Information concerning some of the principal navies of the world : a series of tables compiled to answer popular inquiry

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37

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http://www.archive.org/details/conceinformationOOunitrich

INFORMATION CONCERNING

Some of the Principal Navies
of the World

A SERIES OF TABLES COMPILED TO
ANSWER POPULAR INQUIRY

Office of Naval Intelligence
April, 1913

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1913

INFORMATION CONCERNING

Some of the Principal Navies
of the World

A SERIES OF TABLES COMPILED TO
ANSWER POPULAR INQUIRY

[^ ,5 , Office of Navcjl Jlntelligence

April, 1913

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFHCE

1913

A^

"b

\

^^.:^

X

PEEFACE.

The Navy Department is so frequently in receipt of letters from
all parts of the country requesting information for debating societies,
journals, and periodicals, as weU as individuals, concerning the rela-
tive strength of the principal naval powers, the types of vessels
building or built, and facts concerning the type of battleship popu-
larly known as Breadnouglit, that it has dii-ected the Office of Naval
Intelligence to prepare tables which will substantially make reply to
the greater part of such letters.

Under these instructions the Office of Naval Intelligence has com-
piled the following tables from the best available data; and while
these tables may be regarded as substantially correct, it is possible
that inaccuracies may occur, for the reason that few countries besides
the United States publish all the data concerning their fighting
strength, and even greater efforts are being made abroad to maintain
secrecy.

Tables I, II, III, IV, and V were compiled April 1, 1913, and are
here reproduced.

T. S. RODGERS,

Captain, U. S. Navy, Director of Naval Intelligence,
Office of Naval Intelligence,

Navy Department y April , 191S.
(3)

345602

Table I.

BELATIVE OBDER OF WABSHIP TONNAGE.

Present order (tonnage completed).

Nation.

Great Britain.
Germany. ...
United States

France

Japan

Russia

Itely

Austria

Tonnage.

2, 007, 247
865,984
763, 132
627, 787
471, 962
286, 930
224, 837
198, 159

As would be the case if vessels now
building were completed.

Nation.

Great Britain.
Germany. . ..
United States

France

Japan

Russia

Italy

Austria

Tonnage.

2, 483, 545
1, 133, 878
929, 351
807, 717
616, 528
595,807
413, 882
260, 751

I Estimated.
(4)

Table III.

PERSONNEL.

[Apr. 1, 1913.)

Hank.

Admirals of the fleet

Admirals

Vice admirals

Rear admirals

Captains and commanders. . .

Other line officers

Midshipmen at sea

Engineer officers

Medical officers

Pay officers

Chaplains

Warrant officers

Enlisted men

Marine officers

Enlisted men (marines)

Total

England.

3

12

22

55

644

2,473

558

872

593

685

139

2,675

115, 079

457

• 20, 943

145, 210

France.

15

30

360

1,467

60

505

3 390

211

»2,445
55, 760

61, 243

Germany.

2
5

12

21

351

1,811

398

529

322

259

28

2,615

60,920

170

^ 5, 826

73,269

Japan.

1

7

17

45

292

1,818

154

683

*368

341

1,520
42,043

47, 289

United

States.

»1

2 24

212

1,471

0

317

221

23

697

47,469

316

9,866

60, 617

I The Admiral of the Navy.

» The United States now has, temporarily, as extra numbers, due to promotion for war service, and to
officers restricted by law to engineering duty only on shore only 8 flag officers, 23 captains, 6 commanders,
10 lieutenant commanders, and 1 lieutenant.

» Includes pharmacists and apothecaries.

* Includes pharmaceutical officers.

» Includes adjutants, premier maltres, and maltres of all branches.

• Includes 3,130 men of the Coast Guard.
^ Marine infantry and seaman artUlery.

(5)

Table IV.

VESSELS BUILT.

[Apr. 1, 1913.]

Battle-
ships,
Dread-
nought
type.i

Battle-
ships.*

Battle
cruis-
ers.*

Ar-
mored
cruis-

Crais-
ers.<

De-
stroy-
ers.

Tor-
pedo
boats.

Subma-
rines.

Coast
defense

EnglaDd

Germany

United States

France

Japan

Russia

Italy

Austria

16
11
8
0
2
0
1
2

40

20

24

20

13

8

8

6

34

9

11

20

13

6

9

3

74

39

15

10

14

9

5

4

•144
118
42
78
58
98
24
12

49
9

19
157
54
14
48
40

70
26
23
75
13
31
18
6

I Battleships having a main battery of all big guns (11 inches or more in caliber).

• Battleships of (about) 10,000 tons or more displacement, and having more than one caliber in the main
battery.

« Armored cruisers having gims of largest caliber in main battery and capable of taking their place ta line
of battle with the battleships. They have an increase of speed at the expense of carrying fewer guns in
main battery, and a decrease in armor protection.

• Includes all unarmored cruising vessels above 1,500 tons displacement.

• Includes smaller battleships and monitors. No more vessels of this class are being proposed or built by
the great powers.

• Includes vessels of colonies.

(6)

Table V.

VESSELS BUILDING OB AUTHOBIZED.

[Apr. 1, 1913.]

Battle-
ships,
Dread-
nought
type.

Battle
cruisers.

Cruisers.

Destroy-
ers.

Torpedo
boats.

Subma-
rines.

England *

Geftnany '..

United States....
France

11
6
5

7
1
7
7
2

22
3
0
0
4
4
0
0

'14
4
0
0
0
2
2
3

MO

12

14

8

2

9

11

6

0
0
0
0
0
0
21
12

23
20

Japan ^

2

Russia '

8

Italy

2

Austria

7

1 England has no continuing shipbuilding policy, but usually lays down each year 4 or 5 armored ships
with a proportional number of smaller vessels.

* Includes vessels of colonies.

« Germany has a continuing shipbuilding program, governed by a fleet law authorized by the Reichstag.
For 1913 there are authorized 2 battleships, 1 battle cruiser, 2 cruisers, 12 destroyers. Eventual strength to
consist of 41 battleships, 20 armored cruisers, 40 cruisers, 144 destroyers, 72 submarines.

* $4,760,000 authorized for experiments and further construction.

» $78,837,569 authorized to be expended from 1911 to 1917 for the construction of war vessels.

* Russian shipbuilding program provides for the completion by 1918 of 4 battle cruisers, 8 small cruisers,
36 destroyers, and 18 submarines Fotu" battle cruisers and two cruisers have been contracted for and are
included in the above table.

Note. — Vessels undergoing trials are considered as completed.

The following vessels are not included in the tables : Ships over 20
years old from date of launch unless they have been reconstructed
and rearmed within 5 years; torpedo craft over 15 years old; trans-
ports, colliers, repair ships, converted merchant vessels, or any other
auxiliaries; vessels of less than 1,500 tons, except torpedo craft;
torpedo craft of less than 50 tons.

Table V includes vessels authorized but not yet laid down, as well
as those actually under construction.

(T)

8

Table VI.

BATTLESHIPS AND ARMORED CRUISERS PRIOR TO THE DREADNOUGHT

TYPE.

[Apr. 1, 1913.]

GREAT BRITAIN.

Battleships

Armored cruisers.

GERMANY.

Battleships

Armored cruisers.

T7NITED STATES.

Battleships .

Armored cruisers.

FRANCE.

Battleships

Armored cruisers.

JAPAN.

Battleships .

Armored cruisers.

ITALY.

Battleships .

Armored cruisers.

Num-
ber.

40
34

20
9

24
11

20
20

13
13

Built.i

Tons.

589, 385
406, 800

242, 800
94, 245

323, 858
149, 295

286, 005
201, 724

191, 380
138,483

96, 100
74,020

Guns,

8-inch and

larger.

152 12^''
8 lO^''
52 9.2^''
68 9.2''''

40 ll^''
40 9.5^''
6 9.5^''
44 8.3^''

28 13^''
68 12^-^
136 S''
16 lO^''
32 S''

70 12^-^
10 10. S''
72 9.4^-^
68 ''7.6'''

52 12^''

32 10^''

6 8''

16 12^''

50 8''

16 12^''

8 10^''

56 8''

19 10'-'

6 8''

1 Ships over 20 years old from date of launch not included. * 7.6-inch, largest caliber carried.

Table VII.

DREADNOUGHT TYPE OF BATTLESHIPS, WITH CONTEMPORARIES OF
OVER 18,000 TONS DISPLACEMENT, AND ARMORED CRUISERS OF INVIN-
CIBLE TYPE (NOW CALLED BATTLE CRUISERS).

'

Built.

Building.

Number
author-

Num-
ber.

Tons.

Guns.

Num-
ber.

Tons.i

Guns.i

ized up to

Apr. 1,

1913, but

not yet

building

or ordered.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Battleships

Battlecruisers

16
8

11
3

8

334-, 350
160, 800

^36,490
64,364

167, 650

J 60 13. 5''
[100 12^-^
r 16 13. 5''
[ 48 12^''

r 78 12^-^
1 48 ll^''

28 IK
80 12^''

1 ^^

1 '

1 ^
3

5

291, 100
55,000

156, 220
81,000

140, 000

r60 13. 6''
[40 15^''

16 13. 5''

r40 14^-'
[20 12^^
r20 12^-^
[10 IV'

50 14^''

} '^

GERMANY.

Battleships

Battlecruisers...

UNITED STATES.

Battleships

Battle cruisers...

1 '

1
1

FRANCE.

Battleships

7

161, 884

r30 13. 4''
[48 12^''

4

Battle cruisers. .

JAPAN.

Battleships

2

41, 600

24 12^''

1
4

7
4

7

30, 000
110, 000

158,540
128, 000

167, 100

10 15^'
32 14^''

84 12^-^
48 14^''?

1 20 14^''
62 12^-^

Battle cruisers. .

RUSSIA.

Battleships

Battle cruisers. .

ITALY.

Battleships

Battle cruisers. .

1

18,600

12 12^^

AUSTRIA.

Battleships

Battle cruisers. .

2

40, 020

24 12^^

2

40,020

24 12^^

87074—13-

1 Estimated.
— 2

2 Estimates 1913-14,

10
Table VII — Continued.

DBEADNOUGHT TYPE OF BATTLESHIPS, WITH CONTEMPORARIES OF
OVER 18,000 TONS DISPLACEMENT, AND ARMORED CRUISERS OF INVIN-
CIBLE TYPE (NOW CALLED BATTLE CRUISERS)— Continued.

Built.

Building.

Number
author-

Num-
ber.

Tons.

Guns.

Num-
ber.

Tons.i

Guns.^

ized up to

Apr. 1,

1913, but

not yet

building

or ordered.

BRAZIL.

Battleships

Battle cruisers. .

2

38,500

24 12^''

1

27,500

14 12^''

ARGENTINA.

Battleships

2

56,000

24 12^^

1

Battle cruisers. .

CHILE.

Battleships

2

5fi. 000

20 14^''

Battle cruisers. .

1 Estimated.

^m

11

Table VIII.

BATTLESHIPS, ARMORED CRUISERS, AND CRUISERS (SCOUTS) OF THE
SIX PRINCIPAL NAVAL POWERS, LAUNCHED 1906-1912.

Year.

Bat-
tle
ships.

Ton-
nage.

Arm-
ored

cruis-
ers.!

Ton-
nage.

Cruis-
ers.

Ton-
nage.

Total.

Total
tonnage.

GREAT BRITAIN.

1906

3
3
2
2
3
5
4

• 50, 900
55, 800
38,500
39, 150
63, 000
115, 500
100,800

2

4

29, 200
66, 350

5
7
3
9
8
13
10

80,100

122, 150

41,800

1907

1908

1
6
4
5
5

3,300
25, 920
18, 660
22, 620
24, 900

1909

1
1
3

1

18, 750
26, 350
63, 950
27,000

83, 820

1910

108, 010

1911

202, 070

1912

152,700

Total

22

463, 650

12

231, 600

21

95,400

55

790,650

GERMANY.
1906

2

25, 964

2

22, 832

2
2
2
3

6,790

6,988

7,824

12, 843

6
2

7
7
2
8
5

55, 586

1907

6,988

1908

4
3
1
3
2

74, 408
67, 320
22,440
72,000
48, 220

15, 550
19,000
22, 637
22, 637
25,000

97, 782

1909

99, 163

1910

45, 077

1911

4

2

21,652
9,652

116, 289

1912

82, 872

Total

15

310, 352

7

127, 656

15

65, 749

37

503, 757

UNITED STATES.

1906

1

16,000

2

29,000

3
3
3
2
1
2
2

45,000

1907 ♦.

3

11, 250

11, 250

1908

3

2
1
2
2

52,000

41, 825
21, 825
52,000
54, 000

52,000

1909

41, 825

1910

21, 825

1911

52,000

1912

54,000

'

Total

11

237,650

2

29,000

3

11, 250

16

277,900

i Includes battle cruisers.

12
Table VIII — Continued.

BATTLESHIPS, ARMORED CRUISERS, AND CRTHSERS (SCOUTS) OF THE
SIX PRINCIPAL NAVAL POWERS, LAUNCHED 1906-1912— Continued.

Year.

Bat-
tle-
ships.

Ton-
nage.

Arm-
ored

cruis-
ers.^

Ton-
nage.

Cruis-
ers.

Ton-
nage.

Total.

Total
tonnage.

JAPAN.

1906

1
1

19,350
19,800

1
2

13, 750
29,200

2
5

1

33,100
54, 380

1907

2

1

5,380
1,350

1908

1,350

1909

1910

1

1

20,800
20,800

... .

1
4
2

20,800

1911

3

15, 000

35,800

1912

2

55,000

55,000

Total

4

80, 750

5

97,950

6

21, 730

15

200,430

FRANCE.

1906

1
1

1

13,428
13, 779
13, 779

1
2

1
5
1
2
2

13, 428

1907

1

14, 636

28, 415

1908

13, 779

1909

5

1
2
2

90, 145
18,029
46,184
46, 184

90, 145

1910

18, 029

1911

46, 184
46, 184

1912

Total ...

11

215, 178

3

40, 986

14

279, 256

RUSSIA.

1906

3
1

42,000
16,600

3
1

31,000
8,000

6
2

73,000

1907

24, 600

1908

1909

1910

1911

4

92,000

4

92,000

1912

Total

8

150, 600

4

39,000

12

189, 600

1 Includes battle cruisers.

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1

Table XI.

TIME REQUIRED TO BUILD SOME RECENT BATTLESHIPS OF THE FIVE
PRINCIPAL NAVAL POWERS.

Names.

Ton-
nage.

Date of

contract or

order.

Keel laid.

Launched.

Commis-
sioned.

GREAT BRITAIN,

Bellerophon

Superb

Collingwood

Vanguard

Neptune

Monarch

Thunderer

King George V

GERMANY.

Nassau

Westfalen

Posen

Rheinland

Helgoland

Kaiser

UNITED STATES.

South Carolina

Michigan

Delaware

North Dakota

Utah

Wyoming

FRANCE.

Verity

Voltaire

Danton

JAPAN.

Satsuma

Aki

Kawachi

18, 600

18, 600

19, 250
19, 250
19, 900
22, 500
22, 500
24, 000

18, 602
18, 602
18, 602
18, 602
22, 440
24, 110

16, 000
16, 000
20, 000

20, 000

21, 825
26, 000

14, 636
18, 029
18, 029

19, 350

19, 800

20, 800

Sept., 1906 1
Dec, 1906
Oct., 1907
Mar., 1908
Nov., 19081
Dec, 1909
Dec, 1909
Nov., 1910

May, 1906
Oct., 1906
Apr., 1907
Apr., 1907
July, 1908
Sept., 1909

July, 1906
July, 1906
Aug., 1907
Aug., 1907
Nov., 1908
Oct., 1909

May, 1902
Dec, 1906
May, 19061

19041
19051
19081

Dec, 1906
Feb., 1907
Feb., 1908
Apr., 1908
Jan., 1909
Apr., 1910
Apr., 1910
Jan., 1911

Aug., 1907
Aug., 1907
July, 1907
July, 1907
Dec, 1908
Dec, 1909

Dec, 1906
Dec, 1906
Nov., 1907
Dec, 1907
Feb., 1909
Feb., 1910

, 1903

June, 1907
Jan., 1908

May, 1905
Mar., 1906
Apr., 1909

July, 1907
Nov., 1907
Nov., 1908
Feb., 1909
Sept., 1909
Mar., 1911
Feb., 1911
Oct., 1911

Mar., 1908
July, 1908
Dec, 1908
Sept., 1908
Sept., 1909
Mar., 1911

July, 1908
May, 1908
Feb., 1909
Nov., 1908
Dec, 1909
May, 1911

May, 1907
Jan., 1909
July, 1909

Nov., 1906
Apr., 1907
Oct., 1910

Feb., 1909
May, 1909
Apr., 1910
Mar., 1910
Jan., 1911
Apr., 1912
June, 1912
Nov., 1912

Oct., 1909
Nov., 1909
May, 1910
Apr., 1910
Aug., 1911
Aug., 1912

Mar., 1910
Jan., 1910
Apr., 1910
Apr., 1910
Aug., 1911
Sept., 1912

Jan., 1908
Aug., 1911
Feb., 1911

Apr., 1910
Apr., 1911
Apr., 1912

Built in Government dockyards.
(17)

Table XII.

BATTLESHIPS AND BATTLE CRUISERS ^ AUTHORIZED, 1907-1912.

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911 .

1912

,

B.S.

B.C.

B.S.

B.C.

B.S.

B.C.

B.S.

B.C.

B.S.

B.C.

B.S.

B.C.

Great Britian. .

Germany

United States..
Japan

3
2
1
2

1
2

1
3
2

1
1

6
3
2

24
1

4
3

2

1
1

1

4
3
2
1
2

1
1

3

4
1
1

1

France

2

33

1 Armored cruisers able to take position in line of battle.
» Includes two authorized by colonies.
8 Includes one to replace the Liberty.

Table

XIII.

NAVAL EXPENDITURES.

Year.

England.

Germany.

United

States.

Japan.

France.

1906

$167, 525, 238

$58, 405, 200

$104, 508, 719

$19, 231, 945

$60, 025, 405

1907

159, 758, 177

69, 210, 400

99, 693, 298

41, 076, 145

57, 394, 167

1908

160, 074, 573

80, 229, 800

129, 972, 971

40, 312, 533

58, 941, 096

1909

181, 936, 341

2 97, 722, 800

136, 935, 199

35, 870, 061

61, 064, 096

1910

206, 541, 168

2 103, 302, 773

131, 404, 640

37, 542, 184

74, 102, 439

1911

215, 996, 391

1 107, 232, 000

2 126, 405, 509

1 42, 944, 329

2 80, 371, 109

1912

1228,430,064

1 110, 715, 043

2 123, 151, 539

1 46, 158, 216

2 81, 692, 832

1913

1 235, 213, 489

1 111, 288, 618

140, 800, 643

1 89, 028, 626

1 Estim

ates.

aAuth(

)rized.

(18)

Tabie XIV.

COST OF SOME OF THE CAPITAL SHIPS EECENTLY COMPLETED.

Name.

Superb

Neptune

Hercules

Orion

Monarch .

Lion

Nassau

Helgoland

Von der Tann .

Moltke

Satauma

Aki

Danton

Voltaire

Minas Geraes . .

Michigan

South Carolina

Delaware

North Dakota.

Type.

B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.C.
B.S...
B.S...
B.C..
B.C..
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...
B.S...

Nation.

England .
do..

.do.

do...

do...

do...

Germany ,
do...

.do.
.do.

do.

France.
do.

Brazil

United States.
do

.do.
.do.

Displace-
ment.

18, 600
19,900
20, 000
22, 500
22, 500
26, 350

18, 602
22,440
19,000
22, 637

19, 350
19, 800
18, 030
18, 030
19, 250
16,000
16,000
20,000
20, 000

Year
com-
pleted.

1909
1911
1911
1912
1912
1912
1909^
1911
1910
1911
1910
1911
1911
1911
1910
1910
1910
1910
1910

Total cost.

$8, 158, 828

8,411,497

8, 087, 690

9, 337, 709

9, 182, 657

10,065,562

1 8, 748, 880

1 11, 209, 800

1 8, 726, 508
1 10, 491, 040

2 9, 262, 800
2 8, 764, 800

9, 641, 707
10, 520, 000
8, 863, 843
6, 805, 924
6, 683, 485
8, 034, 994
8, 472, 150

1 Amount appropriated.

I Approximately.

(19)

20
Table XV.

Am CRAFT.

[Apr. 7, 1913.]

Mili-
tary
dirigi-
bles.

Private
dirigi-
bles
(esti-
mated).

Military
aeroplanes
(includes
monoplanes,
biplanes,
hydro-
aeroplanes).

Private
aero-
planes
(esti-
mated).

Avia-
tion
fields.

Pilots
(mili-
tary and
civil-
ian).

Manu-
fac-
turers,

Army.

Navy.

Austria:

On hand

5
3

3

4

13

7

17
5

8
2

2
1

9
10

0)

2

40

6

35

Ordered ....

3

60

5

England:

On hand

3
5

101

47

4^

'40
20

)0

154
1,000

Ordered ....
France:

On hand

31

382

21

Ordered ....

39

1,200

20

Germany:

On hand

10

152

200

Ordered

36

320

15

Italy:

On hand

0
0

100
30

20

100
5

Ordered

Japan:

On hand

14

200

Ordered

3

20

Russia:

On hand

0
0

250

150
1,000

Ordered

United States:
On hand

20
3

0

*5
1

8

118

Ordered ....

13

320

6

1 One dirigible, which is practically useless, is on hand.

The number of pilots can be given only approximately. There
are a great many more under instruction who have not received their
certificates as pilots.

A large number of the private aeroplanes are experimental machines.

On account of the great number of experimental aeroplanes con-
structed, it is impossible to state the number of actual manufacturers
definitely.

FOREIGN SHIPBUILDING PROGRAMS.

GREAT BRITAIN.

The total naval estimates for 1912-13 amount to $228,430,064, as
compared with $216,036,101 for the preceding year, while for 1910-11
the amount was $197,597,906. The total estimate includes a supple-
mentary estimate of $4,817,835, and an increase of the enlisted per-
sonnel by 1,500 men.

The actual standard of new construction which the admiralty has
:n fact followed during recent years has been to develop a 60 per cent
superiority in vessels of the DreadnougTit type over the German navy
on the basis of an existing fleet law.

The shipbuilding program authorized for 1912-13 provides for the
following new construction: Four large armored ships, 8 lightly
armored ships, 20 destroyers, a group of submarines, 1 coast-guard
cruiser, 4 oil-tank steamers, 1 water-tank vessel, and 2 tugs.

During the year there were completed the battleships Conqueror
and Thunderer, each of 22,500 tons displacement; the Centurion and
King George V, of 24,000 tons; as well as the battle cruiser Princess
Royal, of 26,350 tons, a sister ship of the Lion; and the New Zealand,
of 18,800 tons.

Of four battleships authorized in 1910 two have been completed,
and of those of the 1911 program the Iron Duke and MarlhorougJi
were launched this fall. These ships are of about 26,400 tons dis-
placement. The four battleships of the 1912 program are, according
to press reports, to be armed with eight 15-inch guns, to displace
27,500 tons, and have a designed speed of 25 knots. Two of these
ships were laid down in October, while the contracts for the other
two were awarded in November. The battle cruiser Tiger, author-
ized in 1911, has been laid down, and will displace approximately
28,000 tons. All capital ships now building, excepting those of this
year's program, will be armed with 13.5-inch guns.

The contracts for the eight lightly armored cruisers were awarded
during October. These ships, according to the First Lord of the
Admiralty, are to be '^the smallest, cheapest, and fastest vessels,
protected by vertical armor, ever projected for the British navy."

The contracts for the 20 new destroyers have been awarded. It is
believed that these vessels will have a displacement of 1,000 tons.

Of the submarines authorized, neither the number nor the size has
been officially announced.

(21)

22

GERMANY.

The total naval estimate for 1912-13 amounts to $110,715,043, as
compared with $107,232,000 for 1911-12.

The fleet law has been amended so as to provide by 1920 a fleet to
comprise 41 battleships, 20 large cruisers, and 40 small cruisers, an
increase of 3 battleships and 2 small cruisers. It is proposed to build
6 submarines yearly, and by allowing a life of 12 years to maintain an
establishment of 72 boats. The amendment further provides for the
maintenance in full commission of about four-fifths of the fleet.

The naval appropriation bill for 1912-13 authorized the following
new construction: One battleship, 1 battle cruiser, 2 small cruisers, 12
destroyers, 6 sul«^marines, and 1 submarine salvage ship. As usual,
there is an increase in the personnel to meet the increased needs of the
service. Provision is made for 282 additional officers and 5,454
enlisted men.

During the year there were completed the battleships Oldenburg of
22,435 tons, the Kaiser and Friedrich der Grosse of 24,110 tons dis-
placement. The battle cruiser Goeben has been completed; she has a
displacement of 22,632 tons, mounts ten 11-inch guns, and on trials
attained a speed of 28.6 knots.

FRANCE.

The total naval appropriation for 1912 amounts to $81,692,832, as
compared with $80,371,109 appropriated for 1911.

The shipbuilding program authorized for 1912 provides for the
following new construction: Three battleships, 9 submarines, and 1
transport. The original program authorized two battleships, but a
third was provided for to replace the Liberie.

There has been no addition of capital ships to the fleet during the
year, but increased activity has become manifest in all shipyards,
and work on the new construction is progressing rapidly. Nine
destroyers and several submarines have, however, been completed
during the year.

The battleships of the 1912 program will mount ten 13.4-inch
guns in center-line turrets. A four-gun turret is under consideration
for future ships,

JAPAN.

The total naval estimate for the year 1912-13 amounts to $46,-
158,216, an increase of $2,926,971 over the estimates for 1911-12.
The unexpended balance of the existing appropriation, '^ Expenses
for maintaining naval preparation," amounts to $123,839,443, to be
expended in six years, up to and including 1916-17. The allot-
ment for maintenance and construction for 1912-13 amounts to
$24,144,446, as against $21,768,673 for the year 1911-12.

.■-^

23

During the year the following ships have been completed: The
battleships Settsu and KawacJii, both of 20,800 tons, armed with
twelve 12-inch guns; and three 4,950-ton cruisers, the Yahagi,
Hirado, and Ghilcuma; two 600-ton destroyers and one submarine.

The battleship Fuso, authorized in 1911, has been laid down. She
is to have a displacement of approximately 30,000 tons and mount
14-inch guns. Three battle cruisers of the 1911 program have been
laid down in Japan. They are of the Kongo class, 27,500 tons dis-
placement, armed with 14-inch guns, and a designed speed of 29
knots.

RUSSIA.

The naval estimates for 1912, ordinary and extraordinary expen-
ditures, amount to $84,630,780. This is an increase over the budget
as voted last year of $28,061,933.

The naval program as prepared under the direction of the minister
of marine and authorized by the Duma includes the following items:
(1) For new construction, fitting out and enlargement of ports, etc.,
$221,450,000. (2) For completion of ships building and current ^^
expenses, $403,245,000. Item (1) constitutes the smaU shipbuilding o^ v^ji"
program which is to be executed in five years. ^

The new construction includes 4 battle cruisers, 4 protected
cruisers, 36 destroyers, and 12 submarines for the Baltic, 4 protected
cruisers for the Black Sea, 2 protected cruisers and 6 submarines for
the Pacific. It was decided that the annual installments should be
asked for as separate yearly credits.

The only addition to the fleet during the year has been the Novik,
a destroyer of 1,260 tons displacement, with a speed of 36 knots.
There are under construction, however, 7 battleships of 23,000 tons,
4 battle cruisers of 28,000 tons, 9 destroyers, and 6 submarines.

ITALY.

The naval appropriation for 1912-13 amounts to $41,893,420. Of
this amount $21,722,536 is for the maintenance of existing vessels
and for new construction now in hand or to be commenced.

The naval appropriation law does not specify the number or type
of ships to be laid down, this being left to the discretion of the navy
department, but the following new construction has been decided
upon: Two battleships, 6 destroyers, 6 torpedo boats, and 6
submarines.

During the year there were completed the battleship Bante Ali-
gliieri, of 18,600 tons displacement, mounting twelve 12-inch guns in
four center-fine turrets, 1 scout cruiser of 3,220 tons, besides several
torpedo craft and submarines.

There are under construction, besides the 2 battleships provided
for this year, 5 battleships, 2 scout cruisers, and several torpedo
craft and submarines.

24

AUSTRIA. .

The total naval estimates for 1912 amount to $28,167,714. Refer-
ring to the program adopted by the Austro-Hungarian delegations
in the autumn of 1910, which authorized an expenditure of $63,417,200
for shipbuilding in six installments during the years 1911 to 1916,
inclusive, the amount apportioned for this year for new construction
is $13,601,000, which is to be expended on the ships now building.
The amount apportioned for 1912 ($13,601,000) was increased by
the granting of an extraordinary credit of $8,120,000 on October 14,
1912, by the delegations. The total amount appropriated for the
navy for the year 1912 is, therefore, $36,287,714. The only new
construction provided for this year is one mining vessel of 1,000 tons
displacement.

During the year the battleship Viribus Unitus,' of 20,010 tons dis-
placement, mounting twelve 12-inch guns in four center-line turrets,
has been added to the fleet. Three battleships, 3 small cruisers, 6
destroyers, 12 torpedo boats, and 7 submarines are under construction.

SPAIN.

Spain, in 1908, provided a program for the upbuilding of her navy,
as follows :

Tons each.
3 battleships of about 15, 000

3 torpedo-boat destroyers 350

24 torpedo boats 180

4 gunboats of about 1, 000

ARGENTINA.

Argentina has provided for a program of 2 large battleships and
12 destroyers and authorized increasing the program, if required, to
3 large battleships and 16 destroyers.

BRAZIL.

In December, 1904, Brazil provided for a shipbuilding program,
which has since been modified (put into execution in 1907), and now
includes :

3 battleships.

2 scout cruisers.

10 torpedo-boat destroyers.

All of the above vessels except one battleship have been completed
and dehvered to Brazil. The third battleship is now under con-
struction in England.

PROGRAMS FOR 1913-14.

The programs for 1913-14, so far as they have been determined or
published, are as follows :

GEE AT BEITAIN.

The total naval estimates for 1913-14 amount to $235,213,489
as compared with $228,430,065 for the year 1912-13 (including the
supplementary estimate). The principal increases occur under the
heads of Pay of Personnel, Victualing and Clothing, and Naval
Armaments. The increase in personnel is due to the requirements of
new ships being placed m commission and under construction. The
total number of officers and men will reach 146,000. The total cost
of new construction is $77,662,162.

The estimates provide for the laying down during the year of 5
capital ships, 8 light cruisers, 16 destroyers, and a group of subma-
rines. An additional battleship, the gift of the Federated Malay
States, has been contracted for. The Canadian Government has
under consideration a bill which provides for a grant of £7,000,000 to
the Crown, for the construction of three first-class ships.

GERMANY.

The total naval estimates for 1913-14 submitted to the Reichstag
in the latter part of November, 1912, amount to $111,288,618. The
ordinary recurring expenditure is $46,935,805; the nonrecurring ordi-
nary expenditure is $52,179,113; the extraordinary expenditure is
$12,173,700; this is an increase over last year's (1912-13) final
estimates (the ordinary estimates and the supplementary estimates
being taken together) of $573,574.

Increase of personnel is provided as follows: Two hundred and
twenty- three additional officers, 6,125 enlisted men. The total
strength of the personnel of the Navy will in 1913 be 3,394 officers
and 69,495 men.

The provisions for new ships are according to the program laid
down in the fleet law, and provide for the construction of 2 battle-
ships, 1 battle cruiser, 2 small cruisers, 1 gunboat, 1 torpedo-boat
flotilla (12 boats), and $4,760,000 for submarine construction and
experiment. The construction of a new imperial yacht was also
appropriated for.

FRANCE.

The naval estimates for 1913-14 submitted to the Chamber of
Deputies carries a total appropriation of $89,028,626. Of this
amount $22,946,738 is for new construction and provides for the
laying down of 2 battleships, 3 destroyers, 3 submarines, and 1 river
gunboat. It also includes the first instalments for the two battle-

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26

ships provided in the fleet law for 1914. Those two ships were to
have been begun January 1, 1914, but recent advices indicate that
they wlQ be laid down in October, 1913.

A further increase in the present shipbuilding program is under
discussion.

RUSSIA.

The naval estimates for 1913-14 amount to $118,643,820. This
is an increase over the revised estimates of 1912-13 of $36,624,187.
This increase is in accordance with the shipbuilding program of
June 23, 1912, known as the Small Shipbuilding Program, which
provides for 4 battle cruisers, 8 cruisers, 36 destroyers, and 12 sub-
marines, and the previous arrangements for ships to be built for the
Black Sea and the Baltic. The principal items of this increase are
as follows: New construction of ships, $16,878,390; armament,
$8,810,722; naval ports, $8,104,558.

JAPAN.

The Ashai states that a scheme drawn up by Admiral Takarabe
for the expansion of the Navy estimates, based on an imaginary
enemy, disposing of 21 battleships, has been accepted. It provides
at present for the construction of 3 Dreadnoughts of ^the most powerful
type and for the eventual carrying out of a scheme of [8 Dreadnoughts,
4 battle cruisers, 8 scouts, and 40 destroyers, at a cost of £36,500,000.
It was originally proposed to build 8 Dreadnoughts, 8 battle cruisers,
16 scouts, 48 destroyers, costing £54,000,000, but this scheme was
cut down to meet financial exigencies.

ITALY.

The total naval appropriation for 1913-14 amounts to $49,550,147.
This is an increase of $7,691,116 over the appropriation for the
preceding year.

The enlisted strength is increased by 2,000 men, namely, from
33,000 to 35,000.

AUSTRIA.

The naval estimates for 1913 amount to $28,959,168. Of this
amount $13,885,200 constitutes the extraordinary credit for new
construction allotted for the year 1913, and $15,073,968, the ordinary
expenditure. Under these two heads the total amount available for
new construction is $15,976,100. The personnel is hereby increased
as follows: 1 rear admiral, 3 captains, 5 commanders, 31 lieutenants,
12 midshipmen, 5 medical officers, 27 engineers, 6 paymasters, and
1,500 petty officers and men. The strength will be increased from
14,000 to 21,000 men in 1916.

The naval estimates for 1914, submitted to the Austrian Delega-
tions in March, 1913, carries the first installments for the construc-
tion of three Dreadnoughts to replace the ships of the Mon irch class.

CONTINirOTTS SHIPBXniDING PEOGRAMS.

GERMANY.

Year.

Battle-
ships.

Armored
cruisers.

Small
cruisers.

1908

3
3
3
3

^2

1
1
1

12

1

2

1909

2

1910

2

1911

2

1912 ....

2

1913

2

1914

2

1915

2

1916

2

1917

22

1 Includes one additional ship under the amendment;

« Includes one additional ship outstanding from the fleet law.

The fleet law amended June 9, 1912, now provides for an estab-
lishment, in 1920, of 41 battleships, 20 large cruisers, and 40 small
cruisers, all less than 20 years old, and 144 torpedo craft and 72
submaruies, less than 12 years old. The last amendment carried an
increase of 3 battleships and 2 small cruisers, and further provides
that about four-fifths of the fleet shall be kept in full commission.

GREAT BRITAIN.

Great Britain has no fixed program, but her policy now is to
develop a supremacy of 60 per cent in vessels of the Dreadnought
type over the German Navy on the basis of an existing fleet law.

(27)

28

FRANCE.

On March 30, 1912, the French Government adopted a ship build-
ing program which provides for the completion by 1920 of 13 battle-
ships and 6 scout cruisers. This new construction is to be laid down
as follows:

Year.

Battle-
ships.

Scout
cruisers.

Year.

Battle-
ships.

Scout
cruisers.

1912

3
2
2
4

0
0
0
0

1916

0
2
0
0

0

1913

1917

2

1914

1918

2

1915

1919

2

RUSSIA.

The naval program as prepared under the direction of the Minister
of Marine and authorized by the Duma includes the following items :
(1) For new construction, fitting out and enlargement of ports, etc.,
$221,450,000. (2) For completion of ships building and current
expenses, $403,245,000. Item (1) constitutes the small shipbuilding
program which is to be executed in Rye years.

The new construction includes four battle cruisers, four protected
cruisers, thirty-six destroyers, and twelve submarines for the Baltic,
two protected cruisers for the Black Sea, two protected cruisers and
six submarines for the Pacific. The amount available for 1912-13
is $103,515,000. It was decided that the annual installments should
be asked for as separate yearly credits.

ITALY.

Italy has a shipbuilding program extending to the year 1917-18.
A certain sum is allowed each year for new constructions and the
maintenance of the fleet. The number and type of ships to be laid
down each year is determined by the Minister of Marine, therefore
it is not possible to know what vessels are to be built until the navy
department has made its decision.

AUSTRIA.

The present shipbuilding program expires in 1915 with the com-
pletion of the four battleships authorized in 1911. An additional
program is under consideration.

No other countries have continuous shipbuilding programs.

BEFERENCE BOOKS.

PROBABLY MAY BE FOUND IN A PUBLIC LIBRARY.

Navy Yearbook (Pulsifer). — Giving annual appropriations and
various acts relating to the Navy, beginniag 1883; alphabetical list
of all United States vessels, with data on same; list of vessels of the
principal navies of the world, etc. Printed as a congressional
document.

Fighting ships (Jane). — Giving a detail description of all fighting
ships and showing silhouettes, plans, and elevations of ships, descrip-
tion of uniforms, lists of naval bases, etc.

The Naval PocTcetboolc (Clowes) . — Giving detail description of indi-
vidual ships, lists, and numbers, data concerning guns, etc.

The Naval Annual (edited by Viscount Hythe) . — Giving a series of
essays on the navies of the world, lists, and numbers, and plan and
elevation of principal ships.

For recommendations to Congress and reports of the various
bureaus, see annual reports of the Secretary of the Navy.

The tables of ^'Warship tonnage" and ^'Sea strength" (Tables
I to V, ante) of the principal naval powers are published annually
by the Office of Naval Intelligence.

(29)

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University of Calif orma
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