetite and digestion good ? Are you troubled with
collections of wind in the stomach ? Does food distress you ? if so,
what kind of food distresses you most ? Does a meat diet give you more
pain than a farinaceous one ? Do very hot or very cold drinks give you
pain in the stomach ? Are you constipated ? and are you troubled with
piles.
M. Have you any pain or weakness in the lower part of your back ?
Is the voiding of urine attended with pain or smarting? Are you
obliged to void it more frequently than is natural ? and is it normal in
quantity ? Does the urine deposit a sediment ? if so, what is the char-
acter of it ?
N. Do you have any rheumatic or neuralgic pains in any p\irt of
your body ? ., Are any of the tendons of the extremities contracted 9 Are
you troubled- with cramps in the lower extremities M-hen in bed ?
O. If a male, have you injured yourself by excesses of any kind,
recent or remote. Have you now, or have you had varicocele ?
It is not necessary for me to insert here questions which the patient
will readily see are inadmissable for a work of this kind, but which are,
nevertheless, of great importance ; and he can forestall me in this mat-
ter by giving me all the information in relation to his condition that will
occur to him as being necessary to aid me in forming a correct opinion —
the only sure guide to correct and successful treatment.
P. If a female, are you afflicted with uterine derangement in any
form — prolapsus, leucorrhoea, ulceration, etc.? Have you passed the
climacteric period? if not, is menstruation regular, and normal in
quantity and quality ? Is it ever attended with severe pain ?
Any intelligent female will readily see the absolute necessity that' ex-
ists for an unreserved history of her case, and a plain statement of the
causes which have led her to consult me with a view to obtaining relief.
No false modesty should deter any from making known their exact
condition, so that I may be enabled to fully understand the pathology of
the case, and to prescribe just what is required to effect the most speedy
and decisive results. It is not nocessary l>y any moans that answers
to all those qnestions 1)0 g-iven. The most prominent features of the
case are all that I rccpiire. It is frequently the case that ladies, in de-
describing their condition, give great ijrominencc to unimportant or
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 303
merely sympathetic symptoms — slight neuralgic pains in various parts,
headache, nervousness, restlessness, and transient or migratory pains —
and entirely negrect to say anything about the one great cause of all
these unpleasant and sometimes most distressing symptoms — uterine de-
rangement, or an abnormal condition in some form of the sexual organ-
ization. No important organ of the body is more intimately connected
with the whole sympathetic nervous system, or exercises a greater in-
fluence over the other important organs, stomach, liver, lungs and head,
and particularly the nerve centers, than the uterus ; and when I am
told that a lady is suffering from uterine derangement in any form, I
know that she is also suffering from many unpleasant, if not distressing
sympathetic symptoms. I do not wish to be considered egotistical at all,
but after a long and extensive experience, I can positively affirm, that if
there is any particular class of diseases in the treatment of which my
greatest successes have been achieved, it is in the treatment of diseases
incident to females, which have become so prevalent in our country, and
which I contend are, as a general thing, treated irrationally, and without
any claim to success. While, perhaps, one has been benefitted by the
harsh heroic treatment so extensively practiced by every medical Tyro
at the present time, hundreds have been seriously and permanently in-
jured. My unusual success in the treatment of diseases of this class
ought to be sufficient evidence of their curability by a more rational and
entirely harmless method of treatment.
Remittances should be made in Tost-Office Money Orders, pay-
able at Jersey City, N, J., wherever there is a Money-Order Office,
which is now almost universal, there being only a few exceptions.
Where these exceptions do exist, register the letter containing
money. Either of these modes is perfectly safe, the Postmaster
always giving you a receipt for the money. No Medicines sent C. O.
D., unless half the money is sent in advance. The express business has
reached such perfection within the last few years, that I can almost
guarantee a DAILY DELIVERY to every hamlet in the United States.
All letters will l)e treated as strictly private and confidential.
Invalids on a visit to New York may call on me wlienever convenient.
Office hours, from lo A. M. to 4 P. M.
Address Dr. 0. Plielps Browil, No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey
City, N. J.
17*
394 Tiii: (joy.vLzz-E herbalist.
PART III.
THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE SEXES.
Admitting the delicacy of the subject, it is, however, eminently with-
in the province of the medical writer to teach the scientific bearings of
the marital prerogative of the sexes, inasmuch as health, as well as civil-
ization, is greatly dependent upon the purity of that relation. While I
condemn such literature which is elementarily and purposely suggestive,
I have but little sympathy with that prudish modesty which is outraged
by everything appertaining to the special characteristics of sex. The
author shall, in the consideration of the subject, not attempt to offend
healthy conservatism, yet, at the same time, the subject is too import-
ant to discuss it with undue reserve or by unintelligent circumlocution.
The essays are not written to gratify immoral curiosity, but to edify
those who wish to learn and be governed by the correct principled of the
philosophy appertaining to the marital union of the sexes. Andsas this
work is specially intended to educate the popular, and not the profes-
sional mind, it is proper and quite consonant with every moral considera-
tion, that it should contain such general knowledge as ail should know
for proper guidance in matters pertaining to the organs of reproduction.
It is quite important for all to know the anatomy of the genitalia of
both sexes. I shall, therefore, prepare this special part of this work with
the anatomy of the organs of both sexes.
Anatomy of the Male Oroans.
These consist of the organ itself, seminal vesicles, prostate gland,
testes and scrotum.
The male organ convej's the urine from the bladder, and the seminal
sections from the seminal vesicles. Its anterior extremity is called the
f/lanfi, and its posterior extremity is the root ; the intervening part, the
body, which consists of two structures, the corpus cnvei'iiosum, or caver-
nous body,and the covjnts spongiosum^ or spongy body. The skin is thin
and delicate, studded with numerous sebaceous follicles. Surrounding
the glans is a loose doubling of skin called the prepiice, which is connect-
ed (k) the mouth of the urethra by a process called the frrvamn. The
thick rim or edge around the base of the glans is the crown, or corona
glondis, behind which the organ is narrow, and this portion is known as
the neck or collum. The caseous secretion found here is Icnowu as smeg-
ma, which is the product of the gkiials of 'J'ljS'jii, numerous about the
neck and crown.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 395
The cavernous body foi-ms tlie largest part of the organ and in shape
is a double cylinder. At the root these cylinders are separate and
pointed, and called the crura of the penis. Each of these is firmly at-
tached to the branches of the pubes and ischium, — bones of the pelvis.
The cavernous body has a thick, elastic, fibrous coating externally ; in-
ternally it consists of a spongy structure made up of cells, or little
caverns, which readily communicate with the arteries and veins. Those
arteries that terminate in blind tufts are called helicine. The cylinders
are partially separated from each other by a partition whose fibres re-
semble the teeth of a comb, whence the name se^ytum j^ccUniforme.
The corjms sjwngiosiim has the same fibrous covering as the cavernous
body, and is also composed of cells, but which are larger than those of
the cavernous body. Its relative position to the corpus cavernosum is
about the same as a ramrod to a double-barrelled gun. Posteriorly it
enlarges into what is called the bulb^ lying between the crura of the
organ. Anteriorly it forms the glans.
The urethra, or urinary canal from the bladder, perforates the spongy
body. Its mouth at the glans is called meatus urinarius.
The seminal vesicles consist of two convoluted tubes placed at the
posterior and inferior portion of the bladder. They are oblong in shape,
about two inches in length. They act as a receptacle for the semen.
When secreted by the testicles, the semen is conveyed by a tube, called
the Vds deferens, into these vesicles, where it is mixed with a little
mucus, and retained until discharged.
The pre/state gland is a dense hard structure, about the size of a horse-
chestnut, surrounding the neck of the bladder, at the commencement
of the urethra. It is perforated by the urethra, and also by the ductus
ejaculatorius, which is formed by the junction of the vas deferens and
the seminal duct. The semen is further liquefied by the secretion of
the prostate, in its passage through the gland. It also discharges a thick
and white secretion into the urethra. In front of the prostate are two
glands ( Coicpefs), about the size of a pea, which also discharge a mu-
cous secretion into the urethra.
The scrotum is the bag-like covering for the testicles. Its skin is
loose and thin, and of a dark color. The transverse wrinkles which
cold produces are due to a dense, reddish, contractile structure, in-
timately connected with the skin, and called the dartos. The scrotum
has a muscular covering, next to the dartos; its internal covering ia
called the tunica vaginalis.
The teMes or testicles are the glands for the secretion of semen. They
are two in number, oval in shape, and flattened laterally. They are
suspended by the spermatic cord. Each testicle is formed by lobules,
consisting of a fine tube, very finely convoluted, which, if finely dis-
sected and unravelled, is many feet in length. The ejyididi/mis is a
396 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
vermiform appendage encircling the posterior edge of the testicle, as a
crest upon a helmet.
The spennntic cord consists of an artery and vein, and nerves, together
with the vas deferens.
The erectile tinsue of the organ consists essentially of intricate net-
works of veins, which communicate freely with each other, presenting
a cellular appearance.
These features constitute what is termed the regional anatomy of the
organs — the minute aututomy being much more complex. The physio-
logical functions of the male organs of generation are various, and in-
asmuch as they are associated very intimately with one of the most
important of human passions, which if not properly controlled by the
dictates of the moral sense, are exceedingly liable to derangement.
Anything tending to cause a departure from a healthy or normal stand-
ard of action of these physiological functions, will assiiredly induce a
faulty condition of the organs themselves, besides impairing the integ-
rity of the g-eneral health. Those interested in this subject may turn
to page 350, and read the article on " Debility or Loss of Vitality." No
one should be neglectful in this respect, but strenously endea,vor by
correct habits of life to maintain the physiological functions jjn full
purity, vigor and integrity of action.
The Semen.
This is a secretion formed by the testes, which anatomically we hava
seen are composed of lobules formed of convoluted seminiferous tubes.
The number of lobules is about 450 in each testis, and that of tubules
about 840. It is apparent, then, that each testis presents a vast extent
of surface for the secretion of the spermatic tluid. The testes originate
in the lower part of what is called the Woolfian bodies in the embryo,
while the kidneys spring from the upper part. They do not descend
into the scrotum untd about the ninth month, and sometimes one or
both remain in the abdomen, without, however, interfering with theit
function.
The semen is a thick, tenacious, grayi.sh fluid, having a peculiar odor
called iipcrmatic, probably dejicndent on the secretions mixed with it.
The semen as ejected is not the same as secreted by the testes, as it
receives, in its passage out, the addition of the liquefying secretions of
the prostate and Cowper's glands. It is alkaline in. reaction, and con-
tains albumen and a j)ccidiar principle called spcnnatin. It also con-
tains sperinatfizouhi^ vary small bodies with a tail-like process to them.
They were formerly regarded as animalcules, but now known to possess
no independent organic life. As viewed under the microscope they are
seen Ooating lively around the spermatic liquor ; this is, mo.st probably,
due to ciliary vibrations. The semen also contains other minute, gran-
ular bodies, called seminal yraiiules. These, in conjunction with tho
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 397
Bpermatozoids, constitute the formative agents furnished by the male
in generation. They are supposed to corresi^ond with the pollen tubes
of plants. The vermicular motion of the spermatozoids evidently aids
the passage of the semen, after its injection into the womb, to the
ovaries of the female, and if they there meet the female elements of
generation an ovule becomes impregnated, and pregnacy is the result.
The semen is a very vital element, and is only secreted in proportion to
the vigor of the male. It contains chlorides and phosphates, hence its
waste preys upon the nervous tissue for its supply of phosphorus. The
secretion takes place about the fourteenth or fifteenth year, and con-
tinues till about sixty or sixty-five, and during the whole of this time is
much under the influence of the nervous system. Its presence in the
Beminal vesicles is required for the proper accomplishment of the virile
act, and it is a well known physiological fact that full procreative
quality is only gained after it has been for some time lodged in the
vesicles. The involuntary expcnditi;re of this vital fluid is therefore
not only detrimental to the general health, but also seriously destruc-
tive of procreative capacity.
Anatomy of the Femalk Organs.
The organs of generation in the female are generally divided into the
external and internal. The external consist of the mons veneris, labia
externa, clitoris, nymiilice, vestibule, meatus unnarius, hymen in virgins,
and carunculm myrtiformes in matrons. The internal are the vagina,
uterus, and the uterine appendages, the latter consisting of the broad
and round ligaments, ovaries, and Fallojjian tubes.
The mons veneris is placed at the lower part of the abdomen, and
consists of dense fibro-cellular and fatty tissues, and is covered in the
adult with hair. The anatomical provision of this particular covering
in combination with the fatty texture is to prevent chafing and pressure
upon sensitive nerves at certain jieriods.
The labia externa, or outer lips, are two folds of skin and mucou.g
membrane, which commence in front of the pubic bones, and extend
back to the perinasum, where they again meet. The superior junction
is called the anterior commissure, the posterior is called the posterior
commissure, or fourchette. By rtdva some mean the whole external or-
gans, by otters the longitudinal opening between the projecting part of
the external organs. The use of the external labia is to protect the or-
gans situated between them.
The nyrnphiT or labia interna, or inner lips, arise from nearly the same
point, at the anterior commissure, and run downwards and backwards,
about an inch, to the middle of the vaginal orifice, where they disappear
in the general lining of the labia externa.
The clitoris is seated just below the point of the junction of the labia
39S THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
interna. In structure it is the same as the male organ, with the excep-
tion that it has no sponf^y body or urethra. It is erectile and extremely
sensitive. Its mucous covering is continuous with the vaginal lining.
Under exciting influences it distends and enlarges. In exceptional
instances and from certain causes, it becomes abnormally enlarged and
elongated, and those females in whom this enlargement is observed, are
the reputed hermaphrodites, especially when other congenital deficiencies
are associated. This must be regarded, however, as an anotomical
vagary, as in animated nature there is nothing truly epicene.
The triangular space between the sides of the labia interna and above
the clitoris is known as the vestibule^ at the lower portion of which is
found the meatus ur/nariu.t, or orifice of the urethra. The urethra is
about an inch and a half long and very dilatable.
The hi/mcti is a fold of mucous membrane, generally of semilunar
shape, with its concavity upwards, which is found just within the orifice
of the vagina. It is generally ruptured at the first carnal intercourse.
Its presence generally denotes the virgin ; it is, however, not an infalli-
ble argumeiitum inUgritaUs (one of its names), or evidence of virginal
integrity. Connubial infelicity has often arisen on account of its .absence
in the chosen one of a man who earnestly believed its presence al^solute-
ly necessary to establish virginity. Many circumstances of an ii^ocent
character may occasion a rupture or destruction of this membrane, such
as coughing, convulsive laughter, menstruation, etc. It is often, indeed,
found absent in children soon after birth, whilst it may remain entire
even after copulation. Cases of conception have been recorded, and yet
the membrane was found intact. Hence its presence does not absolute-
ly prove virginity, nor does its absence prove mcontinence, although its
presence would be what is known in law iis 'priiiid facie evidence of con-
tinence.
Its remains after rupture form what is known as the caimnculo! myrU-
formes^ by reason of the resemblance to the leaves of the myrtle. The
space between the hymen and fourchette is called the fosm navicularis.
The external organs in the aggregate are often called the pudendum.
The Internal Org.vns.
The viKjiiia is that canal extending from its origin in the vulva ob-
liquely through the cavity of the pelvis to the uterus. Its usual length
is about four or five inches, and about three in circumference, though
in a few females it may exceed that lengtli, while in others it may be
but a few inches long. It is shorter and more capacious in those who
have borne children. It is well supplied with blood-vessels, and its mu-
cous membrane is of a pink color, so arranged in various folds as to
allow great extension. Its orifice is suiTounded b/ a coUection of mus-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 399
cular fibres, called the spJiincter vngince. It is not much under the con-
trol of the will, however, as is shown by the inability to retain injections.
The ittcrus, or womb, is placed at the upper part of the vagina, and
hangs in the centre of the pelvis, behind the bladder and before the
rectum. In shape it resembles the pear, rounder posteriorly than an-
teriorly, and is about two and a half to three inches long, two inches
wide, and very nearly an inch thick. Its upper part is called the /w«-
dus^ the inferior cylindrical portion the cervix or neck, and the inter-
vening portion the body. It is held in place by the broad and lateral
ligaments. Its cavity is triangular, the base being directed vipwards,
and the superior angles corresponding to the points of entrance of the
Fallopian tubes ; in size it is about equal to a split almond, and the in-
terior walls are nearly alwaj'S in contact. Its inferior angle communi-
cates with the vagina through the canal of the neck, which is barrel-
shaped, and from half to three-quarters of an inch long. The contrac-
tion at the upper extremity of the canal is called the internal mouth or
OS vten\ whilst that of the lower extremity is called the os uteri or os
ti/icce, the latter name from its supposed resemblance to the mouth of a
tench. In shape the os varies, in some being transverse, in others circu-
lar or ragged, the latter especially in women who have borne children.
The uterine cavity lodges the foetus from the commencement of concep-
tion until its bii'th.
The Fallopian tubes are cylindrical canals about four inches long,
arising from the superior angle of the uterus. Externally they are
equally thick throughout, except at their terminal extremity, where
they expand into a trumpet-shaped enlargement, called fimbria or
morsiis diabolic, by which the ovaries are grasjied. They are the ducts
for the passage of the ovules from the ovaries of the uterus. The
ovaries are the analogues of the male testes. They are situated on each
side of the uterus ; three or four inches away from it. They are oval
in shape, and in removing the outer coats, the proper ovarian tissi^e
appears, called the stroma. The stroma is studded with numerous
little bodies called Graafian vesicles. These vary in size, the largest
being found near the surface of the ovary, and are found early in life,
but are more develojied about the period of puberty. These vesicles
have two coats, the tu/iic of the ovisac, and the ovisac. Within the
cavity formed by these membranes is an albuminous fluid, iu which is
found lloating the ovum or egg, which is exceedingly small, but which
if impregnated becomes the foetus. The human egg in all its details
resembles the egg of the chick. It contains a yolk, in the centre of
which is a little vesicle called the (/erini/ial vesicle, and on the walls of
the germinal vesicle is seen its nucleu^s, named the macula r/erminatica.
or germinal spot. As each Graafian vesicle rises to the surface of the
ovary it bursts, and allows the contained ovum to escape, which is seized
400 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
by the fimbriae of the Fallopian tube, and transmitted to the •womb.
The scar left on the ovary after the discharge of the ovum is called the
corpus luteum or ydlmc body. This function iu the female is named
ovvhition.
There is no correspondence between the number of yellow bodies
found in the ovaries of a woman and the number of children she may
have borne, as the ova are constantly discharged, irrespective of fecun-
dation, and hence the corpus luteum is no evidence of proviously exist-
ing pregnancy
Social Status of the Organs.
We have now described the most important anatomical features of the
genital organs with the same composure and desire to instruct, as when
we described the anatomy of the other organs, and I am sure that aU of
my correct- minded readers have read the same with equal equanimity
and desire to learn. It is altogether owing to a false and foolish mod-
esty that everything descriptive of the anatomical differences of the
se.xes is declared to be indelicate or obscene. It is only obscene when
used to awaken and excite the imagination to dwell on amatory objects,
and not when used for the purposes of legitimate instructions as in these
pa^^es. Extreme reticence with regard to matters referring tq^the geni-
tal part of the economy is not always indicative of a pure modesty o* con-
tinence, nor is it healthy conservatism, but often the promoter of d^ease
and imbecility. Those who are diseased at this part of their anatomy,
usually became so because they were ignorant of either the anatomy
or physiology of the organs This fact leads me to have no sympathy
with any prudish illiberality, but forcibly impresses me with the great
necessity existing for instruction and enlightenment relative to this part
of the economy. I will therefore break loose from the trammels of pru-
derj', and attempt, in a measure, to properly inform my readers, in a
discreet manner, of all the bearings of philosophy relative to the econo-
my of the genitalia. Knowledge of this kind, in obeisance to a prescrip-
tive spirit, is now isolated within a narrow precinct of intelligence,
while the demands of the highest w^elfare of humanity are urgent for
universal dissemination. Medical men have long been aware of the ne-
cessity of jiopularizing intelligence relative to this subject, but lacked the
wisdom to ignore the illiberal countenance that banished it within their
own limits of intelligence. If any medical knowledge is worthy of popu-
lar acceptance and guidance, it is that pertaiuing to the genital part of
the economy ; on no other subject are unprofessional people so ignorant,
and no other 8i)ecies of ignorance is conducive to greater misfortunes.
Discussion of this subject in the decorous language of science in a
popular work, will not lead to lewdness nor encourage lechery ; on the
contrary, my convictions are that such information as will be impartej
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 401
will tend to give a healthy tone to modesty and encourage continence.
This is my purpose, all others I ignore and condemn.
Excessive modesty is often the offspring of ignorance. The physician
who is fully acquainted with the anatomy and physiology of the genera-
tive organs, finds nothing suggestive in such knowledge ; it is to him
as common-place as the anatomy and physiology of other parts of the
economy. And should unprofessional people be possessed of proper
knowledge of the anatomical features and physiological functions of the
organs, any decent and necessary allusion to them would not be regard-
ed as indelicate or offensive. Such intelligence is not subversive of the
moral nature, nor provocative of impure thought ; the conventional
illiberality deemed proper by certain people, is far more hurtful than
judicious instruction. Knowledge with refererence to the human
economy is capable of great injury if permitted to be buried, and this is
as true of the organs in the pelvis as of those in the thoracic region.
We should aU know, and not be ashamed to admit, when admission
is proper and right, that Nature completed her work in case of our
own persons ; injudicious reservation in this respect, does a great
deal of hann, as it often obliges the unfortunate to suifer in secret
with serious affections, the locality of which makes them ashamed or
unwilling to confide in those whose counsels may be of benefit. Few
parents have the wisdom to take their children in their confidence and
teach them the evils consequent on solitary indulgence, and but few
mothers acquaint their daughters with the phenomenon of womanhood
before its appearance. The son is unwilling to seek the counsel of
his father, and the daughter does not avail herself of her mother's wis-
dom and experience. It is the experience of every medical man whose
practice extends largely among females, that questions concerning the
integrity of the organs in the pelvic cavity are unwillingly answered.
What young female is willing to intrust to her medical attendant the
knowledge of her disordered menstruation ? She refuses to answer his
questions, and probably hides her chlorotic face under the bed clothes.
The doctor only gains the truth after he is taken to another room where
the mother or nurse acquaints him with the fact. This round-about
way of imparting the required information, places the patient in an em-
barrassing attitude towards her physician, and it would be far better for
her own welfare and individual independence did she herself state the
fact, and freely and composedly answer the interrogations of her medi-
cal attendant. Who can admire the sickly modesty of Dr. Abernethy's
patient, who enveloped her wrist in a linen handkerchief before she
would permit him to ascertain the condition of her pulse. The Doctor,
however, gave the i)roper rebuke, for he immediately put his hand in his
coat-tail, and remarked that '" a linen patient requires a woolen physi-
cian." Those of the authors sex are also very often uncomfortable in
2A
402 THE COMPLETE ITERBALIST.
the physician's presence, if questioned with regard to diseases of the
generative organs. This is radical!}' wrong, for such timidity and un-
willingness induces the patient to defer medical treatment until absolute-
ly driven to it by the extreme gravity the affection assumes. Modesty
is an admirable virtue, as far as social intcrcouse is concerned, but under
circumstances requiring mcdicol aid or counsel, the re-establishment of
the organs to healthy jihysiological action should not be embarrassed by
a diseased modesty, or timid and foolish reservation. As this work is
intended to bear a relation to the reader the same as the physician does
to his patient, it is hoped that the knowledge contained in these essays,
will receive commendation instead of condemnation, that they will be
considerately read by all who have need of such intelligence; and that
errors of habit may be abandoned and the proper observance of the
laws of health respecting the generative organs bo followed instead.
In conclusion, I hope there are not many of my readers who are offend-
ed with Xature for making us distinct as to sex, and who endeavor to
remedy her mistakes by hushing up the fact altogether.
Preservation of tke Health op the Organs>-
Complete health of the organs is necessary to the full vigor aj the
general economy, and it should be the aim and desire of all to maiiitain
the vigor of the genitalia. The male delights in the shapely figure of
the person of the female, the full development of her bust, and the vi-
vacity of her spirits, all indicative of a healthy genitalia ; and the fe-
male takes pride in the male who presents the evidences of a vigorous
manhood. This is a natural selection, and no one is indifferent to it.
The greatest requirement is cleanliness. Ablutions of these parts
ehould be more frequent than of the body in general. We have seen
that in the male the secretion of smegma constantly accumulates at the
corona. Besides, the scrotum is so sitiiated that perspiration is at all
times attendant. Its surface is also studded with numerous sebaceous
follicles, whose secretions become quickly veiy offensive. If these
secretions are not removed, they will impede the full development of
the organ as well as abridge coitive power. They should therefore be
daily cleansed. Cold water is i)refcrable, as it is more stimulating, and
possesses greater tonic properties than tepid or warm water.
In the female the exce.ssive secretions render cleanliness very im-
portant. The vaginal secretions should not be allowed to accum-
late at the vulva, as they soon become offensive, and if re-absorbed
imjiair the general health. On the pubic prominence are many se-
baceous follicles, whose secretions should be frequently removed by
ablutious. Besides, the urine which passes through the external parta
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 403
i
adds constantly to the uncleanly state. It is therefore very important
that the parts should be frequently washed, omitting, however, cold-
water ablutions during the menstrual period.
Nothing is capable of doing greater harm than excesses of any kind,
and those organs should not be indulged by any unnatural means. It is
promotive of disease, destructive of manhood and healthy womanhood,
and, if early engaged in, arrests the full development of the organs of
either sex, and so reduces the strength of these organs that it renders
them incapacitated for the purposes which were oi'dained to them by
nature, besides wrecking the nervous system very materially. It ia
well known that those who have thus been imprudent, having so long
been accustomed to self-gratification, do not find subsequent and legiti-
mate excitement so intense as those who have been continent. They
have so long been accustomed to the gratification induced Ijy their own
electricity that the magnetism of another body becomes more or less
inert in the production of a complete orgasm. The habit is morally
and physically pernicious, and its prevalence should be abated by influ-
ence of a superior edxication in these matters.
Undue excitement of the important passion is detrimental in the ex-
treme. Obscene literature and pictures do more harm than merely de-
praving the moral tastes — they so stimulate the amative passions that
the seminal vesicles, by the consequent nervous excitement, will allow
the semen to ooze away, inducing hidden seminal waste or losses of
semen with the urine, creating an intonicity of those organs and dejirive
them of natural vigor. The same effect is produced by association of
the sexes, where the mutual conduct is provocative of amative excite-
ment, though modified by forbidden indulgence. Those who have
the welfare of the organs in view, are therefore counselled not to per-
mit abnormal excitement of the passions to occur. Females should,
likewise, avoid reading obscene literature, from the fact that the con-
stant expenditure of nervous force ensuing upon the engorged condition
of her organs is very hurtful. It is a well-known physiological fact,
that undue excitement of any passion, siich as anger, mirth, etc. , is al-
ways followed by a certain weakness of the general organism, and the
same holds true of the amative passion also.
The occasional desire for congress is purely a natl^ral one, and the
most chaste or pure-minded person, sufficiently fortunate to possess
healthy organs, cannot rise superior to the desire. It is simply a mani-
festation of a function of the economy in perfect obedience to a physio-
logical law. It is readily explained. We have seen that semen is the
secretory product of a gland (the testes), afterward deposited in a
vesicle ; the urine is also secreted by a gland, and deposited likewise in
a vesicle (the bladder). When the bladder becomes filled the afEerent
nerves distributed to it convey intelligence of the fact to the brain, and
404 THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST.
a desire for urination arises, which continues as long as the bladder
remains charged with urine. This is a natural phenomenon of organic
function. In like mannc-r the full seminal vesicles impart the sensation
to the nerves distributed to them, which is also conveyed to the brain.
What is the result ? Naturally, a desire for cohabitation in order to
evacuate the charged vesicles. This fact is an unalterable condition of
the economy, and it follows that a desire for the evacuation of the vesi-
cles is as much a natural manifestation of functional action as that of
relief of the bladder. In the female the hyi^ersesthetic condition of the
nerves distributed, to the clitoris awakens the same desire, which remains
as long as the nervous forces, are not equalized by the expenditure of a
part. It is, therefore, purely a nervous phenomenon in the female.
The amative passion is not a cultivated one ; it is natural to the human
being, and ineradicable by the greatest exercise of continent thought
and behavior, and its gratification is unquestionably hygienic. It is, of
course, as subject to rational indulgence as in diet or drink.
We have seen that desires are natural in a healthy condition of either
sex, and that a rational indulgence is hygienic, but I earnestly caution
every reader to guard against debauchmg the passion by unlicensed
congress. The indulgence can only be countenanced in maxi-iage. . It
is, therefore, the plam duty of every male and female to marry, aiid as
early in life as contingencies will permit. That marriage is hygetiic is
proven by the fact that married people live longer than the unmarried, a
fact that demonstrates the marital privilege as a healthy relation be-
tween the sexes. Nature did not design total continence, and such a
condition is aversive to the physical and mental well-being of the sexes.
Nature, however, provides in this as she does in everything else. The
amative passions do not present themselves or become inconveniently
Btroug in either sex untQ a full marriageable age is attained.
Marriage.
This is, in law, the conjugal union of man with woman, and is the
only state m which cohaVjitation is considered proper and irreprehensi-
ble. Tlie marriage relation exists in all Christian communities, and is
considered the most solemn of contracts, and, excepting in Protestant
countries, it is regarded as a sacrament. In some countries its celebra-
tion falls under the cogiiizance of ecclesiastical courts only, but in the
United States it is regarded as merely a civil contract, magistrates hav-
ing, equally with clergymen, the right to solemnize it, though it is usu-
ally the practice to have it performed by a clergyman, and attended
with religious ceremonies, Marriage, as a legalized custom, is of very
ancient origin. It is doubtful whether even the primitive man was not
governed in the intercourse of the sexos by some recognition of the
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 405
union being confined to one chosen one. No greater promiscuity can cer-
tainly be supposed than occurs in the lower animals, where pairing ia
the law. The nobler animals, as the lion, elephant, etc., never have
but one mate ; and even in case of death do not re-mate. As man ad-
vanced, civil codes were inaugurated, and certain protection given to
the choice of the parties. The earliest civil code regulating marriage of
which we have any account was that of Menes, who, Herodotus tells us,
was the first of the Pharaohs or native Egyptian kings, and who lived
about 3,500 years before Christ. The nature of his code is not known.
The Biblical account extends further back, but it does not appear
that any laws existed regulating marriage, but each one was allowed to
choose his wife and concubines, and it is supposed that common consent
respected the selection. Next Moses gave laws for the government of
marriage among the Israelites. The early Greeks followed the code of
Cecrops, and the Romans were also governed in their marital relations
by stringent laws. In fact the necessity of some law regulating the in-
tercourse between the sexes must have become very apparent to aU
nations or communities at a very early period. It certainly antedates
any legal regulations with regard to the possession of property. It is
very probable that every community did by common consent afford to
each male one or more females, and the presumption is that such choice
or assignment, as the case may have been, was respected by common
agreement as inviolable. It is doubtful if ever joromiscuity was the
law or privilege with any community of men, even in their primitive
state. The possession of reason is antagonistic to such a beUef ; and
man was most probably elevated above the beast by the faculty of rea-
son in this respect as in others. Promiscuous indulgence is always evi-
dence of debauchery, and a departure from that natural course which is
prompted by an innate sense of propriety characterizing mankind. The
law is very indefinite with regard to what constitutes a legal marriage.
It is an unsettled question, both in England and in this country,
whether a marriage solemnized by customary formalities alone is legal,
or if one characterized by the mere consent of the parties is illegal.
The latter has been held as legal in some instances in both countries.
Kent, in his Commentaries, lays down the law that contracts made so
that either party recognizes it from the moment of contract, and even
not followed by cohabitation, amounts to a valid marriage ; and also
that a contract to be recognized at some future period, and followed by
consummation, is equally valid. It is unfortunate that the law is so un-
decided in this respect. The decisions amved at, for or against, were
not dependent upon any recognized law, but seem to be influenced by
the character of the cases, either for favor or discountenance. As long
as the law recognizes cohabitation legal only in marriage, it seems to
me that if consummated ujider consent of the parties to bear marital
40G THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
relations with each other, or promise of marriage, the act shoiild be un-
hesitatingly pronounced as the equivalent of a valid marriage in all
instances. If cohabitation is only a marital prerogative the law-
should not stultify itself by recognizing it as possible to occur in
any other relation. If either of the parties are married the law-
defines it as adultery, and, very properly, defines the punishment.
It is necessary to the progress of the age that some such principle
should be recognized in common law, so as not to subject the
decision of the question to the individual opinion of any judge. It
would at once obviate the confusion of sentiment now held in regard to
it, and besides arrest the decision in test cases from mere caprice of the
tribunal. It is certainly as correct a principle as any in common law,
and would, in its operations as a statute law, be free from injustice,
and capable of duiug much good .
Polygamy.
This is a state in which a man has at the same time one or more
wives, or a woman more than one husband. The latter custom is more
properly called polyandry, and prevails in Thibet and a few other places.
Polygamy has existed from time immemorial, especially among the
nations of the East. In sacred history we find that it prevailed before
the flood. Lamech had two wives, and the patriarchs were nedHy all
polygamists. The custom was tolerated by the laws of Moses, and, in
fact, no positive injunction against it is found in the whole of the Old
Testament. It is questionable whether more than one was recognized
as the bond-fide wife, the other simply being wives by right of concu-
binage. But if polygamy was in its strictest sense the legal custom, it
soon grew unpopular, for no trace of it is met in the records of the New
Testament, where all the passages refci-ring to marriage imply mono-
gamy as alone lawful. The custom has been almost universal in the
East, being .sanctioned by all the religions existing there. The religion
of Mohammed allows four wives, but the permission is rarely exercised
except by the rich. The custom is accounted for on the ground of the
premature old age of the female in those regions, and al.-;o on the ground
of excess of the number of females, though the latter, by the authority
of recent travellers, is probably not the truth. The marriage code of
Fu-hi, who primarily established civilization among the Chinese, gave
most probably superiority to but one wife, but raised the concubine to
the dignity of a wife to a certain extent.
Among the Greeks, at least of later times, monogamy was the custom,
though in the time of Homer polygamy prevailed to some extent. It was
not known in the republic of Rome, but during the existence of the empire
the prevalrnce of divorce gave rise to a state almost an;Uogous to it. It
prevailed among the barbarouB nations of antiquity, excepting the Ger-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 407
mans, who. according to Tacitus, ' ' were content with a single wife. " In
some countries more than one wife was allowable if the husband could
extend the dowry ; a wife without a dowry was considered only a concu-
bine. This was the case in Judea, when it became a dependenc}* of
Home.
In Christian countries polygamy was never tolerated, the tenets of
the church forbidding it, though Charlemagne had two wives, and
Sigibert and Chilperic also had a plurality. John of Leyden, an Ana-
baptist leader, was the husband of seventeen wives, and he held that it
was his moral right to marry as many as he chose.
In England the punishment of polygamy was originally in the hands
of the ecclesiastics. It was considered a cajiital crime by a statute of
Edward I. , but it did not come entirely under the control of the tem-
poral power until a statute of James I. made it a felony, punishable with
death. George III. made it punishable by imprisonment or transporta-
tion for seven years. By the laws of ancient and modem Sweden the
penalty is death. The Prussian Code of 1794 subjected the criminal to
confinement in a house of correction for not less than two years. In
the United States the second marriage is a nullity, and the punishment
varies in the different States, though usually imprisonment for a certain
period, or fine, or both, is the penalty. The term bigamy is most in
use, however, as the plurality seldom extends beyond two. Polygamy
has had some defenders even in modem times, most of whom have
grounded their defence on the absence of an express prohibition in the
Scriptures. Bernard Ochinus, general of the Catholic Order of Capu-
chins, though afterwards a Protestant, wrote in the sixteenth century a
work in which he advocated it It was also boldly defended by the
Rev. M. Madan, in a treatise called TIuiyphtlLoro^ but limited the privi-
lege to men.
It is the offspring of licentiousness, and its advocates merely wish to
give legal color to licentious habits. Every student of history will find
that as soon as a nation became morally depraved, polygamy was prac-
tised, and that monogamy was the rule in all countries truly civilized.
Monogamy is an element of civilization, and, as a true child, fosters
and maintains its parent.
Polygamy has of late years been most shamefully revived, and out-
rageously practised in face of law, l^y the Mormons. They claim it as
a religious duty, and defend the sj'stem by claiming that unmarried
women can in the future life reach only the position of angels who
occupy in the Mormon theocratic sj'stem a very subordinate rank,
being simply ministering servants to those more worthy, thus pro-
claiming that it is a virtual necessity of the male to practise the
vilest immorality in order to advance the female to the highest place
in Heaven.
408 THK COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Mormonism is a religion founded by Joseph Smith, who vras bom in
Sharon, Vt., December 2:J, 1805, and killed at Carthage, 111., June 27,
1844. The Smith family removed from Vermont to Palmyra, N. Y., in
181.1, and, according to testimony, the reputation of the family was bad,
and that Joseph was the worst of the lot. They were untruthfid, in-
temperate, and commonly suspected of vile practices, which were proba-
bly true in some cases, and false in others. These statements are not
contradicted even by the Blormons. Joseph claims that in 1823 (Sept.
21). he had a vision, in which the angel Moroni appeared to him and
made known that in a hill near Manchester, N. Y., he would find a rec-
ord written on golden plates, giving an account of the ancient inhabit-
ants of America, and the dealings of God with them, and with the
record, two transparent stones iu silver bows Like .spectacles, which were
anciently called Urim and Thummim, on looking through which the
golden plate-s would become intelligible. These he claimed were placed
in his hand September 22, 1827, by the angel of the Lord. The language
was called the reformed Egyptian, not then known on earth, and
the contents of the plates formed the '"Book of Mormon." The book
of Jlormon has been proven to have been written by Solomon Spaulding.
It will thus be seen that Mormonism was the development of a stupend-
ous fraud, and it is exceedingly singular, that a sect of such"Tiurabera
as Mormonism is now, or has been, could have been formed, when
everything connected with it is fraudulent and ijcrniciously immoral.
Polygamy was not introduced among the Mormons until 1843, when
Smith ordered it as a doctrine of the church by virtue of a revelation.
The Jlormons also aim to prove its right by claiming that St. Paul's ia-
junction that a bishop "should be the husband of one wife," implies
that other men should have as many as they choose, and that if a
bishop should be the husband of one wife at least, the passage does not
express a prohibition of his having more if he wishes.
It is a most singular fact that a sect like the i\Iormons could have
been established in a country peopled with such law-abiding people as of
the United States, and maintaiu a system of marriage antagonistic to
the law and religion of the land. Neither could they have done so,
if they had not possessed two great virtues, temperance and industry.
It is to be hoped that the legal process now instituted for its abolition
will effectually remove the blot from the national escutcheon.
The " Oneida Communists " Are essentially polygamic, although they
have no marriage system. They do not maiTy, and ignore all marriage
codes. Cohabitation is under no restrictions between the sexes. Mar-
riage is also not observed among the Shakers.
the complete herbalist. 409
Monogamy.
This is the conjugal union of a male with one female only. We have
Been that monog-amy was co-equal with the dawn of civilization, and that
most probably the majority of the males had but one wife, even among
polygamic nations. Universal polygamy is practically impossible, the
scarcity of females and the poverty of the males forbidding it. The
excess of females is not so great in any country as to allow to each male
more than one wife, except the male portion is depleted by long and
disastrous wars. Monogamy has done more for the elevation of the fe-
male than any other custom of civilization. The rich could only afford
to practise polygamy, and should the poor imitate the example, it would
necessarily subject the wives to a state of serfdom. In the economy of
nature it is designed that the male should be the protector of the female,
and that by his exertions the provision of food and raiment should be
secured. In polygamous nations the female has not attained that social
state that she has reached in countries where the male is entitled to but
one female as his wife. Woman's highest sphere is not in the Harem or
the Zetfani, but in that dignified state in which she is the sole connubial
companion of but one man. It is debasing to her nature, and subver-
sive of her dignity in the rank of humanity, to make her the equal only
with others in the marital union with one male. She becomes only the
true, noble, and affectionate being when she is conscious of a superiority
to others in the connubial companionship with her accepted one. The
female of birds chirps but for her single mate, and she is pugnaciously
monogamic as well as virtuous, allowing neither male nor female at or
near her home. The spirit of independence she gains by being the
mate of but one male gains for her the victoiy over the intruders.
The physical and mental welfare of the female is also dependent upon
monogamic marriage. I have demontrated that temperate indulgence
is conducive to the sanitary condition of the sexes, and that absolute
abstinence is opposed to the designs of nature. It is also evident that
the male is not endowed with greater power, vigor or capacity than
the female ; therefore, confinement or limitation of the congress to the
companionship of one male with one female, as in monogamic marriage,
gives the healthy balance to the marital union. The polygamic hus-
band must either suffer from the consequences of excessive indulgence,
or his wives from poverty of uxorial gratification ; probably both would
be the case. Polyandry is equally as proper as polygamy, yet it never
in the history of man obtained a permanent foothold. The female is
equally capable, if not more so, to capacitate more husbands than one
as the male more than one wife, and the physical deterioration would
not be greater. The system is more logical than polygamy, because
her dependence would be distributed between two or more husbands, in
18
410 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
which case she would be better insured against poverty, and her support
would be guaranteed by greater probability.
We have now described the histoiy and aspect of the two customs,
and will conclude this subject by remarking that a man is morally and
physically entitled to but one wife, and that a plurality is a great wrong
to the female, and in total opposition to the ordinance of Nature.
WTierever polygamy is the custom the female is held in slavish subjec-
tion. It only prospers in proportion to the ignorance of the sex. Intel,
ligent and civilized woman wUl always rebel against such uxorial
debasement and servitude.
Mark r AGE Customs.
It would probably be interesting to many to describe the marriage
ceremonies observed by different nations, but to enter into a descriptive
detail would occupy too much space. It is sufficient to say that while
8ome waves are wooed and won, others are bought and sold ; while in
some countries the husband brings the wife to his home, in others, as in
Formosa, the daughter brings her husband to her father's house, and is
considered one of the family, while the sons, upon marriage, leave the
family forever. In civilized countries the ceremonies are either minis-
terial or magisterial, and are more or less religious in charactel", while ia
others less civilized the gaining of a wife depends ui)on a foot-race, in
which the female has the start of one-third the distance of the course,
as is the custom in Lapland. In Caffraria the lover must first fight
himself into the affections of his lady-love, and if he defeats all his
rivals she becomes his wife without further ceremony. Among the
Congo tribes a wife is taken upon trial for a year, and if not suited to
the standard of taste of the husband he returns her to her parents. In
Persia the wife's status depends upon her fniitfuLness : if she be barren
she can be put aside. In the same country they have also permanent
marriages, and marriages for a certain period only — the latter never
allowed to exceed ninety years.
In fact the marriage ceremonies differ nearly in all coimtries. Tc us
some may appear very absurd, and yet our customs may be just as
amazing to them. It matters but little how a conjugal union is effected
as long as sanctioned by law or custom, and obligates the parties, by
common opinion, to observe the duties pertaining to married life.
The Basis of a Happy Marriage.
The state of conjugal union should be the happiest in the whole of
the existence of either man or woman, and is such in a congenial mar-
riage. Yet in the history of very many marriages contentment or hap-
piness is palpal)ly absent, and an almost insufferable misery is the heri-
tage of both parties. It is therefore important that previous to the
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 411
marital union tlie parties should take everything in consideration that
foreshadows happiness after marriage, as well as everything calculated
to despoil conjugal felicity.
The first requisite of congenial marriage is love. Without being ce-
mented by this element the conjugal union is sure to be uncongenial.
It is the strongest bond, the firmest cord, uniting two hearts inseparably
together. Love for the opposite sex has always been a controlling
influence with mankind. It is the most elevating of all the emotions,
and the purest and tenderest of all sentiments. It exerts a wonderful
power, and by its influence the grandest human actions have been
achieved. Of what infinite worth it is to either sex to be compensated
with a worthy and satisfying love, and how ennobling to the impulses
and actions it is to bestow the sentiment upon one worthy to receive and
willing to return.
Love is only given to that which we admire and esteem. The man who
admires the shajiely hand, the comely figure, the pretty foot, the hand-
some features, the well-formed waist, etc., will naturally love the
woman possessing such attractions. The Avoman will love the man who
favorably approaches her standard of conception as to manly excellence
and beauty. Others admire moral purity, vivacity of disposition,
superior talents, genius, etc., and hence natv-rally will love the pos-
sessors. In fact this proposition is founded upon a law of mind ; loVe
cannot be generated by forces that antagonize our ideals of esteem and
admiration. The love that engenders matrimonial hapi^iness must be
reciprocal. Reciprocity of love will naturally induce matriiuonial
alliance. It should not be inspired by a passional nature only, nor
should it be platonic entirely, but the two intimately blended together
wdll render the love one of adaptation, and secure conjugal placidity.
The love that is created in us by the Venus-like form of the female, or
Apollo-like character of the male, is not that love that alone insures
happiness, the moral and mental nature must also be congenial. Can-
didates for marriage should carefully consult themselves, and without
ulterior motives ascertain if the love they have for the one to be chosen
or accepted is adequate to compensate the yearning of this sentiment.
If the one selected has all the characteristics that inspire love, that will
be the proper one to marry. Love is the main-spring that regulates the
harmony of conjugal life, and without it there is a void in the ma-
chinery, productive only of jars, convulsive movement, and a grating
and inharmonious action. The soul yearns for love and to love, and
unless the desire is compensated, human life is a blank, and becomes a
purjioseless existence. Love ever stimulates the good and suppresses
the bad, if kept in a proper channel, and guided by pure affections.
Another requisite of a happy marriage is health. No person has a moral
right to engage in wedlock who cannot bring to his partner the offering
412 THK COMPLETE HERBALIST.
of good health. It may be apparently a cruelty to the consumptive to
deny to him the gratification of his aifections or passions, but it would
be a greater cruelty to encourage him or her in a step the consequences
of which would engender anything but happiness. Is it a pleasing thing
to contemplate that you throw upon the bosom of your spouse but the
body of an invalid, and one that will be the constant object of care and
solicitation on the part of either husband or wife ? Is it consoling to
your justness that you can but offer a limited period of your life to the
one of your choice, and that the inevitable consequences of your affec-
tion will at an early period leave but one at the hearthstone ? Is it
encouraging to know that the offspring of your union will in all proba-
bility be equally tainted as yourself, and that on those upon whom you
conjointly place your hopes and pride are destined to perhaps an early
grave ? It is intrinsically wrong for those in whom the taint of con-
sumption, scrofula, syjihilis, insanity, etc., to marry, unless they feel
convinced that by proper medical treatment they have been or can be
thorougUy cured. Intermarriage of the cachectic would be far more
judicious than the union of the healthy to the diseased. Vigor and
debility are constitutional opposites, and cannot exist together in the
physical economy, and the marital union of the physically healthy to
the physically unhealthy does also produces nothing but discoi'd in the
economy of marital existence. ,
A very important consideration is the knowledge of what marriage
really implies. Ix, obliges the encountering of duties and circumstances
which press considerations and plans of life upon the most careless
minds. The change in the habit and manner of life, the divided re-
sponsibility, the inexorable demands of marital duties to be complied
with, and various other matters incident to wedded association should
be fully pre-considered, and the relation assumed only after thorough
deliberation and satisfactory self-examination. It is the duty of the
eligible of either sex to marry, but a marital alliance should be consu-
mated intelligently, not thoughtlessly or ignorantly. '' Look before
you leap," is an adage that has profound significance in its application
to candidates for connubial association. If an error is made in selec-
tion, scarcely an other error that may be committed by man or woman
is so diflicidt of rectification, and none will result in greater misery,
mental anguish, and destruction of all the joys of life. If, on the con-
trary, the selection or acceptance is wisely and discreetly made on both
sides, the conjugal pair will be blest with all the earthly joys capable of
attainment.
It is invariably those who thoughtlessly entered into marital com-
panionship that make mi.stakes. They shrink befox\J the realities inci-
dent to married life on their first presentation, simply because they
never dreamed, much less thought, that such exigencies are inevitable
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 413
to the marital sphere. They are ignorant of the duties incumbent
ujion either husband or wife, hence they leave them unperformed ;
opportunities for ad%'ancement are not improved ; neglect becomes the
basis of action with only one possible result — marital infelicity. If we
trace the cause, we find that in the majority of cases, infelicity is owing
to neglect in the performance of marital duty ; and this disregard is
ascribable to utter ignorance previous to marriage of the duties inherent
to the marital sphere ; consequently, as soon as they confront the wedded
pair they are not met with a fixed determination to discharge them satis-
factorily as emergencies will admit, but are shirked and postponed, and
finally, when the necessity for action becomes absolute, they are inade-
quately performed ; a fault which is sure to engender dissatisfaction,
petulance, or reproach on the part of either husband or wife.
MaiTiage implies the utter abandonment of the interests and advance-
ment of self to the exclusion of the other marital companion. If cir-
cumspect, by noting marital conduct in others, a fair conception of mar-
riage and its consequences will soon be known. Then, the individual
must ask himself, or herself : Am I capable and willing to do my duty ?
Could I rise superior to all the trials, vexations, and perplexities that
present themselves to those in marriage ? Would I never weary of doing
the best under all circumstances ? If you can satisfactorily answer these
and others, you can enter fi.tly and nobly into the marital sphere.
Another consideration is evenness of temper. In the wooing days
every one is a lamb, and only becomes the howling wolf after marriage.
Circumstances that ruffle the temper in the presence of the intended
are but like the harmless squib, but woi;ld become like the explosive
torpedo in his or her absence, or in after-marriage. Quan-eUing caused
by matrimonial differences is the most frequent cause of infelicity, and
most of them are caused by an innate irate temper of either the husband
or wife. Differences that would be amicably adjusted by the exercise
of a little reason and temperance in argument or judgment, are to the
irascible the subject for the most vehement and angry logic, and the
tiolution is inevitably discord. It is difficult, I acknowledge, to ascer-
tain previously the mental disposition of persons, when they have
occasion to conceal the defect in order to enhance their own interest.
It is quite possible that Socrates, when he wooed the lovely Xanthippe,
deemed her perfection, called her his "darling," his "pet," his " angel,"
if philoso])hers ever make use of such endearing expressions. Her con-
duct evidently deceived him as to her real nature, for the poor old
philosopher was egregiously deceived and inexpressibly tortured in his
married life by the historically renowned virago and termagant. "Love
is blind," but its eyes should not be blindly closed against any such
imperfection as naturally tends to destroy wedded bli.ss. Careful
/)bservatiou in a variety of circumstances wiU often disclose the real
414 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
disposition, and the mask is sometimes unwittingly let fall, so that you
may g-ain a cursory glance of the features, which if uncomely, should be
enough.
The tastes should not be dissimilar. Some of them may be unim-
portant, but others are a fruitful source of disagreement. The social
■w-ife will never be contented with the unsocial husband, and the gay
husband, though his gayety may not be commendable, will always
accuse his wife if she lacks a social disposition to a great extent.
The religious wife will never excuse a tendency to irrcligion in her hus-
band, and though he may be far from being immoral, she is unhappy if
he does not participate in her devotions. The one devoted to children
will never be happy with one having a natural repugnance for them.
In this way we might multiply facts illustrative of the importance of an
investigation into the similarity of taste, previous to marriage. Great
love, however, overcomes almost every obstacle.
2%e parties should be nearly of one age, the husband should be the
older. The union of the old husband to the young wife, or the reverse,
is seldom a happy one. There is seldom that such a marriage occurs in
which the incentive is not the wealth of either of the parties. The
young praft on the old tree does not thrive well, the vitality^required
by the one is not afforded by the other. The magnetism of the old is
not suited to the young, and there never can be a concord in their u^ion.
It is a law of nature that animals of like age should only mate together.
The old male bird does not mate with the young female bird, but mat-
ing always occurs between those of the same year's brood. It is only in
their domestication that they lose this law of instinct, and it is only
through a vice of civilization that marriages between the old and young
are contracted, in opposition to the original design of marital vmion.
Such marriages are but seldom the result of a mutual love ; one of the
party is sure to be actuated by motives other than the one of conjugal
hapi)iness, and the union is usually enforced by the opportune chance of
enhancement in respect to wealth or station in society. The progeny of
Buch a union is veiy seldom endowed v.-ith either physical or mental
vigor, which is easily accounted for. The physiologist knows that the
mental emotions of the mother, during the period of pregnancy, is very
apt to affect development of the child in iitero, either favorably or im-
favorably. How, then, can a young mother be actually comfortable,
how can her emotions be elevated, how can she have that solicitude
which is prompted by love, if she bears but little more than respect for
her elderly or old husband ? She has not that intense solicitude or hope
that her child shall be all that is excellent ; she has not that incentive
of love that promiits her to a rcvory of desire that her child shall be all
that she deems noble and beautiful ; her conjugal relation is not calcu-
lated to inspire her highest and purest emotions, and the pride of her
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 415
hnsband is not great enough for her to yearn for the day when she can
present, w-ith all the joys of maternity, an heir to her lord. It is, there-
fore, a union not calculated to promote domestic contentment, and there
must be in the heart of either a husband or wife an aching void, and a
longing for other than a senile embrace.
There are other considerations to be viewed before a union is effected.
No one should neglect the moral character, the habits of frugality and
industry, etc. , etc. A marriage should only be consummated when both
of the parties are morally certain that they are necessary to each other's
existence ; that life would be a dreary waste wdthout the oasis of the
loved one ; that the intended one possesses all you admire and esteem ;
and that the journey of life in his or her companionship will be one of
serenity and happiness ; — the union will then, by the endeavors of both,
be attended by all the joy, contentment, and happiness that it is in the
power of mortals to obtain here below.
I cannot more appropriately close this subject than by quoting an ab-
Btract from a well-known author, who presents his case in full color, but
it exposes the undercurrent that leads to the marriage-tie only too truth-
fully. He asks: " WTio dared first to say that maniages are made La
heaven ? We know that there are not only blunders but roguery in the
marriage-oflBce. Do not mistakes occur every day, and are not the
wrong people coupled ? Had heaven anything to do with the bargain
by which young Miss Blushrose was sold to old Mr. Hoarfrost ? Did
heaven order young Bliss Fripjjer to throw over poor Tom Spooner, and
marry the wealthy Mr. Bung ? You may as well say that horses are
sold in heaven, which, as you know, are groomed, are doctored, are
chanted on the market, and warranted by dexterous horse-venders as
possessing every quality of blood, pace, temper, and age. Against these
Mr. Greenhorn has his remedy sometimes ; but against a mother who
Bells a warranted daughter what remedy is there ? You have been
jockeyed by false representations into bidding for the Cecilia, and the
animal is yours for life. She shys, kicks, stumbles, has an infernal tem-
per, is a crib-biter, and she is warranted to you by her mother as the
most perfect, good-tempered creature, whom the most timid could man'
age ! You have boiight her. She is yours. Heaven bless you ! Take
her home, and be miserable for the rest of your days. You have no
redress. You have done the deed. Marriages were made in heaven,
you know ; and in yours you were as much sold as Moses Primrose waa
when he bought the gross of green spectacles. "
Marriages are usually contracted to gratify various desires, as love,
fortune, or position. The results are most truthfully stated by an emi-
nent divine in the following passages : —
" Who marries for love, takes a wife ; who marries for fortune, takes
a mistress ; who marries for position, takes a lady. You are loved by
416 THE COMPLETE HEnBALIST.
your wife, regarded hj your mistress, tolerated by your lady. You
have a ^v^fe for yourself, a mistress for your house and friends, a lady
for the world and society. Your wife will agree with you, your mistress
will rule you, your lady will manage you. Your wife will take care of
your household, your mistress of your house, yoiir lady of your appear-
ances. If you are sick, your wife will nurse you, your mistress will visit
you, your lady will inquire after your health. You take a walk with
your wife, a ride \vith yovir mistress, and go to a party with your lady.
Your wife will share your grief, your mistress your money, and your
lady your debts. If you die, your wife will weep, your mistress lament,
and your lady wear mourning. Which will you have ? "
To man there is but one choice that he can rationally make, a mar-
riage of love. My female readers, I hope, will also decide rather to wed
a husband than the master or the elegant gentleman.
A little foresight, a little prudence, and a little caution, will prevent
in most cases the entrance into a marriage which, by the very nature of
the alliance, is certain to be an unhappy and improper one.
Married Life.
Two sparrows, votaries of Love, They both were prisoned in a C^ge ;
The Mars and Venus of the prove, Where — much I grieve the tale tQtell —
Had been for years such constant mates. A sorry scandal now befell ; -N
■i'ou would have sworn the very Fates They scold, recrimmate and fight, '
Were! impotent to break the bond. Like arrant foes, from morn till night jl
That joined a pair so true and fond ; Until, at length, the wretched birds
Together still they sought their food ; In cruel acts and bitter words
Together piayed in field and wood ; The very furies emulate —
Together built the cosy nest And all their love is turned to hate I
That served for shelter and for rest ;
Together fought the feathered foes
With whom they came to words and blows ; Full many a couple come to strife
In fine, they lived as lovers ought, And hatred m connubial life.
Without a single selfish thought, Whose days of courtship promised fair
Rave such as might concern the twain, As tliose of this unhappy pair ;
Their mutual joy or mutual pain. But, like the sijarrows in my tale.
At last, one day, they chanced to get When trouble comes their tempers fail j
Tlieir feet entangled in a net, They blame each other for the fate
(A vagrant boy had spread the stiare Which both should strive to mitigate,
To catch and keep the pretty pair !) With patience helping to endure
And soon, desi)ite their noisy rage, The ills that kindness fails to cure !
"WTiat an interesting lesson is contained in the above — a lesson that
should be well conned and thoroughly learned by every married couple
for practical use and guidance.
The physician, in his ailvices as to the conduct that should be observed
by the husbaud and wife, is more properly confined to physiological
aspects, but an the behavior in every respect is so intimately blended, it
is not amLss, iu a medical work, tu utute what the conduct should be in
L' ENVOI.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
417
gener.al. TJnliappmess in wedded life is the result frequently of a cou-
ple being' joined who should not on any account have been thrown into
marital companionship. It is found that they are uncongenial in every
respect, and hence the natural and inevitable result is dissension and a
mutual regret of marriage. The pharmaceutist knows that if a chemi-
cal element is incompatible in a mixture that no amount of shaking,
trituration, or commotion that he may produce will make the contrary
element act affinitively ; on the contrary, the more violent his endeavors
the more the incompatibility is manifested. It is precisely so in the
union of the man and woman who are by nature and purposes of life
incompatible. Discord is evident at the first contact, which in time in-
creases to ebullitions and explosions of temper, and the more they
attempt to reconcile their differences the greater they become ; the
affections are destroyed, and each one becomes conscious that they have
made the greatest mistake of their lives. Each blames their misfortune
to the other when both are to blame, not so much on account of their
combativeness, as that is but a law of their nature, but because neither
of them had the wisdom to abstain from entering into the marital rela-
tion. It is, of course, commendable that both should be desirous of
making the best of their union, and that each should display prudence
in their conduct, but in the face of all their endeavors the galling fact
of incompatibility is ever present, and no amount of the best efforts will
make the union a happy one. If children are born to them they will
in all probability be of a vicious nature, lacking in aU the noble qiiali-
ties, and who, l)om with the innate disposition, and reared and schooled
in the midst of family discord, wiU almost inevitably "go to the bad,"
thus adding materially to the general misery of the parents, both of
whom are ready and honest in their beUef and averment that the dis-
position of the children is the heritage from the other. It is unfortunate
that such marriages are consummated, for the diversity in all the actions
and purposes of life naturally manifested by both is too great to be
reconciled by the most earnest exercise of either prudence or forbear-
ance. Such a union has always been, and will always be, an unhappy
one, and the best endeavors will scarcely make it tolerable. It may be
jjoetical to say that such a man and woman are one, but they are deci-
dedly two on all subjects and conditions of married life.
It is not to be supposed, however, that every infelicitous episode in
married life is to be ascribed to incompatibility. The turbulence in
many cases is owing to decided misconduct on the part of either husband
or wife. Many unions would be very happy if but a generous effort
would be made to render it so ; but if either one is actuated by a spirit
in opposition to mutual confidence, mutual welfare, and mutual enjoy-
ment, it will either create a slavish submission on the part of one, or
the assertion of mutual equality. In both cases the result is detri-
18* 2b
418 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
mental to conjug-al bliss. A tame submission begets disrespect, and the
assertion of the right generates the "family jar." In the social and
commercial intercourse of man and wife, mutual coniidence, mutual
endeavor, and mutual benefit should be the objective point. Conceal-
ment of purpose is as wrong as deception in action, and neither should
be for a moment entertained. The wife should be the possessor of the
husband's secrets, and the husband the custodian of the wife's confi-
dences. To be actuated by secrecy either in intent or action is nothing
more than duplicity, and an attitude in entire opposition to the spirit
of wedded life ; but, while the author in every instance advocates an
open and candid intercourse between the husband and wife, he can
only hurl anathemas upon the one who betrays the confidence. To be
worthy of confidence, and to be entrusted with secrets, demands the
fidelity that wiU not betray the one or divulge the other. Deception on
the part of either husband or wife will, in spite of all attempts at con-
cealment, often be detected, causing justly indignation and lo-ss of re-
spect. It is an evidence that the one to whom everything should be
confided is deemed unworthy of trust, and it puts at an end that har-
mony and confidence that should exist.
Married couples should most carefully husband their affections for
each other. It is a most deplorable fact, that the love between many
too soon loses its fervor. This loss is not due to familiarity, nor is it a
natural result of daily association ; but decidedly the effect of a repre-
hensible disregard of a mutual endeavor to maintain it. We love only that
which is lovely ; and the person who makes himself lovely will be loved.
It is more frequently the case that the wife loses her husband's affections
than the reverse. This is not so much the result of the inferior affection-
ate nature of man as it is of neglect and imprudence on the part of woman.
Women, if they would rule men's hearts, must deserve and unwittingly
exact the approval and admiration of their minds. Her variability of tem-
per is most unfortunate. It goes up like a rocket and comes down like an
aerolite ; a miracle of .smiles or weeping Niobe, a driving tempest or a flash-
ing sunbeam. A never-varying, bland, lullaby-sort of temperament is
most deplorable ; sparkle, buoyancy, and even an irrepressible dash of fun,
now and then, are most healthful and appetizing ; but mere feminine diplo-
macy should forbid the not unfrequcut dovetailing of winsome caresses
and childish poutings on the part of the \viie, and so should the whimsictd
interi)Iay of foolish indulgence and churlish neglect on the part of the hus-
band be abandoned. Principle, not caprice, should be the energizing and
controlling motive. The most charming views of wedded life are to T)e
taken from the higher mounts of vision — those of settled design and
steady purjjose. There must, of course, be miitual concessions and mu-
tuiJ agreements to disagree. There is a way to win by commanding,
and a way to com maud by wiuning. By the wise interblendiug of self-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 419
centred strength, and a prodigal wifely affection, she may achieve mar-
vels of wifely management. The husband may unconsciously lead ; but
never essay to drive. At the same time, we are frank enough to con-
fess that there are too many women who need the flaming sword of an
archangel to awe and repress them. There is no such thing as conquer-
ing them by love ; as well prate of love to a blackbird. But if kindness
fails, severity will fail aU the more surely. Flies stiU continue to take
more kindly to molasses than to vinegar. If they but knew how a
cheerful temper, joined with innocence, wUl make their beauty more
attractive, knowledge more delightful, and wit more good-natured,
they surely would endeavor to cultivate and cherish it. It is an un-
questioned fact that too many wives neglect the most important ele-
ments of wifely conduct.
To her is entrusted the care and management of the home— if it ia
agreeable, it is her work, if it is attractive, it is to her credit alone that
it should be ascribed. If the home is not a cheery place, it is because
she does not render it so. It is not requisite that elegance and luxury
— that only wealth can procure — should characterize it; cleanliness,
order, and, above all, her bright, sunny smiles, and cheerful company,
adorn it more than the richest household furniture. The atmosphere of
the home must not be darkened by the clouds of discontent, perplexity or
anger, but lit up by the effulgence of social conviviality, good-nature,
and buoyancy of spirit. The husband coming from his daily task must,
in return for the bright smiles of the wife and children that welcome
him home, throw aside all cares of business, and devote himself to their
enjoyment. It will put a new life in him as well as in his wife and
children. If exhausted and fatigued, or if his mental energies have
been overtaxed, he must not thrust the fact too forcibly upon his
family, but on the contrary bring freshness and buoyancy of spirit into
the family circle. He must not recuperate his energies at the expense
of the vitality of his wife and little ones. The wife should also as early
as possible disi)ense with household duties, and, until the retiring hour,
be ever ready to engage in that social communion, which is so healthful,
and so conducive to happiness of married life. But how frequently is
it the case that the weary husband, who would gladly engage in that
relaxation afforded by domestic conference in pLiy, reading, etc., is
only beguiled by the din of pots and kettles, the clatter of dishes, the
music of a wash-tub, etc., in the kitchen, which often is incessant, until
the poor husband, desirous of social comforts, but weary of waiting foi
them, goes to bed with nothing to lull him to sleep but the confused
noises that come from the kitchen, made by his bu.sy and industrious,
but indiscreet spouse. We would not deprecate industry on the part of
the wife. We well know that many a wife, whose household duties and
personal attention to the children absorb most of her time, can find but
420 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
little opportunity to eng-ag:e in recreation or social enjoyment, but wliile
we admire thrift, coupled with industrious habits, we cannot but deplore
the state which robs from her the best energies, instead of applying
some, at least, upon the effort to render the atmosphere of the home,
not one of incessant labor only, but also one that is brightened and
rendered cheerful by the relaxation afforded by an occasional leisure
hour, in which the man, wife, and children are brought in contact, and
stimulated and refreshed by social concourse. As well might the hus-
band file his saws, grind his axes, and chop his wood at the same time,
as the wife to be continuously drawn from his presence by the labor of
the home. It is, we know, not a pleasing contrast, to compare a thrifty
and industrious wife with one who is indolent and careless, but we only
argue for a limit, as we know that matrimonial happiness, health, and
noble qualities of children are dependent in a great measure upon en-
livened social intercourse in the family. We would have no wife merit
the exclamation of " JIow shiftless/" from an Aunt Priscilla, but they
must not be so busy either, that her husband has in her no social com-
panion. Such wives cannot much blame their husbands if they seek
social pastime in the club, in the inn, or even in his neighbor's house,
where Mrs. Sparkle makes everything so pleasant. It is the duty* of the
husband, whenever possible, to give his leisure hours to the% com-
panionship of his wife and children, but it is also a duty that the wife
so arranges everything that they can not only be passed tolerably but
agreeably. It should be the effort of both husband and wife to make
the home the dearest place on earth to them, and when that is accom-
plished, connul)ial happiness is certainly achieved. It is often that the
best-meant efforts are fruitless, simply because they are driven in the
wrong direction, and the disappointment occurring in consequence of
misajipliod energy is full hard to bear ; but if the married man or
woman would studj' the wants and desires of their consorts a little more,
and niake earnest effort to supply them, the apple of discord woula not
be eaten in so many instances.
I cannot two strongly impress the importance of fidelity. Could I have
but one word of advice to give to the conjugal jiair, I would say : — ^' Be
true to each otJicry Disloyalty in the marriage bond is the cause of in-
finite trouble, misery, and ruin. It is the rock upon whose ugly and
jagged contour lie the wrecks of numberless matrimonial vessels. Fi-
delity is the rudder that guides the bark safely through the course, let
adversity aiid all else assail her, as long as not without her rudder, she
will out-ride the storms, and glide triumphantly and peacefully along in
smooth water. Disloyalty pitches her at once into the breakers, where
she will pitch and toss, heave and thump, and should she even escape,
it is only at the expense of important appanages, and most frequently
the btist directed efforts will not save her from uttiir ruia.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 421
It is not only the duty of physicians, but of every one who has the
welfare of society at heart, to jiut their voices against the doctrine of
"free love," which has of late been promulgated and defended by cer-
tain persons who wish to make it a matter of creed or principle of so-
ciety. It is to the shame of the sex that the majority of its adherents
are women, in whom virtue is supposed to have its staunchest defenders
and supporters. It is not ostensibly advanced in advocacy of unre-
straint in cohabitation, but if thoroughly analyzed, its objective prin-
ciple amounts to the same. It is a scortatory love at best, and its
tendency is to give still greater laxity to the morals of society. It is
veiled under the sophistical dogma that every woman, if she desires to
become a mother, should be privileged to select her own male to be the
father, and that every man should be licensed to choose the woman he
desires to be the mother of his progeny. This, they advocate, would
insure higher development of the race, and that mankind would soon be
superior in intellectual, moral, and physical qualifications. The fact ia
undeniable that a superior offspring would be the result, if the most
eligible individuals would copulatively unite, but it could never be ac-
complished by licensed libertinism. It can only be gained by ju-
dicious marriage, and in no other way. If the doctrine of unrestraint
they promulgate is best adapted to promote higher development of
offspring, it would naturally be exemplified in the issue of those who
^' loved not wisely^ but too weU,^^ or in those of the lowest grades of so-
ciety or savage races, where chastity is unknown as a virtue. All the
principles of free love characterize such an intercourse ; but it has yet
to be ascertained whether such progeny are in any respect sviperior ; on
the contrary, it is quite probable that they are in many respects inferior.
This may be, however, accounted for by the mental emotions of the
mother, which are naturally caused by grief, fear, shame, etc. If, even,
such unfavorable mental emotions could be removed by sanction from
society for such issue, the case would not be modified to a more favor-
able extent than is now possible by legitimization of offspring by mar-
riage. They also prate of ' ' affinities " and spiritual attraction ; but let
the candid and virtuous mind investigate the full import of these co-
hesions, he will find that the spirit of attraction is the cohesive power
of gratification of the animal passions. The hideous form of lechery is
veiled with but the thinnest gauze ; and disguise it as they will, they
cannot hide the fact that it is lewdness, and not virtue, which they at-
tempt to honor. The doctrine, if philosophically reviewed, presents no
advantages over marriage, but is one pregnant with defects and im-
moralities, and if carried into effect would unmistakably prove itself
to be the death-blow to morality and civilization. The barrier to pro-
miscuity is to be made even more impregnable, and the sacred precinct
of the prerogative legitimatized by marriage is not to be over-stepped
422 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
by the husband or suffered to be invaded by the wife. Lechery has
never been, nor can never become a standard principle of moral philoso-
phy, and " free love " is but its synonym.
Is it a consoling picture to those with whom moral rectitude is a car-
dinal principle to see disloyalty to the marriag-e-tie openly and shame-
lessly displayed ? Is it ennobling to man's moral nature to cut loose the
shackles put upon him by a well-organized society with regard to his
conduct in amorous matters ? Can it be justified by the most liberal
views of right and wrong ? Unalterably, no ; the man who comes to
the abode of his wife, with his lips tainted by contact with others, and
yet excited by an unlawful orgasm, commits the greatest offence against
his wife, against nature, and against high heaven. The wife who re-
ceives the embraces of an unsuspecting husband, while at the same
time she is guilty of illicit dealings with others, is worse than the lowest
prostitute, and is entitled to no sympathy or condonement. It is only
by the most scrupulous adherence to the loyalty that should be observed
by man and wife, that marital happiness is to be gained or maintained ;
Infringement is the element of its decay and destruction.
Jealousy is one of the most common visitors at the hearth of a family
and is a great destroyer of its peace. Entertained to a moderate de-
gree it is quite natural, but when it becomes a morbid feeling, it is
M^orthy of severe denunciation. The exhibition of slight jealousv is an
unerring manifestation of love, and should be accepted as such by either
man or wife. We are jealous of what we love, and unconcerned only
about that which we do not appreciate, therefore a certain degree of
jealousy entertained by the husband or wife in respect to each other
should be elevating to their pride, respectively, and not condemned as a
sickly sentimentality. It is only when it becomes a ruling passion that
it exerts mischief and discord. "WTien it is so morbid that it becomes a
matter of dislike and reproach for the husband to bestow but the ordi-
nary civilities of social intercourse to the opposite sex, or for the wife
to receive them, it amounts to but little more than insanity. If the
wife is so jealous as to impugn all the motives of the husband, th.at he
dare not even look askance at any other woman, that to speak with
other women subject him to one of those infinitely pleasant curtain-lec-
tures, and his personal liberty denied to him with regard to social in-'
tercourse, it is then that it becomes disruptive to marital felicity ; for
the husband, if erring though he be, wHl surely chafe under the injus-
tice which she will be sure to commit. On the other hand, the jeaious
husband is just as extravagant in his folly, and instead of guarding his
wife's love, takes the best means of repelling it. Confidence, not suspi-
cion, shduld be the controlling motive, and its mutual entertauament"
should not be disregarded until the most indubitable i)roofs are presented
to guai-auteo a disbeUei of the partner's honor. Then, if you have
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 423
bombshells, set them off ; but even then, I think, it would comport
more with reason and dignity, if the error could be calmly adjudicated,
and if that is impossible, a quiet and dignified separation is unquestion-
ably the best course. Reproach, recrimination, and parade of the cause
of disruption before the public are by no means a philosophic action, or
part of an honorable conduct. It is so with all matrimonial differences,
they should not be made public property, for they will surely become
disgusting scandal before the scandal-loving people, to be found in every
community, are done with them. It will receive such additions, and
will be so manipulated and distorted, that, which at its fountain-head
was but a peccadillo, will at its terminus be magnified into the greatest
crime. What was at first but a slight immorality, is sure to become at
the end the grossest violation of decency. If Mr. John Smith in a play-
ful moment is found to kiss ]\Irs. Sarah Jones, the critics of society
will wink and blink, they will hem and haw, look wise, toss their heads
superciliously, and before they have ceased their comments, there will
be no doubt in their minds but that Mr. Smith and Mrs. Jones were
found in flagrante delicto. Finally, when the scandal has assumed ita
worst aspect, some order-loving Christian (!) will with considerable em-
bellishment acquaint Mrs. Smith of her husband's crime., and Mr. Jones
of his wife's stVis, and then comes the sequel. The fact would scarcely
produce a ruffle, at best but a gentle breeze, but the monster created by
scandal produces the commotion of a tornado. Then these vampires
who feed upon the peace and reputation of society are satisfied, but
they at all times go round like " roaring lions seeking whom they may
devour." It is to these scandal-mongers that matrimonial infelicity is
often due, from the fact that a husband or a wife may be guided by
their opinion rather than to rely implicitly upon each other's honor. If
respect is shown to scandal connubial peace is at a discount. The only
way to circumvent it, is to isolate adjustment of differences to the fami-
ly circle, and not allow it to be the property of the unconcerned. The
advice of disinterested and honorable people may at times be very ser-
viceable, and not to be disregarded, but to array any or every matri-
monial variance before the public for their comments is reprehensibly
imprudent and foolish.
It is, however, not to be understood that selfishness should extend to
social intercourse with the neighbors, for next to an affectionate family
an agreeable neighborhood and good society become objects of desire,
because calculated to create happiness. As far as friendship is not
abused it should be freely given to the neighbors, and it should be the
endeavor of every one to make the relations of a neighborhood of a
most friendly and accommodating character. How consoling it is to the
bride, who leaves the bosom of her own family and accompanies her
husband to a locality where ail are strangers, to find in her new home
424 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
neighbors who manifest a friendly spirit, and are willing to extend cor-
dial greetings to the stranger. She is at once set at ease. The duty that
famUies owe to society is only second in importance to the duty that
husband and wife owe to each other, and domestic happmess is not
complete unless its social surroundings are congenial and agreeable.
An ascetic married life is abusive of the order of nature.
The coujngal pair shoiUd m reality be Jidpviates. They should (to
nse a liomely phrase) puU in one direction, and, if the direction is proper
and right, pull together. The combination of similar forces has a .two-
fold effect, but forces opposed to each other weakens one and annuls
the other, or brings them both to a quietus. This simple law of physics
is peculiarly applicable to the behavior of the married pair. A har-
monious progress requires a combination of pivrpose and exertion. If
the husband is devoted to literature or science, the wife should mani-
fest interest in the same, but if her taste is not for either, she should
by no means show displeasure at her husband's devotion to them. It is
her duty, in case of improvidence on his part in consequence of his
studies, to ask him to improve his negligence, but never in a tone of
anger or reproach. The husband should, in like manner, never frown
upon any of his wife's delights. If she is devoted to tlowersv to music,
to painting, etc. , it should be he that should stimulate by approval. In
case the husband is desirous to accumulate a fortime, and exert^ him-
self to that effect, the wife should not dispirit him, or render his efforts
abortive by extravagance. If he is not successful, or fails in business,
she should be his comforter and stimulate him to further exertion ; and
in case the manner of living will in consequence be rendered less lux-
urious, she shoiild exhibit such a contentment and willingness as to rob
the misfortune of half its bitterness. The noble wife is one who does
not sink under the crucial test of her husband's misfortunes, but rises
to a higher mount of greatness and action by her cheerful resignation
to the loss, and encoviragcment to her husband's drooping spirits. The
husband should ever be ready with his approving smiles to cheer his
wife's labors, even if to him it appears but a trivial affair. Woman
only thrives under the ai>iirobatiou of man, and if that is withheld,
especially from the one whom she values most, she soon becomes pur-
poseless and fretful. How many a good wife's heart has been woimdcd
by her husband's indiffc-nsnce with regard to matters which she in her
Ipimplicity of heart hopc-d would delight her companion? It maybe
but a trifle, but so exceedingly tender is the plant of connubial love,
and so susceptible of being lacerated, that " trifles light as air" often
impede its growth and embitter its fniit. It is the " fo"Mfe foxes that
Bpoil the vines." A single tart remark or unkind tone of voice will
penetrate the inner recesses of the heart of the wife who loves, and
render her most wretched. Oneness should be particularly exhibited in
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 425
purpose and design, the respective action should be one of accord,
and the faculties of each other should be mutually gratified. It ia
only by such a concert that love is perpetuated and wedlock made an
Elysium.
If the husband or wife have vices, the conduct to be pursued is pe-
culiarly delicate. If it is judicious, the vice may be corrected ; if other-
wise, the habit may become intensified. If the husband is intemperate,
the wife should address his highest sentiments, and not attempt to bring
about repentance and reform by angry reproach, unkind remarks, or
undignified aspersions. No one has a keener sense of his depravity than
the dnmkard, and he is by no means dead to the finer sensibilities,
hence any inhumane treatment, or reproof insulting to inherent dignity,
is not calculated to achieve reformation. He is to be approached .as a
man, his nobility is to be addressed, and his better feelings excited.
He is to be shown that he is none the less loved for his noble qualities,
that aside from his folly he is stUl the being who possesses his wife's
affections, and that only his vice and not he himself is abhorred. It is
only by such a procedure that vices, or a disposition to vice, can be
cured. It is the mild and gentle force that works reform, revolutions
scarcely ever do.
We have now in many aspects considered the prudent course for the
conjugal pair to pursue in search of wedded bliss. We have confined
ourselves merely to their social relation, there yet remains for us to dis-
cuss a not less important subject, namely, that of connubial com-
merce. From what we have already written the inference is plain, that
■we advocate a dignified conduct, benignity of temper, subjection of
anger, co-operation of purpose, etc., etc., and though there may be,
nay, are, many other rocks upon which the matrimonial bark will im-
pinge, the reflective mind wiU be guided in his behavior in eveiy possi-
ble contingency by what we have more lengthily dwelt upon. The
indices to marital happiness are reason, prudence, justice, and equality,
and they who shape their course by them must attain the object. It
shall now be our purpose to consider a subject that is not less impor-
tant, and much less understood. In its discussion we will confine our-
selves to particulars which married people mostly inquire after, and in
which they need the most enlightenment.
The discussion of this delicate relation between the married pair is ne-
cessary, inasmuch as the unprofessional have access to scarcely any work
of standard value and excellence from which they may gather tho
knowledge so indispensable, unless they are fortunate enough to have
the privilege of reading the works of an extensive medical library.
Even if this opportunity is afforded, the tnith is not clearly presented to
them, as such works are intended usually for the professional reader.
I, therefore, am confident that I discharge an important duty, especially
426 THE COMPLETE HERB^VLIST.
as I write particularly for the instruction of the popular mind, in pre-
senting to m^' many readers the philosophy of that rehxtion legitimatized
by maiTiage. In consideration of the subject, I shall employ plain but
decorous language, and attempt to jiresent the facts so that they may
be intelligible to all, and yet not wound any of the finer sensibilities of
my readers. I have previously stated my aim to be merely to afford
instruction to the masses relative to such medical subjects as have never
been capably popularized, but have been, and are yet a theme on which
incompetent charlatans have so ignorantly dwelt upon, and dissemina-
ted so much offensive literature. The medical profession is to blame
for this. If they had not neglected to teach the popular mind the physi-
ology of cohabitation, empirics would have found no market for their
offensive and pernicious works, excejiting, perhaps, among the morally
depraved.
The married, which I positively know from the many opportunities
afforded me in my professional career, are extremely ignorant of the
philosophy and physiology apijcrtaining to the special connubial relation,
and absolutely know nothing of the hygienic limit or period. I know also
that every manied man and woman is extremely anxious to possess
jiroper knowledge. As the access to works of scientific authority is ex-
tremely limited, they are led to accept the teachings of ignorant eiApir-
ics, and thus unwittingly do much that is wrong and hurtful. *The
diffidence characterizing the marital pair to interrogate the family physi-
cian as to the proper course to pursue, also tends to keep them in ignor-
ance. It is only when the abuse of the marital privilege becomes pain-
fully apparent that the physician feels warranted to interpose his cau-
tions, and counsel reform and moderation. This, however, occurs only
in exceptional instances, the great majority are uninformed and unad-
vised, controlled only by self-interfiretation of the right or wrong of
their conduct, or by such information as is commonly possessed by the
heads of families, which is often traditional, and usually faulty in its
conclusions.
To supply, then, in a medical work for general circulation, the proper
instruction as regards the important marital relation alluded to, needs
no further justification, but everj' person actuated by a catholic spirit
will, 1 am sure, deem the discussion eminently appropriate. The under-
lying purpose of wedded association is of greater importance than half
who assume the relation are aware of. Marriage implies much more
than a mere association of the sexes — it is rather an institution devised
by society to regulate cohabitation and the propogation of species in the
best manner. This is the only legitimate purpose of mairiage, as aside
from this relation between the sexes, every other one could be secured
and maintahied without matrimonial ties or obUgations. Any system
of rules or regulations subser\'ing the puipose of controlling this particu-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 427
lar marital relation so as to accord with the best knowu laws of physi-
ology and hygiene, and best adapted for the reqiiirenaents of propoga-
tion of the species, so that offspring will not be recklessly brought into the
world, but calculated to secure to it the highest possible endowment of
all the nobler human qualities, is decidedly the best marriage code. As
an institution, marriage should be governed more by physiological laws
than by statute reg-ulations. and the time may yet come when wilful dis-
regard of physiological laws applicable to the matrimonial association
of the sexes will be regarded as reprehensible or criminal as the viola-
tion of the statute laws governing the institution. It is then quite im-
portant that those in marriage as well as those who contemplate matri-
monial alliance, should possess adequate knowledge of the incumbent
dutieS; contemplate the dijnity and importance of wedlock, endeavor to
promote the grand interests and welfare which the marital pair have at
stake, avoid aniraalization and debasement of the connubial repast, en-
deavor to fitly endow their oif spring, and so conduct themselves through-
out the whole course of wedded association, that they may be rewarded
with all the manifold blessings that should be gained by the grandest
and closest association of human interests, purposes, and hearts.
It should never be forgotten by the married that our passions can be
over-indulged precisely the same as our appetites. Hygiene requires
that our appetites for food or drink should only be appeased to such an
extent as will not create a loathing for that which was eaten or drunk,
upon quitting the repast. If indulgence is carried to such an extent it
amounts to intemperance and will be followed by the usual consequen-
ces of violation of hygienic law. It is precisely so with the marital re-
past : if the relation is assumed too frequently the temperate limit will
be over-reached and hurtful consequences ensue. Excess is not only
deleterious because destructive of the natural tone of the excitement,
generative of nervous disorder, and other hurtful consequences ; it is ex-
tremely apt to engender indifference after a certain period on the part
of either or both of the conjugal pair. By indifference I mean to ex-
press that feeling of insatiety after indulgence, that want of mutual ac-
cord, or sense of unsatisfactory awakening of the emotions, which is
sure to follow excesses. The desires are present but cannot be satisfac-
torily appeased, precisely as an appetite for a certain article or kind of
food remains unsat iated if not within reach to be partaken of. This
condition, directly a sequal to immoderation, is one of the greatest mcen-
tives to adultery. I am well satisfied that this unpardonable violation of
matrimonial trust and fidelity is, in the majority of instances, due to
neglect of observing temperance in the early years of marriage. The
results of coitive mtemperance should thus be strongly inipressed upon
the minds of every one married or contemplating marriage, as by mod-
eration they will surely attain a higher altitude of connubial enjoyment,
428 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
besides avoiding the violation of the highest and purest of all human
trusts which if committed, is irreparably destructive of the integrity of
matrimonial alliance.
The man-ied pair should carefully guard against all excesses. Excess
of connubial commerce is a severe tax to the nervous system, and very
detrimental to health. The class of diseases met with by the physician,
of which the remote cause is immoderation, is scarcely second to none
in frequency. Besides, the orgasm is less profound if the banquet is
too freely partaken of. The physician is frequently asked the question
how often intercourse may be indulged in without injury. To this no
answer can be given with numerical preciseness ; but both sexes pos-
sess an unerring monitor^ whose voice they should promptly heed.
Whenever a sense of exhaustion is felt, after copulation, the violation
of a physiological law is made manifest. No coitive act should be com-
pleted when it requires fatiguing efforts to accomplish it. It is sure to
be followed by exhaustion, and the orgasm is neither elevating or satis-
factory, and apt to generate an inharmony quite antagonistic to the de
signs of nature.
Frequency of indulgence does not only deteriorate the moral tone of
the coitive act, but it often provides the gerniinal agenciea^of serious
diseases. The remote cause of insanity and consumption is not' infre-
quently intemperance in marital union. The children who are the pro-
ducts of the earlier periods of married life, at which time coitive in-
temperance is most f lequently indulged, are more nientally imbecile,
and more i^allid in hue and attenuated in form than those bom at a later
period. This is in consequence, that, sooner or later, the parents are
forced to abstain from excess by the ensuing ruination of health, allow-
ing nature to gather up the shattered powers and assert anew the con-
trol of the organism. In the early years of marriage excesses should
therefore, by no means transpire.
During the period of the catamenial presence, strict continence must
be observed by the conjugal pair. I should not give this caution were
I not aware that in many instances the marital prerogative is thus griev-
ously abused. Propriety and privilege in this respect are particularly at
variance, and duty demands observance of propriety.
During the period of pregnancy the husband's conduct should be char-
acterized by kmducss, forbearance, and encouragement. While the
germ of an immortal being is in her loins, that husband is no more than
a brute, who would in any way neglect her wishes, or refuse to jorn
with her in the st)licitude for its welfare. The expectant mother must
also control every appetite or mental passion that might injure the
precious trust committed to her. The best and noblest thoughts should
occujiy her mind, and the pui-est sentiments prevail in her heart, while
the babe Im hid beneath it, so that her shortconungs aud caprices may
THE COMPLETE HEKBALIST. 429
not be commimicated to the product of her conception. She should be,
and her husband should assist her to be, patient under any weariness or
Borrow belonging to her condition. She should strengthen her heart
against the hour of her labor with the thoughts of joy she shall feel,
when her child shall see the light, and the process of maternity ful-
filled. It is she who bore and in agony gave birth to the link that
unites the parents all the more closely together, and that strengthens
the hymeneal compact. To her the husband owes devotion, allegiance,
and comforting encouragement. He must make her feel that the joys
of maternity are not to be centered entirely in the little helpless babe
nestling in her arms, but also her heart is to be rejoiced in witnessing
the paternal pride of the product of connubial union — the jewel of their
conjoint love. The component parts of the family are then complete, the
husband, the wife, and the child, nothing is wanting but the coupling of
energy and intent, to x)rocure the highest share of human bliss to be ob-
tained on this side of the grave.
The author is prompted, but space will not allow, to give at length
his views upon the management of children. On this point husband
and wife frequently disagree, and the result of the disagreement la
manifested in the child. It is more usually the case that the father
is sterner and firmer than the mother, in whose heart the tender ele-
ments of humanity prevail. It is, however, not necessary to be stem in
the management of children, but an unflinching firmness is at all times
essential, and absolutely necessary in both parents to gain a healthy
control over their children. Firmness must, however, be exhibited in
the same direction, and that direction the right one.
There is a tendency, we think, at the present day to put children too
forward, not so much for the sake of showing ofP their extraordinary
merits to an admiring world, as from the better motive of early accus-
toming them to the conversation of grown people and the usages of
society, and of inspiring them with confidence, ease, and self-possession.
No doubt these results are very valuable, but the mistake which many
people make is in forgetting that children are something like dogs,
which require to be very well trained before they can safely be recom-
mended to the familiarity of strangers. And it is to be remembered
that the moment children cease to respect any of the grown-up people
with whom they associate, not only is the whole benefit of the inter-
course lost at once, but real injury is inflicted on the moral tone of the
child. For this reason children should be brought as little as possible
into the society of men and women who cannot command their respect ;
while those who can, the influence should be hedged round by all the
numerous impalpable barriers which judicious parents know perfectly
well how to interpose between children and the most popular and care-
less of their adult play-fellows. The confidence which well-bred chil-
430 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
dren at once repose in an eligible stranger, without being rude or trouble-
some, is charming to everybodj-, who has any natural taste for their
society. It is not pleasant, on the other hand, to see children who are
shy, timid, and sheepishly speechless in the presence of strangers, but a
confidence and imobtrusive ease of manners can be inspired without
thrusting them constantly into the society of elders.
Closely allied with the mistaken license allowed to children in matters
like the above, is the disposition to laugh at, and thereby to encourage,
all traits of singularity, oddness or affectation, which children may ex-
hibit, as marks of genius which ought not to be repressed. Of all the
dangerous errors into which parents can fall, this, in our opinion, is the
worst. For nothing so soon hardens into second nature as juvenile
eccentricity ; and few things are more injurious to success in life than
marked oddities of manner and gesture when they reach the point of
grotesqueness. The fond parents dote upon the eccentric child as an
original, but the author in this respect agrees perfectly with Mr. Peter
Magnus ; he does not see the necessity of originals. And what is more,
so many " originals " are only sham ones after all. That is to say, their
singularity is merely a bad habit which they can't shake off, ajid is only
very partially innate. \\Tien parents see their child doing anything
unlike other children, anything queer, surprising, or uncouth, however
comic or however clever it may seem, they should never laugh at or
applaud it. Children naturally self-willed, and with real natural pecu-
liarities, can soon be broken of such tricks, if treated with absolute
indifference. But soon let the idea find its way into their brains that
such sallies, naughty though they be, are regarded as marks of genius,
and the mischief is done. It is not necessary that parents should engage
harsh reproof or exhibit anger to correct such pertness or disposition to
oddity, but if approbation is withheld, and probably displeasure shown,
the mischief wUl soon be corrected. Children, like their elders, delight
in approbation, and if they can only secure it by doing what is right
and proper, the inclination to do that which is wrong or displeasing, is
robbed of its greatest incentive.
To come back to the jioint from which we started — the management,
namely, of young children — there is one thing to be laid down : let
there be no divided rule in a house. Do not let children see that
the father means one thing and the mother another in their bringing
up. They see the difference in a moment, and when they do, farewell
to all wholesome parental influence. The starting-point of ruined man-
hood or womanhood, in many cases, is just this diversity of pai'ental
control. That mother urges her child towards destruction who
offers condolence to it, after reproof or correction by the father, no
mattcn- how harsh or cruel it may have been. Such matters must be
corrected by conference, at which the children are not present. She is
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 431
not to show any displeasure at the exercise of authority by the father in
the presence of the child ; if she does, the child's self-will is Ratified by
a mother's alliance, and a certain importance is ^ven to the improper
conduct of the child, which, in accordance with the human liability to
err, is hard to resist. The parents in this respect must be the allies, not
the children with the father and mother.
Husbands and mothers may talk too freely before their children, for-
getful of their rising intelligence. And, indeed, nothing is more com-
mon than to get a wink from the head of the house, implying that you
are to be on your guard before Johnny or Tommy, Kitty or Lucy, who
are Hstening open-mouthed to your witty narrative, while they them-
selves in the next moment will offend against their own precautions in
the most barefaced manner by plunging headlong into your domestic
controversy, in which, to speak metaphorically, knives are freely used
on both sides. Again, parents should be extremely careful in comment-
ing upon the conduct of their neighbors in the society of their children,
or that self-same Tom will at the first opportunity acquaint neigh-
bor Jones that, in the opinion of his father, "he is a confounded old
fool ; " or the same little Kitty will tell Mrs. Robinson that her mother
says she is a "lazy, good-for-nothing woman." Trouncing Tommy or
Kitty for such imprudence is hardly fair, when the fault lies at the door
of the parents. At best, it gives children but a poor example, and in-
stills within them a disrespect of the neighbors, which, probably, they
do not deserve, and which may in later years possibly stand in the
way of individual advancement. Parents, in rearing their children,
have a greater trust than is commonly supposed, and they owe a double
duty — one to the child, and the other to society in general. If the
child is inclined to vice, the fault lies in many cases with the parents,
and the right to thrust upon society either a son or daughter who wdl
constitute but a useless or vicious member thereof, is not properly one
of the privileges of humanity. No man has the right to set at large a
lot of ferocious animals, who, in the exercise of their ferocity, may do
harm to his fellow-men; neither has that parent a moral right to send
adrift in the world sons and daughters, who, in the exercise of the
vicious culture they have received, prove annoying and harmful to their
fellow-beings. There is no deeper stratum of thought in moral econ-
omy than this, and none that receives less attention.
It is to mothers that society and mankind are indebted for its morality
and uprightness. By her efforts the only real work of reformation can
be achieved. The training of chUdren is mainly intrusted to her
hands ; if her dnty is properly performed, the moral tone of society
is to be placed to her credit ; if carelessly and imprudently attended to,
she is the one that is mainly accountable for its vices. It may seem a
cruelty to add to the travails of maternity and to her household duties
432 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
the further responsibility of rearing the moral structure of society ; but
who is to assume it, if she be not the proper person ? The child is, to a
certain age, mainly in her presence alone, and this association cannot be
shirked or changed ; for it is true to a natural law that the mother is to
be the closest companion of her children. It is during this period of
companionship that the foundation of the moral superstructure is to be
laid, and the mother must be the artisan. She may be aided by her
husband and others ; but the chief duty to form and direct is her own,
and the structure she rears, whether good or bad, is her work.
Her duty to her offspring commences at the moment of conception.
'WTiile the product is yet hidden within the confines of her womb she
must have its future welfare at heart, and lend her thoughts only upon
that which is good and noble. She should in her mind select the career
of the child, and that such a one that is characterized by all the noble
qualities, and freedom from vices. Who can gainsay the fact, that when
the babe is assuming its physical character, while yet in the mysterious
depth of the gravid womb, that the mother is not enabled by the purity
of her thoughts and exalted character of her emotions to give it also
the endowment of its moral character ? Who will deny that the trans-
mission of hereditary qualities give the original bias, which subsequent
to birth is hard to overcome ? The law of transmitting talent and yirtue
from mother to child is based on physiological principles, as demcftistra-
ble as material matter. I would then say to every expectant mother :
Let your thoughts be good, your emotions pure, your imaginations
morally exalted ; be brave, be strong, be good, and centre all and only
the purest feelings upon that helpless atom of humanity reposing in
your womb, so that at the hour of your labor you are fortified against
its agony by the consciousness that the babe you usher into the world ia
endowed with qualities, which, by subsequent development and culture,
will enable it, when of proper years, to take its place among the good
and noble of this earth.
Subsequent to birth the mother must continue her efforts. She must
impose barriers against everything that has an tmwholesome influence
on the moral tone of her child. She must not intrust the training of her
precious darlings to nurses or governesses. A mother who reposes the
development of character of her children to salaried persons is prosti'
tuting the high estate of maternity, and sins against Nature and her
God. It is she who must take the hand of the child while yet in its
innocence, and lead it in the path of virtue and truth ; her hand must
remove all the lures and seductive temptations that beset its path, and
she alone must assume the cultivation of its moral nature.
Men may build prisons, asylums, reformatories, create midnight mis-
sions, etc., but refonnation by these means is uncertain, expensive, and
at best very ineffectual. It is the hardened criminal they deal with—
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 433
ouo in whom vice has become the second nature. No real reformation
is accomplished by any such means, none will ever ensue ; and as long
as mothers are not alive to the importance of properly training the pliant
child, vice will increase and baffle every other mode of refonnation.
One wiser than myself has said — " Train up a child in a way he should
go, and when he is old he will not depart from it." The truth of this
is self-evident, and is supported by another, whose figurative language
is equally truthful —
" As the twig is bent the tree 's inclined."
It is, therefore, the mother who must nourish the truth in her arras, so
that when it leaves them it wiU walk strongly forth alone, blessing and
blest of all men.
Advice to the Childless.
The most impressive words in the whole range of language are Father
and Mother. Their full significance is only realized and understood
when the prattling babe stretches out its tiny arms and first lispingly
pronounces the tender words. The heart must, indeed, be dead to all
emotion, which at that moment does not pulsate with pride and exalted
love. The first words taught to it, and the first words learned, are those
tender names, and the proudest moment of the whole of parentage is
when the lesson is learned by, and let fall from, the lips of the smiling
babe. The soul is elevated above material things, the tenderest
chords of love are vibrated, the joys of the world but this one are for-
gotten, and the whole heart embraces but the innocent babe that sprung
from their loins. The entity of the family is incomplete without chil-
dren, and the action of its machinery is unharmonious without those
little wheels. The integrity is faulty in the absence of offspring ; it is
like the pillar of which the capital and pedestal exist, but the shaft is
wanting to give it dignity. The childless family is not a pleasant one
to contemplate ; the husband and wife grow old, but there is no young
life to inspirit them, or to give cheer to their existence. Childless lon-
gevity is at best but a dismal life — there is always an aching void — a
palpable evidence of a lacking integer. Barrenness is a condition from
which every woman instinctively recoils. The desire for children may
or may not be entertained, yet to know that she is incapable of mother-
hood is to know that she is lacking in the most important element of
womanhood. It is a physical condition abhorrent to every female, be-
cause she feels that she is beneath the dignity that distinctively charac-
terizes her sex. Motherhood is the ideal state of womanhood, and the
yearning for maternity is one born of nature. The woman in whose
bosom such a desire makes no response is unworthy of her sex, and she
deserves none of the elevated joys and honor which woman is sent here
19 ^o
434 THE COMPLETE nERBALIST.
to achieve, and she Tvill reap none. It is the highest honor her sex can
reach, as productiveness entitles her to the prond position of one of the
prime factors in the propagation of species.
None but physicians know how great the desire for children is in
those whose married life has been passed for some time without issue.
To them the secret yearnings of their hearts is intrusted, and to their
confidence is reposed the animated impulse that is ceaselessly throbbing
in the bosom of those whose hearth-stone is desolate, and around which
gathers not a child. The outside world may not know of the jjainful
vacancy that is ever confronting them, nor the despair that has posses-
sion of their hearts ; but the physician, to whose skill they so earnestly
.appeal to accomplish the realizatian of their hope, is ever, and probably
the only confidante. He alone knows the elevation of spirits, the fulness
of pride, and the intensity of satisfaction that is manifested if he has
removed the barrier to productiveness, and that the process of mater-
nity is in progress. But let him say that the barriers to conception are
insuperable, it causes a painful despondency, and that exquisite anguish
resulting from unappeased yearnings of the soul. It is, ^however, a
providential ordination that few women are hopeles-sly barren, iind but
few men unprocrcative. Circumstances may for a certain tims make
them practically unproductive, but such a physical condition can in
almost every case be removed by consistent treatment, and by observing
such measures and precautions tending to promote fruitfulness. The
causes of childlessness with certain married parties are various. It may
be due to defonnities of the womb. Fallopian tubes, and ovaries of the
female ; or testes, spermatic cord, and of the male organ. The patho-
logical conditions are many, which occur in both sexes, that produce
barrenness, while in some cases the anatomy of the parts render con-
ception and child-bearing utterly impossible. It may be caused by
stricture of the womb and Fallopian tubes, misplacement of the tubes,
adhesions of the uterine walls, etc. , etc. , or through malformation, as
occlusion of the vagina, etc. It may also be due to degeneracy of the
testes of the male, epispadias, hypospadias, etc. Conception may also
temporarily be prevented by iiterine and ovarian diseases, or to a dis-
eased condition of the spermatozoids of the male semen. Unproduc-
tiveness is frequently due to a devitalized condition of those animalcu-
loids, in which state they have no fecvindating properties. Sterility,
dependent upon some vicious conformation of the genital organs of
either sex, ajjparent or concealed, is called absolute. Infecundity, due
to the conditions already enumerated, are absolute causes of sterility,
and can only be removed by medical treatment, which in most cases, if
of a rational and appropriate character, can effectually be accomplished.
Wlion a female does not conceive with one individual, but has or may
with another, the condition is called relativt sterility. Relative infecuu-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 435
dity is frequently met with, and in many cases presents sucTi features
that the atociac condition cannot be overcome without calling to aid
artificial means. It is often observed that a woman in her second mar-
riage is sterile who in her first marriage was prolific in offspring ; again,
the widower in his first marriage gave evidence of fecundating power,
but in his second alliance no impregnation ensues. Absolute and relative
sterility may exist at the same time, thus a female may be married to
a man who is physically incapable of impregnating her, yet at the same
time the conformation of her genital organs may be such as to render
her absolutely sterile. It is therefore necessary in all cases of sterility
to fully investigate the causes, both absolute and relative. Sterility in
some females is often dependent upon a condition of the womb charac-
terized by membranous menstruation. Conception is prevented in
such cases by devitalization of the semen by the vitiated secretion and
discharges from the uterine surface. In all cases of absolute sterility,
medical treatment offers the only hope of obliteration of the causes.
The diseases of the female genitalia which are causative of infecundity
must be treated as required by their pathological character ; and it is
necessary that such treatment should be admirably adapted to the con-
ditions of the case, and most carefully instituted. Such cases should
only be intrusted to physicians who by skill and experience have the
requisite ability, and who are conversant wdth the precautions that
studiously are to be observed. Improper treatment is exceedingly apt to
render sterility an irremediable condition, which under rational treat-
ment would have resulted in the removal of all the barriers to impreg-
nation. If the cause lies in the male, whose formative material ia
devitalized by a diseased condition of the fabricating organs, seminifer-
ous ducts, or seminal vesicles, medical treatment likewise is the only
means of making the p^" tient procreative. The male often renders him-
self powerless to procreate by imprudence or various excesses, in
which case the semen is not fully organized and deficient in procreative
elements. All these varied conditions of husband and wife contributing
to childlessness are mainly remediable, so that under the care of an
intelligent jihysician parentage to them is not always a forlorn hope.
The prospect for issue is favorable in most cases under rational treat-
ment, hence the gloom of the childless need not be perpetual if they but
employ the counsel and aid of the competent physician. Neglect of so
important a duty is very common, the conjugal pair stolidly agreeing
that their childless state is owing to Divine ordinance, little dreaming
that their un])roductive union is in opposition to the requirements of
the Deity, and that the fault of non-conception is due to incapacity and
not to dispensation.
Relative sterility is not amenable to medical treatment. The most
pommon cause of infecundity of this character is the want of adaptation
436 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
or fitness of the genital organs of the conjugal pair to each other. This
want of adaptation is a very frequent cause of sterilty, and should receive
proper attention by the medical man to whom is intrusted the rectifica-
tion of an unproductive union. Of itself, inadaptation may not be the
cause of the atociac condition, but when associated with an atonic con-
dition of tlie uterus, procreation rarely, if ever, ensues. It will not be
necessary for me to detail the various forms of inadaptation, as the con-
sideration of such causes of sterility more immediately concerns the
medical attendant, but it is quite appropriate to make allusion to such
causes, as the childless very properly desire information relative to all
possible conditions hindering fructification. Self -treatment is not to be
thought of ; but a proper knowledge of all the physiological or anatomical
causes of sterility should be possessed l)y all in conjugal association, espe-
cially by those who have not as yet attained the full measure of matri-
monial enjoyment, by reason of an exceptional provision of fate by which
their union is left without the graces and endearments of childhood.
One of the most common causes of barrenness is unquestionably what
has been already alluded to, atony of the womb or appendages "j^n fact
some pathological condition of the reproductive organs of the female is, in
the large majority of cases, the sole cause. Uterine atony, or intonifcity of
the womb, may be of every degree of intensity — ranging from a slight
feebleness to complete exhaustion — the latter condition being known as
paralysis of the womb. This atonic state is owing not to any structural
or organic disease of the womb itself, but is merely a secondary patho-
logical condition, the actual seat of the disorder being in the sacral
plexus, or that nervous net-work sitvxated near the sacrum, from which
the genital organs receive their nervous supply. A jjaralyzed condition
of the womb is aptly illustrated by a paralyzed arm or leg ; the loss of
natural power, motion, or functions resulting from a diseased condition
of some cerebral or spinal nei-ve-centrc, and not from any morbid condi-
tion of the part affected. In all cases, therefore, where the cause of
st(;rility has been ascertained to be uteruie paralysis, the proper treatment
is to restore the tonic powers of the sacral plexus. This is best accom-
plished by the intelligent application of the electric or galvanic current,
or by the emplo3'ment of the appropriate cerebro-sjiinal tonics and other
medicinal agents. The treatment is, however, to be intrusted to careful,
able, and experienced phy.sicians.
The physiological function of the womb, favoring the transmission of
the male fonnative material from the os uteri to the ovarium, is a certain
suction power or intro-staltic motion. This is accomplished by short and
wave-like contractions upward of the uterine muscles. In a paralyzed
condition of the womb, which is usually of a chronic character, there is
a complete absence of this uterine motion, and consequently the respec-
tive formative materiaLi necessary for procreation never come in contact
THE COMPLETE HETRBALIST. 437
Membranous menstruation has already been stated as one of the
causes of sterility. This painful affection is characterized by either
partial or complete denudation of the uterine cavity of its mucous cov-
ering at each menstrual period, leaving the uterine walls in an abraded
condition, entirely unfitted for the purposes of gestation. Conception
may, however, take place in these cases, but at the arrival of the first
period for the occurrence of the menstrual exacerbation, the placenta
and membranes are dislodged with the mucous membrane.
The childless wife will note that a pathological or abnormal condition
of her pelvic organs is relatively the most frequent cause of sterility, all
of the affections being characterized by more or less gravity and requir-
ing the mofit appropriate and energetic treatment in order to restore the
organs to health, and at the same time establish functional integrity and
maternal capacity. As most of the.se uterine affections result from a
wilful disregard of the laws of health, slavish obedience to the behests
of fashion, and bad habits in general, the author hopes that all females,
married or unmarried, who properly appreciate the grandeur of woman-
hood and motherhood will not wilfully violate physiological law, but
strenously endeavor to preserve uterine health and integrity of the
maternal capacity.
Congenital phymosis is a condition of the male organ depriving him
of procreative power in nearly every instance. The intervention of the
prepiice in this case arrests the ejaculatory force of the seminal expen-
diture, preventing impulsion into the womb. This deformity is easily
obliterated by a surgical operation, which is very frequently iierformed
in my office. It causes but little pain, no inconvenience, and heals
rapidly. Circumcision among the Jews is a custom having for its
object the removal of this frequent obstacle to multiplication, as exist-
ing in the male. Infecundity, especially iti the earlier years of marriage,
is often a consequence of exhaustion, induced by improper excesses.
Intemperate indulgence often renders both husband and wife sterile.
The semen must, in order to have procreative perfection, necessarily
remain in the seminal vesicles for a certain time, where its i^rocreative
qualities are fully developed. After its escape from the vesicles, it fur-
ther receives the intermixture of prostatic fluid, liquefying it to the
proper consistence for easy propulsion into the uterine ca\"ity. Marital
excess is therefore preventive of full procreative quality of the semen.
Excessive indulgence on the part of the wife causes a feebleness of
peristaltic motion of the uterine muscles, or, as it may be otherwise
tenned. the suction power of the womb. I'ecbleness of the upward
propelling forces of the womb and Fallopian tubes is caused by the
excesses alluded to, and hence, if even the semen is introduced
within the uterine embrace, the absence of retentive power allows its
escape through the mouth of the womb. Sterility from such cause can
438 THE cojirLETB herbalist.
only be overcome by the observance of moderation by the conjugal pair,
and in most cases restorative medical treatment becomes also a neces-
sity.
The most susceptible period for the occurrence of conception is im-
mediately after the complete cessation of the menstrual tlow. ' This
susceptibility continues for eight or ten days, but is necessarily greatest
at an early period after the menstrual discharge. The menstrual flow
h\ its discharge carries away all obstructions that exist in the mouth of
the womb, thus facilitating intro-propulsion of the semen, and the
womb at that period has also its greatest tonic power. It is, however,
not to be supposed that conception will not take place at the period just
preceding the menstrual flow ; on the contrary, it may occur at any
period between the cessation and onset of the catarnenial discharge.
It will thus be seen that many causes, both absolute and relative, tend
to sterility. In but few cases, however, is sterility a fixed fact, or an
irremediable condition. The greatest triumphs achieved by the medi-
cal profession were in the study of the causes of sterility, and the best
means for their removal. No phj'sician, alive to the importance and
exalted character of his callmg, should neglect the study of the subject ;
on the contrary, he should be conversant vsith all the pathological fea-
tures sterility presents, and.be able to intelligently ascertain the^Jauses.
An important trust is confided to his professional care ; the iiftensest
longing capable of the human heart depends upon his skill, either to be
appeased or unrequited. Professional acumen is in no respect more
essential than in this, and the medical counsellor, unworthy of the trust
by reason of imperfect knowledge of the subject, does a grievous wrong
by attempting treatment, or venturing decisive advice. The childless
pair should at all times seek the most intelligent counsel and most com-
petent treatment, and not allow themselves to become victims of de-
spondency before they have made such a definite attempt.
The author has devoted much time and .study upon this subject, feel-
ing that no greater field of usefulness is presented to the physician for
tl'.e exercise of his skill and professional attainments. The success at-
tained in this sphere of professional activity has only been gained at the
expense of laborious study and by the advantages conferred by exten-
sive practice. Competence can only be gained by study and experience
in every subject of intelligtjnce— proficiency being only the reward of
intellectual labor and opportunity'for exercise of the secured knowledge.
The author will gladly give advice to those to whom this chapter re-
fers, being justified by previous success and long professional experience
to give pi-oper and definite ad. ice and appropriate treatment. Those
desiring to avail themselves of such an opportunity are referred to page
390 for guidance as to the proper information to submit for my consider-
atiou.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Impotence op the Ma.le.
439
By this is generally considered the inability to engage in the virile
act. It essentially signifies a loss of the virile powers. Irapotency may
be either partial or complete, and, like sterility, absolitt-e, and relative.
The term impotence is fretjuently used synouomously with sterility ;
but, as sterility has been considered in another place, we shall discuss
the subject in this placer only in the sense implying loss of capacity.
The loss of virile power is owing to a variety of causes. The process
of loss in idiopathic cases is usually slow, though in some cases inviri-
lity ensues quite rapidly. When due to traumatic causes virile power
is lost synchronously with the occurrence of the injury. Impotence
usually follows injuries received by the spine and base of the brain, but
in these cases the loss is not of itself a pathological disorder, but essen-
tially symptomatic of the injury.
The most common cause of impotence is nervous debility, apparent
or concealed and unsuspected. It is the usual sequel to that disease, if
it is allowed an unchecked career, manifesting itself at first by a slight
incapacity, but which gradually progresses until finally the virile power
is completely lost. That impotence is the inevitable result to nervous
debility is quite natural, the ceaseless waste of such a vital element of
the male economy as semen can have no other finality. The general
disturbance of the nervous system caused by involuntary spermatic
losses is manifested first in the virile organs, as the erectile property of
the organ, purely a nervous phenomenon, and consequently any func-
tion so directly under the control of nervous power as the erectile
quality, is the one first to succumb to nervous disorganization. Impo-
tence in such cases is, therefore, due to feebleness or insufficieucy of
the nervous stimuli necessary to provoke a copulative aspect of the
male organ. This condition of invirility is also caused by immoderate
indulgence, the pathological disorder produced being in all respects the
same as that following seminal incontinence, though as a general thing
masculine power is lost less rapidly.
Spinal and cerebral diseases are usually associated with a low condi-
tion of the virUe jiower. This manifestation is quite in accordance with
the physiological laws governing the virile functions, as it will be re-
membered that the nervous supply that the organs of generation receive
is the pudental nerve, which arises from the sacral plexus. This nerve
and branches afford the requisite stimuli necessary to promote conges-
tion of the organ, which phenomenon constitutes an erection. The
brain gives the necessary sensory stimulus, without which the nerves
are not excited to action. Phrenologists place amativeness in the lower
lobe of the cerebellum, bat it is quite probable that its locality, though
most evidently in the Ijaso of the brain, is not in that situation, as
440 TI!E COMPLKTE HERRALIST,
analogy will not comport with ench a view. Observation teaches that
the chanticleer is the most amorous of animals, yet anatomists find no
lower lobe of the cerebellum in the brain of the fowl. External violence,
however, upon the sacral and occipital regions usually cause virile im-
becility, and hence we know that a healthy condition of the base of the
brain and sacral plexus is necessary to the existence of viiility. Dis-
eases, excessive study, intemperate use of tobacco, violent and prolonged
grief, etc., are therefore causes of impotency, from the fact that the
cerebnd disorganization which follows produces inertia of the nervous
stimuli. Apoplexy is also a cavise of temporary impotence, in conse-
quence of the paralysis of the sacral plexus ensuing. It is therefore
vitally important that in the consideration of any case of impotence every
predisposing cause should receive attention, so that restorative efforts
axe based upon correct principles. No pathological condition requires
such nicety of treatment as impotence, and none that will so readily be
remedied if the medication is thoroughly adapted to the case. Although
impotence is the usual concomitant to long-continued seminal losses,
my experience teaches me that a fair proportion of impotent cases are
the results of habits and practices which are perfectly legitnnate, and
to which no shadow of blame or disgrace can be proijerly attached. It
is a well-established fact that too much mental apjilication, als* con-
stant confinement within doors in a vitiated atmosphere, or habitual or
sudden exposure to heats and colds, or the destroying intluences of
t;.xtreun! grief and care, will produce all the evil effects upon the mental
and physical organization that are caused by and attributed to solitary
habits. Nervous debility, which is quite a common and comprehensive
name for all failures of the intellectual or physical organs or faculties
to perform their functions properly, is originated and nurtured, in both
sexes, by a variety of causes as countless as the leaves of the forest.
Consequently, people should not be backward about making their de-
ficiencies of mind or body known to physicians in such a clear and
confidential way as to secure to them the full restoration of their
normal health and vigor. Any course of life which is inordinately
irksome or, involves heavy tasks, is liable to cause the loss of virile
power, or especially in middle age, impotency, which is the aggravated
form of the .same difficulty. Thus we find that clergymen, merchants,
book-keepers, literary workers, men who are overtaxed by care and
labor, lawyers, judges, boys confined too closely at school, young men
who .seldom take out-of-door exercise, clerks, heads of public depart-
ments, and all others who are constantly wearing and tearii:g both mind
and body withoxit seeking the neutralizing aid of rent, amusement, and
change of scene, are subjected to some of the numerous ills developed
in disabilities and incapabilities which impose untold suffering. These
ills are the inheritance of everybody physicaUy and mentally over-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 441
worked, no matter in what capacity they may labor. It is to be la-
mented that many of these innocent individuals, from the fear of being
charged with guilt, suifer long years in silence when the trulj' judicioua
course is to engage medical aid as soon as the fact becomes known.
The old-class physicians have used the most powerful minerals within
their reach, and, with the earnest and honest desire to do good, have
accompli.shed much that has been of tem/porary benefit. But the
reaction from the use of these minerals has been, in all instances, of a
non-curative character, the patient purchasing for temporary enjoyment
many after-years of incapacity and local weakness.
There is nothing so discomforting to man as the loss of virile power.
He may not be a sensual being, yet manhood is a pride to him, the
possession of which is always a gratifying knowledge. Impotence im-
plies more than mere virile imbecility, it signifies also a loss of vigor
and elasticity of the whole organism, and a gloomy state and impair-
ment of the mental faculties. It has elsewhere been observed that the
well-being of the whole economy is greatly dependent upon healthy
genitalia ; and mental composure, vitality and acuteness of intellect,
graceful and easy manners, etc., are no less independent of the virile
faculties. Impotency is, therefore, always a deplorable condition, and
he who permits himself to be long without the legacy of virility, com-
mits a great injury upon his own personal welfare, and places but a
poor value upon the choice powers of manhood. Man without virile
power is an anomaly ; he has lost his status of sex, and is practically a
eunuch as long as the unmanly condition is tolerated. There is a
higlier motive in possession of virile power than the ability to gratify
amorous passion. If that alone gave chief value to virility, its loss would
be but inconsiderate, but as we have seen that vigorous manhood is
consonant to vitality of the mental and physical economies, it gains a
value not to be despised, but greatly cherished, even by the most
continent and virtuous men. Healthy functions of the genital organs
are as requisite to the integiity of the whole organism as healthy
functional action of the thoracic and abdominal organs, and any derange-
ment of the pelvic organs is capable of precisely as much, if not more
disorganization of the general health as a disordered digestive or circu-
latory apparatus. I will close the consideration of this subject by
inviting all those who are deficient in masculine tone or caimcity to call
on me in person or consult me by letter. (See page 385.)
The PHiLosopnY op Generation.
The greatness, importance, and responsibility of the marital relation
are but improperly appreciated and understood by the majority of males
and females who enter into that relation. There is a momentous duty
to be performed, far more iiiij)ortant than those generally supposed to be
442 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
incximbcnt upon husband and wife. We have in other places considered
the more general duties devolving upon husband and wife to be dis-
charged ; we win in this place dwell upon a subject which of all others
pertaining to the conjugal association of the sexes is the most important,
and which- as a duty is more universally neglected and improperly
performed becau.se the principles and laws governing generation are bufc
imperfectly understood or not at all. The precise question relative
to generation which we purpose to discuss is the transmission to chil-
dren of the best possible mental, physical and moral attainments.
We have in another part of this work stated that the legitimate ob-
ject of marriage is to legalize the sexual covenant, and to confine it
within a healthful and moral atmosphere. This is not only the legitimate,
but technically it is the only aspect of which the law takes cognizance.
Such a congress is, therefore, legal between a male and female who have
been bound together in wedlock. This is all right and proper ; but not
by mere legalized association can the welfare of the race be best ad-
vanced or secured. The distinguishment of animal creation into
two sexes was only designed by Nature for one purpose — the multipli-
cation of species ; but it never was the purpose of Nature that the sexes
should indiscriminately associate, or that the intent and design of, ^nulti-
plication would be fitly subserved in all cases by merely allowing any male
to covenant with any female, iirespective of .selection. In the lo\\"tr ani-
mals this is avoided by instinct, but in man the restraint is given by the
higher impulses of reason. Yet, notwithstanding this high quality in man,
the purpose of Nature is often defeated or controverted by wilful dis-
regard of the promptings of an innate intelHgence or disobedience to
what is known as physiological law.
The first requisite is circumspect marriage. Without the marital
union of eligible parties human progress would be slow, or unpromising.
A cir<;umspect marriage tends, however, to bring into conjugal union
the more highly endowed male with the more highly endowed female ;
or, in other words, the bext man would marry only the befit woman. The
man having highly developed physical, mental, and moral, faculties would
only be content in marrying a vvomau with similarly developed faculties,
and in such a union we have the basis for highly endowed oiispring.
In another essay are given the precautions candidates should observe
prior to consummating marriage, and if the instructions therein given
should be heeded, unfit marriages would be of rarer occurrence.
But in marriage, proper or improper, a duty has to be performed,
neglect of which is sinning against the welfare of the whole race.
The aim of all mamed people should be the bringing into the world of
healthy children, not physically only, but mentally and morally also.
The great<:st achievement and proudest monument of parentage is in
giving to the world such oiispring as will act well their part in the great
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 443
drama of life. ITow is it to be done ? Can parents so regulate the gea-
tatory process as to give their children at birth the heritage of physical
excellence, large mental capacity, and superior moral disposition ? As-
suredly they can ; it requires but willingness and effort in the right di-
rection. The mother who imparts to the being hid away in her loins
her personal features, her disposition, etc., can impart much more by
proper effort. The father, from whom the male formative material is
received, can do much for the welfare of that being evolved from that
material. For all that it is, the cliild is indebted to either one of the
parents; from them is received the human qualities it possesses or ex-
hibits. Subsequent care, training, and education may do much, but the
original bias is received within the confines of the womb.
Not much need be said as to the transmission of mental superiority
to children. If the parents are intelligent and educated, the children
will also have large mental capacity. Subsequent mental training will
serve to give offspring that mental culture which in the present pro-
gressive period of the human race each individual being should possess.
Intelligence, not ignorance, now holds sway ; and no one can harnaoni-
ously glide along with the current of human progress without a cultiva-
ted mind. If mothers, therefore, have tastes for the intellectual pur-
suits, let them not abandon them while another life is developing.
The transmission of moral qualities is more readily accomplished. To
what extent they can be transmitted is not readily definable, but it is a
well-settled fact in psychology that the moral habit readily <lescends
from parent to child. This fact is exemplified in the history of nearly
every family, for in nearly every case the moral tone of the children
represents that of the parents, at least as far as disposition is concerned.
Vicious association may destroy the moral tone, even if the disposition
is unfavorable ; but when the disposition is favorable to moral excellence
the inclination to vice is strongly curbed, and moral degeneration is not
so easily effected, even if the child is surrounded by all the allursments
of vice. On the mother, then, a high duty rests — she is chargeable with
the moral tone of society, not by neglecting the supervision of the moral
faculties of her born children so much as by indifference when a
human soul is undergoing intra-uteriue development. Motherhood
comes to many most unwelcomely ; the trials and cares incident to it are
not favorably regarded ;. but there are few women in whom the mater-
nal instinct is so deficient that they would, with sheer malice, endeavor
to give birth to a babe so weighted with the destiny of a bad organiza-
tion, as to make them through life utterly insensible to all the moral re-
lations of life. Yet such a legacy is completely within the power of a
mother to give. If she is not elevated by purity of thought and of ac-
tion, if not ennobled by intensity of maternal feeling, and if not actu-
ated by constant solicitude for the welfare of her unborn babe, the or-
444 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
ganization of the child will be unquestionably vicious. She should re-
member that the child in uterine life has no blood but that of its
mother; all that courses through its veins and arteries also courses
through the blood-vessels of the mother. How important it is then for
mothers to guard against everything calculated to disturb the harmony
and regularity of tbe vascular current !
The child in utero is technically but an appendage or parasite, over
A\hich the maternal mind and body exerts a marked influence; conse-
quently, if mothers in the pregnant state pay heed to the moral relations
of life, curb for the time any evil disposition they may have, take pleasure
only in that which is pure and uiuight — in short, lead a blameless moral
life — they will most surely be blest with offspring in whom the disposi-
tion will be kind and the moral tone exalted. Let me then say to expect-
ant mothers : enlighten and elevate the moral sentiments, exercise desir-
able talents, cultivate beautiful qualities ; for if you do, they wUl certam-
ly bloom in great brilliancy in your children and children's children. So,
too, if there exists among the subtleties of your character any dark
spot, exert all your moral strength in order to eradicate it. Surround
the gi'owiug soul with good influences ; cultivate all noble impulse, all
holy aspirations ; breathe into the opening flower, by the magic pOwer
of a mother's love, such knowledge and moral legacy as will prepiire it
for the world in all its antagonisms ; and you will see in the final fruit
the rewaid for all your care, self-denial, and self -abnegation. Husbands
must learn to recognize this supreme power of their wives over the
ante-natal life (both mental and physical), and they must observe such
a line of conduct as not to frustrate any endeavor to exercise it rightly,
but should give them the best possible conditions to improve it.
How can parents have healthy children ? This is a question of such
significant importance to married people that it should engage their
most earnest thought and liveliest interest, for parents can by judicioua
care and careful practice endow their offspring with most excellent phy-
sical vigor. To effect this it is only necessary that they should them-
selves be healthy, or to render inert by proper medication the tendency
of transmission of any infirmity or disease with which they maj- them-
selves be alllicted. The most potential cause of degenerate health in
offspring is the ruinous effect of nervous debility. Any male who previ-
ous to marriage practised .self-abuse, and who married while suffer-
ing from the effects of such a pernicious habit, cannot furnish for
the purjjo.ses of generation such perfection of formative material as
will insure full health in the being that evolves therefrom. The seminal
liquid is diseased, and carries with it the germs of low vitality and
poverty of jihysical endurance or capacity. For this reason the author
discountenances marriage m those who by youthful errors induced
the iuvoluutaiy expeudituro of aouieu, because that affection destroys
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 445
the instinct of propagation, and renders the sufferer incapable or unfit
to afford such formative material as will result in healthy products of
conception. I therefore adjure all these suffering from this infirmity
not to marry until by proper and skilful treatment a healthy integiity
of the organs is fully re-established. If those who are married suffer
from the unmanly losses of semen, they shoidd by all means make early
endeavors to have their manhood restored in all its fulness. Tho.se who
are partially impotent should not neglect to secure the required treat-
ment— such as will restore virile vigor and healthy procreating power.
Medical treatment is of the greatest importance, and, assuredly, it is
only those who have fidl manly vigor and integrity that can hope for
healthy offspring. It is scarcely an allowable exercise of privilege for
any male to marry if suffering from the effects of indiscretions, as it is
well known to every plij'siologist that procreative capacity is lessened
thereby, and off.sjjiing usually of feeble mind and body and low moral
tone. Let all such sufferers then fully appreciate the responsibility of
the married state, and only enter its portals with healthy genital organs
and proper virile capacity. This advice should be heeded by all who
properly estimate marital eligibility. Their first duty is to engage the
services of a competent physician, who will by proper treatment restore
the proper integrity of the organs, impart the required vigor, and secure
the necessary conditions for healthy propagation.
Eligibility for motherhood requires full integrity of womanhood. No
liealthy babe can be born if its ante-natal life is jiassed in a diseased uter-
ine cavity. Women suffering from iuilammation or ulceration of the
mucous membrane lining the uterine cavity cannot possibly give birth
to a healthy child. It Ls then a high duty for all wives to make all po.s-
sible effort to become sexually healthy, and if they have the prudence
to engage the proper herbal treatment they will certainly regain the re-
quired feminine vigor and motherhood will be a blessing instead of a
curse.
Proper treatment will even avert the transmission of scrofula, epi-
lepsy, consumption, and other diseases capable of hereditation. This
must be given while the child is developing within the uterine cavity.
The disease in the parent may not be cured, but rational treatment,
under the guidance of a skillful physician, can so modify the gestatory
process as to effectually prevent the child from being born with a simi-
lar diathesis.
This subject is one of the most important within the whole range of
medicine, and should engage the interest of all ; it concerns not only in-
dividual welfare, but the health and the mental and moral well-being
of the whole human race.
The author gladly gives advice to those who may need counsel or
treatment. Parents who submit their cases for my consideration will
446 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
be fully advised what course should be pvirsued. All communications
held inviolably secret. (Sec page o8a i'or guidance as to consultation.)
Divorce.
This implies the separation of the married pah:, by legal dissolution
of the matrimonial bonds. Divorces are most commonly given by the
courts for causes occurring after marriage ; but jurists, in treating upon
this subject, also include those causes by which a marriage may be ren-
dered nuU upon antecedent grounds; as where a marriage was accom-
plished by forcible or fraudulent means, or where, in consequence of
near consanguinity, the act of cohabitation between the pair is by law
considered incestuous. Where a physical incapacity for marriage pre-
vails in one of the parties, divorces are usually granted by nearly all
courts, provided such an incapacity existed previous to marriage.
It is not our purpose, however, to discuss the subject in its legal
aspect, however interesting it might be, but to consider it rather in its
popular sense. It is not within the province of the medical writer to
consider the subject relative to its legal bearings, though he may with
propriety give the subject the attention it claims with reference to abuse
of the marital privilege. There are practically many divorces between
husbands and wives, of which the law takes no cognizance, and for
causes for which no court would grant a dispensation. The author is
fully aware that the divorce laws are not any too stringent, and probably
too facile in many commonwealths ; but, while he is by no means in
favor of easy divorce laws, he is ready to admit that the strong hand of
the law sometimes is not waved to the side of justice, but inflicts in-
tolerable anguish by enforcing a matrimonial existence which in its
very nature is adverse to the veiy spirit and essence of matrimony.
It is practically divorcing the marriage tie when mutual love no longer
characterizes the union. The only bond that unites and that makes the
imion an inseparable one is love, and not the mere formal ceremony of
espousal. The law, however, does not and cannot recognize anything
but the vinculum mutrlmonii as binding, but the philosopher delves
deeper, and while he does not dispute the necessity of legal ceremonies,
he nevertheless knows that marriage is in its very essence not such a
union as defined by law, but a linking of affections, a union of souls and
hearts. Marriage is practically annulled when love is no longer the
cord of union ; without mutual affection the association becomes in-
tolerable, the higher purposes of the tie are defeated, and the sacred
precinct is invaded by elements foreign to the psychical character of the
marital atmosphere. Law can, however, not remedy this ; the candi-
dates for marriage must, as before advised, exercise such precautions,
that they may not deceive themselves, and only form a matrimonial
alliance that augurs a congenial wedded life. Divorces cannot be
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 447'
granted for uncongeniality, provided no actual infringement of the mar-
riage bond has been committed, and cannot extend a dispensation
because married life is loveless. Abuse of its privileges would follow,
and divorce laws should therefore of necessity be stringent, so that
marriages be not recklessly contracted, and obliging intended union to
be the result of guarded and careful deliberation, as it is easier to prevent
mistakes than to rectify them. Neghgence of consulting the better
knowledge brings its own reward, and, however intolerable the punish-
ment, a separation cannot ensue by virtue of law. Humanity would
grant the dissolution of the tie, but the purity and purpose of law must
be protected. Strmgency must shield it from disgrace, or the possible
chance of its becoming the agent whereby injury may be done, or flagrant
violations of matrimonial duty may be prompted by its laxity. Every
candidate should lose sight of every consideration except that of happi-
ness in married life, and see that no one can exclaim
" She (or he) whom the law calls youra,
Is by her (or his) love made mine."
In nearly all courts, adultery is sufficient cause for divorce, and very
properly so. It is the most heinous violation of the duty and trust at-
tached to a conjugal union. Everything besides pales in comparison
with adultery in the enormity of its malfeasance in the marital sphere.
It is such a flagrant abuse of duty and fidelity that the conjugal pair
owe to each other, that it has even been recognized by divine law as
sufficient cause for divorce, and as long as civilization has a foothold,
and morality considered a virtue, so long will adultery be regarded
subversive to the integrity of the conjugal union. It is a crime ad-
mitting of no extenuation, and incapable of condonement by the
morally upright or the virtuous pure. It is the brand that inflames the
worst passions in the one who has thus been injured and disgraced by
his or her conjugal associate, surely engendering hate and detestation if
the proper value is placed upon marital loyalty. The bubble that has
just burst is as easily reconstructed as to again establi.sh confidence,
peace and happiness in that family, of which either the husband or
wife has sinned. The wound is incurable, and prolongation of the
wedded association only aggravates. Therefore, the only remedy is a
legal separation from the one who has proved so unworthy of marital
trust. It is not enough that the husband and wife should be guiltless
of adultery, but their conduct must be such as to arouse no suspicion
of neighbors or others. The conduct must be so guarded that loyalty
is not doubted, but manifested even under circumstances where the
liability to err is great, so that fidelity is established, and suspicion dis-
armed.
That wife, who, by her conduct in society, or in her social intercourse
448 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
with other men, brings upon her mistrust, and who provokes public
Bcandal by her vagaries and lax conduct, actually debauches her hus-
band's good name, and does him as much injury as she would were she
giiilty of adultery. She may never have committed the act, and prob-
ably never would, but her deportment is such as to lead observers
to the opinion that she would prove disloyal if circumstances favored,
thereby committing a gi'ievous wrong, and staining the honor and good
name of her husband to an unwarrantable extent. The man that
brings to his bride the legacy of honor and respectability is greatly in-
jured if she by her immoral conduct begets the suspicion as to loyalty
of his friends and neighbors, and she is unworthy of his love and pro-
tection if she so far forgets her duty as bring a stain upon his character
by her own imprudence. She is guilty of adulterous proclivities, which
should be considered sufficient cause for divorce, even if adultery
cannot be proven. On the other hand, the husband, who by improper
behavior in company, is so unguarded as to be suspected for his loyalty
and attachment to his wife, is unworthy of her, and cannot, justify his
conduct by even the most liberal interpretation of the marriage contract.
It would, unquestionably, be well if the law would recognize conduct
that suggests an adulterous proclivity as sufficient for divorce, e'^n if
adultery jwr se cotdd not be proven, as it would most probably have a
sahitary effect in counteracting the tendency to the degeneracy of
modern free-loveism.
The cry of many wives of the present day, who think that their duty
to society is pai'amouut to the duty they owe to their husbands is —
Would j'ou exclude us from society ? Am I to be imprisoned in the home
you afford me and not be allowed to receive my friends, or to mingle
again with society V No, not at all ; the seclusivism of the harem is not
calculated to promote the best interests of conjugal life ; but it is to be
insisted upon that when wives are in society their conduct should be so
dignified, so hedged in with propriety, that their reputation remaina
unsullied, that the most suspicious need not suspect, and that the liber-
tine is given no opportunity to make his offensive proposals, nor his
heart gratified by a passive submission to his lascivious conversation,
looks, and hints. Ctesar claimed not too much in his requirements of a
wife — she should m all respects be above suspicion. The wife's greatest
pride should be the observance of such a line of conduct as meets her hus-
band's approval. All her actions should be characterized by purity and
fid(!lity, and no cause should be given for unpleasant comment. Such
noble wives are denominated the oppressed, the slaves of men, etc., etc.,
by the Women's Rights women; but they are not, — they and they only
are the idols of men, at least of those whose affections are pure and
worth having. The angelic quality of women, so often the theme of
poets and lovers, is ^.urely only manifested by the virtuous and in tha
THE COMPLETE IIEUnALIST. 449
faithftil. The very existence of civilization is dependent tipon virtuous
women and faithful wives ; men may become depraved, but as long as
women remain pure, civilization, morality, and religion will be fostered
and propagated. If women live the truth and act the truth, humanity
will ever be blessed with the benefits of civilization.
To the sterner sex the mantle of virtue is no less becoming ; and fidel-
ity is as much of an adornment and requirement to them as of the
gentler sex. The libertine is a despicable creature ; and the adulterer
is so lost to honor and nobility of character, that his presence in the so-
ciety of the pure and good should be considered an outrage upon de-
cency and propriety. Chastity is a superior virtue, and loyalty in vv^edlock
a noble attribute ; and whichever one of the conjugal pair proves reck-
less to these connubial trusts is unworthy of marital companionship and
defiles a sacred institution.
BRIDAL TOURS.
"Some essays have been written on the barbarisms of civilization;
many more might be. Many of the habits prevailing in what ought to
be our most refined society are at variance with almost elementary ideas
of decency. Others are equally marked in their injurious physical ten-
dencies. It is not surprising that clergymen, even when not of the
strictest sect, and philosophers of no i:)articular sect at all, have de-
claimed against fashionable dresses and dances at late hours. But there
are other customs agauist which no church has fulminated its anathe-
mas, the dangers and absurdities of which no fidgety reformer has i^er-
ceived or noticed. One of these conspicuously is the Bridal Tour.
" Let us illustrate by a typical case. During one of the earliest and
coldest ' cold snaps ' there comes off a wedding, which, from the official
standing of the parties, naturally attracts some attention. We are soon
told that the ' happy couple ' are off on their wedding trip to — well,
not exactly Alaska or Greenland, but a territory nearly as frigid, and
that part of the journey is to be made in stages or sleighs. The intense
excitement in appropriateness of the proceeding, the wonderful pains
taken by these people to make themselves uncomfortable on what is
supposed to be the most festive occasion in their lives, would move one
to Homeric laughter, did not events disastrous to the health of the con-
jugal pair usually follow so closely on the heels of bridal tours." If the
parties are not as high in the social scale and less wealthy, the mischief
done is as great, if not greater, for m their tour tliey may lack substan-
tial comforts which the wealthy alone can afford. To all married cou-
ples a bridal tour seems to be considered as absolutely essential to give
the marital union au importance, without which it would, in their
opinion, be an uiu'omantic and but partial marriage.
2 D
450 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Looking at the custom from an aesthetic and sentimental point of
view, nothing can be more repulsive. An American marriage is theo-
retically a love match, and it is generally so in practice. Now two per-
sons in love want to see as much as possible of each other, and as little
as possible of other people. It is to that we find exceptions; there are
individuals whose diseased vanity desires to give publicity to every act
of their life. It is a misfortune that these vulgarians are not rarer in
every class. An instinct of seclusion and modesty should be the general
rule, but this absurd custom forces a new-married couple to put on an
unnatural restraint on their legitimate affection, or to make themselves
ridiculous before the public. Love, both emotional and passionate, is
usually most exuberant to those recently joined in wedlock, and philoso-
phy would suggest the exercise to be confined more to seclusion than
the si)oradic opportunities afforded in a wedding tour.
Now, in the common-sense, practical, man-of-the-world point of
view, the fashionable practice is equally objectionable. It is notorious
that nothing, except marriage itself, tries the temper more than joint
travel. Therefore, at the very outset of their life-partnershji), the
quality on which the hapi^iness of that union principally depends ia
put to the rudest strain. The happy couple expose themselves^to the
insolence of hackmen and hotel-clerks, the discomforts of rail and hotel,
irregular hours and uncertain meals. The Irishman, in the song, mar-
ried a wife to make him " unaisy." A wedding tour on one of our great
thoroughfares of travel is admirably contrived to accomplish this result
for both parties.
All this, however, it may be suggested, is matter of taste. We cannot
exx^ect to shape the caprices of fashion or custom by the dictates of
deliberate philosophy. But what follows is not a questionable point of
taste or comfort ; it is a matter of downright fact, as certain as if it
could be mathematically demonstrated.
The consummation of marriage is, with the exception of child-birth.
the most critical period, physically, of the woman's life. After the
moral and physical excitement which attends it, her system demands
rest, repose, quiet, regular and good living, a supporting and restora-
tive way of life. If these can be secured for some weeks, so much the
better, but .at any rate they are necessary for some days. Her emo-
tional nature attains the highest state of excitement, in consequence of
assisting in a repast which is approached only by intense agitation, no
m.atter how much .she may feel it to be a legitimate incident to marriage.
This makes it doubly exh.austive. and not only her health for the rest of
her raort.al existence, but the'health and strength of her offspring may
be, and often are, materially affected by the want of proper care at this
time. Instead of which, the bridal tour piles on additional excitement
and fatigue, makes regularity of life iv.ipossible — in short, the act ia-
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 451
volves the reverse of all that the rules of health and physiology require.
There is an underlying sense of modesty which may urge the bride on
to a journey immediately after marriage. The new condition of life
exacts changes which she rather would fulfil among strangers than in
her own or husband's domicile. It may confuse the modest and retir-
ing woman to assume the conjugal associations in presence of her
parents, brothers, and sisters ; but as this is one of the modesties not
really commendable, however natural it may be, it does not afEord suf-
ficient inducement for encountering all the vicissitudes of a wedding
tour.
For man too, at this time, repose and calm, though not so necessary,
are highly desirable. It constantly happens, in the case of both sexes,
that a slight indisposition, which passed unnoticed in the huny of pre-
paration, is aggravated to a serious and even fatal extent by the excite-
ment, exposure, and neglect consequent on the wedding tour. No man,
for instance, would think of postponing his marriage on account of a
slight cold. If he stayed quietly at home afterward, and took care of
himself, it would pass away like other slight colds ; but he goes off on a
bridal tour in the depth of winter, and the malady develops into a
chronic pvdmonary complaint. Nor would a young woman put oti her
marriage because she felt a little extra lassitude and want of appetite,
with an occasional headache, which, however, may be premonitory
Bjinptoms of typhoid fever. If you take typhoid fever in time, there is
nothing specially dangerous about it ; care, patience, and slight treat-
ment are only necessary, and it runs its course. But, if neglected at
first, it is almost inevitably fatal. Many cases of bi'ides and bride-
grooms, in my profesional experience, came under my observation, dying
of tyi^hoid fever just after a wedding trip, which had caused the early
symptoms to be misunderstood and neglected. And I have known
things worse than death to happen — insanity, temporary or permanent,
brought on by the extra fatigue and excitement of the wedding journey.
One old New York custom, and probably to some extent prevailing in
other places, was infinitely more rational. The new-married couple
took up their quarters at the house of the bride's father, and remained
there in seclusion for a week. The only fault about this aiTangement
was the shortness of time, but for a week, at any rate, they had abso-
lute repose and quiet, and enjoyed all the comforts of a home without
the trouble of housekeeping. For one week, at least, the inter-com-
munion of the conjugal pair was unhampered, and secured against the
criticism and gaze of the pubUc.
The present fashion of bridal tours is an unmeaning and unreasonable
imitation of the European, especially the English practice. The original
English theory of a wedding trip is, driving in a comfortable carnage, at
a rate of speed just sufficient to exL Llarate without fatiguing, over good
452 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST,
roads, in weather which may be pleasant or unpleasant, but is never dan-
gerously cold or dangerously hot, to some secluded country-place or seaside
\-illage, and resting there a month. The new mode of continental tours
is in some respects just as absurd as ours, though the advantage of climate
lessens the fatigue and physical risk to some extent. The notorious
mutability of our climate is in itself reason enough why a bride should
not be exposed to the accidents of travel.
It will thus be seen that the medical aspect of a bridal tour is suffi-
ciently important, and the risk incurred sufficiently great, to cause the
wedded jiair, if they wish to be actuated with impulses of reason and
pi-udence, rather than by the dictates of custom, to pause before they
undergo the trials of a wedding journey. It would certainly be more
conducive to their health and happiness if they were guided by a better
reason in this respect, and leave wedding trips to be indulged in by those
who would rather run the risk of injuring their health and general well-
being than offend a fashionable practice. It is a fashionable vulgarity,
and not prompted by the behests of good-breeding and social dignity.
POISONS AND THEIE ANTIDOTES. ^
Nothing that appertains to domestic treatment is of greater value than
a knowledge of poisons, and the treatment necessary in cases of acci-
dental or premeditated poisoning. So many substances of a poisonous
nature are used in manufactures among farmers, mechanics, and also in
private houses, it will be useful to have a guide to refer to in case of
accident, for in almost every case of poisoning the antidote must be in-
Btantlj' given or else success cannot be expected. In all cases, unless
the physician is within immediate call, no time is allowed to engage his
services ; hence the great importance of every one supplying himself with
the requisite knowledge to treat any or all cases of poisouiug.
Precaution with regard to poisons is very necessary. In every family,
manufactory, etc., where poisons are required and used, the antidotes
should also be kept for use whenever occasion calls for them. Again,
when poisons are used for any purpose, it is not enough to know that
they are pmsonous, but it should also be known of what they are com-
posed. For instance, corrosive sublimate may be used, and by accident
a poisonous dose may be taken of it ; but, unless known that it is a pre-
paration of mercury, the treatment must necessarily lie of a vague and
uncertain character.
As a general rule, in all cases of poisoning, especially if seen immedi-
ately after the poison has been swallowed, the indication is to make the
person vomit. To bring this about give a teaspoonful of mustard in a
tumbler of water, or two or three teaspoonfuls of powdered alum in the
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 453
eatne way. Vomiting can in all cases be promoted by tickling the throat
with a feather.
Arsenic.
Articles. — Scheele's green, arsenious acid, orpiment, king's yellow,
realgar, fly powder, ague drops, arsenical paste and arsenical soap, rat
poison.
Symptoms. — Pain and burning in the stomach, dryness of throat,
cramps, purging, vomiting, hoarseness and difficulty of speech, eyes red
and sparkling, suppression of urine, matter vomited greenish or yel-
lowish.
Treatment. — Give large quantities of milk and raw eggs, lime-
water, or flour and water. Then castor-oil ; or, if tincture of iron is
within reach, take from half to a full teaspoonfiil of it, and mix with it
a little bicarbonate of soda or saleratus, and administer it to the per-
son, and follow it with an emetic. This acts as a real antidote— the
chemical combination resulting being insoluble in the fluids of the
stomach.
Acids.
Articles. — Oxalic (salts of sorrel), sulphuric (oil of vitriol), nitric
(aquafortis), muriatic (spirit of salt), but not prussic acid.
Symptoms. — These acids are all corrosive, and hence produce horri-
ble burning and sour pain from the mouth downwards. The skin and
mucous membrane of the lips, mouth, aud throat is eaten away. The
patient experiences great thirst, and purges blood, and has excruciat-
ing pain in the stomach.
Treatment. — Put an ounce of calcined magnesia into a pint of water,
and give a wineglassful every two or three minutes. If you cannot get
magnesia, use whiting, chalk, soda, or lime-water, or even knock a
piece of mortar from the wall, pound it fine, and give it with milk or
water. While one person is attending to this, let another cut common
soap into small pieces and give a tea-spoonful virith water, or a table-
spoonful of soft soap. Also give plenty of warm water to drink.
Citric and acetic acids are also poisonous in large doses. The treaty-
ment is the same as for the above.
Antimony.
Articles. — Tartar emetic, butter of antimony, oxide of antimony.
Symptoms. — Severe vomiting (if this does not occur it should be in-
duced), cramps, faintness, purging, colicky i^ains, sense of tightness in
the chest, recurrence of vomiting repeatedly.
TRE.\TMENT.--Give plenty of strong tea. If no common tea is at
hand, use an infusion of oak, elm, sloe, currant, or blackberry bark or
454 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST!
leaves, the requirements being a vegetable astringent. If the butter of
antimony has been taken, resort to the treatment advised for acids, lu
all cases the strength should be supported with stimulants.
Bismuth.
Articles. — Nitrate, pearl powder, face powders.
Sy.mptoms. — General inflammation of the whole alimentary canal,
suppression of urine, hiccough, vomiting, cramps.
Treatment. — Plenty of milk, flaxseed tea, infusion of sUppery elm,
marsh mallow.
Copper.
Articles. — Blue copperas, blue verditer, mineral green, verdigris,
food cooked in copper vessels, pickles made green by copper.
Symptoms. — Coppery taste in the mouth, tongue dry and parched,
very painful colic, bloody stools, convulsions.
Treatment. — Large quantities of milk and white of eggs, afterwards
strong tea. Vinegar ishoukl not be gicen. ^
.\
Gold. ^
Articles. — Chloride of gold, fulminating gold.
Symptoms. — Similar to other irritant poisons. Pink patches about
the lips and mouth.
Treatment. — Give sulphate of iron, which decomposes the sub-
stances.
Iodine.
Articles. — Iodides of potassium, mercury, iron, or sodium.
Symptoms. — Burning pain in throat, lacerating pain in stomach,
heartburn, vomiting, colicky pains, very likely salivation.
Tre.vt.ment. — Large quantities of starch and water, flour and water,
grated potatoes, or anything that you know contains starch. If the
iodides are taken in overdose, produce vomiting as soon as possible.
Iron.
Articles. — Sulphate of iron (copperas), green vitriol, chloride of
iron.
Symptoms. — Colic pains, constant vomiting and purging, violent pain
in throat, coldness of skin, feeble pulse.
Tkk.vt.ment — Give an emetic, afterwards magnesia or carbonate of
Boda and water. Also mucilaginous drinks.
the complete herbalist. 455
Lead.
AnTiCLES. — Acetate or sugar of lead, white lead, red lead, litharge.
Symptoms. — Metallic taste in mouth, paiu in stomach and bowels,
painful vomiting, often blood, hiccough. If taken for some time, ob-
stinate colic, paralysis, partial or complete ; obstinate constipation,
diminution of urine.
Treatment. — Put two ounces of epsom salts into a pint of water and
give a wineglassful every ten minutes until it operates freely. If the
solid forms have been taken, give dilute sulphuric acid, but very care-
fuUy.
Mercury.
Articles. — Calomel, corrosive sublimate, red precipitate, vermilion,
white precipitate, turbith mineral.
Symptoms. — Harsh metallic astringent taste, burning pain in the
stomach, vomiting and pui'ging frequently of bloody matter, tightness
and burning in the throat, tendency to doze, stupor.
Treatment. — Albumen in some form must be instantly given ; either
the white of eggs beaten up with water, milk or wheat flour beaten up.
Iron filings can also be given. After these give linseed tea.
PnOSPHORUS.
Articles. — Lucifer matches.
Symptoms. — Pain in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhoea, ten-
derness and tension of the abdomen, great excitement of the whole
system.
Treatment. — Prompt emetic, copious draughts of warm water
containing magnesia, chalk, whiting, or even floux. No oils or fat
should be given.
Silver.
Articles. — Nitrate, or luuar caustic.
Symptoms. — Similar to other irritant poisons, especially arsenic.
Treatment. — Give a large teaspoonful of common salt in a glass of
water, and repeat this in ten minutes. Then a dose of castor-oil, and
linseed tea, or barley water for a drink.
Tin.
Articles. — Chloride, called muriate by dyers, oxide, or putty pow-
der.
Symptoms, — Vomiting, pain in stomach, purging, convulsive twitcb-
ings.
456 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Treatment. — Milk must be given copiously. The milk may contain
magnesia, chalk, or whiting, if handy. Also raw eggs beaten up with
water and milk.
Zinc.
Articles.— Sulphate, or white vitriol. Acetate, chloride (Burnett's
disinfectinpf fluid, also used to destroy cancers).
Symptoms. — Violent vomiting, astringent taste, burning pain in
stomach, pale countenance, cold extremities, dull eyes.
Treatment. — Plenty of milk with white of eggs in it. If it is the
Bulphate give carbonate of soda. If excessive vomiting occurs, it can
be relieved by copious draughts of warm water.
Volatile Oils.
Articles. — Creasote, Dippel's animal oil, oU of tar, oil of tobacco,
oil of turpentine, fusel oil.
Symptoms. — Burning pain, vomiting, pungent taste, purging. The
oils of tobacco and turpentine affect the nervous system, a^d will be
recognized by their peculiar odor in the matter vomited. -^
Treatment. — Creasote is immediately coagulated by albumep, as
milk, white of eggs. Dippel's animal oil may be counteracted by (^lute
Bulphuric acid, and castor or linseed oil. For the others give mUk,
and promote vomiting, and probably some stimulant.
Alkalies.
Ammonia. — Spirits of hartshorn, muriate, or sal ammoniac.
PoTASS.\. — Caustic potash, Hquor potassa, carbonate, or pearl ash,
Baits of tartar, nitrate, or saltpetre, or liver of sulphur.
Symptoms. — Violent, caustic, acrid taste, great heat in throat, de-
Btruction of the mucous membrane of mouth and throat, cold sweats,
weakness, hiccough, colic pains, bloody stools.
Tue.vtment. — Vinegar, lemon juice, citric or tartaric acids. If the
free alkalies are taken give castor or linseed oils, which will form soap
in combination with them. For saltpetre give a mixture of acacia,
marsh-mallow, flax-seed tea, and for liver of sulphur give common salt.
Prussic Acid.
Articles. — Oil of bitter almonds, laurel water, peach-kernels, cj^an-
ide of potassium, used by photographers.
Sy.mitoms. — If the quantity be large, death instantly ensues. In
Bmaller quantities, nausea, giddiness, debility, weight and pain in the
head.
Tre.vtment. — Give spirits of hartshorn very much diluted, aud
apply a bottle of smelling-salts to the nose, dash cold water on the
head, give stimulants, aud make the patient stir about.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 457
VEGETABLE POISONS.
Opium.
Articles. — Laudanum, paregoric, black drop, soothing syrups,
cordials, sj'rup of poppies, morphine, Dover's powder, etc.
Symptoms. — Giddiness, stupor, gradually increasing to a deep sleep,
pupil of the eyes very small, lips blue, skin cold, heavy, slow breathing.
Treatment. — Make the patient vomit as quickly as possible. If a
full-gi'own person give fifteen grains of sulphate of zinc in a little water,
to a young person half the quantity, to an infant a teaspoonful of syrup
of ipecac. If these drugs cannot be had, use mustard and warm water,
salt and water, and tickle the throat with a feather. After vomiting,
give plenty of strong coffee, and place a mustard poultice round the calf
of each leg, and if the patient is cold and sinking, give stimulants, and
rouse him to walking or running by your assistance. Beat the soles of
his feet, dash cold water on the face, and do anything to prevent him
from sleeping untU the effects are passed off, for if he goes to sleep, it
is the sleep of death.
Stryciinine.
Articles. — Rat poison, nux vomica, St. Ignatius' bean.
Symptoms. — Lockjaw, twitching of the muscles, convulsions, the
body is bent backwards, so as to rest on the feet and head only.
Treatment. — Empty the stomach by an emetic, then give linseed
tea or barley water, and to an adult give thirty drops of laudanum, to
relieve the spasms. A tea-spoonful of ether can also be given.
Other Poisonous Plants, or Seeds,
Such as false mushrooms, belladonna, henbane, or anything a child may
have eaten, or taken in mistake by any person. Vegetable poisons act
either as an irritant, acro-narcotic, or narcotic. If it an irritant, the
symptoms are an acrid, pungent taste, with more or less bitterness,
excessive heat, great dryness of the mouth and throat, with sense of
tightness there, violent vomiting, purging, with great pain in the
stomach and bowels, breathing often quick and difficult, appearance of
intoxication, eye frequently dilated, insensibility resembling death.
The symptoms of narcotic poisons are described under opium.
Treatment. — If an irritant and vomiting does occur and continues,
render it easier by large draughts of warm water, but if symptoms of
insensibility have come on without vomiting, empty the stomach with
any emetic that may be at hand, — sulphate of zinc, mustard ; and after
the operation of the emetic give a sharp purgative. After as much as
is possible of the poison is got rid of, very strong coffee, or vinegar di-
2U
45S THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
luted with water, may be given with advantage. Camphor mixtnr©
with a little ether may be taken frequently, and if the insensibility is
considerable, warmth, frictiorLS, and blisters may be employed. For
the narcotics proceed as in opium.
Animal Poisons.
Poisonous Fish.— Old wife, crawfish, land crab, gray snapper, hyne,
dolphin, conger eel, mussel, barracuda, smooth bottle fish, grooper,
rock fish, Spanish mackerel, king fish, bonetta, porgee, tunny, blower,
etc.
Symptoms. — In an hour or two, or much sooner after the fish has
'been eaten, a weight at the stomach comes, with slight vertigo and
headache, sense of heat about the head and eyes, considerable thirst,
and often an eruption of the skin resembling nettle rash.
Tkeatment.— Give a brisk emetic. After full vomiting an active
purgative should be given. Vinegar and water may be drunk after the
above remedies have operated, and the body may be sponged with the
same. Water made very sweet with sugar, to which a little ether may
be added, may also be drank freely. If spasms occur, give- .laudanum.
Poisonous Serpents.— Copperhead, moccasin, viper, black .^ viper,
rattlesnake, water viper. •
Symptoms. — A sharp pain in the wounded part, which soon e«tenda
over the limb or body ; great swelling, at first hard and pale, then red-
dish, livid, and gangrenous in appearance, faintings, vomitings, convul-
sions, pulse small, breathing difficult, cold sweats, failing sight, and
derangement of the intellectual faculties.
Treatment. — Tie a string tightly above the wound, wash it well,
apply a cupping glass, or let the person bitten suck the woimd well if
he can. If lunar caustic or butter of antimony are at hand, rub them
well in, to the very bottom of the wound, or take a very small poker,
or a steel used for sharpening knives ; make the point of this red hot —
to a white heat, if you can — and press this for a moment into the
wound. This is not such a dreadful operation as it seems to be, for one
moment's application is sufficient, and, if the steel is really hot enough,
gives scarcely any pain at the time. Small doses of hartshorn may also
be given, and if gangrene is threatened, give wine freely. In case of
rattlesnake bite, give whiskey freely. Bibron's antidote and the Tan-
jore Pills may also be used,— the latter carefully, as they contain
arsenic.
Poisonous Insects. — Spanish fly, potato fly.
Sy.mptoms. —Nauseous odor of the breath, acrid taste, burning heat
in the throat, stomach, and abdomen, bloody vomiting, excruciating
pain in the stom.ach, heat in the bladder, strangury or retention of
urine, frightful convulsions.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 459
Treatment. — Excite vomiting by giYvag sweet-oil, sugar and water,
milk or linseed tea, very freely. Rub camphor dissolved in oil over the
belly and thighs.
Venomous Insects. — Tarantula, scorpion, hornet, wasp, bee, gnat,
gad-fly.
Symptoms. — In general, the sting of these insects occasions only a
slight degree of pain and swelling, but occasionally the symptoms are
more violent, and sickness and fever are produced by the intensity of
the pain.
Treatment. — Hartshorn and oil may be rubbed on the affected part,
and a piece of rag moistened with the same, or with salt and water,
may be kept upon it till the pain is over. A few drops of hartshorn may
also be frequently given internally, in a little water. The sting may in
general be removed by making strong pressure with the ban-el of a
watch-key around it.
Rabid Animals. — See Hydrophobia, in its proper place among
diseases.
RECIPES.
Ik the foUonnns pages will bo found a variety of recipes, applicable to many diseases and
afflictions for which syinptoniatic treatment is all that is required. They will be found to
be very vahiabie fur domestic treatment. They are not all strictly herbal, but essentially
eclectic, so as to be ea.sily prejiared and the ingredients readily procured. Nothing capable
of harm is, however, admitted,— the few mineral substances that are prescribed beinsj only
inserted for therajicutic etfeeus in consequence of their vegetable analogues being hard
to pro<-ure or difficult to prepare. Availability was studied more than scientific arrange-
ment, though the merit of eai^h is retained. For handy recipes, therefore, the following
are sulliciently diversified for a wide range of application.
In complicated cases, or in diseases requiring systematic treatment, recipes are not to be
deiK-nded upon. Such cases, of course, require treatment in accordance with the demands
of the pathological conditions observed in the disease, and which should in all cases be
directed by a competent physician. The remedies, for which the recipes are riven in this
connection, are designed nunly tor diseases or affections not ordinarily grave in character,
or which do not recjuire more than simple medication. Those des'iring to hiake use of
them should have them prepared by a dniggist, if they do not have the necesiiiry phlirma-
ceutical appliances to insure correct weight, quantity, mixture, division, etc. The btirity
and worth of tlie article aro also to be ascertained before being administered. 5
GOLDEN TINCTURE.
No. 1. Balsam of tolu, two ounces; gum gnaiacum, two ounces; gum h'!mlock, two
ounces ; gum myrrh, two ounces ; each coarsely jjowdered ; oil of hemlock, three ounces ;
oi! of wmtergreen, two ounces ; alcohol, one gaUon. Let it stand fourteen days. Shake
frequently in the meantime.
/)o.?«.— From one to two teaspoonfuls, according to severity and obstinacy of the case, in
half a glass of sweetened water. This mixture has proved highly useful as an internal
remedy for rheumatism, colic, pains, chills, soreness, lameness, sour stomach, languor,
depressed spirits, palpitations, water brash, flatulency, and a variety of painful affections.
PULMONAHY REMEDY.
No. 2. Take of the root,« of spikenard, elecampane, comfrcy and blood-root : of the
leaves ayd Mowers of hoarhound, and of the bark of wild cherrv, each one pound. These
may all U- ground and tinctured, by i\ddiug alcohol, water, and sugar sullii lent to make
tliiee gallons of syrup, or any portion of the aliosc compound may be tinctur.il in sufficient
Bjcohol to cover them, when the herbs may be boiled until their strength is obtained, and
tne tincture and watery infusion may be mixed, and a .sufficient amount of refined sugar
jiilded U) make a thick syrup. For coughs and colds, to be taken in tt^a.spoonful doses as
required.
LIVER CORDIAL.
No. .3. Thorough-wort, two ounces; ginger, half ounce; cloves, half ounce; extract
dandelion, four ounces ; wat*.T, one aiul a half pints. Boil to one-third, and add sugar one
and one-half pounds, and brandy, one pint.
■ • ^'"'"'\Z^ wineglassful once or twice a day. An excellent cordial cathartic to act upon the
liver. 1 he herbs must be gathered at the proper .season or they will be worthless.
ANTI-BILIOUS PILL.
No. 4. Aloes, pulverized, Ave ounces ; fine, dr>' eastile soaji, half a drachm ; gamboge,
pulverized, one ounce; colocynth, one ounce; extract of gentian, one ounce ; mandrake,
one ounce ; wiyeniie pepper, two ounces ; oU of pcpijermiut, half a drachm. Mix weU
together, and form into three-grain pills.
Ifose. — Three to live pills.
THE COMPLETE HERBAMST. 461
AN EXPECTORANT.
No. 5. For asthma and couph. to promote expector:ition, and remove tightness of the
chesty the following is a valuable compound preparation. Fluid extracts of skunk cabbage,
one ounce; lobelia, one ounce; blood-root, one ounce; pleurisy-root, one ounce; ginger,
one oxince ; water, one pint; alcohol, three pint-s.
Dose. — Two to four teaspoonfuls. (Sec Fluid Extracts, pa.?e 475.)
FOR PRODUCING SI-EEP-
No. 6. The following is a useful preparation for producing sleep, in wakeful or excited
conditions, viz. : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, one ounce ; fluid extract of pleurisy-root,
one ounce ; tluid extract of skunk cabbage, one ounce ; fluid extract scull-cap, one ounco.
Mix.
Dose. — Half a drachm to a drachm three times a day.
FOR SICK AND NERVOUS HEADACHE.
No. 7. For sick and nervous headache, dependent on an acid stomach, the following ia
Useful : fluid extract of ladies' slipper, half an ounce ; fluid ejttract of catnip, half an
ounce ; fluid extract of scull-cap, half an ounce ; water, one pint.
Dose. — One to three teaspoonfuls. Mix.
TONIC TINCTURE.
No. 8. Old cider, four gallons ; white oak bark, ten ounces ; horse-radish root, one
pound ; seneca snake-root, six ounces ; golden seal root, four ounces ; cayenne pepper, two
ounces ; bruise all fine, add the cider, let stand for ten days, frequently shaking up tho
mixture in the meantime.
Dose. — For an adult, half to two-thirds of a wine-glassful, three times a day.
SARSAPARILLA SYRUP.
No. 9. Good sarsaparilla, two pounds ; gnaiacum, three ounces ; rose leaves, two ounces ;
senna, two ounces ; liquorice root, two ounces ; oil of sas.safras, five drops ; oil of aniseed,
five drops; oil of wintergreen, three drops; diluted alcohol, ten pints; sugar, eight
pounds.
Dose. — A tablespoonful two or three times a day.
RHEUMATIC TINCTURE.
No. 10. Peppermint water, one and one-half ounces: wine of colchicuDOi root, half an
ounce ; sulphate of morphia, one grain ; magnesia, one scruple.
Dose. — One teaspoonful three or four times a day.
FOR BRONCHITIS.
No. 11. Tannin, three grains ; extract of belladonna, three-fourths of a grain ; extract
of conium, two and a half grains : infusion of senna, three ounces ; fennel water, one and
a half ounces ; syrup of marsh-mallow, one and a haif ounces. Mix.
Dose. — A tablespoouful to be taken every two hours in chronic bronchitis.
COMPOUND SPIRITS OF LAVENDER.
No. 12. Dried lavender flowers, two drachms ; nutmeg, 2 drachms ; mace, two drachms J
cloves, two ounces ; cinnamon, two ounces. Pulverize all these, and add a quart of spirits.
Let it then stand for a week, and then strain off the liquid.
Dose. — One or two teaspoonfiols may be taken often in a little water, with loaf Bugar.
Useful in nervous affections.
NERVE TONIC.
No. 1.3. Extract of scull-cap, two drachms; cxtractof chamomile, two drachms ; extract
of boneset, one drachm; pulverized cayenne, one scru()le ; quinine, one drachm; oil of
valerian, half a drachm. I5cat well together, and make ninety i>iUs.
Dose. — For an adult, one pill every two or three hours.
STOMACHIC BITTERS.
No. 14. Gentian root, two ounces ; dried orange peel, one ounce ; cardamon seed, halt
an ounce (all bruised) ; diluted alcohol or common whiskey, one quart. Let it stand for
two weeks.
Use. —Dyspepsia, loss of appetite, general weakness, etc.
Dose. — One or two tablespoonfuls in water, three times a day.
462 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
FEVER AJ^'D AGUE.
No. 15. Tiike of bonesot, two onncos : b.iie vervain, two ounces ; scull-cap, one ounce ;
Virginia snake-root, half an ounce. Make an infusion, and drink freely while warm. If
it produces vomitinjr. reduce the dose. This will be found hiphly beneficial. If the bowels
are constipated, use one of my "Renovating Pills" every night untU aU constipation has
been removed or remedied.
STRENGTHENING PLASTER.
No. If). Resin, one pound ; beeswax, one ounce ; Burgundy pitch, one ounce ; mutton
tallow, one ounce. Melt them together, and add olive oil, pulverized camphor and sassa-
fras oil, of each onivsixteenth of an ounce, and West India rum, one fluid ounce. Stir well
together, pour into cold water, and form into rolls with the hand.s ; spread with a knife on
a piece of linen cloth, and ajiply in weaknes.s of the joints, rheumatism, weak chest, weak
back, ulcers. Tliis is an excellent pla.ster for all such purposes.
ACETIC BLOOD-ROOT SYRUP.
No. 17. Blood-root in powder, one drachm : acetic acid, or vinegar, one pint ; water,
one pint. Add the blood-root to the vinegar and water mixed, and steep for two hours ;
then strain and add two pounds of white sugar, simmer until a syrup is formed.
This is a xpeci^fic remedy for iiseudo-menibramius cr(jup. It is also used in infantile
pneumonia and bronchitis, but the " Acacian Balsam " shoulii be used with it.
Dose. — For croup, from half a tcaspoonful to a tables] jooniul, but it should not be given
in quantities sufficient to provoke vomiting, unless there is imminent danger of .suffocation,
and then only sufficient to eject the mucus adhering to the upper part of the bronchia and
trachea.
A GOOD EMETIC. '^ .^
No. 18. Pulverized lobelia, one ounce; pulverized blood-root, one ounce ; pulv. ipecacu-
anha, six drachms; pulv; cayenne, four scruples; seneea, one scruple. Mix. ArAexcel-
lent emetic in all cases where one is required. My " Renovating Pills" should be tfeed to
cleanse the system of all remaining particles of lobelia.
JJose. — Half a teaspoonful in a cup of warm water, and repeat every fifteen minutes until
It operate&
NERVE TONIC AND ANTISPASMODIC.
No. 19. High cranberry bark, one ounce ; skimk cabbage-root, half an ounce ; scull-
cap, half an ounce; cardamon seeds, two drachms; pulv. cayeime, two drachms. Put
these into a pint of wine. Shake it well every day for three ur foiur days.
Dose. — A tablespoonful four times a day.
DYSENTERY SYRUP.
No. 20. Best Turkey rhubarb, two drachms : leptandrin, two drachms ; white sugar, one
pound; hot water, one pint. Triturate well together: add essence of peppermint, one
drachm ; essence of anise, one drachm : tincture of catechu, two drachms.
Dose. — For dysentery, one teaspoonful every half hour.
COUGH PREPARATION.
No. 21 Tincture of lobelia, half an ounce; tincture of blood-root, two ounces; oil of
spearmint, half a drachm ; molas.ses, five ounces.
Dose. — Take one-half of a tcaspoonful as often as needed. Useful merely as a palliative.
PULMONARY SYHUP.
No. 22. Spikenard root, si.xtcen ounces ; white root, sixteen oimces ; blood-root, eight
otmces; elecampane, eight ounces ; colts-foot, eight ounces; bimc.sct, eight ounces: i)oplar
bark, four ounces ; seneea snaUe-root, two ounces ; lobelia, two ounces ; slippery elm bark,
eight ounces; proof spirits, three gallons. Bruise or ])idverizo all. and digest in the spirits
for fourteen days; then .•;truiu. and add white sugar sufficient to form a syrup.
Doite. — A tablespoonful oci;asionally. in a mucilage of slippery elm.
Use. — This is a fair relief in all co\ighs and pulmonary affections.
CHRONIC DISEASES OF THE JfUCOUS SURFACES.
No. 2.3. Hard balsam copaiba, three and a half drachms : fresh ground cubebs, three
and a half drachms; cjirhonato of ammonia, one draclun. Make one hundred pills.
Dose. — One pill throe times a day, between meals.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 463
LINIMENT FOR CHILBLAINS.
No. 24. Snlphuric acid, one drachm : spirits of turpentino. one drachm ; olive oil, three
drachms. Mix the oil and turpentine first, then gradually add the sulphuric acid.
A valuable liniment for chilblains. To be rubbed on two or three times a day.
LINIMENT FOR NEURALGIA, ETC.
No. 25. Sweet oil, one ounce; water of ammonia, strong, one ounce. Mix To be
rubbed on with a piece of flannel. A temporary relief for crick in the neck, and rhejimatio
and nem-algic pains.
SLEEPLESSNESS.
No. 26. Camphor, one grain, formed into a pill, followed by a draught of an ounce and
a half of the infusion of hops, with five drops of sulphuric ether.
CHRONIC RHEUMATISM.
No. 27. The remedies given below will bo found generally useful :
First.— Warm salt bath. When the pain is very severe at night, take tincture of guaia-
cum, one drachm ; tincture of aloes, half a drachm; spirits of turpentine, thirty drops.
Mix, and take in a pint of gruel at bedtime.
Second. — Should the pains continue very severe, give the following : Aloes, half a scra-
pie : opium, three grains : syrup of buckthorn sufficient to form a pill mass. Mix, and
make three pills : one at bedtime.
T/M'rrf.— Compound powder of ipecacuanha, eight grains; camphor mixture, one and a
half ounces. Mix, and give a draught every night.
Fourth. — Take wine of colchicum seeds, one ounce; give from ten to twenty drops in
gruel or water three times a day, with one of the following pills : sulphate of qulnia,
twenty-four grains ; and syrup sufficient to form into twelve pills ; or :
FifUi,. — I(jdi(le of potassium, one drachm ; distilled water, two ounces.
Mix, and give a teaspoonful in a wine-glass of water — morning, noon, and nights This
Beldom ever fails to give relief. "^
REMEDY FOR BOWEL COMPLAINT.
No. 28. Rhubarb, pulverized, one ounce ; saleratus, one teaspoonful ; pour on a pint of
boiling water. When cold, add a tablespoonful of essence of peppermint.
Dose. — From one to three tablespoonfuls two or three times a day.
WORM MIXTURE.
No. 29. Populin. one drachm ; santonine, twenty grains ; tincture of pink root, four
ounces ; ueutralizini; mixture, one pint. Rub the santonine in the neutralizing mixture,
imtil thoroughly mixed, then add the other ingredients. Excellent for removing worms in
children.
Dose. — From thirty to forty drops every half hour, until it acts on the bowels as a purge.
If the worms are not removed, repeat every two or three days ; but be cautious to get good
pink root, as much of the plant sold for pink root by the druggists is poisonous. This is
inferior, however, to my " Male Fern Vermifuge," see page 4T1.
PAINFUL MENSTRUATION.
No. .30. Extract of hyoscyamus, gum camphor, and Dover's powder, of each one scruple.
Mix, and make into twenty pills.
Dose. — One pill twice a day for painful menstruation.
STOMACH PILL.
-No. -31. — Pulverized rhubarb, and guaiacum, of each eight grains; galbanum, two
gi-ains ; ipecacuanha, two grains. Mix, and make eight pills.
Done. — Take one or two pUls, night and morning. Excellent for a weak stomach, and n
bilious condition.
BRONCHIAL TROCHES. {For Temporary Relief .)
No. 32. Extract of liquorice, one pound ; sugar, one and a half pounds : cubebs, lour
ounces ; gum arabic, four ounces ; all pulverized ; extract of coniiun, one ounce. Mix, and
take a piece as big as a pea and dissolve it in the mouth, several times a day ; rubbing tht
neck three times a day with the "Herbal Ointment."
464 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
DIARRHCEA.
No. 33. Synip of orang:e peel, one ounce : acetate of morphia, two grains ; tincture of
cinnamon, six drachms ; tincture of cardamon, two drachms. Mix.
Dose. — A teaspoonful. Valuable in diarrhoea.
NEURALGIA.
No. 34. Tincture of American hellebore, one drachm ; tincture of black cohosh, two
ounces. Mix.
Dose. — One teaspoonful, from three to six times a day.
PILE OINTMENT. .
No. 35. Extract of stramonium, one ounce ; extract of tobacco, one ounce ; tannin, ten
grains. Make an ointment, and bathe or lubricate the parts, if you cannot at once get the
'• Herbal Ointment."
STOMACHIC PILL.
No. 36. Powdered cayenne pepper, one drachm ; rhubarb, two drachms. Make into a
mass with sj-rup, and divide into sixty pills.
Done. — Two to three every day, an hour before dinner.
AROMATIC BITTERS. {Stimulant.)
No. 37. First. — Absinthium ( Wormwood). Infuse three drachms in twenty ounces of
water.
Dose. — From a half to two tablespoonfuls.
Use. — In debilitated state of the digestive organs.
Second. — Acorus — Ca.\a.xnns {Siceet Jiag root). Infuse one otince in twenty ounces of
water. Joined with other tonics. '^
Use. — In uneasiness from tlatulence. '^
. TONIC TEA. (Debility.) ^
No. -38. Chamomile, scull-cap, and queen of the meadow, each one pound. Reduce
them to powder, and mix well together.
Dose. — To one tablespoonful of this powder add one pint of water ; make a tea, and
drink during the day. This is a good tonic in aU cases of debiUty.
SPICED BITTERS. (For weak patients.)
No. 39. Poplar bark, ten pounds ; bayberry bark, two pounds ; balmony bark, two
pounds ; golden seal, one pound ; cloves, one pound ; cayenne pepper, half a pound ; loaf
sugar, sixteen pounds..
Let ^ese articles all be made fine and well mixed. Put a tablespoonful of this com-
jiound, with four ounces of sugar, into a quart of boiling water. Take a wineglas.^f lU three
times a day before eatuig, or a teaspoonful of these powders may be taken in a cup of hot
water, half an hour bef9re each meal.
. ■ «
-^ONIC. (For ChdorosLi, or Green Sickness.)
No. 40. Sulphate of quinia. fifteen grains: diluted sulphuric acid, fifteen drops; com-
pound tincture of cardamon, three drachms ; tincture of hops, three draclims ; compound
iulusion of roses six ounces. Mix.
Dose. — A teaspoonful two or three times a day.
WHOOPING COUGH MIXTURE.
No. 41. Tincture of biood-root, one ounce; tincture of red root, two ounces: tincture
of black cohosh, one ounce ; tincture of lobelia, half an ounce ; tincture of belladonna,
twenty drcjps. Mix, and shake well before using.
Dose. — Fur a child one year old, fifteen or twenty drops in sweetened water. The fluid
extracts (see p.ige 475) can be used instead of the tinctures. Dose, when fluid extracts are
Uiieu, three to five drops.
TINCTURE FOR FEVER AND AGUE, ETC.
No. 42. Peruvian bark and wild cherry bark, each two ounces; cinnamon, cloves, and
nulmi-g, each one drachm ; wine, t\v^o quiu^ts. Let it stand for a few days to extract the
BtroiiiTth.
Dose. — A Wineglassfnl every two or three hours.
Use.- — A very gi>oil renuJy for intermittent fever, or fever and ague, after suitable
cyauuautii. It frequuutly removes the disease when all otbej: means fail.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 465
ANTI-SPA SMODICS.
MiSTimA Camphors. (Aqua Cmnp/iora, V. S.)
No. 43. First. — Camphor, two drachms ; alcohol, forty drops ; carbonate magnesia,
fovir drachms ; distilled water, two pints.
Dose. — One to two tablospoonfuls.
U.se. — In typhoid conditions, with delirium, for after pains. Tinct. CAMPHORa; CoMP.
(Paniyoric Elix., Tiiicl. Opii Camph.).
Second. — Pulverized opium, one drachm ; benzoic acid, one diachm ; oil of aniseed, one
drachm: sujrar. two ounces; camphor, two scruples; dUiited alcohol, two pints--. Macer-
ate for fourteen days. Half a drachm contains less than one grain of opium.
Doxe. — For infants, from five to twenty drops ; adults, one to two tablespoonfuls.
I'xe. — To allay cough or nausea, to check dianhnea, to relieve pain.
MosCHl'.S. Preputial secretion of the musk animal.
Ihi-se and Form. — Five to ten grains, in pill, bolus, or emulsion.
Use. — Hiccough, epilepsy, asthma, cough, palpitation.
TONIC AND CATHARTIC.
No. 44. Aloes, gentian, orange peel, juniper berries, and bruised aniseed, each one
ounce ; gin, one pint. Mix. Macerate for two weeks, and then strain.
Dose. — A tablespoonful once or twice a day. Good for bilious habits.
DISCUTIENT OINTMENT.
{For scrofulous and glmidular tumors.)
No. 45. Eark of bitter-sweet root, stramonium leaves, cicuta leaves, deadly nightshade,
and yellow dock root, each two ounces : lard, one poimd. Bruise and simmer the roots
and leaves in spirits ; then add the lard, and simmer till the ingredients are crisped or
thickened into an ointment.
FOR SUPPRESSION OF URINE IN CHILDREN.
No. 46. Oil of solidago, one drachm ; alcohol, eight drachms.
/>o.ve. — From five to twenty drops on sugar at a dose, to be repeated at suitable intervals.
Proportionably larger doses of this are also veiy beneticial for flatulence, faintness, etc., in
adults.
GARGLES.
No. 47. First. — Raspberry leaves, geranium, blackberry root, and leptandria root, each
ounce. Mix, and make three pints of strong decoction. Suitable for a gargle.
Second. — Geranium, golden-seal, marsh-mallow, wild indigo root, and rosemary, eacli
half an ounce. Mix, iind make one pint of strong infusion. After straining, add two
drachmg of powdered borax, and one gill of honey. An excellent astringent gargle.
HONEY BALSAM.
No. 48. Balsam of tolu, balsam of fir, each two ounces ; opium, two drachms. Dissolve
all three in one quart of alcohol.
Dose. — A teaspoonful occasionally. Valuable for the relief of pulmonary diseases.
ANTI-DYSENTERY CORDIAL.
No. 49. Birch bark and peach pits, each two pounds ; bayberry bark, half a pound ;
uild cherry bark, one pound : water, two gallons. Boil down to one and a half gallons,
after which add a gallon of good brandy, and loaf sugar sufficient to make it palatable.
Dose. — A wiueglassful tlu-ee or four times a day.
FOR GRAVEL, DROPSY. ETC.
No. 50. Queen of the meadow, milk weed, juniper berries, dwarf elder, spearmint, wild
carrot seed, of each two ounces. Put all in a mortar and bruise, and boil the whole in a
gallon of water, till half a gallon of the liquid is left, and then strain.
Dose. — Half a pint of the decoction is to be taken several times during the day.
COUGH SYRUP.
No. 51. Acetate of morphia, four grains; tincture of blood-root, two drachms; anti-
monial wine, three drachms; ipecacuanha, three drachms; syrup of wild cherry, three
ounces. Mix.
Dose. — A tua^-poonful two or three times a day.
20* 2B
466 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
FOR DTSMENORRHCEA.
No. 5"2. Vibumin, aulophyllin, aach one scruple; gelsemin, five grains. Mix, and
divide into ten iwwders. Dose. — One every two hours until relieved.
FOR DIARRHCEA.
No. 53. Tincture of catechu, half an ounce ; spirits of camphor, tincture of myrrh, and
tincture of cayenne, each two drachms. Mix.
/>os(!.— From half a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful in diarrhoea.
INJECTION.
No. 54. Castor oil, one gill ; pulv. cayenne, ten grains ; table salt, one teaspoonful ;
molasses, one gill ; warm water, one pint. Inject.
FOR THE BLUES, OR LOW SPIRITS.
No. 55. A pleasant cordial for low spirits is the following: aniseed, four drachms; oU
of angelica, one drachm; oil of cassia, forty drop.s; oil of caraway, thirty drops; proof
Bpirits, two gallons. Mix well.
Done. — Half a tablespoonful in water.
SKIN DISEASES WITH MUCH IRRITATION.
No. 56. Decoctions of bitter-sweet and mallows, of each half a pint ; mix, and make a
liniment. Use the " Renovating PUls " internally.
CHILBLAIN OINTMENT. '^
No. 57. Lard, two quarts ; turpentine, one pint ; camphor, quarter of a pound. Rub
Into the parts. This will be found a capital remedy. «
ACIDITY OF THE STOMACH. *
No. 58. Hard wood ashes, one quart ; common soot, half a gill ; water, six pints.
Digest, settle, and filter.
Dose. — Take one tablespoonful three times a day in acidity of the stomach.
HEMORRHOIDS. PILES.
No. 59. Opium, one scruple ; pulverized nut-galls, one drachm ; ointment altheea. Mix,
and anoint the parts.
SORE THROAT.
No. 60. Those subject to sore throat should make a wash of warm water, in which
wood ashes have been dissolved, and apply externally every nKirniug. The "Herbal
Ointment" should be applied at night, and well rubbed in. If the disease has become per-
mnnent or chronic, the "Acacian Balsam" niu.st be used according to directions. (See
page 470.)
INJECTION FOR COSTIVENESS.
No. 61. Castor oil, two ounces ; tincture of prickly ash bark, half an ounce; compoiuid
tincture of Virginia snake root, two drachms ; infusion of boneset and senna, equal parts,
half a pint. Mix, and inject. It is by no means, however, as good as the " Renovating
Pills." See page 473.
TO PRODUCE PERSPIRATION.
No. 62. Blood-root, golden-seal, sumach ben-ies, baybeiTy bark, of each two drachms;
all pulverized. Mix.
Dose. — Make an infusion in a pint of hot water, and give a tablespoonful every half
hour.
POULTICE FOR A FESTER.
No. fi.3. Boil bread in the settlings of strong beer , apply the poultice In the common
manner. This has saved many an hour of suffering.
•»
CATAPLASMS, OR POULTICES.
No. 64. May be made Ijy moistening bread crumbs with milk. They may also be made
of tl.'LXSi'cd, masted onions, snake rout. ho])S, etc.
Poultices are useful in nearly all cases of local inflammation.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 467
TOOTHACHE.
No. 65. Gum opium, pum camphor, spirits of turpentine, each one Bcruple. Rub in a
mortar to a paste. Put it in tlio hollow tooth.
Use. — This will cure and even prevent the toothache.
A FRAGRANT BREATH.
No. 66. Take sherry wine, one gill ; gri'ound cloves and grated nutmeg, each one
drachm ; cinnamon and bruised caraway seeds, each a quarter of an ounce. Place all
these tlry substances into the wine or spirits, in a half pine bottle, and let them stand for
several days, shaking the bottle every night and morning. Strain off the tincture through
linen to get it bright, then add about ten drops of lavender, or five drops of the otto of
roses.
A few drops on a lump of sugar dissolved in the mouth, will secure a breath of flowers.
It may be also u.sed with advantage on the toothbrush, in lieu of tooth powder, or, mixed
V, ith water, it makes an excellent gargle.
FOOT BATH.
No. C7. A bucket of warm water ; pulv. cayenne pepper, one tablespoonful ; ground
mustard, two tablespoonfuls. Mix.
Use. — As a foot bath in suppression of menses.
TO IMPROVE THE VOICE.
No. 68. Beeswax, two drachms ; balsam of copaiba, three drachms ; powdered liquorice
root, four drachms. Melt the copaiba with the wax in a new earthen pipkin. When they
are melted, remove them from the fire, and, while in a liquid state, mix in the ptiwdered
liquorice.
Make pills of three grains each. Two of these pills to be taken occasionally, or three or
four times a day if necessary.
Use. — This is a good remedy for clearing and denning the voice, and is much used by
professional singers.
HEADACHE. NEURALGIC PAINS.
No. 69. Take of opodeldoc, spirits of wine, sal ammoniac, equal parts, and apply like
any other lotion.
STINGS.
No. 70. Bind on the place a thick plaster of common salt or saleratus moistened ; it
will soon extract the venom.
A STOMACHIC.
No. 71. Fresh ground cubebs.
Dose. From five to twenty grains.
Use. — As a stomachic in disorders of the digestive organs.
FOR FEVERS AND OTHER ACUTE DISEASES.
No. 72. Asclepin, one-half drachm ; warm water, four ounces ; compound tincture of
American hellebore, thirty drops. Dissolve the asclepin in the warm water, and after-
wards add the hellebore.
TJdse. — From one to three teaspoonfuls once in every two hours as long as the fever is
raging. If nausea occurs, omit the medicine until it subsides. Shake the mixtm'e well
before using.
OFFENSIVE BREATH.
No. 7.3. Solution chlorinated of soda, six drops ; water, two ounces. Mix.
Use. A sure remedy for an offensive breath emanating from a deranged stomach.
ANTIDOTE FOR RATTLESNAKE POISON.
No. 74. The Medical Journal says the followigg is an infallible cure for the poison ot
ft rattlesnake bite. Iodide of potass, four grains; corrosive sublimate, two grains; bro-
mine, five drachms. Mix together, and keep the mixture in a glass-stopjjered vial, weU
secured.
Dose. — Ten drops ol this mixture, dilntetl with a tablespoonful of brandy, constitutes a
dose. The quantity to be repeated, if uecessarj', according to the exigencies of the case.
468 TUE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
FOR CANCER.
No. 75. Take equal paits of fresh poke-weed, yellow dock, and blood-root ; evaporate
the juice by the means of a sand bath to the consistency of tar. The ointment should be
applied, after the cuticle has been removed by a blister, three times a day. The parts
should be washed with good French brandy after each apphcation of the ointment. Before
tbis is used, the advice of a physician should tirst be secured.
FOR HIP DISEASE.
No. 70. Take of iodine, one ounce ; phosphate of lime, two ounces ; water, one pint.
Dissolve the iodine and lime in the water, and add twenty grams of tannin. Inject with
a small syringe three or four times a day.
Use. — A valuable injection in hip disease, where the head of the bone is decayed.
FOR BRUISES.
No. 77. Take pulv. slippery elm and pulv. indigo weed, each one pound : gum myrrh,
half a pound ; pulv. prickly ash, a quarter of a potmd. Wet with good brewer's yeast and
apply. A very good poultice for bruises.
FOR DIPHTHERIA.
No. 78. Saturated tincture of scrophularia, one drachm, added to half a tumbler of
water.
Triturated macrotin, twenty grains, added to a tumblerful of water.
Dose. — One teaapoouf ul of each every hour. .^
A
GARGLE FOR THE ELONGATION OP THE UVULA.
No. 79. Fluid extract of rhus, one drachm; fluid extract of bayberry, two d^ehms;
water, two ounces. Mix, and gargle the throat three or four times a day. Also bathe the
throat upon the outside in strong salt and water. (See fluid extracts, page 475.)
FOR BILIOUS COLIC.
No. 80. Fluid extract of vrild yam, two ounces ; fluid extract of pleuri.sy root, one ounce.
MJY, and take a teaspoonful as often as is required.
TO REMOVE WARTS AND CORNS.
No. 81. Apply the juice of the leaves of the great celandine or tetter-wort, and keep
applying until the fungous growth is removed.
FOR THE TEETH.
No. 82. JIake charcoal of bread, pulverize it until it is reduced to an impalpable pow-
der, then app'y daily, morning and evening, with a soft brush and pure cold water.
Use. — This will keep tlie teeth white, and cure diseases of the gums.
A GOOD MEDICATED WINE.
No. 8.3. Take of powdered colchicum seed, two ounces ; of sherry wine, twelve fluid
ounces. Put them together in a close glas.s bottle, and let them stand for fourteen days,
giving a good shaking every day. Filter through a fine muslin cloth, and drink as
required.
INJECTION FOR ASIATIC CHOLERA.
No. 84. Take of water, one fluid ounce ; tincture of prickly ash bcnies, ona fluid
drachm; tincture of opium, twenty drops. Mix together. Injeot in ordinary quantity
until the desired effect has been produced.
BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.
No. 65. Powder of rhatany (fur internal use), ten grains.
FOR OLD ULCERS.
No. fifi. Take of red chickweed, which is common both in America and Europe, the
loaves and flowers, and apply in the form of a poultice, frequently changing them.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
469
HOW TO USE DR. 0. PHELPS BROWN'S
SirANDARD HEBBAIi REMEDIES IX THE DISEASES FOR
WHICH THEY ARE DESIGNED.
The several Standard Herbal Remedies described in this article
have grown up out of many years of labor. Their sales at the
present time are very large, extending almost over the whole globe.
They are manufactured in England as well as in America, and we have
well established agents in Africa, Egypt, New Zealand, Australia, and
nearly all the foreign ports — which are too numerous to mention. But
what is vastly more important, they give universal satisfaction, and will
cure the diseases for which they are recommended.
All juy remedies are purely lierhal, as represented by the ac-
companying illustrations. Around the Balsam bottle. Ointment and
Pill box are tlirown sprigs of the principal ingredients — twigs of the
Acacia Tree, Bittersweet Vine, Green Ozier ; sprays of the Water
470 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
Pepper and Lobelia, and the leaves of the Mandrake. Skunk Cabbage
and Ayapana, which form some of the principal ingredients of these
remedies.
These medicines are kept hy the principal wholesale and
retail drilg'ljists throughout the United States and Canada. Should
your druggist not have a supply on hand, he can procure them for you
from the wholesale house with which he deals, without extra freight,
when ordering them with other goods. Should he, however, fail
to get them, you can send to me for the medicine and your orders
will receive prompt attention. The express business is now so com-
plete that an almost daily delivery can be guaranteed to all parts
of the country ; while the express charges for small packages have been
reduced one-half to all towns where the offices of the various companies
are established. Recollect, all the wholesale houses keep my Standard
llcrl)al Jtcmedies. A printed list will be sent on application.
For over twenty years, or nearly a quarter of a century, I have been en-
gaged in gathering herbs and treating patients from all parts of the
country who have favored me with their confidence. Out of tilis
practice lias g:rowu my Standard Herbal Ilemedies, ok Specifics
ibr certain defined diseases. '^
The first and most important of these preparations is, perhaos, the
Acacian Balsam, for all lung affections. It lubricates all th(^ tubes
and air cells, removing inflammation, loosening a cough and assist-
ing the lungs to throw off disease. Persons far gone in consumption
have been kept alive for years and made very comfortable by the Acacian
Balsam ; others who have inherited weak lungs from their parents, and
whose family invariably die at an early age with this disease, have kept
consumption at bay during an ordinary lifetime by the use of this in-
valuable remedy. Such persons can be referred to in nearly every sec-
tion of the country. Send for printed certificates.
These parties, tliroug'h my advice (given in various other pub-
lications, and my annual Shakesperian Almanac), never allow a cold
to settle on the lungs — but, upon the first indication of a cold in the head
or throat, they commence taking the Balsam and rubbing the Ointment
night and morning around the throat and over the chest. In from
twenty-four to forty-eight hours the cold is broken up and gone. Had
it been allowed to extend downward to the lungs and get firmly seated,
it would have ]irobably resisted all efforts to throw it off ; although in
numberless cases this remedy has raised people, apparently in the very
last stages of consumption, from their sick beds and restored them to
health.
I liave, therefore, unbounded fiiitli in this remedj' in this
class of diseases, and would strongly urge its merits upon those
who dread the ajiproach of consumption, or have any lung difficulty.
This disease is so insiilious in its ai)proaches — so flattering in its pro-
gress, up to-day, down to-morrow, that those afflicted do not generally
realize their condition until it has become firmly seated in the system ;
whereas, had a remedy like the Balsam been employed in the outset,
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
471
the disease would have been driven out ere it could firmly locate itself.
It is as great a folly to wait for a disease of the lungs to disappear of
itself as it would be to stand on the bank of a stream waiting for it to
dry up to admit of an early crossing.
We all know that simple herbal remedies are the natural
medicine designed by the Creator for man's restoration to health.
This remedy is composed of five or six herbal ingredients that not only
Txjork together harmoniously hut aid each ether in eradicating the disease
— one of iJiese ingredients soothes the iiritated surface, another Jicals,
another loosens the morbid secretions, producing free and easy expectota-
tion ; another lubj icates the parts, another soothes the nerves, producing
sleep, another arrests night sweatiiig, another provides nourishment for
the body ; so that if no food can be eaten, the Balsam, through the
tonic ]Trovided by Ayapana and the nourishing properties of Gum Acacia
and Wild Honey will sustain lite, and thus all the conditions of the dis-
ease are overpowered, and the system, working together with the
medicine, is enabled to throw off the fell destroyer, called consumption
of the luugs.
472 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
In addition to this we have the Herbal Ointment, which is our
great external remedy ; it acts as a blood circulator and a counter-irritant.
(Sc-e ait on p. 471). This Ointment, rubbed well in over the chest, throat,
shoulder-blades, small of the back, stomach and bowels, and up and down
the spine, arouses the whole system to action. It should be applied to
all parts of the body where pain, weakness, irritation, or soreness exist.
It circulates the blood, soothes the nervous system, removes irritation,
makes active the kidneys, assists digestion and strengthens the parts to
which it is applied.
Where constipation exists, the Renovating Pills are to be taken often
enough to keep the bowels soluble and regular ; they will act on the liver,
and thus this organ will also aid the system in throwing off disease.
After years of experience tliis is tlic only rational and suc-
cessful treatment I have found in lung- complaint.
One bottle of Balsam will break up an ordinaiy cold — price one dollar.
AVhcn a cold gets seated, and the first stages of Consumption are pre-
senting themselves, six bottles of Balsam ; two large pots of Herbal
Ointment and one small box Renovating Pills will be required. Total,
six dollars and twenty-five cents. ^ ^
Let me again urge the necessity of breaking up a cold ere it «firmly
locates itself on the lungs. One bottle will do this, and save n^t only
money but perhaps a long period of sickness. Yes, perhaps save you
from consumption itself. The Acacian Balsam is a positive cure for
astlinia, no matter of how long standing.
The Restorative Assimilant and Herbal Ointment are better
known throughout the United States and Canada than any of my other
remedies The Restorative Assimilant is designed for all diseases of the
stomach and digestive organs ; it assimilates the juices of the stomach;
gives strength and lone to this organ, and removes any unnatural condition
that may exist. Many thousand people can testify to its curative qualities
in Epilepsy or Fits. Experience has taught me that this disease is caused,
in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, by a peculiarly disordered con-
dili(jn of the stomach. The Restorative Assimilant removes this peculiar
condition, thus curing the disease. Many epileptics never have a single
attack after the fir^t dose of tlie medicine ; the majority of cases require
three bottles, wliich we consider a fair test in any case. While takingthe
Restorative Assimilant, the Herbal Ointment and Renovating Pills should
also be used. The Ointment is to be well and freely rubbed in twice a
day, night and morning, up and down the spine, around the neck, across
the small of the back, and sparingly over the stomach and bowels, to
bootlic the nervous system, strengthen the jiarts and assist digestion.
The Itenovatiui!: Tills are to be taken often enoua;ii to keep the
bowels gently open and rcguhar. They will emulge the liver and thus this
organ will aid in throwing off disease. A confirmed case of epilepsy will re-
quire three Ijottlcs of Restorative Assimilant, price Five dollars ; two large
pots of Hcr))al Ointment, One dollar ; one small box of Pills, twenty-five
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 473
cents. Total, Six dollars and twenty-five cents. Sent by express, se-
curely packed, if the remedies cannot be had of the local druggist.
The Restorative Assimilant especially is valuable in all female irreg-
ularities. It removes internal inflammation, heals ulceration and tones
up and strengthens the system generally. It is one of the best and most
efficacious tonics in existence for general and local debility.
Nervousness and sleeplessness (from each of which so many persons
suffer at the present day), in nine cases out of ten arise from a dis-
arranged stomach. A few doses of the Restorative Assimilant will set
the digestive wheels in motion, thus relieving the system from nervous-
ness and irritation, and soothing the nervous system to rest.
Ijidiarrlioea,or evoii dysentery in its worstform, the Assimilant
acts promptly in disinfecting the stomach, healing all inflammation of the
bowels, and checking the disease without leaving any bad effects behind.
I have known a man tottering feebly along from chronic diarrhoea, to be
set upon his feet with renewed life and vigor in less than forty-eight
hours, from a few doses of this medicine, so astonishing are its results.
One pint bottle will cure any case. I have never known it to fail in a
single instance.
Next ill order comes my Rock Rose and Stilling^ia Blood
Purifier, and the Liver Invigorator. The names of these preparations
indicate the diseases for which they are intended. Each is prepared
with great care to meet the requirements of Blood and Liver Complaints.
To change the condition of the blood from an unhealthy and impure
condition to one of health and purity is a work of time ; a bottle or two
of the above remedy will accomplish but little good, but a course of six
bottles will make one feel like a new creature ; it will cleanse the com-
plexion, cure eruptions of the skin, give buoyancy to the step and bright-
ness to the eye. The price of Six bottles of Blood Purifier is Five
dollars.
Two or three bottles of the Liver Invigorator will emulge the liver and
remove the many feelings of distress attending the torpidity of this or-
gan. In all cases of liver complaint I also advise the use of the Reno-
vating Pills as necessary to cany off all morbid secretions from the system.
The Liver Invigorator is One dollar per bottle.
I will close with a few remarks about my Male Fern Vermifuge
and Herbal Ointment Sui)])ositories. (See cut 07i page 474).
Tiiere is not a case of Files or Fistula in the L'nited States
that the Suppositories will fail to cure j^rovided they be used a reasonable
length of time, if used in connection with a course of my Blood Purifier
in scrofulous constitutions. The Suppositories here represented are to be
used for internal piles, and the Herbal Ointment is to be used for ex-
ternal piles. Both are to be used when the piles are both external
and internal. If the patient is not particularly scrofulous the Blood I'uri-
474
rilE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
fier may be omitted and the Ointment and Suppositories will do the work.
The Male Fern Yermifug'C is decidedly the most reliable Vermifuge
ever manufactured ; it not only removes every variety of worm (even
tapeworms) from the body, but their nests also. It is as pleasant to the
taste as aromatic syrup — children never refuse to take it, and being
equally effectual among adults, it proves an invaluable remedy.
The Woodland Balm, for the hair, invigorates the scalp, causing a
new crowth of hair, while it cures all eruptions, and removes un-
natural heat from the head. Space will not permit a farther description,
as I do not wish to say much about my Standard Herbal Remedies in
this work, as it is intended to give formulas for the benefit of the public.
Those who wish to know more about them, have but to address me and
procure half a dozen copies of my Shakesperian Almanac (for themselves
and friends), which is published annually about the first of December,
and can be had at any time of the year — free !
This almanac contains a large number of certificates of cures wrought
by my Standard Herbal Remedies in all parts of the United States.
Many of them are from persons who had been given up as incurable by
various physicians. Being thus throvn upon their own resources,
they sought for themselves a remedy, and my preparations being brought
to their notice through liberal advertising or friends, they had faith
enough to procure and give them a fair trial, which resulted in their being
restored to health.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 475
My Slaiidard Herbal Remedies embrace nine preparations.^ Should
any one be in doubt as to which of the remedies are adapted to his or her
individual case, I may be addressed on the subject, with a short de-
scription of case, and will promptly give the required advice and my
opinion by return mail, free of charge. Remittances may be made
safely by P. O. Order or Registered Letter. Address
DR. O. PHELPS BROWN,
No. 21 Grand Street, Jersey City. N. J.
DE. O. PHELPS BROWN'S ,
STANDARD FLUID EXTRACTS.
The fluid extract is the most elegant form for administering medicinal
agents, being concentrated, and containing just enough alcohol to pre-
serve them from degeneration by age. They can, therefore, be admin-
istered in all inflammatory conditions, in which tinctures containing a
greater quantity of alcohol are not admissible.
My fluid extracts are superior to any that are manufactured. They
are prepared without the aid of heat, in perfect vacuum, and from plants
gathered at the proper seasons, in soils best adapted for medicinal per-
fection, and in climates to which they are indigenous, and in which they
attain their richest medicinal development. This is not the case with
other manufacturers — they prepare 'them from plants of indiscriminate
selection, which accounts for their frequent worthlessness. These fluid-
extracts are guaranteed for high character and reliabilitj-, and physiciana
can depend upon their action with all confidence.
It is my particular desire in preparing them to offer to households
good and convenient remedies, by which they can treat all cases of sick-
ness occurring. They will find them, by the aid of this work, very ad-
vantageous for domestic medication. To meet the wants of families,
the author sells them in standard small quantities, as it is not to be
supposed that they desire or have use for such large quantities that
physicians or druggists ordinarily purchase.
It will be seen that the list is very complete, and so systematically
arranged that no error can occur, as the virtues and doses of each are
appended. Those marked with a star * should not be used without the
advice of a physician, and even then the administering should be very
carefully and watchfully done.
These extracts are sent by express, on receipt of price, carefully
476
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
packed in strong boxes. All of them are warranted to possess the hihg-
est excellence of \-irtue, and to exert the full therapeutic effects desired.
Address, Dr. O. Phelps Brown,
21 Orandsi., Jersey City, N. J.
FLUID EXTRACTS,
FLUID EXTBACT OF
Aconite* (leaves). . .
Aconite* (rootj
Agrimony
American Valerian.
Arnica Flowers.
Avens Root. . . .
Balm
Balmony
Barberry
Bayberry
Belladonna*
Beth Hoot
Bitter Root
Bittersweet
Black Alder .. .-. .
Blackberry Root
Blood Root
Blue Flag
Boneset
Boxwood
Buchu
" Comp
Biickhorn
Buckthorn
Bugle Weed
Butternut
Button Snakeroot...
Cannabis Indica* . . .
Canella
Centaury
Cinchona ^Calisaya).
Chamomile
Checkerberry
Cherry Bark
" Comp.. .
Cleavers
Coca
Colocynth*
Cohosh, black
Cohosh, blue
Colchicum Root
" Seeds
Coltsfoot
Colnmbo ' .
Comfrey
Conium*
Cotton Root*
Cramp Bark
Cranesbill
Cubebs.
MEDICINAL PEOPEKTIE8.
Narcotic and sedative .
Tonic, alterative, and astringent
Tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispas-
modic
Stimulant and tonic
Tonic and astringent.
Stimulant, diaphoretic, and antispasmodic. .
Tonic, cathartic, ami anthelmintic
Tonic and laxative
Astringent and stimulant
Anodyne, relaxant, antispasmodic
Astringent,, tonic, antiseiitic ■
Emetic, diaphoretic, tonic, and laxative
Narcotic, diuretic, alterative, diaphoretic,
discutient
Tonic, alterative, and astringent
Astringent
Emetic, diaphoretic, stimulant, tonic
Cathartic, alterative, sialagogue, diuretic...
Tonic, aperient, diaphoretic, emetic
Tonic, astringent, antiperiodic, stimulant. . .
Diuretic, stimulant, tonic
Mucilaginous, tonic, and styptic
Cathartic ,
Sedative, tonic, astringent, narcotic
Cathartic
Diuretic, tonic, stimulant, emmenagogue.
Narcotic, diiu-etic, diaphoretic
Aromatic, stinuUant, tonic
Tonic and antiperiodic
Tonic, antiperiodic, febrifuge
Tonic, carminative, antispasmodic
Stinuilant, aromatic, astringent . .
Tonic, stimulant, expectorant
Refrigerant and diuretic
Tonic and vivifier
Drastic cathartic
Tonic, antispasmodic, diuretic
Emmenagogue, ])artiu-ient, antispasmodic.
Sedative, cathartic, diuretic, emetic
Emollient, demulcent, tonic.
Bitter tonic
Denuilccnt and astringent. .
Narcitic
Emmenagogue, partm'ient. . .
.Antispasmodic
Astrill'_'rllt.
Diuretic, stimulant, toaic
2 to 5 drops
2 or 3
30 to 60
.30 to 60
10 to 3U
10 to £0
30 to 00
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
2 to 5
30 to-eo
lotoau
20 to JO
30 to 60
20 to 40
5 to 30
20 to -10
30 to 60
20 to 40
20 to 40
10 to 30
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to (iO
30 to 60
2 to 5
10 to 20
10 to 30
20 to 40
30 to 60
30 to 60
20 to 60
20 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
10 to 30
10 to 30
10 to .30
3 to 10
5 to 15
30 to 60
10 to 30
30 to 60
5 ti) 10
30 to 60
30 to 60
20 to 40
30 to 40
Price
per
J c.ts.
20
25
20
25
15
15
15
15
15
15
30
20
25
20
20
15
20
20
15
15
30
30
15
20
15
15
20
75
15
15
75
20
15
20
25
15
3 00
35
25
20
25
.30
15
;:»
20
25
35
15
20
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
477
FLUID EXTRACT OF
Culver's Root
Cundurango
Daiulelion
Digitalis*
Dragon Root
Dwarf Elder
Elecampane
Ergot*
Fever few
Fireweed
Frobtwort,
Garden Celandine .
Gelseminum*
Gentian
Gillenia
Golden Seal
Golden Rod
Gold Thread
Hardback
Hellebore, black* . .
Henbane*
Hop
Hydrangea
Hyssop
Ignatia Bean* . ...
Ipecac
Jalap*
John's Wort
Juniper Berries
Kousso
Ladies' Slipper
Life Everlasting
Life Root
Lily Root
Liverwort
Lobelia ^. . . .
Logwood
Lovage (Privet). . . .
Lungwort
Male Fern
Jlaiidrake
JIarshmallow
Jlatico
Motherwort
Mugwort
Nux Vomica*
Opium, deodorized*
Pareira Brava
Pennyroyal
Pinkroot
Pipsissewa
I'leurisy Root
Poke Root
Poplar Bark
Prickly Ash
Ptelea
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES.
Cathartic, cholagogue, tonic
Alterative, anticarcinomous
Cathartic, tonic, alterative, diuretic
Sedative, diuretic, diaphoretic
Expectorant and diaphoretic
Sudorific, diuretic, alterative
Stimulant and tonic
Parturient
Emmcnagogue, tonic, stimulant
Emetic, cathartic, tonic
Alterative, anti-scrofulous
Stimulant, alterative, diuretic, diaphoretic,
vulnerai-y
Febrifuge, antispasmodic
Bitter tonic
Emetic, cathartic, tonic .■
Tonic, calmative
Stimulant, carminative
Bitter tonic
Astringent
Antispasmodic, diuretic, emmenagogue
Narcotic
Tonic, hypnotic, febrifuge, antilithic
Diuretic, anticalculus
Stimulant, arouiatic, tonic
Cerebro-spinal tonic
Expectorant, emetic
Drastic cathartic
Astringent, sedative, and diuretic
Stimulant, carminative, diuretic
Anthelmintic, anti-tape-worm
Tonic, stimulant, diaphoretic, antispas-
modic ,.
Astringent
Diuretic, pectoral, diaphoretic, tonic
Astringent, demiilcent, anodyne, anti-scro-
fulous
Mucilaginous, astringent
Emetic, expectorant, relaxant, antispasmo-
dic, discutient, and anodyne, externally . .
Tonic, astringent
Astringent
Demulcent and mucilaginous
Anthelmintic
Cathartic, cholagogue, tonic
Demulcent and diuretic
Stimulant, diuretic, astringent, alterative. . .
Emmenagogue, nervine, antispasmodic, laxa-
tive.
Tonic, narcotic
Cerebro-spinal tonic
Anodyne
Tonic, diuretic, aperient
Stimulant, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, and
carminati ve
Anthelmintic
Diuretic, tonic, alterative, astringent
Expectorant, diaphoretic, tonic
Emetic, cathartic, alterative, narcotic
Tonic and febrifuge
Stimulant, tonic, alterative, sialagogue
Tocic, autiperiodic
10 to 30 drops
10 to 30
30 to 00
2 to 5
10 to 30
80 to (50
30 t« (iO
10 to 30
20 to 40
30 to (iO
20 to 40
.30 to 60
5 to 10
20 to 40
3(/ to 60
20 to 40
30 to 60
20 to 40
5 to 15
5 to 10
5 to 15
30 to 60
20 to 40
30 to 60
3 to 5
5 to 30
10 to .30
30 to 60
30 to GO
30 to 60
20 to 40
30 to 60
10 to 30
10 to .30 "
1 dram
10 to 30 drops
20 to 40
30 to 60
30 to (K)
20 to 40
10 to 60
20 to 40
10 to 30
30 to 60
20 to 40
3 to 10
3 to 10
30 to 60
30 to 60
20 to 40
20 to 40
20 to 40
10 to 30
20 to 40
10 to .30
10 to 30
Price
per
$ cts.
25
2 00
25
20
15
15
15
50
15
20
15
478
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
FLtTTD EXTRACT OF
Quassia
Queen of the Meadow..
Rhatany
Rhubarb
Rosin Weed
Sape
Sarsapaiilla (American)
" (i'oreign). .
Sassafi-as.
Savine*
Savory
Scullcap
Seneka
Senna
Skunk Cabbage
Snake Root
Soap Wort
Solomon's Seal
Spearmint
Spikenard
Squill
Stillingia
Stoneroot
Stramonium*
Sumach
Sweet Gale (Myrica)..
TaK Alder
Tansy
Thorough wort.
Thyme
Turkey Corn
Unicorn Root
Uva Ursi
Valerian
Vervain
Veratnun*
Wahoo
Water Pepper
Wild Indigo
Wild Yam
WiU^h Hazel
Wormwood
Wormseed
Yarrow
Yellow Dock
Yellow I'ariUa.
MEDICINAL PROPERTIES.
Bitter tonic
Diuretic, stimulant, tonic
A powerful astringent
Cathartic
Tonic, diaphoretic, alterative
Tonic, astringent, expectorant, diaphoretic.
Alterative
Alterative
Alterative
Emmenagoprue, diuretic, diaphoretic.
Stimulant, carminative, emmenagogue
Antispasmodic
Emotic and cabhartic
Cathiirtic
Emetic, stimulant, antispasmodic, discutient,
externally
Tonic, diuretic, diaphoretic
Tonic, diaphoretic, alterative
Tonic, astringent
Carminative
Alterative
Emetic, expectorant
An une(iualled alterative
Stimulant
Energetic narcotic
Tonic, astringent, antiseptic
Astringent and stimulant
Alterative, emetic, astringent
Emmenagogue, diaphoretic
Tonic, aperient, diaiihoretic, expectorant...
Emmenagogue, diaphoretic
Alterative
Tonic, diuretic, sialagogue
Astiingent and tonic
Sedative
Tonic, antispasmodic
Sedative. dia))horetic
Tonic, alterative, expectorant : . . . .
Stimulant, diuretic, diaphoretic, excellent,
external remedy
Purgative, emetic, stimulant
Antispasmodic
Tonic, astringent, sedative
Tonic, anthelmintic
Authehuinuc
Astringent, diuretic, alterative
Alterative, tonic, detergent
Tonic, laxative, alterative
20 to 40 drops
20 to 40 '
20 to 40 '
10 to 30 '
20 to 60 '
30 to 60 '
30 to 60 '
30 to (iO '
30 to 60 '
10 to 20 '
20 to 40 '
20 to 40 '
15 to 30 '
30 to 60 '
20 to 50
10 to 30
10 to 60
20 to 40
30 to 60
."0 to 60-
2 to 15^^
10 to 30
10 to 30
3 to 10
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
30 to 60
10 to 30
30 to 60
20 to 40
20 to 40
20 to 40
2
30 to 60
10 to 30
10 to 30
10 to 30
30 to 60
10 to 30
10 to 30
10 to 40
30 to 60
10 to 30
Price
per
oz.
$ cts.
15
15
30
50
30
20
25
30
20
20
25
20
40
20
20
30
20
20
20
20
40
30
25
20
15
15
15
15
15
15
25
30
30
30
25
40
30
15
15
20
15
15
20
15
30
30
In the administration of these fluid-extracts the minimum doso
should first he given, and if the desired effect is not fully respon.sive, the
doses should be gradually increased to the maximum dose. In some
cases even larger doses may be required than those given as ordinarily
sufficient for inducing their therapeutic effects.
In consequence of trouble in packing, not less than two Doll.^rs'
worth of these fluid-extracts will bo sent at one time, unless ordered in
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
479
connection with some of my Standard Remedies. The quantity may
either consist of one medicine, or of an indiscriminate selection from the
whole list. They are packed in strong bottles, fully labelled, and guaran-
teed pure. They can only be sent by express.
All orders should be addressed to
Dr. O. Phelps Brown,
21 Grand St., Jersey City, N. J.
ELECTRO-MAGNETIC MACHINE.
Formerly electric machines were unreliable, alwajs troublesome, and
constantly getting out of order, a source of annoyance and perplexity. All
these inconvenicuces are now obviated in this machine {sec cut), which Is
manufactured for us by the
Galvano-Faradac Manufacturing
Company. It combines cheap-
ness, simplicity and power. The
method of using it may be made
known in a few sontencfs m liich
are sent with the macliiuc. The
use of electricity for medical
purposes, confined some few
years since to a few specialists,
has now become of common use in
families all over the country, and
it is a very valuable remedy in a
wide range of diseases, and es-
pecially is it reliable when used
in connection with my Herbal
Ointment. Thus used it is im-
portant in nervous affections,
paralysis, general debility, loss
of voice, when it comes from
fatigue, hysteria or fright ; ap-
poplexy, prolapsus ani, muscular
atrophy, facial palsy, varicose
Price $15. veins, aneurism, vomitiug, hydro-
cele, paralysis of the muscles of the eye, cerebral softening, hemiplegia,
hydatids, enlarged joints, lead palsy, enlargement of spleen, neuralgia,
numbness, rheumatism, gout, swellings, weak or diseased spine, tumors,
etc., etc. After the application of the electric current my Herbal Oint-
ment should be freely applied and well rubbed in over the afflicted parts.
The beneficial result of the union of these two powerful external remedies
in many cases cannot be overestimated — the one arousing action and
electrifying, the other healing, soothing, and giving warmth and re-
newed liife, health and streiicth.
Price of Ointment 25 and 50 cents per pot ; 2 and 4 cts. extra for postage.
If constipation exists in any of the above diseases a few doses of my
Renovating Pills should be taken.
For a farther description of my Herbal Ointment send for my "Treatise
on Herbal Remedies," which is supplied free to all applicants.
480' THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
GLOSSARY.
It is confidently believed that all the technical terms introduced into
this work are fully defined in this Glossary. Many of the medical terms
are explained where they occur, and even some of those that are here
defined are explained at the place wheie first employed, but are inserted
here also, so as to make this Glossary sufficiently complete for ready
reference by the most casual reader.
ACKO-NARCOTic, Medicines that act on the brain, or spinal marrow, or
both, but at the same time irritate the parts to which they are ap-
plied.
Adjuvant, A medicine that aids the operation of the principal ingredi-
ent of a mixture or compound.
Adynamic, Pertaining to adynamia, or debility of the vital powersS
Aekation, Charging with air ; the transformation of venous blood and
chyle into arterial blood by respiration ; arterialization.
Akfeuent, Conveying inward, nerves that convey impressions towards
the nervous centres.
Albumen, The immediate principle of animals and vegetables ; it con-
stitutes the chief part of the white of an egg.
Alkaloid, Having the property of or pertaining to an alkali.
Alvine, Relating to the lower belly, as alvine dejections, etc.
Amarous, Bitter.
AN/Estiietic, Relatmg to privation of feeling ; a medicine that prevents
feeling.
An/E.mia, a bloodless condition.
Antapiirodisiac, a substance capable of blunting venereal desires.
Antipkuiodic, a medicine which possesses the power of arresting mor-
bid periodical movements, as Peruvian bark.
Apkriknt, a medicine that gently opens the bowels.
Aphonia, A voiceless condition ; loss of voice.
Aphrodisiac, A substance that excites the venereal passions.
Antiseptic, Opposed to imtrefaction.
Aphthous, Pertaining to aphthiy or thrush.
AllEOLAiJ, Appertaining to an areola, or the space between the fibres,
coiiiiiosing organs, or between vessels which interlace each other.
Asthenic. Debilitated ; pertaining to asthenia, or woJit of strength.
Atociao, Pertaining to atocia or sterility ; sterile.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 481
Atonic, Wanting tone ; weakness of every organ, and particularly of
those that are contractile.
Atrophy, Defective nutrition ; a diminution in the bulk of the whoh
body, or of a part.
Bougie, An instrument used for the purpose of dilating the urethra.
Cachectic, Belonging or pertaining to cachexia ; depraved nutrition of.
a bad habit of the body.
Cadaverous, Pertaining to or resembling the cadaver, or de'xd bodj.
Calisthenic, Pertaining to calisthenics, or the art of promoting, bj'
appropriate exercises, strength of body and grace of movements.
Capillary, Hair-like ; small.
Caries, Death or decay of a bone.
Carminative, A remedy that aUays paia or proinotes the expulsion oi
tiatus, or wind, from the bowels.
Cardiac, Pertaining to the heart.
Cartilage, A solid part of the body of e. medium consistence between
bone and ligament.
Caseine, The chief constituent of miLc
Catamenial, Pertaining to catamenia, or menstrual flow.
Cath.\rsis, a natural or artificial purgation, or movement of the bowels.
Cerebral, Pertaining to the brain.
Cervical, Pertaining or belonging to the cervix or neck.
CiiOLAGOGUE, A medicine that causes a flow of bile.
Cholesterine, An inodorous, insipid substance, forming the crystal-
line part of a biliary calculas, and contained in neurine and various
other tumors ; also iu the seeds of many plants, olive oil, etc.
Chronic, Of long duration.
Chymification, Formation of chyme, or the pulp formed by the food
and various secretions, after it has been for some time in the stom-
ach.
Clonic, Irregular convulsive motions ; convulsion with alternate relax-
ation.
CoLLiQUATrv'E, Profuse ; exhausting ; a term applied to discharges
which produce rapid exhaustion.
Comatose, Pertaining to coma, or a profound state of sleep, from which
it is difficult to aroi:.5e the individual.
Corrigent, Corrective ; a medicine that mollifies or corrects the action
of a pharmaceutical preparation.
Deglutition, The action of swallowing.
Delirium, Straying from the rules of reason ; wandering of the mind.
Deobstruent, a medicine having the power of removing obstructions,
21 2f
482 THE COJIl'LETE HERBALIST.
Deodorized, Deprived of odor or smell.
DES<iUAMATiON, Exfoliation, or separation of the scarf skin, in the form
of scales.
Detergents, Medicines that cleanse parts, as wounds, ulcers, etc.
Diagnosticate, Forming a diagnosis or character of a disease by its
symptoms.
DtAniouESis, A greater degree of perspiration than natural, but less
than sweating.
Diathesis, Disposition of the body ; predisposition to a certain disease.
DtscuTiENT, A medicine having the power to discuss, repel, or resolve
tumors.
DiUKESis, A greater discharge of urine than natural.
Drastic, Active ; a name given to those cathartics that operate power-
fully.
Duct, The canal leading from a gland or vesicle.
DysI'Ncea, Difficiilty of breathing.
Ectozoa, Parasitic animals that infest the exterior of the body, ^s lice,
etc.
Efferent, Conveying outwards ; nerves that convey nervous stimvdua
from the brain to other parts.
Effluvia, Emanations, miasms, noxious matter.
E.IACULATOR, That which effects the emission of sperm.
Embryo, The fecundated germ in the early stages of its development in
the womb.
Emulsion, A pharmaceutical preparation, in which oil is suspended in
water by means of mucilage.
E.munctory, Any organ whose office it is to excrete or expel matters.
Endemic, Diseases which are owing to some peculiarity in a situation or
locality. Thus, ague is endemic in marshy countries.
Entozoa, Parasitic animals that infest the interior of the body, aa
worms.
Ephemeral, Of short duration.
Epigastrium, That portion of the surface of the body lying over the
stomach.
Epidemic, A disease that attacks a number of persons at the same time,
and referable to some condition of the atmosphere.
Epispadias, A condition of the penis in which the urethra opens at the
upper part of the organ.
Eructation, A .-iouorous emission of Hatus, by the mouth, from the
stomach.
Exacerbation, Increase in the symptoms of a disorder ; paroxysm.
Exantuematous, Relating to the exanlhems, or eruptive diseases.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST, 483
ExCRESCEKCE, A tumorwhich forms at the surface of organs, especially
the skin, mucous membranes, and ulcerated surfaces.
Exfoliation, The separation of dead portions from the various tissues.
ExTKAVASATiON, Escape of a fluid from the vessel which contains it, as
blood from the veins.
Exudation, The oozing of a matter from the pores of a membrane ;
also the matter that issues in such a manner.
Facial, Relating to the face.
F.^CAL, Relating to the fjeces or stools.
Falx, a name given to several membranous reflections having the shape
of a scythe.
Farinaceous, Having the appearance or nature of farina, or the pow-
der obtained by grinding the seeds of certain plants.
Febrifuge, Having the power of abating or driving away fever.
Febrile, Relating to or having the character of fever.
Fibrin, An immediate animal principle entering into the composition of
the chyle and the blood ; it is the coagulable material of blood.
Flexor, Muscles whose office it is to bend certain parts.
Fluctuation, The undulation of a fluid which is felt by pressure, pro-
perly practised.
Fcetus, Usually this name is applied to the product of conception after
quickening, or more advanced stage of utero-gestation ; more
vaguely, it is used synonymously with embryo.
Follicle, A small secreting cavity formed by a depression of the skia
or mucous membrane.
Fungous, Relating to funga, or certain growths resembliug the mush-
room, which have no external ulceration, as warts, etc.
Ganglion, A name generally given to a knot-like enlargement in the
course of a nerve.
Gangrene, Privation of life or partial death of an organ ; mortifica-
tion.
Gastric, Relating to the stomach.
Gelatine, An immediate animal principle of jelly-like character.
Genitalia, The genital or sexual organs.
GLjVND, Organs which separate from the blood any fluid whatever ; a
secreting organ ; the reddish and spongy, knot-like bodies met witb
in the course of the lymi^hatics.
Gluten, An immediate principle of vegetables ; it is soft, of a gi-ayish
white, viscid consistence, and very elastic.
Granulation, Granulations are the reddish, conical, flesh-Uke shoots
which form at the surface of wounds and ulcers.
Graved, Pregnant.
484 THE COMPI.KTE HERBALTST.
Gkitmotjs, Clotted ; ^ramous blood is coagulated or clotted blood
Hallucinatton, a morbid cn-or in one or more senses ; a delusion.
IlELiciNE, Resembling in form the tendrils of a vine.
Hemouriiaoe, a flow of blood.
Hepatic, Relating to the liver.
Hygienic, Relating to hygiene, Qr that part of medicine whose object
is the preseiA'ation of health.
II Yl'EHTHOrilY, The state of a part in which nutrition is performed with
greater activity. Unusual bulk of a part.
Hypnotic, A medicine having the power to promote or cause sleep.
Hypospadias, A malformation, in which the "rethra opens at the base
or beneath the penis.
Idiopathic, A primary disease ; one not ''ependent on any other.
Idiosyncuasy, a peculiarity of constitution, in which one person ia
affected by an agent which in many others would produce no effect.
Indolent, This, in a medical sense, means painless.
Induration, The hardness which occasionally follows in an injfamed
part.
Infusoria. The animalcules originating in decomposition of matter.
INGESTA, Substances introduced into the body by the mouth as food.
Inspissated, Rendered thick, as an extract.
Integument, Anything which serves to cover or envelop.
Interosseous, Between the bones.
Jactation, Extreme anxiety, excessive restlessness— a symptom ob-
served in serious diseases.
Kyestein, a peculiar pellicle forming on the urine of a pregnant wo-
man, when allowed to stand for a few days.
Lachrymal, Belonging to the tears.
Lesion, Derangement, disorder, any morbid change.
Ligament, A fibrous substance, serving to unite bones and to form
joints.
Ligature, A cord or thread with which an artery or tumor is tied.
Lu-MIJAU, Pertaining to the loins.
liVMPli, A name given to the fluids contained in the lymphatic vessels-
LY.MP1IATICS, The vessels conveying lymph.
Maceration, An operation which consists in infusing, usually with
heat, a solid sub.staiice, so as to extract its virtues.
Mammary, Relating to the mauimai, or female breasts.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 485
Mastication, The act of chewing.
Materia Medica, The knowledge of medicines ; the substances used
as medicines.
Maturation, The state of an abscess which has reached maturity.
Medulla, The base of the brain; marrow.
Menses, The monthly flow.
Menstrual, Pertaining to the menses.
BIenstruum, a solvent ; a substance possessing the property of dissolv-
ing others.
I\1 etastasis, Changing from one place to another.
Micturition, Urination, discharge of urine.
Mucilaginous, Having the character of mucilage; resembling gum.
Mucus, The substance foixnd at the surface of mucous membranes.
Karcotic, Substances which have the property of stuj)efying.
Nasal, Relating to the nose.
Nausea, Inclination to vomit sickness of stomach.
Necrosis, Death of a bone.
Nephritic, Relating to the kidneys.
Nervine, A medicine which acts on the nervous system.
Neurine, Relating to the nerves.
Node, A hard concretion or incrustation gathering around the joints at-
tacked with rheumatism or gout.
NOSOLOGIST, One versed in nosology, or classification of diseases.
Obstetrician, One skilled, or practising midwifery.
OpnTHALMiA, Relating or belonging to the eye.
Orgasm, The height of venereal excitement in sexual intercourse.
Orthopncea, Necessity of being in the erect posture to be able to
breathe.
Osseous, Relating to or having the character of bones.
Pabulum, Food, aliment.
Papilla, An eminence resembling a nipple.
Paracentesis, The act of tapping to evacuate a fluid in a cavity, as in
dropsy of the abdomen.
Paroxysm, A periodical exacerbation or fit of a disease.
Parturient, Bringing forth young.
Parturition, Delivery, labor, child-birth.
Pathological, Relating to pathology.
Pathology, A branch of mediciae whose object is the knowledge of
disease.
Pectin, A principle which forms the basis of vegetable jelly.
486 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
pECTORAJ^, Relating to the breast; a mediciae that relieves or removes
affections of the chest.
P.-:i,LlCLE. A thin skin or membrane, a film.
ri:uiSTALTic, A motion consisting of alternate contraction and dilata-
tion.
Peritoneum, The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity.
TiiAfiEDENic, Appearing as if it was gnawed.
Pharmaceutic, Relating to pharmacy.
PilAR.MACOPCEiA. A work containing the formulae for the preparation,
etc., of medicines.
PriAR.M.\CY, The art which teaches the knowledge, choice, preservation,
preparation, and combination of medicines.
Pii/.EGMOXOi's, Relating to iutlammation which is confined to the areo-
lar texture.
PnLVZACious, Relating to tumors formed by the accumulation of a
serous Uuid under the scarf-skin.
PUYSIOLOGY, The science which teaches the functions of org^Jis or
tissues. ^
Pletiioha, a superabundance of blood. *
PXEU.MOG.VSTUIC, Belonging to the lungs and stomach.
Portal Circulation, The circulation of blood in the system of vessels
in the kidneys and liver.
Ptvalis.m, Profuse salivation.
Puerperal. Relating to child-birth and its consequences.
PULMON.\RY, Relating or belonging to the lungs.
Purulent, Having the character of pus.
Pus, The secretion from inflamed textures.
Pustule, An elevation of the skin, ha^nng an inflamed base.
Pyogknic, Having a relation to the formation of pus.
Regimen, Diet; the rational and methodical use of food.
Renal. Relating to the kidneys.
Respiration, The function of breathing, by which is accomplished the
mixture of venous blood with lymph and chyle.
Revi:li.i;nt, Derivative; a remedy causing an abstraction from the
morbid condition of some organ or tissue.
Revulsion. The act of turning a disease from a part in which it seems
to have taken its seat.
*>.\c, A bag-like cavity, formed by any serous membrane.
Saccul.\ted, Enclosed in a sac ; having the character of a sac.
Salivary, Relating to the saliva; glands whose function it is to secrete
H.'iliva.
Saj<GUIKEous, Plethoric ; relating to the blood.
THE COMPLETE HERBALIST. 487
Scorbutic, Relating to, or having the character of scurvy.
SCYBALA, Hard faacal matter, discharged in round lumps.
Sebaceous, Small hollow organs seated in the substance of the skin,
and which secrete a matter having a peculiar odor.
Secretion, An organic function, chiefly confined to the glands; also
the matter secreted.
Septum, Partition; a part separating two cavities.
Serum, The most watery portion of the animal fluids, exhaled by serous
membranes.
Sinapism, A mustard plaster.
Sinus, Any cavity, the interior of which is more expanded than the en-
trance.
Sordes, The black substance collecting on the teeth in low fevers.
Spasmodic, Having the character of a spasm.
Splenetic, Relating or belonging to the spleen.
Sputa, Expectorated matter.
Squamous, Scaly ; having the character of scales.
Stercoraceous, Faecal.
Stertorous, Of a snoring character.
Strangury, Extreme difficulty in evacuating the urine.
Strumous, Scrofulous.
Styptic, Astringent ; a medicine which stanches the flow of blocd.
Subluxation, A sprain; a partial dislocation.
Sudorific, A medicine which provokes sweating.
Suppuration, Formation or secretion of pus.
Syncope ; Fainting ; loss of sensation and motion.
Synovial, Relating to the membranes lining the joints.
Taxis, A pressure exerted by the hand on a hernial tumor for the pur-
pose of reducing it.
Tissue, The various parts which, by union, form the organs.
Thoracic, Relating or belonging to the chest.
Topical, Local ; remedies locally applied.
Toxical, Poisonous.
Tubercle, A tumor in the substance of an organ, as of the lung.
Urine, The secretion of the kidney.
Urinary, Relating to the urine.
Utp^rus, The womb.
Uterine, Relating or belonging to the womb.
Vaccine, Relating to the matter used for vaccination.
Vascular, Relating to vessels ; arterial, venous or lymphatic
Venereal, Relating to the pleasures of love.
4S8 THE COMPLETE HERBALIST.
VertebR/E, Bones of the spinal column.
Vesicle, A small bladder or cyst.
ViROSE, Possessed of noxious properties.
Virus, Literally, a poison ; an unknown principle, inappreciable by the
senses, which is the agent for the transmission of infectious dis-
eases.
VISCER.\L. Relating or belonging to the viscera, or entraUs.
Vulner.vry, Medicines considered capable of favoring the consolidating
of wounds ; only a property of plants.
Zymotic, Relating or appertaining to fermentation.
THE ELASTICTRUSS AND SUPPORTER
THE HIGHEST AWARD.
A Medal and Diploma has been given bj' the Cen-
ELASTIC ^8 tennial Exposition to our .^
^Russ^^^ ELASTIC TRUSSa
Thus conflrming the verdicts which have htwjto-
fore been given by the Aiiwricdn Listitaie, the Bruok-
lyn Industrial Institute and the Cincinnati Industrial
Expoftition, all the above institutes having given
Price $8. the hinhest aimrds, Silver IMedals and Diplomas,
for suppriority over all for the Elastic Truss and Supporter, because
of its fxeelleufe and cheapness. There is no superior truss, with the ex-
ception of our Champion Truss (pace 342, which cannot be excelled), but
in very many cases the Elastic Truss is just as good and better at less
tlian half the price. The success and universal satisfaction they have
given, as well as the great number of radical cHns they have effected, lias
d'lnonslnttid the fact tliat nip/urc can be sHnUj cured without suffering and
ainioyancc, and irit/nmt mnj dmi/i r of incurring spinal disease or paralysis,
often caused by the severe pressure of metal trusses and supporters. It
holds the rupture seeurely in all positions in which the body may be
placed, and may be adjusted to lit any figure by loosening or tightening
the buckles. 1 hese apiiliances are manufactured for us by the Elastic
Trass Company, who guarantee each truss made to be perfect in every
respect.
Price of the Double Truss is $8.00
Price of the Single Truss is 5.00
Infants' and Children's Ti-usses 0.00
Children's Trusses are always made with double attachments, hence no
distinction in i)rice is made between single and double. This price to some
may si-cni large, but when we consider that one of these Trusses, if
pn»|KTly worn, is sure to cure the worst cases of Hernia in a child (without
torture), it is the cheapest investment that can be niaile.
For Children in all cases a rainph'te cure will be guaranteed, without ;jrt/n
or annoyance, as it can he worn with as much c<i.se and efficacy by an infant
of a week's age as hy an adult ; an attrihute that ito other Trass yet inrented
pDssi'ssi's. Send us the size of the jiatient around the entire boily ou a line
witli the rupture ; state whether riciit or left side, or if both sides ; give us
the distance between the centre of the two openings after the intestines
are ri'turiie<l to tlu; iihilonien, and which sideis the worse, if any difference,
and uU j>articulars, if any.
INDEX.
PAGE
Abdominal fnpportt-rs 370
Abies excel.sa 128
" larix na
Abortion 368
Abscess 336
Absinthine 165
Absorbents 27
Abuta root 132
Acacian Balsam 470
Acacia catechu 61
" vera 32
Acarus saochari 319
" scabei 318
Aceta 29
Achillea millefolium 160
" ptarmica 166
Achilleine 166
Achorion SchOnleinii 324
Acipenser Ruthenus 445
Acne 32^^
Aconitine 123
Aconitum napelliis 123
Adder's tongue 33
" violet 127
Adiantum pedatum 118
Advice to the childless 4;i3
^thera 20
Agave Americana 04
" Virginica 64
Agrimonia Eupatoria 33
Agrimony 3S
Ague cake 217
" root 155
Air and sunshine 190
Albinism 324
Alder 34
" common 36
" smooth 36
" tag 36
Ale hoof 34
Aletris farinosa 155
Alisina plantago 118
Alkekeugi 16
AU-heal 35
PAGE
Almonds, bitter 35
" milk of 36
" sweet 35
AInuin 36
Alnns nibra 36
Aloe socatrina 39
" gpicata 38
" vulgaris 39
Aloes 38
" false 64
Alopecia 325
Alteratives 27
Alum root 77
Amaranth 37
Amaranthus hypochondriasis 37
Amara dulcis 43
Amaurosis 344
Amblyopia 34-1
Amenorrhoea 359
American foxglove 117
" gentian 94
" hellebore 100
ivy 107
" senna GO
" valerian Ill
Ampelopsis quinquefolia 107
Amygdala amara 35
" dulcis 35
Amygdalus communis 35
Anal fistula 256
Anatomy of the organs of digestion 230
" " female organs 397
" " heart 276
" " liver 240
" " male organs 394
" " nervous system 299
" of a plant 23
" of the spleen 245
" " respiratory organs 259
" " urinary organs 294
Anemone 37
" cylindrica 37
" meadow 37
" nemorosa 37
490
INDEX.
PAOE
Anemonine 37
Aneurism 284
Angcioleucitis 257
Angelica 38
" archangelica 38
" atropurpurea 38
Angina pectoris 2tiO
Animal poisons 'ioS
Anise 38
'• star 38
Aniseed 38
Anodynes 27
Antacids 27
Antennaria margaritaceum 131
Anthelmintics 28
Anthemis nobilis fi-l
Anthrax 33!)
Antiscorbutics 28
Antispasmodics 28
Apiol 133
Apocynum androsajmifolium 47
Apnoea 270
Apoplexy 301
Apothecaries' measuBe 30
weight 30
Apple-peru 108
Aphthae 2.;.3
Aquffi 2i»
Aralia spinosa 130
Archangel 38
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi 43
Aromatics 28
Arrow-root gruel 202
" jelly 201
Artemisia absinthum 1H4
" santonica 1G5
Arteritis 284
Anim trj-phillum 8:3
Asarabacca 31)
Asarum Europicum 39
Ascaris lumbricoides 250
" vcrmicularis 250
ABcites 202
Asclopiad.i; , 4
Asclcpias tuborosa 14, 13f>
Asclcpiii 137
Aiilatic cholera 254
ABpcn 150
Aojiidium flllx mas 88
Aiphyxia 270
by ©.Id 270
" inhalation of gases 271
" by Mibmersion 271
Ajthma 208
PAGE
Asthma, h.iy • 200
Astringents 28
A.'itrTa Virginica Hi
Atriplei hoi-ten.sis 21
Atropa belladonna 45
" mandragora 120
Atrophy of the heart 282
Aurelius, Emperor 5
Autophomania 304
Avens, punilf' f'*^
" water 6C
" white 60
Averroes t>
Aya-pana 39
Ay.a-pana eupatorium 39
Baker's itch 322
Baldness 325
Balm '. 41
" ofGilead .s 158
" Woodland ■.'^. . 473
Balmony.
41
^- ■*'
Balsam, Acacian S. -470
" poplar 158
Balsamito 135
Balsamodendron myrrha 125
Bamboo brier 149
Baptisia tinctoria 141
Baptisin 142
Barber's itch 325
Barberry 42
Bark, Jesuit's 67
" Peruvian 67
Barley water 201
Barosma crenata 5fi
Barrenness 433
Bathing 186
Bayberry 42
Bead tree 45
Bearberry 43
Bear's bed 44
Beaver tree 119
Bed-straw 09
Hecch-drops 69
Boof liquid 203
" tea 203
Beggar's lice 104
Beggar-tick 158
Belladonna 45
Berberina 42
Berberis vulgaris 42
Beth root 46
Bhang 60
Bidens biplnnata 158
491
PAGE
Bidens cotinata 157
" frondosa 158
Bilious colic 3('9
Bilious fever 217
Bird's nest 47
Birony 16
Birth-wort 10
Bitter-ash 140
" candy-tuft lUG
" cucumber 71
" root 47
'■■ -sweet 48
" wood 140
Blackberry 143
Black cherry 45
" cohosh 51
" hellebore 101
" oak 129
" root 53
" snake-root 51, 14S
Bladder fucus 124
Blazing Star 52
Bleeding from the nose 2SS
" " lungs 289
" " stomach 280
" " kidneys 200
Blood Purifier 471
" root 54
Blooming spurge 112
Blue cohosh 132
" disease 2&3
" flag . . 49
" gentian 94
" scull-cap 150
" vervain 40
Blunt-leaved dock 82
Boa= 338
Boneset 52
Botany, Epitome of 2^3
Bothriocephalus latus 251
Bouncing Bet 152
Bowman's root 112
Box 55
Boxwood 8a
Boyle 7
Brain Fever 301
Brakeroot 87
Brassica rupa 15
Brayera anthelmintica 110
Bread jelly 202
Bridal tours 440
Bright's disease of the kidneys. 291
Broken back 378
" neck 378
PAGB
Bronchitis 2(56
Bronchocele 340
Brncia 129
Bnchu 56
Buckhorn brake 87
Bull's foot 72
Bunions 323
Burgundy pitch 128
Burning bush 57
Burns and scalds 339
Buttercup . . 79
" nut 103
" weed 57
Butterfly weed 13(5
Buttermilk pap 203
Button bush 96
" snake-root 52, 86
Butua root 132
Buxina 55
Buxus sempervtreus 55
Cahinca 58
Cahincic acid 58
Calico bush 58
Calves' foot jelly 204
Camp fever 220
Canada flea-bane 57
Cancer 345
'• of the stomach 236
" root 59
Canker lettuce 146
Cannabis Indica 59
" sativa 60
Capacities required by nui^es 213
Carbuncle 339
Carcinoma 345
Carolina pink 135
Carminatives 28
Carpenter's square 89
Carthamus tinctorius 146
Cassia Marilandica 60
Catalepsy 314
Cataplasms 29
Catarrhal ophthalmia 343
Catiirrh 262
" of the bladder 208
Catch weed 69
Catechu 61
" pale 92
Cathartics 28
Cat's foot 34
Caulophyllin 132
Caulophyllum thalictj-oides 132
Ceanothine 14?
492
INDEX.
PAGE
Ci'anothuR Ampricantis 14-'!
Oedron 61
Celamline 03
Centaur}' 63
Century plant 0-1
Cophnlnlpia. 300
Cephalanthus occidcntalis 96
Ccnitef^ 29
CerebritiR. 301
Cervicitis 301
Cessation of the menses 301
Cetraria officinalis 106
Cetrarin 100
Chamomile 64
Chamjiion tniss 341
Chansre of life 301
Checkerberry 133
v7heli(lonium majns 62
Chelone glabra 41
Chelonin 42
Chenopodium anthelminticum 104
Cherry laurel 05
Chickweed 60
Chicken broth 204
'■ pox 225
Chilblains 339
Chimaphila umbellata loO
Chiococca racemosa 58
Chionanthus Virginieum ICO
Chlorosis 300
Chocolate root fifi
Choice dielytra 100
Cholera Asiatic 254
" infantum 253
" morbus 254
Chorea 31.j
Chumis CO
Cimicifuvra racemosa 51
Cimicifusrin 51
Cinchona. , , (-,7
" calisaya 07
" condaminea 07
" lancifolia 07
" Bucciniba 07
Cinque foil Cg
CirrhoRis o.j-i
Cis-yimpoHn ]:jo
Cisaampclop parcira irjo
'"InP 348
Cleavers CO
" ■mnll CO
Clcnry man's sore throat 234
Cliforitis 35C
Clothing 151
PAOn
Coakum 137
Coca 70
Cocculus palmatus 72
Cockle burr 33
Codeia 131
Ca'lclmintha , 327
Coffee milk 203
Colchicia 123
Colchicum autumnale 123
Cold in the head 261
Colendrina 21
Colic root 155, 105
" bilious 309
Colitis 247
Collinsonia Canadensis 156
Collinsonin I56
Colocynth 71
Colocynthin 72
Colt's foot .^. 73
" tail .>.. 57
Columbin .\. 73
Columbo i . 72
Comfrey 73
Common milk-porridge 203
" polypody 87
Comparison of doses 31
Compass weed 21, 141
Condor vine 74
Conduct of a labor case 371
Confections 29
Congestion of the brain 303
Congestive fever 218
Conjunctivitis 342
Constipation 249
Consumption 272
Convallaria multiflora 153
" racemosa 153
Convolvulus panduratus 123
Coohveed 137
Copaiba 75
Copaifora officinalis 75
Coptis trifolia 97
Coral root 78
Corallorhiza odontorrhiza 78
Corns 32:3
Cornino S3
Cornus Florida 82
Corsican moss 124
Corydalia IGO
Corydalis formosa 100
Coryza 20I
Cotton 95
Cough wort 72
Crampbark If,
INDEX.
493
PAGE
Cranberry, high - 76
" low 77
" upland 43
water 204
CranesbiU 77
Crawley 78
Cretinism 3 10
Critical period S: '.1
Crow corn 1 "5
Crow-foot 77, 7'.t
Crowing disease SIO
Croup 2(;7
" membranous 2G7
Crural phlebitis 280
Crust coffee 204
Crusted tetter 320
Cubebin 80
Cubebs 79
Cucumis colocynthis 71
Culver's physic 53
Cundurango 74
Curvature of the spine 334
Cutch CI
Cyanosis 283
Cynoglossum officinale 103
" Morrison! 104
Cyprepedium pubescens Ill
Cystitis. 298
Daisy 80
Dandelion 80
Datura stramonium 108
" tatula 108
Datnria 109
Deadly nightshade 45
Decoction of bran 202
Decoctions 29
Deerberry 133
Delirium tremens 305
Delphinum consolida 113
" Etaphisagria 113
Dementia 304
Demulcents 28
Dengue 229
Devil's bit 52, 81
Dewberry. 143
Diabetes insipidus 296
meUitus. 297
Diaphoretics 28
Diarrhoea 248
" bUious 248
" chronic 248
" mucous 248
" serous 248
PAGE
Dilatation of the heart 283
DioncBa muscipula 19
Dioscorea villot-a 165
Dioscorein 165
Diphtheria ■- . 223
Diseases 214
"• of the absorbent system 857
" " blood 287
" " blood-vessels 284
" " bowels 247
" " ' digestive organs 2;i3
" " e}'e and ear 342
" " female sexual system 355
" " heart and circulatory sys-
tem 279
" " liver 241
"■ " male Sexual system 350
" " nervous system 301
" " pancreas 246
" " respiratory system 261
" " spleen 245
" " skin 317
" " urinary organs 296
Dislocations 373
Dislocation at the neck or back 378
of the jaw 379
at the shoulder 379
" wrist 380
of the bones of the hand . . . 380
" ribs 380
" knee-cap 381
at the ankle 381
" elbow 379
" hip 381
Diuresis 296
Diuretics 28
Divorce 446
Dock 81
' ' blunHeaved 82
" great water 82
" water 82
" yellow 83
Dogmatics, The 5
Dog's bane 47
Dog-tooth violet 'i3
Dogwood 82
Dove's foot 77
Dragees 29
Dragon root 8;3
Dragon's claw 78
Drink in dysentery 204
Drooping star-wort 81
Dropsies 290
Dropsy of the abdomen 292
494
INDEX.
PAGE
Dropsy of the heart 293
" " ovaries !ji'3
" pleura 293
" " scrotum 294
Drowning 271
Dry tetter 321
Duodenitis 247
Dwale 45
Dwarf nettle 127
Dyer's oak 130
Dysentery 247
" weed 104
DyBmenorrhoea 359
Dyspepsia. 208
Earache 345
Ecthyma 320
Eczema 317
Egyptian thorn 32
Elastic stockings, knee-caps, and anklets 286
Elaterium 154
Elder 84
Elecampane 85
Elephantiasis 322
El houwah 254
Emetics 28
Emnn'nagogues 28
Emollients 28
Emp)irica, The 5
Emprosthotonos 315
Endo-carditis 281
Endo-cervicitis 3(11
Enemas 29
Enteritis 247
Entozoa 326
Enuresis 298
Ephclis hepatica 324
" lenticularis 324
" vidlacca 324
Epidemic diseases, prevention of 082
Epilepsy 310
Episimstics 28
EpisUxis 288
Efpiatoria Uiirciana 74
Erasistratus 5
Riectbites hieractifolius 90
Ergot 85
Ergotism 85
Erigcron Canadense 57
Erotomania ... 304
Errhines 28
Eniptive or exanthcmatous diseases 222
Eryngium aquaticum 86
Kryngo 66
PA6B
Erysipelas 227
Erythema 223
Erji;hronium Americanum 33
Erythroxylon coca 70
Escharotics 28
Esculapius 4
Essays on hygiene 171
Ethers 29
Eunenim vaudi 254
Euonjmin 57
Euonymus Americanus 57
" atropurpureus 57
Eupatorium perf oliatum 52
" purpureum 140
Euphorbia corollata 112
Euphrasia officinalis 86
Exercise 186
Expectorants 28
Extracts '.: 29
" fluid ,^....^29, 475
Eye-bright , . . 86
Falling of the womb 363
Falling-sickness 311
False aloe 64
" grape 107
" vinicorn-root 81
" valerian 114
" wintcrgreen 146
Fatty kidney 291
Felon 337
Felon-wort 48
Female regulator 114
Ferns 87
Fern, oinnamon-colorcd 87
" female 87
" male 88
" royal flowering 87
Fever and ague 216
" bilious 217
" congestive 218
" dandy 229
*' hectic 333
" intermittent 316
" lung 267
" pernicious 218
" puerperal 367
" remittent 217
" scarlet 226
" typhoid 222
" typhus 220
" yellow 219
Feverfew 89
Fever-weed 117
INDEX,
495
PAGE
Ficoides noctiflora 22
Fig wort 89
Pilices 87
Fireweed 90
Fistula 256
Fit plant 47
311
Fits
Five finger
Five-flowered gentian
Five leaves
Flornl clock
Flowering cornel
Fluid extracts
Fly-trap, Venus's
Foal's foot
Food and drinks
Foreign bodies in the eyes
" substances in the ears
Fractures
Fracture of the bones of the head .
Fracture of bones of forearm
" " hand
.29,
" " knee-cap or patella
" " coUar-bone
*' " bones of foot and
ankle
" in the hip-joint
" of the humei^s
" " leg
" " ribs
" " thigh bone
Frankincense
French milk porridge
Fringe tree
Frost plant
" weed
Fucus helminthocorton
" vesiculosis,
Fumaria officinalis
i'umitory
Furunculus
68
94
107
21
82
475
19
72
171
344
345
375
376
377
377
378
376
377
377
376
378
376
377
128
2U3
1.30
90
90
124
124
91
91
338
Galen 5
Galium aparine 69
" tinctorium 69
Galls 130
Gall stones 243
Gambir 61
" plant 92
Garden nightshade 128
" sago - . 147
Garget 1 37
Gastralgia 2.37
Gastritis 2.36
PAGE
Gastrodynia 237
Gay feather .' 52
Gelsemin 93
Gelseminum sempervirens 93
General diseases 3.30
Gentian 93
" catesbei 94
Gentiana, five flowered 94
" lutea 93
" oohroleuca 94
" quinquefolia 94
Geranin 77
Geranium maculatum 77
Gcrardia pedicularia 117
Geuni rivale 166
" VLrginianum 166
Gillenia 95
" trifoliata 95
Gill-go-by-the-ground 34
Ginseng 13
Glanders 22.S
Gleet 349
Globe flower 96
Glossai7 480
Glossitis 2.33
GnaphaUum polycephalum 130
Goitre 340
Gold thread 97
Golden seal 96
" senecio , 114
Goodyera pubesoens 127
" repens 127
Gonorrhcea 348
Goose grass 69
Gossypiin 96
Gossypium hcrbaceum 95
Gout 330
Gravel 297
" root 140
Great stinging nettle 126
" water dock 82
" wild valerian 161
Green ozier 82
" sickness 360
Grocer's itch 322
Ground holly 136
" ivy 34
" lily 46
" moss 44
" raspberry 96
" squirrel pea 144
Guaiac... 93
Guaiacum officinale 98
Gum Arabic 32
496
INDEX.
PAGE
Gum myrrh 125
Gunjah ('0
IhEmatemesis 289
>I;ematiiria 2'.tO
}Iirmoptysis 289
}Iair-cap moss 41
]lamamelis Virgiiiica 99
]Iard hack 15tJ
Harvey 7
Hashish CO
) lazlewort 89
1 loadache 306
Heal all 89,150
J I fartlmm 2.'W
Heart liver-loaf 110
Hectic fever 33.3
Hedcoma pulegioidcs 134
Helianthenium canailense 90
" coiymbosum 91
Helleborus nigor 101
Eelonias biiUata 81
" diocia 81
Hemiplegia 316
Hemorrhages 2SS
Heniorrhoida 256
Henbane 101
Hcpatica acutaloba 110
" Americana 110
Hepatitis 241
" chronic 241
Herbal Ointment 472
Hercules woundwort. 35
Hernia 340
" humoralis 354
Herophilus 5
Herpes 318
Hiccough S09
Hidden Bpermatorrhcea 350
High cranberry 76
" mallow 119
Hip disease 332
llipiiocrntcs 4
lli.-.liiry of medicine 3
1 f >arhound 102
1 1' ibnailed liver 242
] lofHlwort 150
)lo| hornbeam .. 114
Jl"l'» ••■ 104
Hordeolum . . 344
Uorsc-fly weed ] U
Drrse-hoof 72
" >*-ed 57, 156
J^.oBT-ltal favor 220
PAGH
Hound's t<.ingii<< 103
House leek 105
How to assist the doctor 207
Humid tetter 317
Humulus Uipulus 104
Hydatids 326, 363
Hydrarthrus 332
Hydrastis canadensis 96
Hydrocardium 293
Hydrocele 294
Hydrometra 363
Hydropliobia 316
Hydrothorax 293
Hygeia 4
Hyoscyamia 102
Hyoscyamus niger 101
Hypericum perforatum 148
Hypertrophy of the heart 283
Hj-pochondria 307
Hysterics .^.. 313
Hyssop , . . 105
Hyssopus officinalis .i . 105
Iberis amara 106
Iceland moss 106
Ice pl.ant 47
" vine 132
Icterus 244
Ignatius amara 147
IlUciam anisatum 38
Imperfections of l;he human form 333
Imperforate hymen 357
Impetigo 320
Impotence of the male 439
Incontinence of urine 298
Indianbalm 46
" cup plant 141
" hemp 59
" physic 95
" pipe 47
" poke 100
" posy 130
" tobacco 116
" turnip 83
Inflammation 915
" of the arleries 284
" " bladder 29S
" " brain 301
" " brc-.st£, 369
" " bronchia 266
" " clitoris .356
" " conjunctiva 342
" " heart, 2S1
" " kidneys 296
INDEX.
497
PAGE
ihflazmnation of the larnyx 2<)5
" " Uver 241
" " mouth 2:33
" " ossophagiis 2;35
" " pancreas 2-46
'' " pharjnx 234
" " pleura 2(39
" " prostate gland 354
" " spleen 245
" " Btomach 236
" " testes 354
" " tongue 233
" " tonsils 234
" " vagina £57
•' " veins 285
" " vulva 356
Influenza 262
Infusions 29
Insanity 303
Inula helenium 85
Inversion of the uterus 368
Iponioea jalapa 107
Irish moss jelly 201
Irisin 49
Iris versicolor 49
Iron weed 106
Iron Wood Ill
Ischuria 298
Isinglass jelly 201
Isis, Queen 4
Itch 318
" baker's - 322
" barber's 325
" grocer's 322
" weed 100
Ivy 107
Jack-in-the-pulpit 83
Jacob's ulcer , 322
Jail fever 220
Jalap 107
Jamestown weed 108
Jaundice 244
Jeflfersonia diphylla 144
Jerusalem oak 164
Jesuit's bark 67
Joe-pie 140
Juglandin 163
Juglans cinerea 162
" nigra 163
Juniper 109
Juniperus communis 109
Kalmia iBtiEolia 58
2a
PASS
Kalumb 73
Kidney Uver leaf 110
King's evil 257
Kino 109
Kleptomania 304
Kousso 110
Kotissin Ill
KJrameria triandra 143
Ladies' slipper Ill
Lamb-kiU 58
Larch 112
Large flowering spurge 112
Larkspur 113
Laurus sassafras 150
Lavandula spica 114
" vera 114
Lavender 114
Laryngitis 265
Leontodon taraxacum 80
Leonurus cardiaca 124
Lepra alphoides 321
" nigricans 321
" syphilitica 321
Leprosy. 321
Leptandria virginica 53
Leptandrin 54
Leucanthemum vulgare 80
Leuce 321
Leucopathia 324
LeucorrhcEa 361
Lever wood 114
Liatris scariosa 62
" spicata 63
" squarrosa 52
Life, health and disease 197
Life-root 114
Lignum vitae 98
Ligustrin 139
Ligustrum vulgare 139
Lilium candidum 115
Lily, meadow 115
Linacre 6
Liniments 29
Linnseus 21
Lion's foot 115
Liquidambar styraciflua 153
Lithiasis 297
Liver Invigorator 474
Lobelia Hfi
Lochia 374
Locked-jaw 316
Lotions 29
Louse wort in
498
INDEX.
PAGE
I,nn" cranberry ■ '"
" mallow l"0
Lozcnpes '^"
Lung; fever -'j''^
■' wort 16, 117
Lupulin l""*
Lupulite 104
LupiniiB "^
Lupus '-'~~
Lymphadenitis 257
Lymi)hangeitis
Lypemania .
257
304
JIachnon 4
Miicrotyn 51
JIaculffi, or epots. . • 324
Madder US
Mad dog-weed US, 150
Magnolia H^
" glauca 119
Mahomet 6
Maiden hair 118
Male fern 88
" vermifuge 471
Malignant and venereal diseases 345
Mallow, common Hi'
Malt infusion 200
Mulva rotiuidifolia 120
" sylvestris 119
Mandrake 120
Mania 304
" a potu 305
Man-in-the-earth 122
" " ground 122
Manna 14
Married life 41fi
Marriage 404
" customs 410
Marrubium vulgare 102
Marsh gentian 94
Mastcrwort 38
Materia medica. Herbal 32
Maticinc 122
M tttiio 122
Matricaria chamomiUa (15
May apple 120
Meadow cabbage 152
lily 115
" Baffron 123
Measles 225
Mcchamcck 123
Medicinal properties and preparations. 27
Melancholia 304
Melia nzcdarach 45
PAGE
Melissa officinalis 41
Menispermin 167
Menispermum canadense 107
Menophauia 358
Menorrhagia 300
Menstruation 357
" cessation of 361
" painful 350
" profuse 300
" suppressed 359
" vicarious 300
Mentha pulegioides 134
Miasmatic fevers 215
Milfoil 160
Milk leg 286
" weed 47,112
Mimosa scnsitiva 20
Mint, wild wfiter '.^ 16
Mitchella repens > ... 133
Mixtures .,. . 29
Moccasin flower v • HI
Momordica elaterium ^. . 154
Monkshood 123
Mono.ijamy 409
Monomania 304
Monotropa uniflora 47
Moonseed 167
Moral mania 304
Jlorbus coxarlus 332
Morphia 131
Mortal 48
Moss, Corsican 124
Mother of thyme 160
Mother's marks 324
Motherwort 16, 124
Mountain laurel 58
Mouth root 97
Mullein 125
Mumps 235
Myocarditis 281
Myrica cerifera , 42
Myricin 43
Myrospermum pernifenim 135
" toluiferum 160
Myrrh 125
My special mode of chemical treatment
with plants 385
Nabulus albus 115
Narcotics 28
Narrow-leaf Virginia thyme 126
Nasal douche apparatus 2G4
Nepenthes distillat<OTa 18
Nepeta citriodura 41
INDEX.
499
PAGE
Nepeta plechoma 34
Nephritis 2%
Nerve root Ill
NpHeaf plantain 127
Nettle 13, 120
" rash 227
Neuralgia 308
" of the heart 280
Neurus 17
New Jersey tea 143
Nightshade, deadly 45
" garden 128
Noah's ark Ill
Noli me tangere 322
Norway pine 128
Nose bleed 16fi
Nurses and nursing 201)
Nursing sore mouth 2:^3
Nutritive fluids 205
Nux vomica 128
Oak, black 129
" dyer's i:iO
" red 129
" white 129
Oesophagitis 235
Oidium abortifaciens 85
Oil-nut 162
Oil of stiUingia 155
Oils .. 29
Ointments 30
Old age, or longevity 193
" field balsam 130
" man's beard 130
One-berry 133
Ophthalmia, catarrhal 343
" purulent 343
" scrofulous 344
Opisthotonos 315
Opium 131
( )pneme 259
( )rach root 21
( (range whey 204
Orchitis 354
Jrobanche Virginiana 59
Osmunda cinnamomea 87
" regalis 87
Otalgia 345
Ova-ova 47
Oxalis acetoseU 1 153
Ox balm 150
" eye daisy SO
Ozaeaa. 263
PAGE
Palpitation of the heart 279
Palry 315
ranado, 203
Panakeia 4
Panay 35
Papaver somnif erum 131
Papoose root 133
Papulous scale 320
Paracelsus 6
Paralysis 315
Paraplegia 316
Pareira bra va 132
Paronychia 337
Parotitis 2:35
Partridge berry 133
Parsley 132
Paulus. 5
Pear leaf wintergreen 146
Pearl flowered life everlasting 131
Pelosin 132
Pemphigus 319
Pennyroyal 134
" European 134
Peonia officinalis. . .• 134
Peony 134
Pericarditis 280
Peritonitis 253
Pernicious fever 218
Pernio 339
Pertussis 310
Peruvian bark 67
" balsam 135
Petroselinum sativum 132
Pharmaceutical preparations 29
Pharyngitis 234
Philosophy of Generation 441
Phlebitis 285
Phlegmasia dolens 286
Phthisis 272
Physical and mental development 186
Phytolacca decandra 137
Phytolaccin 138
Picraenia excelsa 140
Pigeon berry 137
PUes 256
Pills 29
Pimpinella anisum 38
Pinkroot 135
Piper angustif olium 122
" cubeba 79
Pipsissewa 136
Pityriasis 322
Plants, their collection and preservation, 169
Plasters. 39
500
INDEX,
PAGE
Plenrisy 2G9
root 14, 136
ricuro^ithotcnos. 315
Pninimatics, The 5
Pnonmonia 2G7
Poilaliriiis 4
Podoiihyllin 121
Podoiihyllum peltatum 12'1
Poison ash 130
Poisoning by aci<ls 453
" " alkalies 450
" " antimony 453
• " arsenic 453
♦' " bismuth 454
•' " copper 454
" " fish 458
♦* " gold 454
•' " insects 458
" " iodine 454
" " iron 454
" " lead 455
" " mercury 455
" " opium 457
" " phosphorus' 455
" " plants or seeds 457
" '• prussic acid. 456
" " serpents 458
" " silver 455
" " strychnine 457
" " tin 455
" " volatile oils 456
" " zinc 456
Poisons and their antidotes 452
Poke 137
Polecat weed 152
Polytrala senega 151
Polygiiniy 400
I'olygonum punctatum 163
rolypodiuiii vulgare 87
Polytrichium juniperum 44
Pomegmnate 138
Pond dogwood 96
T'-l-py 131
Populin. 159
PupaluB bolsamifera 158
" candicans 158
" tremuloides 159
J''ofcntUla canadensis 08
*' pamilla 68
" simplex 68
" tonnentilla 09
Pott's curvature of the spine iSU
Powdei'8 29
Prairie hyssop 126
PAGE
Prasagoras of Cos 5
Pregnancy 364
•' and its accidents 364
Preservation of the health of the sexual
oigans 403
Prevention of Croup 267
" " epidemic diseases 3S2
Prickly ash 138
" southern 139
Pride of China 45
" weed 57
Prince's feather 37
" pine 136
Prinos vertioillatus 34
Privet 139
Privy prim 139
Prolapsus of the rectum 255
uteri 362
Prostatitis 354
Pnmella vulgaris 35
Prunus lauro-cerasus y . . 65
Pruritis 324
Psoriasis .i. . 321
Psychodiaria 326
Ptelca trifoliata 162
Ptelein 162
Pterocarpus marsupium 109
Ptolemies, The 5
Puerperal fever 367
Pulmonaria officinalis... 117
Pulsatilla 37
Pulque 64
Punica granatum 138
Purple avens 66
Purpura 229
" hemorrhagica 230
Purrhee morlii 254
Purulent ojjhthalmia 343
Putrid fever 220
Pycanthemum aristatum 126
" incanum 126
" pilosum 126
" Virginicum 126
Pyrethnim partheuium 89
Pyrola 146
" rotundifolia 146
" round leaved 146
Pyi-osis 238
Quassia 140
" amara 140
Queen of the meadow 140
Queen's delight 155
" root 155
INDEX.
501
PAGE
Quercns alba 129
" inf ectcria 130
" rubra 129
" tinctoria 129
Questions to invalids 390
Quinine 68
Quinquino 135
Quinsy 234
Eaccoon berry 120
Eaggred cup 141
Eagwort 114
Kanunculua bulbosus 79
Eattle bush 141
" root 51
Rattlesnake root 115
" weed 127
Eattlesnake's master 86
Eeoipea 460
Eed cock's comb 37
" oak 129
" puccoon 54
" raspberry 142
" root 143
Eefreshing drink in fevers 201
Eegulatiag the passions 199
Relaxation of the abdominal muscles. . . 370
Remittent fever 217
Renovating Pills 473
Eestorative Assimilant 409
Eetention of the menses 359
Rhatany 143
Eheumatism 331
" root 144
Eheum palmatum 144
Rhubarb 144
Rhus giabrum 156
Rich weed 127, 156
Kice 202
" gruel 202
" jeUy 201
" water 201
Ring worm 318
Eobin's r. 44
Eock polypody 87
" rose 90
Eosemary 145
Roseola 228
Rose pink 63
" rash 228
Rosin-weed 141
Rosmarinus ofBcinalis 145
Round leaved pyrola 146
Bubia tinctorium 118
PAGE
Rubefacients 28
Rubeola 225
Rubus strigosus 142
" triviaUs 143
" villosus 143
Eumex acetosa 154
" acetosella 154
" aquations 82
" Brittanicus 82
" crispus 81
" obtusifolius 82
" vesicarius 154
Rupia 320
Rupture 340
Sabbatia angularis 63
Safflower 146
Saffron, bastard 146
" dyer's 146
Sage 147
" the Coan 4
" tea 201
Sago gruel 202
St. Ipnatius's bean 147
St. John's wort 148
St. Vitus' dance 314
Salacin . 159
Salseparin 149
Salt-rheum weed 41
Salvia ofRcinalis 147
Sambucus Canadensis 84
Sampson snake-weed 94
Sangutnaria Canadensis 54
Sanicle 148
Sanicula Marilandica 148
Santonine 165
Saponaria offlcinaUs 152
Saponin 153
Sareoptis hominis 318
Sarracenla 20
Sa-sapariUa 149
.' assaf ras 150
Saturates 29
Satureja hortensis 150
" montana 150
Satyriasis 353
Savory, s"-mmer 150
" winter 150
Scabies 318
Scalled head 324
Scarlatina 226
Scarlet fever 2?"
Sciatica 308
Scoke 187
502
INDEX.
PAGE
R-nrbntns 287
Scrofula 257
" weed 127
Scrofulous ophthalmia 344
Scrophularia lanccolata 90
" Marilandica 80
" nodosa 89
Scull cap 150
Scutellaria latTiflora 150
Scurvy 2S7
Sea-wTack 124
Sccale cornutum 85
Sedatives 28
Sempervivum tcctonim 105
Seneca snakeroot 151
Senecio aureus 114
Seneka 151
Sen.sitive plant 20
Sep^f oil 69
Serpents' tongue 3.3
Sheep laurel 58
ShinRles 318
Shin-leaf l.j(5
Ship fever 220
Shrubby trefoil Kjo
SialagoKues 28
Sida 20
Side flowerinfr scull cap 150
Sidesaddle flower 20
Silphium pnmmiferum 141
" lacianatuin 21, 141
" pcrfoliatum 141
Silver leaf I55
Simaba cc<lron 61
Simpler's joy 49
Sippets 204
Skin diRca.scs 317
Skunk cabbage I50
" weed 152
Sleep 184
Slipi>ery elm jelly 205
Small cleavers 69
Small-pox 224
" confluent 224
" malignant 224
Smart weed jjy^
Smilax China j.!;)
" ofncinalia 140
media
149
papjTncea J41)
" Barsaparllla 1 49
" Fyphilitica j.)9
Btiuit rye cr
Bnake bead ^
PAGE
Snapping hazlcnnt 99
Sneeze wort 166
Snowberry 68
Soap wort 152
Social status of the sexual organs 400
Solanum dulcamara 48
" nigrum 128
Soldier's herb 122
Si"lomon's seal 153
Sore nipples 369
Sorrel, garden 154
" salts of 154
" sheep 154
" wood 153
South American agave 64
Spanish needles 158
Spasms of the glottis 310
" " stomach 237
Spermatorrhoea or General Debility 350
" hidden \.. 350
Spigelia Marilandica \.. 135
Spigeliin ^. . 136
Spindle tree 57
Splenitis 245
Spoon wood 58
Spotted alder 99
" gera uum 77
Square stalk 89
Squaw mint 134
" root 51,132
" vine 138
" weed 114
Squirting cucumber 154
Staggcrweed 160
Standard fluid extracts 475
" herbal remedies 469
Star grass 155
Stavesacre 113
Stellaria media 66
Sterelmintha 326
Sterility 4:33
Stickle wort 33
StiUingia 155
" oil of 155
" sylvatica 155
Stimulants 28
Stingless nettle 127
Stinkweed 108
Stomatitis 23-i
" follicular 233
Stone in the bladder. 297
Stoncroot 155
Stricture of the urethra. 353
Strychnine 129
rSDEX.
503
PAGE
Strj-cbnos nux vomica 128
Stye 344
Sumach 15<J
Siiitimer complaint 253
.Sunstroke 303
Suppression of menses 359
" of urine 298
Swamp beggar's tick 157
" dogwood 162
" hellebore , 100
" sassafras ■ 119
Sweet/scented Ufe everlasting 130
" gum 158
" magnolia 119
Swelled testicle 354
Symphytum officinale TS
Symplocarpus foetidus 152
SyphiUs 347
Syrups 29
Tabes mesenterica 259
Table, dose 31
Tacamahac 158
Tacamahaca 158
Ta;nia lata 251
" solium 250
Tseniin Ill
Tag alder 3(5
Tall speedwell 53
Tanacetum vulgare 159
Tansy 150
Tape worm 250
Tapioca jelly 201
Teething 330
Terra japonica 61
Tetanus 315
Tetter 318
" wort 62
The basis of a happy marriage 410
" conduct of a case of labor 371
" external organs 347
" internal organs 398
" semen 396
" sick-room 207
" philosophy of the sexes 394
" proper care of children 328
" treatment in accidents ■ 374
Theomania 304
Things for the sick-room 201
Thorn apple 108
Thoroughwort .. 52
Thousand seal 166
Throat root 66
Thrush 233
Thyme 159
PAGE
Thymus vulgare ..... 159
" serpyllus 16C
Tic douleuroux 308
Tickweed 134
Tinctures 29
Tinea favosa 324
325
202
Tolu IGO
Tonics 28
Tonsillitis 2:U
Toothache bush 138
Trichiniasis 327
Tricocephalus dispar 260
Trilline 46
Trillium pendulum 46
Trismus 315
Troches 30
Trumpet weed 140
Tuber root 1.36
Turkey corn 160
Turmeric root 96
Turnhoof 34
Turtlebloom 41
Tussilago farfara 73
Twin-leaf 144
TyphilitiB 247
Typhoid fever 222
Typhus " 220
Ulceration of the womb 362
Ulcers 337
Umbel Ill
Uncaria gambir 93
Unguenta 30
Unicorn root 155
Upland cranberry 43
Ursin 44
Urtica diocia 126
" paniiUa 127
" urens 127
Uterine dropsy 363
Uva ursi 43
Vaginitis 357
Valerian 161
' ' American 111
" false 114
" great wild ;]61
Valeriana officinalis 161
Valerianic acid 161
Valvular disease of the heart 2S1
Vanilla 101
Vanilla aromatica 161
Vftricellu S26
504
INDEX.
PAOE
Varicocele 355
Varicose veins 285
Variola 224
Varioloid 225
Vegetable poisons 457
'• soup 204
Velvet leaf 1^2
Venice turpentine 112
Venomous insects 450
Veratrum viride 100
Verbascum thapsus 125
Verbena hastata 49
Vcrnonia fasciculata lOG
Viburnine 76
Viburnum opulus 76
Vicarious menstruation 360
Vinegars 29
Vine maple 167
Virginia creeper 107
" mouse-ear 104
Vulnus 374
Vulvitis 356
Wafer-ash 162
Wahoo 57
Wake robin 46, 83
Walnut, black 163
" white 162
Warts 323
Washerwoman's scall 322
Water avens 66
" brash 238
" dock 82
" gruel a02, 207
" pepper 163
" plantain 118
Waters 29
Watery blebs 319
Wax myrtle 42
Weights and measures 30
White avens 66
" balsam 130
" bay 119
" lettuce 115
" oak 129
" poplar 159
" swelling 332
" weed 80
Whites 361
Whitlow 337
Whooping cough. 310
Wild basil lap
" hyssop 4!)
" indigo 141
Wild jftiap laa
PACB
Wiid jessamine 93
" lemon 120
" mandrake 120
" nard 39
" potato 122
" senna 60
" snowball 143
" thj'me 160
" tobacco 116
" turkey pea 160
" wood vine 107
" yam 165
Windroot 136
Wines 30
Wingseed 162
Winter berry 34
" bloom 99
" clover 133
" green '. -. 136
" " pear-leaf ^.....^... 146
" " savory .•*.... 150
Witch hazel i. . . 99
Wolfsbane 123
Womb, anteflexion of 363
" anteversion of 363
" dropsy of 363
" falling of 362
" inversion of 363
'• retroflexion of 363
" retroversion of 363
" ulceration of 362
Woodbine 93, 107
Woodland Balm 473
Woody nightshade 48
World, the Herbal 8
Worm grass 135
" seed 164
" wood 164
Worms 250
Wounds 374
Xantborrhiza apiifolia 168
Xanthoxyline 139
Xanthoxylum fraxineum 138
Yarrow 166
Yaw root 155
Yellow dock 81
" fever 219
" jessamine 93
" moccasin flower Ill
" pariUa 167
" puccoon 96
" root 168
•• wood. 188
AA 000 353 196