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CONCHYLIA DITHYRA
INSULARUM BRITANNICARUM//
Division of
Sectional Library
aIVALYE SHELLS
The @ saris ISLANDS,
Systematically arranged.
WILLIAM TURTON, M. D.
CASSEL :
THEODOR FISCHER.
1848.
ILLUSTRISSIMO ET SERENISSIMO PRINCIPI
LEOPOLDO GEORGIO FREDERICO,
DUCI SAXONIA,
MARCHIONI MISNIA,
LANDGRAVIO THURINGI£,
PRINCIPI COBURGI SAALFELDENSIS,
EXERCITUUM REGALIUM MARESCALLO,
AUGUSTISSIMO ET POTENTISSIMO MONARCHA,
INSULARUM BRITANNICARUM
A CONSILIIS SECRETIORIBUS,
NOBILISSIMI ORDINIS PERISCELIDIS
ET HONORATSSIMI ORDINIS MILITARIS
DE BALNEO EQUITI:
TENTAMEN HOC
DAT DICAT DEDICAT,
GULIELMUS TURTON.
TORQUAY DANMONIORUM,
IDUS FEBRUARIL,
ANNO REDEMPT.
1822. ’
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PREFACE.
A THOUSAND years ago it was remarked by one of the early fathers
of natural history, that ‘“‘ much labor yet remains, and much is
likely to remain; nor will opportunities of adding something be
wanting to him who shall be born after a thousand ages.” Multum
adhuc restat operis, multumque restabit; nec ulli nato post mille
secula precludetur occasio aliquid adjiciendi.
He that brings to its place in system, an individual hitherto un-
discovered or unnoticed, produces an additional testimony of the
unbounded power of HIM, who in all His works is maximus in maa-
mis, maximus in minimis ; mightiest in the mightiest, and mightiest
in the minutest.
The materials of natural history, in their various compartments,
are of such huge accumulation, as to occasion no small difficulty in
the formation of distinctive catalogues, founded on scientific and
classical distribution.
The illustrious writers of the French school have come boldly
forth, and broken the trammels by which the science of Conchology
Vi. PREFACE.
has been confined to the very imperfect bounds of the last edition
of the Systema Nature.
And as, like the division of labor, classical arrangement pretends
to nothing more than that, by clear and consecutive deduction, the
several distinct subjects should be brought to nominative identity,
passing through the direct genealogy of their several kingdoms,
tribes, orders, and families: whether these ends be effected through
natural alliances or artificial combinations, it does not appear to be
of much importance, supposing them to be equally comprehensive,
communicable, and demonstrable.
But in pursuit of a natural arrangement, the neoteric writers of
the French school have constituted the organs of the animal as the
primary and essential base, making the shell a secondary object of
consideration, and absorbing Conchology into a minor branch of
Helminthology ; a connexion which must suppose more of tradition
and gratuitous admission than of demonstration, and which in our
present very imperfect knowledge of the Vermes, we consider to
be unnecessary if it were possible, and impossible if it were
necessary.
We have attempted an arrangement upon principles easily
communicable, and strictly demonstrable, which, like the systems
of Botany and Zoology, are certainly artificial, but which, ona
comparison with the natural connexions of Lamarck and Cuvier,
will be found to coincide with singular “ semblable coherence.”
PREFACE. vii.
Conchology may therefore form a distinct class, seperate from
the Mollusca, reducible to five orders, from their own permanent
and unalterable characters.
1. Monortuyra.
2. Dirayra.
3. PoLtyTHyRa.
4, MonoTHALAMIA.
5. PoLyTHALAMIA.
Testa unwalvis, libera.
Shell univalve, and free.
Testa bivalvis, accessorus difformibus rariis
instructa.
Shell bivalve, rarely furnished with differently
formed accessorial valves.
Testa multivalvis.
Shell with several similar valves.
Testa tubularis, monothalamia, fia.
Shell tubular, of one cell, and fixed.
Testa polythalamia, libera seu fixa.
Shell of several chambers, free or fixed.
The subject of our present Essay is the second order, compre-
hending the bivalve shells of the British islands, reducible into
divisions by the absence or position of the ligament of union, and
into families or genera by the absence, number, or peculiarities of
the teeth.
Vill. PREFACE.
Among the other means of our research, we have twice dredged
the British Channel, from Berry Head to the Guernsea islands: and
it may be objected to us that we have enumerated as British, some
few individuals found on their shores. Like the products of Ireland,
and the remote islands of Scotland, although they are not strictly
English, they may justly be denominated British. Da Costa,
Donovan, and Montagu have admitted them as such, Lister has
marked them as English, and the President of the Linnéan Society
has included in his Flora Britannica the plants peculiar to Guern-
sey and Jersey.
Far removed from learned books and learned men, with no
friendly glance to check our exuberances or supply our deficiencies,
some few errors have questionless eluded our detection; and we
submit our endeavours to render this interesting study classically
intelligible, to the correction of such as have better means and
better authority.
CONCHYLIA.
SHELLS.
Ordo ti. Dithyra.
Order ii. Bivalves,
Testa bwalvis, accessoriis difformibus rarids instructa.
Shell with two valves, sometimes, but rarely, furnished with
differently shaped accessorial ones.
#%
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
SYNOPSIS
JN
Ligamentum nullum.
Without permanent ligament.
B.
Ligamentum externum.
Ligament external.
Cardo edentulus.
Hinge without teeth.
Cardo dentibus primariis, laterahibus nullis.
Hinge with primary teeth, but no lateral ones.
Cardo dentibus primartis et lateralibus.
Hinge with both primary and lateral teeth.
C.
Lagamentum internum.,
Ligament internal.
Cardo edentulus.
Hinge without teeth.
#
Cardo dentibus primariis, lateralibus nullis.
Hinge with primary teeth, but no lateral ones.
REE
Cardo dentibus primartis et lateralibus.
Hinge with both primary and lateral teeth.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
Xi.
Character genericus essentialis,
Essential generic character.
A.
Ligamentum nullum.
Ligament none.
1. PuHotas.—Testa transversa, ovata.
Shell transverse, oval.
2. Trerepo.—Testa orbicularis, hemispherica.
Shell orbicular, hemispherical.
B.
Ligamentum externum.
Ligament external.
* Cardo edentulus.
Hinge without teeth,
4, Saxicava.—Testa transversa, latere antico hiante.
Shell transverse, open at the anterior end.
53. Anodon.—Testa transversa, sinu marginali antico.
Shell transverse, with a marginal depression on
the anterior side.
*2A
Sil.
44,
49.
47,
25.
43.
48,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
Moprona.—Testa sublongitudinalis, wmbonibus subterminalibus.
Shell somewhat longitudinal, with the beaks
nearly terminal.
Pinna.—Testa cuneiformis, apice dilatato hiante.
Shell wedge-form, dilated and open at the top.
Lima.—Testa basi auriculatd.
Shell with auricles at the base.
** Cardo dentibus primariis, lateralibus nullis.
Hinge with primary teeth, but no lateral ones.
SoLten.—Testa transversim linearis, cardine subterminali.
Shell transversely linear, with the hinge near
the end.
Myritus.—Testa longitudinalis, umbonibus terminalibus rectis.
Shell longitudinal, with the beaks terminal and
straight.
GastRocHana.— Testa hiantissima, dentibus obsoletis transver-
sim lamellosis.
Shell very open, with the teeth obscure and
transversely laminar,
AvicuLa.—Testa basi transversim caudaté.
Shell with a transverse projection at the base.
32.
ie
26.
33.
28.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. xiii.
Capsa.—Testa cuneata, ligamento ad latus brevissimum.
Shell wedge-shaped, with the ligament at the
shortest side.
Aaina.—Testa transversa, dente conico in utrdque valvd.
Shell transverse, with a single conic tooth in
each valve.
CryPpropon.— Testa trigono-globosa, dente unico obsoleto in
utrdque valud cum foved transversd.
Shell triangular-globular, with a single obscure
tooth in each valve and a transverse cavity.
Psammosia.— Testa oblonga vel ovata, lateribus subhiantibus,
dentibus subbinis.
Shell oblong or oval, a little open at the sides,
with two teeth in one or both the valves.
HiaTELLaA.—Testa inequivalvis, medio vel latere antico huante,
dente unico inter duos penetrante.
Shell inequivalve, open in the middle or at the
anterior end, witha single tooth in one valve
closing between two in the other.
Crassina—Testa clausa, dentibus duobus in utrdque valvd.
Shell closed, with two teeth in each valve.
Lucina.—Testa clausa, dentibus duobus vel tribus cum foveold
laterali transversd.
Shell closed, with two or three teeth and a
lateral transverse hollow.
xiv.
36.
3].
14.
15.
54,
13.
38,
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRaA.
PrtTRicoLa.—Testa subhians, dentibus duobus inter tres pene-
trantibus.
Shell somewhat open, with two teeth in one valve
closing between three in the other.
Venus. — Testa clausa, dentibus tribus inferné approximatis
superné divergentibus.
Shell closed, with three teeth which are close toge-
ther at their base and divergent at their, tips.
VENERUPIS.—Testa antice hians dentibus tribus approxinatis
parallelis.
Shell open at the anterior end, with three teeth
all close together and parallel.
CyTHEREA.—Dentes quatuor in valvd alterd, unico remotiusculo.
In one valve four teeth, one of them rather remote.
Anatina.—Dentes cochleariformes, mutict.
Teeth spoon-shaped without additional denticle.
Listera.—Dentes cochleariformes, cum denticulis adjectis.
Teeth spoon-shaped with additional denticles.
Unio.—Dentes subconici, striato-tuberculatt.
Teeth somewhat conic, striate or tubercled.
Panop#A.—Dentes conici, et hinc callum breve.
Teeth conic, and a callosity on one side.
Arca.—Cardo rectilinearis, dentibus numerosis.
Hinge in a straight line, with numerous teeth.
39.
16.
34.
31,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. XY.
PzgctuncuLus.—Cardo arcuatus, dentibus numerosis.
Hinge in a curved line, with numerous teeth.
*%* ~~ Cardo dentibus primartis et lateralibus.
Hinge with both primary and lateral teeth.
AMPHIDESMA.—Denites primart cochleariformes.
The primary teeth spoon-shaped.
Cycias.—Dentes primarti minuti divergentes, lateralibus valve
alterius didymis.
The primary teeth minute and divergent, with the
lateral teeth of one valve double.
Mysca.—Dentes primarti transversi crenulati, lateralibus valve
alterius didymis.
The primary teeth transverse and notched, with
the lateral teeth of one valve double.
Myrrea.—Valva altera unidentata cum laterali utringué, aliera
bidentata lateralibus obsoletis.
In one valve a single tooth and a lateral one each
side, in the other valve two teeth with the lateral
ones obscure.
Cyprina:—Dentes primarti duo vel tres, laterali remoto.
The primary teeth two or three, and a remote
lateral one.
Donax.—Testa cuneata, ligamento ad latus brevissimum.
Shell wedge-shaped, with the ligament at the
shortest side.
Xvi.
29.
27.
41.
50,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
StRiGILLaA.—Testa bifaridm anguloso-striata.
Shell with angular striz in opposite directions.
Tretuina.—Testa anticé flecuosa, dentibus subbinis.
Shell flexuous at the anterior side, with two
teeth in one or both valves.
Carpvium.—Testa cordata, umbonibus contiguis, dentibus duobus
cum lateralibus in utrdque valva.
Shell heart-shaped, the beaks close together, with
two teeth and two lateral ones in both valves.
IsocarpiA. — Testa cordata, wmbonibus remotis convolutis,
dentibus duobus cum laterals unico antico in utrdque
valva.
Shell heart-shaped, the beaks remote and convo-
lute, with two teeth and a single lateral tooth on
the anterior side in each valve.
C.
Ligamentum internum.
Ligament internal.
* Cardo edentulus.
Hinge without teeth.
Anom1A.—Valva inferior basi perforata.
The under valve perforated at the base.
46.
45.
io)
10.
BL
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. Xvi.
Discina. — Testa discoidea, valvdé superiori medio mamillato-
productda.
Shell disk-shaped, with the upper valve protube-
rant in the middle.
Precten.—Testa basi auriculatd, foved ca>dinali trigond.
Shell auricled at the base, with a triangular hollow
at the hinge.
Ostrea—Testa basi inauriculatd, fovea cardinali trigona.
Shell without auricles at the base, with a trian-
gular hollow at the hinge.
** Cardo dentibus primariis, lateralibus nullis.
Hinge with primary teeth, but no lateral ones.
Mya.—Testa equivalvis, dente elevato transverso in valvd sin-
istrd, dextrd mutica.
Shell equivalve, with an elevated transverse tooth
in the left valve, and none in the right.
Spuenta.—Testa inequivalvis, dente elevato transverso in valvd
sinistrd, dente concavo in valvd dexird.
Shell inequivalve, with an clevated transverse tooth
in the left valve, and a concave tooth in the right,
Lyonsia.— Testa inequivalvis, dente mobili communi valvas
coadunante foveold utrinqué obliqud.
Shell inequivalve, with a common moveable tooth
uniting the valves together by an oblique cavity in
each; ;
*B
Xylil.
22.
20.
18.
13
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
Lutraria.— Cardo dente cochleariformi, cum dente trigono
adjecto.
Hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth, and an:addi-
tional triangular one.
Monracura.—Testa equivalvis, dentibus duobus cum foved
interpositd.
Shell equivalve, with two teeth in each valve and
a cavity between them.
Ervitia—Testa @quivalvis, dente unico inter duos obsoletos
penetrante.
Shell equivalve, with a single tooth closing between
two obscure ones.
Panpora.—Valva altera dente longitudinali et foveold, altera
foveolis duabus longitudinalibus.
In one valve a longitudinal tooth and cavity, in the
other two longitudinal cavities.
CorBuLa.— Valva altera dente conico, altera dente cochle-
ariformi.
In one valve a conic tooth, and a spoon-shaped
tooth in the other.
TEREBRATULA.—Valva superior umbone producto apice per-
forato.
The upper valve with the beak elongated and
perforated at the extremity.
*** ~~ Cardo dentibus primariis et lateralibus.
Hinge with both primary and lateral teeth.
23.
21.
40.
19.
24.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. xix.
Mactra. —Dentes laterales transversim laminosi, valve
alterius didymi.
The lateral teeth transverse and laminar, those of
one valve double.
Lepton.—Dentes laterales valve alterius transversim
bipartiti.
The lateral teeth of one valve deeply cloven
transversely.
Nucuta.—Dentes primarti cochleariformes, lateralibus
numerosis.
The primary teeth spoon-shaped, with numerous
lateral ones.
Kexuia.—Valva altera 'dentibus duobus approximatis, altera
dente erecto concavo.
In one valve two teeth close together, and a single
erect concave tooth in the other.
GooDALuiA.—Valva altera dente unico, altera dentibus duobus
cum foved trigond interpositd.
In one valve a single tooth, in the other two teeth
with a triangular cavity between them.
*B2
Xx, CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
Character specificus essentialis,
Essential specific character.
A. TESTA MARINA. 1—92.
SEA SHELLS.
1. Puowas.
* valvis sulco longitudinali divisis.
the valves divided by a longitudinal groove.
1. papyracea, annulo producto, postico.
with a produced ring at the hinder end.
2. lamellata, lamella erecté supra dentes.
with an erect lamina above the teeth.
3. tuberculata, tuberculo scabro supra dentes.
with a rough tubercle above the teeth.
4. crispata, margine supra dentes mutico.
with the margin above the teeth smooth.
** yalvis medio indivisis.
the valves undivided in the middle.
5. Dactylus, margine postico celluloso.
cellular at the hinder margin.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XX.
parva, tuberculo levi supra dentes.
with a smooth tubercle above the teeth.
candida, denticulo curvo supra dentem.
with a curved denticle above the tooth.
striata, lamind planataé recurvd externa.
with a flat recurved external lamina.
2. TEREDO.
navalis, denticulo curvo supra dentem.
with a curved denticle above the tooth.
nana, denticulo conico obliquo supra dentes.
with an oblique conic denticle above the teeth.
bipennata, costd obliqudé supra dentes.
with an oblique rib above the teeth.
dorsalis, costd longitudinali internd.
with a longitudinal rib on the inside.
3. GASTROCHENA.
pholadia, levis umbonibus subterminalibus.
smooth, with the beaks nearly terminal.
4, SAXICAVA.
rugosa, anticé subangulata truncata.
somewhat angular and truncate at the anterior end.
Pholadis, extremitatibus rotundatis.
rounded at both the sides.
XXii. CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
3.
plicata, lamelloso-plicata, anticé dilatata.
with laminar plaits, dilated at the anterior end.
5. HuATeLa.
minuta, posticé truncata areolata.
truncate with an impression at the hinder end.
oblonga, posticé rotundata, areolé nulld.
rounded at the hinder end, without impression.
6. Prrricona.
Irus, Petricola.
7. VENERUPIS.
perforans, Venerupis.
8. Mya.
truncata, anticé truncata, dente mutico.
truncate at the anterior end, with the tooth
simple.
ovalis, anticé rotundata, dente flewuoso.
rounded at the anterior end, with the tooth
flexuous.
arenaria, anticé rotundata, dente denticulato.
rounded at the anterior end, with a denticle on
the tooth.
9. Lyonsia.
striata, Lyonsia.
+)
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. XXiil.
10. Spwentra.
Binghami, cuneata, dente concavo obliquo inflexo.
wedge-shaped, with the concave tooth oblique
and inflected.
Swainsoni, ovata, dente concavo horizontali-protenso.
oval, with the concave tooth projecting horizon-
tally inwards.
decussata, decussatim striata.
with decussate striz.
11. Corpora.
Nucleus, Corbula.
12. PanpDora.
margaritacea, Pandora.
13. Panop#a.
Glycymeris, Panopea.
14. AnatINna.
* Cochlearibus obliquis.
with the spoon-shaped teeth oblique.
convexa, oblonga, cochlearibus integerrimis.
oblong, with the teeth very entire.
pubescens,oblonga cochlearibus emarginatis.
oblong, with a notch on the teeth.
truncata, cuneata wmbonibus subterminalibus.
wedge-shaped, with the beaks nearly terminal.
XXIV.
we)
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
** Cochlearibus horizontali-protensis.
with the teeth projecting horizontally.
declivis, latere antico truncato.
the anterior end truncate.
pretenuis, latere antico rotundato.
the anterior end rounded,
arctica, latere postico truncato.
the hinder end truncate.
distorta, margine sinuato.
the margin indented.
15. Listrra.
compressa, Listera.
16. AMPHIDESMA.
prismaticum, valvd alterd denticulo simplicr et lateralibus.
in one valye a simple denticle and lateral teeth.
tenue, valvd alterd denticulo fisso et lateralibus.
in one valve a cloven denticle and lateral teeth.
Boysii, valvd alterdé denticulis duobus et lateralibus.
in one valve two denticles and lateral teeth.
17. Agina.
purpurea, Agina.
18. Ervinia.
nitens, Ervilia.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. XXV.
19. Kevua.
suborbicularis, subrotunda, equilateralis, alba.
roundish, equilateral, and white.
rubra, ovata, inequilateralis, rubra.
oval, inequilateral, and red.
20. Mownvacuta.
substriata, costulis longitudinalibus obscuris.
with obscure longitudinal ribs.
bidentata, dente altero obliquo cochleariformi.
one of the teeth oblique and spoon-shaped.
ferruginosa, dente altero inflexo concavo.
one of the teeth inflected and concave.
oblonga, dentibus erectis.
with all the teeth erect.
21. Lepron.
squamosum, squamoso-punctatum.
punctured in a scale-like manner.
nitidum, substriatum nitidum.
slightly striate and glossy.
22. Lurraria.
oblonga, latere antico truncato.
truncate at the anterior end,
*C
XXXVI. CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
2. elliptica, lateribus rotundatis.
rounded at both ends.
23. Macrra.
* dentibus lateralibus striatis.
the lateral teeth striate.
1. solida, ovato-trigona, equilateralis, laeviuscula.
oval-triangular, equilateral, and smooth.
2. truncata, trigona, equilateralis, lateribus truncatis.
triangular, epuilateral, truncate at the sides.
3. crassa, trigona, mequilateralis leviuscula.
triangular, inequilateral, nearly smooth.
4. subtruncata, ovato-trigona, inequilateralis, transversim sulcata.
oval-triangular, inequilateral, grooved trans-
versely.
5. deaurata, oblonga, inequilateralis, transversim rugosa.
oblong, inequilateral, transversely wrinkled.
** ~ dentibus lateralibus levibus.
with the lateral teeth smooth.
6. Stultorum, equilateralis, transversim substriata.
equilateral, and slightly striate transversely.
+t
cinerea, subequilateralis, leviuscula.
nearly equilateral and smooth.
8. glauca, inequilateralis, transversim striata.
inequilateral and striate transversely.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XXVli.
9. fragilis, flecurd longitudinal antica.
with a longitudinal flexure at the anterior side.
10. radiata, striis minutis longitudinalibus, reticulata.
reticulate by minute longitudinal striz.
24. GooDALLa.
1. triangularis, margine interno denticulato.
with the inner margin toothed.
bo
minutissima, margine interno integerrimo.
with the inner margin very entire.
25. SoLEn.
* valvis unidentatis.
with a single tooth in each valve.
1. Vagina; dentibus complanatis.
with the teeth flattened.
2. Novacula, dentibus conico-acuminatis
with the teeth rather conic and pointed.
** yalvd alterd bidentatd.
with two teeth in one valve.
3. Siliqua, rectus, dente solitario hastato-acuminato.
straight, with the single tooth spear-shaped and
pointed. '
4. Ligula, rectus, dente solitario obtuso fisso.
straight, with the single tooth obtuse and clovyen.
5. Ensis, subarcuatus, dentibus simplicibus.
slightly curved, with the two teeth simple.
*C2
XXVIII. CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
6. pellucidus, subarcuatus, dente altero bipartito.
slightly curved, with one of the two teeth deeply
cloven.
26. PsAMMOBIA.
* vyvalvad alteré bidentatd.
with two teeth in one of the valves.
1. teniata, dente altero planato-rotundato.
one of the two teeth flattened and rounded.
2. florida, striis minimis longitudinalibus reticulata.
reticulate by minute longitudinal striz.
3. costulata, anticé costulis obliqus.
with oblique ribs on the anterior side.
4. fragilis, striis transversis lamellatis.
with transverse laminar striz.
5. Laskeyi, foved transversd elongata cardinali.
with a transverse elongated cavity at the hinge.
** yalvis bidentatis.
with two teeth in each valve.
9: Legumen, lineari-oblonga, dente altero bipartito.
linear-oblong, with one of the teeth deeply cloven.
7. declivis, oblonga, dente altero concavo.
oblong, with one of the teeth concave.
8. antiquata, reniformis, dentibus conico-erectis.
kidney-shaped, with the teeth conic and erect.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XIX.
vespertina, anticé subangulata, dente altero laminari obliquo.
somewhat angular at the anterior end, with one of
the teeth laminar and oblique.
deflorata, anticé subangulata, striis decussatis.
somewhat angular, with decussate striae.
Ferroensis, anticé flecurd angulari, ared anguli reticulata.
with an angular flexure at the anterior side, and
the area of the angle reticulate.
solidula, subtrigona, dentibus minutis obtusis.
somewhat triangular, with the teeth small and
obtuse.
polygona, suborbicularis, margine subundato.
somewhat orbicular, with the margin a little
irregular.
strigilata, antice bifaridm striata, dente altero laminari obliquo.
striate in two directions at the anterior side, with
one of the teeth laminar and oblique.
Scopula, anticé bifaridm striata, dentibus erectis.
striate in two directions at the anterior side, with
all the teeth erect.
27. TELLINA.
* valvé alterd bidentaté.
one valve with two teeth.
1. lineata, valvé unidentaté absque lateralibus.
the single toothed valve without lateral teeth,
XXX, CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
2. punicea, valvd unidentaté cum laterali.
the single toothed valve with a lateral tooth.
3. Fabula, valvd alterd levi, alterd obliqué striatd.
one valve smooth, the other striate obliquely.
4. similis, valvis obliqué striatis.
both valves striate obliquely.
5. Donacina, latere antico obtusissimo.
the anterior extremity very obtuse.
6. bimaculata, ovato-trigona, maculata.
oval-triangular, and spotted.
7. depressa, ovato-oblonga, anticé rostrata.
oval-oblong, produced to a point at the anterior
end.
** yalvis bidentatis, ovate.
both valves with two teeth, and the shell oval.
8. striata, valvd utrdque dentibus lateralibus.
with lateral teeth in each valve.
9. tenuis, valud unicd dentibus lateralibus.
- with lateral teeth in one valve only.
*** yalvis bidentatis, snborbiculares.
with two teeth in each valve, and the shell some-
what orbicular.
10, maculata, valvd utrdque dentibus lateralibus.,
with lateral teeth in each valve.
ll. crassa, valvdé unicé dentibus lateralibus.
with lateral teeth in one valve only.
we
Or
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XXX1.
28. Lucina.
* foved internd obliqud.
with the internal cavity oblique.
lactea, orbicularis, striis transversis irregularibus.
orbicular, with irregular transverse striz.
Leucoma, subobliqua subflexuosa, striis crebris regularibus.
somewhat oblique and flexuous, with crowded
regular striz.
** ~foved internd rectiusculd.
with the internal cavity nearly straight.
alba. valvé alterd unidentatd.
a single tooth in one valve.
rotundata, valvis bidentatis, levis.
the valves two toothed, smooth.
Radula, valvis bidentatis, striis crebris laminatis.
the valves two-toothed, with crowded laminar
strie.
undata, valvd alteré tridentatd.
one of the valves with three teeth.
29. STRIGILLA.
carnaria, stris hine flexuoso-angulosis.
with the striz angularly flexuous on one side,
pisiformis, stris hine acutangulosis.
the striz acutangular on one side.
XXXIl. CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
3. divaricata, striis utrinqué rectangulosis.
the striz rectangular on both sides.
30. CRYPToDON.
flexuosus, Cryptodon.
31. Donax.
* margine interno denticulato.
with the inner margin toothed.
Trunculus, striis longitudinalibus levibus.
with the longitudinal striz smooth.
denticulata, stris longitudinalibus punctatis.
with the longitudinal striz punctured.
** margine interno integerrimo.
with the inner margin very entire.
complanata, vittd albd longitudinali.
with a single white longitudinal band.
plebeia, vittis duabus fulvis longitudinalibus.
with two fulvous longitudinal bands.
rubra, vinacea immaculata levis.
of an uniform pale claret-color and smooth.
32. Capsa.
castanea, castaneo-rubra, vittd longitudinali saturatiori
subarcuaté.
bright chesnut, with a deeper and somewhat
curved longitudinal band.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. XXXIil.
33. CRASSINA.
* margine interno integerrimo.
with the inner margin very entire.
subrhomboidea, anticé truncata, transversim rugosa.
truncate at the anterior side, and wrinkled
transversely.
Scotica, orbicularis, costis transversis rotundatis.
orbicular, with rounded transverse ribs.
** margine interno denticulato.
with the inner margin toothed.
suleata, orbicularis, costis transversis rotundatis.
orbicular, with rounded transverse ribs.
34.. Myrna.
spinifera, Myrtea.
35. CyYPRINA.
Islandica, ared obsoletd, dentibus tribus cum laterali remoto.
the area obscure, with three teeth and a remote
lateral one.
compressa, transversim costata, dentibus duobus cum lateral.
transversely ribbed, with two teeth and a lateral
one.
triangularis, levis, valvd alterd tridentata.
smooth, with three teeth in one valve,
0)
XXXIV. CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
4, minima, maculis quatuor sanguineis.
with four scarlet spots.
5. | orbiculata, decussatim striata.
with decussate strie.
36. VENUS.
* margine interno crenulato.
with the inner margin notched.
{ orbiculo-cordate.
orbicular heart-shaped.
1. verrucosa, subglobosa, lateribus verrucosis.
nearly globular, warty at the sides.
2. Casina, orbicularis, laminis subimbricatis.
orbicular, with somewhat imbricate plates.
3. reflexa, anticé subangulata laminis reflewis.
a little angular at the anterior end, where the
plates are reflected.
4. cancellata, laminis remotis crebré cancellatis.
subcordata,
with remote plates which are closely cancellated.
strus remotis longitudinalibus lamellas remotiores
decussantibus.
with remote longitudinal striz decussating the
more remote plates.
6. granulata, granulatim decussata.
decussate in a granular manner.
7. fasciata, costis latis planatis levibus.
with broad flat smooth ribs,
8.
9.
10.
it:
12.
13.
14,
15.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. XXXY.
Ty trigono-cordate.
triangular heart-shaped.
Dysera, lamellis remotis crebro cancellatis.
with remote plates which are closely cancellated.
laminosa. lamellis membranaceis confertis, crebro cancellatis.
with crowded membranaceous plates, which are
closely cancellated.
Gallina, striis sublaminosis imbricatis levibus.
. with somewhat laminar imbricate smooth strie.
pallida, costulis obtusis remotis reticulatis.
with obtuse remote reticulate rib-like striz.
ovata, costis longitudinalibus transversim squamosis.
with longitudinal ribs which are transversely scaly.
** margine interno integerrimo.
with the inner margin very entire.
+ ovate.
oval.
substriata, rugis transversis obsolete undatim reticulatis.
with transverse ridges which are obscurely reti-
culate in an undulate manner.
nea, anticé attenuata, obsolete reticulata.
tapering at the anterior side, and obscurely
reticulate.
Sarniensis, latere antico tumido obtuso.
obtuse and tumid at the anterior end.
=p?
XXXVi. CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
sinuosa, sinu longitudinali ab umbone.
with a longitudinal sinuosity from the beak.
aurea, medio tumido, lateribus attenuatis.
tumid in the middle, and tapering to the sides.
tt latere antico anguleco.
angular at the anterior side.
virginea, strus transversis planatis anticé latioribus.
with flat transverse striae which are broader at
the anterior side.
nitens, medio tumido, striis obsoleté reticulatis.
tumid in the middle, and obscurely reticulate.
decussata, striis decussatis anticé tuberculosis, dentibus duobus
Jissis.
with decussate strie which are tubercular at the
anterior side, and two of the teeth cloven.
Pullastra, striis decussatis minutis anticé rugosis, dente wnico
isso.
with minute decussate striz which are rough at
the anterior side, and one of the teeth cloven.
37. CYTHEREA.
Chione, ovato-cordata niiida.
oval heart-shaped and polished.
Guineensis, oblique cordata, laminis transversis subimbricatis.
obliquely heart-shaped, with transverse and some-
what imbricate plates.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XXXVI.
3. exoleta, orbiculo-cordata depressa, striis transversis capillaceis:
orbicular heart-shaped and flattish, with trans-
verse capillary strie.
4. sinuata, obovato-cordata tumida, striis transversis capillaceis.
oboval heart-shaped tumid, with transverse
capillary striz.
Tigerina, orbiculo-cordata, striis decussatis.
orbicular heart-shaped, with decussate striae.
38. ARCA.
Or
* margine interno crenulato.
with the inner margin toothed.
1. Now, angulo marginis superi productiori.
with the angle of the upper margin longer.
2. fusca, angulo marginis superi breviori.
with the angle of the upper margin shorter.
3 tetragona, subtetragona, costd longitudinali.
nearly square, with a longitudinal rib.
4. reticulata, costis longitudinalibus barbatis decussatis.
with bearded decussate longitudinal ribs.
** margine interno integerrimo.
the inner margin very entire.
qn
. perforans, latere antico angulato.
angular at the anterior side.
39. Prcruncutus.
XXXVlli. CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
i
Glycymeris, inequilateralis, maculis longitudinalibus.
inequilateral, with the colored marks disposed
longitudinally.
pilosus, equilateralis maculis longitudinalibus.
equilateral, with the colored marks disposed
longitudinally.
undatus, maculis transversis undatis.
with the colored marks transverse and undulate.
decussatus, decussatim striata, maculis nebulosis.
with decussate strive and clouded marks.
nummarius, wmbonibus tumidis, maculis sanguineis punctatus.
the beaks tumid, covered with scarlet dots.
40. Nucuna.
* margine interno crenulato.
the inner margin toothed.
Nucleus, oblique ovata nitida.
obliquely oval and glossy.
** margine interno integerrimo.
the inner margin very entire.
tenuis, obliqué cordata leviuscula.
obliquely heart-shaped and nearly smooth.
rostrata, ovata, anticé rostrata arcuata rotundata.
oval, with the anterior side produced curved and
rounded.
minuta, ovata, antice rostrata arcuata truncata.
oval, with the anterior side produced curved and
truncate.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. XXXIX.
4]. Carpivum.
* costis spinosis vel tuberculatis.
the ribs armed with spines or tubercles,
aculeatum, costis 21, anticis spinosis posticis tuberculatis,
with 21 ribs, the anterior ones spinous and the
hinder ones tubercled.
tuberculatum, costis 21, anticis tuberculatis posticis subsquamosis.
with 21, ribs, the anterior ones tubercled and the
hinder ones somewhat scaly.
echinatum, costis 18, spinis numerosis inflexis.
with 18 ribs, armed with numerous inflected spines,
elongatum, ovatum elongatum, costis 25 aculeatis.
oval and elongated, with 25 prickly ribs.
nodosum, orbiculare, costis 26 crebro tuberculatis.
orbicular, with 26 closely tubercled ribs.
exiguum, subtrigonum, costis 20 tuberculatis.
somewhat triangular, with 20 tubercled ribs,
** costis transversim squamosis.
the ribs armed with transverse scales,
edule, subglobosum antiquatum opacum.
somewhat globular antiquated and opake,
fasciatum, orbiculare depressum subpellucidum.
orbicular flat and semitransparent,
*** costis muticis.
the ribs unarmed,
xl.
1G
1.
iw
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA.
medium, orbiculare, costis numerosis transversim striatis.
orbicular, with numerous transversely striate ribs.
levigatum, obovatum nitidum, costis obsoletis.
obovate and glossy, with the ribs obscure.
serratum, obovatum nitidum sulphureum glaberrimum.
obovate glossy and sulphur yellow, with the ribs
quite obliterated,
42. IsocarpIA.
Cor, Isocardia.
43. Myrvitus.
ungulatus, transversim rugosus, subquadridentatus."
transversely wrinkled, with four or five teeth.
edulis, levis, subquadridentatus.
smooth, with four or five teeth.
incurvatus, crassus opacus incurvatus, subbidentatus.
thick opake and incurved, with two or three teeth.
pellucidus, diaphanus radiatus rectus subbidentatus.
transparent radiate and straight, with two or
three teeth.
44. Mopiowa.
Modiolus, oblonga solida, anticé obliqué dilatata.
oblong and solid, obliquely dilated at the anterior
side.
. Gibsii, foliaceo-barbata, foliolis hine serratis.
bearded with foliations which are serrate on one side.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. xli.
discors, convexa, lateribus costatis, umbonibus terminalibus.
convex, ribbed at the sides, with the beaks ter-
minal.
discrepans, depressa, lateribus costatis, umbonibus sub-
terminalibus.
flattish, ribbed at the sides, with the beaks not
quite terminal.
45. OsTREA.
Crista Galli, transversim squamosa, margine trigono-plicato.
with transverse scales, and triangular plaits at
the margin.
edulis, transversim squamosa, margine levi itegerrimo.
with transverse scales, and the margin smooth
and quite entire.
parasitica, leviuscula, parasitica.
nearly smooth, and fixed to other substances.
46. Prcren.
* auriculis subequalibus.
with the auricles equal or nearly so.
maximus, valvd superiori planatd, radiis rotundatis.
the upper valve flat, with the rays rounded,
Jacobeus, valvd superiort planatd, radiis angulatis.
the upper valve flat, with the rays angular.
opercularis, radius subviginti scabris.
with about 20 rough rays,
*5
xlit. CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
4. subrufus, radiis subviginti levibus.
with about 20 smooth rays.
sinuosus, varié distortus, striis numerosis echinatis.
Sy |
variously distorted, with numerous prickly rays.
6. glaber, stris transversim minutissimis.
with very minute transverse strix.
7. tumidus, glaberrimus, latere altero producto.
quite smooth, produced at one of the sides.
** quriculis inequalibus.
with the auricles unequal.
8. levis, planatus, pellucidus, glaberrimus.
flattish, transparent, and quite smooth.
9. obsoletus, striis minutissimis longitudinalibus subundatis.
with very minute longitudinal undulate striae. _
10. varius, radius 28 echinatis.
with about 28 prickly rays.
11. Pusio, radiis 40, alternis minoribus.
with about 40 rays which are alternately smaller.
12. Islandicus, radis numerosis bifidis.
with numerous doubled rays.
47. Lima.
1. bullata, convera, striis subundatis intermediis minoribus.
convex, with somewhat undulate strie and
smaller ones between them.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRaA. xl.
subauriculata, depressa, striis rectis uniformibus.
flattish, with straight uniform striae.
48. AvicuLa.
Hirundo, caudé longitudine ale.
the tail as long as the wing.
49, PInna.
ingens, arcuatim striata, posticé truncata recta.
with curved striz, truncate and straight at the
hinder side.
fragilis, arcuatim striata, posticé producta rotundata.
with curved striz, produced and rounded at the
hinder side.
pectinata, costis 16 confertis squamosis.
with 16 close-set scaly ribs.
papyracea, costis 9 remotis muticis.
with 9 remote unarmed ribs.
muricata, carnea, costis 7 concavo-spinosis.
pale red, with 7 ribs armed with concave spines.
50. ANomia.
electrica, pellucida succinea,
transparent and amber-colored.
Ephippium, suborbicularis, margine undato.
somewhat orbicular, undulate at the margin.
Cepa, obovata planiuscula, intus rosea.
oboval flattish, rosy on the inside.
Squamula, suborbicularis levis pellucida.
somewhat orbicular smooth and transparent.
xliv. CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
5. undulata, striis longitudinalibus undulatis.
with longitudinal undulate str.
6. aculeata, striis longitudinalibus aculeatis.
with longitudinal prickly striz.
7. punctata, suprd punctis elevatis, infra concavis.
with raised dots above, and concave ones beneath.
8. cylindrica, ovata, transversim rugosa, umbone recurvo.
oval, transversely wrinkled, with the beak
recurved.
9. striolata, ovata, longitudinalitéer substriata: wmbone recurvo.
oval, striate longitudinally, with the beak recurved
10. fornicata, valud superiort sub umbonem fornicata.
the upper valve vaulted under the beak.
11. tubularis, valve inferioris foramine cylindrico-tubulart.
the perforation of the under valve cylindrical
and tubular.
51. 'TEREBRATULA.
1. Cranium, striis minutis decussatis.
with minute decussate strie.
2. Psittacea, striis longitudinalibus.
with longitudinal striz.
52. Discina.
1, ostreoides, Discina.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. xly.
B. Teste aquarum dulcium. 53--56.
Fresh water Shells,
Independently of their general systematic classification,
the fresh water bivalve shells form a series naturally distinct
from those of the ocean, by their locality and habits. They
have therefore been brought together, as exhibiting a division,
the separate study and arrangement of which may be rendered
of more easy and simple accomplishment.
All the natives of the British Islands have the Ligament
external, and are comprehended in four genera, whose essential
characters may be thus exemplified :
83. Anopon, Cardo edentulus, sinu antico marginal.
Hinge without teeth, with a marginal depression
at the anterior side.
54. Unio, Cardo dentibus primariis, lateralibus nullis.
Hinge with primary teeth, but no lateral ones.
55. Mysca, Cardo dentibus primariis, lateralibus anticis.
Hinge with primary teeth, and lateral ones on
the anterior side only.
56. Cycuas. Cardo dentibus duobus primariis, ‘lateralibus utringué.
Hinge with two primary teeth, and lateral ones
on each side.
xlvi. CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA.
1,
53. ANODON.
Cygneus, inequilateralis, anticé angustato-acuminatus.
inequilateral, narrowed to a point at the anterior
side.
paludosus, subequilateralis, anticé sinuato-subangulatus.
nearly equilateral, sinuous and somewhat angular
at the anterior side.
Anatinus, antice alatus, wmbonibus erosis.
winged at the anterior side, and eroded about the
beaks.
Avonensis, lateribus rotundatis, umbonibms subterminalibus.
rounded at the sides, and the beaks nearly terminal.
54. Unto.
margaritiferus, subarcuatus, epidermide mgrd.
slightly arched, and clothed with a black skin.
55. Mysca.
Batava, extremitatibus rotundatis.
rounded at both sides.
Pictorum, oblonga, antice acuminata, margine coarctato.
oblong, pointed at the anterior end, with the
margin contracted.
ovata, ovata, margine subarcuato.
oval, with the margin slightly curved.
solida, crassa subcylindrica, anticé acuminata.
thick somewhat cylindrical, and pointed at the
anterior end.
dD.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. xlvii.
56. CycLas.
* suborbiculares, equilaterales.
nearly orbicular, and equilateral.
rivicola, opaca, striis, transversis regularibus.
opake, with regular transverse striz.
cornea, subdiaphana, transversim substriata.
somewhat transparent, with irregular transverse
strie.
lacustris, pellucida, levis, umbonibus tuberculosis.
transparent and smooth, with the beaks tubercular.
** oblique, inequilaterales.
oblique, and inequilateral.
amnica, transversim sulcata, wmbonibus tumidis.
transversely grooved, with the beaks prominent.
pusilla, transversim substriata, wmbonibus depressis.
irregularly striate transversely, with the beaks
depressed.
—— si quid novisti rectius istis
candidus imperti, si non his utere mecum.
CONCHYLIA— D/ITHY R.1, 1.
1, PHOLAS—LINNE.
Testa transversa, ovata, c@quivalvis, mequilateralis, hince hans,
accessortis difformibus sepius instructa. Cardo dente longo curvo
sub marginem inserto, in utrdque valvd: lateralibus nullis. Liga-
mentum nullum.
Shell transverse, oval, equivalve, inequilateral, open at one or both
the sides, and often furnished with differently shaped accessorial
valves. Hinge with a long curved tooth in each valve, inserted
under the margin: lateral teeth none. Ligament none.
Tuis genus, and that of the Teredo, are remarkable in being
destitute of permanent ligament to connect the two valves; a sup-
port which their natural and constant lodgement in stone and wood,
seems to render less necessary than to the free bivalves, which are
exposed to external agitation and accidents.
B
Papyracea.
CONCHYLIA—DITEYRA. 1.
Some of them, however, have the valves strengthened by acces-
sorial ones, placed about the hinge or in front; and some are
merely united by a strong clastic membrane.
These accessorial valves form no part of the necessary generic
character, as some of the species are entirely without them, and
in others they vary both in number and shape.
From the Teredo this genus differs, both in the shape of the shell,
which is transversely elongated and oval, and in wanting the
cylindrical tube with its accessorial appendages.
* Valvis sulco longitudinal: divisis. 1-4.
The valves divided by a longitudinal groove.
Puouas testé clavatd, latere antico clauso obtusissimo, postico hiante
truncato accessorio producto annulart.
Shell club-shaped, closed and very obtuse at the anterior end,
open and truncate at the other end, which is furnished with a
produced accessorial ring.
Tab. gost. Aig ih to 78:
Pholas papyraceus. Solander, Manuscripts.
Portland Catalogue, p. 82, lot 1828.
Pholadidea Loscombiana. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 147.
Mus. nost. In Torbay.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and an inch and three quar-
ters wide including the ring, in color and appearance resembling
whitish brown paper: the anterior end inflated, very obtuse and
rounded, closed when the valves are shut, and quite smooth for
about half its surface: the hinder half marked with close-set
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
rather oblique crenate ribs: near the middle is a somewhat oblique
longitudinal groove, beyond which it is striate in a coarser manner
and more straight direction: the smaller end is open, truncate, and
invested with a very thin ring, which extends more than a quarter
of an inch beyond the truncated termination, gradually dilating
itself outwards in diameter.
This ring, or circular appendage, is divisible into two equal parts,
the segments of which are united by thin elastic membranes. The
back has two accessorial appendages, with the edges of the valves
reflected at the anterior end, so as to forma kind of double obtuse
keel which reaches as far as the longitudinal groove, near the end
of which is a kind of raised joint, where the accessorial valves are
fixed: inside dull white, with a longitudinal rib corresponding with
the outside groove: teeth rather short, flat, and on the margin, above
the teeth, is an erect somewhat triangular and rather concave plate,
which in one of the valves is much larger, and contains a portion
of the animal fold, but no distinct permanent ligament.
This rare and very singular species appears to have been known
to Solander, and the late dutchess of Portland. Mr. Swainson, of
Elm-Grove, near Liverpool, who has lately obtained some specimens
from Torbay, informs us, that he is in possession of a very small
pair, presented to him by the Dutchess, from which he had draw-
ings made by Agnew, her Grace’s gardener. And there appears
very little doubt but that it is the species alluded to in the manu-
scripts of Solander, and from these manuscripts quoted in the
Portland Catalogue. Mr. Humphrey purchased the lot.
A single specimen was found on the strand near Exmouth, by
Mr. Loscombe. And it has since been discovered to inhabit the
B2
lamellata.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
soft caleareous sandstone and submarine peat in Torbay, whence we
have taken it alive at the lowest equinoctial tides.
PuHouas testd latere antico hiantissimo, postico rotundato subclauso,
margine supra dentes lamelldé erectd, accessortis nullis.
Shell very open at the anterior end, rounded and nearly closed at
the other, with an erect laminar process on the margin above the
teeth, and without accessorial valves.
Tab. nost. 1. fig. 5 and 6.
Mus. nost. Found with the last.
Shell more than half an inch long, and an inch broad, oval, white,
without accessorial valves, with a very large oval opening on the
anterior side, where the margins of the valves are flattened and a
little reflected, and produced into a short beak, covered entirely with
close-set rather oblique transverse crenate ribs, which beyond the
longitudinal groove are coarser and straighter; the smaller end
rounded and nearly closed: inside with a longitudinal rib in the
middle; the teeth long, slender, and flat, and on the margin above
them is a triangular process, as in the last.
It has been suggested to us, that a belief is entertained of this
shell being the young of Pholas papyracea. But as we have oppor-
tunities of examining each of them in every stage of their growth,
both perfect and with the valves separated, we can with confidence
assert, that no two species of the same genus are more dissimilar,
and distinct in their essential characters.
Independently of the total want of the ring, and the large
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
frontal gape, the smaller end is rounded, and not as in the last spe-
cies truncate, and it has no accessorial valves. In addition, also,
to the other marks of discrimination, it may be observed, that the
valves of the Pholas papyracea are closed in front by a fine elastic
membrane, in the middle of which, near the base or rounded ex-
tremity, is a small orifice or spiracle, which can be closed at. plea-
sure, and through which water is often ejected.
Mrs. Griffiths, who has herself taken them from their native rocks,
and given much attention to the subject, observes that the animals
are quite different.
Puowas testd latere antico hiante, margine supra dentes tuberculo Tuberculata
scabro, accessorio unico cardinal.
Shell open at the anterior end, with a rough tubercle on the margin
above the teeth, and a single accessorial valve at the hinge.
Tab. nost. 1, fig. 7 and 8.
Mus. nost. Found with the last, though very rarely.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and an inch and a half
broad, oval, white, with a single oblong accessorial valve at the
back, which reaches to the anterior termination, where the valves
meet together and are scarcely elongated into a beak ; the opening
or gape nearly orbicular.
The surface of the anterior end is covered with close-set
oblique transverse rough ribs, which are straighter beyond the
longitudinal groove, and gradually disappear towards the smaller
end which is rounded and nearly closed: inside with a longitu-
Crispata
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 1.
dinal rib, and on the margin above the teeth is a large rough
wrinkled tubercle.
In its outline this species has a great resemblance to the Pholas
parva, but differs in the following particulars.
The shell is thicker and stronger; the valves are divided in the
middle by a longitudinal groove, and have a corresponding rib on
the inside; the transverse ribs are more numerous, and rougher ;
the gape is more obicular, not produced into a beak, and in conse-
quence the extremities of the valves meet close together behind; the
tubercles on the inside are rough with wrinkles; and the accessorial
valve at the back is truncate and not pointed at the end, and reaches
to the anterior extremity of the shell.
Puotas testdé ovato-oblongd, extremitatibus hiantissimis, margine supra
dentes mutico.
Shell oval oblong, very open at both ends, the margin above the
teeth smoth and without laminar process.
Pholas crispata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 111.
Gmelin, Syst, p. 3216.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 173.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 157, tab 43. fig. 2.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 369, tab. 102, fig. 872 to 874.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 23.
Donovan, Brit. Shells ii. tab. 62.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 145.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 32.
Dorset Catal. p. 27, tab. 3, fig. 4.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 1.
Wood, Conch. p. 81, tab. 15, fig. 3 to 5.
Diliwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 40.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 146.
Pholas bifrons. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 243, tab. 16, fig. 4.
Pholas latus. Lister, Conch. tab, 436. fig. 279, and Append.
tab. 19, fig, 3.
Mus. nost. In rocks and hard clay.
Shell usually an inch and a half long, and two in breadth, whitish
or ferruginous, much thicker and stronger than the other species,
rounded at the hinder end and produced into a short beak at the
other: from the middle of the hinge runs a longitudinal groove,
dividing the valves into two nearly equal portions, the anterior or
more produced portion marked with strong transverse muricate striz
on the outer surface, the other part marked with plain and rather
obscure ones: hinge smooth, and without any elevated process on
the margin above the teeth. In consequence of the length being
nearly equal to the breadth, the valves have a somewhat triangular
appearance, causing both the extremities to be very open.
Lister, in his appendix ad Hist. Anim. Angl. p. 44, observes,
that there is a small accessorial valve at the hinge:“huic quod
imprimis notandum est, etiam tertia testa exigua est ad valvarum car-
dinem.” And Linne Mus. Reg. Lud. Ulr. p. 469, makes the same
remark, taking Lister for his authority: “accessoria tertia ad cardi-
nem eaigua, Lister, hujus ideoqué generis.”” We have not as yet been
fortunate enough to find it in its native lodgement.
*
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
**k Valvis medio indivisis. 5. 8.
The valves not divided by a groove.
Dactylus PxHoLas testd oblongo-ovatd, latere antico hiantissimo rostrato, mar-
gine postico reflexo celluloso, accessoriis quatuor.
Shell oval-oblong, very open and produced into a beak at the anter-
ior end, the back margin reflected and divided into cells, with
four accessorial valves.
Pholas Dactylus.
Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 1110.
Gmel. Syst. p. 3214.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 172
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 156, tab. 42, fig. 1.
Chemnitz,. vill. p. 353, tab. 101, fig. 859.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 20 and 558.
Donovan, Brit. Shells iv. tab. 118
Turton, British Fauna, p. 145.
Dorset Catal. p. 27, tab. 3, fig 2.
Lann Trans. viii. p. 30.
Wood, Conch, p. 77, tab. 13, fig. 1 to 3
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal.. p. 35.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 143.
Pholas muricatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 244, tab. 16 fig. 2.
Pholas striatus.
Lister, Conch. tab. 433, fig. 276, and Append.
tab. 19, fig. 1 and 2.
Mus. nost. Inhabits rocks and submarine stumps of trees.
The most common of our British species, and may be immedi-
ately distinguished by the cells, which are placed in a trans-
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 1.
verse series in each valve under the reflected margin of the hinge
at the back, and which are covered when alive by a fold of the
animal mantle and the cardinal accessorial plates.
It is subject to much variation in shape, and often distorted,
being sometimes as long as it is broad. When lodged in the stumps
of old trees covered by the sea, and exposed only at the lowest tides,
it attains a very considerable size, as some specimens in our cabinet
measure full two inches long and seven in breadth.
Paoxas testd ovatd, latere antico hiantissimo rostrato, margine supra parva.
dentes tuberculo levi, accessorio unico cardinal,
Shell oval, very open and produced in a beak at the anterior end,
with a smooth tubercle on the margin above the teeth, and a
single accessorial valve at the hinge.
Pholas parva. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 157, tab. 43, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 22, tab. 1. fig. 7 and 8.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 145.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 33.
Wood, Conch. p. 38.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 82.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 143.
Mus. nost. Plentifully in the rocks in Torbay.
A very elegant species, growing to about three quarters of
an inch in length, and an inch and a half broad, but is usually less,
and may be readily known by the wide and oval opening which
extends into a beak, by the want of cells under the reflected margin
at the back, and the round smooth tubercle placed upon the
c
10
candida.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 1.
margin of the hinge on the inside of each valve just over the
teeth; the accessorial valve at the back is lanceolate, being pro-
duced to a point at both ends.
Puouas testdé obovatd, latere antico subclauso obtuso, valvaé alterd
lamind curvé marginali supra dentem, accessorio wnico cardinalt.
Shell oboval, obtuse and nearly closed at the anterior end, with
a curved lamina in one valve above the tooth, and a single ac-
cessorial valve at the hinge.
Pholas candida. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 111].
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3215.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 178.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 156, tab. 42, fig. 2.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 246.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 358, tab. 101, fig. 861 and 862.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 24.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, iv. tab. 182.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 31.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 146.
Wood, Conch. p. 79, tab. 14, fig. 3 and 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 36.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 144, fig. 79.
Pholas parvus. Lister, Conch. tab. 458, 278.
Mus. nost. Inhabits marine rocks.
Shell about an inch long, and nearly two wide, extremely thin
and almost transparent, with rather remote prickly strie at
the larger end; and may be distinguished by the larger end
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
being nearly closed when the valves are shut, where it is well round-
ed and not produced into any kind of beak-like elongation, giving
the outline a club-shaped appearance: the accessorial valve at the
back is of an oblong shape.
Paoxas testd subconicé hiantissimd, latere antico angulosorostrato, striata
posticé lamind compressd recurvd, intis costd longitudinali.
Shell somewhat conic and very open, angular and beaked at the
anterior end, with a flat recurved process behind, and a longitudinal
rib on the inside of the valves.
Pholas striata Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1111.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3215.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 172.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 157.
Chemnitz, viil. p. 364, tab. 102, fig. 864 to 871.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 26.
Linn. Trans. viil. p. 32.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 146.
Donovan, Brit. Shells ii. tab. 117.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal.. p. 37.
Wood, Conch. p. 83, tab. 16, fig. 1 to 4 and fig. 8.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 147.
Mus. nost. Taken from an old yardarm on Brixham pier, and which
had been drifted in from the bay.
Shell three-eights of an inch long and about half an inch
broad, of a conical or rather wedge-form shape, with the gape
c2
ll
12
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. I.
very wide, and reaching nearly to the smaller end which terminates
in a rounded point, sloping suddenly at the anterior end into a short
rounded beak, giving that part an angular appearance: the anterior
part furnished with regular echinated striz separated by a fine de-
pressed line from the smaller part, which is marked with smooth
and rather distant strie: the hinge at the back covered with a long
flat process, reflecting backwards, and nearly in contact with the
back in each valve: on the inner or concave surface of the valves
is a short longitudinal rib, crossed by rough points, growing stronger
as it reaches the outer margin: this interior rib, which is always
visible in consequence of the very wide gape, will at all times dis-
tinguish the species.
The accessorial valves are five in number: two shield-like ones
in front, which nearly close up the vast gape, and a narrow one down
the middle; a heart-shaped one behind covering the hinge, and a
narrow one beneath it which connects the valves.
It is probable that the presence or absence of the two shield-like
valves in front, occasioned Linné to form two species, and to cause
such uncertainty of identity among subsequent authors.
Mrs. Griffiths has procured a dead specimen of the Pholas crispata
from the rocks in the neighbourhood of Torquay, and ourselves have
taken the seven others; so that the whole of the eight British
species have been found in the highly productive shores of Torbay.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 2.
2. TEREDO—LINNE.
Testa orbicularis, hemispherica, equivalvis, tubo longo cylindraceo cum
accessorus varus posticé terminata. Cardo dente longo curvo sub mar-
ginem inserto, in utrdque valvdé: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum
nullum.
Shell orbicular, hemispherical, equivalve, terminating behind in a
long cylindrical tube with its various appendages. Hinge witha
long curved tooth in each valve, inserted under the margin:
lateral teeth none. Ligament none.
Besides the long cylindrical tube, which is gradually formed for
protection in the passage of the animal through the wood, the valves
of this genus may be distinguished from those of the Pholas by the
triangular projection at the anterior end of each. They are all
inhabitants of the ocean, ministers of the decomposition and
destruction of timber, the calamity of ships and driven piles.
Linné, and the subsequent writers on systematic conchology,
have formed the characters of this genus from the cylindrical tube.
Lamarck has made his specific characters from the differences of the
appendages placed near the smaller end of thetube. In conformity,
however, with the other bivalves, we consider the primary valves as
offering the most decided and natural basis of specific distinction.
Lamarck has also placed this genus and that of the Pholas in his
division with the ligament external. They have, however, no per-
manent ligament, as we observed of the Pholas tribe, but the
valves are merely connected together by a fold of the animal
13
14
navalis
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 2.
mantle, or by an outer cuticle or membrane which invests the whole
animal: and this fold perishes with the animal, leaving the valves
to fall asunder, or to be connected by a mere film.
TEREDO valvis postice auriformibus, alteré denticulo curvo marginali
supra dentem.
Shell with the valves ear-shaped behind, one of them with a curved
denticle on the margin above the teeth.
Tab nost. 2. fig. 1 to 3.
Teredo navalis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1267.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3747.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 609.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 367.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 27 and suppl. p. 7.
Home, Phil. Trans. 1806, p. 276, tab. 12 and 13.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 202.
Lann Trans. viii. p. 249.
Donovan, Brit. Shells v. tab. 145.
Dorset Catal. p. 60, tab. 18, fig 12.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 1089.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 183.
Serpula Teredo. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 21.
Mus nost. In timber exposed to their action in salt water.
Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, with the valves
triangular and forming a circular hemisphere when closed to-
gether, elegantly striate in various directions, each with a trian-
gular projection in front bending a little inwards, and with an
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 1.
ear-shaped process behind, the edges of which are not detached
round the whole of the circumference.
The tube is more or less flexuous and tapering, semiconcamerated
near the smaller end. The supplemental valves, seated on the
inside of the tube and near the smaller extremity, are spoon-
shaped, convex on the outside and concave within, terminating at
one end in a linear elongation which is straight or a little flexuous,
and truncate at the other.
Fig. 2 of our plate represents a section of the lower end of the
tube, to shew its semiconcamerated structure: and fig. 3 one of
the spoon-shaped appendages.
TrgREDO valvis postice auriformibus auriculis reflewis, costé obliqué bipennata.
marginali supra dentes.
Shell with the valves ear-shaped pena and the auricles reflected,
an oblique rib on the margin above the teeth.
Teredo bipennata. Turton Conch. Dict. p. 184, fig. 38 to 40.
Mus. nost. From timber drifted into Exmouth.
Shell something larger than the last, with the ear-shaped processes
of an oblong shape, reflected on their outer margin and detached all
round the circumference on the under side.
The tube is thicker and stronger, without the transverse semi-
concamerated partitions, and instead of the spoon-shaped valves
furnished with two very long slender appendages, somewhat curved
and feathered on each side.
15
16
dorsalis.
nana.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 2.
TEREDO valuis postice rotundatis inauriculatis clausis, costa longitudi-
nali interna.
Shell with the valves rounded without auricles and closed behind,
furnished with a longitudinal rib on the inside.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 4 and 5.
Teredo dorsalis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 185.
Mus. nost. From a piece of wood in Torbay.
Shell less than the T. navalis, and is distinguishsd by the want of
the reflected ear-shaped processes on the hinder side, where the
end is plain and rounded; by the valves closing together at that
part; and by the longitudinal jointed rib on the inside of the valves,
with a corresponding groove on the outside. On the margin is a
raised curved process in one valve and a small slightly cloven one
in the other.
From the circumstance of the valves being enabled to close
together at the hinder end, we doubt if it can be furnished with a
tube. It merits a better investigation than the few specimens we
possess can give it.
TEREDO valvis postice rotundatis inauriculatis, margine cardinali dente
conico valido.
Shell with the valves rounded and without auricles behind, a strong
conic tooth on the margin above the teeth.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 6 and 7.
Mus. nost. From a piece of wood in Torbay.
Shell hardly the eighth of an inch in diameter; something
resembling the young of Teredo dorsalis; but the valves are des-
titute of the jointed internal longitudinal rib. The specimens we
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 3. 17
collected from the fragment were all of the same size, and all dis-
tinguished by the strong conical tooth on the margin above the
hinge, pointing in a rather oblique direction.
3. GASTROCH AANA— SPENGLER.
Testa transversa, ovata, equivalvis, inequilateralis, hiatu maximo.
Cardo dente unico transverso sublaminato obsoleto, in utrdque valvé :
lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum eaternum.
Shell transverse, oval, equivalve, inequilateral, with a vast opening.
Hinge with a single transverse somewhat laminar obscure tooth
in each valve: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
In its habits this genus approaches very near to that of the
Pholas, living in the interior of rocks and stones covered by the sea,
where it forms an outer testaceous coat, in which the shell itself is
imbedded, surrounded by a slimy mucus: and this outer case,
which is formed upon the inner surface of the decomposed rock,
is quite smooth, extending beyond the rock itself, and is partly
divided at the end, like the tube of the Teredo navalis, for the
protrusion of the two terminal lobes of the animal. In the mid-
dle of the wide opening of the shell, the animal is furnished
D
18
pholadia.
1,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 3.
with a tube of adhesion, by which it attaches itself firmly to the
outer case.
The principal points of discrimination between this genus and
that of the Pholas are, not merely the want of accessorial valves,
as has been usually supposed, but the essential difference of the
teeth, and in being furnished with a strong permanent coriaceous
ligament uniting the valves together.
GASTROCHANA valvis latere antico posticé conniventibus, umbonibus
subterminalibus prominulis.
Shell with the valves closing together behind at the anterior end,
the beaks nearly terminal and rather prominent.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 8 and 9
Gastrochena cuneiformis. Spengler, ii. p. 179, fig. 8 to 11.
Pholas hians. Chemnitz,. x. p. 364, tab. 172, fig. 1678. and
1679.
Mya dubia Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 165, tab. 47.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 179.
Dorset Catal. p. 27, tab. 1, fig. 11.
Linn. Trans. vill. p. 33.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii. tab. 108.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 146.
Wood, Conch. p. 102, tab. 25, fig. 2 and 8.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 104.
Mya pholadia. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 28 and 559, and
suppl. p. 20.
Mytilus ambiguus. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 304.
Chama parva. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 234.
Mus. nost. In rocks and stones, Torbay.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 4.
Shell half an inch long, and nearly an inch broad, oval, wedge-
shaped, thin and brittle, but not transparent, white or covered with
a blackish coat, not glossy, very open in front, with the edges of
the margin thin and sharp, irregularly wrinkled transversely: beaks
rather prominent and obtuse, placed near the larger end, where the
valves meet close together at the back to the extremity of the shell:
hinge with an obscure laminar transverse tooth in each valve.
A variety of about half the size, but in no other respect different
is found buried in the back of old oyster-shells.
4. SAXICAVA—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, hinc hians. Cardo eden-
tulus. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, open at one or both ends.
Hinge without teeth. Ligament external.
This, and some of the subsequent genera, from their inhabiting
; the interior of rocks, and their attachment to marine substances
seem naturally allied to the Pholas tribe, and to each other, The
individuals of this genus are so variable and irregular in their
shape, that it is extremely difficult to reduce them to distinct and
p@
19
20
rugosa.
rt.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 4.
definite species. Very numerous specimens are now in our cabinet,
collected from their native positions, and comparing them together,
we think that the following preserve habits and characters suffi-
ciently permanent to entitle them to specific distinction.
Saxicava testd oblonga, transversim rugosd, latere antico subangulato
truncato hiante.
Shell oblong wrinkled transversely, somewhat angular open and
truncate at the anterior end.
Tab nost. 2. fig. 10.
Mytilus rugosus Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 1156.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3352.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 290.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 235, tab. 66, fig. 1.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 223.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 164.
Donovan, Brit. Shells iv. tab. L4I.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 164.
Linn Trans. viii. p. 105.
Dorset Catal. p. 39, tab. 13, fig 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 304.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 113.
Mytilus lithophagus. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 270, tab. 6, fig. 3, 4.
Chame pholas angusta. Lister, Conch. tab. 426, fig. 267.
Mus nost. From rocks in Torbay.
Shell sometimes half an inch or more long, and an inch and a
half broad, but is usually about half the size, white or covered
with a brown skin, coarse and rough with transverse wrinkles :
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 4.
hinge near one end where it is rounded: the other end truncate and
open nearly half way across, with often three or four longitudinal
laminar ridges on the inside: this side is also more or less angular,
in consequence of a raised ridge extending from the beak to the end,
and which is often a little rough like the Hiatella minuta.
The valves are sometimes pressed close together at the truncated
end, causing the opposite or rounded side to open widely, in which
state it has much the appearance of the Gastrochzna pholadia, and
we have observed it marked as such in cabinets; but attention to
the following particulars will always distinguish it. The elongated
side is truncate; it wants the small laminar teeth in the valves;
and on the back part at the rounded end the valves do not meet
together.
SAxIcAva testd ovatd, transversim striatd, extremitatibus rotundatis Phol
subhiantibus
Shell oval, transversely striate, rounded and somewhat open at both
the ends.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 11.
Mytilus Pholadis. Linn. Mant. p. 548.
Linn. Iter. Westgoth. tab. 5, fig. 2.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3352.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 95.
Muller, Zool. Dan. iii. p. 12, tab. 87, fig. 1 to 3.
Mya byssifera. Fabricius, Faun. Greenl. p. 408.
Mus. nost. Rocks in Torbay.
21
22
plicata.
3.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 4.
Shell nearly an inch long, and an inch and a haif broad, white
coyered with a yellowish brown skin, regularly striate transversely,
with one of the valves generally much more tumid than the other:
beaks nearer the middle than in the last species.
This species is subject to much variation of figure, being fre-
quently nearly globular, but always rounded and somewhat open at
the ends. Sometimes it is found attached to clefts in the rocks,
but not embedded in them, when there is a considerable opening
in the front margin for the issue of the byssus of attachment.
It was observed in great abundance, in Melville Island, in the
Polar regions, three miles distant from the shore, where it had pro-
bably been cast by the agitation of the sea, and when deprived of
the inhabitant driven inwards by the violence of the winds, by
Mr. Griffiths, an officer in Capt. Parry’s late northern expedition.
The specimens we examined, in no respect differed from our native
ones, being regularly striate transversely, with both the extremities
rounded and a little gaping: but they were larger.
Saxicava testdé ovatd, transversim striatd, extremitatibus rotundatis
subhiantibus.
Shell oblong, dilated and open at the anterior end, and transversely
laminar.
Mytilus plicatus. Chemnitz, viii. p. 153, tab. 82, fig. 733.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3358.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 242
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 295.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 70.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 306.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 114.
as
2)
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 5
In rocks in the Isle of Sky.
We are unacquainted with this shell, except from the description
of Montagu. It appears to resemble the Saxicava rugosa, but the
anterior side is more dilated, and the strie are more or less raised
into ridges.
: HIATELLA—DAUDIN.
Testa transversainequivalvis, inequilateralis, margine supero vel latere
antico hiante. Cardo dente unico inter duos obsoletos penetrante :
lateralibus nulls. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral, open at the upper mar-
gin or anterior end. Hinge with a single tooth in one valve
closing between two obscure ones in the other: lateral teeth
none. Ligament external.
Of the two subsequent species we have not thought it necessary
to form different genera, merely from the variation in their habitats
and openings. The first is, we believe, generally attached to the
rugged cavities of oysters, and the roots of Fuci, by a strong bys-
sus issuing from the opening in the upper or front margin. The
other is imbedded in rocks, and like most of the rock shells opens
at the anterior or smaller end.
24 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 5.
ae HiaTexza testd latere postico truncato areola impressd, angulis binis
transversis spinosis, margine supero hiante.
Shell truncate with an impression at the hinder end, with two trans-
"verse spinous angles, and open at the upper margin.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 12.
Solen minutus. = Linn. Syst Nat p. 1115.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3226.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 182.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 67, tab. 6, fig. 51 and 52.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 53, tab. 1, fig. 4.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 175.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 47.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 148.
Wood, Conch. p. 139, tab. 34, fig. 5 and 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 69.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 161.
Mytilus precisus. Montagu, Test p. 165, tab 4, fig. 2.
Mus. nost. From oysters and the roots of Fuci.
Shell from a quarter to half an inch long, and nearly twice as broad,
dull white covered with a brown skin, irregularly striate trans-
versely, with one of the valves generally extending beyond the other
at the anterior margin: hinge close to one end, behind which is a
deep impression; the other end angular and truncate: from the
beaks to the anterior end run two transverse angles which are
mostly rough with vaulted spines, one along the margin at the base,
and another obliquely to the angle of the uppermargin: hinge with
a conic tooth in one valve, and in the other a deep cavity, with an
obscure tooth on each side of it.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 6. 25
HiaTeLia testd latere postico rotundato areold nulld, antico subangu- oblonga
lato hiante.
Shell rounded at the hinder end without impression, truncate and
somewhat angular at the anterior.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 13.
Mus. nost. From rocks in Dublin bay and Torbay.
Shell three-eighths of an inch long, and about an inch broad,
oblong, whitish, transversely striate, rounded at one end, somewhat
truncate and much open at the other; the valves rather unequal,
with an obscure, oblique, and nearly smooth angle from the beaks to
the anterior end: beaks prominent: teeth as in the last.
The specimens which we have collected, both in Ireland and
Torbay, preserve the regular distinction of having the hinder ex-
tremity well rounded and without impression, and the anterior much
gxping, with the beaks not terminal, and the transverse angles
rather obscure, and generally smooth.
6. PETRICOLA—LAMARCK.
Testa subtransversa, @quivalvis, inequilateralis, latere antico hiante.
Cardo dentibus duobus inter tres penetrantibus: lateralibus nullis.
Ligamentum externum.
Trus,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 6.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior end.
Hinge with two teeth in one valve closing between three in the
other: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
The individuals of this family, like most of the inhabitants of
rocks, are exceedingly variable in their figure and outline. In the
structure of the teeth they much resemble the genus Venus ; but
we believe that there are uniformly only two in one of the valves,
with sometimes the obscure rudiment of a third, and three in the
other: the gape also, or opening at the anterior end, materially dis-
tinguishes them. With the Donax tribe they have no relative con-
nexion. They are imbedded in rocks, or found wedged in the
interstices.
PErricoia testd polymorpha, lamellis transversis refleais, interstitiis
longitudinalter striatis.
Shell variously shaped, with transverse reflected plates, the inter-
stices of which are striate longitudinally.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 14.
Donax Irus. Linn, Syst. Nat, p. 1128.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3265.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 216.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 200.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 571, tab. 26, fig. 268 to 270.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 108 and 573.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, i. tab. 29, fig. 2.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 77.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Dorset Catal. p. 34, tab. 12, fig. 6, left hand.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 156.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 43.
Cuneus foliatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 204, tab. 15, fig. 6,
left hand.
Mus. nost. From rocks in Torbay.
Shell half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
brownish-white, generally of an oblong or oval shape, but varying
much in its outline, being sometimes truncate at the anterior end,
and sometimes, rounded, with rather distant thin transverse plates
or foliations, which reflect a little, and marked with regular close
longitudinal striz between them; the anterior end mostly gaping,
rarely nearly closed: inside white, with frequently a chocolate
blotch at one end, with the margin plain: hinge near one end,
From the varieties in their figure Lamarck has instituted several
species, and has even placed it in the genus Venerupis: but the
teeth of this tribe are essentially different, approaching more to the
Venus, being usually connivent at their base and divaricate at their
tips: whereas the Venerupis has the teeth long and slender, some-
what curved backwards, and all parallel and equidistant.
What ideas of contempt Linné had attached to this shell when he
denominated it Irus, it would now be useless to enquire; perhaps
from its solitary confinement in rocks, like Diogenes in his tub,
or from the meagerness of its colours. Irus was the pander of
Penelope’s suitors, and whom Ulysses upon his return killed
with his fist; so beggarly, that like Job, his name became pro-
E2
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 7.
verbial for poverty and synonymous with wretchedness, Iro pau-
perior, ‘“‘as poor as Job: and so the poet—
“* Trus et est subitd qui modo Cresus erat’—He is suddenly become
as poor as Job, who was lately as rich as Creesus.
7. VENERUPIS—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, latere antico hiante. Car-
do dentibus tribus elongatis approximatis parallels, unico minore :
lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior end.
Hinge with three elongated teeth in each valve, all close together
and parallel, one of them smaller: lateral teeth none. Ligament
external,
The tribes which are exclusively the inhabitants of the interior
of submarine rocks, or which are closely attached to them, we have
been induced to bring together, as preserving among themselves a
kind of natural alliance. To the Venus family this’ is certainly
very similar in many respects, but the teeth are different, and it
most generally gapes at the anterior end.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 7.
We cannot, as yet, agree with Lamarck and the French natural-
ists, that mere difference in shape or outline are always sutlicient
grounds for strict specific character, circumstances often necessa-
rily occasioned by their confinement, and where the different com-
ponent parts of the rock they inhabit may be of more difficult so-
lution or decomposition.
A competent knowledge of the rock shells seems at present by no
means to be fully attained or clearly understood: and we feel a con-
viction that much valuable information remains to be disclosed by
an attentive investigation and comparison of the inhabitants of
submarine masses. Our cabinet contains many curious anomalies
of whose determinate generic and specific fixture we are yet in
doubt, and which we have consequently forborne to record.
Quartz, and the more compact kinds of granite, seem to resist
their action, as we have searched in vain for any traces of what are
denominated borers, in Guernsey and the adjacent islands.
VENERUPIS testd polymorphd, striis transversis anticé lamellatis long- re
itudinalibusque minutis.
Shell variously shaped, with transverse strie which become lamel-
lar at the anterior end, and minute longitudinal ones.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 15 to 18.
Venus perforans. Montagu, Test. Brit. 127, tab. 3, fig. 6.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 89.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 159.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 211.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 206.
29
30
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 7.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 245.
Mus. nost. From rocks at Teignmouth and Torbay.
Shell nearly an inch long, and more then two and a half broad,
brownish or yellowish white, with sometimes a few purple broken
rays and zig-zag lines, generally of an oblong shape angularly
truncate at one end, sometimes rounded at both ends, or kidney-
shaped and indented: beaks nearer one end, a little prominent and
recurved, without any distinct heart-shaped impression under them :
inside white, glossy, with mostly a purple blotch at the larger end :
the margin plain: hinge with three erect long and somewhat re-
curved teeth in each valve, two of them cloven; the lower one in
the right valve, and the upper one in the left valve plain and much
smaller than the others.
The young shells are flattish, white variously marked with purple
blotches at the anterior end, and may be easily mistaken for the
young of Venus pullastra; but besides the differenee of the teeth,
the latter are much more angular, and rough at the anterior end.
RSL LOLOLOI FLO LOLOL LOLOL OL OI OL OI IID OI OOOO
8. MYA.—LINNE.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, lateribus hiantibus. Cardo valve simstre
dente elevato transversim dilatato, valud dextraé mutica: lateralibus
nullis. Ligamentum internum.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 7.
Shell transverse, equivalve, open at the sides. Hinge with a single
elevated transversely dilated tooth in the left valve, and none in
the right: lateral teeth none. Ligament internal.
The shells of this genus are generally found buried in gravel or
hard clay, and are furnished with a long contractile and extensile
tube of suction at the anterior end.
Mya testdé oblongd convexd, latere antico truncato, dente rotundato tanta
sumplict. ;
Shell oblong convex. truncate at the anterior end, with the tooth
rounded and simple.
Mya truncata Linn. Syst Nat p. 1112.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3217.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 174.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 159, tab. 44.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 8, tab. 1, fig. 1 and 2.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 32.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii. tab. 92.
Linn, Trans. viii. p. 35.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 146.
Dorset Catal. p. 27, tab. 3, fig. 1.
Wood, Conch. p. 90, tab. 17, fig. 1 and 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 42.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 97.
Chama truncata. Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 233, tab. 16, fig. 1.
Chamez Pholas latus. Luster, Conch. tab. 428. fig. 269.
Mus. nost. Gravelly and muddy shores.
32 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 8.
Shell nearly two inches long, and three broad, oblong-oval, con-
vex, abruptly cut off at the anterior end, and rounded at the other,
wrinkled transversely, covered with a tough brown or ochraceous
skin, which in perfect specimens extends three or four inches beyond
the truncated end: inside white.
It is distinguished by the abrupt end, and the rounded tooth
which is slightly flexuous, but has no lateral projection or denticle.
arenaria. Mya testdé ovatd, latere antico rotundato, dente rotundato cum denticulo
laterali.
Shell oval, rounded at the anterior end, with the tooth rounded
and furnished with a lateral denticle.
Mya arenaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1112.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3218.
Turton, Linn, Syst. iv p. 175.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 10, tab. 1. fig. 3 and 4.
Pennant, Br Zool. iv. p. 161, tab. 45.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 30.
Linn Trans, viii. p. 35.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 146.
Donovan, Brit. Shells iii. tab. 8.
Dorset Catal. p. 28, tab. 4, fig 2.
Wood, Conch. p. 91, tab. 17, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 42.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 98.
Chama arenaria Da Costa, Br. Conch. p. 232.
Chama lata, Lister, Conch. tab. 418, 419, fig. 262, 268.
Mus. nost. Sand and gravelly shores.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 8.
Shell reaching to two inches and a half long, and four or five
broad: and is distinguished from the last species, by the anterior
end tapering to a rounded point, and by the tooth having a small
projection or denticle on one side.
Mya testé ovatd, latere antico rotundato reflexo, dente fastigiato fleau- ovalie.
Oso. =
Shell oval, rounded and reflected at the anterior end, with the tooth
flattened at the top and fiexuous.
Mus. nost. Dublin bay, at Clontarf.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and an inch and a half
broad, convex, yellowish-white, thin, striate transversely, obtusely
rounded at the anterior end, where the valves reflect a little: hinge
near the middle; with the tooth of the left valve truncate at top,
running ina straight line, the anterior extremity curving inwards,
and the hinder extremity outwards, and without additional denticle.
The specimen represented in our plate, was dug up at Clontarf, a
few days previous to our leaving Ireland. It has the convexity of
the Mya truncata, with the rounded anterior end of the Mya aren-
aria, but not so much produced. The tooth is also very different
from either of them.
LLL LOL OLOLODOLODOLDODOWOLOWOIOLOYPOOOIOOO
34
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRaA. 9.
9. LYONSIA— TURTON.
Testa transversa, inequivalvis, inequilateralis, latere antico hante.
Cardo dente transverso cordato mobili commun, valvas foveolis trans-
versis coadunante: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum internum.
Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior end.
Hinge with a transverse heart-shaped moveable tooth, common to
both the valves, and uniting them by a transverse cavity in each:
lateral teeth none. Ligawent internal.
This genus is remarkable for the peculiar structure of the hinge,
which consists of a single tooth placed on the inside equally be-
tween the two valves, uniting them by a transverse ligament in each,
which is seated in a narrow and rather oblique cavity on the ante-
rior side.
This tooth is not a fixed projection from either of the valves, nor
formed from the substance of the shell itself, as in all other known
shells furnished with teeth; but is an independent process, moveable
with the ligament, and may be entirely detached from either or both
the valves: consequently when the valves are opened, it is found
sometimes in the right valve and sometimes in the left, as the liga-
ment may casually loosen, exhibiting the form of a somewhat ele-
vated transverse tooth.
It is of an oblong heart-shaped figure, appearing like a piece of
enamel fixed to .h joint of junction bevween the valves, with the
pointed end direc:ly under the beaks.
We have dedicated it to our worthy correspondent, Mr. Lyons of
Tenby, who frst presentéd it to the notice of the British naturalist
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 9.
Lyonsta striata.
Tab. nost. 3, fig. 6 and 7.. is
Mya striata. Montagu, Linn Trans. xi. p. 188, tab. 13, fig. 1, A.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 105, fig. 99.
Mya pellucida. Brown, Wern. Soc. ii. p. 105, tab. 24, fig. 1.
Mya Norwegica. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3222.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 178.
Chemnitz, x. p. 345, tab. 170, f. 1647, 1648.
Wood, Conch. p. 98, tab. 18, fig. 4 and 5.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 48.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 100, fig. 100.
Mus. nost. Tenby, Ireland and the western coasts.
Shell more than half an inch long, and an inch broad, oblong,
running in a nearly straight direction from the beaks to the ante-
rior end, and prominently rounded at the opposite margin, thin,
semitransparent, covered with a pale brown skin, which is wrinkled
and very rugged at the anterior end, where it is truncate open and
reflected; the valves finely and closely striate longitudinally: beaks
near the rounded end, sometimes decorticated; inside perlaceous
with a rich metallic lustre.
The decortication about the hinge seems not to be a fixed, but
rather an accidental character: for Chemnitz has observed that they
are generally so: natibus plerumque decorticatis.
POPOL VLOLOL OLIV LILIL_OLEL_oLLLI_IOIOEIOOIOIOOOO
K2
36
Binghami.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA 10.
10. SPHENIA—TURTON.
Testa transversa, mequivalvis, mequilateralis, latere antico hante.
Cardo valve sinistre dente elevato transversim dilatato, dextre dente
concavo cum denticulo postico: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum in-
turnum.
Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior
end. Hinge of the left valve with an elevated transversely dila-
ted tooth, of the right valve with a concave tooth and small denti-
cle behind it: lateral teeth none. Ligament internal.
This new and interesting genus, which in the Linnéan arrange-
ment would rank with the Myz, is sufliciently defined by its own
fixed and peculiar characters.
From the Mya it differs, in having the valve which contains the
tooth smaller, and received within the opposite one; in being closed
at the hinder extremity; and in being furnished with a concave
tooth in the larger valve, bchind which is a small denticle. The
valves are also very unequal.
And from the Corbula, in having the tooth of the left valve flat
and transversely extended, with the anterior extremity a little open.
The outline is subject to some variation; but all of them have a
flattish or wedge-shaped form: and inhabit the interior of rocks
and the inside of dead bivalves.
SpHEnia testd cuneatd, dente concavo oblique inflexo.
Shell wedge- shaped, with the concave tooth oblique and inflected.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 4 and 5, and 19, fig. 8.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 10.
Mus. nost, Rocks in Torbay.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and half an inch broad, covered
with a brown wrinkled skin which extends beyond the anterior end,
wedge-form, truncate at the hinge, with the upper margin often a
little contracted about the middle, gradually tapering to the ante-
rior end which is slightly open; beaks rather prominent, with the
points not quite opposite but divaricating from each other: inside
glossy white with a purplish tint, the margin sharp and plain; the
elevated tooth running in a gradually narrower and wedge-shaped
manner nearly half way along the back margin.
Except for the very distinct and yisible teeth, we should be much
inclined to think that this is the Mytilus pracisus of Montagu, p.
165, tab 4, fig. 2. He speaks of his shell as not being uncommon
among rocks, snbject to much variety of shape; and some of our
specimens much resemble his figure,
Named from General Bingham, our diligent fellow-labourer among
the rocks in Torbay.
SpHENIA testd ovato-cuneatd, dente concavo horizontali-protenso.
Shell oval-wedge-form, with the concave tooth projecting hori-
zontally inwards.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 3, and tab. 19, fig, 2.
Mus. nost. From rocks in Torbay.
Shell about the size of the last: but is of a more oval form, with
the anterior end rounded, the beaks not so near the end, and the
concave tooth projeets inwards like those of Anatina pretennis.
37
Swainsoni.
38
decussata,
3,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 11.
Named from Mr. Swainson, of Elm Grove, near Liverpool, long
known in the annals of British Conchology.
SpHenia testd ovatd decussatim striatd, margine undato.
Shell oval, with decussate striz, and the margin undate.
Mya decussata Montagu, Suppl. p. 20, tab. 28, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 167.
Wood, Conch. p. 99.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 46.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 102.
Taken in the Frith of Forth, by Capt. Laskey.
We are unacquainted with this shell, but conclude from Mon-
tagu’s description, that it falls into this genus. It is said to be
half an inch long, and rather more in breadth, oval, white, undulate
at the margin, with irregular transverse ridges which are crossed
by regular longitudinal striz, forming tubercles at the anterior end.
In the hinge a broad erect tooth in one valve, and a projecting plate
with a small indentation in the other.
eae
11. CORBULA—BRUGUIERE.
Testa subtrigona, inequivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa. Cardo valve
sinistre dente conico cum foveold adjectd, value dextre dente coch-
leariformi cum foveold : lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum internum.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 11.
Shell somewhat triangular, equivalve, inequilateral, closed. Hinge
with a single conic tooth and adjacent hollow in the left valve,
and aspoon-shaped tooth with a hollow in the right: lateral teeth
none. Ligament internal.
Lamarck, in his character of this genus, affirms that there is a
conical tooth in each of the valves; but in the smaller and flat
valve, there is evidently only an oval projecting hollow plate for the
reception of the ligament.
CoRBULA. Nucleus.
Tab. nost. 3, fig. 8 to 10. >
Mya inequivalvis. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 38, tab. 26, fig. 7.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 166.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 40, tab. 1 fig. 6.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 147.
Wood, Conch. p. 113.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 55.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 107.
Cardium striatum Walker, Test. Minut. p. 24, fig. 85.
Mus. nost. Dredged in Torbay, and other coasts.
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, and nearly half an inch
broad, of a somewhat triangular figure, strong and opake, gene-
rally covered with a brown skin, under which it is whitish or
flesh-color: the larger or right hand valve convex, regularly striate
transversely, inclosing the lesser valve, over which the beak projects
and curves inwards; the lesser valve flattish, with a few longitudinal
raised striz: inside smooth, polished round the margin.
40 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 12.
The specific name inequivalvis, originally given to this and the
Tellina inzequivalvis, is now quite inapplicable in consequence of its
forming an essential part of the generic character. We have there-
fore, after Lamarck, been induced to exchange them for names more
appropriate.
PAIL
12. PANDORA—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, latere antico hiante. Car-
do valve planate dente unico cum foveold longitudinali ; valve con-
vexe foveolis duabus longitudinalibus : lateralibus nullis. Ligamen-
tum imternum.
Shell transverse, inequivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior end,
Hinge of the flat valve with a single tooth and longitudinal cay-
ity, of the convex valve with two longitudinal cavities: lateral
teeth none. Ligament internal.
pineRCiace PANDORA
: Tab. nost. 3, fig. 11 to 14.
Tellina inequivalvis. Linn. Syst. Nat, p. 1118.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3233.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 189.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 115, tab. 11, fig. 106.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 75, suppl, 27.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 12. 41
Pennant, Br. Zool. iv. p. 178.
Donovan, Brit. Shells ii. tab. 41, fig. L.
Linn Trans. viii. p. 50.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 151.
Wood, Conch. p. 201, tab. 47, fig. 2 to 4,
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 86.
Turton, Conch. Dict p. 172.
Mus. nost. From Dawlish and Guernsea.
Shell more than half an inch long, and twice as broad, oval-
oblong, white with a pearly gloss, smooth or marked with a few
transverse ridges, sloping to the anterior end in a rather curved
manner; the convex valve angular down the slope; beaks near the
larger end, curving over the flat valve which is slightly striate
transversely on the outside, and longitudinally within: the tooth is
prominent and obtuse, placed rather longitudinally.
Young shells have the cardinal margin nearly straight, with the
anterior end obtuse and rounded; and in this state are the Solen
Pinna of Pennant, p. 175, tab. 67, fig. 3, and of Montagu, p. 566,
and Suppl. 27, tab. 15, fig. 3.
42 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 13.
13. PANOPAAA—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, lateribus inequalitér hiantibus. Carde
dente unico conico in utrdque valvd et hinc callum breve ascendens
non exsertum: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum, callis
afficum.
Shell transverse, equivalye, unequally open at the sides. Hinge
with a single conic tooth in each valve, and a short ascending
callosity on one side which is not exserted: lateral teeth none.
Ligament external, fixed to the callosities.
Glreymes PANOPAA.
Mya Glycymeris. Gmelin, Syst. p. 8222.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 178.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 33, tab. 3, fig. 25.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 160.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, iv. tab. 143.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 19.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 34.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 146.
Wood, Conch. p. 114, tab. 25, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 41.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 107.
Chama Glyeymeris. Lister, Conch. Dict. tab. 414, fig. 258.
Admitted among the British shells, by Donovan, in consequence
of its having been taken once on the Dogger bank. And after a
severe gale, we once found, on the beach at Teignmouth. the frag-
ment of a large valve, which from its tooth and ligament appeared
to belong to this genus.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA 14.
Shell four inches long, and twice as much broad, coarse, wrinkled
transversely in a laminar manner, of a yellowish or ochraceous color,
obliquely truncate at the anterior end, and irregular at the margin.
~
14. ANATINA.—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa vel suborbicularis, inequivalvis, utrinque vel latere
antico hiante. Cardo dente dilatato concavo interné prominulo in
utrdque valvé: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum, breve.
Shell transverse or somewhat orbicular, inequivalve, open at the
anterior or both ends. Hinge with a dilated concave tooth pro-
jecting a little inwards in each valve: lateral teeth none. Liga
ment external, short.
This is a very natural genus, and well merits the attention of
such conchologists as may have opportunities of examining carefully
the rocky parts of our coasts; as we are inclined to think, that
some very distinct species may yet remain to be discovered.
And for the purpose of clearer and more decided discrimination,
a careful examination of the teeth or spoon-shaped cavities,
may offer much facility; some of them being placed in an oblique
G2
43
44
convexa.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 14.
or rather transverse position; and others projecting inwards in an
horizontal direction, having an independent marginal circumference
nearly all round.
Many of them lie buried deep under the sand, and rarely come to
us in a living state; others inhabit the interior of sub-marine rocks,
from which we have taken them alive.
All of them have a rough shagreen-like surface; and they are
generally of an uniform dead white color, occasionally mixed with
an ochraceous or muddy contamination.
The ligament in this and some few other genera, is double; a
short external one, and an internal one in the hollow of the spoon-
shaped teeth. But in conformity with our general arrangement, we
consider the ligament to be generically external, when it is exter-
nally visible.
Lamarck has made the oblique internal rib, which proceeds from
the insertion of the teeth on the anterior side, an essential part of
his generic character. This however is by no means a constant
mark, and apparent only in such as have that side more strongly
angulated.
From the genus Listera it differs, in having no distinct teeth in
addition to the spoon-shaped ones ; and from Amphidesma, in want-
ing the lateral teeth.
* Dentibus transversim obliquis. 1-3.
With the teeth transversely oblique.
daria tesid convexd ovato-oblongd, latere antico angulato subtrun-
aia, dentibus angustis integerrimis.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 14. 45
Shell convex oyal-oblong, angular, and slightly truncate at the
anterior end, with the teeth narrow and very entire.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 1 and 2.
Mya convexa. Wood, Conch. p. 92, tab. 18, fig. 1.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 100.
Donovan, British Shells iii. tab. 82.
Mus. nost. From Paington sands.
Shell an inch and a half long, and nearly two and a half broad,
and an inch and a quarter in height, very convex light and brittle,
of a whitish ferruginous color, irregularly striate transversely: the
spoon-shaped teeth very narrow in proportion to those of the Ana-
tina pubescens, and without the notch on the broader or hinder part :
the beaks meet close together at their points.
Full grown shells are of rare occurrence: the finest which we
have seen, exceeding the proportions above described, was found by
our young and ardent friend Miss Hill, of Down-house, near Bristol.
We believe that the large very convex and light shell described by
Montagu, in his Suppl. p. 166, under the name of Ligula distorta,
as a remarkable specimen of his Mya distorta, was this species.
He does not notice the teeth, which in every form and variety in the
Anatina distorta are projecting horizontally inwards; and placed
laterally oblique in all the sizes of growth of the Anatina convexa.
AnatINA testa depressé oblonga, latere antico angulato truncato, den- pubescens,
tibus posticé emarginatis. x
46 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 14.
Shell oblong, angular and truncate at the anterior end, with a notch
on ‘the teeth at the the broader end.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 3. The young shell.
Mya pubescens. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 40.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 99, fig. 35.
Mya declivis. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 36.
Dorset Catal. p. 27, tab. 4, fig. 6.
Wood, Conch. p. 93, tab. 18, fig. 3.
Mus. nost. Torbay and Plymouth.
Shell when full grown two inches and a half long and three and
a half broad, oblong, much flatter than the Anatina convexa,
rough, striate transversely, brownish white: beaks nearly central,
with the points not opposite, but crossing each other at the tips :
teeth projecting and running obliquely to the anterior side, with
a cavity or notch behind and small erect denticle: inside with an
oblique rib from the tooth towards the truncated end.
We have been fortunate enough to procure the intermediate sizes
of this species, by which we are enabled to clear up all difficulties
with respect to the young of the present shell; and the Mya de-
clivis of Montagu.
This has the teeth oblique, as may be observed in our plate; and
the Mya declivis has the teeth projecting inwards and oval, as may
be seen in Montague’s plate 1, fig. 2.
truncata, ANATINA testd convexd cuneatd, latere postico truncato, umbonbus
subterminalibus.
Shell convex wedge-shaped, truncate at the hinder end, with the
beaks nearly terminal.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 14. 47
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 6.
Mus. nost. The interior of rocks in Torbay.
Shell half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
rough, striate transversely, slightly angular and truncate at the an-
terior end ,and rather abruptly truncate at the other: teeth project-
ing a little inwards, but running obliquely, by which it is distin-
guished from all the varieties of Anatina distorta: the front mar-
gin forming nearly a straight line.
** Dentibus horizontalitér protensis. 4-7
With the teeth projecting horizontally inwards.
ANATINA testa depressd ovato-oblongd, latere antico angulato truncato declivis.
hiante, dentibus ovato-protensis. a
Shell flattish, oval-oblong, angular truncate and open at the ante-
rior end, with the teeth oval and projecting.
Mya declivis. Montagu, Test. Brit. tab. 1, fig. 2.
Wood, Conch. p. 93, tab. 18, fig. 3.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 98.
Mus. nost. Dredged up in Torbay.
Shell nearly an inch long, and an inch and a half broad, flat,
rough, and of a darker color at the truncated side. It very much
resembles the young of Anatina pubescens; but is known by the
large oval projecting teeth, which extend forwards and have no
lateral attachment.
Montagu has given a good figure of this shell, but his descrip-
tion is that of the Anatina pretenuis. ‘‘ This shell is not trun-
cated,”
48
pretenuis.
5.
distorta,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 14.
ANATINA testé depressd ovatd, latere antico rotundato hiante, dentibus
ovato-protensis.
Shell flat oval, rounded and open at the anterior side, with the teeth
oval and projecting.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 4.
Mya pretenuis. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 160, tab. 50, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 41. *
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 37.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 147.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, v. tab. 176.
Wood, Conch. p. 94, tab. 24, fig. 7 to 9.
Dorset Catal. tab. 4, fig. 7.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 101.
Mus. nost. Dredged up in Torbay.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a half broad: distinguished
from the last species, the Anatina declivis, by the oval-shape, run-
ning at the anterior end into a rounded instead of a truncate ter-
mination, where it is also less angular.
ANATINA testé convexd polymorphdé subclausd, margine plerumqué
sinuato, cochlearibus rotundato-protensis.
Shell convex variously shaped, nearly closed, with the margin gene-
rally indented, and the teeth rounded and projecting inwards.
Tab nost. 4. fig. 5.
Mya distorta - Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 42, tab. I, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 161.
Linn. Trans. viil. p. 37.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 14. 49
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 147.
Wood, Conch. p. 98.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 45.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 101.
Mus. nost. From rocks in Torbay.
Shell from half an inch to an inch in diameter, very variable in
shape, orbicular, oblong, or kidney-form, with the margin variously
indented, rarely entire: but all the varieties may be known by the
projecting teeth.
ANATINA testd convexd oblongd, angulis binis transversis, latere antico arctica.
truncato, umbonibus terminalibus, cochlearibus rotundato-protensis.
Shell convex oblong, with two transverse angles, truncate at the
hinder end, the beaks terminal, and the teeth rounded and pro-
jecting inwards.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 7 and 8.
Mya arctica. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1113.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3220.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 177.
Wood, Conch. p. 95,
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 104.
Mus. nost. From a mass of Sertularia, in Dublin bay.
Shell half an inch long and rather more than three quarters of
an inch broad, with the beaks prominent and close to the hinder
end, from which run two transverse ridges, one along the back
margin, and the other obliquely to the angle of the front margin:
H
50
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 15.
hinge with a projecting round spoon-shaped tooth in each valve,
and a cavity close to it.
This shell so very much resembles some specimens of the
Hiatella minuta, that without an examination of the hinge it might
be easily overlooked for it. That Linné knew them to be dis-
tinct is evident, from his having placed them in two different
genera, on account of the differences in the hinge.
OPA RAY
15. LISTERA— TURTON.
Testa transversa, ovata, equivalvis, lateribus subhiantibus. Cardo
dente cochleariformi cum denticulis adjectis: lateralibus nullis.
Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, oval, equivalve, a little open at the sides. Hinge
with a spoon-shaped tooth and additional denticles: lateral teeth
none. Ligament external.
This family differs from the Anatina, in having a small tooth or
two in addition to the spoon-shaped ones: and from the genus
Amphidesma in wanting the lateral teeth.
It is named from Dr. Martin Lister, the Coryphzus of all syste-
matic conchology.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 15. 51
LISTERA
Mactra Lister1.
Mactra compressa.
Tellina plana.
Mactra piperita.
Mya Hispanica.
Trigonella plana.
Pectunculus latus.
compressa
l.
Tab. nost. 5, fig. 1 and 2.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3261.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 213.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 194.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 71.
Dorset Catal. p. 33, tab. 7, fig. 1.
Turton, Conch. Dict p. 83.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 96.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 155.
Donovan, Brit. Shells ii. tab. 64, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 142.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 31, tab. 3, fig. 21.
Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 200, tab. 13, fig. 1.
Lister, Conch. tab. 253. fig. 88.
Mus. nost. The mouths of rivers and muddy shores.
Shell an inch and a half long, and nearly two inches broad, thin,
flat, semitransparent, whitish with sometimes transverse colored
bands, of a somewhat oval triangular figure and rounded at both
ends: beaks small, nearly central: hinge with a single additional
denticle in one valve closing between two in the other.
We believe that the Mactra dealbata of Montagu, p. 95, tab. 5,
fig. 1, and the M.
pellucida of Chemnitz, vi. tab. 24, fig. 234, is
this species: one of the sides being occasionally a little more elon-
gated, as is represented in our plate.
52
prismaticum.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 16.
16. AMPHIDESMA—LAMARCK
Testa ovata, equivalvis, subclausa. Cardo dente cochleariformi cum
denticulis adjectis, et lateralibus. Lagamentum externum.
Shell oval, equivalve, mostly closed. Hinge with a spoon-shaped
tooth and adjacent denticles, and lateral teeth. Ligament
external.
All the British species, hitherto discovered of this genus, have a
lateral tooth on each side in one of the valves only.
AmPHIDESMA testdé ovata-oblongd, latere anlico attenuato, valvd alteré
denticulo simplici et dentibus lateralibus.
Shell oval-oblong, tapering at the anterior side, with a plain denti-
cle and lateral teeth in one of the valves.
Tab. nost. 5, fig. 3.
Ligula prismatica Montagu, Suppl. p. 23, tab. 26, fig. 3.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 169.
Mya prismatica. Wood, Conch. p. 101.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 47.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 103.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, British Channel, Scotland.
Shell nearly half an inch long, and twice as broad, thin trans-
parent, glossy white reflecting metallic colors, elegantly tapering to
a point at one end and rounded at the other: beaks small, pointing
towards the longer side: inside smooth, glossy.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 16. 53
AmpHIDESMA testd ovato-trigond, valvd altera denticulo fisso et denti- Sea
bus lateralibus.
Shell oval-triangular, with a cloven denticle and lateral teeth in one
of the valves.
Mactra tenuis. Montagu, Test. Brit. 572, tab. 17, fig. 7.
Pennant, Br. Zool. iv. p. 194.
Linn. Trans. viii. ps’ ¢2:
Turton, British Fauna, p. 155.
Dorset Catal. p. 33.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 142.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 84.
Mus. nost. Devon, Dorset, and Hampshire coasts.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and rather more broad, flat, thin,
glossy white, with the beaks central.
AMPHIDESMA testd ovato-trigond, valvd alterd denticulis duobus et Bee
dentibus lateralibus.
Shell oval-triangular, with two denticles and lateral teeth in one of
the valves.
Tab nost. 5. fig. 4 and 5.
Mactra Boysu. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 98, tab. 3, fig. 7.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p 195.
Linn Trans. viii. p. 72, tab. 1. fig. 12.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 155.
Dorset Catal. p. 33, tab. 12, fig. 7.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 148.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 84.
54
purpurea.
UE
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 17.
Mactra alba. Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 18, fig. 9 to 12.
Mus. nost. English and Irish coasts.
' Shell more than half an inch long, and three quarters broad,
thin flat, glossy white, a little angular at one of the sides when
full grown: beaks not quite central: inside smooth glossy
white.
SOOO ONO OD OO eee
17. AGINA—TURTON.
Testa, transversa, ovata, equivalvis, inequilateralis, latere antico
hiante. Cardo dente unico erecto conico penetrante in utrdque
valvd : lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, oval, equivalve, inequilateral, open at the anterior
end. Hinge with a single erect conic penetrating tooth in each
valve: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
AGINA.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 9.
Mya purpurea. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 21.
Mus. nost. From rocks in Torbay.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 18.
Shell the eighth of an inch long, and a quarter of an inch broad,
convex, opaque, transversely oval, obliquely truncate at the anterior
end, covered with a glossy white skin under which it is chalky
white, irregularly striate transversely ; beaks prominent, close to
the larger side which is abrupt; inside glossy white; hinge with
strong conic teeth, one in each valve penetrating into a cavity of
the opposite valve.
Whether this be the shell mentioned by Montagu, as having
been taken among corallines, his short description will hardly allow
us to determine. Our specimens were taken from the inside of
stones dredged in Torbay, varying a little in the outline, but all
preserving their generic character. They have not however the
purple tinge, probably in consequence of their internal habitation
and want of light: or it is possible that an undiscovered species
still remains.
LPDLDIPD LI I ~~ PN
18. ERVILIA—TURTON.
Testa ovata, equivalvis, inequiateralis, clausa. Cardo dente unico
erecto inter duos minutos valve alterius penetrante: lateralibus
nullis. Ligamentum internum.
Shell oval, equivalve, inequilateral, closed. Hinge with a single
erect tooth closing between two small divergent ones in the
opposite valve: lateral teeth none. Ligament none.
55
56 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 19.
ik ERVILIA:
Tab. nost. 19, fig. 4.
Mya nitens. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 165
Laskey, Wern. Soe. i. p. 375, tab. 8 fig. 4.
Wood, Conch. p. 101.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 47.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 168.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 103.
Mus. nost. On the Scotch coasts.
Shell nearly a quarter of an inch long, and a little more in
breadth, of a glossy pink color, more or less softened down to white,
flattish, oval, a little tapering at the longer side and rounded at
both, finely and regularly striate transversely ; beaks rather promi-
nent, not central: inside colored like the outside, but not so glossy,
with the margin entire: hinge with a single strong erect cloven
tooth in one valve, closing into a deep cleft between two small
laminar divergent elevations in the other, besides an adjacent
cavity for the ligament in both valves.
The Genus seems allied to the Crassatella of Lamarck.
19. KELLIA.—TURTON.
Testa subglobosa, equivalvis, clausa. Cardo valve alterius dentibus
duobus approximatis cum laterali remoto, alterius dente concavo cum
laterali remoto. Ligamentum internum.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 19. 57
Shell somewhat globular, equivalve, closed. Hinge with two
approximate teeth and a remote lateral tooth in one valve, and
a concave tooth and remote lateral one in the other. Ligament
internal.
The genus is denominated from our worthy and scientific fellow-
student in this department of scienee J. M. O'Kelly, Esq., of
Dublin.
2 : i oe: he borbicu-
Kew testd suborbiculari equilaterali albd. aa
Shell somewhat orbicular equilateral and white. -!
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 5 and 6.
Mya suborbicularis. Montagu, p. 39, 564, tab. 26, fig. 6.
Linn Trans, viii. p. 41.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 167.
Pennant, Br. Zool, iv. p. 166.
Wood, Conch. p. 111.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 55.
Tellina suborbicularis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 179.
Mus. nost. In limestone and old bivalves.
Shell nearly half an inch long, and a little broader, very con-
vex, yellowish-white, very slightly striate transversely, the front
margin running nearly straight: beaks central, prominent, obtuse :
hinge with a single recurved concave tooth in one valve and two
small teeth in the other, and a lateral tooth in each valve in the
opposite side of the primary ones.
KELLIA testd ovatd inequilaterali rubra. cones
I
58
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 20.
Shell oval inequilateral and red.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 7 and 8.
Cardium rubrum. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 83, tab. 27, fig. 4.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 66.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 189.
Turton, British Fauna, p, 153.
Wood, Conch. p. 218.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 131.
Cardium leve. Walker, Test. Minut. p. 24, fig. 86.
Tellina rubra. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 168.
Mus. nost. In the crevices of marine rocks.
Shell about the tenth a inch in diameter, smooth, or ap-
pearing as if very finely shagreened, of an uniform rich crimson,
often paler or covered witha rough green or brown coat: inside
glossy purple: beaks near one end, prominent, under which the
margin slopes in an incurved manner towards the smaller end:
teeth minute, as in the last.
LLIDIPII Ia
20. MONTACUTA—TURTON.
Testa ovata vel oblonga, equivalvis, inequilateralis, subclausa. Cardo
dentibus duobus im utrdque valud, cum foved interpositd : lateralibus
nullis. Ligamentum internum.
tau
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 20.
Shell oval or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, mostly closed. Hinge
with two teeth in each valve, and a cavity between them : lateral
teeth none. Ligament internal.
_ In this genus there is a vacant space in both the valves be-
tween the teeth, causing them to be rather remote from each
other. One of the teeth is generally concave or imelining to
spoon-shaped.
We have dedicated it to the memory of Montagu, whose pre-
mature death all lovers of this interesting science must sincerely
lament.
Monracura testdé ovatd, costis longitudinalibus obsoletis.
Shell oval, with obscure longitudinal ribs.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 9 and 10.
Ligula substriata. Montagu, Test. Suppl. p. 25.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 169.
Mya substriata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 47.
Wood, Conch. p. 102.
Turton, Conch. Dict p. 103.
Mus. nost. Abundantly on the spines of the Echinus purpureus,
to which they are attached by slender filaments issuing from the
middle of the margin.
The detection of this singular habitat we owe to the researches
of our young conchological friend, Mr. Edw. Harington.
Shell the eighth of an inch long, and a little more in breadth,
oval, convex, slightly contracted in the middle, white or yellow-
ish white and semitransparent, with obscure and rather remote
12
~
substriata,
I,
60
bidentata.
9
ferruginosa.
3.
fCONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 20.
longitudinal raised strive: beaks prominent, not quite central: the
teeth in one valve obscure.
Monracuta testdé ovatd levi, dente altero obliquo cochleariform.
Shell oval smooth, with one of the teeth oblique and spoon-
shaped.
Mya bidentata Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 44, tab. 26, fig. 5.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 41.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 147.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 166.
Wood, Conch. p. 99.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 45.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 102.
Mus. nost. Fine sand, and in the back of old oyster-shells.
Shell hardly the eighth of an inch long, rather produced at one
end, whitish but not glossy, and frequently covered with a rough
coat : beaks near the broader end.
Montacuta testd oblonga, transversim substriatd, dente altero incurvo
cochleariformt.
Shell oblong, slightly striate transversely, with one of the teeth in-
curved and spoon-shaped.
Mya ferruginosa. Montagu, Suppl. p. 22, tab. 26, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 167.
Wood, Conch. p. 100.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 46.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 102.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 21.
Mus. nost. Scotch and western coasts.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and nearly half an inch broad,
white, but often covered or blotched with an ochraceous coat, ob-
seurely wrinkled transversely: beaks placed near one end, obtuse ;
one of the teeth in each valve erect, the other much bent inwards
and sloping downwards.
Montacora testd oblongé levi dentibus erectis.
Shell oblong smooth, with all the teeth erect.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. LLand 12.
Mus. nost. From sand in Torbay.
Shell resembling the last, but is about half the size, smooth or very
obscurely striate transversely, glossy. It has probably been over-
looked for a half-grown specimen of the former shell, but differs
essentially in having all the teeth erect.
21. LEPTON.—TURTON.
Testa compressa, suborbicularis, equivalvis, equilateralis, lateribus
subhiantibus. Cardo valve alterius dente unico et laterali utrin-
qué lineari transverso ; alterius foved medié et dente utrinqué
laterali transverso bipartito, segmentis ab wmbone divaricatis.
Ligamentum internum.
oblonga.
4. e
61
squamosum.
' CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 21.
Shell flat, nearly orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open
at the sides. Hinge of one valve with a single tooth and a trans-
verse linear lateral one each side; of the other valve with a cavity
in the middle and a tranverse deeply cloven lateral tooth each side
the segments of which divaricate from the beak. Ligament
internal.
Montagu had seen only one valve of this extremely rare and
valuable shell, and was consequently unacquainted with the whole
of the internal structure.
In one of the valves is a central erect primary tooth between two
hollows; and on both sides from the hinge runs a nearly straight
transverse rib a little within the margin, upon each of which is
placed a small tooth-like prominence not very remote from the hinge;
the rib also on one of the sides is furnished with a small internal
oblique cavity, not unlike the spoon-shaped tooth of the Anatina
convexa.
In the other valve there is no primary tooth, but a large triangu-
lar cavity for the reception of the tooth of the opposite valve: and
the lateral teeth are transverse and divided from their origin, form-
ing acute angles, the points of which are close to the cardinal cav-
ity, with the inner limb continued by a rib like that in the opposite
valve.
LeEpton testd squamoso-punctatd.
Shell punctured in a seale like manner.
Tab nost. 6, fig. 1 to 3.
Solen squamosus. ontagu, Test. Brit. p. 365.
Linn. Trans. viii. p, 48.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 21.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 149.
Wood, Conch. p. 140.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 175.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 70.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 164.
Mus. nost. Taken in Torbay in the spring of 1820, and lately by
Mr. Lyons, at Tenby.
Shell four-tenths of an inch long, and half an inch broad, a little
inclined to oblong, very slightly constricted at the upper or front
margin, equally rounded at both the ends, clear white and trans-
parent; very closely punctured all over: beaks quite central: inside
glossy-white with very fine ray-like longitudinal striz from the
hinge.
LeEpTon testdé nitidd, transversim substriatd.
Shell glossy, slightly striate transversely.
Mus. nost. From coralline, in Torbay.
Shell half the size of the last, which it resembles in shape and
hinge, but is of a lucid pale glossy horn-color, without punctures.
LOLOL OOOO aon en een
63
nitidum.
5)
64
oblonga,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 22.
22. LUTRARIA—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, oblonga, equivalvis, lateribus mantibus. Cardo
dente cochleariformi, dente trigono adjecto: lateralibus nullis.
Ligamentum internum.
Shell transverse, oblong, equivalve, open at both the sides. Hinge
with a spoon-shaped tooth and an adjacent triangular one: lateral
teeth none. Ligament internal.
This genus has been very judiciously made distinct from the
Mactra, both on account of the absence of lateral teeth, and the
more considerable gape at one or both of the sides. The general
outline is also transversely oblong; and the habitat is about the
entrance of rivers.
Lurraria testd oblonga, inequilaterali transversim rugoso-striatd, latere
antico elongato angulato-truncato. ‘
Shell oblong inequilateral with rough transverse strix, elongated
and angularly truncated at the anterior end.
Tab. nost. 5, fig. 6.
Mactra hians. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 101.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 196.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 140.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 74.
Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 155.
Dorset Catal. p. 33, tab. 2, fig. 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 146.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 85, fig. 41.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 22. 4 65
Mya oblonga. Chemmitz, vi. p. 27, tab. 2, fig. 12.
Chama magna. Da Costa, p. 230, tab. 17, fig. 4.
Mus. nost. On the western coasts.
Shell two inches and three quarters long, and five inches and a
half broad, thick opake and strong, of a dull white or reddish yellow
color: beaks near one end, from which runs a curved slope, giving
the shell an elegant scymetar-like form, and an oblique depression:
the shorter end is rounded, and the longer side truncate and some-
what angular,
Lutraria testé ellipticd subequilaterali leviusculd, lateribus rotundatis. elliptica,
Shell elliptical nearly equilateral and almost smooth, rounded at *
both ends.
Mactra Lutraria. Linn. Syst. Nat. p- 1126.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3259. ;
Turton, Syst. Nat. iv. p. 211.
Pennant, iv. p. 195, tab. 55, fig. 3.
Chemnitz, vi, p. 239, tab. 24, fig. 240, 241,
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 100.
Donovan, Brit. Shells ii. tab. 58.
Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 16, fig. 3 and 4,
Linn Trans. viii. p. 73.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 155.
Dorset Catal. p. 32, tab. 5, fig. 11.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 146.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 84.
Chama magna. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 230, Deseript.
K
66
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 22.
Chama fusea. Lister, Conch. tab. 415. fig. 259.
Mus. nost. On sandy and muddy shores.
Shell two inches and a half long, and four and a half broad, thin,
brittle, nearly equally rounded at both the ends, covered with a
greenish or brownish wrinkled skin which projects three or four
inches beyond the extremity of the shell, and covers the elongated
tube of suction: both the sides slope nearly equally from the hinge.
Young shells are sometimes very much produced transversely, but
in all other respects similar.
A singular variety, perhaps a distortion, is in our cabinet, in
which the valves are very unequal ; one of them being greatly con-
vex and larger, inclosing the other which is flat; both of them fur-
nished with transverse plaits and striz, and on the inside of the
flat or smaller valve are raised laminar plates, especially under the
hinge: the cardinal margin runs in a nearly straight direction; the
hinge is nearer to the more pointed end; and it is barely an inch in
length and two in breadth.
It may possibly be the Mactra planata of Chemnitz, iv. p. 238,
tab. 24, fig, 238 and 239, who describes it as being furnished with
unequal plaits both inside and outside, and very finely striated. It
was dredged up in Torbay.
PPI LAIIOIOO PALA
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA, 23.
23. MACTRA—LINNE.
Testa subtrigona, equivalvis, lateribus subhiantibus. Cardo dente coch-
leariformi, cum dente trigono adjecto: lateralibus laminatis, valve
alterius didymis. Ligamentum internum.
Shell somewhat “triangular, equivalve, a little open at the sides.
Hinge with a spoon-shaped tooth and an adjacent triangular one:
the lateral teeth laminar, double in one of the valves. Ligament
internal.
The shells confined to the above generic character form a very
natural family, remarkable for the number strength and position of
the teeth. In one valve there is a single elongated lateral plate on
each side, which closes between two in the other. And in this res-
pect they resemble the fresh-water shells of the genus Mysea, but
the primary teeth are very different, and the ligament is internal.
Those of the first division, or such as have the lateral teeth striate
in a direction opposite to their transverse extension, are usually
thick and solid: and such as have the lateral teeth quite plain, are
thin and semitransparent.
They inhabit the sandy parts of our coasts.
* Dentes laterales striati. 1-5.
The lateral teeth striate.
Mactra testé ovato-trigond leviusculd equilaterali, lateribus obliquis,
umbonibus incurvis.
Shell oval-triangular nearly smooth and equilateral, with the sides
oblique, and the beaks ineurved.
K 2
solida.
67
68
truncata.
2.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25
Mactra solida.
Trigonella Gallina.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1126.
Gmelin. Syst, p. 3259.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 211.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 193, tab. 55, fig. 2.
Chemnits, vi. p. 230, tab 23, fig. 229, 230.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 61.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 92.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 70.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 154.
Dorset Catal. p. 32, tab. 6. fig. 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 140,
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 81.
Da Costa, p. 199, tab. 14, fig. 6.
Mus. nost. On most sandy coasts.
Shell an inch and a half long and two inches broad, strong and
solid, nearly smooth or with a few antiquated ridges, equally slop-
ing obliquely at the sides, so as to make the front margin longer
than the lateral angles: color yellowish-white, often marked with
deeper transverse zones.
Macrra testd trigond
umbonibus productis rectis.
Shell triangular nearly smooth and equilateral, with the sides trun-
cated, and the beaks elongated and straight.
Mactra truncata.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 34.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 196, tab. 54, fig. 1.
Dorset Catal. p. 34, tab. 12, fig. 1.
leviusculd cuilaterali, lateribus truncatis,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 23.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 140.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 81.
Mactra subtruncata. Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 126.
Trigonella zonaria. Da Costa, p. 197, tab. 15, fig. 1.
Pectunculus crassiusculus. Lister, Conch. tab. 253, fig. 87.
Mus. nost. From Teignmouth and Scotland.
Shell the size of the last, but is hardly as broad at the margin
as it is long at the sides which are more truncated, and the beaks
more elongated and erect.
Mactra testd ovato-trigond inequilaterali, latere altero truncato, altero
producto incurvo, umbonibus incurvis.
Shell oval-triangular equilateral, one side truncate, the other pro-
duced and inecurved, beaks incurved.
Tab. nost. 5, fig. 7.
Lister, Anim. Ang). p. 174, tab. 4, fig. 24.
Mus. nost. Dredged up in the Irish Channel.
Shell two inches long and broad, and more than an inch high,
very thick strong and solid, nearly smooth with a few antiquated
ridges about the margin, of a brownish color, abruptly truncate on
one side where there is a deep impression under the hinge which is
strongly and regularly striate obliquely, the other end much produc-
ed and rounded with an incurved slope from the hinge: beaks point-
ed, much turned inwards and inclining towards the longer side:
teeth strong and prominent.
Lister appears to have been well acquainted with this shell,
from the very exact description he has given of it—*Hwe testa
69
crassa.
3,
70
subtruncata,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 23.
pro magnitudine crassa et valida est. Ex alterd parte ab umbone ad
rectam lineam procedit, ex alterd rotundior est, quad sold notd abundé
distingutur ab alts’ This shell for its size is thick and strong.
On one side it runs in a straight line from the beak ; on the other it
is rounded, by which mark alone it may be sufficiently distinguished
from all others.
Macrra testdé ovato-trigond inequilaterali transversim striata, umboni-
bus tumadis rectis.
Shell oval-triangular inequilateral striate transversely, with the
beaks tumid and straight.
Mactra subtruncata, Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 93, and Suppl. p. 34,
tab. 27, fig. 1.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 71, tab. 1, fig. 11.
Pennant, iv. p. 194, tab. 55, fig. 1.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 154.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 5, fig. 10.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 141.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 82.
Trigonella subtruncata. Da Costa, Br. Conch, p. 198,
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and Ireland.
Shell three quarters of an inch long and more than an inch broad,
thin and convex, of a yellowish horn-color, rough and brown at the
produced end, regularly striate transversely: one side truncate, the
other produced in a straight line to a rather acute point; beaks not
central, tumid and prominent, without curvature.
A variety is found, especially in Ireland, much stronger, more
convex and opake, of a more regularly triangular shape, not
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 23.
being so much produced at one end: but they gradually run into
each other, and may be readily known from all the species of this
division, by the regular transverse strie, which grow gradually
fainter and disappear towards the hinge.
Macrra testd oblonga depressé inequilaterali, latere producto rotun-
dato altero subtruncato, umbonibus iucurvis. f
Shell oblong flattish inequilateral, rounded at the elongated side and
somewhat truncate at the other, with the beaks incurved.
Tab. nost. 5, g. 8.
Mus. nest. Dredged up in the offing of Exmouth.
Shell five-eighths of an inch long, and an inch and a quarter
broad, opake and strong; one side elongated, sloping from the beaks,
and rounded; the other shorter and somewhat angular, where it isa
little open: color dull greyish-white, covered with a shining bronzed
skin reflecting metallic lustres; coarsely and irregularly striate
transversely, with a few coarser ridges towards the hinge: inside
glossy greyish-white, with the margin plain: beaks rather promi-
nent and pointed, a little inclining to the longer side.
Of this very beautiful shell we know neither description nor
figure. In the outline it something resembles the Mactra deal-bata
described in the eighth vol. of the Linnéan Transactions, p. 68, tab.
1, fig. 10, and the Dorset Catalogue, tab. 7, fig. 7. But that shell
is represented as thin and transparent, and somewhat angular at the
longer side: the teeth also appear to be different.
u
71
deaurata,
5.
12 CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 23.
*%* Dentes laterales leves. 6-10.
The lateral teeth smooth.
Senloruae Mactra testa trigond diaphand convexd equilaterali transversim sub-
striatd, latere antico rugoso.
Shell triangular transparent convex equilateral slightly striate trans-
versely, rough on one of the sides.
Mactra Stultorum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1126.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3258.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 211.
Pennant, iv. p. 103, tab. 52, fig. 1.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 226, tab. 23, fig. 224 to 227.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 94.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 106.
Lann. Trans. viii. p. 69.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 154.
Dorset Catal. p. 32, tab. 8, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p 138.
Turton, Conch. Dict p. 81.
Trigonella radiata. Da Costa, p. 196, tab. 12, fig. 3.
Mus. nost. On most sandy coasts.
Shell an inch and a half long, and an inch and three-quarters
broad, very thin and brittle, white grey or pale brown, covered with
a fine wrinkled skin which is rough at one of the extremities, ra-
diate more or less from the hinge with paler stripes, and sometimes
of a purplish cast about the beaks, rarely glossy white and without
rays.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 23.
Mactra testd trigond diaphand convewd subaquilaterali, lateribus trun-
catis, umbonibus prominulis incurvis.
Shell triangular transparent convex and nearly equilateral, truncate
at the sides, with the beaks prominent and incurved.
Mactra cinerea. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 35.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 196.
Found at Weymouth, by Mr. Bryer.
Montagu is of decided opinion that this is a very distinct species,
presenting the same difference from the Mactra Stultorum as there
is between the Mactra solida and Mactra truncata, with respect
to the depth of the shell, prominence of the beaks, and flatness of
the truncated sides.
The valves of this Mactra, he observes, are more concave
than of the Mactra Stultorum, more angulated, and rather
broader in proportion to their length; the beak slightly turned to
one side, beneath which is a depression or subarcuation in its con-
tour, on the opposite side much compressed laterally: it is nearly
destitute of markings, there being only one or two obsolete pale
rays, and the margin only covered with an epidermis, which is
brown inclining to ferruginous at one end: inside pale with a
tinge of blush.
Specimens answering to this distinction are not unfrequently
cast on the Paington sands after an eastern gale,
Mactra testé ovatd planiusculd inequilaterali transversim §striatéd,
umbonibus incurvis.
Shell oval flattish inequilateral and striate transversely, with the
beaks incurved.
L
cinerea.
7.
glausa,
73
74
fragilis.
9,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 23.
Mactra glauca. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3260.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 212.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 571.
Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 125.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 192.
Linn Trans. viii. p. 68.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 144.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 80.
Mactra helva. Chemnitz, vi. p. 234, tab. 23, fig. 232, 233.
Found by Miss Pocock on Hale sands, in Cornwall; from which
neighbourhood some single valves have been lately procured by
General Bingham.
Shell nearly two inches and a half long, and three and a half
broad, of a pale color marked with faint irregular glaucous rays,
flattish and finely striate transversely: the beaks recurved, not
quite central, with a narrow gape under them.
Mactra testd ovato-oblongd planiusculad subequilaterali levi, anticé
anguloso flexuosa.
Shell oval-oblong flattish nearly equilateral and smooth, with an
angular flexure at the anterior side.
Tab. nost. 4, fig. 10.
Mactra fragilis. | Gmelin, Syst. p. 3261.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 213.
Chemnits, vi. p. 236, tab 24, fig. 235.
Mus. nost. Dredged in the Channel, near Guernsea.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 238.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and nearly two broad, pale
yellowish-white, transparent, smooth except a few irregular ob-
scure transverse ridges, angular at the more produced side by a
rib which runs obliquely from the hinge to the margin: beaks
pointed not quite central, with a depression under them on the
shorter side: teeth as in this division.
The discovery of this species, of which we have as yet found only
a few single valves, will we trust set at rest all doubts concerning
the two species of Chemnitz, the Mactra pellucida, and the Mactre
fragilis.
Our specimens correspond exactly with his figure and description .
testd ovali-oblongd, subcompressd, albd, diaphand, levi, cum flecura
notabili et manifestd in parte anticd. “Shell oval-oblong, flattish,
white, transparent, smooth, with a singular and evident flexure at
the anterior side.” He remarks also, that it has the figure of a
Tellina, but the hinge of a Mactra.
Mactra testd subtrigond, striiss transversis longitudinalibusque minutis,
Shell somewhat triangular, with transverse striz and minute lon-
gitudinal ones.
Mactra radiata. | Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 161.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 61.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 154.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 138,
Turton, Conch. Dict p. 80.
Cardium edentulum. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 29,
Found by Captain Laskey, at Portsmouth.
L2
~I
[Dp |
radiata.
10,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 24.
Shell two inches and a half long, and nearly three broad, thin
brittle, dirty white with a rufous tinge, and marked with regular
pale testaceous rays: beaks prominent, rather oblique: hinge witha
depression in the middle, and the rudiment of a small oblique denti-
cle, with a small lateral tooth on each side.
We are unacquainted with this shell, and have consequently no
means of determining its proper place in our present arrangement.
LLL LOLOL IIIa
24. GOODALLIA—TURTON.
Testa trigona, equivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa. Cardo valve alterius
dentibus duobus cum foved trigond interpositd, alterius dente unico :
lateralibus obsoletis. Ligamentum internum.
Shell triangular, equivalve, inequilateral, closed. Hinge with two
teeth in one valve and a triangular cavity between them, in the
other valve a single tooth: lateral teeth obscure. Ligament
internal.
The minute shells of this genus differ materially from the Mactra,
both in the form and disposition of the teeth; the lateral ones con-
sisting of a rather remote simple tooth in each valve on the more
produced side: the valves are also closed.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 24. 77
This well marked genus, exclusively the discovery of Montagu, is
respectfully dedicated to the learned Dr. Goodall, the Provost of
Kton.
GOODALLIA margine interno denticulato. cyl
Shell with the inner margin toothed. i
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 14.
Mactra triangularis. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 99, tab. 3, fig. 5
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 195.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 72.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 155.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 143.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 82.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and Ireland.
Shell two lines long and three broad, strong, smooth, white or
brown, a little produced on one side, with the beaks very prominent ;
inside white but not much glossed, and strongly toothed on the mar-
gin: in one valve a large cloven tooth; in the other two small teeth
with a triangular cavity between them.
GooDALLIA margine interno integerrimo. ’ a
Shell with the inner margin quite entire.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 10.
Mactra minutissima. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 37.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p 197.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p 143.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 83.
Mus. nost. From Cornwall.
-~I
(9 9)
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25.
In size and form it exactly resembles the Goodallia triangularis,
among which it has doubtless been overlooked, but presents the same
differences as are observed between the Crassina sulcata and Crassi-
na Scotica, the margin being thinner and without the least appear-
ance of crenulations.
SLL LO aaa
25. SOLEN—LINNE.
Testa transversim lineari-producta, equvalvis, inequilateralis, lateri-
bus hiantibus. Cardo subterminalis, uwmbonibus obsoletis, dentibus
numero et formé vartis: lateralibus nulls. Lagamentum externum.
Shell transversely produced and linear, equivalve, inequilateral, open
at the sides, Hinge near one end, with the beaks obscure, and
the teeth varying in number and shape: lateral teeth none. Lig-
ament external.
We have confined this genus to those of the Linnéan family of
the Solen which have a linear and elongated form, as affording a
more simple and definite discrimination.
The processes which extend along the cartilage edge of most of
them, can hardly be considered as lateral teeth, being attached in a
rib-like manner to the valves.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 24.
* Valvis unidentatis. 1-2.
With a single tooth in each valve.
SoLen testd rectd, extremitate anticd constricto-marginatd, dentibus
complanato-rotundatis.
Shell straight, margined by a stricture at the anterior end, with
the teeth flat and rounded.
Tab nost. 6, fig. 4.
Solen Vagina. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1113.
Gmelin. Syst, p. 3223.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 180.
Pennant, iv. p. 171, tab. 49, fig. 1.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 40, tab. 4, fig. 26, 27.
Montagu, p. 48 and 565, and Suppl. p. 25.
Lann. Trans. viii. p. 42.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 148.
Dorset Catal. p. 28, tab. 4, fig. 8.
Wood, Conch. p. 119, tab. 27. fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 57.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 159.
Solen marginatus. Donovan, Brit. Shells iv. tab. 110.
Solen rectus brevior. Laster, tab. 410, and 1056, fig. 5.
Mus. nost. Western and Irish coasts.
Shell hardly an inch long, and four or five broad, of a nearly
cylindrical form, covered with a yellowish skin which extends nearly
an inch beyond the hinder end, not divided diagonally like most of
the species: at the hinge end is a strong indenture or ligature, and
a thickened rib-like elevation on the inside.
Vagina.
80
Novacula.
Siliqua,
3.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25.
The teeth are flattened at the surface where they meet toge-
ther when closed, and rounded in the circumference, each of them
supported by a short lateral rib: and there is no transverse cardinal
process.
SoLEN testd rectd, dentibus conicis obtusis subarcuatis.
Shell straight, with the teeth conic obtuse and slightly curved.
Solen Novacula. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 47.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 172.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 44.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 148.
Wood, Conch. p. 119.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 58.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 159. -
A very doubtful species, said to resemble the Solen Siliqua, ex-
cept in having a single tooth in each valve, and wanting the rib-like
appendages under the teeth.
Some small specimens, answering to the above character, were
presented to us as haying been collected at the North Bull, in
Dublin bay.
** Valud alterd bidentatd. 3-6.
With two teeth in one of the valves.
SoLen testd rectd, valvd alterd dente conico hastato-acuminato, alter
bidentata.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 5.
Solen Siliqua. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1113.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3223.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 180.
Pennant, iv. p. 171, tab. 48, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 46.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 46.
Da Costa, p. 535, tab. 17, fig. 5.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 43.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 147.
Dorset Catal. p. 28, tab. 2, fig. 5.
Wood, Conch. p. 118, tab. 26, fig. 1, 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 58.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 158.
Solen major. Lister, Conch. tab. 409, fig. 225.
Var. testd subarcuatd.
Shell slightly curved.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 44, tab. 4, fig. 29.
Mus. nost. Common on all sandy coasts.
Shell often an inch in length, and seven or eight in breadth, a
little obliquely sloping at one end and rounded at the other, di-
vided diagonally into two triangles, one of which is faintly striate
transversely and the other longitudinally and marked with purple
bands.
The variety resembles the Solen Ensis, but is much flatter and
larger, and longer in proportion in the breadth.
SoLen testa rectd, valvd alterd dente unico compresso obtuso subfisso,
alteré bidentatd.
M
Ligula,
Sl
D
to
Ensis.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25.
Shell straight, in one valve a single compressed obtuse slightly
cloven tooth, and two in the other.
Tab nost. 6, g. 6.
Mus. nost. From the sands in Torbay,
Shell resembling the Solen Siliqua in every respect, except in the
teeth, which preserve a constant character. In the species under
consideration, the single tooth is compressed, rounded and obtuse
at the top where it is slightly cloven.
In the Solen Siliqua the tooth is depressed or flattened in a con-
trary direction, with a strong rib in the middle ending in an ex-
tremely sharp acicular point answering to its description by Linné
in the Mus. Lud. Ulr. p. 473, “Cardo dente unico subulato in alterd
testd.”’ Hinge with a single subulate tooth in one of the valves.
On the sands at Tor Abbey, at low water mark, this species may
be dug up in great abundance, mixed with the Solen Siliqua and
S. Vagina, and is probably equally common on all sandy shores:
but the differences may not have been remarked, as cabinet spe-
cimens in general are dead shells, with the teeth shed or much
defaced.
Soten testd subarcuatd, valvd alterd unidentatd, alterd bidentata
dentibus simplicibus.
Shell somewhat curved, with a single tooth in each valve and two
in the other, all undivided.
Solen Ensis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1114.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3224.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 180.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 172, tab. 48, fig. 2.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA,. 25. 83
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 237.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 46, tab. 4, fig. 30.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 50.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 48.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 44.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 148.
Dorset Catal. p. 28, tab. 4, fig. 3.
Wood, Conch. p. 122, tab. 28, fig. 1, 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 59.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 160.
Solen curyus. Lister, Conch. tab. 411, fig. 257.
Mus. nost. On most sandy coasts.
Shell about half an inch long, and three or four inches broad,
linear and very narrow in proportion to its length, diagonally di-
vided, with one of the triangles marked with purple and white
bands: both the extremities rounded.
Linne doubted whether this species were not a mere variety of
Solen Siliqua. And in his description of it in the Mus. Lud. Ulr.
p- 473, he has committed asmall oversight, making the extremities
rounded in one part of the description and truncate in another:
utrdque extremitate truncatd, and extremitas utraque rotundato.
SoLen testd subarcuatd, valva alterd bidentatd, alterd tridentata dente pellucidus,
medio bipartito. e
Shell slightly curved, in one valve two teeth, in the other three, the
middle one of which is deeply divided.
M 2
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 25.
Solen pellucidus. Pennant, iv. p. 173, tab. 49, fig 2)
Turton, Syst. Nat. p. 181.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 49, and 565.
Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 153.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 205, tab. 198, fig. 1940.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 44.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 148.
Wood, Conch. p. 128, tab. 28. fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 160.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 160.
Mus. nost. Common in Torbay.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and an inch broad, of an oblong
linear shape, rounded at the ends, and not diagonally divided, but of
an uniform greenish brown color.
The teeth of this shell are remarkable. In one valve are two
teeth, one of which is erect, and the other inclining towards the
cartilage. In the other valve are three teeth, close together at their
base, the middle one deeply divided with the segments divaricate
and pointing in opposite directions.
The terminal ones can hardly be considered as lateral processes,
having no attachment to the margin, but originating from a common
base. The points of all are obtuse and very slightly cloven.
BOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLOLPELJ_OLOLOLOLOPO™OOOOOOOOO"
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26. 85
25. PSAMMOBIA—LAMARCK,
‘esta transversa, oblonga vel ovata, equivalvis, lateribus subhiantibus.
Cardo dentibus subbinis: laicralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, oblong or oval, equivalye, mostly open at the sides.
Hinge with two teeth in one or both the valves: lateral teeth
none. Ligament external.
This genus comprehends such species of the Linnéan Tellina as
have no lateral teeth, and of the Solen as have not a linear form
with the hinge close to one end.
From other genera which resemble it in the structure or number
of the teeth, it differs in gaping more or less at the sides.
* Valvdé alterd bidentatd. 1-5.
With two teeth in one of the valves only.
PsamMoBiA testd ovato-oblongd levi, costa longitudinali internd, dente fom
altero apice complanato. 1.
Shell oval-oblong smooth, with a longitudinal rib on the inside, and
one of the teeth flattened at the top.
Tab nost. 8, fig. 3.
Solen fragilis. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 51, Suppl. p. 26.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 174
Dorset Catal. p. 28, tab. 4. fig. 5.
Wood, Conch. p. 126, tab. 29, fig. 4, 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 65.
86 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 163.
Solen bidens. Chemnitz, vi. p. 208, tab 198, fig. 1939.
Mus. nost. From Dublin bay, and Exmouth.
Shell nearly half an inch long, and nearly an inch broad, thin
ard transparent, rounded at both ends and a little contracted in the
middle, pale horn-color or covered with a greenish skin, with a red-
dish longitudinal stripe from the hinge growing fainter and broader
towards the margin: inside with a longitudinal rib in the middle ;
in one valve two erect teeth, one of which is pointed, the other
broad and flattened at the top.
As both the Solen fragilis and the Telina fragilis of former
authors fall into this genus, it was necessary that the specific name
of one of them should be changed: and as the Tellina fragilis is a
Linnéan and a prior appellation, we have denominated this species
from the red fillet which proceeds from the hinge in beth valves.
rede Psammopia testd ovato- oblonga, strutis transversis crebris longitudina-
a libusque minimis.
Shell oval-oblong, with close-set transverse striz and minute long-
itudinal ones.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 9.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and Ireland.
Shell half an inch long, and an inch broad, rather convex,
nearly equally rounded at both ends, variously marked with pur-
ple red or yellow zones and longitudinal rays, and colored on
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26.
the inside from pale yellow to the richest purple; hinge with a sin-
gle cloven tooth in one valve, and a cavity on each side for the
reception of the two teeth of the opposite valve.
Montagu considered this shell to be the young of the Solen
vespertinus, probably from not having met with the latter in its
various stages of growth. We have a complete series of the Solen
vespertinus, from less than a quarter of an inch to twoand a half
in breadth, and are satisfied that this is very distinct, as may be
seen by comparing the figure above quoted, with the figure 10, of
the same plate.
The Solen vespertinus, when of the same size is flatter, more
angular at the anterior end, of a paler color both inside and out-
side, with the rays of a pale violet: in the hinge are also two
teeth ia each valve, one of them rather oblique and laminar ; the
transverse striz are stronger, with only a few very indistinct longi-
tudinal ones at one end in full grown shells.
PsamMoBia testd ovato-oblongd, striis transversis longitudinalibusque
minimis, latere antico costulis obliquis longitudinulibus.
Shell oval-oblong, with transverse striz and minute longitudinal
ones, and oblique longitudinal ribs at the anterior end.
Tab. nost. 6, g. 8.
Mus. nost. Dredzed in Torbay, and the Channel.
Shell about half an inch long, and an inch broad, thin, slightly
angular at the anterior end where there are about twelve fine
oblique longitudinal ribs radiating from the hinge; finely striate
87
costulata.
3.
L
@
fragilis.
4.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 26.
transversely, and longitudinally in a minute manner; color varying
from pale yellow to deep purple, and marked with crimson blotches
or stripes: beaks nearly central, a little prominent, not inclining to
either side: inside colored like the outside and generally more vivid ;
in ona valve a slightly cloven tooth closing between two in the other,
one of which is slightly cloven.
Of this nondescript and most beautiful shell we have taken by the
dredge four fine specimens, three of which were living ones.
PsamMosia testd obovatd tumidd, anticé flecuosd subrostratd, siriis
transversis lamellatis longitudinalibusque minimis.
Shell oboval tumid, flexuous and produced at the anterior end, with
transverse laminar striz and minute longitudinal ones.
Tab. nost. 7 fig. 11 and 12.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1117.
Gmelin. Syst, p. 3230.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 185.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 95, tab. 9, fig. 84.
Wood, Conch. p. 148.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 78.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 166, fig. 18.
Tellina jugosa. Brown, Wern. Soc. 11. p. 506, tab. 24, fig. 2.
Tellina lata. Lister, Conch. tab. 390, fig. 229.
Mus. nost. Dublin, Valentia, and Bantry bays.
Shell an inch or more long, and an inch and a half wide, thin,
brittle, white or brownish, very tumid at the larger end, and
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 26
sloping to a rough flexuous point at the other, with numerous thin
raised unequal strize the interstices of which are minutely striate
longitudinally: beaks near the swollen end: teeth strong, elevated,
in one valve a cloven tooth with a cavity on each side for the recep-
tion of the two teeth of the opposite valve: lateral teeth none.
PsamMoBsIA testd ovato-oblongd levi, cardinis foved transversd elongatal
Shell oval-oblong smooth, with a transverse elongated hollow at the
hinge.
Tellina Laskeyi. Montagu, Suppl. p. 28, tab. 28, fig. 3.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 178.
Wood, Conch. p. 179.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 173.
Tellina angusta. Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 90.
Found by Captain Laskey, in the Frith of Forth.
Shell half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad,
rounded at one end and obtusely pointed at the other, of a purplish
color and more or less clouded, covered when fresh with an olive-
yellow skin; inside white round the margin; and in one valve is
a marginal channel from the teeth almost to the end of the longer
side: in one valve a single tooth, and two approximate slightly
cloven ones in the other.
We are unacquainted with this shell, but from the above descrip-
tion, extracted from Montagu, in which no mention is made of lateral
teeth, suspect it to belong to this genus.
N
89
Laskeyi.
5.
90
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26.
** Valvis bidentatis. 6-14.
With two teeth in each valve.
Legumen. PsAMMOBIA testd lineart-oblongd levi, dente altero bipartito segmentis
6.
divaricatis.
Shell narrow-oblong smooth, one of the teeth deeply cloven with
the segments divaricate.
Solen Legumen.
Chama fusca.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1114.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3224.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 181.
Pennant, iv. p. 173, tab. 49, fig. 3.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 238.
Montagu, Test Brit. p. 50.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 49, tab. 5. fig. 82-34.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 53.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 45.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 148.
Dorset Catal. p. 29, tab. 4, fig. 4.
Wood, Conch. p. 124, tab. 28, fig. 4, 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 60.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 162.
Lister, Conch. tab. 420, fig. 264.
Mus. nosti North of Devon, Swansea, Ireland, &c.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and nearly four inches
broad, a little tapering and sloping at one end, rounded at both,
white or covered with a greenish-yellow skin, smooth or very
faintly striate transversely: hinge nearly central: in one valve
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26.
one of the teeth is cloven, with one of the segments pointing to-
wards and nearly ina line with the cartilage; and between the teeth
in each valve is a short white longitudinal rib.
PsamMoBIA testd oblonga levi, latere antico ab umbone declivo, dente
altero concavo.
Shell oblong smooth, sloping from the beak on the anterior side,
with one of the teeth concave.
Solen declivis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 164, fig. 80.
Chama angustior. Lister, Conch. tab. 421, fig. 265.
Mus. nost. From Scilly.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and two inches broad, thin,
white or covered with a dark brown skin, irregularly striate trans-
versely, rounded and nearly equal at both ends, sloping from the
hinge onthe anterior side, and very slightly contracted in the middle:
beaks nearly central, small, pointed: in each valve two teeth, one of
them concave, and in one valve one of them oblique.
Psammosta testa oblonga reniformi, stris transversis ad latera subla-
mellatis, dentibus erectis.
Shell oblong kidney-form, with transverse strie which become a
little laminar at the sides, and all the teeth erect.
Solen antiquatus. Pennant, iv. p. 174, tab. 49, fig. 4.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 52.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 46.
Donovan, Brit. Shells, iv. tab. 114,
Turton, British Fauna, p. 148.
N2
91
declivis.
antiquata,
8.
92
vespertina.
9,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 6.
Wood, Conch. p. 125, tab. 29, fig. 3.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 162.
Solen Chama. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 238.
Solen angustior. Chemnitz, vi. p. 62, tab. 6, fig. 45.
Solen coarctatus. Gmelin. Syst. p. 3227.
Turton, Linn. Syst. p. 183.
Dillwyn, Desecript. Catal. p. 64.
Mus. nost. From the Western Coasts.
Shell about an inch long, and two and a half broad, white coy-
ered with a brown wrinkled skin, somewhat kidney-shaped, rounded
at both ends with a slight longitudinal impression from the hinge,
and strong raised transverse striz at each of the sides, but nearly
smooth in the middle: teeth two in each valve, all somewhat conic
and erect and extending beyond the margin.
Psammopia testd ovato-oblongd, latere antico subangulato, striis trans-
versis antice crassioribus, dente altero laminari obliquo.
Shell oval-oblong, a little angular at the anterior side where the
transverse strie are thicker, with one of the teeth laminar and
oblique.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 10. Young.
Solen vespertinus. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3228.
Pennant, iv. p. 174, tab. 50, fig 2, and tab 38,
fig. 3.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 54.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 47.
Turton, British Fauna. p. 148.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 26.
Dorset Catal. p. 29, tab. 5, fig. 1.
Wood, Conch. p. 135, tab. 32, fig. 2,3.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 163.
Tellina depressa. Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 41.
Tellina albida. Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 78.
Lux vespertina. Chemnitz, vi. p. 72, tab. 7, fig. 59. 60.
Chama lutescens. Lister, Conch. tab. 417, fig. 261.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, Dublin bay, Guernsea.
Shell growing to an inch and a half long, and nearly three inches
in breadth, opake, covered when fresh with a dark brown skin, pale
straw-color with purplish longitudinal rays which are usually visible
on the inside, with transverse striz which grow thicker towards
the anterior end, and sometimes crossed with a few very minute
and obscure longitudinal ones: in one valve are two teeth, and the
same in the other, but one of them is thin laminar and oblique, and
not always visible except in fresh specimens.
Psammoptia testa ovato-oblongd, latere antico subangulato, striis trans-
versis longitudinalibusque subundatis.
Shell oval-oblong, a little angular at the anterior side, with trans-
verse striz and undulate longitudinal ones.
Venus deflorata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1133.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3274.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 224.
Pennant, iv. p. 207, tab. 60, lower fig.
Montagu, p. 123, tab. 3, fig. 4.
Tann. Trans. viii. p. 85.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
93
deflorata.
10,
94
- :
Ferroensis.
li.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 186.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 240.
Tellina anomala. Chemnitz, vi. p. 93, tab 9, fig. 79-88.
Chama diffusior. Lister, Conch. tab. 425, fig. 2738.
Western coasts ; very rare.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and three quarters broad, yellow-
ish-white or purplish, faintly radiate, reticulate in a stronger manner
at the cartilage side; inside purplish, with the rays often visible in
each valve two teeth, one of them small.
PsammMobsia testd ovato-oblongd transversim striata, latere antico flex-
uoso-angulato, ared anguli reticulata.
Shell oval-oblong striate transversely, with an angular flexure at
the anterior end, and the surface of the angle reticulate.
Tab nost. 8, fig. 1.
Tellina Ferroensis. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3235.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 191.
Pennant, iv. p. 177, tab. 50, fig. 3.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 99, tab. 10, fig. 91.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 55.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 49.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 149.
Dorset Catal. p. 29, tab. 6, fig. 1.
Wood, Conch. p. 164, tab. 45. fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 77.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 171.
Tellina radiata. Da Costa, p. 209, tab. 14, fig. 1.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 26. 95
Tellina trifasciata. Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 60.
T. ex rufo maculata. Lister, Conch. tab. 394, fig. 241.
Mus. nost. Western and other coasts.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and nearly two inches broad,
flattish, more or less of a deep red color which becomes paler to-
wards the hinge, marked with pale longitudinal rays which are
generally disposed in sets of three each: from the hinge runs a
raised oblique ridge forming a separate angular space which is
strongly decussate: hinge nearly central; inside white.
PsaMMOBIA ftestd trigono-orbiculart convexd transversim substriata. eee
latere antico subflexuoso.
Shell roundish-triangular convex and slightly striate transversely,
with the anterior side a little flexuous.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 2.
Tellina solidula. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 63.
Pennant, iv. p. 184, tab. 52, g. 2, and 2. A
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 58.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 8, fig. 4.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 177.
Tellina rubra. Da Costa,p. 211, tab. 12, fig. 4.
Tellina zonata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 100.
Tellina parva. Lister, Conch. tab. 405. fig. 250.
Mus. nost. On gravelly and sandy shores.
96 CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 26.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and rather more in breadth,
thick, convex, of an angular roundish shape, generally of a dull red
color both outside and inside, with usually transverse zones of differ-
ent hues, rarely of an uniform yellow or white: beaks nearly cen-
tral, with two small blunt teeth in each valve.
polygons: PsammMosia testd suborbiculari, striis transversis longitudinalibusque
minutis, latere antico subangulato, margine subundato.
Shell somewhat orbicular, with transverse and minute longitudi-
nal strie, somewhat angular at the anterior side, and undulate at
the margin.
Tellina polygona. Montagu, Suppl. p. 27, tab. 28, fig. 4.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 185.
Wood, Conch. p. 190.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 180.
Tellina Guinaica. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 96.
Chemnitz, x. p. 348, tab. 170, fig. 1651-53.
Found by Captain Laskey, in the Frith of Forth.
Shell half an inch long, and rather more in breadth, dirty white,
somewhat truncate and angular at one end and rounded at the
other, with fine transverse striae and minute longitudinal ones: the
margin uneven: beaks not quite central; in one valve two large
distant teeth, in the other a large cloven triangular tooth and a
small one near it.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 26. 97
PsammMosiA testé oblonga, latere antico bifaridm striato, dente altero strigilata.
obliquo laminari. i
Shell oblong, striate in two directions on the anterior side, with one
of the teeth oblique and laminar.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 13.
Solen strigilatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. L115.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 8225.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 181.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 57, tab. 6, fig. 41-44,
Wood, Conch. p. 127. tab. 30, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 64.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 161, fig. 53.
Chama angusta. Lister, Conch. tab. 416, fig. 260.
Mus. nost. Dredged in Torbay: and we observed a small specimen
among the shells collected by General Bingham, in his late visit
to Cornwall.
Shell an inch long and two broad, of an oblong shape becoming a
little narrower at the anterior extremity, yellowish-white with a
slight rosy tinge, but without the longitudinal stripes observed in
foreign specimens: the front margin running in a straight line
without contraction in the middle: the anterior side marked with
about thirty longitudinal strie radiating from the hinge in an oblique
direction so as to cover three fourths of the surface, and becoming
gradually more distant as they recede towards the opposite extrem-
ity; and at the termination of the striated side are other raised
oblique striz passing in an opposite direetion: hinge central, with
two teeth im each valve, one of which is very oblique and laminar,
i)
98
Scopula,
15.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
PsaMMOBIA testa reniformi, latere antico bifaridm striato, dentibus
erectis.
Shell kidney-shaped, striate in two directions on the anterior side,
with all the teeth erect.
Tab nost. 6, fig. 11 and 12.
Chemnitz, xi. p. 203, tab. 198, fig. 1983.
Mus. nost. Dredged near Exmouth.
Shell three eights of an inch long, and as much again in breadth,
clear glossy white inside and outside resembling the last in its
markings, but is distinguished by the following particulars, in-
dependent of the size.
The sides are more open, where the valves are a little reflected:
in the middle there is an evident contraction giving it a kidney-like
form: the oblique striz are not more than twenty in number, ex-
tending over about half the surface: the beaks are more prominent ;
and the teeth most essentially distinguish it from the young
of the last, all of them being erect and close together, one subulate
and a little recurved, the other flat.
was
27. TELLINA— LINNE.
Testa transversa vel suborbicularis, planiuscula, nequilateralis, latere
anticd flecuoso-plicato. Cardo dentibus subbinis: lateralibus sepé
' remotis. Ligamentum externum, ad latus brevius.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27. 99
Shell transverse or somewhat orbicular, flattish, inequilateral, with
a flexuous plait at the anterior side. Hinge with two teeth in
one or both of the valves; and lateral ones which are generally
remote. Ligament external, on the shorter side.
Like the Donax and the Capsa, this genus has the ligament
placed on the shorter side of the shell; a circumstance, however, by
no means peculiar, as the same may be observed in the Amphidesma
Boysii and some of the Anatina tribe. But the general flatness of
the shell, with the flexuosity more or less observeable on the shorter
or cartilage side, and the disposition of the teeth, will at all times
present sufficient marks of character.
The teeth are variable in number and position, and afford much
assistance in specific distinction.
* Valvd alterd bidentat, ovate, 1-7.
With two teeth in one valve, and the shell oval.
TELLINA testd ovatd, strtis transversis crebris, valvd alterd bidentatd lineata.
cum lateralibus, alteré unidentata mutica. —
Shell oval, with crowded transverse strie, one valve two-toothed
with a lateral one each side, the other valve with a single tooth
and no lateral ones.
Tab nost. 7, fig. 1.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 168, fig 16.
Mus. nost. Dredged in Teignmouth bay .
Shell five eights of an inch long, and seven eights broad,
thin, semitransparent, white with a pale red longitudinal ‘stripe
02
|
100 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
down the rounded side, sloping from the beaks on the anterior end.
and marked with numerous fine transverse striz which grow strong-
er towards the extremities: beaks not quite central, straight and
pointed: hinge with two primary teeth and a lateral laminar one on
each side in one valve, one of the primary teeth cloven; in the
other a single cloven tooth, without lateral ones.
punicen. 'TELLINA testd ovato-oblongd, strus transversis longitudinalibusque
Ss minimis, valvd alterad bidentata cum laterali ; alterd dente unico cum
laterali.
Shell oval-oblong, with transverse strie and minute longitudinal
ones, one valve two-toothed with a single lateral one, the other
with a single primary and lateral tooth.
Tellina punicea Gmelin, Syst. p. 3239.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 194.
Pennant, Brit. Zool, iv. p. 179.
Linn. Trans. viii. p, 50.
Dorset Catal, p. 30, tab. 7, fig. 5.
Wood, Conch. p. 170, tab. 39, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 90.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 171.
Tellina leta. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 57.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 149.
Tellina inzquistriata. Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 128.
Tellina striata. Chemnitz, x. p. 349, tab. 170. fig. 1654, 1655.
Mus. nost. From Guernsea.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and more than an inch
broad, rather thick and strong, deep red growing paler towards
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA, 27.
the hinge, with often pale and irregular longitudinal rays, and a few
minute longitudinal striz which are usually visible at the anterior
side only: beaks nearly central.
It is a much stronger and more opake shell than the Tellina
lineata, and is distinguished in having a single lateral tooth in each
of the valves.
TeLuina testd ovatd, antice flecuoso-acuminatd, valvé alterd oblique
striata, alterd levi.
Shell oval, flexuous and pointed at the anterior side, with one of the
valves obliquely striate and the other smooth.
Tellina Fabula. Gmelin. Syst. p. 3239.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 194.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 97.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 61.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 179.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 52.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 12, fig. 3 and 3 a.
Wood, Conch. p. 156, tab. 45, fig. 4,
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 91.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 170.
Mus. nost. On most sandy coasts.
Shell half an inch long and three quarters of an inch broad, thin,
transparent, glossy white reflecting metallic colors, tapering to a
point and flexuous at one end: the right valve smooth, or only
marked with faint irregular transverse strie; the left with fine
regular oblique longitudinal lines: in the smooth valve is a
101
Fabula.
3.
102
similis.
4.
Donacina.
Oy
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
single primary tooth without lateral one on either side; the obliquely
striated valve has two primary teeth and a single lateral one.
TrLina testd ovata, valvis oblique striatis.
Sheil oval, with both the valves obliquely striate.
Tellina similis. Sowerby, British Miscellany, tab. 75.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Append. p. 167.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 178.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 170.
Mus. nost. From Paington sands.
A few valves only of this rare shel] have come under our notice:
it is evidently distinct from the last, both in form and the disposi-
tion of the teeth: in breadth it is hardly a quarter of an inch, with
the anterior side somewhat angularly pointed, but not flexuous: the
outside has no metallic gloss, but is of a clear dead white; and
there is a lateral tooth in each of the valves: the oblique striz are
finer and more remote, most visible near the margin, both inside
and outside, and have not the curdled appearance which mark the
Tellina Fabula.
TeLuina testd ovatd, transversim striatd, latere antico obtusissime,
valvd alterd bidentata cum lateralibus. alterd unidentatad mutica.
Shell oval, transversely striate, very obtuse at the anterior end, in
one valve two teeth and a lateral tooth each side, in the other a
single primary tooth.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 4.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27. 103
Tellina Donacina. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1118.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3234.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 190.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 58, tab. 27, fig. 3.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 178.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 50, tab. 1, fig. 7.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 149.
Dorset Catal. p. 29, tab. 12, fig. 3. b.
Wood, Conch. p. 161, tab. 45. fig. 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 89.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 170.
Mus. nost. From the Devonshire and Irish coasts.
Our largest specimen of this beautiful shell measures three
quarters of an inch in length, and an inch and a quarter in breadth ;
but in general it is not much above half the size: color yellowish,
with red longitudinal rays which are irregularly disposed, and often
interrupted, appearing in a fainter manner on the inside: beaks
close to the abrupt end: hinge with a single cloven tooth in one
valve, and lateral ones ; in the other two teeth, one of them cloven,
and a strong rather remote lateral tooth on each side.
TELLINA testé ovato-trigond transversim striolatd, latere antico sub- pupeulat
angulato, valvd alterd bidentatd cum lateralibus, alterd unidentaté
cum lateralibus.
Shell oval-triangular, slightly striate transversely, a little angular
at the anterior end, in one valve two teeth and lateral ones, in the
other a single tooth and lateral ones.
104 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 5.
1. maculis binis sanguineis oblongis sub wumbones.
with two oblong red spots under the hinge.
2. maculis violaceis radiato-sagittatis.
Tellina bimaculata.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1120.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3240.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 196.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 132, tab. 13, fig. 127-182.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p, 213.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 183.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 69.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 57.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 151.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 19, fig. 1.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 5. fig. 7.
Wood, Conch. p. 192, tab. 45, fig. 6 and 7.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 101.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 178.
Mus. nost. From the Western Coasts.
Shell half an inch long, and a little more in breadth, flat, slightly
and irregularly striate transversely, somewhat truncate and angular
at the anterior end, rounded at the other: hinge witha single tooth
and two lateral ones in one valve, and two primary and two lateral
teeth in the other.
The two varieties exactly agree with each other in their out-
line and_ specific
marks, but constantly preserve their separate
colors. One is depicted on the inside witha deep red oblong spot
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
on each side the hinge, and which is visible in a fainter degree on
the outside: the other is whitish, cream-color, or violet, without the
red spots, but covered more or less with purple arrow-shaped marks
usually disposed in rays. We have also specimens without the spots.
but marked with fawn-colored rays.
Linne has properly remarked, that in this species the flexure on
the anterior side is scarcely distinguishable: there is, however, a
slight constriction or indenture of the margin at that end.
TELLINA testd ovato-oblongd, latere antico subrostrato, valvd alterdé
bidentatdé cum laterali, alteré unidentatd cum lateralibus.
Shell oval-oblong, with the anterior side much produced and point-
ed, in one valve two teeth and a single lateral one, in the other a
single tooth and two lateral ones.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 6.
Tellina depressa. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3238.
Turton, Linn, Syst. iv. p. 186.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 179.
Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 163.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 51.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5. fig. 2.
Wood, Conch. p. 171, tab. 45, fig. 3,
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 91.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 171.
Tellina squalida. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 56.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 149.
P
105
depressa.
G
106
striata.
6.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
Tellina pallidé rosea. Chemnitz, vi. p. 105, tab 10, fig. 96.
Mus. nost. From the Western and Irish coasts.
Shell an inch or more in length, and two inches broad, elegantly
tapering on the cartilage side to a flexuous and sharp angular point ,
of a more or less deep uniform orange color: hinge nearly central,
with a single tooth and a lateral one each side in one valve, and two
teeth and a single lateral one in the other.
** Valvis bidentatis, ovate. 8-9.
With two teeth in each valve, and the shell oval.
TELLINA testdé oato- trigond, strtis crebris transversis longitudinalibus-
que minimis, valvis bidentatis cum lateralibus.
Shell oval-triangular, with crowded transverse striz and minute
longitudinal ones, each valve with two teeth and two lateral ones.
Tellina striata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3238.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 194.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 60, tab. 27, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 180.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 58.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Wood, Conch. p. 175.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 92.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 169.
Mus. nost. From Guernsea.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 27.
Shell an inch long, and three quarters of an inch broad, roundish-
angular, finely and regularly striate transversely, and longitudinally
in a very minute manner, of a rosy-white color both inside and out,
deeper towards the hinge
TELLINA testd ovato-trigond, transversim striolatd, valvis bidentatis,
altera lateralibus.
Shell oval-triangular, irregularly striate transversely, each valve
with two teeth, and one of them with lateral teeth.
Tellina tenuis. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 210.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 124, tab. 12, g. 117.
Donovan, i. tab. 19, three lower figures.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 180, tab. 51, g. 2.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 59.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 52.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5, g. 3.
Wood, Conch. p. 155, tab. 44, g. 3 and 4,
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 169.
Tellina balaustina. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 93.
Tellina levis. Lister, Conch. tab. 405, g. 251. 2
Mus. nost. Common on all shores,
Shell about half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch
broad, very flat thin and glossy, a little angular at one end, and
rather pointed at the other, of various colors and shades, often
banded.
There may be frequently observed some very minute and fine
longitudinal white lines, from which circumstance it has been
Ea
107
tenuis.
108
maculata.
10.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
often mistaken for the Tellina striata: but the lateral teeth will at
all times distinguish it, there being two small lateral teeth in one of
the valves only.
We believe that the Tellina balaustina, and the T. planata of
Linné, are among the numerous varieties of this species.
*** Valvis bidentatis, suborbiculares. 10-11
In each valve two teeth, and the shell somewhat orbicular.
TELLINA testd ovato-orbiculari equivalvi, striis transversis scabris lon-
gitudinalibusque minutis, valvis bidentatis cum lateralibus.
Shell round-oval and equivalve, with rough transverse strize and
minute longitudinal ones, each valve with two teeth and two
lateral ones.
Tab. nost. 6, fig. 7.
Tellina maculata. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 173, fig. 18.
Tellina scabra. Chemnitz, vi. p. 102, tab. 10, fig. 94.
Mus. nost. Taken in Bantry-bay.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, flat, thin,
whitish-brown covered with darker spots irregularly disposed, and
marked with numerous transverse raised striz, which give a rough-
ness to the surface, the interstices of which are crossed with minute
longitudinal ones ; inside yellowish-white, glossy: hinge with two
primary teeth in each valve, and a strong remote lateral one on each
side.
On the anterior side there is hardly any apparent flexuosity.
And Linné, in a note at p. 116, of the Systema Nature, has
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 27. 109
made the remark, that in the suborbicular species this distinction is
not always present: “ in suborbiculatis viv plica manifesta.”
Chemnitz considers it as a variety of the Tellina Gari; but that
shell is described as either wanting the lateral teeth, or having them
in a very obscure manner.
TELLINA testdé ovato-orbiculari mequivalvi, striis transversis longitu- crassa.
dinalibusque obsoletis, valvis bidentatis, alterad dentibus lateralibus. =
Shell round-oval inequivalve, with transverse strie and obscure
longitudinal ones, each valve with two teeth, and one of them
with lateral teeth.
Tab. nost. 7, fig. 2.
Tellina crassa. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 182, tab. 51, fig. 1.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 186.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 65.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 55.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Wood, Conch. p. 186, tab. 40, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 96.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 173.
Tellina reticulata. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 54, tab. 1, fig. 9.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 181.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150. *
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5, fig. 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 95.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 173.
Tellina proficua. Montagu, Test Brit. p. 66.
110
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 27.
Tellina fausta. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 64.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 98.
Iann. Trans. viii. p. 58, tab. 1, fig. 8.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 150.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5, fig. 5.
Wood, Conch. p. 185.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 175.
Tellina rigida. Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 103.
Pectunculus depressior. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 194, tab. 13,
fig. 4, right hand.
Pectunenlus planus. Lister, Conch. tab. 299, fig. 136.
Mus. nost. Western and Irish coasts.
Shell an inch and a half or two inches long, and something more
in breadth, thick and strong, but semitransparent, and when held
up toastrong light resembling a newly-laid egg held in the same
way, with numerous transverse rounded striz, which grow thicker
towards the produced end, and crossed with most minute longitudi-
nal ones, which however are not always visible: one of the valves a
little deeper than the other: color yellowish-white, often finely
marked with longitudinal scarlet rays: inside glossy, frequently
tinged with rosy red; and under the hinge on the rounded side is a
strong oblique rib reaching as far as the muscular impression: beaks
not quite central, with a short impression under them.
We are much inclined to think, that all the above mentioned
British species will concentrate into one, whatever denomination
may at last be fixed to it. We possess them from an inch to two
inches and a half in diameter, varying much in their outline;
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
sometimes nearly equilateral, and sometimes much produced and
sloping from the hinge on the hinder side; sometimes quite plain
and coarse, with a strong flexuosity, often radiate with blood red of
a greater or less degree of intensity.
DALLA ALALAILODLIOI OI
28. LUCINA—BRUGUIERE.
Testa suborbicularis, equivalvis, clausa. Cardo dentibus duobus vel
tribus in alterd valvd, cum foved interna transversé anticd : laterali-
bus nullis. Ligamentum eaternum
Shell somewhat orbicular. equivalve, closed. Hinge with two or
three teeth in one of the valves, and an internal transverse cavity
on the anterior side: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
Lamarck has, we think, made his character of this genus so dif-
fuse, as to comprehend species very discordant, and according to
our present ligamentous arrangement, essentially distinct. Such,
for example, as have primary teeth, and such as have none; some
that are furnished with lateral teeth, and some that are without
them.
His character also of the teeth becoming evanescent by age,
ean hardly be received as a precise and certain mark: nor are
the muscular impressions, which he points out as being very
112
lactea.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
remote and lateral, with the hinder one produced into a very long
band, be considered as a constant and unerring distinction.
From the Tellina genus it differs in many essential and natural
characters. It is of a more orbicular shape, closed at the sides, and
without lateral teeth; the beaks are very prominent, with a deep
curvature under them, and on this side there is more or less of a
flexuosity, being on the opposite side to the flexuosity of the Telli-
na: the cartilage also is much less prominent, having an internal
additional ligament fixed in the transverse cavity.
From the Venus tribe it is distinguished, in never possessing three
teeth in both the valves, and in the elongated internal cavity on the
anterior side of the teeth.
* Koved interna obliqud. 1-2.
With the internal cavity oblique.
Lucina testd orbiculari equilaterali, striolis transversis irregularibus.
Shell orbicular equilateral, with fine irregular transverse striae.
Tab nost. 7, fig. 4 and 5.
Tellina lactea. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1119.
, Gmelin, Syst. p. 3240.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 195.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 130, tab. 13, fig. 125.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 182.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 70. tab. 2, fig. 4.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 56.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 151.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5, fig. 9.
|
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
Wood, Conch. p. 187.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 99.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 176.
Mus. nost. Torbay and the British Channel.
Shell three quarters of an inch in diameter, thin, rather flat,
white or yellowish, irregularly striate transversely: beaks central,
prominent, pointed and curved, with a small heart-shaped impres-
sion under them; inside white, polished round the area of the mar-
gin, where it is slightly striate longitudinally: in one valve a single
plain tooth, closing between two plain ones in the other.
Lucina testd subobliquad inequilaterali, striis transversis regularibus
longitudinalibusque minimis.
Shell rather oblique and inequilateral, with regular transverse striz
and minute longitudinal ones.
Tab nost. 7, fig. 8.
Mus. nost. Torbay, British Channel, and Guernsea.
Shell five eighths of an inch in diameter, convex, orbicular but
a little produced and angular on the anterior side, and generally a
little flexuous under the beaks on the other side, of a chalky white
color, and marked with regular crowded transverse raised striz and
deeper wrinkles; these are crossed by extremely fine and close-set
longitudinal lines: beaks prominent, with a curvature under them:
inside and hinge as in Lucina lactea.
The longitudinal striz are not always very evident, especially in
the younger shells; but its greater convexity and regular transverse
strie at all times distinguish it.
Q
113
Leucoma.
9
ae
114 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
In some specimens also we have remarked a small remote tubercle
on each side the hinge, like obscure lateral teeth.
** Foved intern rectiusculd. 3-6.
The internal cavity nearly straight.
alba, LUCINA testd orbiculari convevd, striis transversis regularibus remotius-
culis, valud alterd bidentatd, alterd unidentatd.
Shell orbicular convex, with rather remote regular transverse striz,
hinge with two teeth in one valve and one in the other.
Tab nost. 7, fig. 6 and 7.
Mus. nost. British Channel, and shores about Guernsea.
Shell about three eighths of an inch in diameter; and differs
from the Lucina Leucoma, in being of a more regularly rounded
form, of a more glossy white, with the strie rather distant and
about half the size of the interstices between them, without the
deeper ridges or the least appearance of longitudinal lines, and the
internal cardinal cavity is narrow and nearly ina straight direction.
rotundata. Lucina testd convecd leviusculd, margine subundato, valvis bidentatis.
“3 Shell convex and nearly smooth, a little undulate in the cireum-
ference, with two teeth in each valve.
Tab. nost. 7, fig. 3.
Tellina rotundata. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 71, tab. 2, fig. 3.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 182.
Linn. Trans, viii. p. 56.
Turton, British Fauna, p. L151.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
Dorset Catal. p. 30, tab. 5, fig. 8.
Wood, Conch. p. 187.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 99.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 176.
Pectunculus tenuis. Lister, Conch. tab. 297, fig. 134.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and Ireland.
Shell an inch or rather more in diameter, convex, very obscurely
striate transversely in an irregular manner, a little oblique and irre-
gular round the circumference, yellowish-white or pale horn-color
and transparent: beaks not quite central, rather prominent; inside
white but not glossy, except the area round the margin which is
faintly striate longitudinally: hinge with two teeth in each valve,
one cloven, the other diverging; the lateral cavity narrow and
nearly straight.
Lucina testd converd transversim striolatd, margine undato, valvé
alterd tridentata, alterd bidentatd.
Shell convex slightly striate transversely, undulate in the circum-
ference, with three teeth in one valve and two in the other.
Venus undata. Pennant, Brit. Zool. p. 209, tab. 58, fig. 3.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. 233.
Linn. Trans. vi. p. 169, tab. 17. fig 17 and 18.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 117.
Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 12].
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 86.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 197.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 241, fig. 54.
Mus. nost. Common on most sandy shores.
Q2
115
undata.
116
Radula.
6.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 28.
Shell more than an inch in diameter, very thin and brittle, yellow-
ish white, irregularly striate transversely, a little undulate in the
circumference: beaks nearly central, without impression under them,
inside glossy yellowish-white: hinge with three teeth in one valve,
the middle one cloven.
Lucina testdé lentiformi, strts transversis crebris laminatis, valvis
bidentatis.
Shell lenticular, with close-set transverse laminar strie, and two
teeth in each valve.
Tellina Radula. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 68. tab. 2, fig. 1, 2.
Lann. Trans. viii. p. 54.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 181.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 151.
Wood, Conch. p. 183, tab. 42, fig. 4, 5.
. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 175.
Venus borealis. Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 130.
Venus spuria. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 194.
Cognata Veneris Pensylvanice. Chemnitz, vii. p. 16, tab. 38, fig.
399.
Pectunculus subfuseus. Lister, Conch. tab. 293, fig. 129.
Mus. nost. Western and Irish coasts.
Shell an inch and a half in diameter, rather convex, running ina
straight line on each side the beaks, giving that end of the shell a
rather truncated appearance, white or covered with a pale brown skin
and marked with numerous rough raised concentric ridges: inside
dull chalky white, except round the area of the margin, which is po-
lished and furnished with longitudinal lines, as in many species of
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 29.
this genus: beaks central, pointed and a little curved, with a small
impression under them: hinge with two teeth in each valve, one of
them cloven.
29. STRIGILLA— TURTON.
Testa ovata vel subglobosa, equivalvis, clausa, bifaridm arcuato-striata.
Cardo dentibus subbinis, et laterali in utrdque valud. Ligamentum
externum, ad latus longius.
Shell oval or somewhat globular, equivalve, closed, with striz curv-
ing in different directions. Hinge with one or two teeth, and a
lateral one in each valve. Ligament external, at the longer side.
These shells differ from the Tellina, in having the ligament placed
on the longer side; from the Lucina in having lateral teeth; and
from both in the remarkable arched striz with which they are fur-
nished, and which we have adopted as a constituent part of their
generic character.
STRiGILLA testd ovatd inequilaterali, striis longitudinalibus obliquis
hinc flexuoso-angulosis.
Shell oval inequivalve, with oblique longitudinal striz which on one
side form flexuous angles.
117
carnaria,
Al
118
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 29.
Tab. nost. 7, fig. 15.
Tellina carnaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1119.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3240.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 195.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 130, tab. 13, fig. 126.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 183.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 73.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 47.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 57.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 151.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 5. fig. 6.
Wood, Conch. p. 189, tab. 40, fig. 4, 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 100.
Turton, Conch. Dict.. p. 177.
Cardium carneosum. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 181.
Pectunculus tenuis. Lister, Conch. tab. 339. fig. 176.
Mus. nost. Supposed to be from the Western coasts.
Shell about half an inch long, and a little more in breadth, more
or less deeply tinged with a fine rose-color, with often an oblong
rosy spot on each side of the hinge, of a roundish-oval form and
rather flat, marked in the middle with oblique longitudinal striz,
which at the shorter end are curved and flexuous, and at the pro-
duced end with straight striz which meet with the oblique ones and
form angles: beaks near one end: hinge with two teeth in each
valve, one of them cloven.
A comparison of this shell with the Tellina bimaculata will illus-
trate the relative positions of the cartilage. In the Strigilla it
is placed on the longer side, in the Tellina on the shorter; a
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 29. 119
distinction which as an artificial as well as a natural arrangement is
worthy of consideration.
SrriciLia testd subglobosdé subequilaterali, strtis longitudinalibus obli- pisitormis.
quis hine acutangulosis. =
Shell somewhat globular and nearly equilateral, with oblique longi-
tudinal striz which on one side form acute angles.
Tellina pisiformis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1120.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3241.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 196.
Wood, Conch. p. 194.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 102
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 178.
Cardium discors. Montagu, Test Brit. p. 84.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 67.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 190.
Wood, Conch. p. 214.
A single specimen of this rare shell was found by Montagu, in
Falmouth harbour.
Shell nearly globular, glossy white, with numerous striz which on
the anterior side bend in acute angles towards the hinge: beaks
small, nearly central. inclining a little to one side: hinge with a
single plain tooth in one valve closing between two in the other, one
of which is small; the lateral teeth remote and prominent
STRIGILLA testdé orbiculari subequilaterali, striis arcuatis utrinqué rec- diyaricata.
tangulosis. z
" CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 29.
Shell orbicular and nearly equilateral, with arched striz which form
right angles at both the sides.
Tellina divaricata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1120.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3241.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 196.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 134, tab. 13, fig. 129.
Wood, Conch. p. 195, tab. 46, fig. 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 102.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 178.
Cardium arcuatum. Montagu, p. 85. tab. 3, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 190.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 67.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
Pectunculus parvus. Lister, Conch. tab. 301, fig. 142.
Mus. nost. South of Devon, Teignmouth beach.
Shell half an inch in diameter, white, thin, brittle, orbicular with
a slight flexuosity on the hinder side, rather convex, with regular
but not very close strize which form rather oblique curved lines and
turn off at both the sides nearly in right angles: beaks central, very
prominent: hinge with a single cloven tooth in one valve, closing
between two plain ones in the other; the lateral teeth remote and
small.
The few specimens which we collected on the shores at Teign-
mouth, answer exactly to the above character and description, and
differ materially from the Tellina digitaria of Linné.
This latter shell has very fine and uniform obliquely arched striz,
like the lines at the ends of the fingers, with a slight angular cur-
vature on one side only ; the lateral teeth are obscure, consisting of
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 30. 121
a tubercle near the beaks in each valve, and in one valve a remote
one at the end of the groove which receives the ligament.
30. CRYPTODON— TURTON.
Testa trigono-globosa, equivalvis, subequilateralis, clausa, Cardo
dente unico obsoleto penetrante cum foved angusté laterali: laterali-
bus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell triangularly globular, equivalve, nearly equilateral, closed.
Hinge with a single obscure penetrating tooth, and a narrow
lateral cavity: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
This genus in many respects resembles the Lucina, but the pecu-
liarity of the hinge necessarily separates it.
CRYPTODON ged
Tab. nost. 7, fig. 9, and 10.
Tellina flexuosa. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 72.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 183.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 56.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 151.
Wood, Conch. p. 188, tab. 47, fig. 7, 8,
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 99.
R
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 31.
Turton, onch. Dict. p. 177.
Venus sinuosa. Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 42, fig. 2.
Mus. nost. From the Western coasts, and Ireland.
Shell hardly half an inch in diameter, somewhat orbicular but
produced at the hinge, very convex, thin, white, transparent, finely
but irregularly striate transversely: from the beaks, on the anterior
side, runs a longitudinal furrow which forms a flexure at the margin,
and a prominent angle half way towards the hinge: beaks promi-
nent, slightly curved, with a small heart-shaped impression under
them on the side opposite to the flexure: teeth extremely minute,
and so obscure as hardly to be distinguished by a very considerable
magnifying power.
DDD DAAOAAAAAIPOIO >
31. DONAX—LINNE.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis ; latere antico obtuso, bre-
vissimo. Cardo dentibus duobus : lateralibus remotiusculis. Liga-
mentum externum, ad latus brevius.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral; with the anterior side
obtuse and very short. Hinge with two teeth in both valves;
lateral teeth rather remote. Ligament external, at the shorter
side.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 31. 123
This genus and the next, as in the Tellina, have the ligamnt
placed on the shorter side; but they want the flexuosity at the pro-
Inced end, and are also distinguished by their wedge-shaped and
somewhat triangular contour, in consequence of the abrupt termi-
nation on the cartilage side.
Some of them have a single lateral tooth, and others have a lateral
tooth on each side of the primary ones.
* Margine interno denticulato. 1-2.
With the internal margin toothed.
Donax testd oblongo-cuneatd, striis longitudinalibus minutis levibus,
area antica levi.
Shell oblong and wedge-shaped, with minute smooth longitudinal
stria, and the anterior slope smooth.
Donax Trunculus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1227.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3263.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 214.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 259, tab. 26, fig. 253, 254.
Pennant, iv. p. 198, tab. 58, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 103.
Linn. Trans, viii. p. 74.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Dorset Catal. p. 33, tab. 6, fig. 3.
Donovan, 1. tab. 29, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 150.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 41.
Cuneus vittatus. Da Costa, p. 107, tab. 14, fig. 3,
Q2
Trunculus.
denticulata.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 31.
Tellina subfusea. Lister, Conch. tab. 376, fig. 217.
Mus. nost. On most sandy shores.
Shell half an inch long, and more than an inch broad, rather
truncate at one end, produced and rounded at the other where it
gapes a little, covered with a brown or olive skin, with fine longi-
tudinal strie which are not punctured in the interstices, and a little
contracted at the margin near the elongated end, of a yellowish,
white color under the epidermis, with often one or two whitish longi-
tudinal rays; insiderich purple: hinge with two teeth in each yalve-
and a single lateral one.
Donax testd cuneatd, struis longitudinalibus punctulatis, ared anticd
utrinqué tranversim rugoso-striatd.
Shell wedge-shaped, with longitudinal punctured striz, and the an-
terior slope with transverse striz on both sides.
Donax denticulata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1127.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3263.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 215.
Pennant, iv. p. 199, tab. 58, fig. 2.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 262, tab. 26, fig. 256, 257.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 104.
Lann. Trans. viii. p. T6.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Dorset Catal. p. 34, tab. 5, fig. 12.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 151.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 41, fig. 19.
Donax crenulata. Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 24.
Cuneus truncatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 205.
wrt
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 31. 12:
Tellina crassa. Lister, Conch. tab. 376, fig. 218.
Mus. nost. Dawlish and Teignmouth sands, generally single valves :
fine and perfect from Guernsea.
Shell about half an inch Jong, and nearly an inch broagl, whitish
with purple rays, much thicker and more abrupt at the broader end
than the Donax Trunculus; and may be known by the punctures in
the interstices of the longitudinal striz, and the rough ridges on
the truncated slope, which is elevated in the middle into a kind of
keel: inside white, with a lateral tooth on each side the primary ones.
** Margine interno integerrumo. 3-5
With the inner margin very entire.
Donax testdé ovato-oblongd levi, vittd albé longitudinali, dentibus Cont ee:
lateralibus in utrdque valvd.
Shell oval oblong smooth, with a single white longitudinal band, and
lateral teeth in both valves.
Tab nost. 7, fig. 18, 14.
Donax complanata. Montagu, p. 106, tab. 5, fig. 4.
Linn. Trans, viii. p. T5.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 198.
Dorset Catal. p. 34.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 150.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 42.
Pectunculus tenuis. Lister, Conch. tab. 384, fig. 227.
Mus. nost. Torbay, and Guernsea.
plebeia.
4.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 31.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and nearly an inch and a
half broad, smooth and glossy, yellowish or purplish, generally va-
riegated with paler spots and irregular markings, but always distin-
guished by a white and rather oblique broad longitudinal fillet from
the hinge on the shorter side, and which widens as it approaches
the margin; rounded at the lengthened side, and obliquely pointed
at the other: beaks nearer the more pointed end; inside whitish or
purple: hinge with two teeth in each valve, one of them cloven:
and a single lateral tooth in both valves.
Donax testd ovato-oblongd levi, vitiis duabus fulvis longitudinalibus,
dente lateralt in utrdque valvd.
Shell oval-oblong smooth, with two longitudinal fulvous bands, a
single lateral tooth in each valve.
Donax plebeia. | Montagu, p. 107. tab. 5, fig. 2.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 76.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 199.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 5. fig. 18.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 102.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 42.
Tellina parva. Lister, Conch. tab. 389, fig. 228.
Mus. nost. From the beach at Teignmouth.
Shell about half an inch long, and three quarters of an inch
broad, thick and strong, smooth, of a dull yellowish horn-color, with
the teeth large and strong, and a single lateral one in each yalve.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 31.
The fulvous bands are not always present; but this species may
be distinguished from the Donax complanata by its color, and the
want of the pale band, which in that shell is always more or less
distinctly visible. |
Donax testd cuneatd levi vinaced immaculatd, dente laterali in utrdque
valvd.
Shell wedge-shaped, smooth, of an uniform pale claret color, with a
single lateral tooth in both valves.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 14.
Donax rubra. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 38.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 200.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 43.
Mus. nost. In fine shelly sand from Tenby, abundantly.
Shell hardly the eighth of an inch in diameter, wedge-shaped
and gradually sloping to the hinder extremity, quite smooth glossy
and semitransparent, of a pale claret color, which as in the Kellia
rubra often changes nearly to white, except about the hinge; inside
glossy, paler than the outside, with the margin plain: beaks prom-
inent, very near the truncated end; the lateral teeth one in each
valve on each side, near the primary ones.
rubra.
ar
128
castanea.
ih
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 32.
32. CAPSA—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis ; latere antico obtuso, bre-
vissimo. Cardo dentibus duobus: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum
externum, ad latus brevius.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral; with the anterior side
obtuse and very short. Hinge with two teeth in both valves :
lateral teeth none. Ligament external, at the shorter side.
The individuals of this genus differ in no respect from the Donax,
except in wanting the lateral teeth.
Capsa testd ovato-oblongd levi castaned, vittd longitudinali saturatiori
subarcuatd, dente altero minimo.
Shell oval-oblong smooth pale chesnut, with a deeper slightly curv-
ed longitudinal band, and one of the teeth very small.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 13.
Donax castanea. Montagu, p. 573, tab. 17, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 199.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 77.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 152.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 42.
Mus. nost. From Penzance.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and nearly half an inch broad,
strong, glossy, of a reddish chesnut color, with a deeper longitudi-
nal band from the hinge which curves a little towards the longer
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 33.
side; inside chesnut, with the margin plain: hinge with two teeth
in each valve, one of them large and the other small.
33. CRASSINA—LAMARCK.
Testa suborbicularis, equivalvis, subequilateralis, clausa. Cardo den-
tibus duobus in utrdque valud : lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum ev-
ternum, ad latus longius.
Shell somewhat orbicular, equivalve, nearly equilateral, closed.
Hinge with two teeth in each valve: lateral teeth none. Liga-
ment external, at the longer side.
The general outline of this genus, more especially the position of
the ligament, will sufficiently distinguish it from the Capsa and the
Psammobia.
* Margine interno integerrimo. 1-2.
With the inner margin very entire.
OrAssINA testd orbiculo-rhombed, anticé truncata, striis transversis ru-
gosis longitudinalibusque confertis.
Shell orbicular-rhombic, truncate at the anterior side, with rough
transverse striz and close longitudinal ones.
5
129
subrhomboi-
dea,
in
130 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 33.
Venus subrhomboidea. Montagu, Suppl. p. 49, tab. 28, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 211.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 246.
Found by Captain Laskey, in the Firth of Forth.
Shell half an inch long, and three quarters broad, rounded at one
end and truncate at the other, irregularly wrinkled transversely, and
crossed by fine longitudinal lines: color white, with a rufous tinge
at the truncated side: beaks small, nearly central: hinge with two
strong plain teeth in each valve, one of them very oblique.
Montagu was of decided opinion that this shell is very distinct
from any of the varieties of the Petricola Irus, both from the cir-
cumstances of the teeth being quite plain, and of the transverse
strie being more obtuse and not so laminar. Whether it be an
inhabitant of rocks we are unacquainted. It is at present a very
obscure species.
Scotica. CRAsSINA testd cordato-orbiculari subcompressd, costis transversis pa-
‘ rallelis rotundatis, umbonibus prominentibus.
Shell round heart-shaped, rather flat, with transverse parallel round-
ed ribs, and the beaks prominent.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 3, 4.
Venus Scotica. Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 44.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 81, tab. 2, fig. 3.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 204.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 167.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 33.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 286.
Mus. nost. Western and Scotch coasts.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, white cov-
ered with a chesnut or olive skin, very slightly angular and pro-
duced at the anterior side, with numerous regular equidistant round-
ed transverse ribs, which grow fainter and indistinct towards the
sides, especially the anterior side, and having the interstices smooth
and broader than the ribs themselves: beaks somewhat triangularly
prominent pointed and slightly curved, with a heart-shaped deep
impression under them on the hinder side, and a glossy lanceolate
one on the anterior side, both of them smooth; inside glossy
white or cream-color: hinge with two strong teeth in each valve.
A suggestion has been hinted to us that this species may be the
young of the Crassina suleata, before the crenulations of the mar-
gins show themselves: but we have both the species from the size
mentioned above to less than a quarter of an inch, and in all their
stages of growth can readily distinguish the present species, even
when the valves are shut close, by the flatness and sharpnes of the
margin, which in Crassina suleata is always obtuse.
; ** Margine interno denticulato.
With the internal margin finely notched.
Crassina testé cordato-orbiculari subcompressd, costis transversis
parallelis rotundatis, umbonibus prominentibus.
Shell round heart-shaped, rather flat, with transverse parallel round-
ed ribs, and the beaks prominent.
s2
131
Sulcata
3.
132
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 33.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 1. 2.
Venus suleata Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 181.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 81, tab. 2, fig. 2.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 208,
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 166.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 239.
Venus Danmonia. Montagu, Suppl. p. 45, tab. 29, fig. 4.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 212.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 167.
Pectunculus truncatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 195.
Mus. nost. Devonshire, and Irish coasts.
Shell in size shape and marking exactly resembling the Crassina
Seotica, except that the inner margin is edged with fine teeth, giv-
ing an obtuse outline to the circumference.
Among the polar shells presented to us by Mrs. Griffiths, and col-
lected by her son, an officer in Captain Parry’s late most interesting
voyage of discovery, we have two species much corresponding with
our Venus Scotica and Venus suleata. The teeth are similar, and
one has the margin plain, the other notched: but the striz are finer
and more numerous, somewhat laminar and not so regular; the beaks
not so much produced, and generally decorticated: they are covered
with a blackish-brown epidermis. They are the Venus borealis of
Linné, and Chemnitz, vii. p. 26, tab. 89, fig. 412 to 414.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 34.
34. MYRTEA— TURTON.
Testa ovato-trigona, equivalvis, subequilateralis, clausa. Cardo valve
alterius dente unico cum laterali utrinque ; alterius dentibus duobus,
lateralibus obsoletis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell oval-triangular, equivalve, nearly equilateral, closed. Hinge
of one valve with a single tooth and a lateral one on each side;
of the other valve with two teeth, the lateral ones obscure. Liga-
“ment external.
From the structure of the hinge in this shell, it cannot be inclu-
ded in any of the genera into which the original Venus tribe is now
divided, without a latitude of character inconsistent with the pre-
cision of classical arrangement.
We have examined a very fine pair, taken from the stomach of a
large sole; and they exactly correspond with the description and
figure of Montagu.
Myrvtea.
Venus spinifera, Montagu, p. 577. tab. 17, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 201.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 78.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 160.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 163.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 231.
On the Western coasts; very rare.
133
spinifera.
1
134
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 35.
Shell half an inch long, and rather more in breadth, yellowish-
white, somewhat oval and rather triangular, with numerous fine
laminar equidistant transverse ridges, which reflect a little, and in
both valves, at the cartilage side, become confluent in pairs, extend-
ing beyond the edges so as to form a fringe of short obtuse spines,
which turn back and form a cavity for the cartilage: beaks small,
nearly central, inclining a little to one side, with a long narrow im-
pression under them; inside smooth, white, with the margin plain.
Young shells of the Venus Gallina something resemble it, the
transverse striz often shooting forward a little at the anterior edges,
as do those of Venus fasciata; but the difference of the teeth and
the laminar ridges distinguish them.
LOL LLOL LL DLOLOLOPOPOLOLOLIOI_OIIJIOIOIOIoon
35. CY PRINA—LAMARCK.
Testa subcordata, equivalvis, subequilateralis, clausa. Cardo dentibus
duobus vel tribus, superné divergentibus, cum laterali antico. Liga-
mentum externum.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, equivalve, nearly equilateral, closed.
Hinge with two or three teeth, divergent at their tops, and a la-
teral one at the anterior side, Ligament external.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 35. 135
The shells answering to this generic character are with much pro-
priety separated from the Venus, in consequence of their being fur-
nished with a lateral tooth in each valve, and which is generally
placed on the anterior or cartilage side. All the British species
have the internal margin very entire.
CyprIna testa oblique cordatd, transversim striatd, areold posticd ob- Islandica.
soletd, dentibus tribus. a
Shell obliquely heart- shnped, striate transversely, with the hinder
impression obscure, and three teeth.
Venus Islandica. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1181.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3271.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 221.
Pennant, iv. p. 205, tab. 56.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 340, tab. 33. fig. 341, 342.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 114.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 77.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Linn. Trans viii. p. 83.
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 6. fig. 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 176.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 288.
Pectunculus ecrassus. Da Costa, p. 183, tab. 14, fig. 5.
Pectuncnlus maximus. Lister, Conch. tab. 272, fig. 108.
Var. rugis crassis transversis.
with thick transverse ridges.
Mus. nost. On most open coasts.
Shell growing to four inches or more in diameter, strong,
thick, covered with a glossy brown or olive skin, under which it
136 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 35.
is chalky white, rounded, a little sloping and produced on the car-
tilage side, finely striate transversely : beaks pointed, curving to one
side, without any impression under them: inside chalky white but
not glossy, with the margin plain and very sharp edged.
triangularis. CyPRINA testé subtrigond levi, areold posticd lanceolatd, valvd alterd
tridentata.
Shell somewhat triangular smooth, with the hinder impression lan-
ceolate, and three teeth in one of the valves.
Tab nost. 11, fig. 19, 20.
Venus triangularis. Montagu, p. 577, tab. 17, fig. 3.
Linn. Trans.-viii. p. &3.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 160.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 205.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 173.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 238,
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and Dublin bay.
Shell about half an inch in diameter, strong, roundish with a tri-
angular outline towards the beaks which are produced and equally
sloping on both sides; the surface smooth, or marked with a few
transverse lines of annotination: in one valve two teeth and a curv-
ed lateral one; in the other three teeth and a lateral one.
compressa CYPRINA testd trigono-orbiculari subcompressd, costulis transversis re-
motiusculis, areold posticd elongatdé, dentibus duobus.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 35.
Shell roundish triangular a little compressed, with rather remote
transverse rib-like striz, the hinder impression elongated, and two
teeth.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 20-23
Venus compressa. Montagu, Suppl. p. 43, tab. 26, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 209.
Venus Montagui. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 167.
Venus Montacuti. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 243.
Mus. nost. From the Dunbar coast.
Shell about half an inch in diameter, strong, thick, flattish, mark-
ed with rather remote, rounded rib-like striw, white or covered with
a yellowish brown skin: beaks prominent, giving that part a rather
triangular outline; inside white, with the margin flat thin and en-
tire.
It something resembles the very young of Cyprina Islandica; but
in that shell the beaks are not so prominent, and the transverse
strie are rather laminar and not rounded, and it wants the impres-
sion under the beaks, which in the present species is narrow but
very distinct.
CypRINA testa orbiculo-cordatd subcompressd, costis transversis latis
levibus, dentibus duobus.
Shell round heart-shaped a little compressed, with broad smooth
transverse ribs, and two teeth.
Yenus minima. Montagu, p. 121, tab. 3, fig. 3.
Linn. Trans viii. p. 81.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158,
i
137
minima,
4,
138 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 33.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 203.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 166.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 236.
Mus. nost. Devonshire coast, and British Channel.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and a little more in breadth,
whitish or flesh-color, with four red spots and generally two white
lines connecting the two upper ones with the two lower ones, so as
to form a triangle, with broad smooth transverse rather obscure ribs.
The red spots, two of which are near the hinge and closer toge-
ther, and two near the margin and more asunder, will distinguish it
from the young of Venus fasciata, besides the lateral teeth in the
hinge.
orbiculata, CyPRINA testdé suborbiculari decussatim striata, dentibus duobus.
i Shell somewhat orbicular, with decussate striz, and two teeth.
Venus orbiculata. Montagu, Suppl. p. 42, tab. 29, fig. 7.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 208.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 241.
Dredged by Captain Laskey, near Dunbar.
Shell five-eighths of an inch in diameter, flattish, white; coarse-
ly striate both transversely and longitudinally: beaks very small,
with a minute heart-shaped impression under them.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 189
The outline of this shell appears to resemble that of the Cytherea
Tigerina; but from the description of Montagu the teeth are differ-
ent, and the reticulations are coarser.
LLOLOLOLOL LOLOL >
36, VENUS—LINNE.
Testa transversa vel suborbicularis, equivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa.
Cardo dentibus tribus, exterioribus inferné approximatis superné di-
vergentibus : lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse or somewhat orbicular, equivalve, inequilateral,
closed. Hinge with three teeth, the outer ones close together at
the base and divergent at their tips: lateral teeth none. Liga-
ment external.
The Venus tribe, pre-eminent for the elegance of their figure
and splendor of colors, formerly so numerous and difficult of dis-
crimination, are now very properly confined to the simple characters
which are exhibited above: with three strong teeth in cach valve,
one or two of which are generally cloven, all close together at their
insertion, and the outer ones spreading obliquely in opposite direc-
tions, with the middle one straight.
In this respect they differ from the Venerupis, which has all
the teeth parallel and erect. The beaks are prominent and
T2
140
verrucosa.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA, 36.
turned towards the hinder side, giving the shell a somewhat heart-
shaped appearance, with generally a heart-shaped impression under
the curvature of the beaks; and the ligament is almost uniformly
placed in the excavated slope of the anterior or opposite side.
And that the specific characters of this still multitudinous family
may be more clearly contrasted and understood, attention to the fol-
lowing definitions will afford much facility and prevent misconcep-
tion: cancellate, when longitudinal lines or striz are placed in the
interstices of the transverse ones, but do not pass over or cut through
them: reticulate, when longitudinal lines pass over transverse ones,
but do not cut through them: decussate, when longitudinal lines cut
through the transverse ones.
The heart shaped depression under the curvature of the beaks is
denominated the areola: and the excavated slope on the opposite or
anterior side, in which the cartilage is deposited, is called the area ;
the two sides of which are the lips.
* Margine interno crenulato. 1-12.
With the inner margin notched.
+ orbiculo-cordate.
orbicular heart-shaped.
Venus testd globoso-cordatd, laminis transversis undulatis, lateribus
verrucosis, areola cordatd.
Shell globular heart-shaped, with transverse jagged plates, warty at
the sides, and the areola heart-shaped.
Venus verrucosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1180.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3269.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 219.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 308, tab. 29, fig. 299, 300.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 44.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 112.
Pennant, iv. p. 201, tab. 57, fig. 1.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 78
Dorset Catal. p. 34, tab. 8. fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 163.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 231.
Pectunculus strigatus. Da Costa, p. 185, tab. 12, fig. L.
Pectunculus erassissimus. Lister, Conch. tab. 284, fig. 122.
Mus. nost. English and Irish coasts.
Shell two inches and a half in diameter, of a brownish-white
color, strong and heavy, almost globular like a ball, with transverse
undulate plates which break into wart-like protuberances at the
sides. especially the anterior part: there are also some longitudinal
lines which are chiefly distinguishable about the hinge.
VeENus testd orbiculo-cordatdé converd, laminis transversis subimbrica-
tis levibus, areola cordatd.
Shell orbicular heart-shaped convex, with transverse somewhat im-
bricated smooth plates, and the areola heart-shaped.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 1.
Venus Casina. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1130.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3269.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 220
141
Casina.
9
142
reflexa,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 306, tab. 29, fig. 301, 302.
Pennant, iv. p. 202, tab. 57 fig. 2.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 47.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 79, tab. 2. fig. 1.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 165.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 232.
Pectunculus membranaceus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 193, tab.
13, fig. 4, left hand
Mus. nost. Western and Irish coasts.
Shell two inches in diameter, whitish or rusty brown, finely round-
ed in the circumference, with thin transverse plates curving towards
the hinge, and nearly meeting each other in an imbricate manner ;
but not reflected at the sides nor breaking into tubercles: one of the
lips of the area carinate and striate.
We have a variety dredged at Liverpool, in which the margin is
extremely obtuse and nearly half an inch thick, with the crenatures
or notches on the outside.
VeNUs testd suborbiculart compressiusculd, latere antico subiruncato,
laminis transversis anticé reflewis, areold lanceolata carinatd.
Shell somewhat orbicular and rather compressed, a little truncate at
the anterior side where the transverse plates are refiected, and
the areola lanceolate and carinate.
Tab nost. 10, fig. 1, 2.
Venus refiexa, Montagu, Suppl. p. 40. and 168
Laskey, Wern. Soe. i. p. 384, tab. 8, fig. 1,
CONCHYLIA~—DITHYRA. 36.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 208.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 168.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 233.
Venus foliaceo-lamellosa. Chemnitz, vi. p. 299, tab. 28. fig. 295
to 297.
Mus. nost. Scotland, South of Devon, and Bantry bay.
A fine series of this very beautiful species is now before us, from
a quarter of an inch to two inches anda half in diameter. In
some there are very faint traces of longitudinal strie in the inter-
stices of the plates, and upon the plates themselves ; others have
no appearance of them; and in the larger specimens we perceive,
that the lamine or plates themselves are exquisitely decussated
when examined by a good glass.
The color is of a brownish-white, and most of our Devonshire
specimens have two or three broken longitudinal rays of red or pur-
ple, of greater or less degree of intensity: some very richly colored.
It is a flatter shell than the Venus Casina, angulated on the an-
terior side, whete the transverse ridges become very thin and are
reflected: and the impression under the beaks is more elongated,
and elevated in the middle into a sharp ridge
Like many of the massive species, there is a small tubercle on the
posterior side of the teeth under the areola, in the right valve, with
a correspondent impression in the left.
The figures of Chemnitz which we have quoted, appear to corres-
pond with it.
143
144
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
eancellsta. Venus testé orbiculo-cordatd, anticé angulatd, lamellis transversis re-
motis crebré cancellatis, areola cordatd.
Shell round heart-shaped, angular on the anterior side, with remote
transverse plates which are closely cancellated, and the areola
heart-shaped.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 3
Venus cancellata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1130.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3270.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 220.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 309, tab. 29, fig. 304 and 305.
Mus. nost. From the shores of Guernsea.
Shell about half an inch long, white with sometimes a slight rosy
tinge, with nine or ten rather remote membranaceous ridges, the
stronger of which have a raised transverse line between them, and
are slightly tubercled on the anterior side; the interstices marked
with close-set rib-like longitudinal striz: the anterior side abruptly
cut off from the beaks, forming an angle about the middle: beaks
near one end, prominent and recurved.
This species, which is not uncommon in the seas about Guerusea,
answers exactly to the figures of Chemnitz, and is easily distin-
guishable from the young of Venus verrucosa; for the laminar
plates are much more remote, and the marks between them are regu-
lar and rib-like, not crossing the plates.
subcordata. Venus testd orbiculato-cordatd, costulis remotiusculis, longitudinali-
Oe
busque lamellas transversas remotiores decussantibus.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 145
Shell round heart-shaped, with rather distant longitudinal rib-like
striz crossing the more distant transverse ridges.
Venus subcordata. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 121, tab. 3, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 204.
Linn. Trans viii. p. 82.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 166.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 237.
Found by Montagu, in sand from Falmouth harbour.
Shell a quarter of an inch in diameter, rather convex, white,
running nearly straight down the cartilage side, with remote trans-
verse ridges and strong raised longitudinal striz.
From the Venus caneellata it differs, in the longitudinal ribs
passing over and cutting the transverse ones, giving it a regular
net-like appearance, the meshes of which are parallelograms or long
squares; the anterior side also slopes from the beaks to the point,
without forming an angle.
Venus testd orbiculo-cordatd convead, granulatim decussatd, ared erandlete
incisd, labtis substriatis. .
Shell round heart-shaped convex with granular decussations, the
anterior slope deeply cut and the lips slightly striate.
Venus granulata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3277.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 226.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 122.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 83,
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 207,
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
U
146
fasciata,
ifs
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 85.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 171.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 240.
Venus Marica spuria. Chemnitz, vi. p. 314, tab. 30, fig. 313.
Pectunculus parvus. Lister, Conch. tab. 338, fig. 175.
Falmouth harbour, and North Britain.
Shell seven-eighths of an inch long, and an inch broad, thick,
convex, strongly ribbed both longitudinally and transversely, forming
a distinctly granulated surface: color white, with chocolate-brown
spots and streaks, inside dark purple: beaks prominent, much cur-
ved, with an oval areola under them.
VeENUs testa orbiculo-cordatd compressd, costis transversis latis plana-
tis levibus.
Shell round heart-shaped compressed, with broad flat transverse
smooth ribs.
Tab nost. 8. fig. 9.
Venus fasciata. | Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 170.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 203.
Linn. Trans. vill. p. 80.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 156.
Dorset Catal. p. 34, tab. 7, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 159.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 234.
Venus Paphia. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 110.
Pectunculus fasciatus. Da Costa, vi. p. 188, tab. 13. fig. 3.
Mus. nost. Common on sandy shores.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Shell nearly an inch long, and rather more broad, with broad flat
ribs of unequal size, the edges of which generally project a little
beyond the anterior margin, forming a double row of tubercles; color
whitish or fulvous, with broad or narrow longitudinal rays or fine
lines of white red yellow or purple: beaks central, with the areola
broad heart-shaped.
tt Trigono-cordate.
Triangular heart-shaped.
Venus testdé trigono-cordatd, lamellis transversis remotis crebré can-
cellatis, areola cordatd sulcis curvis.
Shell triangular heart-shaped, with remote transverse plates which
are closely cancellated, the areola heart-shaped with curved
grooves.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 4.
Venus Dysera, Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 1130.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3268.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 219.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 294, tab. 28, fig. 287-290.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 42.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p: 204.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 237.
Venus cingenda. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 161.
Pectunculus maculatus. Lister, Conch. tab. 277, and 278.
Mus. nost. From the shores round Guernsea.
Shell rather more than an inch in diameter, convex, grey or
ivory white, variously marked with brown or chesnut blotches,
uz
147
Dysera,
148 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
with about twelve remote and somewhat undulate laminar rid ges,
and close-set raised rib-like-striz beteen them, and which longi-
tudinal striz are themselves crossed by fine transverse lines, especi-
ally towards the beaks, where it slopes on the anterior side in a ra-
ther projecting curved line: the area is equally deep on both sides,
and with the areola of a chesnut color.
It has something the outline of the Venus cancellata; but the
ridges are more remote and less numerous; there is no angularity on
the anterior side, but a regular slope; and it may be distinguished
from that shell and the Venus laminosa, by the regular rib-like
semicircular striz on the arcola, which is heart-shaped.
mare Venus testd trigono-cordatd, auticé acuminato-productd, laminis mem-
branaceis confertis crebro cancellatis, areola striatd.
Shell triangular heart-shaped, produced and pointed at the anterior
end, with crowded transverse membranacous plates, the interstices
of which are closely striate longitudinally, and the areola striate.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 4.
Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. p. 384, tab. 8, fig. 16.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 38.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 202.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 238.
Mus. nost. Scotch, Irish, and Devonshire coasts.
Shell in size and outline much resembling the Venus Gallina,
but the transverse striz are laminar thin and more remote, and
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 149
the interstices between them are finely striate longitudinally. It is
also much thinner, and of an uniform pale brown color.
Venus testd trigono- cordatd, anticé productd, strtis transversis con- en
fertis incurvis, areola striata.
Shell triangular heart-shaped, produced at the anterior end, with
crowded transverse incurved striz, and the areola striate.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 2.
Venus Gallina. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1180.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3270.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 220.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 311, tab. 30, fig. 308, 309.
Pennant, iv. p. 205, tab. 59, fig. 2.
Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 17, fig. 7 and 8.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 82.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 8. fig. 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 168.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 234.
Venus striatula. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 113.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 68.
Pectunculus strigatus. Da Costa, p. 191, tab. 12, fig. 2.
Pectunculus fuscus. Lister, Conch. tab. 282, fig. 120.
Mus. nost. On most sandy coasts.
Shell about an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, obli-
quely produced at the cartilage side in a nearly straight line to an
angular point; white, yellowish or fawn-color, rarely without marks,
mostly with white or pale broad longitudinal rays, and minute zig-
150
Pallida.
11.
ovata.
12.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
zag brown lines; the heart-shaped impression is deep, elongated,
and finely striate longitudinally.
Venus testd trigono-cordatd, anticé productd, costis trsnsve rsis pural-
lelis obsoletis confertim reticulatis, areold levi.
Shell triangular heart-shaped, produced at the anterior side, with
obscure transverse paralled ribs which are crossed by fine close
longitudinal lines, and the areola smooth.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 5
Mus. nost. Found at Dawlish.
Shell about an inch long, and nearly two ‘broad, thin, semitrans-
parent, of an ivory or yellowish-white color without marks, with
somewhat irregular and rather obscure transverse rib like strix.
crossed by fine longitudinal lines; beaks prominent, pointed, a little
curved; both the slopes quite smooth: the margin thin, with the
notches visible on the outside.
Venus testdé ovato-trigond, costis longitudinalibus transversim squa~
mosis, ared convexd decussatd sine labiis.
Shell oval-triangular, with longitudinal ribs which are transversely
scaly, the anterior slope convex decussate and without lips.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 3.
Venus ovata. Pennant, Zool. iv. p. 206, tab. 59, fig. 3.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 120.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 85, tab. 2. fig. 4.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 1, fig. 15,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 151
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 171.
Turton, Conch. Dict. 239.
Cardium striatum. Walker, p. 23, fig. 82.
Pectunculus parvus, albidus. Lister, Conch. tab. 311. fig. 147,
Mus. nost. Western and Irish coasts.
Shell about half an inch long, and a little more in breadth, opake,
of a pale brown color with sometimes a few darker bands, with nu-
merous strong longitudinal ribs which are clothed with scale-like
prominences disposed transversely; inside glossy-white or flesh color,
with sometimes a purple blotch in the middle: beaks nearly central,
prominent, a little curved, with a faint heart-shaped impression un-
der them.
This species is very singular in its genus, in having no distinct
area or slope on the anterior margin; and so much resembles a Car-
dium, that we have sometimes seen it in cabinets marked as the
Cardium exiguum.
** Margine interno integerrimo. 18-21
With the inner margin very entire.
7 ovate.
oval.
VENUs testd ovatd tenui semipellucidd, transversim rugosa, striis longi- substrinta,
tudinalibus obsoletis undatis.
Shell oval thin semitransparent, with transverse wrinkles and obs-
cure undulate longitudinal strie.
wenea.
14.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Venus substriata. Montagu, Suppl. p. 48. tab. 29, fig. 6.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 211.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 245,
Dredged up in the Firth of Forth
Shell half an inch long, and rather more in breadth, transversely
oval, white, thin, with concentric wrinkles and obscure waved lon-
gitudinal strize: beaks nearer to one end, small, turning a little to
one side.
Venus testa ovatd, anticé elongato-atienuatd, striis transversis crebris
longitudinalibusque obsoletis, dentibus duobus fissis.
Shell oval, taper and elongated at the anterior side, with crowded
transverse striz and obscure longitudinal ones, two of the teeth
cloven.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 7
Venus nea. Turton, Conch Dict. p. 248, fig 20.
Mus. nost. From Clontarf, in Dublin bay.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a half broad, white covered
with a shining bronzed skin, oval, convex, rounded at one end,
regularly tapering and much produced at the other without forming
any angle; with regular close-set transverse strix, and minute
longitudinal lines : beaks much pointed, curved, near the larger end,
with an elongated areola under them: teeth strong, two of them
cloven in one valve, and one in the other.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Venus testdé ovata, anticé rotundatd tumidd stris confertis transversis
regularibus, areola cordatd.
Shell oval, rounded and tumid at the anterior side, with crowded
transverse regular striz, and the areola heart-shaped.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 6
Tellina lata. Lister, Conch. tab. 385, fig. 232.
Mus. nost. From Guernsea.
Shell about two inches long, and rather more in breadth, thick,
convex, yellowish-white, mostly marked with numerous red or pur-
plish zigzag lines, which are often disposed in interrupted longitudi-
nal rays, rarely of an uniform chocolate or fawn-color; and extreme-
ly variable in the disposition of its marks and colors.
The transverse striz are very numerous and rounded, not becom-
ing broader at the anterior side, and usually interrupted by strong
transverse lines of annotination; the anterior side is very obtuse
and swollen: the margin obtuse, and in full grown specimens a little
flexuous towards the anterior end; beaks prominent, recurved, with
a purple heart-shaped areola under them; inside white, purple, or
greenish-white: two of the teeth cloven,
Lister appears to be the only author who has noticed this species.
We have before us a fine series, from a quarter of an inch to more
than two and a half in length, taken alive out of the sand at low
spring tides in Guernsea. It is much longer in proportion to its
breadth than Venus virginea; the strize are much more numerous
and compact: and it is easily recognised by the remarkable tumid-
ity of the anterior end.
x
153
Sarniensis.
15.
154
simuosa,.
16.
aurea.
We
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
Venus testd ovato-orbiculari, sinu longitudinali ab umbonibus, striis
transversis planatis longitudinalibusque obsoletis.
Shell roundish-oval, with a longitudinal sinuosity from the beaks,
and flat transverse striz and obscure longitudinal ones.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 9.
Venus sinuosa. Pennant, iv. p. 218, tab. 58, fig. 4.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 227.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 120.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 90.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 248.
Mus. nost. From Dublin bay.
Shell five eighths of an inch long, and about as much broad,
rounded at both the sides, but much longer or deeper at the anterior
one, and produced at the other, with a rather oblique indenture from
the beaks to the margin which is a little irregular: beaks nearly
central, with a heart-shaped slightly carinate areola under them ;
inside rich glossy yellow: in one valve two of the teeth are cloven,
and one in the other.
This singular shell seems nearest to approach to the Venus vir-
ginea, but the transverse striz are crossed by fine longitudinal ones.
From Venus decussata, and V. Pullastra it differs, in not having the
striz more strongly decussate at the anterior side: and from the
Venerupis perforans in the teeth being exactly characteristic of its
genus, and not erect and parallel.
Venus testd ovato-cordatd, lateribus declivis, medio tumido, striis
iransversis crebris longitudinalibusque obsoletis, dente medio fisso,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 155
Shell oval heart-shaped, tumid in the middle and sloping to each
side, with crowded transverse striz and obscure longitudinal ones,
the middle tooth cloven.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 7 and 8.
Venus aurea. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3288.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 236.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 212, tab. 60, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 129.
Linn. Trans viii. p. 90, tab. 2. fig. 9.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 13, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 207.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 247.
Venus geographica. Gmelin. Syst. p. 3293.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 241.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 45, tab. 42, fig. 440.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 203.
Tellina fasciata. Lister, Conch. tab. 404, fig. 249.
Mus. nost. Devonshire and Cornish coasts.
Shell an inch long, and an inch and a quarter broad, thin, convex
in the middle, and rounded at both the ends, but more produced at
the anterior side, thickly striate transversely, and very obscurely in
a longitudinal direction ; the margin sometimes a little flexuous near
the anterior end: color yellowish-white, more or less deeply tinged
with golden yellow, and marked with blackish brown or blueish zig-
zag lines or stripes, variously disposed and sometimes confluent or
crossing each other: beaks nearer one end, with a broad areola un-
der them.
5¢
156 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
There is very little doubt but that the Venus aurea and Venus
geographica of authors, are the same species under different varie-
ties of colors, as we possess them in their intermediate states, the
remotest of which are figured in our plate.
Tt latere antico angulato.
angular at the anterior end.
Masa VeENUus testd ovato-rhombed, striis transversis planatis anticé latioribus,
areold lanceolata, dentibus duobus fissis.
Shell rhombic-oval, with transverse flat striae which are broader at
the anterior end, the areola lanceolate, and two of the teeth clo-
ven.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 8.
Venus virginea. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1136.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3294.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 241.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 212, tab. 58, fig. 5.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 128.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 89, tab. 2, fig. 8
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 18, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 207.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 246.
Venus edulis. Chemnitz, vii. p. 60. tab. 48, fig. 457, 458.
Cuneus fasciatus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 204.
Tellina fasciata. Lister, Conch. tab. 403, 404, fig. 247, 248.
Var. latere antico attenuato-elongato.
elongated and tapering at the anterior side.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 36.
Venus punctata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 42, tab. 41, fig. 436, 437.
Mus. nost. Devonshire, Cornwall, and Guernsea.
Shell an inch and a half long, and nearly two in breadth, gener-
ally obliquely angular at the anterior end, yellowish-white or pale
reddish brown, rarely plain, but mostly variegated marbled or radia-
ted with rosy or rich purple, sometimes spotted, or with broad
oblique rays: inside white, with generally a rosy tinge; beaks near
one end. .
The variety is much larger, without the angle at the anterior side,
but sloping gradually to an elongated point from the beaks.
From the total want of the angle, which we have also observed in
some of the young specimens, we are inclined to think that it is a
distinct species, and one of the numerous varieties of the Venus
literata.
Venus testé ovato-rhombed, medio tumido striis transversis crebris lon-
gitudinalibusque obsoletis, dente medio fisso.
Shell rhombic-oval, tumid in the middle, with crowded transverse
strie and obscure longitudinal ones, and the middle tooth cloven.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 8.
Venus nitetis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 247.
Mus. nost. From Clontarf, in Dublin bay.
Shell hardly three quarters of an inch long, and a little more
in breadth, resembling the Venus aurea in its outline, but there
157
nitens,
19,
158 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36.
is an evident angle at the anterior side, and the color is transparent
horny, with some few scattered longitudinal marks.
From Venus virginea it differs, in having obscure longitudinal
lines, in the transverse striz not becoming broader at the anterior
end, and in having only one of the teeth cloven.
decussata. WENUS testdé ovato-rhombed, striis decussatis anticé tuberculosis, areola
ze obsoletd, dentibus duobus fissis.
Shell rhombic-oval, with decussa:e strize which become tubercular at
the anterior end, the areola obscure, and two of the teeth cloven.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 10.
Venus decussata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1135.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3294.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 241.
Pennant, p. 210, tab. 60, middle fig.
Donovan British Shells, ii. tab. 67.
Linn. Trans. vi. p. 168. tab. 17, fig. 11. 12.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 124.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 58, tab. 43, fig. 455, 456.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 88, tab. 2, fig. 6.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 6. fig. 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 205.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 244.
Cuneus reticulatus. Da Costa, p. 202, tab. 14, fig. 4.
Chama fusca. Lister, Conch. tab. 428, fig. 271.
Mus. nost. On all gravelly coasts.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 159
Shell two inches long, and three broad, angularly truncate at the aie
anterior side which is tubercled, brown, grey, or yellow, with often
darker rays or spots: inside glossy white or yellowish, purple about
the cartilage: beaks with the areola wanting or very obscure.
Venus testé ovato- rhombed, striis decussatis minimis anticé subasperis,
areold obsoletd, dente medio fisso.
Shell rhombic-oval, with minute decussate strie which are a little
rough at the anterior end, the areola obscure, and the middle
tooth cloven.
Venus Pullastra. Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 17, fig. 13, 14.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 88, tab. 2, fig. 7,
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 210.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 125.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 159.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 1, fig. 8.
Turton, Conch. Dict, 244.
Venus Senegalensis. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 206,
Mus. nost. English and Irish coasts.
Shell resembling the last, but is more delicate, generally of an
ivory white with purple blotches, rarely grey with dark rays, and
the decussations are much finer. It is also generally of a more ob-
long shape, and the young ones are not so angular.
LOLOL LOLOL IOI
Chione.
1.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 37.
37. CYTHEREA—LAMARCK.
Testa suborbicularis seu transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa.
Cardo valve deaxtre dentibus quatuor, tribus basi approximatis, unico
remotiusculo sub areolé; valve sinistre dentibus tribus, rarius qua-
tuor, basi approximatis, cum foved anticéd remotiusculd: lateralibus
nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell somewhat orbicular or transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, with
four teeth in the right valve, three of them close together at the
base, and one remote under the areola; in the left valve three
teeth, rarely four, close together at the base, with a remote hollow
on the anterior side: lateral teeth none. Ligament external.
From the Venus tribe this family is separated by sufficiently dis-
tinctive characters: the four teeth in one or both tbe valves; and
when there are but three in one valve, a remote oval hollow parrallel
with the margin. All the British species, as far as they are yet
known, have the internal margin very entire.
CyTHEREA testéd ovato-cordatd mitidd transversim substriatd, areola
lanceolata.
Shell oval heart-shaped glossy and slightly striate transversely, with
the areola lanceolate.
Tab nost. 8. fig. 11.
Venus Chione. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1131.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3272.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 222.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 206. tab 54, fig. 2.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 36. 161
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 17.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 115.
Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 17, fig. 1, 2.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 84.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157,
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 6, fig. 7.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 178.
Turton, Conch, Dict. p. 239.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 344, tab. 32, fig. 343.
Pectunculus glaber. Da Costa, p. 184, tab. 14, fig. 7.
Mus. nost. On the Western coasts.
Shell three inches long, and nearly four broad, oblique, strong,
covered with a smooth glossy chesnut skin, very slightly striate,
generally marked with darker rays and bands; beaks nearer one end,
oblique and curved, with both the impressions smooth: inside glossy
white.
Lister’s figure 105, at plate 269, is fossil.
CytTHEREA testd oblique cordatd, lamellis transversis subimbricatis, Guineensis.
areola cordatd. 2
Shell obliquely heart-shaped, with transverse somewhat imbricate
plates, and the areola heart-shaped.
Venus Guineensis Gmelin, Syst. p. 3270.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 220.
Montagu, Suppl. p. 48 and 168,
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 207.
Dorset Catal. p. 35.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 237.
Venus circinata. Chemnitz, vi. p. 312. tab. 30, fig. 311, 312.
v4
162
exoleta.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 37.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 169.
Peetunculus ruber. Lister, Conch. tab. 306, fig. 139.
Dredged in the Firth of Forth, and Weymouth.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and one and a half broad, con-
vex, sloping to one end, with numerous close-set sharp concentric
ridges, of a greyish-white color with two or three purplish-brown
longitudinal rays; inside white, inclining to purple towards the
margin: both the slopes purple.
Its contour is much that of the Venus Gallina, but the teeth are
different, the margin is plain, and the slope on the anterior side is
not so well defined.
CyTHEREA testé orbiculo-cordataé depressd, striis transversis crebris
capillaceis, aredé lineari, areold sublamellatd.
Shell orbicular heart-shaped and flattish, with crowded transverse
capillary striz, the area linear and the areola somewhat lamellar.
Tab. nost. 8, fig. 7.
Venus exoleta. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1134.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3284.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 233.
Pennant, iv. p. 209, tab. 57, fig. 3.
Donovan, ii. tab. 42, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 116
Linn. Trans vi. tab. 17, fig. 9, 10.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 87, tab. 3. fig. 1.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 8. fig. 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 195.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 37. 163
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 241.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 18, tab. 38, fig. 402, 404.
Pectunculus capillaceus. Da Costa, p. 187, tab. 12, fig. 5.
Pectunculus densé fasciatus. Lister, tab. 291. fig. 127.
Mus. nost. English, Irish, and Guernsea coasts.
Shell growing to two inches anda half in diameter, whitish or dull
reddish, with broken red or purple longitudinal rays, broad stripes,
or fine lines, rather flat, nearly orbicular, with the beaks much curv-
ed and a deep excavation under them.
CyTHEREA testé obovato-cordatd converd, latere antico ad umbones _ sinuata,
attenuato, striis transversis crebris capillacers. &
Shell oboval and heart-shaped convex, tapering to the beaks at the
anterior side, with crowded transverse capillary striz.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 10. and 11.
Venus sinuata. Gmelin. Syst. p. 3285.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 233.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 242.
Venus lincta. Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 1, fig. 13.
Venus lactea. Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 149.
Montagu, Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 46.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 79.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 157.
Venus exoleta. Pennant, iv. p. 209, tab. 59, fig. I
Venus exoleta, Var. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 87, tab. 3, fig. 2.
Venus excisa. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 195.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 17, tab. 38, fig. 400, 401,
¥ 2
164
Tigerina.
G
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 37.
Pectunculus rostro productiore. Lister, Conch. tab. 289, fig. 125,
and tab. 290, fig. 126.
The young shell. Lister, Conch. tab. 295, fig. 182.
Mus. nost. On the Western coasts.
Shell an inch and a half long, and not quite so much in breadth,
thick, convex, narrowed towards the beaks on the cartilage side,
causing them to be much produced, generally of a clear polished
white color, sometimes yellowish or with a flesh-color tinge towards
the narrowed end, very rarely marked with broad longitudinal fawn-
colored stripes, as represented in our plate: glossy round the margin.
We have specimens from Panama, which in every respect corres-
poud with those of our own coasts, but are about double the size.
CytTHEREA testé suborbiculari depressd, strtis decussatis, areold sub-
trigond minutd.
Shell somewhat orbicular and flattish, with decussate striz, and the
areola somewhat triangular and minute.
Tab. nost. 10, fig. 12.
Venus Tigerina. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1138, 1184,
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3283.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 231.
Montagu, Test. p. 119, tab. 4, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 208.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 86, tab. 2, fig. 5.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 158.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 38. 165
Dorset Catal. p. 35, tab. 1, fig. 14.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 191.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 240.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 6, tab. 37, fig. 390, 391.
Pectunculus magnus. Lister, Conch. tab. 337, fig. 174.
Mus. nost. From Guernsea.
Shell nearly an inch in diameter, flattish and rounded in the out-
line, strongly decussate, yellowish-white, with generally a crimson
or purple tinge about the margin near the beaks which are small and
pointed: inside smooth, glossy white.
PII
aaa
38. ARCA—LINNE.
Testa transversa, subequivalvis, inequilateralis ; umbonibus remotis,
area transversdé intermedia. Cardo rectilinearis, dentibus numerosis
obtusis alternatim wsertis, exterioribus majoribus : lateralibus nullis.
Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, mostly equivalve, inequilateral, with the beaks re-
mote and separated by a transverse area. Hinge in a straight
line, with numerous obtuse teeth alternately closing together,
gradually enlarging from the centre: lateral teeth none. Liga-
ment external.
166
Noe.
1.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 38.
The species of this genus are now confined to such as are com-
prehended in the above character. From the Pectunculus they dif-
fer, in having the teeth disposed in a straight line. ‘Lhey are in-
habitants of rocky coasts, and are generally attached to crevices in
the rocks by a filament or byssus which issues from the centre of
the upper margin.
* Margine interno crenulato. 1-4.
With the inner margin toothed.
Arca testd oblongdé punetato-decussatd, antice angulatd, margine su-
pero transversim productiori sinuato hiante.
Shell oblong decussate in a punctured manner, angular at the ante-
rior side, with the upper margin transversely elongated sinuous
and open.
Arca Noe. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1140.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3306.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 250.
Montagu, Test. Brit.p. 139.
Pennant, Brit Zool. iv. p. 215.
Linn. Trans. vill. p. 91.
Donovan British Shells, v. tab. 158, fig. 1, 2,
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 226.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 9, fig. 58.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 177 tab. 53. fig. 529 to 531,
Mus culus striatus. Laster, Conch. tab. 368, fig. 208.
Mus. nost. Western coasts and Guernsea.
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA, 38.
Shell about half an inch long, and rather more in breadth, of a
pale rufous color with darker oblique bands, rounded at one end and
somewhat angular at the other, strongly striate longitudinally and
crossed with finer lines: beaks near one end, very remote from each
other, incurved, with a broad smooth space between them; the up-
per margin sinuous and gaping in the middle; inside whitish or
tinged with chocolate-brown.
Arca testé oblonga decussatd, anticé angulatd, margine supero trans-
versim breviori recto subclauso.
Shell oblong decussate, angular at the anterior side, with the upper
margin shorter straight and nearly closed.
Donovan, v. tab. 158, fig. 3, 4.
Montagu, Suppl. p. 51, tab. 4, fi
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 215.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 10.
Arca imbricata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 226.
Arca Noe, Var. Chemnita, vii. p. 183, tab. 54, fig. 532.
Balanus Bellonii. Lister, Conch. tab. 367, fig. 207.
Western coasts.
3.
oO
Ss:
Shell resembling the last species, but is narrower in proportion to
its length, in consequence of the upper angle being shorter than
the lower ; it is also more convex, with finer decussations, and the
margin is nearly straight: the beaks are very remote, and it wants
the oblique zigzag bands
167
fusea.
2
Arca testd rhombedé granuloso-decussatd, costd obliqud longitudinali, tetragona.
margine hiante.
168 ~ CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 38.
Shell rhombie with granular decussations and an oblique longitudi-
nal rib, open at the margin.
Tab. nost. 13, fig. 1.
Arca tetragona. § Lamarck, Hist. vi. p. 37.
Mus. nost. A single specimen, found on the islands called the
Calves, so dangerous of access, in the west of Ireland.
Shell seven eighths of an inch long, and an inch broad, of an
oblique square figure, tumid at the beaks, from which proceed a near-
ly central rib to the angular point of the opposite margin: hinge not
quite straight, in consequence of the marginal slope: color whitish-
brown, inside white with a purple blotch at one end.
reticulata. ARCA testé oblongd, costis longitudinalibus barbatis strtis minutis de-
E cussatis, margine recto subclauso.
Shell oblong, with longitudinal bearded ribs decussate by minute
striz, the margin straight and nearly closed.
Arca reticulata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3211.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 254.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 237.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 7.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 198, tab. 54, fig. 540.
Arca barbata. Brown, Wern. Soe. ii. p. 512, tab. 24, fig. 5.
Lister, Conch. tab. 233, fig. 67.
Found in Lough Strangford, by Dr. Magee,
Shell half an inch long, and something more than an inch broad,
rather fiat, oblong, rounded at one end and a little angular at
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 38.
the other, white covered with an olive-brown skin, with numerous
nearly equidistant flat longitudinal ridges which are covered with a
fine brown downy pile: beaks nearer one end, rather elose together ;
inside glossy with pale rays.
** Margine interno integerrimo. 5, 6.
With the inner margin very entire.
Arca testé oblonga decussatd barbatd, latere antico angulato, margine
subhiante.
Shell oblong decussate and bearded, angular at the anterior end, and
slightly open at the margin.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 2, 3.
Arca perforans. Turton, Conch Dict. p. 9,
Area lactea. Pennant, iv. p. 216, tab. 61, fig. 2.
Da Costa, p. 171, tab. 11, fig. 5.
Montagu, Test. Brit.p. 188.
Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 135,
Linn. Trans, viii. p. 92.
Turton, British Fauna, p, 160.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 11, fig, 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 236. |
Pectunculus exiguus. Lister, Conch. tab. 235, fig. 69.
Mus. nost. Wedged in the interstices of rocks on the western
coasts, and sometimes inclosed in the interior of stones.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and rather more in breadth,
convex and sloping to the margin, angular on the anterior side, white
covered with a fine downy skin which fringes the margin: beaks
Z
169
perforans.
5
170
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 39.
distant, with a black striate oblong space between them; inside
blueish-white, ribbed longitudinally.
SL LLLL LLL LOLI
39. PECTUNCULUS—LAMARCK.
Testa suborbicularis, equivalvis, subequilaterahs, clausa ; wumbonibus
conniventibus, etate gradatim remotioribus. Cardo arcuatus, denti-
bus numerosis obtusis alternatim insertis, centralibus obsoletis : later-
alibus nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell mostly orbicular, equivalve, generally equilateral, closed; the
beaks close together, but becoming gradually more remote by age.
Hinge in a curved line, with numerous obtuse teeth alternately
closing together, the central ones obliterated: lateral teeth none.
Ligament external.
The rounded outline of this genus, causing the hinge to form the
segment of a circle, instead of being placed in a straight line, na-
turally separates it from the Arca. The species are all inhabitants
of the deeps, far more remote from the shores than the Cardium
and Venus tribes, and are not attached by a byssus, like most if not
all of the Arca family. All have the inner margin notched.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 39.
The beaks appear to separate and become gradually more distant
at their points, as they advance in age, exhibiting the marks of their
annotination, or annual growth, by transverse lines or wrinkles in
the hollow space between them, and not on the external surface, as
in most other bivalves,
Pecruncuuus testd obliqud inequilaterali, anticé subangulatd.
Shell oblique and inequilateral, a little angular at the anterior side.
Tab. nost. 12, fig. 1.
Arca Glycymeris. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1148.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3318.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 256.3
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 216.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 93, tab. 3. fig. 3,
Turton, British Fauna, p. 160.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 241.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 7.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 229, tab. 57, fig. 564.
Pectunculus maximus. Lister, Conch. tab. 240, fig. 77.
Mus. nost. Western coasts and British Channel.
Shell growing to more than three inches in diameter, rather con-
vex, but not so tumid as the Pectunculus pilosus, very finely decus-
sate, and when fresh clothed round the margin with a dark brown
silky skin, under which it is greyish-white with obscure longitudi-
nal reddish marks: the outline is oblique, with a slight angularity
at the produced side.
z2
171
Glycymeris.
1.
172 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 39.
pilosus. PgCTUNCULUS testé orbiculari converd eequilaterali, maculis longitudi-
cS nalibus.
Shell orbicular convex equilateral, with the colored marks disposed
longitudinally.
Tab. nost. 12, fig. 2.
Area pilosa. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1148.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3314.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 256.
Pennant, p. 217, tab. 61, fig. 1.
Montagu, p. 136, and Suppl. p. 53.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 94, tab. 3. fig. 4.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 160.
Dorset Catal. p. 36, tab. 11, fig. 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 242.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 6.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 231, tab. 57, fig. 565, 566.
Arca minima. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 8. Young.
Arca Glycymeris. Donovan British Shells, ii. tab. 37.
Glycymeris orbicularis. Da Costa, p. 168, tab. 11, fig. 2.
Pectunculus ingens. Laster, Conch. tab. 247, fig. 82.
Mus. nost. Western coasts, and British Channel.
Shell from one to three inches in diameter, thick, strong and con-
vex, quite round and exactly equilateral, white or rufous, with zigzag
red or purplish streaks disposed longitudinally, more or less clothed
with a dark brown silky skin.
Through the kindness of Dr. Goodall we have conviction, that
the Arca minuta of our Conchological Dictionary is the very fry
~- CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 39. 173
of this species. But the specimen he presented to us was of such
minuteness as to elude our powers of detection, without an examin-
ation of intermediate sizes.
PectuncuLus testa orbiculari subdepressd equilaterali, maculis trans- sears
versim undatis. *
Shell orbicular rather flat and equilateral, with the colored marks
disposed in transverse undulate bands.
Tab. nost. 12, fig. 3, 4.
Arca undata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1142.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3312.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 255.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 241.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 224 tab. 57. fig. 560.
Mus. nost. British Channel and Guernsea.
Shell an inch and a half in diameter, and differs only from the
last, in the colored marks being disposed in transverse undulate
bands of deep red or morone.
Pectuncuus testd orbiculari depressé decussatd, maculis nebulosis. decussatus.
Shell orbicular fiat decussate, with clouded colored marks. ;
Tab. nost. 12, fig. 5.
Area decussata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1142.
Gmelin. Syst. p. 3310.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 253.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 239.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 226, tab. 57, fig. 561.
174
1ummarius.
5
' CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 39.
Var. nebulis angulatis.
with the clouded marks disposed in angles.
Arca marmorata. Chemnitz, vii. p. 228, tab. 57, fig. 563.
Mus. nost. Dredged in the British Channel.
Shell an inch in diameter, quite orbicular, flattish, with numerous
fine raised decussate lines which are clothed with a short silky
brown pile: color yellowish-white, with purple and crimson clouded
patches, which are often disposed in zigzag angles, giving the shell
a beautifully marbled appearance: inside glossy white, with fre-
quently a dark red blotch near the centre: the margin very strongly
serrate.
Pecruncuus testdé lenticulari, umbonibus tumidis, punctis confertis
rotundatis sanguineis.
Shell lenticular, with the beaks prominent, covered with numerous
rounded red dots.
Tab. nost. 12, fig. 6.
Arca nummaria. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1143.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3314.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 257.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 239, tab. 58, fig. 572.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 243.
Pectunculus exiguus, levis, rufis maculis punctim depictus.
Lister, Conch. tab. 239, fig. 81.
Mus. nost. Torbay, and the British Channel.
Shell about half an inch in diameter, rather convex, very
finely decussate, yellowish-white or cream-color with numerous
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 38.
round red dots, which very rarely become confluent about the mar-
gin and form short lines: beaks tumid and prominent, causing the
margin on each side of them to appear a little projecting, or as it
were slightly eared like a Pecten.
Whether the species above described, and which were considered
by Linne to be distinct, will hereafter be fixed as such, better de-
cision than our own must determine. The bed of the British Chan-
nel abounds with them, some leagues from the land, where we have
dredged them all in a living state, and whence they are occasionally
wafted to the shores of Guernsea and Cornwall.
The Pectunculus decussatus and P. nummarius seem to preserve
very constant characters: the first being flatter than the others of
the same diameter, more regular decussate and downy ; the last be-
ing always more tumid and prominent at the beaks; and as far as
we know have not yet been discovered on the shores.
LDL LOL LOD OFODODPOPODPODODPODIOIOIOPOrwmmnmmnnrmn
40. NUCULA—LAMARCK.
Testa ovato-trigona vel oblonga, equivalvis, inequilateralis, clausa ;
umbonibus contiguis. Cardo dente cochleariformi oblique producto,
in utrdque valvd : lateralibus utrinque numerosis, acicularibus, recur-
vis, alternatim insertis. Ligamentum internum.
175
176 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 40.
Shell oval-triangular or oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, closed ;
with the beaks close together. Hinge with an oblique projecting
spoon-shaped tooth in each valve: lateral teeth on each side nu-
merous, sharp-pointed, inclining outwards, and alternately closing
together. Ligament internal.
Except in its numerous teeth, this genus has nothing in common
with the Arca and the Pectunculus. The primary tooth consists of
an oblique hollow projecting inwards horizontally, in which the liga-
ment is fixed: and the lateral ones of slender sharp teeth, like the
pectinations of a comb, the middle ones longer.
* Margine interno crenulato. 1.
The inner margin finely notched.
Nucleus Nucuta testa obliqué ovatd subtrigond, leviusculé nitidd.
Shell obliquely heart-shaped and somewhat triangular, glossy and
nearly smooth.
Tab nost. 13. fig. 4.
Arca Nucleus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1143.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3314.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 257.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 217.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 63.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 141.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 95.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Dorset Catal. p. 37, tab. 12. fig. 6.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 40. 177
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 244.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 8.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 241. tab. 58, fig. 574.
Glyeymeris argentea. Da Costa, p. 170, tab. 15, fig. 6. r. hand.
Mus. nost. On most coasts.
Shell half an inch long, and not quite so broad, produced on one
side, covered with a smooth blackish or dark olive-green skin, with
often some yellowish rays and very minute striz, beaks near one end,
inclining to the shorter side, with an oval impression under them ;
inside silvery white: teeth about twenty on the elongated side, and
half the number on the other.
*** Margine interno integerrimo. 2-4.
The inner margin very entire.
tenuis.
2
a
Nucuta testé obliqua cordatd rotundatd leviusculd.
Shell obliquely heart-shaped roundish and nearly smooth.
Montagu, Suppl. p. 56, tab. 29, fig. 1.
Pennant, Brit Zool. iv. p. 218.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 246.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 11.
On the Scotch coasts.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and rather more in breadth, white
or covered with a thin olive skin, produced and rounded at one end;
inside white, a little perlaceons, with the margin plain.
24
178
rostrata.
minuta.
4.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 40.
Nucuta testd ovatd transversim striata, latere antico rostrato arcuato
rotundato.
Shell oval, striate transversely, with the anterior side produced cur-
ved and rounded.
Arca rostrata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3308.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 251.
Montagu, Suppl. p. 55, tab. 27, fig. 7.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 217.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 245.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 11.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 206, tab. 55, fig. 550, 551.
Dredged off St. Abb’s head, Scotland.
Shell half an inch long, and three quarters wide, of a glossy pale
horn-color, sloping from the beaks in a curved manner with the ex-
tremity rounded, and along the curvature or slope is a marginal
angle, which is slightly reticulate.
Nucuta testé ovatd transversim striatd, latere antico rostrato arcuato
truncato.
Shell oval transversely striate, with the anterior side produced curv-
ed and truncate.
Arca minuta. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3309.
Turton, Linn. ‘Syst. iv. p. 252.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 216.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 140.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 92.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
Dorset Catal. tab. 1, fig. 16.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 245.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 11, fig. 98.
Chemnitz, x. p. 351, tab. 170, fig. 1657, 1658.
Arca caudata. Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 78.
Arca Modiolus. Walker, Minute Shells, p. 23, fig. 81.
Sandwich, Tenby, and Scotland. It is also abundant at Melville
Island, and in the polar seas.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and rather more broad, white or
yellowish, with a few ridges crossing the transverse strie: and is
distinguished from the last by the truncated smaller end, and the
angle of the marginal slope being not reticulate.
41. CARDIUM—LINNE.
Testa subcordata, equivalvis, costis plerumqué longitudinalibus ; um-
bonibus prominulis, contiguis. Cardo dentibus duobus approximatis,
obliquis, penetrantibus : lateralibus utrinqueé remotis, insertis. Liga-
mentum externum.
Shell somewhat heart-shaped, equivalve, mostly ribbed lougitu-
dinally; the beaks prominent and close together. Hinge with
| two approximate penetrating teeth: and on each side a remote
Jateral inserted tooth. Ligament external.
242
179
180
aculeatum.
Te
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
This genus forms a very natural family, distinguished by the
heart-shaped form, the longitudinal ribs which are in general strong-
ly marked and prominent, and by the four teeth in each valve, two
of them close together and a little oblique, and a remote lateral one
on each side in each valve, all locking together. In some of them
one of the cardinal teeth in one of the valves is minute and nearly
obliterated ; and some have an oblique rib-like denticle in addition
to the lateral tooth on the hinder side in the right valve, as if this
tooth were doubled.
They are in general inhabitants of sandy coasts, where they lie
imbedded at no great distance from the shores, and are easily rooted
up by any violence of surf.
* Valvis spinosis aut tuberculatis. 1-6.
The ribs armed with spines or tubercles.
CaRDIUM testd tumidd tenui obliqua, anticé subangulatd, costis 21,
anticis spinosis posticis papillosis, sulcis transversim striatis.
Shell tumid thin and oblique, a little angular on the anterior side,
with 21 ribs, the anterior ones of which are spinous and the hin-
der ones warty, the interstices striate transversely.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 6, 7.
Cardium aculeatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1122.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3247.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 201.
Pennant, iv. p. 187, tab. 58, fig. 1.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 175.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 6.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
Montagu, Test. Brit.p. 77.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 62.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 152.
Wood, Conch. p. 207, tab 51, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. LL5.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 28.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 161, tab. 15, fig. 155, 156.
Cardium spinosum. Sowerby, Brit. Miscell. tab. 32. Younger.
Pectunculus magnus. Lister, Conch. tab. 321, fig. 158.
Mus. nost. On the western coasts .
Shell nearly four inches broad, very tumid, light in comparison
with its size, with about 21 ribs; those on the cartilage side clothed
with a row of long sharp spines, which are lancet-shaped in the
half grown and young shells, and round in the aged ones ; those on
the opposite side furnished with rather flattened obtuse tubercles ;
the grooves between them closely and regularly striate transversely,
but these striz do ngt extend across the ribs: the anterior side pro-
jecting a little under the beaks, so as to form a small angle, from
which it extends in a nearly straight line, and where it gapes: in-
side white or tinged with purple, with the ribs continuing the whole
length of the shell.
The individual represented in our plate, and which we dredged in
Torbay, is remarkable for its oblique outline, and the singularity of
the primary teeth, all of which are deeply cloven.
181
CarviuM testé subglobosd solidd, anticé subtruncatd, costis 21, anticis tuberculatum
tuberculatis posticis subsquamosis sulcisque rugosostriatis.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. Al.
Shell somewhat globular and ponderous, a little truncate on the an-
terior side, with 21 ribs, the anterior ones tubercular and the hin-
der ones somewhat scaly, and together with the interstices rough
with wrinkled strice.
Cardium tuberculatum. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1122.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3248.
Turton, Linn Syst. iv. p. 202.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 188.
Donovan British Shells, ii. tab. 107, fig. 2.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 568.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 64.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 152.
Wood, Conch. p. 210, tab. 50. fig. 1, 2.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 2. fig. 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 117.
Turton, Conch Dict. p. 28, fig. 12.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 179, tab. 17, fig. 173.
Pectunculus major. Lister, Conch. tab. 329, fig. 166.
Mus. nost. On the western coasts .
Shell growing to the size of the last, from which it differs in the
following particulars, and by which they may be easily distinguished.
It is more solid and ponderous, of a more globular shape, and
running in a nearly straight line on the cartilage side from the
beaks; the ribs are narrower, and the grooves are deeper, both
marked with strong irregular transverse strie: the cartilage side
is clothed with rather sharp tubercles which never extend into
CONCHY LIA—DITHYRA
spines, and which at the opposite side form thick transverse scale-
like plates: the color is of a deeper chesnut, and more regularly
zoned; and the ribs on the inside extend only half way towards the
beaks.
Both the species abound on the Paignton sands, in Torbay, where
at low spring tides they may be observed with the fringed tubes ap-
pearing just above the surface. The neighbouring cottagers gather
them in baskets and panniers, and after cleansing them a few hours
in cold spring water, fry the fish in a batter made of crumbs of
bread, producing a wholesome and savory dish. The inhabitants
call them red noses.
CaRDIUM testd convexd tenui suborbiculari, costis 18, spinis numerosis
inflexis, sulcis striatis.
Shell convex thin and somewhat orbicular, with 18 ribs armed with
numerous inflected spines, the grooves striate.
Cardium echinatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1122.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3247.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 201.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 187.
Da Costa, p. 176, tab. 14, fig. 2.
Donovan, iii. tab. 107, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit.p. 78.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 63.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 152.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 6, fig. 2.
Wood, Conch. p. 208, tab 49, fig. 1, 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 116.
echinatum.
3.
184
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 29.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 165, tab. 15, fig. 158.
Pectunculus orbicularis. Lister, Conch. tab. 324, fig. 161.
Cardium ciliare. Linn. Syst. &e. The young shell.
Mus. nost. On-most sandy coasts.
Shell two inches in diameter, a little oblique, of a brown or whi-
tish color, clothed with numerous sharp white spines which curve
towards the cartilage side; those on the opposite side thicker and
more obtuse.
The young of this species, and of the Cardium aculeatum, are in
many respects so similar, that it is hardly possible to fix with any
decision, which of them should be considered as the Cardium ciliare
of Linné and subsequent authors.
Both of them are thin and brittle, and have the spines lance-
shaped or longitudinally dilated at the base.
The young of Cardium echinatum are entirely white, with the
grooves regularly striate transversely. They are abundant in Dublin
bay, where the Cardium aculeatum has never been found to inhabit.
The young of Cardium aculeatum are extremely fragile and trans-
parent, more dilated at the sides from the beaks, of a fine glossy
fawn-color, and irregularly striate in the grooves: they are of rare
occurrence, but found occasionally on the sands at Paington. It is
figured in Chemnitz, vi. tab. 17. fig. 171, 172.
The young of Cardium tuberculatum are of a stronger consistence,
of a deeper chocolate brown with white blotches or rays, and cloth-
ed with rather obtuse raised tubercles.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41. © 185
¢
Carpium testd ovatd obliqud, anticé elongaté subangulatd, costis 25 elengetom.
aculeatis.
Shell oval and oblique, elongated and somewhat angular at the an-
terior side, with 25 prickly ribs.
Tab. nost. 13, fig. 8.
Cardium elongatum. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 82.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 67.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 190.
Wood, Conch. p. 214.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 131.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 31.
Mus. nost. Dredged in Torbay.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and about a third less in breadth,
pale rufous with some obscure darker spots on the lengthened side,
somewhat oval, produced and a little angular at the cartilage side,
tumid in the middle and sloping to the sides; the middle rib flatten-
ed and separated by a fine line: beaks very prominent, not central,
giving the shell a considerably oblique outline.
Montagu has observed of this very elegant shell, that the poste-
rior side is somewhat angulated, a circumstance which we believe
never takes place in this genus, suppposing this side to mean that
which is opposite to the cartilage. Perfect specimens are clothed
with short sharp prickles, which appear to be very caducous, as in
general they are smooth with a few raised wrinkles on the hinder
side,
28
186
nodosum.
exiguum.
6.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 41.
CarpiuM testé orbiculari depressiusculd, costis 26, tuberculis numero-
sis obtusis.
Shell orbicular and rather flat, with 26 ribs armed with numerous
obtuse tubercles.
Tab. nost. 13, fig. 9.
Cardium nodosum. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 81.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 66.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 189.
Wood, Conch. p. 212.
Mus. nost. Dredged in Torbay.
Shell hardly half an inch long, and a very little more in breadth,
brown or whitish, very slightly angular at the anterior side, with
about 26 close-set rounded ribs thickly clothed with obtuse round
tubercles, which on the anterior side project into very short spines .
beaks central: inside white, with generally a chesnut stripe on the
anterior side of the hinge reaching half way down the shell; the
margin strongly serrate.
It has much the appearance of the young of Cardium edule, but
is distinguished by its rounded and tubercled ribs: and from the
young of Cardium tuberculatum in being flatter, with the tubercles
not nearly so much raised. Like the next species, the old shells
lose the tubercles and become wrinkled or scaly all over.
Carpium testé tumidd subtrigond, anticé subtruncatd, costis 20 tuber-
culatis, sulcis transversim striatis.
Shell tumid and nearly triangular, somewhat truncate at the
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41. — 187
anterior side, with 20 tubercled ribs, the grooves between which
are striate transversely.
Cardium exiguum. Gmelin, Syst p. 3255.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 82.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 186.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 61.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 2, fig. 11.
Wood, Conch. p. 212.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 114.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 31.
Cardium pygmeum. Donovan, i. tab. 32, fig. 3.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 207.
Cardium subeordatum. Walker, Test. Minut. p. 23, fig. 83.
Cardium muricatum. Walker, fig. 84.
Pectunculus exiguus. Lister, Conch. tab. 317. fig. 154.
Mus. nost. Western coasts and Ireland; sometimes imbedded in
hard clay: and both Mrs Griffiths and ourselves have taken them
from the interior of the hardest stone in Torbay.
Shell about half an inch in diameter, whitish with sometimes a
rosy tinge, triangular and produced at the anterior side, with from
20 to 22 ribs clothed with rounded obtuse tubercles, especially
about the shorter side, the grooves of which are not always very
distinct, but towards the hinge transversely striate: inside often
rosy, with one of the teeth minute.
** costis transversim squamosis.
the ribs armed with transverse scales,
2B 2
188
edule.
ie
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 41.
CaRDIUM testdé subglobosé antiquatd opacd, costis 26 transversim squa-
mosis.
Shell somewhat globular antiquated and opake, with 26 ribs which
are rough with transverse scales.
Cardium edule. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1124.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3252. .
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 205.
Pennant, iv. p. 189, tab. 53, fig. 3.
Montagu, Test. Brit.p. 76.
Linn. Trans. viil. p. 65.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Dorset Catal. p. 32, tab. 11, fig. 1.
Wood, Conch. p. 226, tab. 55, fig, 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 127.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 30.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 198, tab. 19, fig. 194.
Cardium vulgare. Da Costa, p. 180, tab. 11, fig. 1.
Cardium rusticum. Donovan, iv. tab. 124, fig. 1, 2.
Pectunculus capite minore. Lister, Conch. tab. 334, fig. 171.
Mus. nost. Common on all sandy shores.
A species every where well known, and subject to much variation
in size and outline; being sometimes nearly orbicular, sometimes 2
little truncate at the anterior end, which is occasionally much elon-
gated.
Mr. Wood remarks that great abundance of the shells are
collected and regularly brought to London, from spring to au-
tumn, for the sake of the fish, which are regarded as a whole-
some nourishment. Martin Lister and Da Costa knew their season
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41. 189
better: the first of these authors observing, gratissimi sagoris sunt,
et a nostris ad victum colliguntur, ab autumno ad ultimum usque ver ;
and the latter, “ The season for them is from autumn to spring.”
CarpiuM testé orbiculari depressé subpellucidd, costis 26 transversim facie.
squamosis.
Shell orbicular flattish and semitransparent, with 26 ribs, which are
are rough with transverse scales.
Cardium fasciatum. Montagu, Suppl. p. 30, tab. 27, fig. 6.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 191.
Wood, Conch. p. 215.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 130.
Turton, Conch. Dict, p. 32.
Mus. nost. On the Western, Welch, and Irish coasts.
Shell hardly half an inch in diameter, yellowish or pale rufous,
glossy, with a few dark transverse bands, often disposed in spots on
the ribs, and more deeply tinged on the anterior side and within:
the ribs are crossed with regular transverse scales, which are more
strongly marked at the shorter side and about the margin.
*** costis muticis.
the ribs unarmed.
Carpium testd tumidd suborbiculari, latere antico subtruncato, costis medium.
numerosis transversim striatis. 2:
Shell tumid and somewhat orbicular, rather truncate at the anterior
side, with numerous transversely striate ribs.
190 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
Cardium medium. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1122.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3246.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 200.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 168.
Donovan, i. tab. 32, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 83.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 61.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 153.
Wood, Conch. p. 211, tab. 50, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p 113.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 32.
Pectunculus subrufus, Lister, Conch. tab. 316, fig. 153.
Mus. nost. A very small specimen taken alive at Livermead, near
Torquay.
Shell? yellowish-white with reddish-brown blotches; ribs about
fifty, rather obscure in the middle but stronger at the sides espe-
cially the shorter one, where they are crossed by fine strize which
pass over but do not cut the ribs: one of the primary teeth minute
or obliterated in each valve.
levigatum. CARDIUM testd obovatd nitidd, costis obsoletis, latere antico glaberrimo.
a Shell oboval glossy, with the ribs very obscure, and quite obliterated
at the anterior end.
Cardium levigatum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1128.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 8251.
Turton, Linn Syst. iv. p. 201.
Pennant, iv. p. 188, tab. 54, fig. 1.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41,
Da Costa, p. 178, tab. 18, fig. 6.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 54.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 80.
Lann. Trans. viii. p. 65.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 152.
Dorset Catal. p. 31, tab. 7. fig. 6.
Wood, Conch. p. 222, tab. 54, fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 123.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 31.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 191, tab. 18, fig. 185, 186.
Pectunculus subfuseus. Lister, Conch. tab. 332, fig. 169.
Mus. nost. English and Irish coasts.
Shell growing to two inches and a half long, and two inches
broad, covered with a brownish-olive glossy skin, often marbled with
white and various hues of red, with very obscure longitudinal striz
and remote transverse ones, fiattish and much produced on one side
where the striated marks become totally obliterated.
This shell, in its decay, offers a good exemplification of the re-
mark of Brard, in his note on the Succinea amphibia, p. 75, that
many species, after long exposure to the air in a dead state, become
thickened in their substance, either generally or partially ; occasion-
ed, as he supposes, by a sort of relaxation in their testaceous tex-
ture; or probably by the absorption of oxygen, and their gradual
conversion into lime: and in this manner he accounts for the thick-
ness and distortion of most fossil shells.
We have in our cabinet some specimens, which appear to have
191
192
serratum.
ii.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 41.
been long exposed to the sun and air, bleached to an ivory white-
ness, considerably thickened, deeply and beautifully reticulate in
long squares, where the interstices or softer parts appear to have
been decomposed, and absorbed into the lines of reticulation or
harder parts.
The exposed bones of animals undergo a process similar to this:
and the antiquary well knows, that in ancient sculpture on certain
stones, probably modifications of lime, the engraved or indented
parts gradually fill up, and at length become level with, or even
raised above the surrounding surface.
CarvDIuM testdé obovatd nitidd sulphured glaberrima.
Shell oboval glossy and sulphur yellow, with the ribs quite obliter-
ated.
Tab. nost. 13, fig. 5.
Cardium serratum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1128.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3251.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 204.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 124.
Cardium citrinum. Wood, Conch. p. 228, tab. 54. fig. 8.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 193, tab. 18, fig. 189.
Pectunculus levis. Lister, Conch. tab. 249, fig. 83.
Mus. nost. Dredged on the western coasts.
Shell nearly an inch and a half long, and an inch and a quarter
broad, very nearly allied to the last, of which it may possibly be only
a variety; but is of an uniform rich sulphur yellow, with occasion-
ally an orange stain about the anterior margin; the inside strongly
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 42.
serrate: the longitudinal strie quite invisible, except when examin-
ed by a high magnifying power, when they appear to be equally
distributed over the whole surface.
LDDLDIOIOIOOow
42. ISOCARDIA—LAMARCK.
Testa equvalvis, cordata, ventricosa ; umbonibus remotis, convolutis,
posticé secundis. Cardo dentibus duobus compressis obliquis pene-
trantibus, unico sub umbonem subrecurvo: laterali remoto, antico.
Lagamentum externum.
Shell equivalve, heart-shaped, very tumid; with the beaks remote,
conyolute, and both pointing to the hinder side. Hinge with two
flat oblique penetrating teeth, one of them placed under the beak
and a little recurved: and a remote lateral tooth on the anterior
side. Ligament external.
IsocarpiA testd globoso-cordatd leviusculd.
Shell globular heart-shaped, and nearly smooth.
Tab. nost. 14.
Chama Cor. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1137.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3299.
Turton, Linn Syst. iv. p. 244.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 214.
Montagu, p. 134, and Suppl. p. 50,
2c
Cor
1,
193
194
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 43.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 91.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 160.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 212.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 32, fig. 17.
Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. p. 385, tab. 8. fig. 7.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 101, tab. 48, fig. 483.
Bucardia. Lister, Conch. tab. 275, fig. m1. lower fig.
Mus. nost. From Dublin bay: found also at Bantry bay, Belfast ;
and St. Abbs’ Head in Scotland.
Shell four inches long, and three and a half wide, of a blackish or
tawny color, whitish about the beaks, nearly smooth, or with some
fine irregular strize: the beaks twisted into a single flat volution,
both fronting the hinder side.
43, MYTILUS—LINNE,
Testa longitudinalis, equivalvis, medio plerumqué bysso fixa ; umboni-
bus acutis, rectiusculis, terminalibus, Cardo denticulis obtusis, nu-
mero varus, alternatim insertis: lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum
marginale, externum.
Shell longitudinal, equivalve, generally fixed by a byssus issuing
from the middle; with the beaks acute, nearly straight, and
terminal, Hinge with small teeth, varying in number, and alter-
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA,. 43. "195
nately closing together: lateral teeth none. Ligament marginal,
external.
All the species of the Mussel, properly so called, are confined to
the above generic character, and as far as we know them, are fur-
nished with small obtuse teeth under the points of the beaks; a
circumstance sufficient to distinguish them from the Modiola, which
is always destitute of them.
Mytiws testd semiovatd transversim rugosa, anticé curvatd, umbonibus ungulatus.
subquadridentatis. ‘
Shell semioval with transverse plaits, curved on the anterior side,
with four or five teeth in the hinge.
Mytilus ungulatus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1157.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3354.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 592.
Chemnitz, vill. p. 176, tab. 85, fig. 756.
Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 128, fig. 2,
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 107.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 238.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 310.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 111.
Mytilus ungulinus. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 582.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 164.
Musculus major. Luster, Conch. tab. 360, fig. 199.
Mus. nost. From Cornwall, but probably French.
Shell four or five inches long, and nearly two broad, covered with
a purplish or blackish skin, and resembles the common Mussel,
2c 2
196
edulis.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 42.
except in size, and in being furnished with rough transverse ridges.
Myri.us testd ovato-oblongd levi, anticé curvatdé subcarinatd, umboni-
bus subquadridentatis.
Shell oval-oblong smooth, curved and somewhat carinate on the an-
terior side, with four or five teeth in the hinge.
Mytlus edulis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1157.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3353.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 291.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 169, tab. 84, fig. 750.
Pennant, iv. p. 236, tab. 66, fig. 2.
Donovan, iv. tab. 128, fig. L.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 159.
Linn. Trans. vi. tab. 18, fig. 13, 14.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 105.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
Dorset Catal. tab. 12, fig. 5, left hand.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 309.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 109.
Mytilus vulgaris. Da Costa, p. 216, tab. 15, fig. 5, left hand.
Musculus subceruleus. Lister, Conch. tab. 362, fig. 200.
Mus. nost. Common.
A well-known species, subject to much variety of shape, gene-
rally of a rich blue when the outer coat is taken off, sometimes with
an indenture or fold near the beak, as in the variety of Modiola
Modiolus.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA,. 43. 197
Mytitus testé ovaté crassa opacd tumidd, anticé incurvaté umbonibus qucursatie.
divaricatis subbidentatis.
Shell oval thick opake and tumid, incurved on the anterior side, the
beaks divaricate with two or three teeth.
Mytilus incurvatus. Pennant, iv. p. 237, tab. 67, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 160.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 106, tab. 3, fig. 7.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 192.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 109.
Mytilus edulis. Var. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 309.
Musculus parvus, Laster, Conch. tab. 362. fig. 201, 202.
Mus. nost. Western coasts and Ireland.
Shell hardly an inch and a half long, strong, tumid, much curved,
of a blueish-grey color, with the beaks separated, and two or three
teeth only under them.
Mytitus testd ovatd diaphand ceruled radiata, antice rectd, um- vellucidus,
bonibus conniventibus subbidentatis. *
Shell oval transparent blue and radiate, straight on the anterior side,
the beaks close together with two or three teeth.
Tab. nost. 15, fig. 1 and 2.
Pennant, iv. p. 237, tab. 66, fig. 3.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 292.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 160.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 81.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 107.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
198
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 44.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p 310.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 110.
Mytilus edulis. Var. Chemnitz, viii. p. 169, tab. 84, fig. 751.
Mus. nost. On the western coasts.
A very elegant shell both in color and figure, seldom reaching
to two inches in length, covered when fresh with a dark olive skin,
under which it is blue with white rays; and is distinguished from
the radiated variety of the common Mussel in its younger state, by
having only two or three tubercular teeth under the beaks.
44. MODIOLA—LAMARCK.
Testa subtransversa, e@quivalvis, latere postico brevissimo ; uwmbonibus
subterminalibus, ad latus brevius. Cardo edentulus. Ligamentum
marginale, exturnum.
Shell somewhat transverse, equivalve, with the hinder side very short ;
the beaks nearly terminal, and placed at the shorter side. Hinge
without teeth. Ligament marginal, external.
This genus is separated from the Mytilus by sufficiently clear
characters; the want of teeth in the hinge, and the lateral but
nearly terminal position of the beaks. The species are sometimes
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 44. fe. 199
solitary and free, sometimes attached by a byssus; and reside in
deep waters, or among rocks and under stones.
Mopiota testd oblongd levi, latere antico obliqué dilatato, wumbonibus Modiolus.
tumidis obtusé angulatis. ih
Shell oblong smooth, with the anterior side obliquely dilated, the
beaks tumid and obtusely angular.
Tab. nost. 15, fig. 3. Young.
Mytilus Modiolus. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1158.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3354.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 298.
Pennant, iv. p. 238, tab. 69.
Da Costa, p. 219, tab. 15, fig. 5.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 23.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 168.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 107.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 164.
Dorset Catal. p. 40, tab. 12, fig. 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 314.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 111.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 178, tab. 85, fig. 757, 759.
Lister, Conch. tab. 1057, fig. 5.
Var. a, radtis violaceis vel rubescentibus.
with violet or pale red rays.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 182, tab. 85, fig. 758.
Var. b. margine postico intorto.
with the hinder margin curling inwards.
Mytilus umbilicatus. Pennant, iv. p. 228, tab. 68.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 40.
200
Gibsii.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 44.
Var. c. dimidiatim foliaceo-barbata, foliolis integerrumis.
half clothed with foliations which are entire on both the
edges.
Mytilus barbatus. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1156.
Chemnitz, vill. p. 168, tab. 84, fig. 749.
Pennant, iv. p. 238, tab. 67, fig. 2.
Donovan British Shells, ii. tab. 70.
Mus. nost. The various seas of the British coasts.
Shell when full grown four or five inches long, thick coarse, co-
vered with a blackish skin which is frequently clothed with some
scattered glossy hairs, and has a tendency to curve inwards near the
beaks opposite the hinge; and when about half grown is thinner,
of a horn color, and frequently clothed more or less with long leaf-
like filaments, which uniformly differ from those which cover the
Modiola Gibsii, in having no serratures down the edges: the very
young are usually marbled or radiate.
Mopio.a testdé subtrigond, transversim striatd, foliaceo-barbata foliolis
hine serratis.
Shell somewhat triangular, striate transversely, clothed with folia-
tions which are serrated on the edge.
Modiola Gibsii. Leach, Miscell. ii. p. 34, tab. 72, fig. 2.
Mus. nost. On the western coasts.
Shell about two inches long, and one and a half broad, very flat
and angular at the anterior side, regularly striate transversely,
white and opake under the skin, covered more or less with long foli-
ations which are constantly notched down one of the sides.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 44. 201
Moptota testd ovatd ventricosd, anticé subacuminatd, umbonibus ter- — 4iscors.
minalibus subconvolutis, extremitatibus longitudinalitér costulatis.
Shell oval very tumid, rather pointed at the anterior side, beaks ter-
minal ond somewhat convolute, and slightly ribbed longitudinally
at both ends.
Mytilus Discors.
0.
Tab. nost. 15, fig. 4.
Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1159.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3356.
Turton, Linn, Syst. iv. p. 294.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 191, tab. 86, fig. 764, 765.
Da Costa, p. 221, tab. 17, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 167.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 240.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 111, tab. 3, fig. 8.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 164.
Dorset Catal. p. 40, tab. 2. fig. 1.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 319.
Turton, Conch, Dict. p. 112.
Walker, Test. minut. p. 22, fig. 79.
Mus. nost. Western coasts and Ireland.
Shell hardly an inch long, greenish or brownish horn-color, often
spotted, semitransparent, a little constricted at the margin towards
the pointed end, and divided into three compartments; the extrem-
ity at the beaks marked with about sixteen longitudinal ribs, and
the opposite or pointed extremity with numerous similar ribs, with
the middle part between these ribs slightly striate transversely :
beaks quite terminal, very obtuse, and twisted into a single flat
yolution.
2D
202 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 44.
Beebe. MopioLaA testa ovata depressd, anticé rotundatd, umbonibus subtermin-
alibus, extremitatibus longitudinaliter costulatis.
Shell oval flattish, rounded at the anterior side, beaks not quite ter-
minal, and slightly ribbed longitudinally at both ends.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 119. and
Suppl. p. 65, tab. 26, fig. 4.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 164.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. m1. tab. 3, fig. 9.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 241.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 319.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 112.
Mus. nost. Western and Irish Coasts.
Shell marked like the last, but is much flatter, broader and
rounder at the end opposite the hinge, where the ribs are only eight
in number: the beaks are more pointed and not quite terminal ;
and the color is usually of a more opake brown.
45. OSTREA—LINNE.
Testa fica, inequvalvis, irregularis ; wmbonibus subdivaricatis, etate
imequalibus. Cardo edentulus, fossulé semiexternd etate gradatim
elongata in valud inferior. Ligamentum internum.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 45.
Shell fixed, inequivalve, irregular; with the beaks more or less se-
parated from each other and becoming unequal by age. Hinge
without teeth, with a cavity which is partly external and in the
lower valve becomes gradually elongated. Ligament internal.
This well-known tribe is always parasitical, being fixed to rocks
and other marine substances by their under valve. The individuals
or species are subject to much irregularity of figure, and are gene-
rally coarse and rough. The hinge of the under valve becomes much
elongated by age, when the points of the beaks recede from each
other, and leave a gap between them. Most of them have some
minute granular denticulations on each side about the hinge.
03
Ostrea testd suborbiculari foliaceo-squamosd trigono-plicaté, margine Crista Galli.
Ie
interno crenulato.
Shell somewhat orbicular with scaly foliations and triangular plaits,
and the inner margin crenulate.
Mytilus Crista Galli Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1155.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3350.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 289.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 235.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 166,
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 104.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 164.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 299.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 109.
Chemnitz, vill. p. 52, tab. 75, fig. 683, 684.
2D 2
204 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 45.
Mus. nost. Of foreign importation upon the bottoms of vessels,
from which our specimens were taken, with some small living
young ones attached.
Shell about two inches in diameter, greyish white or purplish,
rough with foliations; the under valve shooting at the base into
irregular claw-like ramifications round the margin, by which it fixes
itself to any hard substance: the sharp triangular plaits at the mar-
gin close alternately within each other, like the dovetail of joiners’
work: inside honey yellow, with the inner margin finely tubercled.
edulis, QOsTREA testé ovato-rotundatd foliaceo-squamosd, valvé superiore mi-
, nore planatd, margine interno integerrimo.
Shell roundish oval, with scaly foliations, the upper valve less and
flattened, and the inner margin very entire.
Ostrea edulis. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1148.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3334.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 274.
Pennant, iv. p. 225, tab. 65, fig. 2.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 151.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 101.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 162.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 11, fig. 6.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 280.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 133.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 48, tab. 74, fig. 682.
Ostreum vulgare. Da Costa, p. 154, tab. 11, fig. 6.
Ostrea major. Lister, Conch. tab. 193, fig. 194.
Mus. nost. Common on rocks and in vast beds.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA, 45.
Shell very irregular, sometimes growing to a large size, when the
beak of the under valve becomes much elongated, and transversely
striate in the ligamentous cavity.
OstREA testd subrotundd vel oblonga leviusculd parasiticd, valvd
superiori convexd.
Shell roundish or oblong nearly smooth and fixed to other substances,
with the upper valve convex.
_ Tab. nost. 17, fig. 6 and 7.
Ostrea parasitica. Chemnitz, vill. p. 19, tab. 71, fig. 660.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 134, fig. 8.
Ostrea orientalis. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p 274.
Mus. nost. On bivalves, crabs, and submarine substances.
Shell from half an inch to two inches in diameter, very variable
in figure and substance, sometimes very thin and radiate with black
or brown, when attached to the Pecten opercularis: sometimes thick,
with the upper valve semicylindrically tumid, and the under valve
concave underneath, as if it had accommodated its shape to a piece
of stick of the size of the fore-finger, with the beaks much incurv-
ed on one side and not extending beyond the margin: the surface is
nearly smooth, of a greenish color with occasionally some dark
longitudinal marks; inside perlaceous, with fine crenulations on
each side the hinge.
A small variety is found fixed to Serpulz, the inside of old Oys-
ter-shells, and sometimes in the cavities of rocks, with the upper
valve flat and a little scaly ; the under valve very concave and hol-
low, especially under the hinge ; the beaks of the concave or under
valve often much lengthened, an evidence of age; and it is fre-
205
parasitica.
3.
206
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
quently deformed and distorted by contact with harder objects. It
may perhaps be a distinct species; as it answers to the character
given by Lamarck, Hist. Nat. vi. p. 209, to his Ostrea deformis.
LDLDDLDIDLDOPDOPPI_OPOPIOIILIOIJ_P_OP_PIOIOIOPOIOOIO™
46. PECTEN—LISTER.
Testa libera seu fiea, suborbicularis, basi transversim auriculata ; um-
bonibus contiguis aequalibus. Cardo edentulus, foved internd, tri-
gonad. Ligamentum internum.
Shell free or fixed, somewhat orbicular, transversely dilated into au-
ricles at the base; with the beaks equal and close together,
Hinge without teeth, with an internal triangular cavity. Liga-
ment internal.
The ear-like appendages at the sides of the beaks distinguish
this family from that of the Ostrea. These auricles have generally
one of the edges fringed with minute internal crenatures on each
side the hinge. They are mostly ribbed longitudinally, and with the
exception of Pecten sinuosus and P. Pusio, are free, and capable of
considerable locomotion: and they exhibit a more splendid and va-
ried display of colors than any of our native genera.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA., 46. © 207
* auriculis subequalibus. 1-7.
with the ears equal or nearly so.
PECTEN testd inequivalvi, valud superiori planatd inferné concavo-de- maximus:
pressd, radius rotundatis longitudinaliter striatis. o
Shell inequivalve, the upper valve flat with a depression near the
hinge, the rays rounded and striate longitudinally.
Ostrea maxima. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1144.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3315.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 258.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 49.
Linn. Trans, viii. p. 96.
Dorset Catal. p. 37, tab. 9. fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 247.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 128.
Pecten maximus. Pennant, iv. p. 219, tab. 62.
Chemnitz, vil. p. 268, tab. 60, fig. 585.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 148.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Pecten vulgaris. Da Costa, p. 140, tab. 9, fig. 3.
Pecten magnus. Jaster, Conch. tab. 163, fig. 1.
Mus. nost. At the estuaries of large rivers.
Shell four or five inches in diameter, white brown or marbled with
pink and dark chocolate brown, with 14 or 15 rounded ribs ; inside
white with a broad deep purple margin.
PrEctEN testd inequivalvi, valué superior: planaté inferné concavo-de< Jacobeus.
pressa, radus angulatis valve inferioris longitudinaliter sulcatis. s
208
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA 46.
Shell inequivalve, the upper valve flat with a depression near the
hinge, the rays angular and in the under valve longitudinally
grooved.
Ostrea Jacobea. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1144.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3316.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 258.
Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 137.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 97.
Dorset Catal. p. 37, tab. 18. fig. 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 248.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 128.
Pecten Jacobeus. Pennant, iv. p. 220, tab. 63. fig. 1.
Da Costa, Brit Conch. p. 148.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 144.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Pecten Jacobi. Chemnitz, vii. p. 278, tab. 60, fig. 588, 589.
Pecten magnus. Lister, Conch. tab. 155, 156, fig. 2, 3.
Supposed to have been found in Dorsetshire.
Shell about three inches in diameter, of a rufous brown color,
with the under valve white and very concave, where the ribs are
more flattened and angular.
This shell has its specific name from the circumstance of its be-
ing worn on the cap or shoulder of votaries, in evidence of their
having performed a pilgrimage of adoration to the shrine of Saint
James, in the city of Compostella, or Saint Jago, in Spain, where
his relicts are preserved,
The authors who speak of this shell as not very uncommon on the
Dorsetshire, Cornish, and Yorkshire coasts, have mistaken for it, as
we suspect, some of the varieties of the Pecten maximus,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46. 209
PrcreEn testd subobliqud longitudinalitéer striatd, valud superiori con- porate
vexiort, radtis 18 ad 20 subcarinatis scabris. ts
Shell rather oblique and striate longitudinally, the upper valve more
convex, with 18 to 20 rays which are somewhat carinate and
rough.
Ostrea opercularis. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1146.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3325.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 266.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 98.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 9. fig. 1, 2, 4, 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 266.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 129.
Pecten opercularis. Pennant, iv. p. 221, tab. 63, fig. 2.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 341, tab. 67, fig. 646.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 145.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Pecten pictus. Da Costa, p. 144, tab. 9, fig. 1, 2, 4. 5.
Pecten mediocris. Lister, Conch. tab. 190, 191, 192.
Var. radiis lined sanguinea longitudinali pictis.
the rays marked each with a longitudinal red line.
Ostrea lineata. Donovan British Shells, iv. tab. 116.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 99.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 10, fig. 8.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 266,
Pecten lineatus. Da Costa, p. 147, tab. 10, fig. 8.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 147.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 222.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Lister, Conch. tab. 170. fig. 7.
Mus, nost. Common to most sandy coasts,
25
subrufus.
sinuosus.
5.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Shell about two inches in diameter, infinitely varying in colors,
shades and markings, with the surface very rough to the touch: the
outline is a little oblique, and the under valve is flatter.
Pecten testé equivalvi equilateral glabra, radius 20 rotundatis levi-
bus.
Shell equivalve equilateral and smooth, with 20 rounded smooth
rays.
Tab. nost. 17, fig. 1.
Ostrea subrufa. | Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 12.
Turton, Linn Syst. iv. p. 264.
Mus. nost. From Torbay.
Shell about an inch in diameter, of an uniform rufous-brown
color, and entirely smooth except a few transverse scaly marks to-
wards the margin: the valves are equal, and it has not the oblique
outline always observable in the Pecten opercularis, and the ribs are
rounded and smooth.
Pscren testé suborbiculari inequivalvi, varie distortd, radiis"numerosis
echinatis.
Shell somewhat orbicular inequivalve, variously distorted, with nu-
merously prickly rays.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 5.
Ostrea sinuosa. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3319.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 261.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 99.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 10, fig. 3 and 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 262.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 130.
Pecten distortus. Da Costa, p. 148, tab. 10, fig. 3 and 6.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p.148.
Pecten sinuosus. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 222, tab. 64, fig. 2.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 34.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 161.
Pecten minor. Lister, Conch. tab. 172, fig. 9.
Mus. nost. From rocks on the western coasts.
Shell about an inch and a half long, orbicular or inclining to
oval, variously mishapen and distorted, of a pink or brownish color
irregularly marbled or marked with chocolate brown; the lower
valve generally much more convex, with the figure and ribs of the
shell occupying about half the surface, the other part shooting into
foliations or spines ; sometimes the upper valve more convex and the
under one flat: the fine ribs are about forty in number, and more
or less clothed with spines or scales.
PECTEN testd equivalvi, strtis transversim minutissimis, radiis 7 ad 10
obsoletis rotundatis, intus sulcis numerosis.
Shell equivalve, with very minute transverse strie, and from 7 to
10 obscure rounded rays, and numerous grooves in the inside.
Ostrea glabra. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 132.
Pecten glaber. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 228.
Montagu, p. 150, Suppl. 59, tab. 28, fig. 6,
Turton, British Fauna, p. 112.
On the Scotch coast, near Dunbar.
glaber,
6.
212
tumidus.
levis.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Shell about three quarters of an inch in diameter, yellow mottled
with rufous brown, and marked on the inside with numerous slender
rays.
We expect that this is one of the endless varieties of the Pecten
obsoletus, with the auricles more equal than are generally observed
among our English specimens; and that the Pecten glaber of Linne,-
as figured in plate 67 of Chemnitz, and our Pecton obsoletus are
one and the same species.
PsctTEN testé equivalvi inequilaterali glaberrimd, latere altero pro-
ducto.
Shell equivalve inequilateral quite smooth, with one of the sides
produced.
Tab. nost. 17. fig. 3.
Ostrea tumida. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 132.
Mus. nost. Taken from the Serpula tubularia, in Torbay.
Shell a quarter of an inch in diameter, orbicular, glossy white,
transparent, and without striz ribs or marks of any kind: the sides
not equal, in consequence of one of them being prominent in a
rounded manner: ears very nearly equal.
** quriculis inequalibus. 8-12.
with the ears unequal.
¢e¢
PECTEN testdé equivalvi equilaterali, planiusculd, semipellucidd, glaber-
TYUMa.
Shell equivalve equilateral, flattish, semitransparent and quite
smooth.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Pecten levis. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 223.
Montagu, p. 150. Suppl. p. 61, tab. 4, fig. 4.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 162.
Ostrea levis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 131.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 266.
Ostrea similis. Laskey, Wern. Soc. i. tab. 8, fig. 8.
Anglesea and the western coasts.
Shell about an inch in diameter, orbicular, thin, smooth except a
few transverse wrinkles, yellowish white often marbled with brown :
one ear large, the other small.
Some specimens which we have examined in the cabinet of Mr.
Gordon, dredged up by himself in Torbay, appeared to have the ears
nearly equal, much more so than they are represented in Montagu’s
figure. It may be therefore that this species is subject to much
irregularity, and that our Pecten is a variety only.
PEctTEN testd equivalvi, striis numerosisims minutissimis longitudinal-
ibus svbundatis.
Shell equivalve, with very numerous and minute slightly undulate
longitudinal striz.
Tab. nost. 9, fig. 6.
Pecten obsoletus. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 222, tab. 64, fig. 3.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 1, fig. 2.
Montagu, Test. p. 149, and Suppl. p. 57.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 162.
Pecten parvus. Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 153.
Ostrea obsoleta. Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 266.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 100.
213
obsoletus.
214
varius.
10.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 263.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 133.
Ostrea levis. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 100, tab. 8, fig. 5.
Mus. nost. From Torbay and the English Channel.
Shell about an inch in diameter, roundish-oval or oblong, purple,
reddish, or yellowish, rarely clear white, often variously marbled or
spotted: the surface generally marked with raised ribs towards the
broader end, more or less in number, and which are sometimes de-
fined by a deep transverse line separating them from the plain part,
but always marked with the fine and almost invisible longitudinal
irregular and somewhat undulate striz over the whole surface.
PrcreEn testd oblongd subequivalvi, strtis 26 ad 30 compressis echina-
tis.
Shell oblong nearly equivalve, with from 26 to 30 compressed
prickly striz.
Ostrea varia. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1146.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3324.
Turton, Linn Syst. iv. p. 265.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 1. fig. 1.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 97.
Dorset Catal. p. 38, tab. 10. fig. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p 260.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 130.
Pecten varius. Pennant, iv. p. 221, tab. 64, fig. 1.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 146.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 162,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 46.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 331, tab. 66, fig. 633, 634.
Pecten Monotis. Da Costa, p. 151, tab. 10, fig. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9.
Pecten subrufus. Lister, tab. 180, fig. 17, 181, fig. 18.
Shell nearly two inches long, aud rather less in breadth, varying
much in colors and markings: the ribs are clothed with concave
spines more or less.
PEcTEN testé oblongo-ovatd equivalvi, striis 40 rotundatis leviusculis,
alternis minoribus.
Shell oblong-oval equivalve, with 40 rounded and nearly smooth
strize which are alternately smaller.
Tab. nost. 17, fig. 2.
Ostrea Pusio. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 146.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3424.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 261.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 266.
Palliolum. Chemnitz, vii. p. 333, tab. 67, fig. 635, 636.
Pecten parvus, ex croceo variegatus, tenuitér admodum striatus, al-
ternis feré struss paulo minoribus. Lister, Conch. tab. 189, fig.
23.
Mus. nost. From the rocks in Torbay.
Shell five-eighths of an inch long, and half an inch broad,
brownish white with chocolate transverse zigzag bands, often saffron
or crimson, but variable in colors; the under valve usually clear
white; with about 40 fine rounded striz which are mostly alter-
nately larger and smaller, and very slightly muricate about the mar-
gin.
Pusio.
11.
216
Tslandicus.
Bie
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 47.
This beautiful little shell, which seems to have been known to
Lister as an inhabitant of our islands, but has since been over-
looked, we found imbedded among the rocks in the neighbourhood
of Torquay, to which they are slightly attached.
The surface is always regular and never distorted: the valves are
equal ; and one of the auricles is nearly obliterated. The figure is
also different from the Pecten distortus of the same size, being
more regularly oval-oblong.
‘the number of its rays, and their being alternately larger and
lesser, distinguish it from the Pecten varius, independently of its
constant habitation in rocks.
PEcteN testd subeqvivalvi, striis numerosis rotundatis bifidis scabris.
Shell nearly equivalve, with numerous rounded cloven rough striz.
Ostrea Islandica. Gmelin, Syst. Nat. p. 3326.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 267.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 258.
Ostrea cinnabarina. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p 256.
Pecten Islandicus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 314, tab. 65, fig. 615, 616.
Lister, Conch. tab. 1057, fig. 4.
Some specimens have, we understand, been taken on the northern
shores of the Scottish islands. Those from which we drew the de-
scription in the Conchological Dictionary, appear to have been
brought from Newfoundland.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 47.
47. LIMA—BRUGUIERE.
Testa longitudinaliter oblonga, equivalvis, inequilateralis, basi trans-
versim auriculatd, umbonibus remotiusculis. Cardo edentulus, foved
externd et dissepmento transverso sub umbones. Ligamentum exter-
num.
Shell longitudinally oblong, equivalve, inequilateral, with the auricles
at the base, and the beaks rather remote. Hinge without teeth,
with an external cavity and a transverse dissepiment. under the
beaks. Ligament external.
The character of this genus sufficiently distinguishes it both from
the Ostrea and the Pecten. From the first it differs in being fur-
nished with small auricles at the sides of the hinge; from the latter
in having the beaks distant, between which the ligament is placed
externally, as in the Pectunculus, and separated from the interior of
the valve by a strong transverse parietal dissepiment, and from both
in its general outline, which is longitudinally oblong, with one of
the sides nearly straight, and the opposite one produced in an arcu-
ated manner, not unlike the eommon Mussel.
All of them are thin, transparent, white colorless and without
gloss, generally free, but occasionally fixed to the Flustra and the
Alcyonium.
Lma testd tumidd, striis numerosis longitudinalibus subundatis minor-
ibusque interpositis, auriculis obliquis.
Shell tumid, with numerous longitudinal somewhat undulate striz
and lesser ones between them, and the auricles oblique.
2F
217
bullata.
Ile
218
subauricu-
lata.
ip
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 47.
Tab. nost. 17, fig. 4, 5.
Pecten fragilis. Montagu, ‘Test. Brit. Suppl. p. 62.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 223.
Pecten bullatus. Chemnitz, vii. p. 348, tab. 68, fig. 649, b.
Ostrea fasciata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 269.
Ostrea fragilis Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 131.
Mus. nost. Devonshire coast, and Bray in Ireland.
Shell three quarters of an inch long, and barely half an inch
broad, very convex, and much curved outwards on one side, with
numerous raised longitudinal strize which area little undulated,
with three or four lesser ones between each of them: the cardinal
margin rather oblique.
Lima testd compressd subequilaterali, striis longitudinalibus rectis
e@qualibus, auriculis subrectilinearibus.
Shell flattish and nearly equilateral, with longitudinal straight
strie which have no lesser ones between them, and the auricles
nearly rectilinear.
Pecten subauriculatus. Montagu, Suppl. p. 63, tab. 29, fig. 2.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 224.
Pecten fragilis Chemnitz, vil. p. 349, tab. 68, fig. 650.
Ostrea subauriculata. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 131.
Ostrea bullata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 270.
Mus. nost. From the western coasts.
Shell much flatter and more elongated than the Lima bullata,
a little unequal at one of the sides, but not so much as in that
shell, with the cardinal margin in a nearly straight line: the
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 48.
longitudinal lines are more remote, in a nearly straight direction,
and have no lesser ones between them.
48. AVICULA—LAMARCK.
Testa depressa, obliqua, inequivalvis, inequilateralis ; basi transversim
rectilineari, utrinqué lobatd ; umbonibus remotiusculis. Cardo
linearis, dente unico subpenetrante : lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum
lineare, externum.
Shell flat, oblique, inequivalve, inequilateral ; transversely pro-
duced in a straight line at the base, where the sides are lobed:
the beaks rather remote. Hinge linear, with a single slightly
penetrating tooth: lateral teeth none. Ligament linear, ex-
ternal.
The general outline of this genus is rather singular. From a
straight and elongated base rises obliquely the rounded or oval body
of the shell: and when the valves are expanded, with the length-
ened processes downwards, it has some sort of resemblance to a bird
on the wing; the valves representing the wings, as at letter b of our
figure, and the elongated processes the tail, as at the letter a,
Hence it has been denominated the swallow-tail Mussel,
2F 2
219
220
Hirundo.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 48.
They inhabit the deeps of the ocean, and are attached by a bys-
sus which issues from a sinuosity or notch near the base of the un-
der valve. We have examined a small living specimen attached to
the Gorgonia viminalis.
We are inclined to consider the genus, as far as it is yet known,
to possess three well defined species: 1, where the tail, or anterior
elongated process is longer than the wing or body, and curved at
the end, as is represented in Chemnitz, viii. tab. 81, fig. 723. 2,
where the tail is about as long as, or reaching parallel with the
wing, as in our European species: and 3, where the tail is shorter
than the wing, or where the processes at the base are of nearly
equal length ; as is represented in Chemnitz, viii. tab. 81, fig. 726,
AvicuLa caudd longitudine ale.
With the tail as long as the wing.
Tab. nost. 16, fig. 3. and 4.
Mytilus Hirundo. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1159.
Gmelin, Syst p. 3357.
Turton, Linn, Syst. iv. p. 295.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 320.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 108, fig. 7.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 142, tab. 81, fig. 724, 725.
Pecten tenuis. Lister, Conch. tab. 220, fig. 55.
Mus. nost. Dublin bay, Torbay and the western coasts.
Shell nearly two inches long, and as much in breadth, including
the lobes, smooth or furnished with a few scales about the margin,
gencrally of an uniform dull greenish color, but sometimes brown
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 49.
with pale rays: beaks seperated by a linear transverse cavity: in-
side perlaceous, glossy except round the margin, which is extremely
thin: hinge with a single small tooth under the beak, which forms
a slight indentation in the opposite valve.
ee
49. PINNA—LINNE.
Testa longitudinalis cuneiformis equivalvis, basi acutd rectiusculd,
apice dilatato hiante. Cardo edentulus. Ligamentum eaternum,
prelongum.
Shell longitudinal, wedge-shaped, equivalve, pointed and nearly
straight at the base, dilated and open at the top. Hinge without
teeth. Ligament external, and very long.
These shells have a wedge-form or somewhat triangular shape,
and are fixed in gravelly and sandy parts of the ocean by the point-
ed end, near the termination of which issues a strong hair-like
byssus of attachment.
Pinna testé ovato-trigond, striis transversis arcuatis, apice fastigiato,
latere postico truncato recto.
Shell oval-triangular, with transverse arched striz, flat at top,
truncate and straight at the hinder side.
221
ingens,
ile
222 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 49.
Tab. nost. 20, fig. 1.
Pinna ingens. Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 244.
Montagu, p. 180, 583, and Suppl. p. 72.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 112.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 325.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 148.
Pinna levis. Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 152.
Mus. nost. From the Devonshire coast.
Shell growing to a foot or more in length, and half as much in
breadth, horn color and semitransparent, rather flattened at the
broader extremity, from which it runs down on the open side in a
nearly straight line for about half its length, and then slopes sud-
denly towards the pointed end; the surface is marked with about
eleven obscure longitudinal ribs which extend over three-fourths from
the anterior margin.
fragilis. Pinna testé ovatd, strus transversis arcuatis, apice rotundato, latere
)
postico producto rotundato.
Shell oval, with transverse arched striz, rounded at top, produced
and rounded at the hinder side.
Tab. nost. 20, fig. 2.
Pinna pectinata. Pennant, British Zool. iv. tab. 72.
Mus. nost. From the Devonshire coast.
Shell about six or seven inches long, and is marked like the
last, but is of a darker horn-color, and more flattened: it differs
also much in the outline, being broader in proportion to its
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 49.
length, with the upper part rounded and produced, giving it a more
ham-like appearance; the smaller end also runs in a more straight
direction.
The different outlines of these two species are constant, and, as
we are inclined to think, sufficiently point out specific distinction :
both of them, when young, have a few spines on the ribs, which
ribs however are indistinct, and fewer in number than those of the
next species.
Pinna testa trigondé corned, costis 18 confertis squamosis.
Shell triangular horn-color, with 18 close-set sealy ribs.
Tab. nost. 19, fig. 1.
Pinna pectinata. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1160.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3363.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 301.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 213, tab. 87, fig. 770.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p- 178.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 118
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Pennant, British Zool. p. 243.
Dorset Catal, p. 41, tab. 3, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 325.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 148.
Pinna muricata. Da Costa, p- 240, tab. 16, fig. 3.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 10.
Mus. nost. From the western coasts.
Shell three or four inches long, and two inches wide, pale
horn-color, thin and brittle, with about I8 crowded ribs, which
pectinata.
224
papyracea,
4,
muricata,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 49.
cover nearly the whole surface, and are clothed with numerous con-
cave scales: the top flat, and running in a nearly straight line down
the open side, whence it slopes to a slightly curved point.
Pinna testd ovato-trigond corned, costis 9 remotis muticis.
Shell oval triangular horn-color, with 9 remote unarmed ribs.
Tab. nost. 20, fig. 8.
Pinna papyracea. Chemnitz, viii. p. 248, tab. 93, fig. 786.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 331.
Mus, nost. Dredged off Torbay.
Shell four inches and a half long, and two and a quarter wide,
thin, brittle, horn-color, purplish towards the pointed end, and
marked with a blotch of the same color about the middle of the
cartilage side; with 9 remote broad rounded and prominent ribs
which cover nearly the whole surface : the broader end nearly flat,
but rounded at the open side; the pointed end runs quite straight
and without incurvation.
The Pinna vitrea of Chemnitz, p. 216. tab. 87, fig. 772, is a very
good representation of the shell, and is probably the same ina
younger and more delicate state.
Pinna testdé trigond carneold, costis 7 concavo-spinosis.
Shell triangular pale carnation, with 7 ribs armed with concave
spines.
Pinna muricata. Montagu, p. 183, tab. 5, fig. 3.
Linn. Trans. viii, p. 118.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 244.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50. 225
Dorset Catal. p. 39.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 149.
Pinna carnea. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 326.
Mus, nost. Sent to us from Dorsetshire.
Shell about four inches long, and two wide: but whether it be
the Pinna haud ignobilis of Chemnitz, tab. 87, fig. 779, or his P.
muricata, tab. 91, fig. 781, it is not worth much enquiry to the
British conchologist, as we believe both our own specimen and that
of Montagu to be foreign.
50. ANOMIA—LINNE.
Testa inequivalvis, irregularis ; valvd inferiori sub umbonem perforata,
et operculo vel tendine fied. Cardo edentulus. Ligamentum internum,
sub umbone transversum.
Shell inequivalve, irregular; with the under valve perforated near
the beak, and fixed by an operculum or tendon. Hinge without
teeth. Ligament internal, placed transversely under the beak.
Like the Mussel and the Oyster, the individuals of this tribe
have a fixed and stationary locality, from which they are never
26
226
electrica.
iN
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
removed without destructive violence. And this attachment is
effected, either by a solid elliptic testaceous appendage, which pier-
ces and fits the perforation in the lesser or under valve, and is
dilated and firmly adhesive at its base, as is represented in our plate
17, fig. 10; or is a mere tough tendinous plug, as is the case with
most of those which are attached to Fuci.
The great irregularity of figure and substance in many of the
species, occasions such difficulty of discrimination, that we do not
think the genus has as yet been well understood, or clearly elucida-
ted.
Montagu confines the British species to Anomia Ephippium, A.
undulata, A. aculeata, and A. cylindrica: but our own researches,
chiefly among the rocky shores of Devonshire, have led us to the
belief, that much curious matter yet remains for further develope-
ment, and a more accurate investigation of this hitherto obscure
genus: and we submit our own conclusions, respecting the determi-
nation of species, to the correction of better experience.
In our figures, all drawn from specimens taken alive, it has been
our wish to present them in their less known stages of growth, or
to exhibit their remote and more dissimilar appearances and allian-
ces. And it may be proper to remark, that in our specific descrip-
tion, we consider the lesser valve, or that which is perforated, as
the under one.
Anomta testé suborbiculari, subundatd, pellucida, succined.
Shell somewhat orbicular, with the surface a little undulate, trans-
parent, and amber-color.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50. 227
Anomia electrica.
Ostrea levis.
Tab. nost. 17, fig. 8, 9.
Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1151.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3341.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 281.
Chemnitz, vii. p. 79, tab. 76, fig. 691.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 1. fig. 67.
Lister, Conch. tab. 205, fig. 39.
Mus. nost. From the west of Ireland.
Shell an inch and a quarter in diameter, of a bright transpa-
rent amber or sulphur yellow inside and out, a little irregular in the
surface but not rough plaited nor scaly; beak pointed, not quite
terminal ; the under valve flat and scale-like, with a large interrupted
perforation.
AnomiA testé orbiculari-ovatdé scabriusculd, margine rugosoplicato,
Ephippium.
OF
intus margaritaced.
Shell orbicular oval rather rough, wrinkled and plaited at the mar-
gin, and pearly within.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 1-3.
Tab. 17, fig. 10, the operculum.
Anomia Ephippium. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1150.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3340.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 280.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 81, tab. 76, fig. 692, 693.
Pennant, iv. p. 232, tab. 65, upper fig.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 26.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 155.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 102.
2a2
228
Cepa.
5
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 162.
Dorset. Catal. p. 38, tab. 11, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 286.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 2.
Anomia Tunica Cepe. Da Costa, p. 165, tab. ii. fig. 3.
Laster, Conch. tab, 204, fig. 38.
Mus. nost. On most rocky coasts.
Shell growing to nearly three inches in diameter, often produced
at one side, irregularly wrinkled and plaited; in the full grown state
rough and scaly on the outside, which is dirty white and brownish :
beak terminal ; the inside rich perlaceous, mostly white but often
mixed with a greenish or dirty brown stain: operculum oval, large,
thick, rough.
Young shells are very irregular and generally angular at the mar-
gin, with the undulations putting on the shape of ribs or scaly folds,
always preserving a rough surface, and of a yellowish or fine purple
color; and when fixed to bivalves, especially the Pecten, partaking
the figure and marks, as in our fig. I.
Anomia testd obovaté planiusculd, scabrda, intus rosea.
Shell oboval flattish rough, rosy red within.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 4, young.
Anomia Cepa. Linn Syst. Nat. p. 1151.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3341.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 281.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 85, tab. 76, fig. 694, 695.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 287.
Mus. nost. Rocks in Torbay.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Shell nearly two inches long, and one and a half broad, oblong
inclining to oval, rather flat, with a rough but not an undulating
surface ; inside more or less of a rose color, but not pearly as in the
Anomia Ephippium ; beaks terminal ; the under valve thin but not
scaly.
Young shells have a triangular appearance, the sides being cut
down to an obtuse point, as in our plate; but in surface and dirty
white color resemble the full grown ones.
The figures of Chemnitz, above quoted, give an exact resemblance
of the full grown shell. We have as yet found only a few of them,
at the very lowest spring tide, near Broadsands in Torbay, where
their collection is of momentary opportunity, and attended with
some personal risk.
Anomia testdé suborbiculari, levi, pellucidd, corned.
Shell somewhat orbicular, smooth, transparent, and horn-color.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 5, 6, 7.
Anomia Squamula. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1151.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3341.
Turton, Linn. Syst. p. 281.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 167.
Chemmitz, vill. p. 86, tab. 79, fig. 696.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 156 and 561.
Lunn. Trans. viii. p. 102.
Turion, British Fauna, p. 163.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 232.
Dorset Catal, p. 39, tab. 13, fig. 4.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 3.
Walker, Minute Shells, p. 22, fig. 80.
Mus. nost, In old shells, on stones and Fuci.
229
Squamula.
4.
230
undulata.
5.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
In all its stages of growth this species may be readily distin-
guished from any of the varieties of Anomia Ephippium. It is
usually flat, sometimes a little tumid about the beaks, nearly orbic-
ular, without wrinkles or undulations, and of a whitish or corneous
color. The usual diameter is from a quarter to half an inch, but we
have met with it nearly two inches. The base is occasionally trun-
cate, as often happens to the younger ones of Anomia Ephippium
and A. undulata. The substance is always thin and brittle; and the
plug of attachment is tendinous, seldom hard at the base, with a
testaceous termination.
Large specimens sometimes cover the part near the hinge of the
Pecten opercularis, partaking of the convexity, ribs, and striz of its
foster parent.
Anomia testdé rotundatd seu oblonga, strus longitudinalibus undulatis,
valvd inferiori foved trigond sub umbonem.
Shell rounded or oblong, with longitudinal undulate striz, and a
triangular cavity on the under valve beneath the hinge.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 8, 9, 10.
Anomia undulata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3346.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 286.
Chemnitz, viii. p.88, tab. 77, fig. 699.
Montagu, p. 157, tab. 4, fig. 6.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. 233.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
Dorset Catal. p. 39, tab. 11, fig. 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 289.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 4.
Ostrea striata, Da Costa, p. 162, tab. 11, fig. 4.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Montagu, Test. p. 153, and Suppt. p. 580.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 45.
Ostrea subviridis. Lister. Conch. tab. 202, fig. 36.
Mus. nost. On old shells, and the crevices of rocks.
Shell an inch or more in diameter, very variable in figure and
consistence, sometimes very convex and opake, often thin trans-
parent and flat ; sometimes the under valve is more convex than the
upper, which is rarely concave ; but always furnished with numerous
radiating striz which cause the margin to be crenate: inside of a
rich and splendid green, with an iridescent blue margin: the beak
is generally terminal, but in the flatter varieties not quite so: the
perforation is large, and sometimes quite entire.
On the under valve, on one side of the perforation, is a triangular
striated cavity, resembling that which is seen on the valves of the
Pecten, as if it had contained an additional ligament for the more
safe attachment.
The plug terminates in a thin oval layer, strongly striate trans-
versely, and crossed with fine longitudinal lines, frequently found on
the valves of the Pinna ingens.
‘Lhe varieties figured at 12 and 13, we have taken from the cavi-
ties of rocks in Torbay. They are extremely thin and brittle, re-
sembling brown paper: the upper valve a little concave, and clothed
with thin greenish-white scales ; the under valve very convex and
fragile: the longitudinal striz very obscure.
AnomiA testdé orbiculari, valvé superiori punctis elevatis, inferiort
punctis concavis.
Shell orbicular, with raised dots on the upper valve and concave
ones on the under valve.
punctata.
6.
232
cylindrica.
le
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 11.
Anomia punctata. Gmelin, Syst p. 3346.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 286.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 88, tab. 77, fig. 698.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 288.
Mus. nost. On Crabs and old Oyster shells.
Shell about an inch in diameter, thin, transparent, of a purplish-
white color, orbicular but a little truncate at the base; the upper
valve convex and covered with numerous raised pustular dots: the
under valve flat and marked with concave dots: beaks terminal.
In the cabinet of Mr. Strangeways, of Teignmouth, are some
remarkably fine ones, full an inch and a half in diameter. They all
answer to the description and figure of Chemnitz.
Anomia testd ovaté subcylindrico-convexd transversim rugosd, umbone
recurvo.
Shell oval somewhat cylindrically convex and transversely rugged,
with the beak curved backwards.
Anomia cylindrica. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3346.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 288.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 233.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 291.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 6.
Anomia cymbiformis. Linn. Trans. viii, p. 104, tab. 3, fig. 6.
Montagu, Suppl. p. 64.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
Mus. nost. On Fuci and Sertularie.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Shell half an inch long, and a quarter broad, brownish-white,
narrower towards the beak which curves over the under valve, and
ends in an obtuse point, sometimes smooth, but mostly with some
rough transverse marks, but no longitudinal ones.
Anomia testé ovatd subcylindrico-converd, longitudinaliter striata,
umbone recurvo.
Shell oval, somewhat cylindrically convex, and striate longitudinally,
with the beak curved backwards.
Mus. nost. From the roots of Fuci
Shell in all respects resembling the last species, but is always
marked with fine rather remote longitudinal raised lines, a sufficient
distinction of specific character.
Anomia testé suborbiculari vel oblongd, stris crebris longitudinalibus
aculeatis.
Shell somewhat orbicular or oblong, with numerous longitudinal
prickly stria.
Anomia aculeata. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3346.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 285.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 92, tab. 77, fig. 702.
Montagu, p. 157. tab. 4, fig. 5.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 103.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 163.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 233.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 288.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 4.
Mus. nost. On Fuci, and among rocks.
2H
233
striolata.
8.
aculeata.
9.
234
fornicata.
10.
tubularis,
Ble
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 50.
Shell from a quarter to half an inch in diameter, flat, rounded
or oblong, sometimes truncate at the top, brown or whitish, covered
with concave or prickly scales disposed in longitudinal lines down
the raised striz ; the under valve sometimes but rarely prickly on
the outside.
Anomia testé suborbiculari, striis minutis, valud superiori intus sub
umbonem fornicata.
Shell somewhat orbicular and finely striate, the upper valve furnished
with a vaulted chamber on the inside under the beak.
Tab. nost. 18, fig. 12, 13."
Anomia fornicata. Lamarck, Syst. vi. p. 228.
Mus. nost. From Torbay.
Shell about half an inch in diameter, white and rather flat,
orbicular or inclining to oblong, irregularly sinuous on the margin
at the sides, with numerous extremely fine radiating striz which
are only visible towards the margin, and on the narrower or hinge
part are as fine and regular transverse ones: hinge pointed, termi-
nal: inside silvery, with fine longitudinal striz round the margin ;
and under the hinge is a large hollow vaulted chamber, which on
one side is much curved and scaly on the outside; the under valve
is flat and silvery, with the perforation round and nearly closed.
Anomia tlesté orbiculari, valud inferioris foramine integro cylindrico-
tubulare.
Shell orbicular, with the perforation of the under valve entire and
forming a cylindrical tube.
Mus. nost. Attached to Fuci.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 51.
Shell about a quarter of an inch in diameter, whitish, with the
beak terminal: the under valve has the perforation entire all round,
and produced into a raised cylindrical tube. The plug of attach-
ment is tendinous.
51. TEREBRATULA—BRUGUIERE.
Test ovata, inequivalvis, pedicello tendineo fica; valvd superiori wm-
bone producto, perforato seu emarginato ; inferiort ramis duobus,
se@pe ramulosis, e disco interno protensis. Cardo dentibus duobus :
lateralibus nullis. Ligamentum internum.
Shell oval, inequivalve, fixed by a tendinous pedicle; the upper valve
with the beak produced, and perforated or emarginate; the under
valve with two elongated projections issuing from the internal
disk, and which are sometimes variously branched. Hinge with
two teeth: lateral teeth none. Ligament internal.
This genus is also parasitical, being fixed to submarine substances
by a tough short stalk, which issues from the aperture at the
termination of the extended beak in the upper valve. The
internal structure of the under valve, independently of the strong
joint-like primary teeth, exhibits a remarkable apparatus for
2H 2
236 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 51.
the support of the inhabitant; being furnished with two tooth-like
processes, originating in the concave surface a little below the
hinge, extending inwards towards the margin, and variously branched
in various species.
ee TEREBRATULA testd ovatd semipellucidd, striis minutis decussatis,
: margine interno integerrimo.
Shell oval semitransparent, with minute decussate striz, and the
inner margin very entire.
Anomia Cranium. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3347.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 287.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 294.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 5.
Terebratula Cranium. Montagu, in Linn. Trans. xi. p. 188, tab. 13,
fig. 2, and B.
Dredged in Bressay, in the Shetland Islands, by Dr. Fleming.
Shell an inch long, and hardly as much broad, convex, thin,
brittle, covered with a dull white skin, under which it is milk-white
and semitransparent; the surface very finely reticulate or shagreened.
The internal projecting processes of the under or shorter valve
have a lateral ramification issuing from the base on one side.
Psittacea. TEREBRATULA testd ovatd, strus longitudinalibus, wmbone prelongo
Z curvo, margine sinuato integerrimo.
Shell oval, with longitudinal strie, the beak much produced and
curved, and the margin sinuous and very entire.
Anomia Psittacea. Gmelin, Syst p. 2348,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 52. 237
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 287.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 106, tab. 78, fig. 713.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 296.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 5, fig. 42, 43, 44.
Lister, Conch. tab. 211, fig. 46.
Mus, nost. Found on Teignmouth beach.
Shell nearly an inch and a quarter long, and an inch broad, con-
vex, of a blackish horn-color, inflected and smooth at the sides,
longitudinally striate on the disk, with the beak of the upper valve
elongated curved and pointed.
52. DISCINA—LAMARCK.
Testa inequivalvis ovato-orbicularis, depressiuscula, fixa ; valud utrdque
disco centrali orbiculato. Discus valve superioris medio subma-
millatus, inferioris rimé transversé divisus. Cardo indistinctus-
Ligamentum internum.
Shell inequivalve, roundish-oval, rather flat, and fixed; each valve
furnished with an orbicular central disk. The disk of the upper
valve papillary near the middle, of the under valve divided by a
transverse cleft. Hinge indistinct. Ligament internal,
238 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 53.
ostreoides. P)ISCINA
* Diseina ostreoides. Lamarck, Syst. vi. p. 237.
Orbicula Norwegica. Lamarck, Syst. p. 242.
Patella anomala. Gmelin, Syst. p. 8721.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 585.
Anomia turbinata. Dillwyn, Descript. Catal, p. 286.
Patella distorta. Montagu, in Linn. Trans. xi. p. 195, tab. 13, fig. 5.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 140.
Mus nost. Attached to submarine stones.
Shell hardly half an inch in diameter, rather flat, rugged and
very irregular in the circumference; the upper valve brown, with a
small wart-like protuberance which is not quite central; inside mi-
nutely granulate: the under valve thin, white or blueish white, and
attached to submarine stones.
53. ANODON—LAMARCK.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, lateribus subhiantibus.
Cardo edentulus, lamind transversé anticd sinu terminatd. Liga-
mentum externum.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open at the
sides. Hinge without teeth, furnished with a transverse lamina
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 53. 239
under the ligament on the anterior side, which terminates in a
depression. Ligament external.
ANODON testdé ovaté tumidd inequilaterali, margine arcuato, latere eee:
antico angustato acuminato. :
Shell oval tumid inequilateral, areuated at the margin, with the
anterior side narrowed to a point.
Mytilus Cygneus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1158.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3355.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 293.
Pennant, iv. p. 239, tab. 70.
Da Costa, p. 214, tab. 15, fig. 2.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 185, tab. 86, fig. 762,
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 55.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 170.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 109. tab. 3. A. fig. 2.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Dorset Catal, p. 40, tab. 12, fig. 42.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 315.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 115.
Musculus latus. Lister, Conch. tab. 156, fig. il.
Mus. nost. Common in rivers, ponds, and canals.
Shell growing to two or three inches long, and six or seven broad,
green or pale brown, wrinkled ‘or striate transversely, produced at
the anterior side to a rather pointed termination, with the margin
opposite the hinge curving outwards: beaks minute, with the region
about them sometimes decorticated.
240
paludosus,
Anatinus.
3:
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 53.
Anopon testd oblonga convexdé subequilateralis, margine arcuato,
latere antico sinuato-subangulato.
Shell oblong, convex, and nearly equilateral, arcuated at the margin,
with the anterior side sinuate and somewhat angular.
Tab. nost. 15. fig. 5.
Mytilus dentatus. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 115.
Mus. nost. From the great Bog of Allen, Ireland.
Shell longer than the last, but not so broad, green with yellowish
white longitudinal rays, fawn color at the sides and margin, with a
fawn color tinge on the inside: both the extremities are rounded,
the anterior one slightly angular and flexuous: beaks nearly central.
The outline of this shell is quite different from any of the varie-
ties of Anodon Cygneus, and it appears to be clearly distinct.
ANoDOoN testé ovatd convead inequilaterali, margine subincurvo, latere
antico alato-angulato, umbonibus decorticatis.
Shell oval convex inequilateral, slightly incurved at the margin,
with the anterior side angular and winged, and the beaks decor-
ticated.
Mytilus Anatinus. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1158.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3355.
Turton, Linn. Syst. p. 293.
Pennant, iv. p. 239, tab. 71.
Chemnitz, viii. p. 189, tab. 86, fig. 763.
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. p. 215.
Donovan, British Shells, i. tab. 13.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 171.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 53.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Linn. Trans. viii. tab. 3, A. fig. 3.
Dorset. Catal. p. 40, tab. 13, fig. 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 317.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 116.
Musculus tenuis. Lister, Conch. tab. 153, fig. 8.
Mus. nost. In ponds and deep rivers.
Shell about half the size of the last, covered with a brown or
blackish skin which forms a membrane beyond the margin ; the an-
terior side winged, angular, and somewhat truncate; the margin
opposite the hinge running nearly straight, or slightly indented : the
space about the hinge always much decorticated as if worm-eaten,
like the Unio margaritiferus.
Anovon testé oblongdé depressiusculd, lateribus rotundatis, margine
rectiusculo, umbonibus subterminalibus.
Shell oblong flattish, rounded at both the sides, with the margin
nearly straight, and the beaks almost terminal.
Mytilus Avonensis. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 172.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 165.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 110, tab. 3, A. fig. 4.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 116.
Mus. nost. From the Avon, in Wiltshire and Oxfordshire.
Shell rather less than the last, of an olive brown color, with the
front margin nearly straight or slightly areuated towards the smaller
end, and the hinge near one end.
21
241
Ayonensis.
242 CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 54.
54. UNIO—BRUGUIERE.
Testa transversa, equivalvis, inequilateralis, lateribus subhiantibus ;
umbonibus eroso-decorticatis. Cardo dente conico obtuso laciniato,
valve alterius bilobo ; et sinu marginal: antico remoto: lateralibus
nullis. Ligamentum externum.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open at the sides ;
with the beaks decorticated and eroded. Hinge with an obtuse
conic jagged tooth, which in one valve is divided into two lobes ;
and a remote cardinal depression on the anterior side: lateral
teeth none. Ligament external.
A genus distinguished from the Anodon, by the conic obtuse
rugged teeth, and from the Mysca and Cyclas by the want of lateral
teeth; and by the cavity on the cardinal margin at the anterior
_ termination of the ligament.
Inhabitants of clear rapid rivers, where they lie imbedded in the
gravel, with the anterior end just above the surface, and are often
rooted up and cast on shore by floods and torrents. The valves are
used as spoons by the Irish peasantry.
margaritife- Unto testd oblongd subarcuatd, latere antico angulato.
“Shell oblong and slightly curved, angular at the anterior side.
Tab. nost. 16, fig. 1.
Mya margaritifera. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1112.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3219.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 176.
Pennant, iv. p. 163, tab. 46. fig. 2.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 15, tab. 1, fig. 5.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 55.
Da Costa, p. 225, tab. 15, fig. 3.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 73.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 33.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 40.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 146.
Wood, Conch. p. 107. tab. 23. fig. 1-3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 52.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 106.
Musculus niger. Lister, Conch. tab. 149, fig. 4.
Mus. nost. In most rapid rivers.
Shell two inches or more long, and four or five broad, covered
with a black wrinkled skin which fringes the margin; inside black-
ish-white mixed with green, with a blackish border round the edge :
the front margin a little contracted in the middle, giving a some-
what curved outline to its figure.
Young shells have the interior marginal edge, under the ligament,
raised into a kind of laminar process; but the teeth distinguish it
from the last family, and the terminal cavity from the next.
eS Ee
55. MYSCA—TURTON.
Test transversa, c@quivalvis, inequilateralis, lateribus — sub-
hiantibus ; umbonibus corrugato - verrucosis. Cardo dente
212 ;
243
244
Batava.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 55.
transverso crenato, valve alterius bilobo ; lateralibns anticis lamella-
tis transversim elongatis, valve alterius didymis. Ligamentum
externum.
Shell transverse, equivalve, inequilateral, a little open at the sides;
with the beaks wrinkled or warty. Hinge with a transverse
crenate tooth, which in one valve is divided into two lobes:
lateral teeth at the anterior side only, laminar, transversely elon-
gated, and double in one of the valves. Ligament external.
This genus is distinguished from the Unio by the strong trans-
verse notched teeth placed behind the beaks, the long lateral teeth
which reach to the end of the ligament and are double in the left
valve, and the want of the internal depression or sinus at their
anterior termination. The species are inhabitants of quiet and
placid rivers.
Mysca testé oblongd, extremitatibus rotundatis, umbonibus rugoso-
verrucosis.
Shell oblong, rounded at both ends, with the beaks rugged and
warty:
Mya Batava. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 37.
Wood, Conch. p. 103. tab. 19, fig. 1, 2.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 49.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 105.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 161.
Mya Pictorum. Chemnitz, vi. p. 19, tab. 1, fig. 6.
Donovan, British Shells, v. tab. 174.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 55. 245
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 36.
Musculus ex flavo-viridescens, Lister, tab. 146, fig. 1.
Mus. nost. From Oxfordshire.
Shell an inch long, and two broad, greenish-brown, rounded at
both the extremities. From the Mysca Pictorum it differs, in being
narrower in proportion to its length, with both the sides nearly
equally rounded, and in having no contraction in the front margin :
the inside is of a deeper blue tint, and the primary tooth of the left
valve is more deeply and distinctly lobed.
Mysra testé onticé subangulato-acuminatd, margine subcoarctato, um- yer
bonibus rugoso-verrucosis. a
Shell somewhat angular and pointed at the anterior side, with the
margin a little contracted, and the beaks rugged and warty.
Mya Pictorum. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1112.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3218.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 175.
Pennant, iv. p. 162, tab. 46, fig. 1.
Da Costa, p. 228, tab. 15, fig, 4,
Wood, Conch. p. 104, tab. 19, fig. 3, 4.
Linn. Trans, viii. p. 38.
Dorset Catal, p. 28, tab. 12, fig. 4.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 49.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 106.
Mya ovalis. Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 89.
Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 34.
Turton, British Fauna, p- 146.
Mus. nost. In most of our rivers.
46
ovata.
solida.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRaA. 55.
Shell an inch and a quarter long, and nearly three inches broad,
narrow oval, covered with a yellowish-green skin, a little flexuous
at the anterior side and slightly contracted at the margin near the
middle ; inside perlaceous, with often a fawn-colored tint.
Mysca testdé ovatd, anticé attenuatd, margine subarcuato, umbonibus
corrugatis.
Shell oval, tapering to the anterior end, with the margin slightly
arcuated, and the beaks wrinkled.
Mya ovata. Linn. Trans. viii. p. 39.
Wood, Conch. p. 105, tab. 19, fig, 5.
Dillwyn, Deseript. Catal. p. 50.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 106.
Mya ovalis. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 563.
Mya depressa. Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab 101.
Musculus angustior. Lister, Conch. tab. 147, fig. 2.
Mus, nost. From the Avon and Froome, Wiltshire.
Shell an inch and a half long, and two inches and a half broad,
covered with a brownish-green skin, much longer in proportion to
its breadth than the two last, rather depressed, often radiate: the
margin is mostly arched a little outwardly, sometimes contracted in
the middle, and sometimes with the anterior end slightly faleate; but
may be distinguished by its more regularly oval shape.
Mysca testé crassd solidé subcylindricd, anticé conico-acuminatd,
umbonibus corrugatis.
Shell thick solid and somewhat cylindrical, conically tapering to a
point at the anterior end, and the beaks wrinkled.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56. 247
Tab. nost. 16, fig. 2.
Mya ovata. Donovan, British Shells, iv. tab. 122.
Mus. nost. From the Avon, near Bristol.
Shell two inches long, three and a half broad, and nearly as deep
as it is long, covered with a blackish-brown skin, under which it is
of the richest pearly lustre ; thick and [ponderous, with the margin
thick and very obtuse, nearly cylindrical about the hinge, from
which it regularly tapers in a conical manner to the anterior side :
beaks rugged, and often decorticated.
Montagu, at p. 36, is of opinion, that this is only a variety of
Mysca ovata: but a series of each of them, from the Avon and the
Froome, has sufficiently convinced us of their specifie distinction.
One is uniformly flat and thin; the other is nearly cylindrical and
thick.
56. CYCLAS—BRUGUIERE.
Tesia orbicularis vel ovata, equivalvis, clausa. Cardo dentibus duobus
minutis divergentibus : lateralibus utrinque, valve alterius didymis.
Ligamentum externum.
Shell orbicular or oval, equivalve, closed. Hinge with two minute
divergent teeth: and lateral ones on each side, which are double
in one of the valves.
248
rivicola.
1.
cornea.
9
Mo
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56.
Besides the general outline, this genus is distinguished by the
form and number of the teeth. The primary ones are very minute,
consisting of a triangular or cloven tooth with an oblique laminar
one in one valve, closing between two plain laminar divergent teeth
in the other valve: the lateral teeth are transverse, flat and some-
what pointed, placed on each side the hinge, single in one of the
valves, and closing between double ones in the other valve.
* suborbiculares, equilaterales. 1-3,
somewhat orbicular and equilateral.
Cycias testdé suborbiculari equilaterali converd opacd, striis trans-
versis confertis regularibus.
Shell somewhat orbicular equilateral convex and opake, with regular
close-set transverse strie.
Tab. nost. 11. fig. 13.
Mus. nost. From the Thames, and Oxford.
Shell three quarters of an inch in diameter, covered ‘with a
blackish-brown skin, much more orbicular and regularly striate than
the next species, and not so globular: it is sometimes marked with
a few transverse paler zones, but has not the single deep groove
which generally distinguishes the Cyclas cornea, and is more opake,
and blueish on the inside.
Cycuas testd subrhombeo-globosd equilaterali subdiaphand transverse
substriatd, sulco unico.
Shell somewhat rhombie and globular equilateral semitransparent,
with irregular transverse striz and a single groove.
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56. 249
Tab. nost. 11. fig. 14.
Tellina cornea. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1120.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3241.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 197.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 136, tab. 13, fig. 133.
Pennant, iv. p. 184, tab. 52, fig. 8.
Linn. Trans. iii. p. 45, tab. 138, fig. 39, 40.
Linn. Trans. vui. p. 59.
Donovan, British Shells, iii. tab. 96.
Wood, Conch. p. 196, tab. 46, fig. 3.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 104.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 179.
Cardium corneum. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 86.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 154.
Dorset Catal, p. 32, tab. 7, fig. 2.
Cardium Nux. Da Costa, p. 173, tab. 18, fig. 2.
Mus. nost. Muddy streams, pools, and ditches.
Shell three eights of an inch long, and half an inch broad, horn-
color or yellowish, often bright yellow round the margin, faintly and
irregularly striate transversely, of an oblong-globular shape, with a
slight appearance of angularity at the anterior side: the single
groove is mostly apparent, sometimes nearly central, often nearer
the beaks or margin: inside rather glossy, yellowish or blueish:
beaks central, prominent, obtuse.
Cycuas testd depressd pellucidd leviusculéd equilaterali anticé suban- jacustris,
gulatd, umbonibus tuberculosis.
Shell flattish transparent nearly smooth equilateral and somewhat
angular at the anterior side, with the beaks tubercularly pro-
minent. 2K
250
amnica.
4,
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 18.
Tellina lacustris. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3242.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 197.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 139, tab. 18, fig. 135.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 184.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 60.
Wood, Conch. p. 197. tab. 47, fig. 5.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 104.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 180.
Cardium lacustre. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 89.
Turton, British Fauna, p. 154.
Pectunculus pusillus rostratus. Lister, tab. 159, fig. 15.
Mus. nost. Stagnant waters, and slow streams.
Shell a quarter of an inch long, and a little more in breadth,
slightly angular at one side, thin, transparent, often covered with
an ochraceous coat, sometimes black towards the beak from the
dried and shrunk animal, rather flat: beaks very prominent and
obtuse, like tubercles, which however are less visible in the young
ones,
** oblique, inequilaterales, 4, 5.
oblique and inequilateral.
Cycuas testd obliqudé subdepressé inequilaterali transversim sulcata;
umbonibus tumidis.
Shell oblique rather flat inequilateral, with transverse grooves and
the beaks tumid.
bo
On
—_
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 15.
Gmelin, Syst. p. 3242.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 197.
Chemnitz, vi. p. 138, tab. 13, fig. 134.
Pennant, Brit. Zool. iv. p. 185.
Linn. Trans. viii. p. 60.
Dorset. Catal. p. 31, tab. 7, fig. 2. a.
Wood, Conch. p. 153, tab. 47, fig. 6.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 105.
Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 168.
Tellina rivalis. Linn. Trans. iii. p. 44, tab. 13, fig. 27, 28.
Donovan, British Shells, ii. tab. 64, fig. 2.
Cardium amnicum. Montagu, Test. Brit. p. 86.
Turton, British Fauna, p 154.
Mus. nost. In slow rivers and streams.
Shell about a quarter of an inch long, and three eights of an inch
broad, of a brownish or blueish horn-color, thin and semi-transparent,
sometimes yellowish towards the margin, a little produced and
narrower at one end, with regular transverse grooves ; inside blue-
ish: beaks prominent, obtuse, nearer one end.
Cycuas testd obliqud tumidd inequilaterali transversim striolatd, um-__ pusilla.
bonibus depressis. u
Shell oblique tumid inequilateral and obscurely striate transversely,
with the beaks depressed.
Tab. nost. 11, fig. 16, 17.
Tellina pusilla. Gmelin, Syst. p. 3231.
. 2K2
252
CONCHYLIA—DITHYRA. 56.
Turton, Linn. Syst. iv. p. 187.
Wood, Conch. p. 152.
Dillwyn, Descript. Catal. p. 106.
Mus. nost. In slow streams and stagnant ponds.
Shell about the eighth of an inch long, and alittle broader ; very
convex thin and transparent, horn-color or yellowish, often covered
with a rough coat, with obscure close-set transverse stri2: beaks
near one end, not tumid as in the last species.
From the young of Cyclas amnica it is distinguished by its greater
convexity, and the want of regular grooves between the raised striz :
and from the other species by its oblique outline, not having the
beaks central.
253
ADDENDA.
XYLOPHAGA—TURTON.
Testa ovato-globosa, @quivalvis, anticée hiantissima, postice clausa,
accessors cardinalibus instructa. Cardo edentulus infra marginem.
Ligamentum nullum.
Shell globular-oval, equivalve, very open at the anterior side and
closed behind, furnished with accessorial valves about the hinge.
Hinge without the long curved tooth under the margin. Li-
gament none.
XYLOPHAGA.
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 4 and 5.
Teredo dorsalis. Turton, Conch. Dict. p. 185, and p. 16 of this
work.
We have lately had opportunities fully to examine and elucidate
this new and interesting genus, important as it adds to our know-
ledge of those singular inhabitants of wood and stone, essentially
differing from all other bivalves, in being furnished with accessorial
valves or appendages, and which additional valves appear to stand
as substitutes for the permanent ligament.
dorsalis.
I.
wo
ADDENDA.
Fragments of a wreck, known to have been buried in the ocean
for nearly half a century, near Berry-Head at the entrance of Tor-
bay, have lately been dragged up, filled with magnificent specimens
of the Teredo navalis, and this shell, in their most perfect state.
Like the Teredo it inhabits the interior of wood which has been
some time under salt water, penetrating to the depth of from half
an inch to an inch, forming for itself an oval receptacle or cavity,
and having a very small and single external orifice. ;
The valves are shaped like those of Teredo, being furnished with
a triangular striated projection in front of the head of each: but it
wants the tube with its accessorial valves, is closed and rounded at
the hinder part, and attaches itself to the inner surface of its cy-
lindrical lodgment, by a tube of suction in the centre of the gape,
such as is found in the Gastrochena Pholadia. There is also a
strong round muscular impression in each valve: and from any of
the known species of the Teredo, the valves may be distinguished by
the internal longitudinal rib.
Its habitation in wood naturally separates it from the Pholas,
from which it also differs in the triangular striated projection at the
top of each valve, a character always present in the piercers of wood,
and never in the corroders of stone. And it most essentially differs
both from the Pholas and the Teredo, in wanting the long curved
tooth originating from the hollow under the inner margin of the
valves, having only a slender curved process upon the cardinal mar-
gin itself, meeting a smaller and slightly cloven one in the opposite
valve.
At the hinge on the back are a pair of accessorial valves, some-
thing resembling the foliations of a calyx, represented as magnified
at fig. 5 of our plate.
wo
On
On
ADDENDA.
It appears to have the same alliance to the Teredo, as the Gas-
trochena has to the Pholas.
Carefal maceration and dissection of some living specimens of
the Pholas lamellata, and Pholas crispata, having satisfied us that
there are small accessorial valves at the back of each. We suppose
therefore that it may be considered as an established conclusion,
that in those bivalve shells which are furnished with accessorial
valves or appendages, of a different shape and structure from the
primary ones, there is no permanent ligament ; and that when there
is a permanent ligament, either externally or internally, there are
no accessorial valves.
TEREDO.
TEREDO valvis posticé auriformibus auriculis reflexis, accessoriis trans- Malleolus,
versis malleiformibus.
Shell with the valves ear-shaped behind and the auricles reflected,
the accessorial valves transverse and mallet-shaped,
Tab. nost. 2, fig. 19.
Mus. nost. From timber in Torbay.
Shell a quarter of an inch in diameter; and is distinguished
from the Teredo navalis, in having distinct auricles underneath,
256
ADDENDA.
of an oblong shape, and detached on their internal edge, as in the
Teredo bipennata; in haying the striz on the triangular processes
in front remote and not half as many in number; and in the shape
of the accessorial valves, which are transverse and not unlike a
mallet, as is represented something magnified in our plate, and
whence its specific name. From Teredo Bipennata it differs in the
accessorial valves: and from the Teredo Nana in the distinct auricles
underneath, a character not found in this last species; and in the
want of the strong conic tooth on the cardinal margin.
In some late heavy gales, a piece of spar, supposed to have
formed part of the Venerable man of war, wrecked in Torbay
about fifteen years since, was drifted into the bason of Torquay,
covered with the Lepas anatifera, and filled with this very distinct
species of Teredo. The tube consists of a slight testaceous deposit
on the surface of the chamber, the termination of which is slightly
semiconcamerated: the accessorial valves are terminal, and appear
through a minute and rather elongated perforation on the outer sur-
face of the wood.
Besides the Xylophaga Dorsalis above described, we have before
us four distinct.and well defined species of Teredo. Two of these
are furnished with an ear-shaped process on the inside of the
valves, at the outer angle under the hinge, having the inner margin
detached and forming a straight transverse edge, and the outer mar-
gin much reflected : these are the T. bipennata, and the T. Malleolus ;
the former of which has the accessorial appendages very long,
linear, and feathered ; the latter has the accessorial appendages
transverse and mallet-shaped, with a slender point rising like a
handle from the middle, as is represented in our plate 2, fig. 19.
ADDENDA.
The two others have an auricular projection as in the two last, but
the inner margin on the inside is furnished with a rib only and not
a detached margin, and the outer edge is not reflected: these are
the T. navalis, and the T. nana; the former of which has the ac-
cessorial appendages elongated and spoon-shaped, as is represented
in our plate 2, fig. 3; the latter is distinguished by the strong pro-
jecting conic tooth onthe cardinal margin, but the accessorial
appendages we have not as yet detected.
Myritus precisus, p. 24.
We have specimens of this shell taken from the interior of
stone dredged in Torbay. It is a species of Saxicava, much allied
to the S. rugosa, but is flatter and thinner, with the valves more
unequal.
Mya ovalis, p. 33.
We observed a specimen of this species in the cabinet of Mrs.
Griffiths, taken among the rocks in Torbay.
SpHENiA Binghami, p. 37.
Minute and delicate specimens are found not unfrequently among
the fine sand sent us by Mr. Lyons, from Tenby.
LisTERA compressa, p. 51.
It is probable that there may be two species of this genus, as,
among our specimens gathered from different habitats, we observe
some which have two distinct denticles in one valve and one in the
other, all of them strong and erect; others have three additiona]
denticles in one valve, and two in the other, all oblique and rib-
like. If so, the species with three oblique denticles in one valve
257
258
ADDENDA.
should be called Listera fragilis, with reference to the Mactra fra-
gilis of Montagu’s plate 5, fig. 1, which seems to be of this genus.
AGINA purpurea, p. 54.
In Mrs. Griffiths’s cabinet we remarked a specimen exactly like
our figure, of a purple color, dredged in Torbay.
Ke ia rubra, p. 57.
Found in prodigious numbers imbedded in the Fucus pygmeus,
which partially clothes the rocks at half flood. In the month of
June, the greater part of them are filled with perfectly formed
young ones, about twelve in number, flat and of a pale red color,
and completely filling up the cavity of the valves, to the destruction
of the parent, like the Cyclas cornea. It is the only instance, within
our knowledge, of a marine bivalve being strictly viviparous, or
producing the fry in a perfectly formed state. Its animal struc-
ture and functions must consequently be analagous to the fresh
water bivalves. This may account for the vast numbers collected
together.
Mactra crassa, p. 69.
Not uncommon at very low tides at the entrance of the rivers
Dart and Teign: certainly a very distinct species from the Mactra
solida.
Mactra glauca, p. 73.
We have some fine specimens of this shell, dredged in Cornwall.
Psammosia Scopula, p, 98.
In the summer of 1820, great numbers of this species and the
ADDENDA.
Ps. strigilata were procured about Exmouth in a living state. Since
that time, not a single specimen has been found. Like the shoals
of migratory fish, it is‘probable that particular species of shell-
fish resort occasionally to particular localities, and as abruptly dis-
appear. Our cabinet contains some specimens of the Psammobia
teniata, procured at Exmouth more than twenty years ago, at which
time it is supposed they were not uncommon, but since which time
not an individual has been found.
Arca reticulata, p. 168.
By the kindness of Dr. Mac Gee, of Belfast, this very beautiful
shell is now before us. The breadth is more than twice as much as
the length. One end is rounded, and the other obliquely truncate.
The epidermis is of a pale chesnut, darker towards the ends, under
which it is glossy white. From our Arca perforans it differs, in
being much flatter, thinner, and semitransparent, with the beaks
nearer the rounded end. Besides the fine decussations which cover
the surface, there are about twelve raised longitudinal lines clothed
with fine dark hair. The inside is striate longitudinally ; and what
specifically distinguishes it both from the Arca perforans and the
Arca barbata, the inner margin is finely notched.
Dr. Mac Gee also informs us, that the Mya nitida, described by
Mr. Wood, p. 103, with an obtuse tooth in each valve, has been
found at Bangor, in Ireland.
259
260
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA ;
A systematic and synonymic CoNcoRDANCE: exhibiting the Advancement
of the Science for about 50 Years.
LINNE, ed. 12.
PHOLAS.
Ph. Dactylus.
Ph. candidus.
Ph. crispatus.
Ph, striatus.
TEREDO.
T. navalis.
Mya.
M. arenaria.
M. truncata.
PENNANT, ed. 3. MONTAGU.
PHOLAS. PHOLAS.
Ph. Dactylus. Ph. Dactylus.
Ph. candidus. Ph. candidus.
Ph. crispatus. Ph. crispatus,
Ph. striatus.
Ph. parvus. Ph. parvus.
TEREDO. TEREDO,
T. nayalis. T. navalis.
Mya. TELLINA. Mya. Lieuua.
M. arenaria. M. arenaria.
M. truncata. M, truncata.
TURTON.
PHo.Las.
- Dactylus,
. candida.
. crispata.
. striata.
. parva.
- papyracea,
. lamellata.
. tuberculata.
TEREDO.
navalis,
. bipennata,
nana.
Malleolus.
XYLOPHAGA.
dorsalis.
Mya.
. arenaria.
truncata,
ovalis.
LINNE, ed. 12. | PENNANT, ed. 3.
M. arctica.
M. margaritifera.
M. Pictorum.
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
M. dubia.
T. fragilis.
M. declivis.
M. margaritifera,
M.
=
a
ph ie cee
MONTAGU.
Pholadia.
. pretenuis.
. pubescens,
. distorta.
. Glycymeris.
. inequivalyis.
. striata,
. suborbicularis.
. bidentata.
. ferruginosa.
substriata.
. nitens.
prismatica.
purpurea.
. margaritifera,
ovalis.
. Pictorum,
TURTON.
GASTROCHENA.
G. Pholadia.
ANATINA,
An. arctica.
An, pretenuis.
An. pubescens,
An. distorta.
An, declivis.
An, truncata,
PANOPAA.
P. Glycymeris.
CoRBULA.
C. Nucleus.
Lyonsi.
L. striata.
SPHENIA.
Sph. Binghami.
Sph. Swainsoni.
KELLIA.
K. suborbicularis.
Monracurta.
. bidentata.'
. ferruginosa.
. substriata.
. oblonga.
ERVILIA.
nitens.
AMPHIDESMA.
prismaticum.
AGINA.
purpurea.
Unto.
margaritiferus.
Mysca.
Pictorum.
Batava.
. ovata.
. solida.
> H Sess
SSBB G >
261
262
LINNE, ed. 12.
SoLEnN.
. Siliqua.
. Ensis.
. Vagina.
NNN
. Legumen.
. vespertinus.
. strigilatus.
DRNM
mn
. Minutus.
|TELLINA.
T. Donacina.
T. bimaculata.
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
PENNANT, ed. 3.| MONTAGU. TURTON.
SoLten. TELLINA. SOLEN. SoLEN.
S. Siliqua. S. Siliqua. S, Siliqua.
S. Ensis. S. Ensis. S. Ensis.
S. Vagina. S. Vagina. S. Vagina.
S. pellucidus. S. pellucidus. S. pellucidus.
S. Novacula. S. Novacula.
S. Ligula.
PSAMMOBIA.
S. Legumen. S. Legumen. Ps, Legumen.
T. depressa. S. vespertinus. Ps. vespertina.
Ps. strigilata.
S. Cultellus. S. antiquatus. Ps. antiquata.
S. fragilis. Ps. teniata.
Ps. Scopula,
Ps. diclivis.
Ps. florida.
Ps. costulata.
HIATELLA.
S. minutus. H. minuta.
H- oblonga.
LEPTON.
S. squamosus. L. squamosum.
L. nitidum.
TELLINA. TELLINA. CaRpDIUM. TELLINA.
T. trifasciata. T. Donacina. T. Donacina.
Li ide bimaculata. AM bimaculata.
T. planata. T. tenuis. T. tennis.
T. crassa. T. crassa. T. erassa.
T. fausta. T. crassa ?
T. proficua, T. crassa ?
T. squalida. 4M depressa.
T. leta. T. punicea.
T. striata. T. striata.
T. Fabula. T. Fabula.
T. similis. T. similis.
T. maculata. T. maculata.
LINNE, ed. 12. |PENNANT, ed. 3.
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
. Fervensis.
. solidula.
T. fragilis.
eee
a©nqaqaaan
. lactea.
. carnaria
. divaricata.
. pisiformis.
. cornea,
CarDIuM.
edule.
. aculeatum.
. ciliare,
echinatum.
. levigatum.
medium.
. Serratum,
T. incarnata,
T. carnaria.
T. cornea.
CaRDIUM.
. edule.
. aculeatum.
. Ciliare,
. echinatum,
. levigatum;
QAAAQAAQ
MONTAGU. TURTON.
PSAMMOBIA.
T. Fervensis. Ps. Ferroensis.
T. solidula. Ps. solidula.
Ps. fragilis.
T. Laskeyi. Ps. Laskeyi.
T. polygona. Ps. polygona.
PANDORA.
T. ineequivalvis. P. margaritacea.
Lucina.
T. lactea. L. lactea.
T. rotundata. L. rotundata.
T. Radula. L. Radula.
L. alba.
L. Leucoma.
CrYPTODON.
T. flexuosa, Cr. flexuosus.
STRIGILLA.
T. carnaria. St. carnaria,
C. arcuatum, St. divaricata,
C. discors. St. pisiformis.
KELLIA.
C. rubrum, K. rubra.
Cycuas.
C. corneum, C. cornea.
C. amnicum, C. amnica.
C. lacustre, C. lacustris.
C. pusilla.
C. rivicola.
CarDIuM. CaRDIUM.
C. edule. C. edule.
C. aculeatum. C. aculeatum.
C. ciliare. C. aculeatum, Y.
C. echinatum, C. echinatum.
C_ levigatum, C, levigatum,
C. medium, C. medium.
C, tuberculatum.
C, serratum.
C, tuberculatum,
263
264
LINNE, ed. 12. | PENNANT, ed. 3.
Macrra.
M. solida
M. Stultoram
M. Lutraria
Donax.
D. Trunculus
D. denticulata
Mactra. TELLINA.
VENUS.
M. solida
T. radiata,
M. Stultorum.
V. borealis
M. Lutraria
Donax. TELLINA.
D. Trunculus
D. denticulata
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
MONTAGU. TURTON.
C. nodosum C. nodosum
C, elongatum C. elongatum
C, fasciatum C. fasciatum
C. exiguum C. exiguum
C. muricatulum C. exiguum, Y.
Mactra.
C. edentulum M. edentula
Mactra. Mactra.
M. solida M. solida
M. Stultorum M. Stultorum.
M. subtruncata M. subtruncata
M. truncata M. truncata
M. glauca M. glauca
M. cinerea M. cinerea
M. deaurata
M. crassa
M. fragilis
ListrRa.
M. compressa L. compressa
M. dealbata L. compressa ?
AMPHIDESMA.
M. tenuis Am tenue
M Boysii Am. Boysii
LuTraria.
M. Lutraria L. elliptica
M. hians L. oblonga
GOODALLIA. *
M. triangularis G. triangularis
M. minutissima G. minutissima
Donax. Donax.
D. Trunculus D. Trunculus
D. denticulata: D. denticulata
D. complanata D. complanata
D. plebeia D. plebeia
D. rubra D. rubra
LINNE, ed, 12. | PENNANT, ed. 3.
D. Tvus
VENUS.
V. verrucosa
V. Gallina
V. virginea
V. decussata
V. Cassina
V. Dysera
V, cancellata
V.exoleta
V. Chione
V. Tigerina
V. deflorata
T. Cornubiensis
VENUS,
. Erycina
. rugosa
. rhomboides
. literata
<daa<
V. ovata
V. sinuosa
V. exoleta
V. deflorata
D.
D.
We
WS
s4acdadedqse <<
444 <a555
2M
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
MONTAGU.
castanea
Trus
VENUS.
verrucosa
striatula
- virginea
. decussata,
Casina
Dysera
ovata
sinuosa
. Pullastra
Paphia
. subcordata
. granulata
aurea
. reflexa
. laminosa
. substriata
. exoleta
Chione
Tigerina
lactea
Guineensis
deflorata
. suleata
. Danmoniensis
Wo
Scotica
TURTON.
Capsa.
| C. castanea
PETRICOLA.
P. Irus
VENUS.
. verrucosa
Gallina
. virginea
decussata
Casina
Dysera
cancellata
ovata
sinuosa
Pullastra
fasciata
subcordata
granulata
aurea
reflexa
laminosa
. substriata
Sarniensis
zenea
nitens
pallida
CYTHEREA,
. exoleta
. Chione
. Tigerina
. sinuata
. Guineensis
PSAMMOBIA,
Ps. deflorata
CRASSINA,
Cr. suleata
Cr. sulcata
Cr, Scotica,
.
Q9900 d<ddddeeds444854454555
266
LINNE, ed. 12.
V, Islandica
CHaMa.
Ch. Cor
ARCA.
A. Now
A. pilosa
A, Glycimeris
A, undata
A. decussata
A. nummaria
A. Nucleus
OSTREA.
O. edulis
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
PENNANT, ed. 3.
V. mercenaria
V. undata
Arca.
A. tortuosa
A. barbata
A, Glycymeris
A. Nucleus
OsTREA.
O. edulis
MONTAGU.
TURTON.
V. subrhomboidea Cr. subrhomboidea
MynrrTeEa.
V. spinifera M. spinifera
CYPRINA.
Y. Islandica C. Islandica
V. minima C. minima
V. triangularis C. triangularis
V. compressa C. compressa
V. orbiculata C. orbiculata
VENERUPIS.
V. perforans V. perforans
Lucia,
V. undata L. undata
CHaAMA: IsocaRDIA.
Ch. Cor Is. Cor
ARCA ARCA.
A. Now A. Noz
A. lactea A. perforans
A. fusca A. fusea
A, reticulata
A. tetragona
PECTUNCULUS.
A. pilosa P. pilosus
P. Glycymeris
P. undatus
P. decussatus
P. nummarius
Nucuta.
A. Nucleus N. Nucleus
A. tenuis N. tenuis
A. rostrata N. rostrata
A. minuta N. minuta
OSTREA. OsTREA
O. edulis O. edulis
O. parasitica
LINNE, ed. 12.
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
PENNANT, ed. 3.
PECTEN.
O. maxima P. maximus
O. Jacobea P. Jacobus
O. varia P. varius
O. opercularis P. opercularis
O. Pusio
P. Pusio
P. obsoletus
P. levis
P. glaber
ANOMIA, ANOMIA,
A. Ephippium A. Ephippium
A, Squamula A. Squamula
A. electrica
A. Cepa
Mytinvs. MyTILUvs.
M. Crista Galli
M. edulis M. edulis
M, ungulatus
> > >
Wy
MONTAGU.
PECTEN.
. Maximus
. Jacobzeus
. varius
. opercularis
lineatus
distortus
. obsoletus
laevis
glaber
fragilis
subauriculatus
ANOMIA.
Ephippium
Squamula
aculeata
- undulata
. cymbiformis
Cranium
Myrtiwvs.
Crista Galli
edulis
ungulinus
267
TURTON.
O.
oss ape setelnc)ieliactaehac lala iebacha]
HH PPPPPPbPbp>
PECTEN,
maximus
Jacobzeus
varius
opercularis
opercularis, Var
Pusio
. sinuosus
obsoletus
levis
glaber
Islandicus
subrufus
tumidus
Lima.
bullata
subauriculata
ANOMIA.
Ephippium
Squamula
electrica
Cepa
aculeata
undulata
cylindracea
punctata
striolata
fornicata
tubularis
TEREBRATULA.
Cranium
Psittacea
Mytintus. OsTREA.
Crista Galli
M. edulis
M. ungulatus
268
LINNE, ed. 12.
M. Modiolus
M. barbatus
M. Hirundo
M. Cygneus
M: Anatinus
PINNA.
P. pectinata
CONCORDANTIA SYSTEMATICO-SYNONYMICA.
PENNANT, ed. 3.
-
M. incuryatus
M. pellucidus
M. Modiolus
M. curtus
M. umbilicatus
M. Cygneus
M. Anatinus
PINNA.
P. fragilis
MONTAGU.
. incuryatus
. pellucidus
. rugosus
. preecisus
ss 5S
. Modiolus
. barbatus
. umbilicatus
. striatus
. discors
SSS55
Pinna.
P. pectinata
P. ingens
P, muricata
PATELLA.
P. distorta
TURTON.
M. ineurvatus
M. pellucidus
SAXICAVA.
S. rugosa
S. precisa
S. Pholadis
Mopio.a.
Mo. Modiolus
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Mo.
Modiolus, Var
Modiolus, Var
Modiolus. Y.
discors
discrepans
Gibsii
AVICULA.
A. Hirundo
| An.
An,
An,
An.
ANODON.
Cygneus
Anatinus
Avonensis
An, paludosus
PINNA.
P. pectinata
P. ingens
P. muricata
P. fragilis
P. papyracea
DIScINA.
D. Ostreoides
The Synonyms are in Italics, and the Genera in Small Capitals.
aculeata, Anomia
aculeatum, Cardium ...
zenea, Venus
AGINA Pe
alba, Lucina
alba, Mactra...
abida, Tellina
ambiguus, Mytilus
amnica, Cyclas ...
anmnica, Tellina
amnicum, Cardium
AMPHIDESMA
ANATINA ... ua
anatinus, Anodon
anatinus, Mytilus
angusta, Chama
angusta, Tellina ...
angustior, Chama
angustior, Musculus
angustior, Solen
ANODON ... =
anomala, Tellina
amomadla, Patella... ‘ oe %
ANOMIA
INDEX.
antiquata, Psammobia
antiquatus, Solen
ARCA le
arctica, Anatina
arctica, Mya oe
arcuatum, Cardium ...
arenaria, Chama...
arenaria, Mya
argentea, Glycymeris
AVICULA
aurea, Venus
Avonensis, Anodon ...
Avonensis, Mytilus
balaustina, Tellina
barbata, Arca
barbatus, Mytilus
Batawa, Mya...
Batava, Mysea ..
Bellonii, Balanus
bidens, Solen ‘ tae
bidentata, Mya ane
bidentata, Montacuta
bifrens, Pholas
270
bimaculata, Tellina
Binghami, Sphenia ...
bipennata, Teredo
borealis, Venus
Boysii, Amphidesma
Boysti, Mactra
bullata, Lima
bullata, Ostrea
byssifera, Mya
C
cancellata, Venus
candida, Pholas ...
capillaceus, Pectunculus
Capsa
CarDIUM
carnaria, Strigilla
carnaria, Tellina
carnea, Pinna ,
carneosum, Cardium ...
Casina, Veuus
oastanea, Capsa
castanea, Donax ...
caudata, Arca
Cepa, Anomia
Chama, Solen
Chione, Cytherea
Chione, Venus
ciliare, Cardium ...
cinerea, Mactra
cingenda, Venus ...
cinnabarina, Ostrea ...
cincinata, Venus ...
citrinum, Cardium
coarctatus, Solen...
complanata, Donax ...
compressa, Cyprina
compressa, Listera ...
compressa, Mactra
compressa, Venus
convexa, Anatina
converwa, Mya...
INDEX.
- 103 | Cor, Chama
37, 257 | Cor. Isocardia
. 15 | Corpora...
116 | cornea, Cyclas
53 | cornea, Tellina ...
53 corneum, Cardium
217 | costulata, Psammobia
218 | Craniwm, Anomia
21 | Cranium, Terebratula
| erassa, Mactra
| erassa, Tellina
144 | crassa, Tellina
10 | CRassINa wee a
163 | crassissimus, Pectunculus
128 erassiusculus, Pectunculus
179 | erassus, Pectunculus ...
117 | crenulata, Donax
118 | erispata, Pholas sas
225 | Crista Galli, Mytilus -
118 | Crista Galli, Ostrea ...
141] | Crypropon
128 | curvus, Solen
128, Cycuas ... ee
179 | eygneus, Anodon
298 | cygneus, Mytilus ...
92 | cylindrica, Anomia ...
160 | cymbiformis, Anomia
160 | CyprRiIna f
184 | CyTHEREA
73
. 147 D
216 | Dactylus, Pholas
. 161 | Danmonia, Venus
192 | dealbata, Mactra
92 | deaurata, Mactra
125 | declivis, Anatina
.-- 136 | declivis, Mya
51, 257 | decussata, Arca
Ol | decussata, Mya
137 | decussata, Sphenia ...
44 | decussata, Venus...
45 | decussatus, Pectunculus
. 69, 258
INDEX
deflorata, Psammobia_... e oe OS) | ERVILIA -2.
deflorata, Venus, ... ae es 93 | eaxcisa, Venus
dentatus, Mytilus ee ae ... 240 | exiguum, Cardium
denticulata, Donax ... o ee: 124 | exiguus, Pectunculus
depressa, Mya ... a ee ... 246 | exoleta, Cytherea
depressa, Tellina.... noe Sst 93 | exoleta, Venus
depressa, Tellina... ei abe eos
depressior, Pectunculus at e. 110 EF
declivis, le # ra --- 91] Fabula, Tellina ...
declivis, Solen es 2 he 91 ‘asciata, Ostr
Seiad nde Saee vain...
Discrna oo acs cee se 237 fasciata, Venus
discors, Cardium... ee Rez --- 119 | fasciatum, Cardium
discors, Modiola Sec oes ci 201 fasciatus, Pectunculus
discors, Mytilus ... ues ae ccs PAN ‘fausta, Tellina a
discrepans, Modiola abe ath ped 202 Ferroensis, Psammobia
discrepans, Mytilus we ais .-- 202 | Ferroensis, Tellina
distorta, Anatina... ee He 48 ferruginosa, Montacuta
distorta, Mya sod one 568 ee 48 Jerruginosa, Mya BEA
distorta, Patella... oo 238 | ‘Aavo-viridescens, Musculu
distortus, Pecten... ae: a6 --- 211 | Yexuosa, Tellina ...
divaricata, Strigilla ae: — a 119 | ‘flexuosus, Cryptodon
divaricata, Tellina was ARE --- 120 | florida, Psammobia
Donacina, Tellina ... ee ae 102 foliaceo-lamellosa, Venus
Donax sale ode se ates $7 122 foliatus, Cuneus ...
dorsalis, Teredo ose ie see 16, 253 fornicata, Anomia
dorsalis, Xylophaga_.... oe: 505 PEE! fragilis, Mactra ...
dubia, Mya ... S00 oe ae 18 | fragilis, Ostrea
Dysera, Venus ... +e oe --- 147 | fragilis, Pecten, ...
fragilis, Pinna
E fragilis, Psammobia
echinatum, Cardium ... ..._~_—.....: 183 | fragilis, Solen
edentulum, Cardium... 9... ... 75 | fragilis, Tellina ...
edule, Cardium ... ee 0% ... 188 | fusca, Arca
edulis, Mytilus os id son 196 | fusca, Chama ohe
edulis, Ostrea ... 83 a ... 204 | fuscus, Pectunculus ...
edulis, Venus... vee ov ie 156
electrica, Anomia sis, AME ee 296 G
elliptica, Lutraria ... at ae 65 | Gallina, Trigonella
elongatum, Cardium sip ... 185 | Gallina, Venus
Ensis, Solen ... oo i aor 82 | GasTROCHAENA ... Hop
Ephippium, Anomia__..... ni ... 227 | geographica, Venus ...
"66, 90, 158
271
55
; 163
eels
. 169, 174, 187
19D GD
162
LOE
"167
149
272
Gibsii, Modiola ...
Gibsii, Mytilus
glaber, Pecten
glaber, Pectunculus ... -
glabra, Ostrea
glauca, Mactra
Glycymeris, Arca
Glycymeris, Chama ...
Glycymeris, Pectunculus ...
Glycymeris, Mya
Glycymeris, Panopea
GOODALLIA ... aie
granulata, Venus
Guinaica, Tellina
Guineensis, Cytherea
Guineensis, Venus
H
helwacea, Mactra...
hians, Mactra
jians, Pholas
HIATELLA
Hirundo, Avicula
Hirundo, Mytilus
Hispanica, Mya ...
imbricata, Arca
inequistriata, Tellina
inequivalvis, Mya
inequivalvis, Tellina
incuryatus, Mytilus ...
ingens, Pectunculus
ingens, Pinna
Trus, Douax
Trus, Petricola
Islandica, Cyprina
Islandica, Ostrea
Islandica, Venus...
Islandicus, Pecten
IsocaRDIA
ia
gel
?
INDEX.
. 200 J
200 | Jacobwa, Ostrea ...
- 211 | Jacobus, Pecten
161 | Jacobi, Pecten
- 211 | jugosa, Tellina
258
172 K
' en KELLIA ...
42
49 L
76 lactea, Arca ...
145 | lactea, Lucina
96 lactea, Tellina
161 lactea, Venus
161 lacustre, Cardium
lacustris, Cyclas ...
lacustris, Tellina
leta, Tellina
74 | levigatum, Cardium...
64 lave, Cardium
18 | levis, Ostrea...
23 | levis, Pecten
220 | levis, Pectunculus
220 | levis, Pinna
41 | levis, Tellina
lamellata, Pholas
laminosa, Venus
167 | Laskeyi, Psammobia
100 | Laskeyi, Tellina
39 | lata, Chama
40 | lata, Tellina...
197 | latus, Musculus ...
172 | latus, Pectunculus
221 | latus, Pholas
26 | Legumen, Psammobia
26 | Legumen, Solen ...
135 | LEpron
216 | Leucoma, Lucina
. 135 | Ligula, Solen
216 | Lia ade
. 193 | lincta, Venus...
_ 213, 214, 2
ee;
lineata, Ostrea
lineata, Tellina
lineatus, Pecten ...
LIsTERA
Listeri, Mactra .
Lithophagus, Mytilus
Loscombiana, Pholadidea
Luctva Rs Sut
lutescens, Chama ...
LutTRaRIA ...
Inutraria, Mactra
Lyonsta
M
Mactra =
maculata, Tellina
maculatus, Pectunculus ...
magna, Chama
magnus, Pecten ...
magnus, Pectunculus
major, Musculus ...
major, Ostrea
major, Pectunculus
major, Solen ...
Malleolus, Teredo
margaritacea, Pandora
margaritifera, Mya
margaritiferus, Unio
marginatus, Solen
Marica, Venus
marmorata, Arca
maxima, Ostrea
maximus, Pecten...
maximus, Pectunculus
mediocris, Pectunculus ...
medium, Cardium
membranaceus, Pectunculus
minima; Arca
minima, Cyprina...
minima, Venus
minor, Pecten
minuta, Arca
165,
135,
INDEX.
. 209 | minuta, Hiatella ...
99 | minuta, Nucula
. 209 | minutissima, Goodallia ...
50 | minutissima, Mactra ...
51 | minutus, Solen
20 | Moprota ... Ate
. 2 | Modiolus, Arca ...
111 | Modiolus, Modiola
93 | Modiolus, Mytilus
64 | Monotis, Pecten
65 | Monracuta
34 | Montacuti, Venus
Montagui Venus ...
muricata, Pinna
67 | muricata, Pinna ...
108 | muricatum, Cardium
147 | muricatus, Pholas
65 | Mya ...
207 | Myrvea ...
181 | Mysca
195 | Myrixts ...
204
182 N
81 | nana, Teredo
255 | navalis, Teredo ...
40 | niger, Musculus
242 | nitens, Ervilia
242 | nitens, Mya ...
79 | nitens, Venus
146 | nitidum, Lepton
174 | Nox, Arca
207 | Now, Arca
207 | nodosum, Cardium
171 | Norwegica, Mya...
209 | Norwegica, Orbicula
189 | Novacula, Solen
142 | Nucleus, Arca :
172 | Nucleus, Corbula
137 | Nucleus, Nucula...
137 | Nucua agf
211 | nummaria, Arca...
178 | nummarius, Pectunculus
20
274
O
oblonga, Hiatella
oblonga, Lutraria
oblonga, Montacuta
oblonga, Mya
obsoleta, Ostrea ...
obsoletus, Pecten
opercularis, Ostrea
opercularis, Pecten ...
orbicularis, Glycymeris ...
orbicularis, Pectunculus
orbiculata, Cyprina
orbiculata, Venus
orientalis, Ostrea
OstREA
ostreoides, Discina
ovalis, Mya...
ovalis, Mya
ovata, Mya
ovata, Mysca
ovata, Venus
pallida, Venus
pallidé rosea, Tellina {
Palliolum Af
paludosus, Anodon ...
PANDORA...
PanoPHA :
Paphia, Venus
papyracea, Pholas
papyracea, Pinna
papyraceus, Pholas ... o
parasitica, Ostrea
parva, Chama
parva, Pholas
parva, Tellina
parvus, Musculus
parvus, Pecten
parvus, Pectunculus
PECTEN : hee
pectinata, Pinna...
206
... 228
INDEX.
PECTUNCULUS
pellucida, Mya ...
pellucidus, Mytilus
pellucidus, Solen...
perforans, Arca
perforans, Venerupis
perforans, Venus
PETRICOLA : 5d6
Pholadia, Gastrochena
Pholadia, Mya.
Pholadis, Mytilus
Pholadis, Saxicava
Puoas ae
Pictorum, Mysca...
Pictorum, Mya
pictus, Peeten
pilosa, Area ... ARS
pilosus, Pectunculus
PINNA
Pinna, Solen
piperata, Mactra
pisiformis, Strigilla
pisiformis, Tellina
plana, Tellina
plana, Trigonella
planus, Pectunculus
plebeia, Donax
plicata, Saxicava...
plicatus, Mytilus
Polygona, Psammobia
polygona, Tellina
precisus, Mytilus
pretenuis, Anatina ...
preetenuis, Mya ...
prismatica, Mya
prismatica, Ligula
prismaticum, Amphidesma ...
profiua, Tellina ...
PSAMMOBIA ...
Psittacea, Anomia
Psittacea, Terebratula
pubescens, Anatina
pubescens, Mya ae:
Pullastra, Venus...
punctata, Anomia
punctata, Venus ...
punicea, Tellina
purpurea, Agina...
purpurea, Mya
pusilla, Cyclas
pusilla, Tellina Be *
pusillus, Pectunculus
Pusio, Ostrea
Pusio, Pecten
Pusio, Pecten
pygmeum, Cardium i
R
radiata, Mactra
radiata, Tellina ...
radiata, Trigonella ...
Radula, Lucina ...
Radula, Tellina
rectus, Solen
reflexa, Venus
reticulata, Arca ...
reticulata, Tellina
reticulatus, Cuneus
rigida, Tellina
rivalis, Tellina
rivicola, Cyclas
rostrata, Arca
rostrata, Nucula
rotundata, Lucina
rotundata, Tellina
ruber, Pectunculus
rubra, Donax
rubra, Kellia
rubra, Tellina
rubrum, Cardium
rugosa, Saxicava
rugosus, Mytilus ...
rusticwm, Cardium
54, 258
INDEX.
: 46
doe aly!)
231
. 157
100
o4
. 2oll
251]
. 250
215
. 215
211
. 187
275
N)
Sancte Marthe, Solen ... wie Fo 98
Sarniensis, Venus... tes ae 153
SAXICAVA m. zhu abt Peon
scabra, Tellina et ane iA 108
Seopula, Psammobia_... ee 98, 258
Scotica, Crassina.... sit at 130
Scotica, Venus ... a8 “ok .. 130
Senegalensis, Venus ... aoe bel 159
serratum, Cardium ve os mee 8
Siliqua, Solen Ree of bo 80
similis, Ostrea ... = bee Las
similis, Tellina nee. Be AD 102
sinuata, Cytherea Bs ye Slee
sinuata Venus ent ae aa 163
sinuosa, Ostrea ... ee ane ... 210
sinuosa. Venus ae. ute “is 154
sinuosus, Pecten ... oe es ee 2G
SOLEN nas hs +: aA 78
solida, Mactra ... Ae ae EG
solida, Mysea aa ae seit 246
soldula, Psammobia ix aA aa we
solidula, Tellina Bhs tae ae 95
SPHENIA ... ek nae Ea a. 36
spinifera, Myrtea... Pe sisld 133
spinifera, Venus ... ay: Li seuloe
spinosum, Cardium ... ee a 181
spuria, Venus... iu ape oe LG
squalida, Tellina a Ay sd 105
squamosum, Lepton Bae ans aan Gz
squamosus, Solen... he as 62
Squamula, Anomia abs ae ieee
striata, Lyonsia gt ae oo 35
striata, Mya dab Age bu 50) sib
striata, Ostrea bob ns ate 230
striata, Pholas_... ae a ey ie
striata, Tellina Aa ey: es 106
striata, Tellina ... ae por aLOO)
striatula Venus ase nae ae 149
striatulus, Pectunculus ... oor ... 149
striatum, Cardium ... ie ... 89, 151
276
striatus, Musculus
striatus, Pholas
strigatus, Pectunculus
strigilata, Psammobia
strigilatus, Solen ... aha
STRIGILLA
striolata, Anomia
Stultorum, Mactra
subauriculata, Lima
subauriculata, Ostrea
subauriculatus, Pecten
subceeruleus, Musculus
subeordata, Venus
subcordatum, Cardium
subfusca, Tellina...
subfuscus, Pectunculus
suborbicularis, Kellia
suborbicularis, Mya ...
suborbicularis, Tellina
subrhomboidea, Crassina
subrhomboidea, Venus
subrufa, Ostrea
subrufus, Pecten...
subrufus, Pecten
substriata, Ligula
substriata, Mya
substriata, Montacuta
substriata, Venus
subtruncata, Mactra
subtruncata, Mactra ...
subtruncata, Trigonella ...
subviridis, Ostrea
suleata, Crassina...
sulcata, Venus
Swainsoni, Sphenia
i
teniata, Psammobia
TELLINA ...
tenue, Amphidesma A wi
tenuis, Arca
INDEX.
. 166 | tenuis, Musculus ...
8 | tenuis, Nucula
. 141 tenuis, Mactra
97 | tenuis, Pecten
97 | tenuis, Pectunculus
117 | tenuis, Tellina
233 | TEREBRATULA °...
72 | TEREDO ae oat
218 | Teredo, Serpula ...
218 | tetragona, Arca
218 | Tigerina, Cytherea
196 | Tigerina, Venus
144 | triangularis, Cyprina
187 | triangularis, Goodallia
124 triangularis, Mactra
191 | triangularis, Venus ...
o7 | trifasciata, Tellina
57 | truncata, Anatina
57 | truncata, Chama ...
129 | truncata, Mactra
130 | truncata, Mya
210 | truncatus, Cuneus
210 | Trunculus, Donax
215 | tuberculata, Pholas ...
59 | tuberculatum, Cardium ...
59 | tubularis, Anomia
59 | tumida, Ostrea
151 | tumidus, Pecten 3
69 | Tunica, Cepe, Anomia ...
70 | turbinata, Anomia
70
231 U
131 = :
132 umbilicatus, Mytilus Atk
37 undata, Areca... cee
undata, Lucina ...
undata, Venus :
undatus, Pectunculus
85 | undulata, Anomia
98 | ungulatus, Mytilus
53 | ungulinus, Mytilu
Unio Ate =
aie
INDEX TO THE PLATES.
Vagina, Solen
varia, Ostrea
variegata, Tellina
varius, Pecten
VENERUPIS
VENUS
verrucosa, Venus
vespertina, Lux Be
vespertina, Psammobia ...
vespertinus, Solen
virginea, Venus ...
Nor
©
i=}
a
for)
00 a
5
Q
15 to 18
19
V
79
214
125
214
28
139
140
93
92
92
156
INDEX TO
PLATE I. page
Pholas papyracea ... Roe ee)
Pholas lamellata 4
Pholas tuberculata ... 5
PLATE II.
Teredo navalis pe 14
Xylophaga dorsalis 253
Teredo nana ae eG
Gastrochena Pholadia ... 18
Saxicava rugosa 20
Saxicava Pholadis We
Hiatella minuta 24
Hiatella oblonga 25
Petricola Irus ~ . 26
Venerupis perforans 29
Teredo Malleolus 255
villatus, Cuneus ...
vulgare, Cardium
vulgare, Ostreum
vulgaris, Mytilus
vulgaris, Pecten ...
x
XYLOPHAGA ...
Z
zonaria, Trigonella
zonata, Tellina
THE PLATES.
Mya ovalis ...
Sphenia Swainsoni
Sphenia Binghami...
Lyonsia striata. ...
Corbula Nucleus
Pandora margaritacea ...
PLATE IV.
Anatina convexa
Anatina pubescens
Anatina pretenuis ..
Anatina distorta
Anatina truncata
Anatina arctica...
Agina purpurea
Mactra fragilis ...
PLATE III.
277
. 123
188
. 204
196
. 207
258
69
95
lland 12
13and 14
15
AID Oro GO be
PLATE V.
Listera compressa ...
Amphidesma prismaticum
Amphidesma. Boysii
Lutraria oblonga
Mactra crassa
Mactra deaurata
PLATE VI.
Lepton squamosum...
Solen Vagina
Solen Siliqua
Solen Ligula
Tellina maculata
Psammobia costulata
Psammobia florida ...
Psammobia vespertina ...
Psammobia Seopula
Psammobia strigilata ...
Goodallia triangularis
Goodallia minutissima ...
PLATE VIL.
Tellina lineata
Tellina erassa ...
Lucina rotundata ...
Lucina lactea
Lucina alba...
Lucina Leucoma
Cryptodon flexuosus
Psammobia fragilis
Donax complanata ...
Strigilla carnaria
PLATE VIII.
Psammobia Ferroensis -
Psammobia solidula
Psammobia teniata
Tellina Donacina
Tellina bimaculata
Tellina depressa ;
Cytherea exoleta ...
INDEX TO THE PLATES.
page
shou
52
53
64
69
71
Door Che
7 and
1 and
SH 1S Cr > Oo bt
15
1l6and 17
18
19and 20
Venus virginea ...
Venus fasciata
Venus decussata
Cytherea Chione
PLATE IX.’
Venus Casina
Venus Gallina ...
Venus ovata
Venus Dysera ...
Pecten sinuosus
Pecten obsoletus
Venus aurea *
PLATE X,
Venus reflexa
Venus cancellata
Venus laminosa
Venus pallida
enus Sarniensis
V S
Venus enea
Venus nitens
Venus sinuosa ...
Cytherea sinuata
Cytherea Tigerina
Capsa castanea
Donax rubra
PLATE XI.
Crassina suleata
Crassina Seotica
Kellia suborbicularis
Kellia rubra
Montacuta substriata
Montacuta oblonga
Cyclas rivicola
Cyclas cornea
Cyclas amnica
Cyclas pusilla
Cyclas lacustris
Cyprina triangularis.
page
156
. 146
158
. 160
. 141
149
. 150
147
. 210
213
. 155
. 142
144
. 148
150
. 153
152
. 157
154
. 163
164
. 128
127
=) ASI
130
57
57
59
61
. 248
248
. 250
251
249
136
fig.
21 to 23
3 and
> St bo eS
ron
i)
3
[om
OTOH Oo
INDEX TO THE PLATES.
Cyprina compressa ...
PLATE XII.
Pectunculus Glycymeris
Pectunculus pilosus
Pectunculus undatus
Pectunculus decussatus...
Pectunculus nummarius
PLATE XII.
Arca tetragona
Arca perforans ...
Nucula Nucleus
Cardium serratum
Cardium aculeatum
| Cardium nodosum
Cardium elongatum
PLATE XIV.
Isocardia Cor
PLATE XV.
Mytilus pellucidus ..
Modiola Modiolus
Modiola discors
6 | Anodon paludosus
he
ALATE XVI.
Unio margaritiferus
Mysca solida
age fig.
56 % 3 Avicula Hirundo
PLATE XVII.
5 zl 1! Pecten subrufus... a
172 2) Pecten Pusio
eis 3 Pecten tumidus
173 || 4and 5| Lima bullata
. 174 | 6 and 7 | Ostrea parasitica
8 and 9) Anomia electrica os
10 | Operculum of the Anomia
DaGy Ephippium.
169
eG PLATE XVIII.
192 | 1 to 3} Anomia Ephippium
. 180 |) 4| Anomia Cepa ... 36:
186 5 to 7| Anomia Squamula ...
. 185 | 8 to 10) Anomia undulata
11 | Anomia punctata
12and 13 ; Anomia foveolata
193 |
PLATE XIX.
1 | Pinna pectinata ae
_ 197 2 | Sphenia Swainsoni
192 3 | Sphenia Binghami ...
201 | 4 | Ervilia nitens ...
240 |
PLATE XX.
1 | Pinna ingens
242 2| Pinna fragilis ...
247 | 3 | Pinna papyracea
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